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__label__cc	0.718503	0.281497	Where the wild roses grow Apartments at Rosedale Ravine Rosedale was first settled in the 1820’s by Sheriff William Jarvis and his wife, Mary. Mary loved riding her horse through the hillsides and she named this area Rosedale after all the roses that grew wildly throughout this area. In 1864, the Jarvis Family sold their property in Rosedale and soon, development of this area began. The development began in south Rosedale and moved north in 1909 when a bridge was built over the Park Drive ravine. The development of Rosedale happened slowly with most of the houses in the area being built in the 20s and 30s. In 2000, Rosedale Main Street was established as a Business Improvement Area (BIA). In 2003, south Rosedale was denoted as a heritage conservation district and in 2005, north Rosedale was granted this status as well. Today, Rosedale is a very pretty neighbourhood of Toronto with cute, winding streets lined with trees, classic old homes as well as many high-end shops and restaurants.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2390
__label__wiki	0.901394	0.901394	Gaming Hearts Collection Gaming Tee’s Podcasts (2017) Tag: Kingdom Hearts II 2005 August 26, 2016 March 27, 2017 Gaming Hearts Collection Classic Gaming, Gaming, PlayStation, Retro Gaming, RPG, Technology, Video Games Role Playing Games- Kingdom Hearts II: (2005) When the original Kingdom Hearts game made its debut in 2002 many people were blown away by the concept having various different Disney characters one game. Before Kingdom Hearts II was released the world got to witness Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories which was for Game Boy Advance. Some people might argue that making the sequel to the original Kingdom Hearts for the Game Boy Advance was very risky on the part of Square Enix since the quality would pale in comparison to the PlayStation 2. But since Kingdom Hearts Chain of Memories was a pretty fun RPG title for Game Boy Advance it had proved to be effective in making the events of Kingdom Hearts II follow afterwards. One of the many features about Kingdom Hearts II which is unforgettable includes its orchestral soundtrack which adds so much life and emotion to this game. The soundtrack for Kingdom Hearts II had included various different songs that were amazing including “Dearly Beloved”, “Missing You”, “Passion” along with “Sanctuary”. Some of the character themes in this game were pretty special as well including Sora & Kairi’s because it blended in well with some of the cutscenes along with their personalities. The soundtrack composed mainly by :Yoko Shimomura was easily one of the best features of Kingdom Hearts II next to gameplay. Throughout, the game players are allowed to control Sora and travel to different worlds along side with Donald Duck and Goofy to battle Heartless and members of Organization XIII. Kingdom Hearts II gives players various options in terms of customization of their three person party in terms of developing their stats, attacks, along with equipping them with items. Along with the gameplay and cinematic cutscenes the boss battles were both interesting and tough depending how good you are at the game. Kingdom Hearts II had included some exciting boss battles with the likes of Sephiroth, Larxene, Xigbar, and Zemnas who was the final boss in the game. Many people having varying opinions on who the toughest boss in Kingdom Hearts II was but aside from the final boss Xigbar proved to be quite challenging. Trying to get through Xigbars special attacks along with having to adjust to the changing camera angles throughout the battle does not seem as easy as it looks. Despite, having a three on one advantage in most battles players would be better off developing a strategy before taking on certain opponents even if the odds are in their favor. The inclusion of characters from the Final Fantasy series was also a great addition to the Kingdom Hearts II despite not being able to play any of them during the story. After its initial release in late-2005 Kingdom Hearts II had became one of the best selling role playing games in 2006. The amount of copies Kingdom Hearts II sold was unreal especially in Japan where it sold over one million copies within its first week. When the original Kingdom Hearts title was released in 2002 it had managed to sell over 20 million copies worldwide. Kingdom Hearts II had managed to sell at least 3.5 million units worldwide before the 2.5 Final Mix version was released in 2007. After the original Kingdom Hearts II title was released it came very close to receiving a perfect five star rating from GamePro by receiving a score of 4.5 which was still outstanding. While Kingdom Hearts II received praise from GamePro it was also scored in the nine point bracet out of ten by IGN and earning the title of “Readers Choice” in the process. When Kingdom Hearts I & II were first released many people around the world many people were highly impressed by the concept, characters, soundtracks, and visual features of both games. At this point it has been almost a decade since Kingdom Hearts II was released worldwide. When Square Enix releases Kingdom Hearts III not only will it be worth the wait but it will probably be one of the most anticipated RPG titles in recent memory. Retro Gaming 90’s- Turok: Dinosaur Hunter (1997) Retro Gaming 90’s- Space Channel 5: (1999) Retro Gaming 90’s- Nights Into Dreams: (1996) Retro Gaming 90’s- Sonic R: (1997) Will Nintendo Switch Lite sell one million units within its first month? Pink Pearl on Retro Gaming 90’s- Sonic R: (1… Theo on Should Metal Gear Solid: Twin… clarkhislop93.wordpr… on Metroid Prime (2002) vs Zelda:… Joe Hat on Should there have been a Strid… Follow Gaming Hearts Collection on WordPress.com	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2398
__label__wiki	0.642014	0.642014	Heroes FreethoughtAction 2018-07-14T17:47:23-04:00 FreethoughtAction Heroes Jennifer Lovejoy receives the first FreethoughtAction Hero Award on September 9, 2012 One thing that we had been talking about for years was a FreethoughtAction Hero Award. We wanted it to look and be different than other awards, and we think we might have accomplished this. Although it took awhile, we worked closely with the artist and sculptor to create this unique award. We have been presenting these awards to freethinkers who improve the image and acceptance of freethinkers through their good works, and to those who exhibit exceptional courage to stand up and be counted to help bring about a more secular and rational America. We have presented the award to these exceptional people: Jennifer Lovejoy Harry Shaughnessy Bobbie Kirkhart Lisa Pedersen Here’s a little more about each of them… Our Most Recent Hero Lisa Pedersen is an ambassador, educator, advocate, and a humanist. She is a co-founder and former board member with the secular non-profit organization Friends of Freethought. She also founded the Women’s Secular Group of Southern California, which hosts an Adopt-A-Family outreach within secular communities. She raises awareness and educates the public on matters such as morality, the history of freethinkers, and activism. She does this in person and online, helping people access reference materials. She attends outreaches to educate the public as an example of what an atheist and humanist is. Lisa is also involved in many community service projects, raises money for orphanages, helps orphans and homeless children to receive free dental care, and in two years raised over $25,000 for Project Hope. Lisa Pedersen became the fourth person to be presented with this award. Jennifer was one of six media representatives for the North Carolina statewide “One Nation Indivisible” billboard campaign we organized in 2010. The campaign received several rounds of media attention for over six weeks… local, national, and international. While there were plenty of positive responses, some involved received death threats and worse. Jennifer took the brunt of the adversity, but she was not intimidated. She withstood it with grace and courage, and she represented the campaign well. Jennifer became more involved in the movement after that. She organized several groups in her area, arranged book tours for humanist and freethought authors, helped organize a local coalition with UnitedCoR, helped organize a Secular Coalition for North Carolina and became co-president when it launched, became president of the newly formed Carolinas Secular Association, which grew out of the billboard campaign, and she has helped organize the annual Carolinas Secular Conference from 2013 to 2015. We presented the first of these awards to Jennifer Lovejoy. Watch the award presentation and acceptance below… Harry has been involved with the freethought movement for years. He frequently has spoken at regional and national secular conferences about how to raise funds for local secular groups. He has also been a guest speaker and very popular master of ceremonies for several Carolinas Secular Conferences, and, for the past several years, he has served as president for the Triangle Freethought Society–one of the two largest secular/freethought groups in NC–based in Raleigh. In March 2015, he and his family received a lot of attention from CNN, and his whole family were very publically ‘out’ as atheists. He and his family had to put up with a lot of adversity as a result of the attention. Harry Shaughnessy became the second person to be presented with this award. See: The Friendly Atheists Next Door and CNN Publishes a Lengthy, Positive Profile of an Atheist Family. Watch the award presentation and acceptance below… Bobbie has served on the board of Camp Quest and of Atheists United, and on the advisory boards of the Humanist Association of Nepal. She is a past president of the Atheist Alliance International. She has written for The Rational Alternative, Secular Nation, Free Inquiry, American Atheist, La Raison and HUMAN magazines, as well as the Humanist Network News. She is a contributing author in three books: Parenting Beyond Belief: On Raising Ethical, Caring Kids without Religion; The Fundamentals of Extremism: the Christian Right in America; and Everything You Know about God Is Wrong (the Book). She has also made many television and radio appearances over the years. She has spoken to freethought groups throughout the United States, and has addressed atheists and humanists in Canada, Germany, France, India, Ireland, Nigeria and Cameroon. Bobbie Kirkhart became the third person to be presented with this award. For more see HERE.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2400
__label__cc	0.559162	0.440838	By Day By Week By Month By Year Search 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 January February March April May June July August September October November December 2018 2019 2020 2021 Sunday, 21 July 2019, 10:00 © Friedenskirche Marl - All rights reserved. realized with support of AK Internet. Evangelic free church (baptists) \| Bergstraße 138 \| 45770 Marl Drewer phone:02365/381 381 \| info(at)friedenskirche-marl.de	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2401
__label__wiki	0.509504	0.509504	Unity Statement National Oppression, Liberation, and Revolution Class in the U.S. and Strategy for Revolution U.S. Colonies, Indigenous Peoples, Oppressed Nationalities 1999 Declaration of the International Communist Seminar Immigrant Rights and the Struggle for Equality Build a Fighting Workers Movement Points on the Mass Line On Marxist Organization Strategy for a New Generation of US Socialists October Revolution lessons for U.S. struggle 3rd Intl and the African American National Question Imperialist Globalization and the US Tiananmen Sq., Defeat of Counter-Revolution in China What is FRSO? Fight Back! News 🔗 Home » Posts » Statements » The October Revolution and some lessons for the struggle for socialism in the U.S. The October Revolution and some lessons for the struggle for socialism in the U.S. by admin\|Published October 18, 2017 By Freedom Road Socialist Organization This paper prepared collectively by the central leadership of Freedom Road Socialist Organization, and was presented by leading member of FRSO, Frank Chapman, at the Centennial Commemoration of the October Revolution, held in New York City, July 2017. The event was sponsored by People’s Response for International Solidarity and Mass Mobilization (PRISM) in cooperation with the U.S. member organizations of the International League of People’s Struggle (ILPS-US). As communists and revolutionaries, we welcome this opportunity to mark the 100th anniversary of Russia’s 1917 October Revolution, and to discuss its ongoing relevancy to the struggle today. The October Revolution was a world-changing event. At one stroke, it settled the question of whether another world was possible. Releasing one-sixth of the world from the chains of wage slavery, it smashed the myth that rule by the few was a sort of permanent condition, and, by successfully establishing proletarian political power, the October Revolution succeeded in opening the road to socialist construction. For the years that followed, the great achievements of the Soviet Union created a new and better way of life and would exercise a powerful effect on working and oppressed people around the globe. Not only did the October Revolution change the lives of the millions who lived in what would become the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), it changed the world revolutionary movement in a big way. Mao was later to say, that the October Revolution sent the “salvos of Marxism to China” where it was to become a powerful force in the movement for national liberation and socialism. In the U.S., the October Revolution came to exercise a magnetic pull on the revolutionaries in the socialist, labor and other people’s movements, contributing to the creation of a single, revolutionary Communist Party in the early 1920s, which became an important factor in the country’s political life. How We Can Learn for the October Revolution in the U.S. The Bolsheviks, under the leadership of Lenin, Stalin and others, creatively applied Marxism to the concrete conditions of Russia. In doing so they waged a consistent struggle against opportunism in the socialist and labor movements – internationally and in Russia itself. It was this struggle against opportunism that prepared the Bolsheviks to lead the working class in the seizure of power. The October Revolution was a qualitative leap, from one historical epoch to another – a period in which moribund capitalism is heading for extinction and where socialism is on the agenda. This process in turn gave rise to Leninism; Leninism being Marxism in the era of imperialism and proletarian revolution. Marxism-Leninism is a science, the science of revolution. It allows us to understand the laws that govern the processes at work in the world, and by understanding those laws, including those of how history develops, we can grasp the necessity and understand our freedom to change the world. Because Marxism-Leninism is a science, a science that is by necessity and fact, universal in character, we can take the lessons of the October Revolution and learn from the experience in a materialist way that helps us to advance our work in the U.S. Lenin made the point that the soul of Marxism was a concrete analysis of concrete conditions, so we cannot say that it something that is fixed, static, or immutable. Rather, Marxism-Leninism is and will be constantly enriched through cycles of practice, and the summation of that practice. We learn from the past, to guide our work in the present and to serve the future, which includes our revolutionary goals. We have no desire to be a historical reenactment society, and it should be obvious to all serious people that we cannot rely on analogies from Russian history to understand current conditions. Conditions in the U.S. Today The U.S. today is empire in decline, beset by contradictions internal and external. Lenin stated imperialism was capitalism in its moribund stage, and it is arguable that the irrational bigot Donald Trump is a fitting political representative of a sick and dying system. Internationally, the U.S. faces a growing challenge for the national liberation movements and the national democratic governments, the socialist countries, and other imperialist rivals. Thus, the U.S. is increasing military spending, taking hostile actions against socialist Korea and Cuba, and is stepping up the U.S. wars in Afghanistan, Syria, Yemen, Somalia, Iraq and other places. Within the U.S., the monopoly capitalists are perusing an agenda of austerity and reaction, which means an intensification of racist discrimination and national oppression, directed at African Americans, Chicanos and Latinos, Arab and Asian Americans, and indigenous peoples including Pacific Islanders. There is an attack on the standard of living of working people (including wages, health care, pensions, and perhaps most importantly – the right to have trade unions), attacks on the rights of women, and organized bigotry against Muslims. The point here is not do draw up a comprehensive list of the crimes being committed by the monopoly capitalist class, nor is it to chart the restructuring of the economy and political polarization that has unfolded since the great economic crisis of 2007, rather it is to provide a general picture of a wide-ranging war that the bourgeoisie is waging on the people of the U.S. and by extension, the peoples of the world. Fortunately, the war that the rulers of the U.S. are waging on working and oppressed people is not a one-sided one, and we are now in the midst of one of the greatest upsurges of struggle since the 1960s. In cities across the country, massive and militant protests have taken place against police crimes and there is a growing movement for community control of the police. There is a growing tide of anger over the anti-immigrant polices of the Trump administration. Trump’s attempted ‘Muslim ban’ drew hundreds of thousands of people into the streets and airports. It is estimated that about 20% of the people of the U.S have taken part in protests and demonstrations since Trump took office. Finally, there another point concerning objective conditions that bears mentioning: the communist movement in the U.S. is small. This does not negate the fact that the existing Marxist-Leninist organizations have not made big contributions to the people’s struggle. We have. Rather it is recognition of the reality that the U.S. is a large country with big working class, and for those of us who are revolutionaries, the task of building a new communist party remains on our agenda. At any given time, communists have three general tasks: to win all that can be one in the struggle while landing the strongest possible blows on the enemy; to raise the general level of consciousness and organization among the people; and to build communist organization win the advanced to Marxism-Leninism. As we carry out these tasks there is an incredible amount that we can learn from the October Revolution and the work by Russian communists to make it a reality. The October Revolution and the Need for a Communist Party Given that no ruling class, be it the capitalists and landlords who ruled Russia in 1917, or the monopoly capitalists who rule the U.S. today, have ever left the stage of history voluntarily, working and oppressed people need to be organized to take political power by whatever means necessary. This is basic lesson of the October Revolution that is universally valid. Lenin made the following points about what is needed for revolution: It is only when the "lower classes" do not want to live in the old way and the "upper classes" cannot carry on in the old way that the revolution can triumph. This truth can be expressed in other words: revolution is impossible without a nation-wide crisis (affecting both the exploited and the exploiters). It follows that, for a revolution to take place, it is essential, first, that a majority of the workers (or at least a majority of the class-conscious, thinking, and politically active workers) should fully realize that revolution is necessary, and that they should be prepared to die for it; second, that the ruling classes should be going through a governmental crisis, which draws even the most backward masses into politics… weakens the government, and makes it possible for the revolutionaries to rapidly overthrow it. (LCW Vol 31, p. 85) To this we can add another precondition – the need for a Communist Party. The outstanding revolutionary leader, Mao Zedong put it like this: If there is to be a revolution, there must be a revolutionary party. Without a revolutionary party, without a party built on the Marxist-Leninist revolutionary theory and in the Marxist-Leninist style, it is impossible to lead the working class and the broad masses of people in defeating imperialism and its running dogs. (MSW Vol 4, p. 284). Our organization, Freedom Road Socialist Organization (FRSO), does not claim to be the party of the working class. We are a communist organization that is working to build a new communist party. The reason we do not claim to be the party is that we do not in any real way, to use Stalin’s formulation, encompass the advanced detachment of the working class. The problem is this: most advanced workers – the activists, organizers and leaders – are not revolutionaries or communists. The active of our class are in one place politically and the communists are in another. There is a gap. A separation. So, we need to fuse Marxism and the workers’ movement. One of the great strengths of the communist movement in Russia is that it dealt with the problem of fusing Marxism and the workers’ movement in a practical and meaningful way. In 1899 Lenin posed the issue like this: The separation of the working-class movement and socialism gave rise to weakness and underdevelopment in each: the theories of the socialists, unfused with the workers’ struggle, remained nothing more than utopias, good wishes that had no effect on real life; the working-class movement remained petty, fragmented, and did not acquire political significance, was not enlightened by the advanced science of its time. For this reason we see in all European countries a constantly growing urge to fuse socialism with the working-class movement in a single Social-Democratic movement. When this fusion takes place the class struggle of the workers becomes the conscious struggle of the proletariat to emancipate itself from exploitation by the propertied classes, it is evolved into a higher form of the socialist workers’ movement—the independent working-class Social-Democratic party. (LCW, Vol 4, p. 255) In addition, Lenin and the Bolsheviks also developed measures to consolidate the party – organizationally, politically and ideologically – all of which we can learn from today. Taken as a whole, conditions in the U.S. today are favorable for building communist organization. The large number people who self-identify as “socialists” in the wake of the Sanders presidential campaign is an indicator of this, as is the upsurge of struggle against police crimes, the large-scale protests against Trump, and the openness in the labor movement to class-struggle unionism. Also, coming off the economic crisis of 2007, and the restructuring of the economy that has taken place since then, there is a sense among many, especially among young people, that capitalism is a failed system. In all of the people’s struggles, the issue of “Who will lead?” is a basic one. Communist leadership is not preordained. It is earned, though our clarity of political line, organizational capacity and hard work. Communists need to be good at learning at the same time as we teach others. We cannot afford to criticize from the sidelines. We need to step up, and if we do not do so, opportunists of various stripes will be glad to do it for us. For example, objectively speaking, there is a movement against Trump. It began while he was on the campaign trial, and many of us marched against him and his agenda in the streets of Cleveland during the Republican National Convention. There was a huge outpouring of struggle, which was largely spontaneous, following his election, and we are now in a period where large-scale fightbacks can be organized against his more egregious attacks – such as the Muslim ban. In building the movement against Trump, we need to contend with reformists and other class forces, including those tied with the leadership of the Democratic Party, over the issue of who should lead. The fact is the only way we can lead this movement is by being the ranks of those who are the practical organizers of it – which means that we are among those calling the demonstrations, organizing the big protests, and are among the speakers putting out a clear line on the issues of day. To the extent that we can, we want the movement to target not only Trump, but also the monopoly capitalists who stand behind him. In this struggle, like every other popular movement, is critical for communists do more than work to raise the general level of consciousness among the masses of people, and we can’t be content with being the among the best of the activists either. In every battle that we engage in it is critical we are summing things up with the activists and leaders, helping them understand the laws the govern monopoly capitalism, and explaining the need for socialism. By doing this we grow the communist movement in this country, and lay the basis for creating a new communist party. It should also be noted that this work of building communist organization in the crucible of the day-to-day struggle helps to create the material basis for Marxist-Leninist organizations, to engage in joint practice, to engage in summation, and, where possible, to the achievement of principled organizational unity. Strategy for Revolution in the U.S. and the National Question All revolutionary strategy is based on answering the question, “Who are our friends and who are our enemies?” This is impossible without understanding the specific features of U.S. society. Our strategy for socialist revolution is constructing a united front against the monopoly capitalist class, under the leadership of the working class and its political party, with a strategic alliance between the multinational working class and the oppressed nationalities at the core of this united front. It is vital to understand the special needs and demands of entire nationalities within the borders of the U.S – African Americans, Chicanos and Latinos, Asian Americans, Native peoples including native Hawaiians, Arab Americans and others, are bound by the chains of national oppression. Racism in the U.S. carries the stench of the slave market. It maintains that Black people are inferior and that racial antagonisms are ahistorical and independent of the development class societies. We totally reject this notion. Lenin referred to pre-1917 Russia as a “prison house of nations,” and that is exactly what the U.S. is today, where racist discrimination and systematic inequality in all spheres of life – economic, political, and cultural – is the order of the day. One of the main reasons that Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik) was successful in October 1917 was that it championed the fight against national oppression, and it consistently stood for the national liberation and self-determination. There is a lot we can learn from this experience. Likewise, by waging a struggle against the opportunism and social chauvinism that characterized the Second International, Marxism-Leninism became the revolutionary theory, where the national question takes it rightful place, where is understood where it is in reality – as vital to the revolutionary process internationally and vital to understanding the core dynamics of change in a multi-national state like the U.S. We make the following point in our Statement on National Oppression, National Liberation and Socialist Revolution, which crystallizes our understanding of the importance of the fight against national oppression: The struggle against imperialism and national oppression is a revolutionary struggle, for just as the people of Asia, Africa and Latin America require revolutionary struggles to overthrow colonialism and liberate their countries, so will it take a revolutionary struggle in the United States to gain full equality for oppressed nationalities. Since it is the system of imperialism that profits from and causes national oppression, only the overthrow of this system can end national oppression. Two things are needed to develop the strategic alliance. First, we need to build the African American, Chicano, and other oppressed nationality movements, and to promote working class leadership with in those movements. Workers from oppressed nations in the trade union movement bring with them the special demands of their national liberation movements. We fight for the trade union movement to stand in unconditional solidarity with the oppressed. Second, as we build the multinational working class movement, we need to ensure that the fight against racist discrimination, and for consistent democracy, and full equality for the oppressed is at the core of our agenda. For example, in recent years the struggle against police crimes has exploded in Black community. In a number of places this struggle has expanded to encompass the fight for community control of police. In addition to building these fights, everything possible should be done to get the labor movement to support them. Or to take another example, we have worked hard to build the immigrant rights movement, to resist deportations and to build the fight for legalization for all. In the cities where we do this, we have worked hard to draw in the labor movement. The work to build this strategic alliance also requires carrying out a set of interrelated and at times difficult tasks. White workers, especially those who are active and forward-looking, have the responsibility to fight white chauvinism or racism among whites and play an active role in building the fight against all manifestations of national oppression. Racial prejudice is not the primary cause of national oppression. It is the consequence, the rationalization and justification of national oppression. Revolutionary-minded oppressed nationality workers have the responsibly to oppose narrow nationalism among workers of their own nationality. Building a united front against monopoly capitalism, building communist organization with the aim of constructing a Leninist party of a new type, or building a strategic alliance are all tasks that can be carried out now. All the basic contradictions of imperialism are sharpening and there is a real urgency to do what must be done. Proletarian Internationalism The monopoly capitalists who rule the U.S. also rule an empire that extends around the world. They are parasites and exploiters who rob vast swaths of the globe – hundreds of millions of people – of their labor, land and natural resources. They have built a military machine of an unprecedented scale in world history and the U.S. is waging continuous wars, from the Philippines to Iraq. They have placed Puerto Rico under colonial rule and block its path to independence. And they make the Zionist occupation of Palestine possible. The people of the U.S. and peoples of world have something in common, a common enemy. Every blow that the people of the U.S. land on our rulers is good for people everywhere, and vice versa, and this is the material basis for proletarian internationalism, for the unity of the working class and for oppressed nations on a world scale. Living in the center of an imperialist empire, revolutionaries have a special responsibility to oppose the wars of our ‘own’ rulers and extend support to the oppressed. As we do so there is a great deal that we can learn from the determined fight that the Russian communists waged against the social chauvinists, i.e. those who were socialist in words, but “great nation chauvinists” in deed. As we build the anti-war movement we constantly encounter those who what to join the in demonization of the national liberation movements. We cannot let these forces set the terms of the movement. Along a similar vein, we can never accept the imperialists’ attempts to criminalize the national liberation movements with their slanders of terrorism or narco-terrorism, and we oppose their laws that seek to outlaw international solidarity. The Future is Bright The October Revolution opened the road to a new stage in human history that shows what our class can do – that we can “lose our chains.” Revolutionaries in the U.S. have a big job and we are well served by using the science of Marxism-Leninism and learning from advanced experience. Monopoly capitalism is a failed, criminal system that had a beginning and that will surely have an end. Its gravediggers are already on the scene. And while we do not know the year or month – we are certain the U.S. will have its October. Published February 29, 2004 U.S. Out of Haiti! By Freedom Road Socialist Organization Feb 29, 2004 The U.S. invasion of Haiti is a crime that deserves the condemnation of everyone […] Freedom Road leader expresses condolences to people of Paris, opposes more U.S. wars Freedom Road Socialist Organization’s Political Secretary Steff Yorek gave the following statement to Fight Back! regarding the Nov. 13 evening events in […] FRSO condemns killing of Venezuelan communist leader The Freedom Road Socialist Organization (FRSO) condemns in the strongest terms the assassination of Luis Fajardo, member of the Central Committee of […] No to the Escalation – End the Afghanistan War Now! By Freedom Road Socialist Organization Freedom Road Socialist Organization denounces the escalation of the bloody and unjust U.S. war in Afghanistan. We […] Revolution. Socialism. Liberation. 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Stand with those who stand with Palestine! Eyewitness Venezuela: FRSO meets with Minister of Communes Freedom Road Socialist Organization greets New People’s Army on 50th anniversary of founding FRSO Venezuela delegation meets with trade union leader FRSO denounces the illegal arrest of Colombian peace negotiator Jesus Santrich, demands his immediate liberation May Day 2019: Build the fight to defeat Trump and the 1% Class Struggle on the Shop Floor: Strategy for a New Generation of Socialists in the United States Condemn the attack by German authorities on Rasmea Odeh Fight Back! News Denver marches to close Trump’s concentration camps Activists in Oshkosh, WI call for closure of Trump's concentration camps Milwaukee: ‘Drop the Charges’ rally for student who took placard from Nazi Minneapolis stands with Iran, Venezuela, Cuba against U.S. sanctions regime San Diego demands closure of Trump's concentration camps Carnegie Library told to respect union drive View FreedomRoadSocialistOrg’s profile on Facebook View FreedomRoadOrg’s profile on Twitter Previous post Puerto Rico struggles to rebuild despite U.S. domination Next post Greetings from the Freedom Road Socialist Organization (FRSO) on the CPP’s 49th Anniversary  1998-2019 FRSO: Freedom Road Socialist Organization – GFDL 1.3, CC-BY-SA 4.0, FAL 1.3 Powered by Free Software – Running on GNU+Linux	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2403
__label__wiki	0.892382	0.892382	HomePosts tagged 'English Premiership' December 31, 2014 December 30, 2014 fasab Factoids 2014, A N R Robinson, Acker Bilk, actor, Adolfo Suárez, adopted the Euro, Aiken, Air Algérie Flight 5017, air campaign, AirAsia flight QZ8501, airstrike campaign in Syria, Alabama, Alaskans, Albert Reynolds, Alfredo Di Stéfano, American actor, American actress, American actress and singer, American astronaut, American boxer, American businessman, American comedian, American film director, American politician and diplomat, American professional wrestler, American radio host, American singer, American television producer and writer, American tennis player, Anatoly Berezovoy, Andrea de Cesaris, Andriy Bal, annexation of Crimea, Arab partners, Argentine-Spanish footballer, Ariel Sharon, Atlanta, Augusta, Augusta National Golf Club, Australia, Australian race car driver, Austrian-Swiss actor, bag of macadamia nuts, Baghdad, Basketball, BBC Sports Personality of the Year, 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Swedish rally driver, tax friendly location, Team Europe, Team USA, technology, technology buys, television host, temporarily suspended, tennis, terrorism, Terrorists, Texas, The Interview, the Russian Ruble, Thoughts, three Israeli teenagers, Tokyo, Tom Finney, Tony Benn, tragedies, Turkey, Ukraine, Ukrainian football player and coach, Ukrainian parliament, Ukrainian sailor, Ukranian forces, United Kingdom, United Nations International Court of Justice, United States, United States military, UPS, US companies, US Open, Valentin Mankin, Valeri Kubasov, Venezuelan government, Virna Lisi, Vladimir Putin, warmest, Warren Clarke, wars, weather, weather extremes, well known people, West Africa, WhatsApp, Wilmington, Wimbledon Tournament, winter storm, Winter Storm Pax, world champions, world oil price plunge, world sporting events, writer, Wubbo Ockels, XXII Olympic Winter Games, Zbigniew Messner Last day of this year and time for my recollections of 2014’s main events. As always this is by no means meant to be a complete coverage of all the events that happened during 2014, just a personal blog post about some of the things I remember, and a few that I had forgotten until I started to compile this list. We will start off with the weather since so many of us seem to be obsessed with it. In the United States there were weather extremes. In California, for example, January was the warmest and driest on record in San Francisco, San Jose and Los Angeles. Only four other Januaries since 1878 had been completely dry in Los Angeles until January 2014. Alaskans experienced their third warmest January in 96 years of record, according to NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center. In many parts of the Midwest, on the other hand, 2014 was the coldest winter since the late 1970s or early 1980s. And some southern states of the US became the victims of, firstly, winter storm Kronos which brought a rare blanket of snow as far south as Louisiana, and sleet as far south as Harlingen, Texas and Pensacola, Fla. in late January, and then, just days later, a second winter storm, Leon, hit many of the same areas causing commuter chaos in both Birmingham, Ala. and Atlanta. Leon also spread ice and sleet to the Gulf Coast, including the Florida Panhandle, and the Low country of South Carolina. And worse was on the way. Winter Storm Pax deposited an inch or more of ice in a swath from east-central Georgia into South Carolina, including Augusta, Ga. and Aiken, S.C. Pax was the second heaviest ice storm dating to 1947 in Wilmington, N.C. The accumulation of ice from Pax claimed the famed “Eisenhower tree” at the Augusta National Golf Club. Pax marked the first time since January 1940 that Columbia, S.C. saw snowfall for three straight days. In complete contrast, the week after Pax, Columbia, S.C. tied its all-time February high of 84 degrees. Augusta, Ga. warmed into the 80s two straight days on Feb. 19-20. Elsewhere in the world, severe Atlantic winter storms took their toll on many parts of England which in 2014 experienced storms and rain not seen since the late 19th century. In Tokyo, Japan, which usually averages only about 4 inches of snow each year, there were also severe snow storms. In February, snow blanketed the city with 11 inches of snow in less than a week, the heaviest snowfall in 45 years for Tokyo and in 60 years for the city of Kumagaya, northwest of Tokyo. The following weekend, parts of eastern Japan, including parts of the Tokyo metro area, received another round of snow. Some smaller communities were isolated by more than 3 feet of snow. And in the southern hemisphere, Australia’s Bureau of Meteorology reported that more than 10 percent of Queensland and almost 15 percent of New South Wales experienced their record hottest day on Jan. 3. A second heat wave hit parts of southern Australia in mid-January, with temperatures peaking above 41 degrees Celsius (just under 106 degrees Fahrenheit) for four straight days from Jan. 14-17, and reaching a sizzling 43.9 degrees C (111 degrees F) on both Jan. 16 and 17. In the world of business and technology 2014 was the year the Obama administration decided to stop inversion deals, where US companies bought foreign domiciled businesses and moved their profit centers to a much more tax friendly location. In technology buys, one of the largest was Facebook’s purchase of smartphone application WhatsApp for $19 Billion. In other sectors 2014 saw world oil price plunge to around $50 per barrel, good news for consumers, not so good for producers. Under pressure from the fall in oil and gas prices, along with the economic sanctions imposed by the west because of the ongoing situation in the Ukraine, the Russian Ruble went into free fall in December. Also in 2014, in March, the United Nations International Court of Justice ruled that Japan’s Antarctic whaling program was not scientific but commercial and refused to grant further permits. With Quantitative Easing having been ended in the US (for the moment anyway) Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe announced plans for a new $29 billion fresh stimulus, including subsidies and job-creating programs, to help pull the world’s third-largest economy out of recession. After their embarrassing foul up last Christmas, this year both FedEx and UPS managed to deliver more than 99 percent of express packages as promised on Dec. 22 and Dec. 23, according to shipment tracker ShipMatrix. South Korean prosecutors arrested a government official who allegedly leaked information about an investigation into former Korean Air Lines executive Cho Hyun-ah, who forced a flight to return over a bag of macadamia nuts. Most of the rest of the world tends to think that the idiot executive should suffer the consequences of her stupidity, not the whistleblower. And finally, after their embarrassing hack attack and cringe-worthy capitulation to what amounted to a terrorist cyber attack which was rightly criticized publicly by President Obama, Sony finally decided to release its movie ‘The Interview’. Conflicts, Wars & Terrorism Unfortunately 2014 saw many conflicts and acts of terrorism. In April an estimated 276 girls and women were abducted and held hostage from a school in Nigeria. The following month, Boko Haram militants killed approximately 300 people in a night attack on Gamboru Ngala and terrorists in Nigeria detonated bombs at Jos, killing 118 people. June saw the emergence of a Sunni militant group called the ‘Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant’ (also known as the ‘ISIS’ or ‘ISIL’). It began an offensive throughout northern Iraq, with the aim of eventually capturing the Iraqi capital city of Baghdad and overthrowing the Shiite government led by Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki. The group has been responsible for beheading of hundreds of people including several from the United States. In July and August tensions between Israel and Hamas grew following the kidnapping and murder of three Israeli teenagers in June and the revenge killing of a Palestinian teenager in July. Israel launched ‘Operation Protective Edge’ on the Palestinian Gaza Strip starting with numerous missile strikes, followed by a ground invasion a week later. In 7 weeks of fighting, 2,100 Palestinians and 71 Israelis were killed. Also in July, Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, a Boeing 777, crashed in eastern Ukraine, killing all 298 souls on board. There are conflicting claims as to who was responsible, some blaming pro Russian forces for a missile strike and others blaming Ukrainian forces. In August and September the United States military began an air campaign in northern Iraq to stem the influx of ISIS militants and the following month the United States and several Arab partners began an airstrike campaign in Syria. Expect more on these stories during 2015. During 2014 we said farewell to many well know people from various walks of life. Here is just my selection of those I remember. From Literature Sue Townsend British novelist and playwright (b. 1946) P. D. James British writer and life peer From Movies & TV British actor Maximilian Schell Austrian-Swiss actor American actress and diplomat American film director, writer, and actor Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. British comedian, writer and actor American radio host and voice actor Menahem Golan Israeli filmmaker British actor and film director American comedian, actress, and television host Richard Kiel American actor (b. 1939) Ken Takakura Japanese actor English actor Glen A. Larson American television producer and writer Italian actress Billie Whitelaw English actress Luise Rainer Golden Age actress “The Great Ziegfeld” From Music American singer, songwriter, musician, and activist American singer and guitarist Glenn Cornick British bass guitarist British rock bassist British jazz clarinetist English singer From Politics Zbigniew Messner 9th Prime Minister of the People’s Republic of Poland 11th Prime Minister of Israel British politician and diarist 138th Prime Minister of Spain James R. Schlesinger American economist and politician A. N. R. Robinson 3rd President of Trinidad and Tobago Howard Baker American politician and diplomat Eduard Shevardnadze 2nd President of Georgia Albert Reynolds Irish Taoiseach (prime minister) British politician and First Minister of Northern Ireland Nicholas Romanov Prince of Russia Jean-Claude Duvalier 41st President of Haiti John Spencer-Churchill 11th Duke of Marlborough, British peer and educator Gough Whitlam 21st Prime Minister of Australia From Space Exploration Valeri Kubasov Soviet cosmonaut Wubbo Ockels Dutch astronaut and physicist Henry Hartsfield American colonel and astronaut Anatoly Berezovoy From Sport Eusébio Portuguese footballer American professional wrestler Louise Brough American tennis player Tom Finney English footballer Nelson Frazier, Jr. Jimmy Ellis American boxer Australian race car driver Malcolm Glazer American businessman, owner of Manchester United Valentin Mankin Ukrainian sailor, Olympic triple champion and silver medalist Fernandão Brazilian footballer and manager Argentine-Spanish footballer Andriy Bal Ukrainian football player and coach Björn Waldegård Swedish rally driver Andrea de Cesaris Italian race car driver The big health scare of 2014 that dominated the headlines was the of the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa in February, that initially infected over 19,000 people and killing at least 7,000, the most severe both in terms of numbers of infections and casualties. In other news, also in February, Belgium became the first country in the world to legalize euthanasia for terminally ill patients of any age. On January 1, Latvia officially adopted the Euro as its currency and became the 18th member of the Eurozone. In February, the Ukrainian parliament voted to remove President Viktor Yanukovych from office, replacing him with Oleksandr Turchynov, after days of civil unrest that left around 100 people dead in Kiev. The pro-Russian unrest lead to the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation and an insurgency in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions. In March, Nicolás Maduro, the President of Venezuela, severed diplomatic and political ties with Panama, accusing it of being involved in a conspiracy against the Venezuelan government. Also in March, an emergency meeting, involving the United Kingdom, the United States, Italy, Germany, France, Japan, and Canada temporarily suspended Russia from the G8. In April, also in response to the Crimean crisis, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) passed a resolution temporarily stripping Russia of its voting rights; its rights to be represented in the Bureau of the Assembly, the PACE Presidential Committee, and the PACE Standing Committee; and its right to participate in election-observation missions. The same month, United States President Barack Obama began new economic sanctions against Russia, targeting companies and individuals close to Russian President Vladimir Putin. In May the Royal Thai Army overthrew the caretaker government of Niwatthamrong Boonsongpaisan after a failure to resolve the political unrest in Thailand. Back in Europe, in June, King Juan Carlos I of Spain abdicated in favor of his son, who ascended the Spanish throne as King Felipe VI. And the political year ended on a positive note, with U.S. President Barack Obama announcing the resumption of normal relations between the U.S. and Cuba after more than half a century. The major space event of 2014 happened in November when the European Space Agency’s Rosetta Philae probe successfully landed on Comet 67P, the first time in history that a spacecraft has landed on such an object. The two major world sporting events of 2014 were the XXII Olympic Winter Games, held in Sochi, Russia in February, and the 2014 FIFA World Cup held in Brazil, and won by Germany, during June and July. In American sport the Super Bowl was won by the Seattle Seahawks, the MLB World Series winners were the San Francisco Giants and in basketball the San Antonio Spurs came out on top. Ice Hockey had three champions in 2014, Canada becoming Olympic champions, Russia world champions and in the NHL the Los Angeles Kings were the victors. In tennis at the world famous Wimbledon Tournament in England Novak Djokovic became Men’s Singles Champion and Petra Kvitova Ladies Singles Champion, while the men’s and women’s winners of the US Open were Marin Čilić and Serena Williams respectively. In Soccer, as noted above, Germany won the 2014 World Cup. The European Champions League winners were Real Madrid and the English Premiership was won by Manchester City. The Formula 1 motor racing champion for 2014 was British driver Lewis Hamilton, who also picked up the award of the BBC Sports Personality of the Year. In golf’s major championships, the Masters Tournament, held in April, was won by Bubba Watson by three strokes. It was his second Masters championship. May saw the BMW PGA Championship where young Northern Ireland man Rory McIlroy birdied the 18th hole to win by one stroke over Irishman Shane Lowry, who also birdied the 18th hole. In June, U.S. Open winner was Martin Kaymer who won by eight strokes to become the first German player to win the U.S. Open, and the first player to win the Players Championship and the U.S. Open in the same year. In July, the Open Championship Northern Ireland man Rory McIlroy, was on top again winning by two strokes over Rickie Fowler and Sergio García. It was his third career major championship, and his first Open Championship. With the win, he became the fourth player ever of 25 years old or under to have won at least three majors. In August, McIlroy was back, winning the PGA Championship by one stroke over Phil Mickelson. He was having quite a year, it was his fourth career major and his second PGA Championship. Then in September, in the Ryder Cup, Team Europe (also including McIlroy) defeated Team USA by a score of 16½ – 11½. It was the third consecutive Ryder Cup victory for Europe, and also Europe’s fifth consecutive home victory in the Ryder Cup. In March Malaysia Airlines Flight 370, a Boeing 777 airliner en route to Beijing from Kuala Lumpur, disappears over the Gulf of Thailand with 239 people on board. The aircraft is presumed to have crashed into the Indian Ocean. In April Korean ferry MV Sewol capsized and sunk after an unmanageable cargo shift. More than 290 people were killed, mostly high school students. In May hundreds of workers were killed in mining accident in Turkey. In July, Air Algérie Flight 5017 crashed in Mali, killing all 116 people on board. And just a few days ago AirAsia flight QZ8501 crashed, wreckage has been found off the coast of Indonesia’s Kalimantan coast.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2405
__label__wiki	0.889889	0.889889	Four days into official visit, Tillerson falls sick in Kenya, cancels engagements By Francess Adewale-Iziogba (with agency report) 11 March 2018 \| 4:26 am 'El Chapo' sentenced to life in prison plus 30 years US Secretary of State Rex Tillerson speaks during a joint press conference with Britain’s Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson in central London on January 22, 2018.<br />US Secretary of State Rex Tillerson paid a discreet visit to the new US embassy in London on January 22, 2018, after President Donald Trump cancelled plans to open it himself following a series of rows. / AFP PHOTO / POOL / TOBY MELVILLE Four days after U.S. Secretary of State, Rex Tillerson, started his first diplomatic trip to Africa, and the second day he arrived Kenya, he has fallen ill, and as a result cancelled his engagements. Before arriving Kenya, he had visited Ethiopia, Djibouti and still scheduled to visit Nigeria and Chad.“The secretary is not feeling well after a long couple days working on major issues back home such as North Korea and has canceled his events for the day,” spokesman Steve Goldstein told reporters traveling with Tillerson. “Some events will go ahead without him, while they are looking at the possibility of rescheduling others,” said Goldstein, under-secretary of state for public diplomacy and public affairs at the State Department. Goldstein later said the secretary’s health had improved. “The Secretary is feeling better and will resume his normal schedule tomorrow (today),” he said.During the trip, he has also been involved behind the scenes in discussions within the administration on a possible meeting between U.S. President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong Un. Tillerson had been scheduled to lay a wreath at the site of the 1998 bombing of the U.S. embassy in Nairobi, in which more than 200 people were killed, and attend an event to highlight U.S. health assistance in Africa.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2416
__label__wiki	0.948867	0.948867	1994 LPGA Championship The 1994 LPGA Championship was the 40th LPGA Championship, played May 12–15 at DuPont Country Club in Wilmington, Delaware. May 12–15, 1994 Course(s) DuPont Country Club Stroke play - 72 holes 6,386 yards (5,839 m)[1] Prize fund Winner's share Laura Davies 279 (−5) Location in the United States DuPont CC Location in Delaware Laura Davies shot a final round 68 to win the first of her two LPGA Championship titles, three strokes ahead of runner-up Alice Ritzman.[1][2] It was the second of her four major titles. This was the first of eleven consecutive LPGA Championships at DuPont, which had hosted the McDonald's Championship, a regular tour event, the previous seven seasons. McDonald's sponsored the LPGA Championship for sixteen editions, from 1994 through 2009.[3] Davies had won the regular tour event at DuPont the previous year for consecutive victories at the course. Past champions in the fieldEdit Made the cutEdit Year(s) won Pat Bradley United States 1986 73 73 70 67 283 −1 T3 Beth Daniel United States 1990 72 74 68 71 285 +1 T7 Patty Sheehan United States 1983, 1984, 1993 72 68 72 73 285 +1 T7 Meg Mallon United States 1991 71 71 69 75 286 +2 T11 Betsy King Jan Stephenson Australia 1982 75 76 74 74 299 +15 T63 Source:[1][4] Missed the cutEdit Jane Geddes United States 1987 74 79 153 +11 Sherri Turner Sally Little South Africa 1980 78 78 156 +14 United States 1978, 1985, 1989 WD Source:[4] Lopez played fourteen holes in the first round, then withdrew because of back pain.[5] Final leaderboardEdit Money ($) 1 Laura Davies England 70-72-69-68=279 −5 165,000 2 Alice Ritzman United States 68-73-71-70=282 −2 102,402 T3 Pat Bradley United States 73-73-70-67=283 −1 54,660 Elaine Crosby United States 76-71-69-67=283 Hiromi Kobayashi Japan 72-73-71-67=283 Liselotte Neumann Sweden 74-73-67-69=283 T7 Amy Alcott United States 71-75-70-69=285 +1 27,676 Sherri Steinhauer ^ a b c d "Davies outdistances field for LPGA Championship". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. (Florida). wire reports. May 16, 1994. p. 4C. ^ "Nervous Davies wins by 3 strokes". Toledo Blade. (Ohio). Associated Press. May 16, 1994. p. 23. ^ Somnambulo, El (June 11, 2009). "The Rise and Demise of the McDonald's LPGA Tournament". Delaware Liberal. Retrieved July 28, 2017. ^ a b c "KPMG Women's PGA Championship (LPGA Championship)". LPGA. 1994. Retrieved April 11, 2018. ^ Brennan, Christine (May 13, 1994). "An odd couple shares LPGA's first-round lead". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). (Washington Post). p. 1B. Golf Observer leaderboard 1994 Nabisco Dinah Shore Major Championships Succeeded by 1994 U.S. Women's Open Coordinates: 39°47′20″N 75°33′50″W / 39.789°N 75.564°W / 39.789; -75.564 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1994_LPGA_Championship&oldid=903344006"	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2417
__label__wiki	0.937275	0.937275	This article is about the entertainer. For her TV show, see The Carol Burnett Show. For the 30 Rock character, see List of 30 Rock characters § Carol Burnett. Carol Creighton Burnett (born April 26, 1933) is an American actress, comedian, singer and writer, whose career spans seven decades of television. She is best known for her groundbreaking comedy variety show, The Carol Burnett Show, originally aired on CBS. It was the first of its kind to be hosted by a woman.[1][2] She has achieved success on stage, television and film in varying genres including dramatic and comedic roles. She has also appeared on various talk shows and as a panelist on game shows. Burnett in 2014 Carol Creighton Burnett (1933-04-26) April 26, 1933 (age 86) San Antonio, Texas, U.S. Television, theater, film, writing Parody, satire, slapstick Don Saroyan Joe Hamilton (m. 2001) 3, including Carrie and Erin Hamilton Notable works and roles Born in San Antonio, Texas, Burnett moved with her grandmother to Hollywood, where she attended Hollywood High School and eventually studied theater and musical comedy at UCLA. Later she performed in nightclubs in New York City and had a breakout success on Broadway in 1959 in Once Upon a Mattress, for which she received a Tony Award nomination. She soon made her television debut, regularly appearing on The Garry Moore Show for the next three years, and won her first Emmy Award in 1962. Burnett had her television special debut in 1963 when she starred as Calamity Jane in the Dallas State Fair Musicals production of Calamity Jane on CBS.[3] Burnett moved to Los Angeles, California, and began an 11-year run as star of The Carol Burnett Show on CBS television from 1967 to 1978. With its vaudeville roots, The Carol Burnett Show was a variety show that combined comedy sketches with song and dance. The comedy sketches included film parodies and character pieces. Burnett created many memorable characters during the show's run, and both she and the show won numerous Emmy and Golden Globe Awards. During and after her variety show, Burnett appeared in many television and film projects. Her film roles include Pete 'n' Tillie (1972), The Front Page (1974), The Four Seasons (1981), Annie (1982), Noises Off (1992), and Horton Hears a Who! (2008). On television, she has appeared in other sketch shows; in dramatic roles in 6 Rms Riv Vu (1974) and Friendly Fire (1979); in various well-regarded guest roles, such as in Mad About You, for which she won an Emmy Award; and in specials with Julie Andrews, Dolly Parton, Beverly Sills, and others. She returned to the Broadway stage in 1995 in Moon Over Buffalo, for which she was again nominated for a Tony Award. Burnett has written and narrated several memoirs, earning Grammy nominations for almost all of them, and a win for In Such Good Company: Eleven Years Of Laughter, Mayhem, And Fun In The Sandbox.[4][5] In 2005, she was recognized as "one of America's most cherished entertainers" and awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom "for enhancing the lives of millions of Americans and for her extraordinary contributions to American entertainment."[6] Carol and sister Chrissie on Person to Person, 1961 Burnett was born in San Antonio, Texas, on April 26, 1933,[7][8][9][10] the daughter of Ina Louise (née Creighton), a publicity writer for movie studios, and Joseph Thomas Burnett, a movie theater manager. Her maternal grandparents were William Rufus Creighton (1878-1951) and Mabel Eudora “Mae” Jones (1885-1967).[11][12] Both of her parents were alcoholics, and at a young age, she was left with her grandmother. Her parents divorced in the late 1930s, and she and her grandmother moved to a one-room apartment near her mother's in an impoverished area of Hollywood, California. There they stayed in a boarding house with Burnett's younger half-sister Chrissie.[13] When Burnett was in second grade, she briefly invented an imaginary twin sister named Karen, with Shirley Temple-like dimples. She later recalled that, motivated to further the pretense, she "fooled the other boarders in the rooming house where we lived by frantically switching clothes and dashing in and out of the house by the fire escape and the front door. Then I became exhausted and Karen mysteriously vanished."[14] When Burnett was nine, she taught herself how to do the "Tarzan yell", which she realized years later was a good vocal exercise for volume,[15] and it became a fan favorite. Burnett's first experiences with singing occurred with her family. Her grandmother was a trained musician who could play the piano (although they didn't have one at the time), and her mother played a ukulele, so they would sometimes sing popular songs in harmony together around the kitchen table.[16] Her grandmother would frequently take Burnett and her sister to the movies - as well as take a few rolls of toilet paper home from the theater.[17] Years later, the movies she saw in her youth would be an influence on the sketch content in The Carol Burnett Show.[18] Hollywood Pacific Theatre in 2010, site of Burnett's star For a while, she worked as an usherette at the Warner Brothers Theater (now the Hollywood Pacific Theatre). When the cinema screened Alfred Hitchcock's Strangers on a Train (1951), having already seen and enjoyed the film, she advised two patrons arriving during the last five minutes of a showing to wait until the beginning of the next showing to avoid spoiling the ending for them, but the couple insisted on being seated. The manager observed Burnett not letting the couple in and fired her, stripping the epaulettes from her uniform on the spot.[19] Years later in the 1970s after achieving TV stardom, when the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce offered her a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, they asked her where she wanted it. She replied "Right in front of where the old Warner Brothers Theater was, at Hollywood and Wilcox", which is where it was placed,[10][20] at 6439 Hollywood Blvd.[21] Hollywood High School, with mural including alumna Burnett at center After graduating from Hollywood High School in 1951, she received an anonymous envelope containing $50 for one year's tuition at UCLA, where she initially planned on studying journalism.[15] During her first year of college, she switched her focus to theatre arts and English, with the goal of becoming a playwright. She found she had to take an acting course to enter the playwright program; "I wasn't really ready to do the acting thing, but I had no choice."[22] She followed a sudden impulse in her first performance; "Don't ask me why, but when we were in front of the audience, I suddenly decided I was going to stretch out all my words and my first line came out 'I'm baaaaaaaack!'"[22] The audience response moved her deeply: “ They laughed and it felt great. All of a sudden, after so much coldness and emptiness in my life, I knew the sensation of all that warmth wrapping around me. I had always been a quiet, shy, sad sort of girl and then everything changed for me. You spend the rest of your life hoping you'll hear a laugh that great again.[22] ” During this time, she performed in several university productions, garnering recognition for her comedic and musical abilities. Her mother disapproved of her acting ambitions: “ She wanted me to be a writer. She said you can always write, no matter what you look like. When I was growing up she told me to be a little lady, and a couple of times I got a whack for crossing my eyes or making funny faces. Of course, she never, I never, dreamed I would ever perform.[14] ” The young Burnett, always insecure about her looks, responded many years later to her mother's advice of "You can always write, no matter what you look like" by noting "God, that hurt!" in her memoir One More Time (1986). During her junior year at UCLA in 1954, a professor invited Burnett and some other students to perform at a party in place of their class final that had been canceled (which required a performance in front of an audience). Afterwards, a man and his wife approached her while Carol was stuffing cookies in her purse to take home to her grandmother.[23] Instead of reprimanding her, the man complimented her performance and asked about her future plans. When he learned that she wished to travel to New York in order to try her luck in musical comedy but couldn't afford the trip, right then and there he offered her and her boyfriend Don Saroyan each a $1,000 interest-free loan. His conditions were simply that the loans were to be repaid within five years, his name was never to be revealed, and if she achieved success, she would help other aspiring talents to pursue their artistic dreams. Burnett took him up on his offer; she and Saroyan left college and moved to New York to pursue acting careers. That same year, her father died of causes related to his alcoholism.[24] Early careerEdit After spending her first year in New York working as a hat-check girl and failing to land acting jobs, Burnett along with other girls living at the Rehearsal Club, a boarding house for women seriously pursuing an acting career, put on The Rehearsal Club Revue on March 3, 1955. They mailed invitations to agents, who showed up along with stars like Celeste Holm and Marlene Dietrich, and this opened doors for several of the girls. She was cast in a minor role on The Paul Winchell and Jerry Mahoney Show in 1955. She played the girlfriend of a ventriloquist's dummy on the popular children's program. This role led to her starring role opposite Buddy Hackett in the short-lived sitcom Stanley from 1956-57.[citation needed] Burnett and Larry Blyden from The Garry Moore Show, 1960 After Stanley, Burnett found herself unemployed for a short time. She eventually bounced back a few months later as a highly popular performer on the New York circuit of cabarets and night clubs, most notably for a hit parody number called "I Made a Fool of Myself Over John Foster Dulles" (Dulles was Secretary of State at the time). In 1957, she performed this number on both The Tonight Show, hosted by Jack Paar, and The Ed Sullivan Show. Dulles was asked about her on Meet the Press and joked, “I never discuss matters of the heart in public.”[25] She also worked as a regular on one of television's earliest game shows, Pantomime Quiz, during this time. In 1957, just as she was achieving her first small successes, her mother died.[citation needed] Burnett's first true taste of success came with her appearance on Broadway in the 1959 musical Once Upon a Mattress, for which she was nominated for a Tony Award. The same year, she became a regular player on The Garry Moore Show, a job that lasted until 1962. She won an Emmy Award[26] that year for her "Outstanding Performance in a Variety or Musical Program or Series" on the show. She portrayed a number of characters, most memorably the put-upon cleaning woman who would later become her signature alter-ego. With her success on the Moore Show, Burnett finally rose to headliner status and appeared in the special Julie and Carol at Carnegie Hall (1962), co-starring with her friend Julie Andrews. The show was produced by Bob Banner, directed by Joe Hamilton, and written by Mike Nichols and Ken Welch.[27]1 Julie and Carol at Carnegie Hall won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Program Achievement in the Field of Music, and Burnett won an Emmy for her performance.[28] She also guest-starred on a number of shows during this time, including The Twilight Zone episode "Cavender Is Coming". In 1964, Burnett starred in the Broadway musical Fade Out – Fade In but was forced to withdraw after sustaining a neck injury in a taxi accident. She returned to the show later but withdrew again to participate in a variety show, The Entertainers, opposite Caterina Valente and Bob Newhart. The producers of Fade Out – Fade In sued the actress for breach of contract after her absences from the popular show caused its failure, but the suit was later dropped. The Entertainers ran for only one season.[29] Around the same time, she became good friends with Jim Nabors, who was enjoying great success with his series Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. As a result of their close friendship, she played a recurring role on Nabors' show as a tough corporal, later gunnery sergeant (starting with the episode "Corporal Carol"). Nabors would later be her first guest every season on her variety show, as she considered him to be her good luck charm.[30] In 1959, Lucille Ball became a friend and mentor to Burnett. After having guested on Burnett's highly successful CBS-TV special Carol + 2 and having the younger performer reciprocate by appearing on The Lucy Show, it was rumored that Ball offered Burnett a chance to star on her own sitcom, but in truth Burnett was offered (and declined) Here's Agnes by CBS executives.[31] The two women remained close friends until Ball's death in 1989. Ball sent flowers every year on Burnett's birthday. When Burnett awoke on the day of her 56th birthday in 1989, she discovered via the morning news that Ball had died. Later that afternoon, flowers arrived at Burnett's house with a note reading, "Happy Birthday, Kid. Love, Lucy."[32] The Carol Burnett ShowEdit Main article: The Carol Burnett Show The Bob Mackie–designed curtain dress worn by Burnett in the Went with the Wind! sketch, housed at the Smithsonian Institution On the left, cast members in 1967 (clockwise from the bottom): Burnett, Harvey Korman, Vicki Lawrence, and Lyle Waggoner, on the right, the 1977 cast: Burnett, Tim Conway, Lawrence, and Korman In 1967, CBS offered to put Burnett in a weekly comedy series called Here's Agnes. However, she had a stipulation in her ten-year contract with CBS that said she had five years from the date The Garry Moore Show ended to "push the button" on hosting thirty one-hour episodes of a music/comedy variety show.[31][33] As a result, the hour-long Carol Burnett Show was born and debuted in September 1967, garnering 23 Emmy Awards and winning or being nominated for multiple Emmy and Golden Globe Awards every season it was on the air. Its ensemble cast included Tim Conway (who was a guest player until the ninth season),[34] Harvey Korman, Lyle Waggoner, and the teenaged Vicki Lawrence, whom Burnett herself discovered and mentored. The network initially did not want her to do a variety show because they believed only men could be successful at variety, but her contract required that they give her one season of whatever kind of show she wanted to make.[31][35] She chose to carry on the tradition of past variety show successes. Burnett, in her well-known charwoman character, gets a hand from guest star Rita Hayworth in 1971. A true variety show, The Carol Burnett Show struck a chord with viewers. Among other things, it parodied films (Went With the Wind! for Gone With the Wind), television (As the Stomach Turns for the soap opera As the World Turns) and commercials. Musical numbers were also a frequent feature. Burnett and her team struck gold with the original sketch "The Family", which eventually was spun off into its own television show called Mama's Family, starring Vicki Lawrence.[citation needed] She opened most shows with an impromptu question-and-answer session with the audience, lasting a few minutes, during which she often demonstrated her ability to humorously ad lib. On numerous occasions, she obliged when asked to perform her trademark[36] Tarzan yell. She ended each show by tugging on her left ear, which was a message to her grandmother. This was done to let her know that she was doing well and that she loved her; during the show's run, her grandmother died. On an Intimate Portrait episode on Burnett, she tearfully recalled her grandmother's last moments: "She said to my husband Joe from her hospital bed 'Joe, you see that spider up there?' There was no spider, but Joe said he did anyhow. She said 'Every few minutes a big spider jumps on that little spider and they go at it like rabbits!!' And then she died. There's laughter in everything!"[37] She continued the tradition of tugging her ear. The show ceased production in 1978. Four post-script episodes were produced and aired on ABC during the summer of 1979 under the title, Carol Burnett & Company basically using the same format and, with the exception of Harvey Korman and Lyle Waggoner, the same supporting cast. Beginning in 1977, the comedy sketches of her series were edited into half-hour episodes for syndication entitled Carol Burnett and Friends, which, for many years, proved to be extremely popular in syndication, and in January 2015, it began airing on MeTV.[citation needed] The show's enduring popularity surprised many when a 2001 retrospective containing outtakes and discussions with the cast, and a tribute to Bob Mackie, drew in 30 million viewers, topping the Emmy Awards as well as all but the final game of that year's World Series.[24] Her Grammy-winning memoir In Such Good Company is about the show, and Burnett tells about how it was developed, with anecdotes about improvisations, the cast, crew, and guests.[citation needed] Other rolesEdit Burnett starred in a few films while her variety show was running, including Pete 'n' Tillie (1972). She was nominated for an Emmy in 1974 for her role in the drama 6 Rms Riv Vu. After her show ended, she assumed a number of roles that departed from comedy. She appeared in several dramatic roles, most notably in the television movie Friendly Fire. She appeared as Beatrice O'Reilly in the film Life of The Party: The Story of Beatrice, a story about a woman fighting her alcoholism. Her other film work includes The Four Seasons (1981), Annie (1982), and Noises Off (1992). She also returned in 2005 to star in a different role as Queen Aggravain in the movie version of Once Upon a Mattress. She guest-starred in season two of Desperate Housewives as Bree's stepmother, Elanor Mason. Burnett was the first celebrity to appear on the children's series Sesame Street, on that series' first episode on November 10, 1969.[38] She also made occasional returns to the stage in the 1970s and 1980s. In 1974, she appeared at the Muny Theatre in St. Louis, Missouri, in I Do! I Do! with Rock Hudson, and eleven years later, she took the supporting role of Carlotta Campion in the 1985 concert performance of Stephen Sondheim's Follies. She made frequent appearances as a panelist on the game show Password, an association she maintained until the early 1980s (in fact, Mark Goodson awarded her his Silver Password All-Stars Award for best celebrity player; she's also credited with coming up with the title Password Plus, when it was originally planned to be titled Password '79). In the 1980s and 1990s, she made several attempts at starting a new variety program. She also appeared briefly on The Carol Burnett Show's "The Family" sketches spinoff, Mama's Family, as her stormy character, Eunice Higgins. She played the matriarch in the cult comedy miniseries Fresno, which parodied the primetime soap opera Falcon Crest. She returned to TV in the mid-1990s as a supporting character on the sitcom Mad About You, playing Theresa Stemple, the mother of main character Jamie Buchman (Helen Hunt), for which she won another Emmy Award. In 1995, after an absence of 30 years, she was back on Broadway in Moon Over Buffalo, for which she was nominated for a Tony Award. Four years later, she appeared in the Broadway revue Putting It Together. In 2014, Burnett joined two-time Tony Award Winner, Brian Dennehy, on Broadway in A. R. Gurney's Love Letters. Burnett had long been a fan of the soap opera All My Children, and realized a dream when Agnes Nixon created the role of Verla Grubbs for her in 1976. Burnett played the long-lost daughter of Langley Wallingford (Louis Edmonds), causing trouble for her stepmother Phoebe Tyler-Wallingford (Ruth Warrick). She made occasional appearances on the soap opera in each decade thereafter. She hosted a 25th-anniversary special about the show in 1995 and made a brief cameo appearance as Verla Grubbs on the January 5, 2005, episode which celebrated the show's 35th anniversary. She reprised her role as Grubbs in September 2011 as part of the series' finale. In 2008, she had her second role as an animated character in the film Horton Hears a Who!. Her first was in The Trumpet of the Swan in 2001. In 2009, she made a guest appearance on the Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, for which she was nominated for the Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series. In November 2010, she guest-starred on an episode of Glee as the mother of cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester.[39] In 2012 she had another voice role in The Secret World of Arrietty. She has made a recurring role, traditionally on Thanksgiving-themed episodes, of Hawaii Five-0 as Steve McGarrett's Aunt Debbie since 2013, until Aunt Deb died from cancer in the January 15, 2016 episode.[40][41] Personal lifeEdit Burnett married her college sweetheart Don Saroyan on December 15, 1955; they divorced in 1962. On May 4, 1963, she married TV producer Joe Hamilton, a divorced father of eight, who had produced her 1962 Carnegie Hall concert and would produce The Carol Burnett Show, among other projects.[42] The couple had three daughters: Carrie Hamilton, born (1963-12-05)December 5, 1963 – died January 20, 2002 (at age 38) of pneumonia as a complication of lung and brain cancer.[24] She was an actress and singer.[43][44] Jody Hamilton, born (1967-01-18) January 18, 1967 (age 52) Erin Hamilton, born (1968-08-14) August 14, 1968 (age 50). She is a singer. Their marriage ended in divorce in 1984. The challenge of coping with Carrie's drug problems was mentioned as part of the reason for the separation, but the couple took the opportunity to inform other parents about handling such problems and raised money for the clinic in which Carrie was treated.[45] In 1988, Burnett and Carrie took a trip to Moscow to help introduce the first Alcoholics Anonymous branch in the Soviet Union.[24][46] Joe Hamilton died of cancer in 1991.[42] On November 24, 2001, she married Brian Miller, principal drummer in and contractor of the Hollywood Bowl Orchestra, who is 23 years her junior.[47][24] She was good friends with Lucille Ball, Beverly Sills and Jim Nabors (who became the godfather to her daughter Jody),[30] and remains good friends with Julie Andrews and Betty White. She is the acting mentor to her protégée Vicki Lawrence. They share a close friendship, as noted by Lawrence in a testimonial speech during her appearance at Burnett's 2013 Mark Twain Award in Washington, D.C. (recorded and broadcast on PBS Television).[48] In a 2003 interview with Terry Gross on Fresh Air, Burnett said that both she and her daughter Jody had corrective dental surgery. Burnett had an overbite resulting in a weak chin, and her daughter had an underbite. After consulting the oral surgeon about Jody's bite, he said he could repair hers as well, giving her more of a chin, so both of them got operations. Prior to this, Burnett had worked on the 1982 film Annie and was called back to reshoot part of a scene after having recovered from the surgery. The scene involved her character entering and exiting a closet to retrieve a necklace. She told the director, John Huston, that she was concerned about her chin looking different from entering the closet to exiting it, and he simply told her to "look determined". The scene is still in the film.[18] In keeping with her promise to the anonymous benefactor who assisted her in 1954, she has contributed to scholarship programs at UCLA and the University of Hawaii to help people in financial need.[49] On June 25, 2019, The New York Times Magazine listed Carol Burnett among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.[50] LitigationEdit Burnett v. National Enquirer, Inc Main article: Burnett v. National Enquirer, Inc. In 1976, a false report in the nation's leading supermarket tabloid, The National Enquirer, incorrectly implied that Burnett had been drunk and boisterous in public at a restaurant with U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in attendance. The fact that both of her parents suffered from alcoholism made this a particularly sensitive issue to her. Through years of persistent litigation, she won a judgment against the Enquirer, in 1981. Though the initial jury award of $1.6 million was reduced to $200,000 by a series of appeals, and the final settlement was out-of-court, the event was widely viewed as a historic victory for libel victims of tabloid journalism.[51][52][53][54][55][56][57] The former longtime chief editor Iain Calder in his book The Untold Story, asserted that after the Burnett lawsuit, while under his leadership, the Enquirer worked hard to check the reliability of its facts and its sources. Carol Burnett and Whacko, Inc. vs. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation In 2007, Burnett and Whacko, Inc. brought a suit against Twentieth Century Fox requesting at least $2 million in damages, alleging copyright infringement, violation of publicity rights, and misappropriation of name and likeness due to the use of her charwoman character and an altered version of "Carol's Theme", the theme song used in The Carol Burnett Show, without her permission. The character and theme were used in the "Peterotica" episode of Family Guy when the characters discuss the cleanliness of a porn shop and one of them states it is so clean because Burnett works there as a janitor. The charwoman is shown mopping the floor in the porn shop, and the characters subsequently discuss Burnett's ear tug and make a crude comment about it. Burnett and her company requested that Fox remove all references to her, the theme and the character but the studio did not.[58][59] The suit was ruled in favor of the defendant because the bit was a parody, which is protected by the First Amendment. The judge agreed that the portrayal was crude but stated that the character Burnett created was far more creative than anything the Family Guy team could come up with on their own.[60] Memoirs and related worksEdit Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6439 Hollywood Blvd. Burnett and her oldest daughter, Carrie Hamilton, co-wrote Hollywood Arms (2002), a play based on Burnett's bestselling memoir, One More Time (1986). Sara Niemietz and Donna Lynne Champlin shared the role of Helen (the character based on Burnett); Michele Pawk played Louise, Helen's mother, and Linda Lavin played Helen's grandmother. For her performance, Pawk received the 2003 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play.[61] In 2010, she wrote the memoir This Time Together[62] and was nominated for the 2011 Grammy for Best Spoken-Word Album. In 2014, she wrote the memoir Carrie and Me and was nominated for the 2014 Grammy for Best Spoken-Word Album. In 2016, she wrote the behind-the-scenes memoir In Such Good Company, for which she won a Grammy Award in 2017.[63] FilmographyEdit Note: Made-for-TV movies are listed in the Television credits section. 1963 Who's Been Sleeping in My Bed? Stella Irving[64][65] Comedy film directed by Daniel Mann.[66] 1968 Rowan & Martin at the Movies Herself Short / documentary film directed by Jack Arnold.[67] Star Spangled Salesman Miss Grebs Short / Documentary film directed by Norman Maurer and Wingate Smith.[68] 1972 Pete 'n' Tillie Tillie Comedy-drama film directed by Martin Ritt.[69] Based on two novels by Peter De Vries: The Blood of the Lamb and Witch's Milk.[70][71] 1974 The Front Page Mollie Malloy Comedy film directed by Billy Wilder.[72] Based on Ben Hecht and Charles MacArthur's 1928 play of the same name.[73] 1978 A Wedding Tulip Brenner Comedy film directed by Robert Altman.[74] 1980 Health[75] Gloria Burbank Ensemble comedy film directed by Robert Altman.[76] Also known as H.E.A.L.T.H.[77] 1981 The Four Seasons Kate Burroughs Romantic comedy film written, co–starring, and directed by Alan Alda.[78] Chu Chu and the Philly Flash Emily Comedy film directed by David Lowell Rich.[79] 1982 Annie Miss Hannigan Musical comedy drama film directed by John Huston.[80] 1992 Noises Off Dotty Otley / Mrs. Clackett Comedy film directed by Peter Bogdanovich.[81] Based on the 1982 play of the same name by Michael Frayn.[82] 1997 Moon Over Broadway Herself Documentary film directed by Chris Hegedus and D. A. Pennebaker.[83] 1999 Get Bruce Herself Documentary film produced and directed by Andrew J. Kuehn.[84] 2001 The Trumpet of the Swan Mrs. Hammerbotham (voice) Animated film directed by Richard Rich & Terry L. Noss.[85] 2004 Broadway: The Golden Age, by the Legends Who Were There Herself Documentary film directed by Rick McKay.[86] 2008 Horton Hears a Who! Kangaroo (voice) Computer-animated fantasy adventure comedy film directed by Jimmy Hayward and Steve Martino.[87] Based on the book of the same name by Dr. Seuss. 2009 Post Grad Grandma Maureen romantic comedy film directed by Vicky Jenson.[88] 2012 The Secret World of Arrietty Hara (voice) Animated fantasy film directed by Hiromasa Yonebayashi.[89] The Borrower Arrietty (Japanese: 借りぐらしのアリエッティ, Hepburn: Kari-gurashi no Arietti) 2019 Toy Story 4 Chairol Burnett (voice) computer-animated comedy film directed by Josh Cooley[90] Television creditsEdit 1955 The Paul Winchell Show Guest Episode: "Episode #6.19" 1956 Stanley Celia Episode: "The New Year's Party" Omnibus Singer Episode: "The American Musical Comedy" 1959–62 The Garry Moore Show Herself Contract role 1962 Julie and Carol at Carnegie Hall[91] Herself TV special directed by Joe Hamilton.[92] 1962 The Jack Benny Program Herself / Jane Episode: "Jack Plays Tarzan" The Twilight Zone Agnes Grep Episode: "Cavender Is Coming" 1963 An Evening with Carol Burnett[91] Herself TV special directed by Ernest Chambers. The Jack Benny Program Herself / Cindy Lou Wilson Episode: "Riverboat Sketch" Calamity Jane Calamity Jane[93][94][95][96] Made-for-TV movie directed by Dick Altman. 1964 Once Upon a Mattress Princess Winnifred[97] Made-for-TV movie directed by Joe Layton and Dave Geisel. 1964–65 The Entertainers Herself Recurring role, 7 episodes 1966–67 The Lucy Show Carol Bradford Recurring role, 4 episodes 1966 Password Herself Game show contestant / Celebrity guest star 1966 Carol + 2 Herself Variety/sketch comedy directed by Marc Breaux.[98][99] 1967 Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. Sergeant Carol Barnes Episode: "Corporal Carol" Get Smart "Ozark" Annie Jones Episode: "One of Our Olives Is Missing" 1967–78 The Carol Burnett Show Herself / Skit characters Variety/sketch comedy television series. 1969–71 Here's Lucy Herself / Carol Krausmeyer Recurring role, 3 episodes 1969 Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. Sergeant Carol Barnes Episode: "Showtime with Sgt. Carol" 1971 Julie and Carol at Lincoln Center[91] Herself TV special directed by Dave Powers.[100] 1969–71 Sesame Street Herself Recurring[101][102] 1972 Once Upon a Mattress Princess Winifred the Woebegone Made-for-TV movie directed by Ron Field and Dave Powers.[103] 1974 6 Rms Riv Vu Anne Miller Made-for-TV movie directed by Alan Alda and Clark Jones.[104] Out to Lunch Herself TV special directed by Bill Davis. 1975 Twigs Emily / Celia / Dorothy / Ma Made-for-TV movie directed by Alan Arkin and Clark Jones.[105] 1976 The Sonny & Cher Show Herself / Various Characters Episodes: "Episode #1.1" (S 1:Ep 1–Pilot) "Episode #2.4" (S 2:Ep 4) Van Dyke and Company Herself Episode: "Episode #1.5" Sills and Burnett at the Met[91] Herself Music special directed by Dave Powers.[106] 1977 Insight Eve Episode: "This Side of Eden" 3 Girls 3 Guest Episode: "Episode #1.1" (S 1:Ep 1–Pilot)[107][108][109] 1978 The Grass Is Always Greener over the Septic Tank Dorothy Benson Made-for-TV movie directed by Robert Day.[110] Based on the 1976 novel of the same name written by Erma Bombeck.[111] 1979 Dolly and Carol in Nashville Herself TV special Password Plus Herself Game Show Participant / Celebrity Guest Star Friendly Fire Peg Mullen Made-for-TV movie directed by David Greene.[112] Based on the 1976 book of the same name written by C. D. B. Bryan,[113] Carol Burnett & Company Skit characters Variety/sketch comedy television series. The Tenth Month Dori Grey Made-for-TV movie directed by Joan Tewkesbury.[114] Based on the 1970 novel of the same name by Laura Z. Hobson.[115] 1980 The Wild Wacky Wonderful World of Winter Stripper HBO special[116] The Muppet Show Herself Episode: "Carol Burnett" 1981–95 Great Performances Herself / Carlotta Campion Recurring role, 4 episodes 1982 Eunice Eunice Harper Higgins Made-for-TV movie directed by Roger Beatty and Harvey Korman.[117] Based on The Family and served as a precursor to the spin-off television sitcom Mama's Family. Life of the Party: The Story of Beatrice Beatrice O'Reilly Made-for-TV movie directed by Lamont Johnson.[118] 1983 All My Children Verla Grubbs Recurring 1983–95, 2011 Between Friends Mary Catherine Castelli Made-for-TV movie directed by Lou Antonio.[119] Based on the 1975 novel Nobody Makes Me Cry by Shelley List.[120] Mama's Family Eunice Higgins Recurring role, 6 episodes 1984 Burnett Discovers Domingo Herself TV special directed by Marty Pasetta.[121][122][123] 1984–88 Magnum, P.I. Susan Johnson Recurring role, 2 episodes 1985 The Laundromat Alberta Johnson Made-for-TV movie directed by Robert Altman.[124] Happily Ever After Narrator Made-for-TV movie directed by Bill Melendez and Steven Melendez.[125] 1986 Fresno Charlotte Kensington Miniseries[126] directed by Jeff Bleckner.[127] 1987 Plaza Suite[91][128] Karen Nash / Muriel Tate / Norma Hubley Made-for-TV movie directed by Roger Beatty and Kenny Solms.[129] Also executive producer. Carol, Carl, Whoopi and Robin[91] Herself Comedy special directed by Roger Beatty and Harvey Korman.[130] Fame Rose Episode: "Reggie and Rose" 1988 Hostage[131] Martha Made-for-TV movie directed by Peter Levin.[132] 1989 Julie & Carol: Together Again Herself TV special directed by Jeff Margolis.[133] 1990–91 Carol & Company Skit characters Comedy anthology series.[134] 1991 The Carol Burnett Show Skit characters Variety/sketch comedy television series. Revival of the 1967–78 series. The Tale of Peter Rabbit Mr. Mcgregor's Cat / Narrator / Mrs Rabbit Made-for-TV movie directed by Clive A. Smith.[135] Based on the children's book of the same name by Beatrix Potter. 1992 The Larry Sanders Show Herself 2 episodes 1993 The Carol Burnett Show: A Reunion[91] Herself TV special directed by Dave Powers.[136] 1994 Carol Burnett: The Special Years Archival footage of herself TV special directed by Paul Miller.[137] Also executive producer Seasons of the Heart Vivian Levinson Made-for-TV movie directed by Lee Grant.[138] Men, Movies & Carol[91] Herself TV special directed by Paul Miller and written by Burnett.[139] 1995 Women of the House Herself Episode: "Women in Film" 1996–99 Mad About You Theresa Stemple, Jamie's mother Recurring role, 10 episodes 1997 Touched by an Angel Lillian Bennett Episode: "The Comeback" 1998 The Marriage Fool Florence Made-for-TV movie directed by Charles Matthau.[140] 2000 Putting It Together The Wife Musical revue directed by Don Roy King and Eric D. Schaeffer.[141] 2001 The Carol Burnett Show: Show Stoppers[91] Herself 2004 The Carol Burnett Show: Let's Bump Up the Lights! Herself TV special directed by Steve Purcell.[143] 2005 Once Upon a Mattress Queen Aggravain Made-for-TV movie directed by Kathleen Marshall.[144] Co–executive producer with Martin Tudor.[144] 2006 Desperate Housewives Eleanor Mason Episode: "Don't Look at Me" 2007 American Masters: Tribute to Carol Burnett Archival footage of herself Episode: "Carol Burnett: A Woman of Character"[16] 2009 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit Birdie Sulloway Episode: "Ballerina" (Emmy Award-nominated guest appearance) 2010–15 Glee Doris Sylvester[39] Recurring role, 2 episodes 2013–14 Curious George Great Aunt Sylvia (voice) Episodes: "George and Allie's Lawn Service/Curious George's Scavenger Hunt" (S 7:Ep 6), "Toy Monkey/George and Allie's Game Plan" (S 8:Ep 1) 2013–15 Hot in Cleveland Penny Recurring role, 2 episodes 2013–16 Hawaii Five-0 Aunt Deb McGarrett[40][41] Recurring role, 3 episodes 2014 Signed, Sealed, Delivered Ardis Paine Episode: "A Hope and a Future" 2016 A Celebration of American Creativity: In Performance at the White House[145] Herself Music special directed by Leon Knoles. 2017 Julie's Greenroom Mrs. Edna Brightful Episode: "Mash-Up: The Musical"[146] Household Name Vivian Valmont TV pilot The Carol Burnett Show: 50th Anniversary Special Herself TV special directed by Paul Miller. 2018 A Little Help with Carol Burnett Herself Host, 12 episodes 2018 Angie Tribeca President Priscilla Filcox Episode: "Air Force Two" TheatreEdit As Calamity Jane in 1963 1959: Once Upon a Mattress (Broadway) 1961/63: Calamity Jane 1964: Fade Out – Fade In 1970: Plaza Suite 1974: I Do! I Do! 1977/80: Same Time, Next Year 1985: Follies 1990: Love Letters 1993: Company 1995: Moon Over Buffalo 1998: Putting It Together 2002: Broadway on Broadway BooksEdit Mendoza, George; Burnett, Carol (1975). What I Want to Be When I Grow Up. New York City: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0671221591. Burnett, Carol (1986). One More Time : A Memoir By Carol Burnett (1st ed.). New York City: Random House. ISBN 978-0394552545. Burnett, Carol (2011). This Time Together: Laughter and Reflection (Reprint ed.). New York City: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-0307461193. Burnett, Carol (2014). Carrie and Me: A Mother-Daughter Love Story (Reprint ed.). New York City: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1476755793. Burnett, Carol (2016). In Such Good Company: Eleven Years of Laughter, Mayhem, and Fun in the Sandbox. New York City: Crown Archetype. ISBN 978-1101904657. Awards and recognitionEdit Nominated work 1962 Peabody Award Personal Award Her comedic performances Herself Won [147] Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Performance in a Variety or Musical Program or Series The Garry Moore Show Won [148] 1963 Julie and Carol at Carnegie Hall Won [149] An Evening with Carol Burnett Won [150] 1968 Golden Globe Award Best TV Star – Female The Carol Burnett Show Herself /Skit Characters Won [151] 1969 Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Performance in a Variety or Musical Program or Series Nominated [152] 1970 Golden Globe Award Best TV Actress – Musical or Comedy Won [153] Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Performance in a Variety or Musical Program or Series Nominated [154] 1971 Golden Globe Award Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy Producer (shared with executive producer Joe Hamilton and producer Arnie Rosen) Won [155] 1972 Outstanding Variety Series – Musical Won [157] Outstanding Single Program – Variety or Musical – Variety and Popular Music Julie and Carol at Lincoln Center Herself Nominated [158] Golden Globe Award Best TV Actress – Musical or Comedy The Carol Burnett Show Herself /Skit Characters Won [159] 1973 Nominated [160] Best Motion Picture Actress – Musical or Comedy Pete 'n' Tillie Tillie Nominated [161] Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Variety Musical Series The Carol Burnett Show Producer (with executive producer Joe Hamilton and producers Bill Angelos, Buz Kohan and Arnie Rosen) Nominated [162] 1974 Outstanding Music-Variety Series Won [163] Best Lead Actress in a Drama 6 Rms Riv Vu Anne Miller Nominated [164] Golden Globe Award Best TV Actress – Musical or Comedy The Carol Burnett Show Herself /Skit Characters Nominated [165] Hollywood Walk of Fame Achievement in the entertainment industry Herself Won [10][20] Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Comedy-Variety or Music Series The Carol Burnett Show Producer (with executive producer Joe Hamilton and producer Ed Simmons) Won [167] Outstanding Special - Comedy-Variety or Music Sills and Burnett at the Met Herself (with Beverly Sills and producer Joe Hamilton) Nominated [169] 1977 Golden Globe Award Best TV Actress – Musical or Comedy Herself /Skit Characters Won [171] 1978 Won [172] Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Comedy-Variety or Music Series Producer (with executive producer Joe Hamilton and producer Ed Simmons) Nominated [173] 1979 Golden Globe Award Best TV Actress – Musical or Comedy The Carol Burnett Show Nominated [174] Best Motion Picture Actress in a Supporting Role A Wedding Tulip Brenner Nominated [175] Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or a Special Friendly Fire Peg Mullen Nominated [176] 1980 Crystal Award Women in Film In recognition of her excellence and innovation in her creative works that have enhanced the perception of women through the medium of television Won [177] 1982 Golden Globe Award Best Motion Picture Actress – Comedy or Musical The Four Seasons Kate Burroughs Nominated [178] 1983 Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Comedy or Musical Annie Miss Hannigan Nominated [179] Best Performance by an Actress in a Miniseries or Motion Picture Made for TV Life of the Party: The Story of Beatrice Beatrice O'Reilly Nominated [180] 1985 Television Hall of Fame Inductee Achievement in the entertainment industry Herself Won [181] 1991 Golden Globe Award Best Performance by an Actress in a TV Series – Comedy or Musical Carol & Company Skit characters Nominated [182] 1992 Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series The Larry Sanders Show Herself Nominated [183] 1995 Achievement or Performance Music Dance Cultural Men, Movies & Carol Nominated [184] 1997 Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series Mad About You Theresa Stemple Won [185] Crystal Award Women in Film In recognition of her excellence and innovation in her creative works that have enhanced the perception of women through the medium of television Won [177] 1998 Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series Mad About You Theresa Stemple Nominated [186] 2002 Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Special The Carol Burnett Show: Show Stoppers Producer (with executive producers John Hamilton and Rick Hawkins, producers Jody Hamilton and Mary Jo Blue) Nominated [187] 2005 Presidential Medal of Freedom Civil awards and decorations of the United States Civil award on November 9 Herself Won [188] 2009 Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Law & Order: Special Victims Unit Birdie Sulloway Nominated [189] 2011 Grammy Award Best Spoken Word Album This Time Together: Laughter and Reflection Herself Nominated [190] 2013 Mark Twain Prize Mark Twain Prize for American Humor Achievement in the entertainment industry awarded on October 20 Won [25] 2014 Grammy Award Best Spoken Word Album Carrie and Me Nominated [191] 2015 Lifetime Achievement Award Screen Actors Guild Achievement in the entertainment industry Won [192] 2017 Grammy Award Best Spoken Word Album In Such Good Company: Eleven Years Of Laughter, Mayhem, And Fun In The Sandbox Won [193] 2018 Peabody Award Career Achievement Award Achievements in her career Herself Won [194] 2019 Golden Globe Award Carol Burnett Award for Achievement in Television Entire Career Herself Won [195] Other honorsEdit 1998: Grand Marshal of the 109th Rose Parade and the 84th Rose Bowl Game on New Year's Day [196] 1999: The first honoree and presenter at second annual awards ceremony of the Back Stage West Garland Awards[citation needed] 2003: Kennedy Center Honors recipient[197] 2009: Inducted into the California Hall of Fame at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts[198] 2014: Harvey Award recipient by The Jimmy Stewart Museum on August 12[199] 2019 : First recipient of the Golden Globes Carol Burnett Lifetime Achievement Award in Television which was named in her honor ^ Book has no page numbers; source: Chapter V, They Called Them Spectaculars CitationsEdit ^ Spencer, Amy (January 22, 2016). 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Rowan, Terry (2016). Character-Based Film Series Part 1 (1st ed.). Raleigh, North Carolina: Lulu. p. 235. ISBN 978-1365021282. Rowan, Terry (2016). Motion Pictures From the Fabulous 1950's (1st ed.). Raleigh, North Carolina: Lulu. p. 36. ISBN 978-1329760776. Horace Newcomb, ed. (2004). Encyclopedia of Television (2nd ed.). Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. p. 60. ISBN 978-1579583941. Fearn-Banks, Kathleen (2009). The A to Z of African-American Television (The A to Z Guide Series) (49th ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 460. ISBN 978-0810868328. Fearn-Banks, Kathleen (2005). Historical Dictionary of African-American Television (Historical Dictionaries of Literature and the Arts). Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 488. ISBN 978-0810853355. Downs, Joan (May 14, 1971). "Here's to you, Mrs. Hamilton". Life. United States: Time Inc. 70 (18): 93–97. Retrieved October 14, 2016. Burnett, Carol (1986). One More Time: A Memoir By Carol Burnett (1st ed.). New York City: Random House. pp. 194–195. ISBN 978-0394552545. "Television Highlights". New York. New York City: New York Media, LLC. August 30, 1993. p. 177. Maltin, Leonard (2007). "Health". Leonard Maltin's Movie Guide 2008. New York City: Signet Books. p. 587. ISBN 978-0451221865. O'Brien, Daniel (1995). Robert Altman: Hollywood Survivor. New York: Continuum. p. 135. ISBN 0-8264-0791-9. Suskin, Steven (2006). Second Act Trouble: Behind the Scenes at Broadway's Big Musical Bombs (Annotated ed.). Milwaukee: Applause Theatre & Cinema Books. pp. 90–93. ISBN 978-1557836311. The Courier-Journal Staff (September 19, 1999). "Life of the Party: The Story of Beatrice". The Courier-Journal. Louisville, Kentucky. p. 195. Retrieved October 10, 2016. Carol Burnettat Wikipedia's sister projects Carol Burnett at AllMovie Carol Burnett on IMDb Carol Burnett at the Internet Broadway Database Carol Burnett Video produced by Makers: Women Who Make America Carol Burnett news on Topix.net Carol Burnett at The Interviews: An Oral History of Television John Foster Dulles song Carol Burnett, The Ed Sullivan Show Carol Burnett at Emmys.com Interview with Carol Burnett. Accessed February 11, 2017. Carol Burnett at The Museum of Broadcast Communications Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carol_Burnett&oldid=904712353"	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2418
__label__cc	0.570285	0.429715	(Redirected from Dyspnea) Shortness of breath, also known as dyspnea, is the feeling that one cannot breathe well enough. The American Thoracic Society defines it as "a subjective experience of breathing discomfort that consists of qualitatively distinct sensations that vary in intensity", and recommends evaluating dyspnea by assessing the intensity of the distinct sensations, the degree of distress involved, and its burden or impact on activities of daily living. Distinct sensations include effort/work, chest tightness, and air hunger (the feeling of not enough oxygen).[1] Dyspnea, dyspnoea, shortness of breath (SOB), breathlessness, difficulty of breathing, respiratory distress Dyspnea is a normal symptom of heavy exertion but becomes pathological if it occurs in unexpected situations[2] or light exertion. In 85% of cases it is due to asthma, pneumonia, cardiac ischemia, interstitial lung disease, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or psychogenic causes,[2][3] such as panic disorder and anxiety.[4] Treatment typically depends on the underlying cause.[5] The American Thoracic Society defines dyspnea as: "A subjective experience of breathing discomfort that consists of qualitatively distinct sensations that vary in intensity."[6] Other definitions describe it as "difficulty in breathing",[7] "disordered or inadequate breathing",[8] "uncomfortable awareness of breathing",[3] and as the experience of "breathlessness" (which may be either acute or chronic).[2][5][9] Differential diagnosisEdit Further information: List of causes of shortness of breath While shortness of breath is generally caused by disorders of the cardiac or respiratory system, other systems such as neurological,[10] musculoskeletal, endocrine, hematologic, and psychiatric may be the cause.[11] DiagnosisPro, an online medical expert system, listed 497 distinct causes in October 2010.[12] The most common cardiovascular causes are acute myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure while common pulmonary causes include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, pneumothorax, pulmonary edema and pneumonia.[2] On a pathophysiological basis the causes can be divided into: (1) an increased awareness of normal breathing such as during an anxiety attack, (2) an increase in the work of breathing and (3) an abnormality in the ventilatory system.[10] Acute coronary syndromeEdit Acute coronary syndrome frequently presents with retrosternal chest discomfort and difficulty catching the breath.[2] It however may atypically present with shortness of breath alone.[13] Risk factors include old age, smoking, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes.[13] An electrocardiogram and cardiac enzymes are important both for diagnosis and directing treatment.[13] Treatment involves measures to decrease the oxygen requirement of the heart and efforts to increase blood flow.[2] Congestive heart failureEdit Congestive heart failure frequently presents with shortness of breath with exertion, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea.[2] It affects between 1–2% of the general United States population and occurs in 10% of those over 65 years old.[2][13] Risk factors for acute decompensation include high dietary salt intake, medication noncompliance, cardiac ischemia, dysrhythmias, renal failure, pulmonary emboli, hypertension, and infections.[13] Treatment efforts are directed towards decreasing lung congestion.[2] Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseEdit People with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), most commonly emphysema or chronic bronchitis, frequently have chronic shortness of breath and a chronic productive cough.[2] An acute exacerbation presents with increased shortness of breath and sputum production.[2] COPD is a risk factor for pneumonia; thus this condition should be ruled out.[2] In an acute exacerbation treatment is with a combination of anticholinergics, beta2-adrenoceptor agonists, steroids and possibly positive pressure ventilation.[2] AsthmaEdit Asthma is the most common reason for presenting to the emergency room with shortness of breath.[2] It is the most common lung disease in both developing and developed countries affecting about 5% of the population.[2] Other symptoms include wheezing, tightness in the chest, and a non productive cough.[2] Inhaled corticosteroids are the preferred treatment for children, however these drugs can reduce the growth rate.[14] Acute symptoms are treated with short-acting bronchodilators. PneumothoraxEdit Main article: Pneumothorax Pneumothorax presents typically with pleuritic chest pain of acute onset and shortness of breath not improved with oxygen.[2] Physical findings may include absent breath sounds on one side of the chest, jugular venous distension, and tracheal deviation.[2] PneumoniaEdit Main article: Pneumonia The symptoms of pneumonia are fever, productive cough, shortness of breath, and pleuritic chest pain.[2] Inspiratory crackles may be heard on exam.[2] A chest x-ray can be useful to differentiate pneumonia from congestive heart failure.[2] As the cause is usually a bacterial infection, antibiotics are typically used for treatment.[2] Severity and prognosis of pneumonia can be estimated from CURB65, where C=Confusion, U= Uremia (>7), R=Respiratory rate >30, B= BP<90, 65= Age>65.[citation needed] Pulmonary embolismEdit Pulmonary embolism classically presents with an acute onset of shortness of breath.[2] Other presenting symptoms include pleuritic chest pain, cough, hemoptysis, and fever.[2] Risk factors include deep vein thrombosis, recent surgery, cancer, and previous thromboembolism.[2] It must always be considered in those with acute onset of shortness of breath owing to its high risk of mortality.[2] Diagnosis, however, may be difficult[2] and Wells Score is often used to assess the clinical probability. Treatment, depending on severity of symptoms, typically starts with anticoagulants; the presence of ominous signs (low blood pressure) may warrant the use of thrombolytic drugs.[2] AnemiaEdit Anemia that develops gradually usually presents with exertional dyspnea, fatigue, weakness, and tachycardia.[15] It may lead to heart failure.[15] Anaemia is often a cause of dyspnea. Menstruation, particularly if excessive, can contribute to anaemia and to consequential dyspnea in women. Headaches are also a symptom of dyspnea in patients suffering from anaemia. Some patients report a numb sensation in their head, and others have reported blurred vision caused by hypotension behind the eye due to a lack of oxygen and pressure; these patients have also reported severe head pains, many of which lead to permanent brain damage. Symptoms can include loss of concentration, focus, fatigue, language faculty impairment and memory loss.[citation needed] Other important or common causes of shortness of breath include cardiac tamponade, anaphylaxis, interstitial lung disease, panic attacks,[5][11][15] and pulmonary hypertension. Cardiac tamponade presents with dyspnea, tachycardia, elevated jugular venous pressure, and pulsus paradoxus.[15] The gold standard for diagnosis is ultrasound.[15] Anaphylaxis typically begins over a few minutes in a person with a previous history of the same.[5] Other symptoms include urticaria, throat swelling, and gastrointestinal upset.[5] The primary treatment is epinephrine.[5] Interstitial lung disease presents with gradual onset of shortness of breath typically with a history of a predisposing environmental exposure.[11] Shortness of breath is often the only symptom in those with tachydysrhythmias.[13] Panic attacks typically present with hyperventilation, sweating, and numbness.[5] They are however a diagnosis of exclusion.[11] Around 2/3 of women experience shortness of breath as a part of a normal pregnancy.[8] Neurological conditions such as spinal cord injury, phrenic nerve injuries, Guillain–Barré syndrome, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis and muscular dystrophy can all cause an individual to experience shortness of breath.[10] Shortness of breath can also occur as a result of vocal cord dysfunction (VCD).[16] PathophysiologyEdit Different physiological pathways may lead to shortness of breath including via ASIC chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and lung receptors.[13] It is thought that three main components contribute to dyspnea: afferent signals, efferent signals, and central information processing. It is believed the central processing in the brain compares the afferent and efferent signals; and dyspnea results when a "mismatch" occurs between the two: such as when the need for ventilation (afferent signaling) is not being met by physical breathing (efferent signaling).[17] Afferent signals are sensory neuronal signals that ascend to the brain. Afferent neurons significant in dyspnea arise from a large number of sources including the carotid bodies, medulla, lungs, and chest wall. Chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies and medulla supply information regarding the blood gas levels of O2, CO2 and H+. In the lungs, juxtacapillary (J) receptors are sensitive to pulmonary interstitial edema, while stretch receptors signal bronchoconstriction. Muscle spindles in the chest wall signal the stretch and tension of the respiratory muscles. Thus, poor ventilation leading to hypercapnia, left heart failure leading to interstitial edema (impairing gas exchange), asthma causing bronchoconstriction (limiting airflow) and muscle fatigue leading to ineffective respiratory muscle action could all contribute to a feeling of dyspnea.[17] Efferent signals are the motor neuronal signals descending to the respiratory muscles. The most important respiratory muscle is the diaphragm. Other respiratory muscles include the external and internal intercostal muscles, the abdominal muscles and the accessory breathing muscles. As the brain receives its plentiful supply of afferent information relating to ventilation, it is able to compare it to the current level of respiration as determined by the efferent signals. If the level of respiration is inappropriate for the body's status then dyspnea might occur. There is also a psychological component to dyspnea, as some people may become aware of their breathing in such circumstances but not experience the typical distress of dyspnea.[17] EvaluationEdit mMRC breathlessness scale Degree of dyspnea 0 no dyspnea except with strenuous exercise 1 dyspnea when walking up an incline or hurrying on the level 2 walks slower than most on the level, or stops after 15 minutes of walking on the level 3 stops after a few minutes of walking on the level 4 with minimal activity such as getting dressed, too dyspneic to leave the house The initial approach to evaluation begins by assessment of the airway, breathing, and circulation followed by a medical history and physical examination.[2] Signs that represent significant severity include hypotension, hypoxemia, tracheal deviation, altered mental status, unstable dysrhythmia, stridor, intercostal indrawing, cyanosis, tripod positioning, pronounced use of accessory muscles (sternocleidomastoid, scalenes) and absent breath sounds.[11] A number of scales may be used to quantify the degree of shortness of breath.[18] It may be subjectively rated on a scale from 1 to 10 with descriptors associated with the number (The Modified Borg Scale).[18] Alternatively a scale such as the MRC breathlessness scale might be used – it suggests five grades of dyspnea based on the circumstances in which it arises.[19] Blood testsEdit A number of labs may be helpful in determining the cause of shortness of breath. D-dimer, while useful to rule out a pulmonary embolism in those who are at low risk, is not of much value if it is positive, as it may be positive in a number of conditions that lead to shortness of breath.[13] A low level of brain natriuretic peptide is useful in ruling out congestive heart failure; however, a high level, while supportive of the diagnosis, could also be due to advanced age, renal failure, acute coronary syndrome, or a large pulmonary embolism.[13] ImagingEdit A chest x-ray is useful to confirm or rule out a pneumothorax, pulmonary edema, or pneumonia.[13] Spiral computed tomography with intravenous radiocontrast is the imaging study of choice to evaluate for pulmonary embolism.[13] TreatmentEdit The primary treatment of shortness of breath is directed at its underlying cause.[5] Extra oxygen is effective in those with hypoxia; however, this has no effect in those with normal blood oxygen saturations.[3][20] Physiotherapy and Pulmonary RehabilitationEdit Individuals can benefit from a variety of physical therapy interventions.[21] Persons with neurological/neuromuscular abnormalities may have breathing difficulties due to weak or paralyzed intercostal, abdominal and/or other muscles needed for ventilation.[22] Some physical therapy interventions for this population include active assisted cough techniques,[23] volume augmentation such as breath stacking,[24] education about body position and ventilation patterns[25] and movement strategies to facilitate breathing.[24] Pulmonary rehabilitation may alleviate symptoms in some people, such as those with COPD, but will not cure the underlying disease.[26][27] Fan therapy to the face has been shown to relieve shortness of breath in patients with a variety of advanced illnesses including cancer. [28] The mechanism of action is thought to be stimulation of the trigeminal nerve. Palliative MedicineEdit Systemic immediate release opioids are beneficial in emergently reducing the symptom of shortness of breath due to both cancer and non cancer causes;[3][29] long-acting/sustained-release opioids are also used to prevent/continue treatment of dyspnea in palliative setting. There is a lack of evidence to recommend midazolam, nebulised opioids, the use of gas mixtures, or cognitive-behavioral therapy.[30] EpidemiologyEdit Shortness of breath is the primary reason 3.5% of people present to the emergency department in the United States. Of these individuals, approximately 51% are admitted to the hospital and 13% are dead within a year.[31] Some studies have suggested that up to 27% of people suffer from dyspnea,[32] while in dying patients 75% will experience it.[17] Acute shortness of breath is the most common reason people requiring palliative care visit an emergency department.[3] Etymology and pronunciationEdit English dyspnea comes from Latin dyspnoea, from Greek dyspnoia, from dyspnoos, which literally means "disordered breathing".[11] Its combining forms (dys- + -pnea) are familiar from other medical words, such as dysfunction (dys- + function) and apnea (a- + -pnea). The most common pronunciation in medical English is /dɪspˈniːə/ disp-NEE-ə, with the p expressed and the stress on the /niː/ syllable. But pronunciations with a silent p in pn (as also in pneumo-) are common (/dɪsˈniːə/ or /ˈdɪsniə/),[33] as are those with the stress on the first syllable[33] (/ˈdɪspniə/ or /ˈdɪsniə/). In English, the various -pnea-suffixed words commonly used in medicine do not follow one clear pattern as to whether the first syllable or the /niː/ syllable is stressed; the p is usually expressed but is sometimes silent. The following collation shows the preponderance of how major dictionaries transcribe them (less-used variants are omitted): Combining forms Preponderance of transcriptions (major dictionaries) good eupnea eu- + -pnea /juːpˈniːə/ yoop-NEE-ə[34][35][33][36] bad dyspnea dys- + -pnea /dɪspˈniːə/ disp-NEE-ə,[35][36][37] /ˈdɪspniə/ DISP-nee-ə[34][33] fast tachypnea tachy- + -pnea /ˌtækɪpˈniːə/ TAK-ip-NEE-ə[34][35][33][36][37] slow bradypnea brady- + -pnea /ˌbreɪdɪpˈniːə/ BRAY-dip-NEE-ə[35][33][36] upright orthopnea ortho- + -pnea /ɔːrˈθɒpniə/ or-THOP-nee-ə,[35][33][37][34]:audio /ɔːrθəpˈniːə/ or-thəp-NEE-ə[33][34]:print supine platypnea platy- + -pnea /pləˈtɪpniə/ plə-TIP-nee-ə[34][35] excessive hyperpnea hyper- + -pnea /ˌhaɪpərpˈniːə/ HY-pərp-NEE-ə[34][35][33][36] insufficient hypopnea hypo- + -pnea /haɪˈpɒpniə/ hy-POP-nee-ə,[34][35][36][37] /ˌhaɪpəpˈniːə/ HY-pəp-NEE-ə[33][36] absent apnea a- + -pnea /ˈæpniə/ AP-nee-ə,[34][35][33][36][37]:US /æpˈniːə/ ap-NEE-ə[33][36][37]:UK List of terms of lung size and activity Orthopnea ^ Donald A. Mahler; Denis E. O'Donnell (20 January 2014). Dyspnea: Mechanisms, Measurement, and Management, Third Edition. CRC Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-4822-0869-6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Shiber JR, Santana J (May 2006). "Dyspnea". Med. Clin. North Am. 90 (3): 453–79. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2005.11.006. PMID 16473100. ^ a b c d e Schrijvers D, van Fraeyenhove F (2010). "Emergencies in palliative care". Cancer J. 16 (5): 514–20. doi:10.1097/PPO.0b013e3181f28a8d. PMID 20890149. ^ Mukerji, Vaskar (1990). "11". Dyspnea, Orthopnea, and Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea. Butterworth Publishers. Archived from the original on 27 April 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2014. In addition, dyspnea may occur in febrile and hypoxic states and in association with some psychiatric conditions such as anxiety and panic disorder. ^ a b c d e f g h Zuberi, T.; et al. (2009). "Acute breathlessness in adults". InnovAiT. 2 (5): 307–15. doi:10.1093/innovait/inp055. ^ American Heart Society (1999). "Dyspnea mechanisms, assessment, and management: a consensus statement". Am Rev Respir Crit Care Med. 159: 321–340. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.159.1.ats898. ^ TheFreeDictionary, retrieved on Dec 12, 2009. Citing:The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Ologies & -Isms. The Gale Group 2008 ^ a b "UpToDate Inc". ^ "dyspnea – General Practice Notebook". Archived from the original on 2011-06-13. ^ a b c Frownfelter, Donna; Dean, Elizabeth (2006). "8". In Willy E. Hammon III (eds.). Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Physical Therapy. 4. Mosby Elsevier. p. 139. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link) ^ a b c d e f Sarkar S, Amelung PJ (September 2006). "Evaluation of the dyspneic patient in the office". Prim. Care. 33 (3): 643–57. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2006.06.007. PMID 17088153. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-11-16. Retrieved 2012-08-23. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link) ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Torres M, Moayedi S (May 2007). "Evaluation of the acutely dyspneic elderly patient". Clin. Geriatr. Med. 23 (2): 307–25, vi. doi:10.1016/j.cger.2007.01.007. PMID 17462519. ^ "How Is Asthma Treated and Controlled?". Archived from the original on 2012-09-04. ^ a b c d e Wills CP, Young M, White DW (February 2010). "Pitfalls in the evaluation of shortness of breath". Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. 28 (1): 163–81, ix. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2009.09.011. PMID 19945605. ^ Ibrahim, Wanis H.; Gheriani, Heitham A.; Almohamed, Ahmed A.; Raza, Tasleem (2007-03-01). "Paradoxical vocal cord motion disorder: past, present and future". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 83 (977): 164–172. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2006.052522. ISSN 1469-0756. PMC 2599980. PMID 17344570. Archived from the original on 2016-11-08. ^ a b c d Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Longo DL, et al. (eds)) (16th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ^ a b Saracino A (October 2007). "Review of dyspnoea quantification in the emergency department: is a rating scale for breathlessness suitable for use as an admission prediction tool?". Emerg Med Australas. 19 (5): 394–404. doi:10.1111/j.1742-6723.2007.00999.x. PMID 17919211. ^ Stenton C (2008). "The MRC breathless scale". Occup Med. 58 (3): 226–7. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqm162. PMID 18441368. ^ Abernethy AP; McDonald CF; Frith PA; et al. (September 2010). "Effect of palliative oxygen versus medical (room) air in relieving breathlessness in patients with refractory dyspnea: a double-blind randomized controlled trial". Lancet. 376 (9743): 784–93. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61115-4. PMC 2962424. PMID 20816546. ^ Frownfelter, Donna; Dean, Elizabeth (2006). "8". In Willy E. Hammon III (eds.). Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Physical Therapy. 4. Mosby Elsevier. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link) ^ Frownfelter, Donna; Dean, Elizabeth (2006). "22". In Donna Frownfelter and Mary Massery (eds.). Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Physical Therapy. 4. Mosby Elsevier. p. 368. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link) ^ Frownfelter, Donna; Dean, Elizabeth (2006). "22". In Donna Frownfelter and Mary Massery (eds.). Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Physical Therapy. 4. Mosby Elsevier. pp. 368–371. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link) ^ a b Frownfelter, Donna; Dean, Elizabeth (2006). "32". Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Physical Therapy. 4. Mosby Elsevier. pp. 569–581. ^ Frownfelter, Donna; Dean, Elizabeth (2006). "23". In Donna Frownfelter and Mary Massery (eds.). Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Physical Therapy. 4. Mosby Elsevier. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link) ^ Puhan, Milo A.; Gimeno-Santos, Elena; Cates, Christopher J.; Troosters, Thierry (2016-12-08). "Pulmonary rehabilitation following exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 12: CD005305. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005305.pub4. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 27930803. ^ Zainuldin, Rahizan; Mackey, Martin G.; Alison, Jennifer A. (2011-11-09). "Optimal intensity and type of leg exercise training for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (11): CD008008. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008008.pub2. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 22071841. ^ Matsushima, Eisuke; Inoguchi, Hironobu; Uchitomi, Yosuke; Zenda, Sadamoto; Ogawa, Asao; Kinoshita, Hiroya; Sekimoto, Asuko; Kobayashi, Masamitsu; Yamaguchi, Takuhiro (2018-10-01). "Fan Therapy Is Effective in Relieving Dyspnea in Patients With Terminally Ill Cancer: A Parallel-Arm, Randomized Controlled Trial". Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 56 (4): 493–500. doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2018.07.001. ISSN 0885-3924. PMID 30009968. ^ Naqvi F, Cervo F, Fields S (August 2009). "Evidence-based review of interventions to improve palliation of pain, dyspnea, depression". Geriatrics. 64 (8): 8–10, 12–4. PMID 20722311. ^ DiSalvo, WM.; Joyce, MM.; Tyson, LB.; Culkin, AE.; Mackay, K. (Apr 2008). "Putting evidence into practice: evidence-based interventions for cancer-related dyspnea" (PDF). Clin J Oncol Nurs. 12 (2): 341–52. doi:10.1188/08.CJON.341-352. PMID 18390468. [permanent dead link] ^ Stephen J. Dubner; Steven D. Levitt (2009). SuperFreakonomics: Tales of Altruism, Terrorism, and Poorly Paid Prostitutes. New York: William Morrow. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-06-088957-9. ^ Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine, 4th Ed. Robert J. Mason, John F. Murray, Jay A. Nadel, 2005, Elsevier ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Merriam-Webster, Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary, Merriam-Webster. ^ a b c d e f g h i Elsevier, Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, Elsevier. ^ a b c d e f g h i Wolters Kluwer, Stedman's Medical Dictionary, Wolters Kluwer, archived from the original on 2015-09-25. ^ a b c d e f g h i Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, archived from the original on 2015-09-25. ^ a b c d e f Oxford Dictionaries, Oxford Dictionaries Online, Oxford University Press, archived from the original on 2014-10-22. ICD-10: R06.0 ICD-9-CM: 786.09 MeSH: D004417 DiseasesDB: 15892 MedlinePlus: 003075 Patient UK: Shortness of breath Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shortness_of_breath&oldid=905058558"	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2420
__label__wiki	0.858586	0.858586	Green Grass, Running Water Green Grass, Running Water is a 1993 novel by Thomas King, a writer of Cherokee and Greek/German-American descent, and United States and Canadian dual citizenship. He was born and grew up in the United States, and has lived in Canada since 1980. The novel is set in a contemporary First Nations Blackfoot community in Alberta, Canada. It gained attention due to its unique use of structure, narrative, and the fusion of oral and written literary traditions. The novel is rife with humor and satire, particularly regarding Judeo-Christian beliefs as well as Western government and society. Green Grass, Running Water was a finalist for the 1993 Governor General's Award in Fiction. Paperback cover Indigenous, trickster novel Houghton Mifflin – hardcover March 4, 1993. Bantam Books – paperback June 1, 1994. Print (hardback & paperback) 480 pp (U.S. Paperback) 0-553-37368-4 (U.S. Paperback) Plot summaryEdit Green Grass, Running Water opens with an unknown narrator explaining "the beginning", in which the trickster-god Coyote is present as well as the unknown narrator. Coyote has a dream which takes form and wakes Coyote up from his sleep. The dream thinks that it is very smart; indeed, the dream thinks that it is god, but Coyote is only amused, labelling the dream as Dog, who gets everything backwards. Dog asks why there is water everywhere, surrounding the unknown narrator, Coyote, and him. At this, the unknown narrator begins to explain the escape of four Native American elders from a mental institution who are named Lone Ranger, Ishmael, Robinson Crusoe, and Hawkeye. The elders are each connected with a female character from native tradition: First Woman and the Lone Ranger, Changing Woman and Ishmael, Thought Woman and Robinson Crusoe, and Old Woman and Hawkeye. The book then divides into four main sections: each of these sections is narrated by one of the four elders. In addition to these four explaining the "ordinary" events, they each tell a creation story that accounts for why there is so much water. In each creation story, the four encounter a figure from the Bible of Judeo-Christian tradition, as well as the western literary figures from whom each derives his name. The book has four major plot lines. One follows the escape and travels of the elders and Coyote, who are out to fix the world. Dr Joseph Hovaugh and Babo, his assistant, try to track down the elders. Dr. Hovaugh keeps track of every time the elders have gone missing; he attributes major events, such as the volcanic eruption of Mount St Helens, to their disappearances. The second plot line follows Lionel Red Dog, Charlie Looking Bear and Alberta. The third plot line follows Eli Stands Alone, Lionel's uncle, who lives in his mother's house in the spillway of the Balene Dam. The fourth plot line involves characters from Christian and Native American creation myths and traditions, as well as literary and historical figures including Ahdamn, First Woman, the Young Man Who Walks on Water, Robinson Crusoe, Nasty Bumpo and so on. The climax of the novel approaches at the time of the traditional Blackfoot annual ceremony of the Sun Dance. Ultimately, the dam breaks due to an earthquake caused by Coyote's singing and dancing. A flood destroys Eli's house, but also returns the waterway to its natural course. The novel concludes much as it began. The trickster-god Coyote and the unknown narrator are in an argument about what existed in the beginning. Coyote says nothing, but the unknown narrator says that there was water. Once again Coyote asks why there is water everywhere, and the unknown narrator says he will explain how it happened. Principal charactersEdit Lionel Red Dog – An uninspired, ill-motivated electronics salesman, Lionel rivals Charlie for the affection of professor Alberta Frank. Lionel's parents and sister Latisha offer counsel through his various troubles. Charlie Looking Bear – A lover of the character Alberta Frank, he is Lionel's cousin and a slick lawyer; he represents the company that is building the dam opposed by Eli. Charlie was hired because the company thought an Aboriginal lawyer might ease resentment from the populace. He used to be a TV salesman and in many ways represents what Lionel could become. Alberta Frank – A professor and the lover of both Lionel and Charlie. She wants to have a child, but does not want a husband or marriage. Eli Stands Alone – Lionel's uncle. A former professor, he opposes building a dam that upsets the natural course of a waterway. This natural course is important to Blackfoot tradition. Eli lives in a cabin near the dam. It would be ruined (and his life threatened) if the dam were to continue to be expanded and form a lake. Eli has filed lawsuits, and the company that Charlie represents has been stymied for 10 years. Latisha – Lionel's sister. She owns the Dead Dog Café and pretends to sell dog meat, because tourists incorrectly believe dog meat is the authentic ethnic food of the Blackfoot Native Americans. In the novel, she offers good counsel to Lionel. Dog, aka GOD – While Coyote was sleeping at the beginning of his novel, one of his dreams takes form and runs amok, waking Coyote up. The dream thinks it is very smart, and calls itself GOD. Coyote agrees that his dream is smart, but that it is only a facsimile of Coyote and that this dream has everything backwards; thereby he names it Dog. Coyote – A trickster god who falls asleep and gives form to his dream, "Dog". He is on speaking terms with the four escaped American Indians, as well as the unknown narrator of the novel. He does not directly speak to the "ordinary" denizens of Blossom, although he does appear as an odd-looking dog that Lionel sees dancing. The Old Indians – These four escaped Aboriginal people of indeterminate gender break out from a mental institution in Florida and make their way to Blossom. Each is responsible for telling a segment of the novel to the unknown narrator of the novel. They each tell a creation story as well, in which they are originally identified as First Woman, Changing Woman, Thought Woman, and Old Woman.[1] They encounter both a Biblical character as well as a western literary figure, and they change their names to these literary figures: First Woman to Lone Ranger, Changing Woman to Ishmael, Thought Woman to Robinson Crusoe, and Old Woman to Hawkeye.[1] Dr. Joe Hovaugh – the doctor in charge of the mental hospital from which the four Aboriginal men escape. King portrays him as a confused, harmless, uninterested old man who is concerned mostly with his dying garden. When pronounced phonetically, his name sounds similar to "Jehovah". Hovaugh can also be associated with the Canadian literary critic Northrop Frye.[2] Title significanceEdit The title, Green Grass, Running Water, is said to be in reference to the Canadian government promising the Indigenous people rights to their land "as long as the grass is green and the water runs.", because of King's life as an Indigenous man in Canada.[3] The significance of land in First Nations' culture and the politics of land claims are underscored throughout the text.[4] Structure and narrationEdit The structure of the novel is quite unique; the narrator of the story is identified as "I." This character is a companion of Coyote, and knows the four escaped Aboriginal men personally. The unknown narrator is told the plot of the novel by each of the four in turn. This means that the reader hears the story through the unknown narrator, who heard the story from all of the four escaped Aboriginal men, who separately tell the story to the denizens of Blossom. To further complicate the narrative structure, the unknown narrator is telling this story not directly to the reader, but primarily to Coyote. Interspersed in the four sections of the novel are four different stories of the creation, as told by four timeless Aboriginal women/gods: First Woman, Changing Woman, Thought Woman, and Old Woman.[5] In each of these retellings, each woman meets both a figure from the Bible as well as a western literary figure, from whom she takes on a new name: Lone Ranger, Ishmael, Robinson Crusoe, and Hawkeye, respectively.[5] These timeless women become the four "Indian Men" who escape the asylum, thus echoing the Trickster's ability to change genders. Merging oral and written traditionEdit Green Grass, Running Water has been hailed as a merger between oral and written tradition, as well as between Aboriginal and European-American cultures. The story has a dualism that is present throughout, starting with Coyote and Dog. In Green Grass, Running Water, Coyote is the Trickster of Aboriginal tradition, specifically Plains/Prairie tradition, whereas Dog thinks that he is "GOD", but is merely Coyote's dream. Each of the four escaped Aboriginal men originally starts as a mythical figure from Aboriginal oral tradition. They then encounter Dog posing as "GOD," and a Biblical character and situation. They also each come across a western literary figure and take new names after them. First Woman becomes Lone Ranger, Changing Woman becomes Ishmael, Thought Woman becomes Robinson Crusoe, and Old Woman becomes Hawkeye. This constant merger between oral and literary traditions indicates "Green Grass, Running Water"'s constant disruption of western narrative tradition.[6] By using satire and humor, King is comparing and contrasting the two traditions, highlighting faults as well as strengths.[6] ReceptionEdit Green Grass, Running Water has been received positively, both within Native communities and without. King's book was a finalist for the 1993 Governor General's Award in Fiction. The book was championed as a novel for all Canadians by Glen Murray, former Mayor of Winnipeg, in the Canada Reads 2004 contest. Some elements of the book were incorporated into King's later CBC Radio comedy series The Dead Dog Café. FootnotesEdit ^ a b Ruppert, James. (1993). "When coyote dreams", World & I 8: 296. ^ Chester, Blanca. "Green Grass, Running Water: Theorizing the World of the Novel." Canadian Literature 161/162 (Summer/Autumn 1999): 49-54. ^ Editor. (1993). "Thomas King's 'Green Grass, Running Water'",World & I 8: 283. ^ Lavalley, Giselle Rene. (1996). "One Tricky Coyote": The fiction of Thomas King (M.A. thesis) Wilfrid Laurier University ^ a b Bailey, Sharon M. (1999). "The Arbitrary Nature of the Story: Poking Fun at Oral and Written Authority in Thomas King's Green Grass, Running Water", World Literature Today 73: 43. ^ a b Cox, James H. (2000). "'All This Water Imagery Must Mean Something': Thomas King's Revisions of Narratives of Domination and Conquest in Green Grass, Running Water", American Indian Quarterly 24: 219. King, Thomas (June 1, 1994). Green Grass, Running Water. New York: Bantam Books. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_Grass,_Running_Water&oldid=893078804"	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2421
__label__wiki	0.86626	0.86626	20 July plot (Redirected from July Plot) On 20 July 1944, Claus von Stauffenberg and other conspirators attempted to assassinate Adolf Hitler, Führer of Nazi Germany, inside his Wolf's Lair field headquarters near Rastenburg, East Prussia. The name Operation Valkyrie—originally referring to part of the conspiracy—has become associated with the entire event. Martin Bormann, Hermann Göring, and Bruno Loerzer surveying the damaged conference room Decapitation strike Wolf's Lair, East Prussia Coordinates: 54°04′46″N 21°29′37″E / 54.079344°N 21.493544°E / 54.079344; 21.493544 Planned by Henning von Tresckow Erwin von Witzleben Claus von Stauffenberg among others… Assassinate Adolf Hitler Ensure continuity of government 20 July 1944 (1944-07-20), 12:42 (UTC+2) Executed by Hitler survives with minor injuries Military coup fails within 5 hours 7,000 arrested; 4,980 executed 4 killed, 13 injured The apparent aim of the assassination attempt was to wrest political control of Germany and its armed forces from the Nazi Party (including the SS) and to make peace with the Western Allies as soon as possible. The details of the conspirators' peace initiatives remain unknown,[1][2][3] but they would have included unrealistic demands for the confirmation of Germany's extensive annexations of European territory.[4][5] The plot was the culmination of efforts by several groups in the German resistance to overthrow the Nazi German government. The failure of the assassination attempt and the intended military coup d'état that was to follow led the Gestapo to arrest more than 7,000 people, of whom they executed 4,980.[6] Battle fronts in Europe as of 15 July 1944 Since 1938, there had been groups plotting an overthrow of some kind within the German Army and in the German Military Intelligence Organization. Early leaders of these plots included Major General Hans Oster, Colonel General Ludwig Beck and Field Marshal Erwin von Witzleben. Oster was the deputy head of the Military Intelligence Office. Beck was a former Chief of Staff of the German Army High Command (OKH). Von Witzleben was the former commander of the German 1st Army and the former Commander-in-Chief of the German Army Command in the West. They soon established contacts with several prominent civilians, including Carl Goerdeler, the former mayor of Leipzig, and Helmuth James von Moltke, the great-grandnephew of Moltke the Elder, hero of the Franco-Prussian War.[citation needed] Groups of military plotters exchanged ideas with civilian, political, and intellectual resistance groups in the Kreisauer Kreis (which met at the von Moltke estate in Kreisau) and in other secret circles. Moltke was against killing Hitler; instead, he wanted him placed on trial. Moltke said, "we are all amateurs and would only bungle it". Moltke also believed killing Hitler would be hypocritical. Hitler and National Socialism had turned "wrong-doing" into a system, something which the resistance should avoid.[7] Plans to stage an overthrow and prevent Hitler from launching a new world war were developed in 1938 and 1939, but were aborted because of the indecision of Army General Franz Halder and Field Marshal Walther von Brauchitsch, and the failure of the Western powers to oppose Hitler's aggression until 1939.[8] In 1942, a new conspiratorial group formed, led by Colonel Henning von Tresckow, a member of Field Marshal Fedor von Bock's staff, who commanded Army Group Centre in Operation Barbarossa. Tresckow systematically recruited oppositionists to the Group's staff, making it the nerve centre of the army resistance. Little could be done against Hitler as he was heavily guarded, and none of the plotters could get near enough to him.[9] During 1942, Oster and Tresckow nevertheless succeeded in rebuilding an effective resistance network. Their most important recruit was General Friedrich Olbricht, head of the General Army Office headquarters at the Bendlerblock in central Berlin, who controlled an independent system of communications to reserve units throughout Germany. Linking this asset to Tresckow's resistance group in Army Group Centre created a viable coup apparatus.[10] In late 1942, Tresckow and Olbricht formulated a plan to assassinate Hitler and stage an overthrow during Hitler's visit to the headquarters of Army Group Centre at Smolensk in March 1943, by placing a bomb on his plane (Operation Spark). The bomb failed to detonate, and a second attempt a week later with Hitler at an exhibition of captured Soviet weaponry in Berlin also failed. These failures demoralised the conspirators. During 1943 Tresckow tried without success to recruit senior army field commanders such as Field Marshal Erich von Manstein and Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt, to support a seizure of power. Tresckow in particular worked on his Commander-in-Chief of Army Group Centre, Field Marshal Günther von Kluge, to persuade him to move against Hitler and at times succeeded in gaining his consent, only to find him indecisive at the last minute.[11] However, despite their refusals, none of the Field Marshals reported their treasonous activities to the Gestapo or Hitler.[citation needed] Motivation and goalsEdit Opposition to Hitler and to Nazi policiesEdit While the main goal of the plotters was to remove Hitler from power, they did so for various reasons. The majority of the group behind the 20 July plot were conservative nationalists--idealists, but not necessarily of a democratic stripe.[12][13] Martin Borschat portrays their motivations to a matter of aristocratic resentment, writing that the plot was mainly carried out by conservative elites who were initially integrated by the Nazi government but during the war lost their influence and were concerned about regaining it.[14] Even so, the persons involved explained their opposition to Hitler as a matter of principled opposition to Nazi policies and actions. Tresckow was appalled at SS murders of Russian prisoners.[15] Likewise, Stauffenberg had already decided that Hitler must be removed after learning of SS murders of prisoners of war and of Jews.[16] Goerdler, who was to have been Chancellor of the government installed after the coup, had publicly opposed anti-Jewish policies from the first.[17] And long after hopes of any negotiated peace had faded, Tresckow stated: "The assassination must be attempted, coûte que coûte [whatever the cost]. [Then,] even if it fails, we must take action in Berlin. . . . [W]hat matters now is that the German resistance movement must take the plunge before the eyes of the world and of history. Compared to that, nothing else matters."[18] Territorial demandsEdit Among demands initially countenanced by the plotters for issue towards the Allies were such points as re-establishment of Germany's 1914 boundaries with Belgium, France and Poland and no reparations. Plotters' demands meant annexation to pre-1939 Germany of 70,000 square kilometers of non-German territory, especially the disputed Polish areas; it seems highly unlikely that the Allies would have accepted such enormous demands.[19][page needed] Like most of the rest of German resistance, the July 20th plotters believed in the idea of Greater Germany and as a condition for peace demanded that the western allies recognize at minimum the Nazi annexations of Austria, Alsace-Lorraine, Sudetenland, and Polish territories, with even restoration of some of the overseas colonies. They believed that Europe should be controlled under German hegemony.[20] The overall goals towards Poland were mixed within the plotters. Most of the plotters found it desirable to restore the old German borders from 1914, while others pointed out that the demands were unrealistic and amendments had to be made.[21] Some like Friedrich-Werner Graf von der Schulenburg even wanted all of Poland annexed to Germany.[22] To Poland, which was fighting as an ally with both its army and government in exile, the vast territorial demands and traditional nationalistic visions of resistance made the plotters lose all credibility, and Poles saw little difference between them and racist policies of Hitler.[23] Stauffenberg, as one of the leaders of the plot, stated five years before the coup in 1939 during the Poland campaign about Poles and Poland: "It is essential that we begin a systemic colonisation in Poland. But I have no fear that this will not occur."[24][25] Political vision of post-Hitler GermanyEdit Many members of the plot had helped the Nazis gain power and shared revisionist foreign policy goals pursued by Hitler, and even at the time of the plot were anti-democratic, hoping to replace Hitler with a conservative-authoritarian government, which would be ruled by elites. They opposed popular legitimation or mass participation in governance of the state.[26] Planning a coupEdit See also: List of members of the 20 July plot Von Stauffenberg joinsEdit By mid-1943, the tide of war was turning decisively against Germany. The army plotters and their civilian allies became convinced that Hitler should be assassinated, so that a government acceptable to the western Allies could be formed, and a separate peace negotiated in time to prevent a Soviet invasion of Germany. In August 1943, Tresckow met, for the first time, a young staff officer named Lieutenant Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg. Severely wounded in North Africa, Claus von Stauffenberg was a political conservative, a zealous German nationalist, and a Roman Catholic. From early 1942, he had come to share two basic convictions with many military officers: that Germany was being led to disaster, and that Hitler's removal from power was necessary. After the Battle of Stalingrad in December 1942, despite his religious scruples, he concluded that the Führer's assassination was a lesser moral evil than Hitler's remaining in power.[27] Stauffenberg brought a new tone of decisiveness to the ranks of the resistance movement. When Tresckow was assigned to the Eastern Front, Stauffenberg took charge of planning and executing the assassination attempt. New planEdit Olbricht now put forward a new strategy for staging a coup against Hitler. The Replacement Army (Ersatzheer) had an operational plan called Operation Valkyrie, which was to be used in the event that the disruption caused by the Allied bombing of German cities caused a breakdown in law and order, or an uprising by the millions of forced labourers from occupied countries now being used in German factories. Olbricht suggested that this plan could be used to mobilise the Reserve Army for the purpose of the coup.[citation needed] In August and September 1943, Tresckow drafted the "revised" Valkyrie plan and new supplementary orders. A secret declaration began with these words: "The Führer Adolf Hitler is dead! A treacherous group of party leaders has attempted to exploit the situation by attacking our embattled soldiers from the rear in order to seize power for themselves." Detailed instructions were written for occupation of government ministries in Berlin, Heinrich Himmler's headquarters in East Prussia, radio stations and telephone offices, and other Nazi apparatus through military districts, and concentration camps.[28] Previously, it was believed that Stauffenberg was mainly responsible for the Valkyrie plan, but documents recovered by the Soviet Union after the war and released in 2007 suggest that the plan was developed by Tresckow by autumn of 1943.[29] All written information was handled by Tresckow's wife, Erika, and by Margarethe von Oven, his secretary. Both women wore gloves to avoid leaving fingerprints.[30] On at least two other occasions Tresckow had tried to assassinate the Führer. The first plan was to shoot him during dinner at the army base camp, but this plan was aborted because it was widely believed that Hitler wore a bullet-proof vest. The conspirators also considered poisoning him, but this was not possible because his food was specially prepared and tasted. They concluded that a time bomb was the only option.[31] Operation Valkyrie could only be put into effect by General Friedrich Fromm, commander of the Reserve Army, so he must either be won over to the conspiracy or in some way neutralised if the plan was to succeed. Fromm, like many senior officers, knew in general about the military conspiracies against Hitler but neither supported them nor reported them to the Gestapo.[citation needed] Previous failed attemptsEdit This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Main articles: Operation Spark (1940) and List of assassination attempts on Adolf Hitler During 1943 and early 1944 von Tresckow and von Stauffenberg organised at least five attempts to get one of the military conspirators near enough to Hitler, for long enough to kill him with hand grenades, bombs, or a revolver: on 13 March 1943 by von Tresckow on 21 March 1943 by Rudolf Christoph Freiherr von Gersdorff in late November 1943 by Axel Freiherr von dem Bussche-Streithorst in February 1944 by Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist-Schmenzin on 11 March 1944 by Eberhard Freiherr von Breitenbuch As the war situation deteriorated, Hitler no longer appeared in public and rarely visited Berlin. He spent most of his time at his headquarters at the Wolfsschanze near Rastenburg in East Prussia, with occasional breaks at his Bavarian mountain retreat Obersalzberg near Berchtesgaden. In both places he was heavily guarded and rarely saw people he did not know or trust. Himmler and the Gestapo were increasingly suspicious of plots against Hitler and rightly suspected the officers of the General Staff, which was indeed the source of many conspiracies against Hitler. PreparationsEdit By the summer of 1944, the Gestapo was closing in on the conspirators. When Stauffenberg sent Tresckow a message through Lieutenant Heinrich Graf von Lehndorff-Steinort asking whether there was any reason for trying to assassinate Hitler given that no political purpose would be served, Tresckow's response was: "The assassination must be attempted, coûte que coûte [whatever the cost]. Even if it fails, we must take action in Berlin. For the practical purpose no longer matters; what matters now is that the German resistance movement must take the plunge before the eyes of the world and of history. Compared to that, nothing else matters."[18] Himmler had at least one conversation with a known oppositionist when, in August 1943, the Prussian Finance Minister Johannes Popitz, who was involved in Goerdeler's network, came to see him and offered him the support of the opposition if he would make a move to displace Hitler and secure a negotiated end to the war.[32] Nothing came of this meeting, but Popitz was not immediately arrested (although he was later executed towards the end of the war), and Himmler apparently did nothing to track down the resistance network which he knew was operating within the state bureaucracy. It is possible that Himmler, who by late 1943 knew that the war was unwinnable, allowed the plot to go ahead in the knowledge that if it succeeded he would be Hitler's successor, and could then bring about a peace settlement. Popitz was not alone in seeing in Himmler a potential ally. General von Bock advised Tresckow to seek his support, but there is no evidence that he did so. Goerdeler was apparently also in indirect contact with Himmler via a mutual acquaintance, Carl Langbehn. Wilhelm Canaris biographer Heinz Höhne suggests that Canaris and Himmler were working together to bring about a change of regime, but this remains speculation.[33] Tresckow and the inner circle of plotters had no intention of removing Hitler just to see him replaced by the dreaded and ruthless SS chief, and the plan was to kill them both if possible – to the extent that Stauffenberg's first attempt on 11 July was aborted because Himmler was not present. Participants in the plot Hans Oster Ludwig Beck Carl Friedrich Goerdeler Friedrich Olbricht Werner von Haeften Countdown to Stauffenberg's attemptEdit Hitler shaking hands with Bodenschatz, accompanied by Stauffenberg (left) and Keitel (right). Bodenschatz was seriously wounded five days later by Stauffenberg's bomb. Rastenburg, 15 July 1944. First week of JulyEdit On Saturday, 1 July 1944 Stauffenberg was appointed Chief of Staff to General Fromm at the Reserve Army headquarters on Bendlerstraße in central Berlin. This position enabled Stauffenberg to attend Hitler's military conferences, either at the Wolfsschanze in East Prussia or at Berchtesgaden, and would thus give him an opportunity, perhaps the last that would present itself, to kill Hitler with a bomb or a pistol. Meanwhile, new key allies had been gained. These included General Carl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel, the German military commander in France, who would take control in Paris when Hitler was killed, and it was hoped, negotiate an immediate armistice with the invading Allied armies. Aborted attemptsEdit The plot was now fully prepared. On 7 July 1944 General Helmuth Stieff was to kill Hitler at a display of new uniforms at Klessheim castle near Salzburg. However, Stieff felt unable to kill Hitler. Stauffenberg now decided to do both: to assassinate Hitler, wherever he was, and to manage the plot in Berlin. On 14 July Stauffenberg attended Hitler's conferences carrying a bomb in his briefcase, but because the conspirators had decided that Heinrich Himmler and Hermann Göring should be killed simultaneously if the planned mobilisation of Operation Valkyrie was to have a chance to succeed, he held back at the last minute because Himmler was not present. In fact, it was unusual for Himmler to attend military conferences.[9] By 15 July, when Stauffenberg again flew to the Wolfsschanze, this condition had been dropped. The plan was for Stauffenberg to plant the briefcase with the bomb in Hitler's conference room with a timer running, excuse himself from the meeting, wait for the explosion, then fly back to Berlin and join the other plotters at the Bendlerblock. Operation Valkyrie would be mobilised, the Reserve Army would take control of Germany and the other Nazi leaders would be arrested. Beck would be appointed provisional head of state, Goerdeler would be chancellor, and Witzleben would be commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Again on 15 July the attempt was called off at the last minute. Himmler and Göring were present, but Hitler was called out of the room at the last moment. Stauffenberg was able to intercept the bomb and prevent its discovery.[9] 20 July 1944Edit Operation ValkyrieEdit Bomb damage to the conference room Distribution of casualties Main article: Operation Valkyrie On 18 July rumours reached Stauffenberg that the Gestapo had knowledge of the conspiracy and that he might be arrested at any time—this was apparently not true, but there was a sense that the net was closing in and that the next opportunity to kill Hitler must be taken because there might not be another. In the morning of 20 July Stauffenberg flew back to the Wolfsschanze for another Hitler military conference, once again with a bomb in his briefcase. At around 12:30 pm as the conference began, Stauffenberg made an excuse to use a washroom in Wilhelm Keitel's office where he used pliers to crush the end of a pencil detonator inserted into a 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) block of plastic explosive wrapped in brown paper, that was prepared by Wessel von Freytag-Loringhoven.[34] The detonator consisted of a thin copper tube containing cupric chloride that would take about ten minutes to silently eat through wire holding back the firing pin from the percussion cap. It was slow going due to war wounds that had cost Stauffenberg an eye, his right hand, and two fingers on his left hand. Interrupted by a guard knocking on the door advising him that the meeting was about to begin, he was not able to prime the second bomb, which he gave to his aide-de-camp, Werner von Haeften. Stauffenberg placed the single primed bomb inside his briefcase and, with the unwitting assistance of Major Ernst John von Freyend, entered the conference room containing Hitler and 20 officers, positioning the briefcase under the table near Hitler.[35][36] After a few minutes, Stauffenberg received a planned telephone call and left the room. It is presumed that Colonel Heinz Brandt, who was standing next to Hitler, used his foot to move the briefcase aside by pushing it behind the leg of the conference table,[37] thus unwittingly deflecting the blast from Hitler but causing his own demise and the loss of one of his legs when the bomb detonated. At 12:42[37] the bomb detonated, demolishing the conference room and killing a stenographer. More than 20 people were injured with three officers later perishing. Hitler survived, as did everyone else who was shielded from the blast by the conference table leg. His trousers were singed and tattered (see photograph below) and he suffered from a perforated eardrum, as did most of the other 24 people in the room.[37] Escape from the Wolf's Lair and flight to BerlinEdit Stauffenberg was seen leaving the conference building by Kurt Salterberg, a soldier on guard duty who did not consider this out of the ordinary as attendees sometimes left to collect documents. He then saw a "massive" cloud of smoke, wood splinters and paper and men being hurled through a window and door.[38] Stauffenberg, upon witnessing the explosion and smoke, erroneously assumed that Hitler was truly dead. He then climbed into a staff car with his aide Werner von Haeften and managed to bluff his way past three checkpoints to exit the Wolfsschanze complex. Werner von Haeften then tossed the second unprimed bomb into the forest as they made a dash for Rastenburg airfield, reaching it before it could be realised that Stauffenberg could be responsible for the explosion. By 13:00 he was airborne in a Heinkel He 111[39][40] arranged by General Eduard Wagner. Hitler's tattered trousers[41] By the time Stauffenberg's aircraft reached Berlin about 16:00,[42][43] General Erich Fellgiebel, an officer at the Wolfsschanze who was in on the plot, had phoned the Bendlerblock and told the plotters that Hitler had survived the explosion. As a result, the plot to mobilise Operation Valkyrie would have no chance of succeeding once the officers of the Reserve Army knew that Hitler was alive. There was more confusion when Stauffenberg's aircraft landed and he phoned from the airport to say that Hitler was in fact dead.[44] The Bendlerblock plotters did not know whom to believe. Finally at 16:00 Olbricht issued the orders for Operation Valkyrie to be mobilised. The vacillating General Fromm, however, phoned Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel at the Wolf's Lair and was assured that Hitler was alive. Keitel demanded to know Stauffenberg's whereabouts. This told Fromm that the plot had been traced to his headquarters, and that he was in mortal danger. Fromm replied that he thought Stauffenberg was with Hitler.[45] Meanwhile, Carl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel, military governor of occupied France, managed to disarm the SD and SS, and captured most of their leadership. He travelled to Günther von Kluge's headquarters and asked him to contact the Allies, only to be informed that Hitler was alive.[44] At 16:40 Stauffenberg and Haeften arrived at the Bendlerblock. Fromm, presumably to protect himself, changed sides and attempted to have Stauffenberg arrested. Olbricht and Stauffenberg restrained him at gunpoint and Olbricht then appointed General Erich Hoepner to take over his duties. By this time Himmler had taken charge of the situation and had issued orders countermanding Olbricht's mobilisation of Operation Valkyrie. In many places the coup was going ahead, led by officers who believed that Hitler was dead. City Commandant, and conspirator, General Paul von Hase ordered the Wachbataillon Großdeutschland, under the command of Major Otto Ernst Remer, to secure the Wilhelmstraße and arrest Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels.[46] In Vienna, Prague, and many other places troops occupied Nazi Party offices and arrested Gauleiters and SS officers. Failure of the coupEdit See also: List of people killed or wounded in the 20 July plot At around 18:10, the commander of Military District III (Berlin), General Joachim von Kortzfleisch, was summoned to the Bendlerblock; he angrily refused Olbricht's orders, kept shouting "the Führer is alive",[47] was arrested and was held under guard. General Karl Freiherr von Thüngen was appointed in his place, but proved to be of little help. General Fritz Lindemann, who was supposed to make a proclamation to the German people over the radio, failed to appear and as he held the only copy, Beck had to work on a new one.[48] Soldiers and Waffen SS men at the Bendlerblock, July 1944 At 19:00, Hitler was sufficiently recovered to make phone calls. He called Goebbels at the Propaganda Ministry. Goebbels arranged for Hitler to speak to Major Remer, commander of the troops surrounding the Ministry. After assuring him that he was still alive, Hitler ordered Remer to regain control of the situation in Berlin. Major Remer ordered his troops to surround and seal off the Bendlerblock, but not to enter the buildings.[46] At 20:00 a furious Witzleben arrived at the Bendlerblock and had a bitter argument with Stauffenberg, who was still insisting that the coup could go ahead. Witzleben left shortly afterwards. At around this time the planned seizure of power in Paris was aborted when Field Marshal Günther von Kluge, who had recently been appointed commander-in-chief in the west, learned that Hitler was alive. As Remer regained control of the city and word spread that Hitler was still alive, the less resolute members of the conspiracy in Berlin began to change sides. Fighting broke out in the Bendlerblock between officers supporting and opposing the coup, and Stauffenberg was wounded. By 23:00 Fromm had regained control, hoping by a show of zealous loyalty to save himself. Beck, realising the situation was hopeless, shot himself—the first of many attempted suicides in the coming days. At first Beck only seriously wounded himself—he was then shot in the neck and killed by soldiers. Fromm convened an impromptu court martial consisting of himself, and sentenced Olbricht, Stauffenberg, Haeften and another officer, Albrecht Mertz von Quirnheim, to death. At 00:10 on 21 July they were executed in the courtyard outside, possibly to prevent them from revealing Fromm's involvement.[44] Others would have been executed as well, but at 00:30 SS personnel led by Otto Skorzeny arrived and further executions were forbidden. The original order given from Hitler to Remer was to capture the members of the conspiracy alive. Courtyard at the Bendlerblock, where Stauffenberg, Olbricht, and others were executed Hitler visits Puttkamer in the hospital Funeral of General Korten at the Tannenberg Memorial Over the following weeks, Himmler's Gestapo, driven by a furious Hitler, rounded up nearly everyone who had the remotest connection with the plot. The discovery of letters and diaries in the homes and offices of those arrested revealed the plots of 1938, 1939, and 1943, and this led to further rounds of arrests, including that of Franz Halder, who finished the war in a concentration camp. Under Himmler's new Sippenhaft (blood guilt) laws, many relatives of the principal plotters were also arrested in the immediate aftermath of the failed plot.[49] More than 7,000 people were arrested[50] and 4,980 were executed.[51] Not all of them were connected with the plot, since the Gestapo used the occasion to settle scores with many other people suspected of opposition sympathies. Alfons Heck, former Hitler Youth member and later a historian, describes the reaction many Germans felt to the punishments of the conspirators: When I heard that German officers had tried to kill Adolf Hitler ... I was enraged. I fully concurred with the sentences imposed on them, strangling I felt was too good for them; this was the time, precisely, when we were at a very ... precarious military situation. And the only man who could possibly stave off disaster ... was Adolf Hitler. That opinion was shared by many Germans, Germans who did not adore Hitler, who did not belong to the [Nazi] Party. The British radio also named possible suspects who had not yet been implicated but then were arrested.[52] Very few of the plotters tried to escape or to deny their guilt when arrested. Those who survived interrogation were given perfunctory trials before the People's Court, a kangaroo court that always decided in favour of the prosecution. The court's president, Roland Freisler, was a fanatical Nazi seen shouting furiously and insulting the accused in the trial, which was filmed for propaganda purposes. The plotters were stripped of their uniforms and given old, shabby clothing to humiliate them for the cameras.[53] The officers involved in the plot were "tried" before the Court of Military Honour, a drumhead court-martial that merely considered the evidence furnished to it by the Gestapo before expelling the accused from the Army in disgrace and handing them over to the People's Court.[54] The first trials were held on 7 and 8 August 1944. Hitler had ordered that those found guilty should be "hanged like cattle".[53] Many people took their own lives prior to either their trial or their execution, including Kluge, who was accused of having knowledge of the plot beforehand and not revealing it to Hitler. Stülpnagel tried to commit suicide, but survived and was hanged. Tresckow killed himself the day after the failed plot by use of a hand grenade in no man's land between Russian and German lines. According to post-war recollections of Fabian von Schlabrendorff, Tresckow said the following before his death: The whole world will vilify us now, but I am still totally convinced that we did the right thing. Hitler is the archenemy not only of Germany but of the world. When, in few hours' time, I go before God to account for what I have done and left undone, I know I will be able to justify what I did in the struggle against Hitler. None of us can bewail his own death; those who consented to join our circle put on the robe of Nessus. A human being's moral integrity begins when he is prepared to sacrifice his life for his convictions.[55] Fromm's attempt to win favour by executing Stauffenberg and others on the night of 20 July had merely exposed his own previous lack of action and apparent failure to report the plot. Having been arrested on 21 July, Fromm was later convicted and sentenced to death by the People's Court. Despite his knowledge of the conspiracy, his formal sentence charged him with poor performance in his duties. He was executed in Brandenburg an der Havel. Hitler personally commuted his death sentence from hanging to the "more honourable" firing squad. Erwin Planck, the son of the famous physicist Max Planck, was executed for his involvement.[56][57] The Kaltenbrunner Report to Adolf Hitler dated 29 November 1944 on the background of the plot, states that the Pope was somehow a conspirator, specifically naming Eugenio Pacelli, Pope Pius XII, as being a party in the attempt.[58] Evidence indicates that 20 July plotters Colonel Wessel von Freytag-Loringhoven, Colonel Erwin von Lahousen, and Admiral Wilhelm Canaris were involved in the foiling of Hitler's alleged plot to kidnap or murder Pope Pius XII in 1943, when Canaris reported the plot to Italian counterintelligence officer General Cesare Amè, who passed on the information.[59][60] A member of the SA convicted of participating in the plot was Wolf-Heinrich Graf von Helldorf, who was the Orpo Police Chief of Berlin and had been in contact with members of the resistance since before the war. Collaborating closely with Arthur Nebe, he was supposed to direct all police forces in Berlin to stand down and not interfere in the military actions to seize the government. However, his actions on 20 July had little influence on the events. For his involvement in the conspiracy, he was later arrested, convicted of treason and executed.[61] After 3 February 1945, when Freisler was killed in an American air raid, there were no more formal trials, but as late as April, with the war weeks away from its end, Canaris' diary was found, and many more people were implicated. Executions continued to the last days of the war. Hitler took his survival to be a "divine moment in history", and commissioned a special decoration to be made for each person wounded or killed in the blast. The result was the Wound Badge of 20 July 1944. The badges were struck in three values: gold, silver, and black (the colors denoted the severity of the wounds received by each recipient). A total of 100 badges were manufactured,[62] and 47 are believed to have actually been awarded. Each badge was accompanied by an ornate award document personally signed by Hitler. The badges themselves bore a facsimile of his signature, making them among the rarest decorations to have been awarded by Nazi Germany.[63] For his role in stopping the coup, Major Remer was promoted to colonel and ended the war as a major general. After the war, he co-founded the Socialist Reich Party and remained a prominent Neo-Nazi and advocate of Holocaust Denial until his death in 1997.[64] Philipp von Boeselager, the German officer who provided the plastic explosives used in the bomb, escaped detection and survived the war. He was the second-to-last survivor of those involved in the plot and died on 1 May 2008, aged 90.[65] The last survivor of the 20 July Plot was Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist-Schmenzin, the thwarted plotter of just a few months before. He died on 8 March 2013, aged 90.[66] As a result of the failed coup, every member of the Wehrmacht was required to reswear his loyalty oath, by name, to Hitler and, on 24 July 1944, the military salute was replaced throughout the armed forces with the Hitler Salute in which the arm was outstretched and the salutation Heil Hitler was given.[67] Planned governmentEdit The conspirators were earlier designated positions in secret to form a government that would take office after the assassination of Hitler were it to prove successful. Because of the plot's failure, such a government never rose to power and most of its members were executed. The following were slated for these roles as of July 1944:[68] Ludwig Beck – President Carl Friedrich Goerdeler – Chancellor Wilhelm Leuschner – Vice-Chancellor Paul Löbe – President of the Reichstag Claus von Stauffenberg – State Secretary Julius Leber – Minister of the Interior (considered) Eugen Bolz – Minister of the Interior (considered) Friedrich von der Schulenburg – Foreign Minister (considered) Ulrich von Hassell – Foreign Minister (considered) Ewald Loeser – Minister of Finance Friedrich Olbricht – Minister of War Erwin von Witzleben – Minister of Defence and Commander-in-Chief of the Wehrmacht Hans Oster – President of the Reichskriegsgericht Hans Koch – President of the Reichsgericht Karl Blessing – President of the Reichsbank (or Minister of Economics) Paul Lejeune-Jung – Minister of Economics Andreas Hermes – Minister of Agriculture Josef Wirmer – Minister of Justice Bernhard Letterhaus – Reconstruction Minister Henning von Tresckow – Chief of Police Albert Speer was listed in several notes of the conspirators as a possible Minister of Armaments; however, most of these notes stated Speer should not be approached until after Hitler was dead and one conjectural government chart had a question mark beside Speer's name. This most likely saved Speer from arrest by the SS in addition to Speer being one of Hitler's closest and most trusted friends.[69] Wilhelm, Crown Prince of Germany was also under suspicion as he was touted to be head of state after Hitler. Erwin Rommel's involvementEdit The extent of Field Marshal Erwin Rommel's involvement in the military's resistance against Hitler or the 20 July plot is difficult to ascertain, as most of the leaders who were directly involved did not survive and limited documentation on the conspirators' plans and preparations exists. Historians' opinions on this matter vary greatly. According to Peter Hoffmann, he had turned into Hitler's resolute opponent and in the end supported the coup (though not the assassination itself). He was even the natural leader of the opposition in France to some extent, considering the fact he had drawn a lot of military and political personnel into his orbit in preparation of a "Western solution".[70] Ralf Georg Reuth thinks that the conspirators perhaps mistook Rommel's ambiguous attitude for approval of the assassination, considering: the conspirators normally did not explicitly mention the assassination; Rommel was very naive and attached to Hitler (who was the personification of National Socialism, which had provided Rommel with a great career) and thus even if Hofacker had mentioned a violent upheaval in Berlin, he would not have interpreted it as an assassination.[71] Thus, Rommel's participation remains ambiguous and the perception of it largely has its source in the subsequent events (especially Rommel's forced suicide) and the accounts by surviving participants.[72] According to a post-war account by Karl Strölin, the Oberbürgermeister of Stuttgart at that time, he and two other conspirators, Alexander von Falkenhausen and Carl Heinrich von Stülpnagel began efforts to bring Rommel into the anti-Hitler conspiracy in early 1944.[73] On 15 April 1944 Rommel's new chief of staff, Hans Speidel, arrived in Normandy and reintroduced Rommel to Stülpnagel.[74] Speidel had previously been connected to Carl Goerdeler, the civilian leader of the resistance, but not to the plotters led by Stauffenberg, and only came to the attention of Stauffenberg due to his appointment to Rommel's headquarters. The conspirators felt they needed the support of a field marshal on active duty. Witzleben was a field marshal, but had not been on active duty since 1942. The conspirators gave instructions to Speidel to bring Rommel into their circle.[75] Speidel met with former foreign minister Konstantin von Neurath and Strölin on 27 May in Germany, ostensibly at Rommel's request, although the latter was not present. Neurath and Strölin suggested opening immediate surrender negotiations in the West, and, according to Speidel, Rommel agreed to further discussions and preparations.[76] Around the same timeframe, however, the plotters in Berlin were not aware that Rommel had reportedly decided to take part in the conspiracy. On 16 May, they informed Allen Dulles, through whom they hoped to negotiate with the Western Allies, that Rommel could not be counted on for support.[77] Three days before the assassination attempt, on 17 July, Rommel's staff car was strafed by an Allied aircraft in France; he was hospitalised with major injuries and incapacitated on 20 July. Rommel opposed assassinating Hitler. After the war, his widow maintained that he believed an assassination attempt would spark a civil war.[78] According to journalist and author William L. Shirer, Rommel knew about the conspiracy and advocated that Hitler be arrested and placed on trial. The historian Ian Becket argues that "there is no credible evidence that Rommel had more than limited and superficial knowledge of the plot" and concludes that he would not have acted to aid the plotters in the aftermath of the attempt on 20 July,[72] while the historian Ralf Georg Reuth contends that "there was no indication of any active participation of Rommel in the conspiracy."[79] Historian Richard J. Evans concluded that he knew of a plot, but was not involved.[80] What is not debated are the results of the failed bomb plot of 20 July. Many conspirators were arrested and the dragnet expanded to thousands.[81] Consequently, it did not take long for Rommel to come under suspicion. He was primarily implicated through his connection to Kluge.[72] Rommel's name also came up in confessions made under torture by Stülpnagel and Hofacker, and was included in Goerdeler's papers on a list of potential supporters.[82][83] Hofacker confessed that Rommel had agreed to demand for Hitler to step down, and if he refused, Rommel would join the other conspirators in deposing Hitler. Rommel was also planned to become a member of the post-Hitler government in papers drawn up by Goerdeler.[84] Hitler knew it would cause a major scandal on the home front to have the popular Rommel publicly branded as a traitor. With this in mind, he opted to give Rommel the option of suicide via cyanide or a public trial by Freisler's People's Court. Rommel was well aware that being hauled before the People's Court was tantamount to a death sentence. He also knew that if he chose to stand trial, his family would have been severely punished even before the all-but-certain conviction and execution. With this in mind, he committed suicide on 14 October 1944. He was buried with full military honours and his family was spared from persecution; his cause of death did not come to light until after the war.[80] CriticismEdit Involvement in war crimes and atrocitiesEdit General Erich Hoepner at the Volksgerichtshof. In 1941, Hoepner called for an extermination war against the Slavs in the Soviet Union.[85] Involvement of the plotters in war crimes and atrocities has been studied by historians such as Christian Gerlach.[86] Gerlach proved that plotters like Tresckow or Gersdorff were aware of mass murder happening in the East from at least 1941. He writes: "Especially with reference to the murder of the Jews, [it is said that] 'the SS' had deceived the officers by killing in secret, filing incomplete reports or none at all; if general staff offices protested, the SS threatened them." Gerlach concludes: "This is, of course, nonsense." Tresckow also "signed orders for the deportation of thousands of orphaned children for forced labor in the Reich"—the so-called Heu-Aktion. Such actions lead historians to question the motives of the plotters, which seemed more concerned with the military situation than with Nazi atrocities and German war crimes. However some others assert that, in such actions, Tresckow had to act out of principle to continue with his coup plans.[87] Gerlach pointed out that the plotters had "selective moral criteria" and while they were concerned about Jews being exterminated in the Holocaust, they were far less disturbed about mass murder of civilians in the East.[88] To Gerlach, the primary motivation of the plotters was to ensure German victory in the war or at least prevent defeat.[88] Gerlach's arguments were later supported by historian Hans Mommsen, who stated that the plotters were interested above all in military victory.[89][90] But Gerlach's arguments were also criticized by some scholars, among them Peter Hoffmann from McGill University and Klaus Jochen Arnold [de] from the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. While acknowledging that Tresckow and other 20 July conspirators had been involved in war crimes, Arnold writes that Gerlach's argument is oversimplified.[91] Commemoration and collective memoryEdit A 1951 survey by the Allensbach Institute revealed that "Only a third of respondents had a positive opinion about the men and women who had tried unsuccessfully to overthrow the Nazi regime."[92] The "first official memorial service for the resistance fighters of July 20" was held on the tenth anniversary in 1954. In his speech at the event, Theodor Heuss, the first President of the Federal Republic of Germany, said that "harsh words" were necessary, and that "There have been cases of refusal to carry out orders that have achieved historic greatness."[92] After this speech, public opinion in Germany began to shift. Nonetheless, a 1956 proposal to name a school after Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg was opposed by a majority of citizens, and, according to Deutsche Welle, East Germany's communist leadership had ignored the assassination attempt for decades, mainly because the conservative and aristocratic conspirators around Stauffenberg did not match the socialist ideal.[92] The first all-German commemoration of the event did not take place until 1990. In 2013, the last surviving member of the plot, Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist-Schmenzin, died in Munich.[93] As of 2014, the resistance fighters are generally considered heroes in Germany, according to Deutsche Welle.[92] Memorial at the Bendlerblock: "Here died for Germany on 20 July 1944" (followed by the names of the principal conspirators) Memorial at the cemetery (Alter St.-Matthäus-Kirchhof, Berlin) where the corpses were buried but afterwards removed to an unknown place Memorial statue at the Bendlerblock by Richard Scheibe Assassination attempts on Adolf Hitler Conspiracy theories about Adolf Hitler's death Valkyrie (film) ^ Hans Helmut Kirst "20th of July" ^ Winston Churchill,war annual books, "1944" ^ William L. Shirer The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, part IV, chapter "20th July" ^ Klemens von Klemperer, German Resistance against Hitler: The Search for Allies Abroad 1938–1945 ^ Hoffmann 1996, pp. 608–609. ^ According to Shirer, Führer Conferences on Naval Affairs, 1960, p. 1393. ^ Kurtz 1946, p. 224. ^ Wheeler-Bennett 1967, p. 471 ^ a b c Kurtz 1946, p. 226. ^ Fest 1997, p. 188. ^ von Schlabrendorff, Fabian, They Almost Killed Hitler, p. 39. ^ Encyclopedia of Contemporary German Culture, "The heroes of West German accounts at this time were the men involved in the largely conservative, nationalist resistance of the July Plot of 1944. It was not until much later that a new generation of left-liberal historians pointed out just how little many of those involved in the July Plot actually sympathized with or understood democratic ideas. John Sandford. 2013. ^ "Faith and Democracy: Political Transformations at the German Protestant Kirchentag", 1949—1969 Benjamin Carl Pearson 2007 In a similar way, one could argue that the conservative, nationalist resistance circles that grew up during the war years, whose activity culminated in the July 1944 Officers Plot ^ Evans 2015, p. 198. ^ a b Fest 1997, p. 236. ^ Resistance and Conformity in the Third Reich Martyn Housden ^ Evans 2015, pp. 198–199. ^ German Foreign Policy. By Klaus Hilderbrand page 185–188 ^ Alternatives to Hitler: German Resistance Under the Third Reich Hans Mommsen p. 161 ^ German Foreign Policy Klaus Hilderbrand, page 188 ^ Peter Hoffman Stauffenberg: A Family History, 1905–1944; page 116; 2003 McGill-Queen's Press ^ War of extermination page 137. ^ A Concise History of Germany page 200 Mary Fulbrook ^ Kaminski, Joseph. "The Plots to Kill Hitler". Archived from the original on 7 April 2015. ^ Hoffmann, Peter. "Oberst i. G. Henning von Tresckow und die Staatsstreichpläne im Jahr 1943"[permanent dead link]. ^ Moorhouse 2007, p. 241. ^ Himmler's contacts with the opposition and his possible motives are discussed by Padfield, Himmler, pp. 419–424. ^ "6 assassination attempts on Hitler". Geopol Intelligence. 28 August 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2018. ^ Hoffman, Peter (1996). The History of the German Resistance, 1933–1945. McGill-Queen's Press. ISBN 0773515313. ^ Thomsett, Michael C. (1997). The German Opposition to Hitler: The Resistance, the Underground, and Assassination Plots, 1938–1945. McFarland. ISBN 0786403721. ^ a b c Spiegel.de ‹See Tfd›(in German) ^ Germany remembers the plot to kill hitler at dw. Retrieved 22 July 2015 ^ Gitta Sereny (9 August 1996). Albert Speer His Battle With The Truth. Picador. ISBN 0330346970. ^ Martin A. Allen (2005). Himmler's Secret War: The Covert Peace Negotiations of Heinrich Himmler. Robson Books. ISBN 1861058896. ^ Galante & Silianoff 1991, photo insert section. ^ German radio broadcast 10 July 2010[permanent dead link] on Deutschlandfunk (MP3; in German) ^ German radio broadcast 10 July 2010 Archived 5 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine on Bayern1 (written version; in German) ^ Galante & Silianoff 1991, pp. 11–12. ^ a b Galante & Silianoff 1991, p. 209. ^ Hoffmann 1996, p. 426. ^ Fest 1997, pp. 270–272. ^ Loeffel, Robert (29 May 2012). Family Punishment in Nazi Germany: Sippenhaft, Terror and Myth. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780230343054. ^ The Gestapo claimed 7,000 arrests. This can be found in William L. Shirer's Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, ch. 29. ^ Kershaw, Ian. Hitler 1936–1945: Nemesis, p. 693. ^ Metternich, Tatiana (1976). Purgatory of Fools. Quadrangle. p. 202. ISBN 0812906918. ^ a b See Shirer 1070–1071. ^ William Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (Touchstone Edition) (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990) ^ "Alleged July Plot Conspirators Executed in Plötzensee Prison". Archived from the original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 19 April 2009. ^ Heideking, Jürgen; Mauch, Christof (1998). American Intelligence and the German Resistance to Hitler: A Documentary History. Widerstand: Dissent and Resistance in the Third Reich Series (revised ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. ISBN 9780813336367. ^ Pave the Way Foundation Reveals Evidence of Pope Pius XII's Active Opposition to Hitler, 29 June 2009. Accessed 4 September 2009. Archived 6 September 2009. ^ More proof of Hitler's plan to kill Pius XII: Son of German Intelligence Officer Comes Forward Archived 21 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Zenit News 16 June 2009 ^ Italian newspaper reveals details behind Hitler’s plan to kill Pius XII CBCP News 17 June 2009 ^ Ted Harrison: "Alter Kämpfer" im Widerstand. Graf Helldorff, die NS-Bewegung und die Opposition gegen Hitler. Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 45(1997) (PDF, 6,5 MB), p. 385–423. ^ Forman, Adrian (1993). Guide to Third Reich German Awards...And Their Values (2nd Ed.) San Jose, CA: R. James Bender. ISBN 9780912138398 ^ Angolia, John R. (1976). For Führer and Fatherland: Military Awards of the Third Reich (1st Ed.) San Jose, CA: R. James Bender. OCLC 2853647 ^ Holocaust Denial on Trial: Using History to Confront Distortions Archived 18 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine. "Biographies: Otto Remer," (retrieved on 10 April 2009). ^ "Hitler plot survivor dies aged 90". BBC News Online. London. 2 May 2008. ^ "Hitler assassination plotter Von Kleist dies". BBC News Online. London. 12 March 2013. ^ Büchber 1991. ^ Speer, Albert. Inside the Third Reich. ^ Hoffmann 1996, p. 351-354. ^ Reuth 2005, pp. 177-178. ^ a b c Beckett 2014, p. 6. ^ Shirer 2011, pp. 1031, 1177. ^ Hart 2014, pp. 142–150. ^ Hart 2014, p. 146. ^ Reuth 2005, p. tbd. ^ a b Evans 2009, p. 642. ^ Hart 2014, pp. 141, 152. ^ Reuth 2005, p. 183. ^ Jones, Nigel H. (1 January 2008). Countdown to Valkyrie: The July Plot to Assassinate Hitler. Philadelphia: Casemate. p. 261. ISBN 9781848325081. ^ Burleigh, Michael (2001). The Third Reich: A New History. Pan Macmillan. p. 521. ISBN 978-0-330-48757-3. ^ Men of 20 July and the war in the Soviet Union. Hannes Heer, Klaus Naumann (eds.): War Of Extermination: The German Military In World War II, Berghahn Books; New york, Oxford, 2004, 127–145 ^ The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany Roderick Stackelberg page 250 ^ a b Christianity and Resistance in the 20th Century: From Kaj Munk and Dietrich Bonhoeffer to Desmond Tutu (International Studies in Religion and Society Series) page 134 and 135, 2008 ^ Christianity and Resistance in the 20th Century: From Kaj Munk and Dietrich Bonhoeffer to Desmond Tutu (International Studies in Religion and Society Series) page 135, 2008 ^ Germany: 1933–1990 – Page 96 Heinrich August Winkler – 2007 ^ Peter Hoffmann, Carl Goerdeler and the Jewish question, 1933–1942, Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2011, xvi. Klaus Jochen Arnold, Verbrecher aus eigener Initiative? Der 20. Juli 1944 und die Thesen Christian Gerlachs ^ a b c d Dittrich, Monika (20 July 2014). "How traitors became heroes". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 20 July 2014. ^ "Operation Valkyrie - The "July Plot" to Assassinate Hitler \| Jewish Virtual Library". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 18 November 2016. Beckett, I.F.W. (2014). Rommel Reconsidered. Mechanicsburg: Stackpole. ISBN 9780811714624. Boeselager, von, P. (2009). Valkyrie: The Plot To Kill Hitler. New York City: Hachette. ISBN 9780297857549. Büchner, A. (1991). German Infantry Handbook, 1939–1945: Organization, Uniforms, Weapons, Equipment, and Operations. Atglen: Schiffer. ISBN 9780887402845. Evans, R.J. (2009) [2008]. The Third Reich at War: How the Nazis Led Germany from Conquest to Disaster. 3. London: Penguin. ISBN 9780141015484. Evans, R.J. (2015) [1997]. Rereading German History: From Unification to Reunification 1800–1996. Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 9781317541882. Fest, J.C. (1997) [1996]. Plotting Hitler's Death: The Story of German Resistance. New York City: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 9780805056488. Galante, P.; Silianoff, E. (1981). Operation Valkyrie: The German Generals' Plot Against Hitler. New York City: Harper & Row. ISBN 9780060380021. Hart, R.A. (2014). "Rommel and the 20th July Bomb Plot". Rommel Reconsidered. By Beckett, I.F.W. Mechanicsburg: Stackpole. ISBN 9780811714624. Hoffmann, P.C.W. (1996). History of the German Resistance, 1933–1945. Montreal: McGill-Queen's. ISBN 9780773515314. Kurtz, H. (1946) [1945]. "The July Plot". The Course of German History. By Taylor, A. J. P. Abingdon: Methuen. ISBN 9781134521968. Moorhouse, R. (2007) [2006]. Killing Hitler: The Plots, the Assassins, and the Dictator Who Cheated Death. New York City: Bantam. ISBN 9780553382556. Schrader, H. (2009). Codename Valkyrie: General Friedrich Olbricht and the Plot Against Hitler. Sparkford: Haynes. ISBN 9781844255337. Reitlinger, G.R. (1989) [1956]. The SS: Alibi Of A Nation, 1922–1945. New York City: Da Capo. ISBN 9780306803512. Reuth, R.G. (2005) [2004]. Rommel: The End of a Legend. London: Haus. ISBN 9781904950202. Shirer, W.L. (2011) [1960]. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York City: RosettaBooks. ISBN 9780795317002. Wheeler-Bennett, J. (2005) [1967]. The Nemesis of Power: The German Army in Politics 1918–1945. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781403918123. Media related to 20 July plot at Wikimedia Commons German Opposition to Hitler and the Assassination Attempt of July 20, 1944 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=20_July_plot&oldid=906658633"	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2422
__label__wiki	0.732629	0.732629	This article is about the fast food chicken restaurant chain. For other uses, see KFC (disambiguation). KFC, also known as Kentucky Fried Chicken,[6] is an American fast food restaurant chain headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky, that specializes in fried chicken. It is the world's second-largest restaurant chain (as measured by sales) after McDonald's, with 22,621 locations globally in 136 countries as of December 2018[update].[7] The chain is a subsidiary of Yum! Brands, a restaurant company that also owns the Pizza Hut, Taco Bell, and WingStreet chains.[8] Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) Sanders Court & Café: March 20, 1930; 89 years ago (1930-03-20) North Corbin, Kentucky First franchise: September 24, 1952; 66 years ago (1952-09-24) Harland Sanders 1441 Gardiner Lane Louisville, Kentucky, U.S. Dallas, Texas, U.S. (Global) Number of locations 22,621[1][2] (2015) Tony Lowings CEO[3] and President Monica Rothgery COO[4] Chaterine Tan CMO Staci Rawls CCO Krushems (Milkshakes) US$23 billion (2013)[5] Yum! Brands worldwide outside of China Yum China within China www.kfc.com KFC Hot Wings and fries KFC was founded by Colonel Harland Sanders, an entrepreneur who began selling fried chicken from his roadside restaurant in Corbin, Kentucky, during the Great Depression. Sanders identified the potential of the restaurant franchising concept, and the first "Kentucky Fried Chicken" franchise opened in Utah in 1952. KFC popularized chicken in the fast food industry, diversifying the market by challenging the established dominance of the hamburger. By branding himself as "Colonel Sanders", Harland became a prominent figure of American cultural history, and his image remains widely used in KFC advertising to this day. However, the company's rapid expansion overwhelmed the aging Sanders, and he sold it to a group of investors led by John Y. Brown Jr. and Jack C. Massey in 1964. KFC was one of the first American fast food chains to expand internationally, opening outlets in Canada, the United Kingdom, Mexico, and Jamaica by the mid-1960s. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, it experienced mixed fortunes domestically, as it went through a series of changes in corporate ownership with little or no experience in the restaurant business. In the early 1970s, KFC was sold to the spirits distributor Heublein, which was taken over by the R.J. Reynolds food and tobacco conglomerate; that company sold the chain to PepsiCo. The chain continued to expand overseas, however, and in 1987, it became the first Western restaurant chain to open in China. It has since expanded rapidly in China, which is now the company's single largest market. PepsiCo spun off its restaurants division as Tricon Global Restaurants, which later changed its name to Yum! Brands. KFC's original product is pressure-fried chicken pieces, seasoned with Sanders' recipe of 11 herbs and spices. The constituents of the recipe represent a notable trade secret. Larger portions of fried chicken are served in a cardboard "bucket", which has become a well-known feature of the chain since it was first introduced by franchisee Pete Harman in 1957. Since the early 1990s, KFC has expanded its menu to offer other chicken products such as chicken fillet sandwiches and wraps, as well as salads and side dishes such as French fries and coleslaw, desserts, and soft drinks; the latter often supplied by PepsiCo. KFC is known for its slogans "It's Finger Lickin' Good!", "Nobody does chicken like KFC", and "So good". Main article: History of KFC The Harland Sanders Café and Museum in Corbin, Kentucky Harland Sanders was born in 1890 and raised on a farm outside Henryville, Indiana (near Louisville, Kentucky).[9] When Sanders was five years old, his father died, forcing his mother to work at a canning plant.[10] This left Sanders, as the eldest son, to care for his two younger siblings.[10] After he reached seven years of age, his mother taught him how to cook.[9] After leaving the family home at the age of 13, Sanders passed through several professions, with mixed success.[11] In 1930, he took over a Shell filling station on US Route 25 just outside North Corbin, Kentucky, a small town on the edge of the Appalachian Mountains.[12] It was here that he first served to travelers the recipes that he had learned as a child: fried chicken and other dishes such as steaks and country ham.[12] After four years of serving from his own dining room table, Sanders purchased the larger filling station on the other side of the road and expanded to six tables.[13] By 1936, this had proven successful enough for Sanders to be given the honorary title of Kentucky colonel by Governor Ruby Laffoon.[14] In 1937 he expanded his restaurant to 142 seats, and added a motel he purchased across the street, naming it Sanders Court & Café.[15] Sanders was unhappy with the 35 minutes it took to prepare his chicken in an iron frying pan, but he refused to deep fry the chicken, which he believed lowered the quality of the product.[16] If he pre-cooked the chicken in advance of orders, there was sometimes wastage at day's end.[9] In 1939, the first commercial pressure cookers were released onto the market, mostly designed for steaming vegetables.[17] Sanders bought one, and modified it into a pressure fryer, which he then used to fry chicken.[18] The new method reduced production time to be comparable with deep frying, while, in the opinion of Sanders, retaining the quality of pan-fried chicken.[16] In July 1940, Sanders finalised what came to be known as his "Original Recipe" of 11 herbs and spices.[19] Although he never publicly revealed the recipe, he admitted to the use of salt and pepper, and claimed that the ingredients "stand on everybody's shelf".[20] After being recommissioned as a Kentucky colonel in 1950 by Governor Lawrence Wetherby, Sanders began to dress the part, growing a goatee and wearing a black frock coat (later switched to a white suit), a string tie, and referring to himself as "Colonel".[20] His associates went along with the title change, "jokingly at first and then in earnest", according to biographer Josh Ozersky.[21] Harland Sanders in character as "The Colonel" The Sanders Court & Café generally served travelers, so when the route planned in 1955 for Interstate 75 bypassed Corbin, Sanders sold his properties and traveled the US to franchise his chicken recipe to restaurant owners.[22] Independent restaurants would pay four (later five) cents on each chicken as a franchise fee, in exchange for Sanders' "secret blend of herbs and spices" and the right to feature his recipe on their menus and use his name and likeness for promotional purposes.[23] In 1952 he had already successfully franchised his recipe to his friend Pete Harman of South Salt Lake, Utah, the operator of one of the city's largest restaurants.[24] Don Anderson, a sign painter hired by Harman, coined the name "Kentucky Fried Chicken".[25] For Harman, the addition of KFC was a way of differentiating his restaurant from competitors; a product from Kentucky was exotic, and evoked imagery of Southern hospitality.[25] Harman trademarked the phrase "It's finger lickin' good", which eventually became the company-wide slogan.[23] He also introduced the "bucket meal" in 1957 (14 pieces of chicken, five bread rolls and a pint of gravy in a cardboard bucket).[26] Serving their signature meal in a paper bucket was to become an iconic feature of the company.[26] By 1963 there were 600 KFC restaurants, making the company the largest fast food operation in the United States.[22] KFC popularized chicken in the fast food industry, diversifying the market by challenging the established dominance of the hamburger.[27] In 1964, Sanders sold the company to a group of investors led by John Y. Brown Jr. and Jack C. Massey for US$2 million (around US$15 million in 2013).[14] The contract included a lifetime salary for Sanders and the agreement that he would be the company's quality controller and trademark.[28] The chain had reached 3,000 outlets in 48 different countries by 1970.[29] In July 1971, Brown sold the company to the Connecticut-based Heublein, a packaged food and drinks corporation, for US$285 million (around US$1.6 billion in 2013).[30] Sanders died in 1980, his promotional work making him a prominent figure in American cultural history.[27] By the time of his death, there were an estimated 6,000 KFC outlets in 48 different countries worldwide, with $2 billion of sales annually.[31] In 1982, Heublein was acquired by R. J. Reynolds, the tobacco giant.[26] In July 1986, Reynolds sold KFC to PepsiCo for $850 million (around US$1.8 billion in 2013).[32] PepsiCo made the chain a part of its restaurants division alongside Pizza Hut and Taco Bell.[33] The Chinese market was entered in November 1987, with an outlet in Beijing.[26] In 1991, the KFC name was officially adopted, although it was already widely known by that initialism.[34] Kyle Craig, president of KFC US, admitted the change was an attempt to distance the chain from the unhealthy connotations of "fried".[35] The early 1990s saw a number of successful major products launched throughout the chain, including spicy "Hot Wings" (launched in 1990), popcorn chicken (1992), and internationally, the "Zinger", a spicy chicken fillet burger (1993).[36] By 1994, KFC had 5,149 outlets in the US, and 9,407 overall, with over 100,000 employees.[37] In August 1997, PepsiCo spun off its restaurants division as a public company valued at US$4.5 billion (around US$6.5 billion in 2013).[38] The new company was named Tricon Global Restaurants, and at the time had 30,000 outlets and annual sales of US$10 billion (around US$14 billion in 2013), making it second in the world only to McDonald's.[39] Tricon was renamed Yum! Brands in May 2002.[40] By 2015, the company was struggling, having lost business to other retailers and being surpassed by Chick-fil-A as the leading chicken retailer in the U.S. three years previously. To combat this, the company launched a new initiative with a plan to revamp its packaging, decor and uniforms, as well as expanding its menu. Additionally, beginning in May 2015, a new series of advertisements was launched featuring Darrell Hammond as Colonel Sanders.[41] Subsequently, in a planned rotation of actors, Norm Macdonald, Jim Gaffigan, George Hamilton and Rob Riggle portrayed Sanders in similar ads through the fall of 2016. In January 2018, Country Music icon Reba McEntire was chosen to be KFC's first female Colonel Sanders.[42][43][44][45][46][47] See also: List of countries with KFC franchises Map of countries with KFC franchises as of September 2018 A stand-alone KFC drive-through unit located in Australia A KFC restaurant in Al Khor, rural Qatar KFC is a subsidiary of Yum! Brands, one of the largest restaurant companies in the world. KFC had sales of $23 billion in 2013.[5] KFC has its headquarters at 1441 Gardiner Lane, Louisville, Kentucky, in a three-story colonial style building known colloquially as the "White House" due to its resemblance to the US president's home.[48][49] The headquarters contain executive offices and the company's research and development facilities.[50] KFC is incorporated at 1209 North Orange St, Wilmington, Delaware.[51] KFC Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong. By December 2013, there were 18,875 KFC outlets in 118 countries and territories around the world.[2] There are 4,563 outlets in China, 4,491 in the United States, and 9,821 across the rest of the world.[2] Outlets are owned by franchisees or directly by the company.[52] Eleven percent of outlets are company owned, with the rest operated by franchise holders.[53] Although capital intensive, company ownership allows for faster expansion of the chain.[54] Most restaurants are furnished with images of the company founder, Colonel Harland Sanders.[50] As well as dine-in and take-out, many stand-alone KFC outlets offer a drive-through option.[55] KFC offers a limited delivery service in a small number of markets.[55] Units include express concessions and kiosks which feature a limited menu and operated in non-traditional locations such as filling stations, convenience stores, stadia, theme parks and colleges, where a full scale outlet would not be practical.[55] Average annual sales per unit was $1.2 million in 2013.[56] Worldwide, the daily average number of food orders at an outlet is 250, with most occurring within a two-hour peak-period.[57] As a Director and CEO of Yum!, Greg Creed[3] ultimately has foremost responsibility for KFC operations. Sam Su is chairman and CEO of Yum!'s Chinese operations, and Tony Lowings is the president and CEO of KFC, replacing Roger Eaton who retired in 2018.[58] David Gibbs is president, CFO and COO of Yum! Brands, Inc.[3] On March 7, 2019 KFC announced a new executive position "Chief Communications Officer" and Staci Rawls will fill that position.[59] KFC restaurant in Ilorin, Kwara, Nigeria The company hopes to expand its African operations, where it is already the regional leader among US fast food chains.[60][61] The company is slowly expanding across the African continent, opening 70 outlets, but progress has been hampered by sourcing issues, such as a lack of quality suppliers.[54] KFC continues to grow in Asia. In Sri Lanka, KFC was launched in 1995 at Majestic City. There were 25 KFC restaurants in Sri Lanka as of December 2014.[62] In Singapore, the first KFC franchise was opened in 1977 along Somerset Road. In 1993, KFC Singapore was the first KFC in Asia to develop and launch the Zinger burger. KFC restaurants in Singapore are currently owned and operated by KFC (Malaysia) Holdings Bhd.[63] In Bangladesh, the first KFC outlet was opened at Gulshan in 2006. As of June 2016, the country is home to 19 KFC outlets.[64][65] In Cambodia, KFC first opened on Monivong Boulevard in Phnom Penh in 2008.[66] In Myanmar, the first KFC outlet was officially opened on Bogyoke Aung San Road in Yangon in 2015.[67][68] In Pakistan, KFC has a presence in eighteen major cities of Pakistan (Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Sukkur, Muree etc.) with more than 65 outlets nationwide. Its first outlet was in Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Karachi. KFC Pakistan menu consists of burgers, fried chicken, nuggets, fries, rice dishes and drinks.[69] In Taiwan, KFC entered the market in 1984 and opened its first store in 1985 in Taipei City. The 100th store in Taiwan opened in 1999. It was the second largest fast food chain restaurant in Taiwan until Mos Burger exceeded the number of branches of KFC in 2008. Now KFC is the third largest fast food chain restaurant with 137 stores as of 2017.[70] Main article: KFC in China KFC is the largest restaurant chain in China, with 5,003 outlets as of 2015.[71] They are operated by the Yum! China division. KFC became the first Western fast food company in China after its first outlet opened in Qianmen, Beijing, in November 1987.[72] Local food items include rice congee and tree fungus salad, with an average of 50 different menu items per store.[72][73] In December 2012, the chain faced allegations that some of its suppliers injected antiviral drugs and growth hormones into poultry in ways that violated food safety regulations.[74] This resulted in the chain severing its relationship with 100 suppliers, and agreeing to "actively co-operate" with a government investigation into its use of antibiotics.[72] KFC China sales in January 2013 were down 41 percent against the previous year.[75] To counter sluggish sales, the menu was revamped in 2014.[76] In July 2014, Chinese authorities closed down the Shanghai operations of the OSI Group, amidst allegations that it had supplied KFC with expired meat.[77] Yum! immediately terminated its contract with the supplier, and stated that the revelation had led to a "significant [and] negative" decline in sales.[78] KFC opens its first outlet in Tibet in March 2016.[79] KFC outlet on Middleton Row in Kolkata KFC in Polayathode, Kollam city. This is one of the largest KFC stores in Kerala state There are 350 KFC outlets in India.[71] The company has adapted the standard KFC offerings to Indian tastes[80] and the menu options in India include the Hot & Crispy Chicken and Fiery Grilled bucket options, Chicken Zinger Burger, Krushers, Rice Bowlz and the more recently launched 5-in-1 Meal Box.[81] The business was refranchised in October 2015 after Yum concluded a year-and-a-half-long exercise to reorganize its business under larger, well-capitalized franchisees. In this regard, about a third of its outlets, operated by several of its franchisees, have been sold to a newly formed entity—Sapphire Foods India Pvt. Ltd. The new entity is owned by a consortium of four private equity funds, led by Samara Capital. The other investors are CX Partners, Goldman Sachs Group Inc. and a fourth fund, said a top executive at the local arm of the American food company.[82] The first Indian KFC was a two-storey outlet on the fashionable Brigade Road in Bangalore in June 1995.[83] According to journalist Michael White, the company could not have chosen a "more difficult venue for its maiden entrée into the country".[84] Bangalore housed the headquarters of the Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha, one of the most influential, vocal and anti-foreign investment farmers' associations in the country.[84] The first outlet suffered protests from anti-globalisation and environmental campaigners, as well as local farmers, who objected to the chain bypassing local producers.[85] Many[quantify] Indians were concerned about the onslaught of consumerism, the loss of national self-sufficiency, and the disruption of indigenous traditions.[86] The protests came to a head in August 1995, when the Bangalore outlet was repeatedly ransacked.[83] The KFC outlet in Bangalore demanded, and received, a police van permanently parked outside for a year.[85] The outlet was closed on September 13, 1995 by local authorities, who claimed the company used illegally high amounts of monosodium glutamate (MSG) in its food.[87] The outlet re-opened a few hours later as the result of an appeal by KFC to the Karnataka High Court. The company stated the recipe was no different than that used in any other KFC store.[88] Rural activist M. D. Nanjundaswamy claimed KFC would adversely affect the health of the impoverished, by diverting grain from poor people to make the more profitable animal feed.[89] Environmentalist Maneka Gandhi joined the anti-KFC movement.[89] A second outlet opened in Delhi, but was closed by the authorities throughout November, purportedly for health reasons, but more likely to avoid a repetition of the Bangalore incident.[90] The Delhi outlet soon closed permanently.[91] KFC began to expand outside of Bangalore in 2004,[92] with a localized menu that was the most extensive meat-free menu across the chain's worldwide operations. It introduced a vegetarian menu that included rice meals, wraps and side dishes and, like McDonald's, served eggless mayonnaise and sauces. Unnat Varma, marketing director of KFC India, states "The vegetarian offerings have made the brand more relevant to a larger section of consumers and that is necessary for KFC's growth." KFC also began using Indian spices and cooking techniques to localize its chicken dishes. By 2008–09, KFC operated 34 outlets in India.[93] In 2014, KFC launched the "So Veg, So Good" menu as part of an India-specific promotional strategy focused on enhancing their vegetarian range. The company has been up to a lot of innovation over the past few months with the launch of the first-ever no crust, all chicken KFC Chizza in December 2016.[94] More recently, KFC got Mumbai's dabbawalas to deliver its newly launched 5-in-1 Meal Boxes. The city's dabbawalas, famed for their efficient delivery of office lunches, took on the role of KFC delivery men as part of an innovative marketing campaign. They supplied specially created 5-in-1 meal boxes to some office-goers instead of their regular dabbas.[95] The innovation efforts have continued with the launch of the Watt a Box, a practical new take on the 5-in-1 Meal Box, which can also charge phones.[96] A counter at a KFC in Bandung, Indonesia In Indonesia, KFC is the largest Western restaurant chain, with 466 outlets as of December 2013.[2][97] The chain has grown to hold an estimated 32 percent market share, and menu items include spaghetti, wraps and chicken porridge.[98] The master franchisee is PT Fastfood Indonesia.[99] The first outlet opened in Jakarta in 1979.[99] Salim Group, Indonesia's largest conglomerate, became a major shareholder in 1990, which provided the company with funds for major expansion.[99] Its master franchisee, PT Fastfood Indonesia, was publicly listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange in 1993.[99] Main article: KFC in Japan KFC Japan was formed in 1970 as a joint venture between the American parent and the Japanese Mitsubishi Corporation.[100] In December 1974, KFC Japan began to promote fried chicken as a Christmas meal.[101] Eating KFC as a Christmas time meal has since become a widely practiced custom in Japan.[102] As of 2013[update], Japan is the third-largest market for KFC after China and the United States with 1,200 outlets.[103] In December 2007, Mitsubishi assumed majority control of KFC Japan in a JP¥ 14.83 billion transaction.[104] KFC Cheesy Wedges, available domestically only in the country. First introduced around 2005, it is one of the bestselling items in the Malaysian KFC. Being one of its largest overseas markets, the Malaysian KFC traces its origin from January 1, 1973 from its first outlet in Jalan Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kuala Lumpur.[105] In 2016, the brand has been crowned as the largest fast-food chain in Malaysia and dominating 45% of the local Fast-Food Market shares with its traditional rival, McDonald's following in second, while its sister restaurant, Pizza Hut spotting at the third place. By 2018, the restaurant has established a strong presence in the country, estimated to serve almost an equal proportion with the total population of Malaysia with 25 million customers every month by its 14,000 employees.[106][107] 2 pieces of "Hot & Spicy" Chicken combo served with rice, coleslaw and Thai chili sauce; with KFC Chicken nuggets with sour cream sauce on the upper left side of the image. Akin to most Asian markets, the Malaysian KFC similarly offered rice in its menu. Embracing the local culinary tradition, the Malaysian KFC rice draw its inspiration from the local Hainanese chicken rice. Additionally, the KFC chicken nuggets also traced its origin from Malaysia before being expanded to many international outlets. Similar to other international KFC markets, the Malaysian KFC also featuring various localised and seasonal food items in addition to the universal KFC Menu. The Malaysian KFC customarily offers two types of fried chicken: Original and Hot & Spicy, moreover, other types of fried chickens and food products are also being periodically introduced to the local consumers. Among other common year-long regional items unique to the Malaysian market includes chicken rice, rice congee, wrap, cheesy potato wedges, gula melaka vanilla pudding, white coffee and teh tarik. Malaysians mostly prefer dark meat cuts, a divergent from the American KFC that observed white meat in a higher demand. Furthermore, being a predominantly Muslim-country, all meats are slaughtered in accord to the Halal-method under the supervision of Shariah Advisory Council and the Department of Islamic Development Malaysia. The KFC business design in Malaysian is generally offering a mid-range dining option to cater the predominantly middle-class Malaysian population. The premise is typically large in area and able to accommodate the dining culture commonly practised among the Malaysian society, a contrast to the primarily takeout model seen in the American market. Many of the Malaysian KFC also operate round the clock, offering drive-through and delivery service. As of 2018, QSR Brands (M) Holdings Bhd, the shareholder of the company in Malaysia is also responsible on managing 810 KFC outlets across Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei and Cambodia,[108] with more than 700 of these outlets are being located domestically in Malaysia, hence making the country one of the largest global market for the fast-food chain. The chain has been witnessed rapid expansion since the opening of its 250th Malaysian outlet on May 8, 1998 located in Petronas Twin Towers, the 500th branch in Subang launched on January 15, 2011 and the 700th restaurant in Seremban on September 18, 2018.[109][105] Additionally, the QSR Brands is also in change on handling 380 Pizza Hut outlets in Malaysia and 80 in Singapore, similar to some international developments, many of these restaurants are being traditionally combined together with a KFC premise. The company is estimated earn MYR5 billion in revenue for KFC and Pizza Hut throughout the region in 2018, up from MYR4.56 billion (2017) and MYR4.24 billion (2016), the period recorded the company earned a profit of MYR182.98 million and MYR113.44 million in 2017 and 2016 respectively.[110][105] In 1995, Projek Penyayang KFC was founded in an effort to provide food to more than 150 orphanages every quarter.[111] The social service by the restaurant was then extended by the introduction of Tabung Penyayang Fund in 1997, Add Hope Malaysia in 2006 and Add Hope Wordwide in 2007 as means to aid the local and international community.[112][113] The chain is also one of the earliest fast-food eateries in Malaysia to employ people with different abilities from its outlet in Jalan Imbi, Kuala Lumpur in November 15, 1986 (has since relocated to Sentul Raya, Jalan Ipoh in 1992).[114][115] From the first fully operated KFC in the world run by speech-and hearing-impaired staff in Kuala Lumpur, the operation has expanded to its Malaysian operation in Tanjung Aru (Kota Kinabalu) and Saujana (Kuching) outlets in 1996.[116] Similarly, the model has also being adopted by several KFC eateries in Egypt, India, Pakistan, Singapore and Thailand. To date, the establishment has employed more than 350 Malaysian individuals predominantly of speech and hearing impairment. KFC Malaysia is expected to have a 5% growth on sales in 2019. It has opened 23 outlets in 2018,[117][118] a further 36 outlets in 2019 and 30 eateries later in 2020.[107][118] A KFC in Belfast, Northern Ireland As of December 2013, there were 784 KFC outlets in the United Kingdom.[2] British turnover was around £684.5 million in 2013, according to Technomic.[119] About 70 percent of outlets are run by franchisees, with the remainder company owned.[120] The company employs 24,000 people.[120] Around 400 sites are drive-through outlets.[120] Average outlet turnover is between £1 and £1.5 million.[120] Annual sales amount to 60,000 metric tonnes of chicken, 60 percent of which is purchased from the four largest suppliers in the UK, including Faccenda Group[121] and 2 Sisters Food Group,[122][123] and delivered fresh to outlets at least three times a week.[124] The remaining 40 percent is sourced from companies in Europe, Thailand (including Charoen Pokphand Foods) and Brazil.[125] All of the Original Recipe chicken is sourced within the UK.[125] England had the first overseas branch of KFC which opened in Preston, Lancashire in May 1965, and was the first American fast food restaurant chain in the country, pre-dating the arrival of McDonald's, Burger King and Pizza Hut by almost a decade.[126] Ray Allen, an experienced Lancashire caterer, was the first franchisee.[127] The first London branch opened in North Finchley in November 1968.[128] In 1971 there were 31 outlets; by 1975 the chain had grown to 250 outlets.[129] In the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s, KFCs began to introduce seating. KFC opened its first drive through restaurant in the UK in 1984.[130] By 1987 the company had almost 400 outlets.[131] In May 1997, the "Tower Burger", a fried chicken fillet burger with the addition of a hash brown, was first launched in the United Kingdom.[132] In 2006, the company stopped pre-salting its fries and removed trans fats from its products.[120] In 2012 palm oil was replaced by rapeseed oil in the fryers.[120] Between 2004 and 2014, KFC UK increased its offering of "portable" foods: burgers, wraps and salads.[120] During that period, sales rose from around £500 million to almost £1 billion.[120] In 2012, KFC UK invested £9 million to install ovens in all of its outlets, so that it could offer griddled chicken.[120] In 2013, KFC rolled out Lavazza coffee across all of its UK outlets.[133] In February 2018, KFC had to temporarily close 575 of its UK outlets, and restrict menus and opening hours in other branches, as a result of its newly-contracted distributor, DHL, failing to deliver chicken to the outlets.[134] As of February 2019, KFC in the UK has around 110 restaurants that are Halal approved out of more than 900 units.[135] A KFC in İzmir, Turkey KFC is planning on opening up to 50 franchise restaurants in 2019.[136] The first KFC in the Middle East opened in 1973 in Kuwait. Today there are over 700 outlets, certified halal, including the United Arab Emirates, Egypt, Qatar, Bahrain, Oman, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia.[137] KFC Israel existed from 1993 to 2013 and featured kosher restaurants.[138] In 2012 KFC opened in Ramallah in the Palestinian Authority[8] and later expanded to Hebron,[9] Bethlehem,[10] Jenin,[11] and three separate outlets in Ramallah: the Ersal Branch (Bacri), Plaza Mall Branch and Masyoun Branch.[139] In 2013 the New York Times reported that KFC was being smuggled into Gaza through tunnels.[140][141] A KFC restaurant in White Rock, British Columbia, Canada Saskatoon, Canada is where the first KFC opened in 1955; 64 years ago (1955).[142] A co-branded KFC-Taco Bell in Oscoda, Michigan KFC sales in the United States in 2013 were estimated at $4.22 billion by Technomic.[143] The basic model for KFC in the United States, not necessarily duplicated elsewhere, is a focus on low prices, a limited menu (29 items on average) and an emphasis on takeout.[53] A "very strong percentage" of sales come from African American customers.[144] Many KFC locations are co-located with either Taco Bell or Pizza Hut, or other Yum! restaurants.[55] When Yum! owned Long John Silver's and A&W Restaurants, these brands were often co-branded with KFC as well.[145] Often these locations behave like a single restaurant, offering one menu with food items from both restaurant brands.[146] In 2003, there were 354 KFC-Taco Bell combines, offering the full KFC menu and Taco Bell items, and 13 units offering the full KFC menu and a limited number of Pizza Hut items.[55] The concept originated in 1991, when a KFC-Taco Bell combination opened in Virginia.[26] Some locations were also opened as combinations of KFC, Taco Bell and Pizza Hut, but this failed to catch on, and Yum! CEO David Novak blamed a lack of franchisee commitment for its lack of success.[147] Initially, Sanders and KFC used hydrogenated vegetable oil for frying, but in the 1980s the company began to switch to cheaper oils such as palm or soybean.[148][149] In the 2000s it became apparent that these oils contain relatively high levels of trans fat, which increases the risk of heart disease. By April 2007, the chain had switched to trans fat-free soybean oil in all of its US outlets.[150] In 2008, Novak credited low US sales as being the result of a lack of new ideas and menu items.[151] The Spring 2009 launch of Kentucky Grilled Chicken only resulted in a temporary halt to the sales decline.[152] In 2010 KFC announced a turnaround plan that included improving restaurant operations, introducing value items and providing healthier menu options.[152] In the same year, Advertising Age noted that KFC was losing market share to its smaller chicken restaurant rival, Chick-fil-A.[153] In 2011 Bloomberg News referred to KFC US as "an also-ran to McDonald's Corp".[154] In 2012, Forbes magazine described how many of the KFC outlets were "aged and uninviting", and that the chain "hasn't introduced an exciting new food item in ages".[155] KFC was described in 2012 by Bloomberg Businessweek as a "muscular player" in developing regions, specifically Africa, China and India, while noting its falling market share in the US to rivals such as Chick-fil-A and Popeyes.[156] Some analysts speculated that KFC would begin spinning off its ailing US operations.[156] That year, the company began divesting control of company-owned US restaurants to franchised operations, with the intention of reducing overall company ownership from 35 percent to 5 percent.[156] A KFC restaurant in Oaxaca city, Mexico KFC was the first fast food restaurant opened in Mexico, in 1963 in Monterrey.[157] By 2017, there were 341 outlets in the country.[158] A KFC outlet in Derwent Park, a northern suburb of Hobart, Australia. There are over 600 KFC outlets in Australia, and around 100 in New Zealand.[103] KFC was the first American style fast food chain to open in both countries.[159] In 2013, KFC reported an annual turnover of almost 2 billion AUD for its Australia and New Zealand operations.[160] Yum! directly operates 160 KFC outlets in Australia.[160] The largest of the 53 independent franchisees in Australia is Collins Foods, which operates 169 stores.[160][161] KFC's major poultry suppliers in Australia are Inghams, Steggles and Turi Foods.[160] The first Australian KFC was opened in 1968 in Guildford, a suburb of Sydney.[162] The franchise was owned by a Canadian entrepreneur called Bob Lapointe.[163] Between 1970 and 1971, 75 outlets were opened.[163] This had a major impact on Australian chicken production, which increased by 38 percent during the period.[163] By 1995 there were 452 outlets, and the company employed 12,000 staff.[162] That year, Australia produced 35 percent of KFC's international earnings.[162] The first KFC opened in New Zealand in 1971 at Royal Oak, a suburb of Auckland.[164] By 1980 there were 37 outlets.[159] In 1989, PepsiCo acquired the 50 percent stake in KFC New Zealand that it did not already own from the local Goodman Fielder conglomerate.[164] In 1991 New Zealand turnover topped 100 million NZD for the first time.[164] KFC shrimp burger in KFC Vietnam, 2007 Hot Wings menu set in KFC Berlin KFC's core product offering is pressure fried, on-the-bone chicken pieces seasoned with Colonel Harland Sanders' "Original Recipe" of 11 herbs and spices.[165] The product is typically available in either two or three piece individual servings, or in a family size cardboard bucket, typically holding between 6 and 16 chicken pieces. In territories that follow the system handed down by Colonel Sanders, such as Canada and the UK, each chicken is divided into nine different cuts (2 drumsticks, 2 thighs, 2 wings, 2 breast pieces and one keel),[166][167] however the United States now uses an eight piece cut.[168] The product is hand-breaded at individual KFC outlets with wheat flour mixed with seasoning in a two- to four-minute process.[57][160] It is then pressure fried for between seven and ten minutes (the timing differs between countries) in oil at 185 degrees Celsius.[57][169][170] Following this, the chicken is left to stand for 5 minutes in order for it to sufficiently cool before it is placed in the warming oven.[57] It is KFC policy to discard chicken if it has not been sold within 90 minutes, in order to ensure freshness.[57] The frying oil varies regionally, and versions used include sunflower, soybean, rapeseed and palm oil.[54] A KFC executive stated that the taste of the chicken will vary between regions depending on the oil variety used, and whether the chicken has been corn-fed or wheat-fed.[54] As well as its core chicken on the bone offering, KFC's major products include chicken burgers (including the Zinger and the Tower burgers); wraps ("Twisters" and "Boxmasters"); and a variety of finger foods, including crispy chicken strips and hot wings.[171][172] Popcorn Chicken is one of the most widely available KFC products, and consists of small pieces of fried chicken.[173] In some locations, chicken nuggets are also sold.[174] KFC's Zinger Burger as served together with crispy fries and Thai chili sauce in Shah Alam, Malaysia. (January 2019) KFC adapts its menu internationally to suit regional tastes, and there are over three hundred KFC menu items worldwide.[53] Some locations, such as the UK and the US, sell grilled chicken.[175][176] In predominantly Islamic countries, the chicken served is halal.[57] In Asia there is a preference for spicy foods, such as the Zinger chicken burger.[177] Some locations in the US sell fried chicken livers and gizzards.[178] A small number of US outlets offer an all-you-can-eat buffet option with a limited menu.[179] A number of territories, such as Japan, Jamaica, Trinidad, Barbados, Ecuador and Singapore sell fried seafood products under the "Colonel's Catch" banner.[180] In Jamaica, what was originally a seasonal offering for the Lent period was expanded to a year-round offering from 2010.[181] Value menu items are sold under the "Streetwise" name in locations such as Canada.[182] Side dishes often include French fries, coleslaw, barbecue baked beans, corn on the cob, mashed potato, bread rolls and American biscuits.[183][184] Salads include the bean salad, the Caesar salad and the garden salad.[185] In a number of territories, KFC sell onion rings.[186] In Asia, rice based side dishes such as congee are often sold.[72] In the US and Greece, potato wedges are sold instead of French fries.[187] McCormick & Company is KFC's largest supplier of sauces, seasonings and marinades, and is a long-term partner in new product development.[160] Due to the company's previous relationship with PepsiCo, most territories supply PepsiCo products, but exceptional territories include Barbados, Greece, New Zealand, the Philippines, Romania, South Africa, and Turkey, which stock drinks supplied by The Coca-Cola Company, and Aruba, which stocks RC Cola from the Cott Corporation.[188][189][190][191] In Peru, the locally popular Inca Kola is sold.[192] In a number of Eastern European locations and Portugal, beer is offered, in addition to soft drinks.[193][194][195] Launched in 2009, the Krusher/Krushem range of frozen beverages containing "real bits" such as Kit Kat, Oreo and strawberry shortcake, is available in over 2,000 outlets.[196] Egg custard tart is a popular dessert worldwide, but other items include ice cream sundaes and tres leches cake in Peru.[197] In 2012, the "KFC am" breakfast menu began to be rolled out internationally, including such items as pancakes, waffles and porridge, as well as fried chicken.[198][199] 11 herbs and spices Main article: KFC Original Recipe KFC Original Recipe fried chicken Sanders' Original Recipe of "11 herbs and spices" is one of the most famous trade secrets in the catering industry.[200][201] The recipe is not patented, because patent law requires public disclosure of an invention and provides protection only for a strictly limited term, whereas trade secrets can remain the intellectual property of their holders in perpetuity.[202] A copy of the recipe, signed by Sanders, is held inside a safe inside a vault in KFC's Louisville headquarters, along with eleven vials containing the herbs and spices.[156][203] To maintain the secrecy of the recipe, half of it is produced by Griffith Laboratories before it is given to McCormick, who add the second half.[204] In 1999, a couple who bought the house formerly occupied by Colonel Sanders found scribbled notes purported to be the secret recipe. Initially KFC wanted to file a lawsuit against the couple to stop an auction of the notes, but by early 2001, it dropped the lawsuit, claiming the scribbled notes are "nowhere close" to the original recipe.[205] Joe Ledington of Kentucky, a nephew by marriage of Colonel Sanders, claimed to have found a copy of the original KFC fried chicken recipe on a handwritten piece of paper in an envelope in a scrapbook. In August 2016, Chicago Tribune staffers conducted a cooking test of this recipe and claimed after a few attempts that, with the addition of MSG flavor-enhancer, Ac'cent, they produced fried chicken which tasted "indistinguishable" from the chicken they purchased at KFC.[206] KFC initially used stove-top covered cooking pots to fry its chicken.[207] In the 1960s, the officially recommended model was the L S Hartzog developed "KFC 20-Head Cooker", a large device that cost $16,000.[208] The Hartzog model had no oil filtration system, meaning that filtering had to be done manually, and the pressure fryers occasionally exploded, often causing harm to employees.[207] In 1969, inventor and engineer Winston L. Shelton developed the "Collectramatic" pressurized fryer to overcome the problems KFC faced in quickly frying chicken to meet growing customer demand. The Collectramatic used precision time and temperature controls and self-filtered the cooking oil – all while meeting Colonel Sanders' legendary high quality standards.[207] Fred Jeffries, then vice president of purchasing at KFC, claimed that the invention helped fuel the company's rapid expansion and success: There's no way it (KFC) could have grown like it did without the Collectramatic. Stores were doing about $200,000 a year in sales on average with the pots ... but they could never have done the $900,000 a year it became without Win's fryer. He (Shelton) helped set the stage for that with true engineering thinking.[207] Although a number of franchisees bought the Collectramatic, which had the support of Colonel Sanders from 1970 onwards, John Y. Brown had given tacit approval to franchisees to exclusively use the older L S Hartzog fryer, saying "Though those old pots were damn dangerous, at least we knew they worked! I was mostly afraid these new fryers would break down in the middle of business."[207] Brown warned franchisees that they were in violation of their contract if they used the Collectramatic.[207] Brown held his ground on the issue until he learned that his father, John Y. Brown Sr., who owned multiple KFC franchises, was successfully using the Collectramatic in every franchise he owned.[207] The issue was eventually resolved after Heublein purchased KFC, acquired Hartzog and nullified the contract.[208] The Collectramatic has been an approved pressure fryer for KFC from 1972 onwards.[208] From 2013 onwards, KFC has been transitioning from using Collectramatic cookers to pressure fryers produced by Henny Penny, which supplies KFC with various equipment[209]. The 'Velocity' series of pressure fryers includes increased load capacity, automatic oil filtration and increased oil longevity. Main article: KFC advertising Colonel Sanders was a key component of KFC advertising until his death in 1980. Despite his death, Sanders remains a key icon of the company as an "international symbol of hospitality".[210] Early official slogans for the company included "North America's Hospitality Dish" (from 1956) and "We fix Sunday dinner seven nights a week".[211][212] The "finger lickin' good" slogan was used from 1956, and went on to become one of the best-known slogans of the 20th century.[213] The trademark expired in the US in 2006.[214] The first KFC logo was introduced in 1952 and featured a "Kentucky Fried Chicken" typeface and a logo of the Colonel.[215] Advertising played a key role at KFC after it was sold by Sanders, and the company began to advertise on US television with a budget of US$4 million in 1966.[216] In order to fund nationwide advertising campaigns, the Kentucky Fried Chicken Advertising Co-Op was established, giving franchisees ten votes and the company three when deciding on budgets and campaigns. In 1969, KFC hired its first national advertising agency, Leo Burnett.[26] A notable Burnett campaign in 1972 was the "Get a bucket of chicken, have a barrel of fun" jingle, performed by Barry Manilow.[26] By 1976 KFC was one of the largest advertisers in the US.[217] Controversies and criticism See also: Kentucky Fried Cruelty Since the beginning of the 21st century, fast food has been criticized for its animal welfare record, its links to obesity and its environmental impact.[218] Eric Schlosser's book Fast Food Nation (2002) and Morgan Spurlock's film Super Size Me (2004) reflected these concerns.[25] Since 2003, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) has protested KFC's choice of poultry suppliers worldwide.[219] The exception is KFC Canada, which signed an agreement pledging to only use "animal friendly" suppliers.[220] PETA has held thousands of demonstrations, sometimes in the home towns of KFC executives, and CEO David Novak was notably soaked in fake blood by a protester.[220] President of KFC's US division Gregg Dedrick said PETA mischaracterized KFC as a poultry producer rather than a purchaser of chickens.[221] In 2008, Yum! stated: "[As] a major purchaser of food products, [Yum!] has the opportunity and responsibility to influence the way animals supplied to us are treated. We take that responsibility very seriously, and we are monitoring our suppliers on an ongoing basis."[222] In 2006, Greenpeace accused KFC Europe of sourcing the soya bean for its chicken feed from Cargill, which had been accused of clearing large swathes of the Amazon rainforest in order to grow the crop.[223] In 2010, the Australian arm of KFC was accused of racial insensitivity over a television commercial showing an outnumbered white cricket fan handing out pieces of fried chicken to appease a dancing, drumming and singing group of black West Indies supporters. The clip found its way around the world on the internet, prompting strong criticism in the United States where fried chicken remains closely associated with long-standing racist stereotypes about black people in the once segregated south.[224] Protesters demonstrating outside a KFC restaurant in Royal Oak, Michigan. This restaurant has since closed. In May 2012, Greenpeace accused KFC of sourcing paper pulp for its food packaging from Indonesian rainforest wood.[225] Independent forensic tests showed that some packaging contained more than 50 percent mixed tropical hardwood fiber, sourced from Asia Pulp & Paper (APP).[226][227] APP said such fiber can be found in recycled paper, or: "It can also come from tree residues that are cleared, after a forest area has become degraded, logged-over or burned, as part of a sustainable development plan. APP has strict policies and practices in place to ensure that only residues from legal plantation development on degraded or logged-over forest areas and sustainable wood fiber enters the production supply chain."[226] KFC said: "From a global perspective, 60 percent of the paper products that Yum! (our parent company) sources are from sustainable sources. Our suppliers are working towards making it 100 percent."[225] In December 2012, the chain was criticized in China when it was discovered that a number of KFC suppliers had been using growth hormones and an excessive amount of antibiotics on its poultry in ways that violated Chinese law.[228] In February 2013, Yum! CEO David Novak admitted that the scandal had been "longer lasting and more impactful than we ever imagined."[228] The issue is of major concern to Yum!, which earns almost half of its profits from China, largely through the KFC brand. In March 2013, Yum! reported that sales had rebounded in February, but that lower sales in December and January would result in a decline in same-store sales of 20 percent in the first quarter.[229] In 2017, KFC was fined £950,000 after two workers were scalded by boiling hot gravy. The company admitted to charges of failing in a duty of care to employees, and was ordered by Teesside Crown Court to pay fines of £800,000 and £150,000.[230] In 2017, KFC paid 500,000 HUF (~1900 USD) to a charity chosen by a journalist, who was beaten by the security guard of a KFC in Budapest, Hungary.[231] In February 2018, logistics mismanagement by DHL, which had been selected by KFC UK as their new delivery partner, caused a chicken shortage in the United Kingdom – KFC's largest market in Europe – forcing the company to temporarily close hundreds of restaurants around the country.[232] KFC apologized by taking out adverts in British newspapers with the company's initials scrambled to read "FCK" on it followed by an apology, which was well received.[233] Kentucky portal Food portal Cuisine of the Southern United States List of fast-food chicken restaurants List of fast food restaurant chains List of major employers in Louisville, Kentucky ^ http://investors.yum.com/Cache/396825367.pdf ^ a b c d e "Restaurant counts" (PDF). 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Eating Out in Europe: Picnics, Gourmet Dining and Snacks Since the Late Eighteenth Century. Berg. p. 307. ISBN 978-1-85973-658-6. Retrieved August 19, 2013. ^ Nick Jones; Simeon Duckworth; Christian Cocker (1998). "Success by the bucket load: Advertising's contribution to building the KFC brand". Institute of Practitioners in Advertising: IPA Effectiveness Awards, 1998. ^ Reynolds, John (April 15, 2013). "KFC gets serious about coffee with full UK rollout". Marketing. Retrieved September 26, 2013. ^ "KFC shuts more stores in chicken crisis". BBC News. February 20, 2018. ^ Baron, Olivia (February 28, 2019). "New KFC is opening in Blackburn town centre". LancsLive. Retrieved July 1, 2019. ^ Janita (September 25, 2018). "Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) to open restaurants in Finland during 2019". Metropolitan.fi. Retrieved July 12, 2019. ^ "KFC Arabia". KFC Arabia. Retrieved April 12, 2016. ^ "KFC Israel going kosher". ynet. 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(subscription required) ^ a b Sellers, Patricia (August 4, 1997). "Pepsi's Eateries Go It Alone Tricon: Lousy Name, Excellent Management". CNN. Retrieved September 27, 2013. ^ Bryson, Emily (April 19, 2010). "KFC's stunts make nightly news, but do nothing to stop sales slide". Advertising Age. ^ Mellor, William (January 26, 2011). "McDonald's No Match For KFC In China As Colonel Rules Fast Food". Bloomberg News. Retrieved September 27, 2013. ^ Tice, Carol (October 25, 2012). "Why Popeyes is Buying Up Bankrupt KFC Restaurants". Forbes. Retrieved January 28, 2013. ^ a b c d Brady, Diane (March 29, 2012). "KFC's Big Game of Chicken". Businessweek. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2012. ^ KFC México Archived August 6, 2013, at the Wayback Machine ^ "KFC – Yum! Brands". www.yum.com. ^ a b Brailsford, Ian (2005). "If there's not one near you now, there soon will be" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of History. 1. 39: 60–65. 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"The A to Z of fried chicken". The Times. ^ Sabra Chartrand (February 5, 2001). "Patents; Many companies will forgo patents in an effort to safeguard their trade secrets". The New York Times. Retrieved March 12, 2016. ^ Dodrill, Tara (August 20, 2016). "KFC Secret Recipe Found? Colonel Sanders' Nephew Shares 11 Herbs And Spices Found In Family Scrapbook". Inquisitr. Retrieved August 21, 2016. ^ a b c d e f g Coomes, Steve (July 17, 2012). "Winston Shelton: The Colonel's Corporal". Louisville Magazine. Retrieved October 1, 2013. ^ a b c "History". Winston Industries. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved October 1, 2013. ^ https://www.hennypenny.com/press-release/henny-penny-wins-kfc-equipment-supplier-of-the-year-award-2/ ^ President and Fellows of Harvard College (1994). PepsioCo's Restaurants. Boston: Harvard Business School. p. 9. ^ "North America's Hospitality Dish". Trademarkia. KFC Corporation. Retrieved March 13, 2013. ^ Dukes, Terry (2000). 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"Case illustration: PETA and KFC". NGOs and Corporations: Conflict and Collaboration. Business, Value Creation, and Society. Cambridge University Press. pp. 112–114. ISBN 978-0-521-86684-2. ^ a b Chuck Williams; Terry Champion; Ike Hall (2011). MGMT. Cengage Learning. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-17-650235-5. ^ Swann, Patricia (April 2010). Cases in Public Relations Management. Routledge. pp. 121–122. ISBN 978-0-203-85136-4. Retrieved September 26, 2013. ^ Annual Report (PDF). Louisville: Yum! Brands. 2008. p. 52. Retrieved September 27, 2013. ^ Lawrence, Felicity; Vidal, John (July 24, 2006). "Food giants to boycott illegal Amazon soya". The Guardian. Retrieved August 27, 2016. ^ Clark, Andrew (January 6, 2010). "KFC accused of racism over Australian advertisement". The Guardian. Retrieved August 27, 2016. ^ a b Jim Efstathiou Jr.; Leslie Patton (June 13, 2012). "KFC Using Rain-Forest Wood in Boxes, Greenpeace Says". Bloomberg News. Retrieved November 12, 2013. ^ a b "KFC Using Rain-Forest Wood in Boxes, Greenpeace Says". Businessweek. June 13, 2012. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved October 27, 2012. ^ Badasha, Kamalpreet (May 24, 2012). "KFC denies Greenpeace sourcing allegations". Supply Management. Retrieved October 27, 2012. ^ a b Hsu, Tiffany (February 5, 2013). "After KFC chicken scare, Yum plans to 'stay the course in China'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 5, 2013. ^ Cai, Debbie (March 11, 2013). "Yum's China Sales Fall 20% as It Tries to Win Back KFC Customers". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 12, 2013. ^ "KFC fined nearly £1m after two workers scalded by boiling hot gravy". ITV News. January 20, 2017. ^ Szabo, Zoltan (October 16, 2017). "Hungarian journalist, Zoltan Szabo, was beaten by KFC security guard". ^ Petroff, Alanna (February 20, 2018). "KFC chicken shortage will hit UK stores all week". CNN. Retrieved February 23, 2018. ^ Petroff, Alanna (February 23, 2018). "KFC apologizes for chicken shortage with a hilarious hidden message". CNN. Retrieved February 23, 2018. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kentucky Fried Chicken. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Fast food in North America. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KFC&oldid=906469938"	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2423
__label__wiki	0.892982	0.892982	Robert Haldane For the British mathematician, see Robert Haldane (mathematician). Robert Haldane (28 February 1764 – 12 December 1842) was a religious writer and Scottish theologian. Author of Commentaire sur l'Épître aux Romains, On the Inspiration of Scripture and Exposition of the Epistle to the Romans. Robert Haldane, 3rd of Airthrey (1764-02-28)28 February 1764 12 December 1842(1842-12-12) (aged 78) Scottish theologian Christian evangelization Catherine Cochrane Oswald Margaret Haldane James Haldane, 2nd of Airthrey and Katherine Duncan Helen Haldane (1765-1766) sister James Alexander Haldane (1768-1851) brother Robert Haldane 3rd of Airthrey was the son of James Haldane 2nd of Airthrey, and his wife, Katherine Duncan. Robert was born on 28 February 1764 in Queen Anne Street, Cavendish Square in London[1]. Robert and his younger brother James Alexander Haldane were raised by their grandmother Lady Lundie and uncles[1]. Robert and James attended classes at Dundee Grammar School, the Royal High School in Edinburgh, and the University of Edinburgh.[1] In 1780 Robert joined HMS Monarch as an officer, of which his maternal uncle, Adam Duncan, was in command. In 1781, he was transferred to HMS Foudroyant. He was on HMS Foudroyant under John Jervis during the night engagement in April 1782 with the French ship Pegase and greatly distinguished himself. Haldane was afterwards present at the relief of Gibraltar in September 1782. Some months later after the peace treaty of 1783, he left the Royal Navy.[2] Airthrey EstateEdit Airthrey Castle from the south-west in 1829, showing the Robert Adam design Airthrey Castle, Airthrey Estate,north facade Soon after leaving the Navy, he settled on his family estate Airthrey, near Stirling where he contacted the Whites of Durham to landscape the grounds. These estate improvements included the creation of a man-made loch, rolling lawns, several wooded plantations, a hermitage and a boundary wall which is nearly four miles in length.[3][4] In 1790 he commissioned the neoclassical architect Robert Adam to make a draft for the building of Airthrey Castle of which Adam created two designs.[4] Haldane picked his favourite design but chose to have Thomas Russell complete the works instead of Robert Adam.[4] Airthrey Castle was completed in 1791 and as built corresponded largely to the final design by Robert Adam without the forecourt which was never built.[4] Although there were changes to the north facade in the late nineteenth century, the south facade is still essentially as designed by Adam. EvangelismEdit Robert's tutor was David Bogue of Gosport. After reading about the start of the French Revolution he grew to disapprove strongly of the war with France. Robert resolved to devote himself to advancing Christianity.[2] In 1795 Robert converted to the evangelical church shortly after his brother James converted.[5] Robert became one of the first members of the London Missionary Society in 1795, the same year that he was converted. He offered the British Government and the East India Company to sell Airthrey Estate in order to set up a vast mission in Bengal but was turned down by the East India Company, and the mission was abandoned.[5][2] In December 1797 he also joined his brother and some others in the formation of the "Society for the Propagation of the Gospel at Home," in building chapels or "tabernacles"[6] for congregations, in supporting missionaries, and in maintaining institutions for the education of young men to carry on the work of evangelization. In 1798 he sold the Airthrey Estate to Robert Abercromby to obtain funding for his mission work and with the funds raised to set up the Society for Propagating the Gospel at Home in Edinburgh[5]. In 1799 Robert organised for Plean Estate to be sold and this was bought in 1800 by Francis Simpson.[7] George Whitefield's Tabernacle, Moorfields Over the next twelve years (1798–1810) he gave over £70,000 pounds; this was used to further the cause of the Society for Propagating the Gospel at Home by building chapels for congregations, supporting missionaries and helping to maintain institutions for young men to be educated to carry on the work of evangelization.[2] Robert was inspired by George Whitefield's two tabernacles in London and built preaching centres strategically placed throughout Scotland. These tabernacles were located in Glasgow, Dundee, Perth, Thurso, Wick, Edinburgh and Elgin. His brother James took over the Edinburgh tabernacle until 1851.[5] Robert funded John Campbell's Society for the Education of Africans which initially planned to evangelise in Africa by bringing over native children to be trained as Christian missionaries in Edinburgh. However, owing to an outbreak of smallpox, the group of children remained in the London area at what became known as the African Academy in Clapham. From 1799 to 1807, Robert set up theological seminars in Glasgow, Edinburgh and Dundee to train young men with a passion for the gospel.[5] Young men would come and train for 2-3 years with all their expenses paid for. Over this time 300 men were trained and sent out to spread their teachings all over the world.[5] In 1816 Robert published a work on the Evidences and Authority of Divine Revelation.[2] In the summer of 1816 Robert Haldane visited Europe, first at Geneva and afterwards in Montauban.[2] He lectured and interviewed large numbers of theological students with remarkable effect; among them were César Malan, Frédéric Monod and Jean-Henri Merle d'Aubigné.[5] This circle of men spread the revival of evangelical Protestant Christianity across the continent of Europe (Le Réveil), impacting France, Germany (Die Erweckung) and the Netherlands (Het Reveil). Through conversion and missionary impetus the effects of this revival were felt as far afield as Italy and Hungary.[citation needed] Later lifeEdit In 1819, Robert had his theological prelections published in a Commentaire sur l'Épître aux Romains.[2] He returned to Scotland in 1819 to live partly at the estate he had bought in 1809, Auchengray[8] and partly in Edinburgh at 10 Duke Street [9] (later renamed Dublin Street). Like his brother James, he took part in many of the religious controversies of the time, mainly through correspondence in the newspapers.[2] Robert's later writing included a number of pamphlets on the Apocrypha controversy,[10][11][12] as well as a treatise On the Inspiration of Scripture which was published in 1828 and a later Exposition of the Epistle to the Romans published in 1835, which has been translated into French and German.[2] Robert died on 12 December in 1842 in Edinburgh and was buried in Glasgow Cathedral.[1] Works by HaldaneEdit Address to the public: concerning political opinions, and plans lately adopted to promote religion in Scotland, 1800[13] Letters to Mr. Ewing, respecting the Tabernacle at Glasgow, 1809[6] Commentaire sur l'Épître aux Romains, 1819 Review of the conduct of the directors of the British and Foreign Bible Society, relative to the Apocrypha, 1825[10] Second review of the conduct of the directors of the British & Foreign Bible Society : containing an account of the religious state of the continent ; in answer to a letter addressed to the author, by the Rev. Dr. Steinkopff, 1826[11] Exposure of the Rev. Henry Grey's personal misrepresentations, doctrinal heresies, and important mis[s]tatements, respecting the Bible Society, as contained in the letters of Anglicanus, 1828 On the Inspiration of Scripture, 1828 The Books of the Old and New Testaments Proved to be Canonical, and their Verbal Inspiration Maintained and Established; with an Account of the Introduction and Character of the Apocrypha, 1830[12] Exposition of the Epistle to the Romans, 1835 The duty of paying tribute enforced ; in letters to the Rev. Dr John Brown, 1838 The Evidence and Authority of Divine Revelation, 1839 Sanctification of the Sabbath: The Permanent Obligation to Observe the Sabbath or Lord's Day, 1842 Exposition of the Epistle to the Romans : with remarks on the commentaries of Dr. Macknight, Professor Moses Stuart and Professor Tholuck, 1842 FamilyEdit Robert Haldane married Catherine Cochrane Oswald, daughter of George Oswald of Scotstoun, on 24 April 1785. They were married for 58 years and had one child, Margaret Haldane, during their marriage. Margaret married James Farquhar Gordon in 1805. Robert died on 12 December 1842(1842-12-12) (aged 78)[1], Catherine six months afterward. Margaret died on 29 September 1849. [8] Church and ministryEdit Along with his brother, James Haldane, Robert Haldane established 85 churches in Scotland and Ireland. Churches planted by the Haldanes practiced baptism by immersion, weekly communion, and congregational polity (autonomous government). The Haldanes also operated a seminary, and were influenced in their principles by other independent thinkers such as John Glas and Robert Sandeman. ^ a b c d e Haldane, Alexander (1852). Lives of Robert Haldane of Airthrey and of his brother, James Alexander Haldane. University of Stirling: Hamilton, Adams. ^ a b c d e f g h i 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol. 12. 1911. ^ "Airthrey Castle". ^ a b c d Anderson, Iain (1 May 2003). "The History of Airthrey Castle and Estate". SCRAN. ^ a b c d e f g Williams, Paul (February 2014). "Robert Haldane (1764-1842)". Evangelical Times. ^ a b Handle, Robert (1809). Letters to Mr. Ewing, respecting the Tabernacle at Glasgow. University of Stirling Archives: J. Ritchie. ^ "Social History of Plean Estate". Plean Country Park. 11 April 2018. ^ a b "thePeerage.com - Person Page 31097". Retrieved 1 November 2010. ^ Edinburgh and Leith Post Office Directory 1830-31 ^ a b Haldane, Robert (1825). Review of the conduct of the directors of the British and Foreign Bible Society, relative to the Apocrypha. Leighton Library: William Oliphant. ^ a b Haldane, Robert (1826). Second review of the conduct of the directors of the British & Foreign Bible Society : containing an account of the religious state of the continent ; in answer to a letter addressed to the author, by the Rev. Dr. Steinkopff. Leighton Library. ^ a b Haldane, Robert (1830). The Books of the Old and New Testaments Proved to be Canonical, and their Verbal Inspiration Maintained and Established; with an Account of the Introduction and Character of the Apocrypha. University of Stirling Archives: William Whyte. ^ Haldane, Robert (1800). Address to the public: concerning political opinions, and plans lately adopted to promote religion in Scotland. University of Stirling Archives: J. Ritchie. Gazetteer for Scotland - Robert Haldane Scottish Preachers Hall of Fame - Robert Haldane Brackney, William H. A Genetic History of Baptist Thought: With Special Reference to Baptists in Britain and North America. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2004. 134-135, 136-138. Commentary on the book of Romans: EXPOSITION OF THE EPISTLE TO THE ROMANS 1817[1] This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Haldane, Robert". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Spark of Grace - A book about the "Haldane Revival" in France, by Joe Ridholls The Haldane Collection at the University of Stirling "Haldane, Robert" . The Nuttall Encyclopædia. 1907. "Haldane. I. Robert" . The American Cyclopædia. 1879. ^ D. M. LLOYD-JONES March 1958 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Haldane&oldid=904670159"	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2425
__label__wiki	0.96243	0.96243	Screamfeeder Screamfeeder is an Australian indie guitar pop group formed in Brisbane in 1991 with Tony Blades on drums, Kellie Lloyd on bass guitar and vocals and Tim Steward on guitar and vocals. In 1995 Dean Shwereb replaced Blades on the drums. Darek Mudge joined on lead guitar from 2001 to 2005, and rejoined in 2014. Screamfeeder have released seven studio albums, Flour (June 1992), Burn Out Your Name (August 1993), Fill Yourself With Music (1995), Kitten Licks (1996), Rocks on the Soul (2000), Take You Apart (2003) and Pop Guilt (2017). Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Australian rock indie guitar pop 1991 (1991)–present Hypnotized/Shock Rhythm Ace Four Four (ABC) The Madmen THE WHATS WE ALL WANT TO screamfeeder.com Tim Steward Kellie Lloyd Dean Shwereb Darek Mudge Tony Blades Mike Squire Steph Hughes In August 1991 Screamfeeder were formed as an indie guitar pop group in Brisbane by Tony Blades on drums and vocals, Kellie Lloyd on bass guitar and vocals and Tim Steward on guitar and vocals.[1] Blades and Steward had been members of the Madmen, which they formed in 1988 in Townsville with Bruce Gardner on guitar and vocals and Jeff Johnson on bass guitar.[1] In 1989 Cam Hurst replaced Johnson on bass guitar and Gardner left. They released three singles and an extended play, Thunder Egg (1990), on their own label, Stone Groove.[1][2] The Madmen toured Queensland numerous times, before relocating to Brisbane in 1989. When Hurst was replaced by Lloyd the trio became Screamfeeder.[1] Lloyd had previously made a filmclip for The Madmen, Tower.[citation needed]. Screamfeeder signed with Sydney-based label, Survival Records, and issued their debut studio album, Flour, in June 1992.[3] One track, "Walking Through the Village", had been recorded back in June 1990 by the Madmen, with Hurst on bass guitar, at Pyramid Studios and was co-produced by Steward and Murray Nash.[4] The other tracks were recorded between November 1991 and the following January at Vibrafeel Studios with Mick Borkowski as producer, audio engineer and mastering engineer.[4] The Canberra Times' correspondent opined, in January 1993, that Flour "captured the raw sound of Screamfeeder while displaying the inherent depth, feeling and power within the music. Influences within Screamfeeder range from Swervedriver to Hüsker Dü to Bitch Magnet and beyond. The songs on the album forge a path of intense feeling, crossing the ground from sublime melodies to sonic punishment."[2] Flour was remastered and re-released in 2014 by Melbourne-based, Poison City Records.[4] Their second album, Burn Out Your Name, appeared in August 1993.[1] It provided the single, "Fingers and Toes", in the same month.[1] Pemberton Roach of AllMusic described their sound "it's pretty clear from the album's first song that the group has put in some serious hours listening to Hüsker Dü records. From the ringing distorto guitar to the throat-slashing, top-of-the-range Bob Mould-esque vocals, Screamfeeder has the Minnepolis [sic] trio's sound down better than anyone this side of Overwhelming Colorfast."[5] In 1995, Dean Shwereb replaced Tony Blades on the drums, and the band toured to promote Fill Yourself With Music and wrote and recorded Kitten Licks.[1] In 2007 Steph Hughes briefly filled-in for Dean Shwereb on drums. Mike Squire played harmonica on Fill Yourself With Music and lead guitar in 1999 and 2000. Darek Mudge played lead guitar from 2001 - 2005 and intermittently from then on. Live members have also included Doug Arnott. Screamfeeder toured Europe with Screaming Tribesmen and The Chevelles in 1993, performed at the Big Day Out in 1994, 1997, 1998 and 1999 and have supported acts such as Rollins Band, Sonic Youth, Ride and Pavement.[1] During the 1990s, indie and grunge rock increased in popularity throughout the world and Screamfeeder was part of the rise of independent Australian rock. The musical style and influences on each Screamfeeder album are distinct, from retro pop-rock, low-fi indie, to guitar-driven alternative. DiscographyEdit AlbumsEdit Flour (June 1992) Burn Out Your Name (August 1993) Fill Yourself with Music (1995) Kitten Licks (1996) Rocks on the Soul (2000) Take You Apart (2003) Pop Guilt (2017) CompilationsEdit Seven Year Glitch (1996) A collection of live recordings, rarities, non-album tracks and pre-Screamfeeder songs. Introducing: Screamfeeder (2004) A collection of singles and almost singles. Cargo Embargo (B Sides & More) (2011) - digital release only, A collection of all the band's b sides and selected songs which appeared on non-Australian versions of albums. Live ReleasesEdit Live at The Zoo, Brisbane, March 2013 Live at Woodland, December 2011 Great Northern Hotel, Byron Bay, 13/1/98 The Corner, Melbourne, 9/1/98 Tim & Kellie Live in the Library, Singapore Tim and Kellie Live at The Zoo, 2001 Tim Plays Solo 2002 EPsEdit Felicitator (1994) Closing Alaska (1997) Home Age (1999) Delusions of Grandchildren (2005) Fingers and Toes (August 1993) Who's Counting?/Sweet Little Oranges (1995) Dart (1996) Static (1996) Triple Hook (1998) Hi Cs (1998) Above The Dove (2000) Stopless (2000) Mr Tuba (2001) Ice Patrol (2003) I Don't Know What To Do Any More (2003) Alone In A Crowd (2015) All Over It Again (2016) Karen Trust Me (2016) Other appearancesEdit The Screamfeeder track "Hi Cs" was on the Happenin' Chick Fanzine Issue #3 compilation CD in 1998. The song "Hole of Blood" was on the Crack In The Sun Or Fade In The Shade compilation CD in 1992. Recovery (ABC TV) 1998 - Screamfeeder performed 2 songs, Hi Cs and Triple Hook. Other Recovery performances included: Static, Gravity, and a stint as the house band. Screamfeeder guest programmed the ABC's music video all-nighter RAGE whilst on tour on Aug 9th 1997. The song "Snail Trail" was featured in Quarantine, a cyberpunk game produced by GameTek, Inc. in 1994. The song "Wrote You Off" from the Burn Out Your Name album was featured in "The Kuepper File - Australian and Loud" in 1995. Survival Tour EP (1993), featured Terminal, also included recordings by Screaming Tribesmen, The Chevelles, Lung, Front End Loader and Hoss. ^ a b c d e f g h McFarlane, Ian (1999). "Encyclopedia entry for 'Screamfeeder'". Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop. St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-072-1. Archived from the original on 28 August 2004. ^ a b "Brisbane Madmen on a Screamfeeding Diet". The Canberra Times. 67 (21, 100). 21 January 1993. p. 15. Retrieved 21 June 2017 – via National Library of Australia. ^ Screamfeeder (2014), Flour, Survival Records, retrieved 22 June 2017, Performer: Screamfeeder: Tim Steward, guitar, vocals – Kellie Lloyd, bass, vocals – Tony Blades, drums, vocals. Notes: Words included on sleeve insert. Originally released in June 1992 on Survival Records in Brisbane. ^ a b c Flour (liner notes). Screamfeeder. Melbourne, Vic: Poison City Records. 2014. PCR083. CS1 maint: others (link) ^ Roach, Pemberton. "Burn Out Your Name – Screamfeeder \| Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 22 June 2017. Screamfeeder YouTube Channel Screamfeeder Facebook Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Screamfeeder&oldid=900243366"	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2426
__label__wiki	0.765556	0.765556	Trial of George Zimmerman (Redirected from State of Florida vs. George Zimmerman) State of Florida v. George Zimmerman was a criminal prosecution of George Zimmerman on the charge of second-degree murder stemming from the shooting of Trayvon Martin on February 26, 2012.[Note 1] Florida v. Zimmerman Case Number 592012CF001083A 18th Judicial Circuit in and for Seminole County, Florida Full case name State of Florida v. George Zimmerman July 13, 2013 (2013-07-13) Not guilty on all counts Court membership Judge sitting Debra Nelson Case opinions Decision by Jury Verdict: Not guilty On April 11, 2012, George Zimmerman was charged with second-degree murder in the shooting death of 17-year-old Trayvon Martin. In support of the charges, the State filed an affidavit of probable cause, stating that Zimmerman profiled and confronted Martin and shot him to death while Martin was committing no crimes.[1] Florida State Attorney Angela Corey announced the charges against Zimmerman during a televised press conference and reported that Zimmerman was in custody after turning himself in to law enforcement.[2][3] Zimmerman was injured during the encounter and said he shot Martin in self-defense.[4] After sixteen hours of deliberations over the course of two days, on July 13, 2013, the six-person jury rendered a not guilty verdict on all counts.[5][6] Prosecution attorneysEdit State Attorney Angela Corey On March 22, 2012, Florida Governor Rick Scott announced his appointment of Angela Corey as the Special Prosecutor in the Martin investigation.[7] She is the State Attorney for Duval, Clay and Nassau counties.[8] When Corey took the case, she chose Bernie de la Rionda as lead prosecutor. De la Rionda was an Assistant State Attorney in Corey's office and had been a prosecutor for 29 years.[9][10] Prosecutors John Guy and Richard Mantei assisted, with Guy making the opening statement. The prosecutor initially responsible for the case was Norm Wolfinger, a State Attorney whose jurisdiction included Seminole County where the shooting occurred on February 26, 2012.[11][12] On March 22, 2012, he requested to be removed from the case to help "tone down the rhetoric" for the public good.[13] Defense attorneysEdit On April 11, 2012, Mark M. O'Mara announced that he was the attorney representing Zimmerman. O'Mara is president of the Seminole County Bar Association, is a legal commentator for WKMG news, and had previously tried cases that involved the Stand-your-ground law.[14] When he took the case, O'Mara said that Zimmerman had no money and that the state may help pay the costs. When reporters asked why he took the case, O'Mara said, "That's what I do."[15] On May 31, 2012, Orlando attorney Don West left his job as a federal public defender to join the defense team led by O'Mara. West specialized in murder cases and had been a board certified criminal trial specialist for 25 years. He and O'Mara had been friends for a long time.[16] In September 2013, O'Mara announced he had signed on to be a legal analyst for CNN.[17] JudgesEdit Judge Debra S. Nelson of the 18th Circuit Court of Florida was the fourth judge to preside over the case. Nelson had been a judge for thirteen years, much of it handling criminal matters. Before becoming a judge she had worked in civil litigation.[18] Nelson succeeded Judge Kenneth Lester on August 30, 2012, after a Florida appeals court ruled that remarks he made about Zimmerman could make a reasonable person believe Lester was biased against Zimmerman.[19] Lester had taken over the case in April 2012, after Judge Jessica Recksiedler recused herself due to a potential conflict of interest involving her husband's work.[20] Pre-trialEdit At a pretrial hearing on April 12, Judge Mark Herr ruled that the affidavit was legally sufficient to establish probable cause. Court documents, including witness statements and other information, were sealed at the request of the defense team,[21][22] and Zimmerman's arraignment was scheduled for May 29.[21] Zimmerman took the witness stand at a bail hearing on April 20 and told the parents of Martin he was "sorry for the loss of your son".[23] Zimmerman was released on a $150,000 bond and was fitted with an electronic monitoring device for monitoring his whereabouts in real-time.[24] Zimmerman's attorney waived Zimmerman's right to appear at the arraignment and entered a not guilty plea on his behalf.[24] Zimmerman's bond revocation In June 2012, Judge Lester revoked Zimmerman's bond and sent him back to jail after the prosecution alleged that Zimmerman and his wife had misled the court about their finances at an earlier bond hearing.[25] Zimmerman's wife had testified at the hearing that they had very little money, and neither she nor Zimmerman revealed to the court that he had received $135,000 in donations.[26] The prosecution alleged that recordings of telephone conversations Zimmerman had had with his wife from jail showed that they had been speaking using a code about their finances, with repeated mentions of "Peter Pan" in apparent reference to a PayPal account.[27] The judge charged Zimmerman's wife with perjury,[28] and at a second bond hearing for Zimmerman held the following month, re-released Zimmerman with the new bond set at $1 million.[29][30] Removal of Judge Lester & assignment of Judge Nelson Zimmerman's attorney, Mark O'Mara, filed a motion to disqualify Judge Lester, alleging that Lester had made disparaging and gratuitous remarks about his client in the July 2012 bond order. O'Mara said the judge's statement that he believed Zimmerman had misled the court at his first hearing was an indication of bias against Zimmerman and would impact Zimmerman's ability to get a fair trial.[31][32] The state criticized the motion for citing "facts that are inaccurate, misleading and/or incomplete".[33] When Judge Lester refused to recuse himself and ruled that the defense's motion was legally insufficient,[34] the defense appealed.[35] On August 29, 2012, the Fifth District Court of Appeal granted the petition for a new judge for the trial. Circuit Judge Debra Nelson was assigned to the case.[36] Defense plans for pretrial immunity hearing Under Florida law, the use of deadly force against an attacker is permissible in certain situations.[37] The adoption of the Stand Your Ground law in 2005 modified the self-defense law so that a person who reasonably believes he or she must use deadly force to prevent serious injury to him- or herself may lawfully do so without first attempting to retreat from an attacker; prosecution for using deadly force in such situations is prohibited.[38] A defendant in a homicide case who claims to have acted in self-defense may petition the court to grant the defendant immunity from prosecution under these provisions of the law.[39] Legal experts say that in a pretrial immunity hearing, the burden of proof is on the defendant to show from "a preponderance of the evidence" that he or she acted lawfully, whereas in a trial by jury the burden of proof is on the prosecution, who must show "beyond a reasonable doubt" (a much higher standard than required for establishing "a preponderance of the evidence") that the defendant acted unlawfully.[40][41] On August 9, 2012, Zimmerman's attorney, Mark O'Mara, announced that the defense team was planning to present their case to the judge at an immunity hearing before going to trial in order to request that the case be dismissed under the protection from prosecution provided for by the state's Stand Your Ground law.[42][43] However, at a press conference held the following week, O'Mara said that "the facts don't seem to support a 'stand your ground' defense". He said that rather than seeking to have the charges dropped based on Stand Your Ground-law immunity, the defense team would ask at the pretrial hearing that the case be dismissed on the basis of immunity from prosecution provided for in traditional self-defense cases.[44][45] In April 2013, on the advice of his attorneys, Zimmerman waived his right to a pretrial immunity hearing, and the court began preparations for the case to be tried by a jury.[41] O'Mara would later say, after the trial had concluded, that he had not relied during the trial on the Stand Your Ground provision of the law because Zimmerman had not had an option of retreating.[46] O'Mara would also say that he ultimately had not sought a pretrial immunity hearing because his case for defense would have been revealed during the hearing to the prosecution, which would have put the defense team at a disadvantage had the immunity request been denied and the case proceeded to trial.[46] Defense evidence discovery requests On October 19, Judge Nelson granted the defense's request for access to Martin's school records, cell phone records, and social media (such as Facebook and Twitter) posts. In her ruling, Nelson said that Zimmerman's attorneys needed to know whether Martin's school records and social media postings revealed any evidence that he had had violent tendencies.[47][48] Martin's parents said the defense's request for school records and social media was a "fishing expedition" aimed at attacking their son and an attempt to assassinate his character.[49] She also ruled that Zimmerman's medical records be provided to prosecutors. Nelson said she would review the medical records and decide whether anything should be withheld.[49] The defense additionally requested from ABC News and reporter Matt Gutman all recordings, notes and correspondence related to Witness Number 8, Trayvon Martin's friend who said she was speaking with Martin by phone just before he was shot. O'Mara's motion stated the call lasted more than 26 minutes and the recording they received from the authorities was only 12 minutes, 44 seconds long.[50][51] Discovery evidenceEdit In May 2012, the defense received the first round of discovery evidence: 67 compact discs, a list of witnesses that included 50 possible law enforcement officers, 28 officers from the Sanford Police Department, 28 civilian witnesses, members of Martin's family, two of Zimmerman's friends and his father, Robert Zimmerman. Also listed as potential prosecution witnesses were technicians in biological and DNA evidence, trace evidence, gunshot residue, fingerprints and firearms, two FBI agents, and two audio technicians who analyzed the emergency calls made during the confrontation to determine who was heard screaming in the background.[52][53][54][55][Note 2] Additional evidence released were audio and video recordings, photos, witness statements, forensic findings, Martin's autopsy report, evidence taken from Zimmerman after the shooting – his weapon, bullets, clothes, a DNA sample, medical records and his cell phone data.[52][53] In June 2012, the prosecution released recordings of two 911 calls placed by Martin's father the morning after the shooting. In the calls, Mr. Martin expressed worry that his son had not returned home, and inquired about filing a missing person report.[57] Additional discovery released was a report containing the results of Zimmerman's voice stress test,[58] and Zimmerman's account of the events and written statements.[59] The defense also released audio and video recordings of Zimmerman's police interviews and re-enactment following the shooting.[60] In July 2012, evidence released included: FBI interviews with people involved in the case, including Sanford police officers, family, friends and associates of Zimmerman. Also released were photos of Martin's bloodied sweatshirt and hoodie with a single bullet hole and several phone calls made by Zimmerman to Sanford police to report suspicious activity in the six months leading up to his encounter with Martin.[61] In August 2012, the State's 6th Supplemental Discovery, included 76 pages containing the audio statement from witness 31, three photos taken by witness 13 at the scene showing the back of Zimmerman's head, a flashlight on the ground, the FDLE report with analyst's notes, emails from the Sanford Police Department, copies of Tracy Martin's 911 call reporting his son missing and Zimmerman's Seminole County Sheriff's Office Academy application.[62] In September 2012, the DNA report on the gun used in the shooting was released with only Zimmerman's DNA being found on the gun, no trace of Martin's.[63][64][Note 3] On December 3, 2012, defense attorney Mark O'Mara stated that he was "frustrated" that in the original discovery, a grainy black-and-white photo of Zimmerman had been substituted for the original color photo of Zimmerman's bloody nose. Criminal attorney David Wohl said the submission of the copy "borders on prosecutorial misconduct".[65] On July 11, 2013, Special Prosecutor Angela Corey fired Ben Kruidbos,[66][67] the information technology director for the State Attorney's office, for alleged misconduct and violations of "numerous state attorney's office policies and procedures." Kruidbos had alleged in a pre-trial hearing that the prosecutors had failed to provide full discovery to Zimmerman's defense team as required by law.[68][69] Jury selectionEdit On May 28, 2013, Judge Nelson denied a defense motion to delay the trial for six weeks.[70][71] She also declined the prosecution's request to implement a gag order to keep the lawyers from discussing the details of the case in the media.[70] On June 10, jury selection began with 100 prospective jurors filling out questionnaires. 500 people received summonses, and the process for picking a jury was expected to take two weeks.[72] At the request of the defense, the judge agreed to establish an anonymous jury, where the identity of the jury would be revealed to the prosecution and defense, but not released to the public or media.[73] In the motion for the request, the defense said that "[jurors] may be subject to rebuke and possible retribution, should the verdict not comport with certain factions' desires in this matter."[74] In Florida, juries consist of six people; 12 jurors are required only for criminal trials involving capital cases, where the death penalty is applicable. Zimmerman's jury consisted of six members and four alternatives.[75][76] The population of Seminole County is 10 percent African American, a percentage which may differ from the statistics of the 500-member pool of potential jurors.[77][78] During the fourth day of jury selection, Judge Nelson announced that the jury would be sequestered during the trial, which was expected to take two to four weeks.[79][80] On June 18, 2013, forty potential jurors made it past the initial screening process: 16 men and 24 women.[81][82] The defense struck one potential juror, a female African American, as a "stealth juror" for failing to disclose that her pastor had advocated strongly on behalf of Trayvon Martin. The state attempted to strike one woman whose husband owns guns, and who said she may have difficulty sending someone to prison. They also attempted to strike a woman who asked why Martin was out at night. The judge denied the strikes and both women were part of the six person jury.[83] The prosecution struck one potential juror who was black, a gun-owner who stated he watched Fox News.[84] This particular prospective juror had been a defense favorite.[85] On June 20, jury selection was completed. Six jurors and four alternates were selected. All six of the jurors were female, two of the alternate jurors were male and two female. Five of the jurors were white, one was of mixed black and Mestizo ancestry. All of the alternates were white, and of those, one of the male alternates was said to have been white Hispanic.[86] The jury was sworn in, and all remaining potential jurors were dismissed. Admissibility of evidenceEdit Judge Nelson ruled that Martin's school records, history of marijuana use, fights, and photos and text from the teen's phone should not be mentioned during the trial. The judge did say that she might change her mind during the trial if the subjects become relevant.[87] Zimmerman's attorneys had requested a Frye hearing regarding the admissibility of the testimony of the audio analysts, to determine if the methods used by them are generally accepted by the scientific community.[88][89] At the time of the hearing, Florida used the Frye standard, but during the course of the case, Florida switched to the Daubert standard, effective July 1, 2013.[90] The Daubert standard is a more modern standard that considers several factors (not just general acceptance in the scientific community) in determining admissibility of expert testimony.[91] On June 22, Judge Nelson ruled that the audio experts would not be allowed to testify at Zimmerman's trial. The prosecution wanted to use voice experts that had been hired by lawyers and news organizations to analyze the 911 calls recorded during the confrontation to determine whether it was Martin or Zimmerman yelling for help. The experts arrived at mixed conclusions. The judge said in her ruling that, "There is no evidence to establish that their scientific techniques have been tested and found reliable." Her ruling didn't prevent the 911 calls from being played at trial.[92][93] On July 8, Judge Nelson ruled that the defense could tell the jury that Martin had a small amount of marijuana in his system at the time of his death. Assistant State Attorney John Guy argued that it was a backdoor attack on Martin's character, while defense attorney Don West argued that an expert will tell the jury that the amount was enough to create "some level of impairment".[94] Although admissible, the defense ultimately did not present this information to the jury, and it was not put into evidence. Opening statementsEdit The prosecution made a thirty-minute opening statement. Prosecutor John Guy began by quoting remarks made by Zimmerman during the non-emergency call: "Fucking punks, these assholes always get away." The prosecution's statement focused on the lack of evidence of bodily harm to both Zimmerman and Martin, and portrayed Zimmerman as a liar who would be contradicted by witnesses and evidence. Guy also compared Zimmerman's and Martin's physical size, and commented on how small Martin was.[95] The prosecution said Zimmerman was a "wannabe cop" who had trained in martial arts, that he was looking for "people who didn't belong," and that he profiled Martin as "someone about to commit a crime in his neighborhood."[96] Don West made a lengthy opening statement for the defense, beginning with a knock-knock joke about jury selection.[97] West stated that "there are no monsters" in the case, but that Zimmerman shot Martin "after being viciously attacked." West stated that Zimmerman was "sucker punched in the face, and had his head hammered against the ground." West played Zimmerman's non-emergency phone call twice, and used several visual aids to show jurors the location of various events in the case and to outline a timeline of the phone calls and events. West asserted that Martin had plenty of time to go home during the phone calls, but decided to confront Zimmerman. West attempted to reconstruct the shooting, using witness statements, crime scene photographs, and a discussion of Zimmerman's injuries that used photos. West then described Zimmerman's actions after the incident, and summarized witness and police statements and observations about Zimmerman's appearance and behavior. After the recess, West continued, pointing out that the gunshot was at contact range for Martin's sweatshirt, but several inches away from Martin's body, and said this proved that Martin was on top at the moment of the shot, with his shirt hanging down.[98] Prosecution's caseEdit Prosecution's witnesses' testimonyEdit Chad Joseph, the 15-year-old son of Tracy Martin's girlfriend, was called by the state as the first witness and testified that he asked Martin to buy him Skittles. He did not go with Martin, because he was playing a PS3 game.[99][100] Next, testimony came from Andrew Gaugh, who was the 7-Eleven clerk that sold Martin snacks. He said that Martin paid with cash, and he did not see anything suspicious about Martin's behavior.[100][101] Ramona Rumph, from the Sheriff's communications office, testified regarding how time stamps are applied in 911 calls. Rumph testified that 911 calls are initially coded as "routine" but can be upgraded, and that multiple calls can be linked together. Rumph testified as to the times of the various witness 911 calls. She testified about details of Zimmerman's prior 911 and non-emergency calls. The state then played several of his previous 911 and non-emergency calls for the jury. After the calls were played on cross-examination O'Mara asked Rumph about the results of these calls, and she testified that some had resulted in contacts with suspects. She could not comment on if the number of calls Zimmerman made was unusual.[102][103][104] Donald O'Brien, the HOA president, testified that Zimmerman and the neighborhood watch were not affiliated with the HOA. O'Brien said he felt that Zimmerman was the coordinator of the program because Zimmerman had taken the initiative to get the program started, and that the watch program had instructed participants not to follow suspects but call 911. He said he did not feel that the neighborhood needed a watch program. On cross-examination, he testified that the police did not do regular patrols of the area due to the lack of a written agreement between the HOA and the police department. O'Brian testified that construction workers in the neighborhood had followed a burglary suspect in the past, resulting in an arrest, and that he had sent out a congratulatory email. During several rounds of redirects he said "do not follow", as well as "follow at a safe distance".[105][106][107] Raymond MacDonald, an executive from T-Mobile, testified as to how cell phone records for calls and text-messages are collected and stored. MacDonald testified that billing records round the length of call up to the next highest minute, but that other records break calls to the second. MacDonald testified that on Martin's phone records, after a disconnected call at 7:26, all future incoming calls listed on the page went to voicemail. The records that break to the second are only available for six months, so some records for the trial will be rounded up to the minute.[108][109] Greg McKinney, who works for the company that runs the Retreat's security cameras, testified as to why the cameras near the front gate were not working at the time of the incident, and that security camera clocks are off by as much as 18 minutes.[99][110] Police and investigator testimonyEdit Sean Noffke, the dispatcher who was on the phone during Zimmerman's non-emergency call, testified regarding his own statements at that time. Noffke said that when he told Zimmerman "We don't need you to do that," he was making a suggestion, not giving an order. He said that dispatchers do not give orders because of liability issues. During cross-examination, Noffke testified that Zimmerman did not seem angry during the call, and that he wanted the police to come to his location. Noffke also testified that he asked Zimmerman which way Martin was going, and that his question could be interpreted as a request to go and see which way he was going. He clarified his statement that dispatchers do not give orders, but suggestions for the safety of the caller. He testified that Zimmerman's swearing and comments about Martin did not raise any particular concern, but under redirect said that Zimmerman's language could be interpreted as "hostile." The defense then asked if Noffke actually heard hostility, and he said "no". The defense asked about the statements regarding Martin's race and appearance, and Noffke testified that all of the discussion was for the purpose of identification of the suspect, and did not seem unusual.[100][111] Wendy Dorival was the Sanford police neighborhood watch coordinator that helped to form the "Retreat at Twin Lakes" neighborhood watch program. Dorival testified as to various roles and duties that volunteers have within the neighborhood watch program, and that watch participants are instructed not to follow or confront suspects, but only to call the police to report suspicious activity. She said that Zimmerman called to organize a watch program, and about 25 residents attended the meeting. Because Zimmerman told her he was selected as the coordinator by the HOA, she gave Zimmerman the watch coordinator handbook, which instructed watch participants not to confront suspects and that the watch is "not the vigilante police". On cross-examination, she testified that the community was worried about recent burglaries, and that the community was not walled-in, so non-residents could enter and exit other than at the gates. Dorival testified that she attempted to recruit Zimmerman as a "Citizen on Patrol", but that he refused. She testified that she did not give any instructions about watch participants not being allowed to carry a gun as watch members. She testified that people should err on the side of caution and make calls to police if they think something might be suspicious, and categorized "walking in the rain without a purpose" as something that could be suspicious.[106][112][113] Anthony Raimondo, a Sergeant with the Sanford police, was a responding officer to Zimmerman's non-emergency call and the shooting of Martin. He testified that it was raining at the time, and the lighting at the scene was very poor, and that when he arrived other officers were already on the scene. He saw Martin face down with his hands underneath him. He was unable to find a pulse, attempted CPR, but Martin was declared dead. He then placed a plastic sheet over Martin's body out of respect, and to preserve evidence from the rain.[114][115] Diana Smith, the crime scene technician for the shooting (and wife of Tim Smith, the first officer on the scene) testified regarding the scene. Using photos and computer reconstructions of the scene, she pointed out locations of all the objects in the scene, as well as described photographs of Martin's body. She further testified to the process she used to gather DNA evidence, and photographs she took of Zimmerman at the station. On cross-examination, West asked her the methods she used to look for blood on the scene, and the timing of the collection of evidence. She testified that items are swabbed for touch DNA, but that the item itself is not directly tested. She said that someone could touch an item, but not leave sufficient cells for analysis, or those cells could be removed by later people touches. West then asked Smith to identify injuries to Zimmerman she saw the night of the shooting, visible in the photographs she had taken several hours after the incident. On redirect, Guy clarified she had assistance looking for blood at the scene, and that she did not see any blood at the scene, and was not notified of blood by any of those that assisted her.[116] Sanford Police Department Officer Ricardo Ayala was dispatched to the scene on a suspicious persons call, that was later upgraded to "shots fired". Ayala testified that it was very dark and raining when he arrived, and Officer Smith (husband of Diana Smith who was the crime scene technician) was holding Zimmerman at gunpoint at that time. Ayala then approached Martin, and he believes he was the first officer to do so. Ayala did not know if Martin was alive or not, and as Martin's hands were beneath his face-down body, he told him to "show me your hands". Ayala did not see any sounds, words, or motions from Martin. Ayala and Officer Raimando attempted to perform CPR on Martin, and moved his body in doing so. In cross-examination Ayala testified that holding Zimmerman was standard procedure in a "shots fired" call, and was not an indication of any risk from Zimmerman at that time. Ayala testified that Zimmerman was not confrontational, and complied with all officer requests.[117][118][119] Stacy Livingston is an EMT and firefighter with the Sanford Fire Department. Livingston testified that Martin was unresponsive and had no pulse when she arrived on the scene. Livingston said Martin was pronounced dead at 7:30 p.m. the night of the shooting. Livingston also testified that she treated Zimmerman at the scene, who had a swollen, bleeding nose and two cuts on the back of his head. When O'Mara asked if Zimmerman should have been concerned with his medical well-being because of his injuries, Livingston said, "Possibly." [120][121] Sanford Police Department Officer Timothy Smith was the first officer on the scene. Smith testified that when he saw Zimmerman after the shooting, his backside was wet and had grass blades on it. He also saw several injuries on Zimmerman, which included contusions, lacerations, and a bloody nose. Smith said that after Zimmerman had his gun taken away and was handcuffed, he told Smith that "he was yelling for help and nobody would come help him." Smith also testified that Zimmerman said he was "lightheaded" during the drive to the police station but declined to go to a hospital.[120][121] Sanford Police Department Officer Doris Singleton, assisted with the investigation of the incident and conducted interviews with Zimmerman at the police department on the night of the shooting. Singleton recorded her interview with Zimmerman, after reading Zimmerman his Miranda rights. Singleton testified that during her interview with Zimmerman, he told her that his neighborhood was dealing with an increase in burglaries, and he started a neighborhood watch program. He told her that he had previously called the police before on suspicious people, but often they weren't stopped. Zimmerman told Singleton that while in his car, he saw Martin walking in the neighborhood in the rain. Zimmerman said he called police and pulled over before Martin started circling his car and then walked off. Zimmerman also told Singleton that he got out of his car to find a street sign and to see where Martin was going. Zimmerman said in the interview that he was walking back to his car when Martin jumped out from the bushes and said to him, "What the fuck is your problem, homie?" Zimmerman said he got his cell phone out to call 911, and he told Martin, "I don't have a problem." Martin then said to him, "No, now you have a problem." Singleton testified that Zimmerman told her that Martin then punched him and was banging his head into the concrete. Zimmerman also said that within seconds, Martin's hand was moving down his body toward his gun, and fearing for his life, he shot Martin. Singleton testified that during her interview with him, Zimmerman didn't appear angry or spiteful to Martin.[122][123][124] Sanford Police Department Christopher Serino was the lead investigator for the incident. Recordings of Serino's interviews with Zimmerman were played for the Jury as well as the reenactment that Zimmerman performed with Serino. On direct examination, Serino testified that Zimmerman said Martin came out and punched him and told him he was going to kill him. Serino said there was evidence to suggest that Zimmerman was still following Martin after the non-emergency dispatcher suggested that he not do so. Serino said red flags were raised for him when Zimmerman didn't know the names of the streets in his neighborhood, because there are only three. Serino testified that he felt Zimmerman exaggerated the number of times he was hit that night but said he didn't feel any "active deception" on Zimmerman's part when he said he got out of his vehicle to follow Martin to see what street he was on. Serino also testified that no major discrepancies came to his mind about the varying accounts given by Zimmerman at different times or with other witness accounts. Under cross examination Serino testified that Zimmerman did not seem "cagey" or to be sidestepping questions. When O'Mara asked Serino if he thought Zimmerman was telling the truth, Serino said yes. Judge Nelson ruled that the answer given to O'Mara's question, was an improper statement made by the witness about Zimmerman's credibility, and the jurors were to dismiss Serino's testimony in regards to the question and his answer. On re-direct, the prosecutor asked Serino, "If I were to believe that somebody was committing a crime, could that not be profiling that person?" Serino said it could be construed as such, yes. De La Rionda also asked Serino if there was any evidence that Martin was committing a crime that evening or any evidence that Martin was armed. Serino answered no. The prosecutor also questioned Serino about the language Zimmerman used in his call to police when Zimmerman said, "these fucking punks always get away." De La Rionda asked, "Is that something you would use in reference to somebody that you're going to invite over to dinner?" Serino, said "No, sir, I would not." He also asked him if he thought it was a friendly comment. Serino again answered, "No, sir, it does not." Serino also testified that calling someone "fucking punks" is ill will and spite.[124][125][126] Expert witness testimonyEdit Dr. Shiping Bao, the associate medical examiner who performed the autopsy on Martin testified that he didn't die immediately and that his heart was still beating after being shot. Bao said Martin was shot from intermediate range, which he defined as being between 0.4 inches to 4 feet and said the muzzle had loose contact with Martin's clothing. Bao also testified that he didn't believe that Martin could have moved after being shot. Dr. Bao stated that Martin was 5 feet 11 inches and 158 pounds when he died, was healthy at the time of the shooting and had a small abrasion on his fourth and fifth left finger. Bao also said that the knees of Martin's pants were stained.[127][128] Dr. Valerie Rao, a medical examiner who reviewed video and photographs of Zimmerman's injuries, testified that she thought Zimmerman's wounds were "insignificant" and "non-life threatening." She said that Zimmerman's head may have only hit the concrete a single time and the injuries were so minor that they were not consistent with grave force.[129][130] Anthony Gorgone, a crime lab analyst with the Florida Department of Law Enforcement, testified that he found no traces of Zimmerman's DNA in scrapings taken from Martin's fingernails. Gorgone said he did find both Zimmerman's and Martin's DNA on the gray sweatshirt Martin was wearing, and both of their DNA was found on Zimmerman's jacket. Gorgone said Zimmerman's DNA was found on the grip of his gun, but that Martin's was not found.[131][132] Hirotaka Nakasone, a voice analysis expert was called by the state, after previously being called by the defense during the Frye hearing. Nakasone testified that the recordings of the screams on the 911 calls were of poor quality due to the distance from the phone, and compression introduced by the cell phone. He found 45 seconds of recording between the start of the screaming, until the gunshot. Of this approximately 19 seconds was actual screaming, of which 3.5 seconds were able to be isolated for analysis. He testified that it was not possible to do voice analysis on this data as it "is not fit for the purpose of voice comparison", which generally requires 30 seconds for analysis. He further testified that doing age estimation by listening or pitch analysis has a high margin of error. Nakasone testified that someone who is familiar with voices can recognize those voices and identify them more easily than someone who is unfamiliar with the voices. Nakasone testified that for these samples, someone who has heard a person in a variety of situations speaking, uttering, and screaming in a similar situation could be better able to recognize the speaker. On cross-examination, Nakasone testified that there can be significant listener bias which can impact the reliability of "familiar voice recognition", introduced by having multiple people attempting to identify a voice together. Nakasone testified that the same word repeated is generally unsuitable for analysis, because there is not a sufficient number of the phonemes which can be used to identify the voice. Nakasone said that the screams were made under "extreme duress" and in a "life-threatening situation", and that due to physiological changes during life-threatening screams, any analysis using such screaming is not possible. Nakasone also testified that using screams like this for age estimation would be "very very challenging" and that it would generally not be attempted.[133][134] Neighbors' testimonyEdit Selene Bahadoor was a resident of the Retreat at Twin Lakes, who works in IT for a hospital. She was at home with relatives and friends on the night of the shooting. She testified that she heard noises outside, moving from the south (left) towards the north (right) towards the top of the T (where two sidewalks met), and went to her window and did not see anything, but moved to her sliding glass door and saw "figures and arms flailing" and that two people appeared to be standing, but it was too dark to identify them or their clothes. She said she heard something that sounded like "No" and then went back to her kitchen to turn off the stove, heard a shot, and then returned to the sliding door. At that time she saw someone lying in the grass face down. She saw several neighbors also looking at the scene, and then the police, but did not go outside. Bahadoor testified that she had previously known Zimmerman as a neighborhood watch person. On cross-examination by O'Mara, Bahadoor testified that she discussed her testimony with the police and did not recall if she had said the noise moved from south to north during her initial interview with Chris Serino or FDLE. When presented with her transcripts from those interviews, the transcripts said only "running" but not the direction. She testified that she had mentioned the left to right (south to north) motion to her sister. She "liked" the Justice4Trayvon Facebook page and signed the Change.org petition, but said she has sympathy for both families. She reiterated that it was too dark to see which participant was which, or what positions they were in. On redirect, she said she had not been asked about the direction of movement previously, and had not come forward earlier because she did not want to be in the public eye. On re-cross, she said that she had done an interview for national television, but that it did not air.[106][135][136][137][138] Jayne Surdyka was a neighbor in the Retreat, who was in her upstairs bedroom at the time of the incident, and went to close her window due to the "pouring down rain", when she heard a loud "dominant" voice. She re-opened the window to see into the courtyard, and heard a voice that sounded "angry, very agitated" but that she could not hear words. She shut off her lights to reduce glare and see better, and saw two men on the ground one on top of the other. She heard a cry for help, that she thinks was made by "the boy", and then heard "pop, pop, pop". She saw one of the men get up, and hold his head while the other stayed on the ground face down. Surdyka's 911 call was then played. Surdyka's call to 911 911 call, February 26, 2012 On cross-examination, the defense asked about the cries for help that she heard, and she confirmed she heard only two cries; one for help, and then a "yelp" just before the gunshot. West asked her if she had heard the other 911 calls and cries for help previously. West asked her if "the loud voice could have been someone on a cell phone in the wind", and she replied "I guess". She clarified that there was five to ten minutes between the initial "loud voice" and the later argument and fight; she assumed they were the same voice. She said that during the argument, the "loud" voice initiated, and a "meek" voice replying. She commented that when the porch lights are off, it is "pitch black" in the yard, but that she could see well enough to see that the person on top was wearing a dark or black shirt or jacket. West asked her to reconcile Martin's chest wound, with her testimony that Zimmerman stood up from on top, with Martin underneath him, face down. West pressed her to admit that she assumed which voice was which, but she replied that she felt the aggressive voice was "a man's", and that the other voice was higher pitched and she felt that it was "a boy's".[139][140][141][142][143] Jeannee Manalo was with her family watching TV in the living room at the time of the incident, at her home in the Retreat. Manalo said she heard a "howling" sound, and looked out the sliding door, but was unable to see anything due to the darkness. Later, she heard a yelling that she thought was "help". She looked out and could not see anything, but heard struggling. After hearing "help", she returned to watching TV, and then only looked out again after hearing the gunshot. She then looked out again and saw two people on the grass, with a neighbor outside with them who was asking if he should call 911. Manalo testified that she did not notice the size at the time, but after seeing the news, she believes Zimmerman was on top. Manalo could not tell which person was screaming for help. After she heard the shot, she looked out again. Her husband went outside, and then returned to get a plastic Walmart bag to be used for CPR. On cross-examination, she said that noises seemed to move closer over the incident, moving from the top of the "T" slightly further south. West questioned Manalo about differences between her current recollections, and the statements she made during investigator interviews at the time. In her earlier statements, Manalo did not describe the sizes of the individuals, or compare them. West asked about seeing Zimmerman after the incident, and referred to a photo of his injuries, but Manalo replied that she did not get a good look at his face that night. West asked what photos she used to develop her understanding of the relative sizes of Martin and Zimmerman. She testified that she had seen full body photos of Zimmerman from the police station, and the "hoodie", "hollister", and "football" shots of Martin. She had not seen photos of Martin from the 7-Eleven surveillance video. She stated she did not look at photos of Zimmerman's injuries, including one taken by her husband, until later. Manolo testified that she may be wrong on the size comparison, and that "I don't know who's bigger now". She later testified that her opinion of the relative sizes of Martin and Zimmerman the night of the incident, was based on old photographs of Martin. After several rounds of questioning, she said her opinion of the sizes was based on the photographs, but that the person who was on top got up.[144] Jennifer Lauer works in real estate, and was living in the Retreat at Twin lakes at the time of the incident. Lauer testified that she was in her living room watching Celebrity Apprentice on the television with the volume up "pretty high". Lauer testified that she did not see anything, due to her blinds being closed, and that her statements were based on what she heard. She heard voices in her backyard, but was unable to make out any words or tell how many people were talking, but she assumed it was two people due to the pattern. She said the sounds were coming from the left (north) outside her window. Lauer testified that both voices were about the same volume, and "flustered" instead of "confrontational". Lauer then muted the TV, and then immediately began to hear scuffling ("like playing basketball on pavement"), and the sound of shoes on pavement and grass. Lauer said she then heard "grunting", and "wrestling", or rolling in the grass, that was getting closer. Lauer said the grunting gradually turned into "yelping". Lauer and her husband called 911 about thirty seconds after she initially muted the TV. Lauer moved away from the window so that her call could not be heard outside, and while on the call, Lauer testified that she heard cries for help, and a gunshot. Lauer testified that there was only one voice yelling for help, but that she could not identify who it was, and that the cries for help stopped at the gunshot. Lauer and her husband (then fiancé) then went upstairs for safety, and did not look out the window. Lauer testified that she heard her neighbor, John Good, outside saying something like "what is going on" while the yelling continued. She testified that she did not hear anyone say "You are going to die motherfucker" or anything similar. Lauer's call to 911 was played for the jury. Lauer's call to 911 After her call, she heard talking outside, and someone saying "Take my gun". Lauer testified that while walking in front of her house, the address numbers on her house are visible from the sidewalk, but may be blocked depending on where you were standing on the walk. She also said that there are only 3 streets within the community. Lauer testified that she knew of Zimmerman from her role on the HOA board, but that she never formally met him. She was slightly aware of the neighborhood watch and that Zimmerman was involved, but did not know details. Lauer testified she could not identify the yells as Zimmerman's because she had not heard him yell in the meetings. On cross-examination, O'Mara clarified that the first thing that captured her attention was loud talking near the T, that was a back and forth discussion, but she could not make out words. Specifically she said she did not hear anyone say "what are you following me for", or "what are you doing here". Lauer testified that the cries for help or yelping had started before her 911 call began. She said that her ability to hear the yells in person was better than the ability to hear them on the 911 recordings. Lauer said the person yelling for help "was in danger", and "needed help"[145] Jonathan (John) Good, a neighbor at the retreat, testified that he heard a faint noise outside and he could not tell the direction. As the noises grew louder, he looked outside through his blinds. He opened his door and looked out and saw "some sort of tussle" where the participants were on the ground. He called out "what's going on" and "stop it" as he started to step outside. Good said the participant wearing "dark or black" was on top, and the person wearing "red or white" was on the bottom, and the person on the bottom had lighter skin. He described the person on top had their legs straddling the person on the bottom, who was face up. He could not hear any pounding or hitting, but did see "downward arm motion, multiple times" that "looked like punches" from the person on top. He heard a "help" from the person on the bottom, and Good said "cut it out", and that he was going to call 911. He went back inside to call 911, but he heard a gunshot before the call was completed. Good's call to 911 was played for the jury. Good's call to 911 Good testified that his statement in earlier interviews of "MMA-style" was in reference to the person on top straddling the person on the bottom, and striking them. He testified he did not see the person on top slamming the person on bottom's body or head into the concrete. He said the recorded calls for help from the other's 911 calls did not sound the same as the cries for help he heard. On cross-examination he stated that he could not be sure that additional hitting or head pounding was not happening, he just did not see well enough to say that it did happen. Using photographs of Zimmerman and Martin from that night, he identified Martin as the person on top, and Zimmerman as the person on the bottom.[146] Defense attorney West had Good go over a sketch of the scene and positions of the participants that he had made shortly after the incident. Between the time Good was initially outside, and when his 911 call began, he went upstairs and down a hallway to get his phone, at which time he looked out a window and saw Martin's body on the ground. Good stated that in his opinion it was Zimmerman's voice screaming for help.[147][148][149][150][151][152] Jonathan Manalo, whose wife testified earlier, told the jury he was the first person to make contact with Zimmerman after the shooting. Manalo said that Zimmerman was calm and easy to understand before police arrived. Manalo said as soon as he saw Zimmerman, he started explaining what happened. Manalo testified that Zimmerman told him that he was defending himself when he shot Martin. Manalo also testified that after police arrived, Zimmerman asked him to call his wife and "tell her I shot someone." [153][154] Rachel JeantelEdit Rachel Jeantel, Witness No. 8, was a friend of Martin's in elementary school and high school. Jeantel testified that she was on the phone with Martin during the incident and that they were on the phone together while Martin was at the 7-Eleven. The call was disconnected and Martin later called her back. Jeantel testified that during the second call, Martin said a man was watching him, but that she did not think it was a "big idea." Jeantel asked Martin how the man looked and he told her that he was "a creepy-ass cracker." Jeantel warned Martin to walk away because "it might be a rapist." Martin, she said, told her that the "nigga is still following me"[155] so he was going to try to "lose him" and get back to the home where he was staying. As Jeantel remained on the phone with Martin, he said, "the nigga is behind me." The man who was allegedly following him reappeared and Martin said, "Why are you following me for," and then Jeantel heard a hard breathed man come and say "What are you doing around here?" Jeantel testified that she said "Trayvon, Trayvon" and she "started to hear a little bit of Trayvon saying, get off, get off." Jeantel then said she heard Martin's phone headset fall and Martin say "get off." The phone went dead and Jeantel says she didn't speak to Martin again. Jeantel also testified that she believes the screams heard on the 911 call were Martin's, because "Trayvon has kind of a baby voice."[156][157][158][159] On cross-examination by defense attorney Don West, Jeantel testified that she had lied about her reasons for not going to Martin's funeral and said the reason she didn't go was because she felt guilty and didn't want to see the body. West asked her why she didn't call police after the phone went dead. Jeantel said, "I thought he was going to be OK because he was right by his daddy's house." West also asked her about the last thing she had heard, which was "something hitting somebody." Jeantel told West that "Trayvon got hit," and West then asked her "You don't know that, do you?" Jeantel testified, "No sir."[157][158][159] West also questioned her about the term "creepy ass cracker." West asked her, "Do people that you live around and with call white people 'creepy ass crackers'?" Jeantel said, "Not creepy, but cracker, yeah." West then asked her if she was saying that people in her community and culture that she lives in called white people crackers. Jeantel testified, "Yes, sir." West also asked her if she thought the term was a racial comment and offensive. Jeantel said she didn't believe "creepy ass cracker" is a racial comment and said "No" it wasn't offensive. She also testified that the reference to cracker referred to "a pervert." Jeantel said she never told anyone about Martin saying that term until a year after the shooting.[157][158][159][160][161][162] Zimmerman's defense attorney asked her if Martin had perhaps lied to her because he did not want her to know if he decided to assault Zimmerman that night. Jeantel testified, "that's real retarded, sir. That's real retarded to do that, sir. Why on earth – Trayvon did not know."[163] Defense's caseEdit Defense's witnesses' testimonyEdit On July 5, the defense began presenting their case to the jury.[164][165] The first defense witness to take the stand was Zimmerman's mother, Gladys Zimmerman. After listening to the 911 call, O'Mara asked her whose voice was in the background, She testified "That's my son, George." She also stated, "That way he is screaming, it describes to me anguish, fear. I would say terror." On cross examination, Bernie de la Rionda asked Zimmerman's mother if she had ever heard her son screaming before. She testified "Not for help" but was "sure that is George's voice."[165][166] Sondra Osterman, wife of Zimmerman's friend Mark Osterman, testified that the voice screaming for help on the 911 tape was "definitely" that of Zimmerman. She stated, "Yes, definitely, it's Georgie, I hear it, I hear him screaming."[167] Osterman also said that she had known Zimmerman since 2006, when they worked together at a mortgage company. When questioned about her husband's book that he wrote about the shooting, she stated that it had not affected her testimony in the case. She testified that "I wouldn't lie for him or for anybody." She also testified she did not think Zimmerman's use of an expletive on the 911 call indicated any ill-will or hatred on his behalf. She stated, "I don't think he was angry."[167] Mark Osterman, a friend of Zimmerman and federal air marshal, testified that he heard Zimmerman screaming in the background of the 911 call. He stated, "It sounded like George." He also testified that he had discussed gun safety with Zimmerman and took him to a gun range. Osterman said that Zimmerman was "very safe all the time" with his handgun. When questioned about the gun Zimmerman owned,[Note 4] Osterman stated, "It's a reliable firearm," and also said that he had recommended to Zimmerman that he keep a round chambered in the weapon. During cross-examination by Bernie de la Rionda, Osterman said he was unsure how many copies his book, Defending our Friend; the Most Hated Man in America, has sold and stated that all proceeds would go for Zimmerman.[167][169] Geri Russo, a friend of Zimmerman's who had previously worked with him, testified that it was Zimmerman screaming for help on the 911 tape. She testified, "I recognize his voice, I've heard him speak many times, I have no doubt in my mind that's his voice."[167] Friends of Zimmerman, Leanne Benjamin and John Donnelly, who are husband and wife, testified separately that it was Zimmerman screaming for help on the 911 tape. Benjamin testified that she had formerly worked with him and stated, "I know his voice, I know what his voice sounds like when he gets excited or loud." Donnelly testified that he had found it "distressing" to listen to the 911 tape due to his combat experience in Vietnam and said "There is absolutely no doubt in my mind that is George Zimmerman and I wish to God I didn't have the ability to understand that."[167] Donnelly also testified that he contributed money to Zimmerman's defense fund and purchased some suits for Zimmerman to wear at his trial.[167][169] Zimmerman's uncle, Jorge Meza, a former U.S. Army Command Sergeant Major, and currently employed by the Orange County Sheriff's Office, testified that he had known Zimmerman since "Oct. 5, 1983. The day he was born." Meza said he had been working on his computer last year when he heard Zimmerman's voice being broadcast on a news report that his wife was watching on television. Meza testified he instantly recognized the voice, and said he hadn't been watching the television news report with his wife, and that she had not told him it was about his nephew. Meza testified about the voice he had heard, saying that: "It is the unique way you recognize your family member when they laugh, when they cry, this was the moment I recognized it was George screaming for help. That voice just came and hit me." He also testified that "It hit me the way I heard that, but more than heard that, I felt it inside of my heart. I said, That's George."[170] Adam Pollock, owner of a kickboxing gym where Zimmerman had previously trained, testified that Zimmerman was "grossly obese," and not athletic at all. Pollock also testified that "He was an overweight, large man when he came to us, a very pleasant, very nice man, but physically soft and predominantly fat, not a lot of muscle, not a lot of strength." He also testified that Zimmerman came to the gym to lose weight and get in shape.[167] Pollock was asked to demonstrate for the jury what the mixed-martial arts fighting method known as "ground and pound" was, and showed the jury by straddling O'Mara on the floor of the courtroom.[171] Olivia Bertalan, a former neighbor of Zimmerman's from The Retreat at Twin Lakes, testified that she was the victim of a home invasion in the gated community. Bertalan said that she hid in her son's bedroom as two teenagers broke into her home.[172][173] After the robbery, she said that Zimmerman had come over to her house and offered her a lock for her sliding glass door. Bertalan also testified that Zimmerman told her that she could go spend time with his wife if she felt too scared to be home alone during the day. She estimated that she had discussed the robbery with Zimmerman about 20 times after it happened.[173] Testimony about 911 call played for Martin's father and family membersEdit Chris Serino testified that Martin's father, Tracy Martin, indicated to him the voice heard screaming in the 911 call did not sound like his son's. Serino testified that he played the 911 call for Tracy Martin in the Sanford Police Department a few days after February 26, 2012. Serino said that after Martin listened to the call, he became "emotional." Serino also testified that he asked Martin whether or not the voice screaming on the 911 call sounded like his son's. He said Martin's response was more of a "verbal and a non-verbal," and that "He looked away and under his breath, as I interpreted it, said no." During cross examination, Bernie de la Rionda suggested to Serino that Tracy Martin may have been in denial about his son's death and that's why he uttered "no." Serino responded, "It could be perceived as denial."[171] Doris Singleton, who was a witness to the meeting at the police station between Serino and Tracy Martin testified, "I don't know his exact words, but Tracy Martin was telling Chris it was not his son's voice. He was very upset, he was very sad, he hung his head, he cried." Singleton also testified that she became "choked up" while watching Martin listen to the tape.[171] Tracy Martin testified that during his meeting with Serino to listen to the 911 call, he never told him he didn't recognize his son's voice. Martin testified that he was unsure and said "I can't tell." Martin said that after he had listened to the 911 call at least 20 times at the Sanford mayor's office, he was sure it was his son's voice.[174] Sanford City Manager Norton Bonaparte, testified about inviting the family of Trayvon Martin to listen to the 911 call prior to the call being released to the public and media. Bonaparte said the mayor was also present for the meeting at city hall and law enforcement officials were requested not to attend. Bonaparte also testified he played the 911 tapes as a courtesy for the Martin family before they were released publicly. Bonaparte said that during the playing of the tape that none of the family members' reactions were recorded.[175][176] Bill Lee, former Sanford police chief, testified that he recommended the tape of the 911 call be played for Martin's family individually, rather than in a group, to avoid any improper influences. Lee said that he had offered to be in the room when the 911 tape was played, but the city manager declined to have him or other police officials present. Lee stated that it was rare for the mayor and city manager to become involved in police investigations. The former police chief also testified "the evidence in testimony gave us an indication who was screaming on the tape."[174][177] Dr. Vincent Di Maio, a forensic pathologist and gunshot wound expert, testified that Martin's gunshot wound was consistent with Zimmerman's story that Martin was on top of him and leaning over him when he was shot.[178][179] The gunshot evidence indicated that Martin's clothing was from two to four inches from his body when he was shot, Di Maio said, "If you lean over someone, you notice the clothing tends to fall away from the chest, if instead you're lying on your back and someone shoots you, the clothing is going to be against your chest."[178] Di Maio said he had examined photographs and the autopsy and toxicology reports and concluded that the evidence was consistent with Zimmerman's statements to police.[179] Di Maio testified the path of the bullet ran from Martin's left side through part of his heart and into a portion of the right lung. Di Maio stated, "The medical evidence...is consistent with his [Zimmerman's] statement." [179] Di Maio also testified that Zimmerman had at least six injuries from the struggle: two head lacerations, two wounds to his temples and wounds on his nose and forehead. Di Maio said those injuries were consistent with Zimmerman having his head banged into a sidewalk, and that such injuries can be dangerous. Di Maio stated it's possible to receive trauma without visible wounds, testifying that, "You can get severe trauma to the head without external injuries, actually." Di Maio said Zimmerman's nose may have been fractured, which was consistent with Zimmerman being punched in the nose.[178][180] The pathologist testified that Martin lived no more than three minutes after the shooting and probably was conscious for at least 10 to 15 seconds. Di Maio said that someone may be able to move their arms after receiving a similar gunshot.[178][180] Di Maio also testified that if clothes taken into evidence are wet and packaged in plastic bags, and not paper bags, it can ruin the samples since "bacteria multiplies and you get mold and it stinks to high heaven."[178][180] Dennis Root, a former police officer with training in firearms and self-defense and an use-of-force expert, testified the fight between Zimmerman and Martin went on for some 40 seconds and was marked by a high level of fear and anxiety. Root said "That's a very long time to be involved in any type of physical altercation." Root further stated that "If you have not successfully completed the fight, if you have not won the fight in 30 seconds, change tactics, because the tactics you are using are not working." [181] Defense rests its caseEdit Zimmerman's defense offered their last witness, Zimmerman's father, Robert Zimmerman, who testified that he believes it was his son who was screaming on the 911 tape. George Zimmerman was then questioned by the judge about testifying in his own defense and he stated "After consulting with counsel, [I've decided] not to testify, your honor." The defense rested its case on Wednesday, July 10.[181] Motions to acquitEdit After the prosecution rested its case, the defense made a motion to acquit, arguing that the prosecution had not provided sufficient evidence to prove murder beyond a reasonable doubt. After hearing arguments from both sides, the motion was denied by the judge.[182] Second motion to acquitEdit After the defense rested its case, a second motion for acquittal was made, with the defense asking the state to provide their narrative of the event, which precluded a self-defense situation. The judge ruled that there was sufficient evidence for the case to proceed to the jury.[183] Closing argumentsEdit Prosecution's argumentEdit State Attorney Bernie de la Rionda opened his closing argument on Friday, July 12 by telling the jurors that "a teenager is dead through no fault of his own" because Zimmerman had made assumptions about Martin and acted on them. Rionda stated to the jury that Zimmerman profiled Martin as a criminal and assumed certain things, that Martin was up to no good, and that's what led to Martin's death.[184][185] De la Rionda argued that Zimmerman took the law into his own hands, accusing Zimmerman of following Trayvon Martin because Zimmerman wanted to be a policeman and take down someone whom he "profiled" as a criminal.[186] The prosecutor also focused in on inconsistencies in Zimmerman's statements, calling the defendant a "liar".[186] Defense's argumentEdit Mark O'Mara began his closing arguments by asking the jurors to use common sense when considering the evidence in the confrontation between Zimmerman and Martin. O'Mara argued to the jury to not "fill in the gaps" or to "connect the dots", but to stick to the facts while considering their verdict. O'Mara told the jury that you can't help but have a first impression and "what you have to do is be vigilant, diligent when deciding this case." O'Mara said that Zimmerman is "not guilty of anything but protecting his own life". O'Mara also showed a chunk of concrete to the jury, telling them that Martin was not an unarmed teenager when he allegedly hit Zimmerman's head against the sidewalk.[187] Mark O'Mara asked the jury how many "coulda beens" and "what ifs" have you heard from the state in this case. O'Mara also told the jury to not give anybody "the benefit of the doubt except for George Zimmerman."[188] Prosecution's rebuttal argumentEdit Prosecutor John Guy delivered the state's rebuttal argument after the defense finished their closing argument. Guy told the jury that in order to know what happened that night, they should look "into the heart of the grown man and the heart of the child." Guy also argued to the jurors that if Zimmerman had done what he was supposed to do, none of us would be here. Guy also said that if Zimmerman had really wanted the police to get Martin, he would have stayed in his car and waited for the police.[189] Jury instructionsEdit Judge Nelson ruled that the lesser included offense of manslaughter could be considered by the jury and would be included in the jury instructions. The prosecution had requested that a lesser charge of third-degree felony murder, an offense that includes the commission of child abuse, be included in the jury instructions. Defense attorney Don West called the possible lesser charge "outrageous" and a "trick" by the state, because they had asked for it to be included at the last minute. Judge Nelson ruled that the jury would not be able to consider the offense of third-degree murder.[190][191][Note 5] Jury verdictEdit On Saturday, July 13, 2013, the day after deliberations began, the jury returned a verdict of not guilty for both second-degree murder and the lesser included charge of manslaughter. The jury deliberated for sixteen hours before arriving at a verdict, which was read in court shortly after 10 pm EST.[193][194] Following the announcement of the verdict, defense attorney Mark O'Mara told reporters at the courthouse that he was ecstatic with the decision by the jury. O'Mara thanked local law enforcement, the jury, and the time and effort they put into the process. Defense attorney Don West said he was still angry that Zimmerman was even brought to trial. West said that the prosecution of Zimmerman was "disgraceful" and that he was "thrilled the jury kept this tragedy from becoming a travesty".[194] In response to a question from the media, O'Mara also claimed that if Zimmerman "had been black, he never would have been charged with a crime".[195] When asked if Zimmerman had been overcharged in the case, State Attorney Angela Corey told reporters after the verdict that the allegations against Zimmerman "fit the bill" for a second-degree murder charge. Prosecutor de la Rionda said that he was disappointed with, but respected, the jury's verdict.[194] Public responseEdit Supporters of Zimmerman were happy the jury took the side of Zimmerman's claim that he shot Martin in self-defense, while other supporters said that the prosecution had failed to prove their case beyond a reasonable doubt.[196] Supporters were also outside the courthouse in Sanford, Florida, rejoicing the not guilty verdict. Some supporters at the courthouse said the jury made the right decision because they felt that Zimmerman shot and killed Martin in self-defense.[197] Civil rights leader Jesse Jackson said that he was stunned by the decision and that the Department of Justice must intervene to take it to another level. Benjamin Jealous, president of the NAACP, said that he had spoken to senior justice officials about pursuing federal civil rights charges against Zimmerman. Al Sharpton said the verdict was a "slap in the face to the American people" and urged action by federal officials.[198] Zimmerman's attorney Mark O'Mara said that if anyone tries to sue Zimmerman, "we will seek and we will get civil immunity in a civil hearing, and we will see just how many civil lawsuits have spawned from this fiasco".[199] Police in Oakland, California, said about one hundred people protested, with some protesters breaking windows and starting fires in the streets. Protesters there also reportedly vandalized a police car, burned an American flag and a California state flag, and spray-painted a county courthouse.[197] Other protests in support of the Martin family have occurred in Washington, D.C., Los Angeles, San Francisco, Chicago, Denver, Baltimore, Detroit and New York City, among others.[200][201] Zimmerman's father tweeted after the verdict: "Our whole family is relieved. Today...I'm proud to be an American."[197] Zimmerman's brother told CNN's Piers Morgan that "I don't think this is a time for high-fiving." He also told Morgan that "we have all acknowledged that Martin lost his life, but it was neither an act of murder, nor an act of manslaughter."[199] Martin's father, Tracy Martin tweeted after the verdict was announced: "Even though I am broken hearted my faith is unshattered I will always love my baby Tray."[202] Martin's mother, Sybrina Fulton tweeted: "Lord during my darkest hour I lean on you. You are all that I have. At the end of the day, GOD is still in control. Thank you all for your prayers and support. I will love you forever Trayvon!!! In the name of Jesus!!!"[203] President Obama said after the verdict that "we are a nation of laws, and a jury has spoken. I now ask every American to respect the call for calm reflection from two parents who lost their young son."[204] Musician Stevie Wonder told a concert audience in Canada after the verdict, that he had decided until the stand your ground law is abolished in Florida, he would never perform there again. Wonder also told the audience that he would not perform in any state or part of the world where that law exists. According to CNN, there are currently 22 states that have a version of the stand your ground law,[205][206] including his home state of Michigan,[207] and current state of California.[208][209][210] Former President Jimmy Carter said the jury made the "right decision" based on the evidence presented by the prosecution. Carter said, "It's not a moral question, it's a legal question and the American law requires that the jury listens to the evidence presented."[211] Basketball star Charles Barkley said that he agreed with the verdict. He added that he thought that Zimmerman was wrong to pursue, and that racial profiling was involved, but he thought that Martin did "flip the switch and start beating ... Mr. Zimmerman". He said that he was sorry Martin was killed, but looking at the evidence, he didn't think Zimmerman should go to jail for the rest of his life.[212] A spokesman for the Iranian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Abbas Araghchi, condemned the verdict in a press statement. He stated that the shooting and subsequent acquittal "clearly demonstrated (...) unwritten, but systematic" racial inequality in America. He also called upon the US to "seriously abide by" international human rights obligations with regards to its own ethnic minorities.[213] Juror commentsEdit Two days following the conclusion of the trial, one of the jurors (Juror B37) spoke with Anderson Cooper of CNN about her experience as a member of the jury.[214][215] She said that in an initial vote, three of the jurors had voted to find Zimmerman not guilty, but two had voted to find him guilty of manslaughter and one had voted to find him guilty of second-degree murder:[215] "there was a couple of them in there that wanted to find him guilty of something and after hours and hours and hours of deliberating over the law, and reading it over and over and over again, we decided there's just no way, other place to go."[214] Jurors cried when they submitted their final vote to the court officer, she said.[216] Juror B37 told Cooper that she believed "It pretty much happened the way George said it happened."[217] She believed the defense's argument that Martin had thrown the first punch in the confrontation and that it was Zimmerman's calls for help that were heard on the 911 call recordings, and she said that Zimmerman, fearing he was at risk of bodily harm or even loss of his life, had had a right to protect himself.[214] In response to Cooper's questioning, she said that former lead police investigator Chris Serino's testimony that he had believed Zimmerman was telling the truth had made a strong impression on her (although Judge Nelson had instructed the jury that they should disregard Serino's comment and not consider it in rendering a verdict).[218][219] Juror B37 also said that she did not believe Zimmerman had made any assumptions about Martin on the basis of Martin's skin color: "I think all of us thought race did not play a role.... We never had that discussion."[214] The juror said she believed that ultimately both Martin and Zimmerman were partly to blame for the outcome. "It's a tragedy this happened. But it happened.... And I think both were responsible for the situation they had gotten themselves into. I think both of them could have walked away. It just didn't happen."[214] On the same day that Juror B37's interview with Anderson Cooper was broadcast, it was announced that Juror B37 and her attorney husband had contacted a literary agent on July 14, one day following the conclusion of the trial, and had signed to write a book about the case.[220] The next day, the literary agent tweeted that she was rescinding her offer of representing her "after careful consideration." An online campaign, particularly on Black Twitter, to stop the publication had garnered over one thousand signatures at change.org. Neither the juror nor her agent said the campaign was the reason for cancelling the project. The literary agent released a statement from Juror B37 on Twitter which said the "isolation shielded me from the depth of pain that exists among the general public over every aspect of this case."[221] Four of the other jurors released a statement saying that Juror B37's views should not be regarded as representative of their views on the trial.[222][Note 6] Juror B29, a 36-year-old Puerto Rican mother of eight children, who was living in Chicago at the time of the shooting, was interviewed about the trial on July 25.[223] She said, "George Zimmerman got away with murder, but you can't get away from God. And at the end of the day, he's going to have a lot of questions and answers he has to deal with."[224] She said that as the jury began deliberations, she wanted to convict Zimmerman of second-degree murder, and she held to her position that Zimmerman should be found guilty even after all the other jurors had decided to find him not guilty.[223] However, she said that after nine hours of deliberations, she realized that there was not enough evidence to convict Zimmerman under Florida law: "As the law was read to me, if you have no proof that he killed him intentionally, you can't say he's guilty....you can't put the man in jail even though in our hearts we felt he was guilty."[224] The juror said that she felt like she owed Martin's parents an apology because she felt she had let them down.[223] Notable responsesEdit On the eve of the verdict, criminal law experts interviewed by CNN agreed that acquittal was likely. Christopher Darden, trial prosecutor in the O.J. Simpson murder case, said the prosecution's case lacked evidence: "[J]ust about everything the prosecution has asserted in this case has been addressed by the defense and refuted. ... [Y]ou have to wonder if you're a juror sitting on this case, why was this prosecution brought in the first place? ... I mean, there are just huge, huge holes in the prosecution's case." Criminal defense attorney Diana Tennis agreed, saying in part: "[W]e have a rule of law, we have a very high burden in criminal cases for a reason, no matter what the color of any party and in the USA you don't get convicted typically on evidence that is not better than this."[225] Attorney and former Court TV anchor Jami Floyd told BET, "It is clear that George Zimmerman pursued Trayvon Martin and that he shot him. But it boils down to the question of who threw the first punch. There are only two people who could answer that question, and one of them is dead." [226] Alan Dershowitz told the BBC that the verdict was "right" since there was "reasonable doubt" as to Zimmerman's guilt.[227] In regards to the prosecution, he said to Mike Huckabee: "She (State Attorney Angela Corey) submitted an affidavit that was, if not perjurious, completely misleading. She violated all kinds of rules of the profession, and her conduct bordered on criminal conduct. [...] Halfway through the trial she realized she wasn't going to get a second degree murder verdict, so she asked for a compromised verdict, for manslaughter. And then, she went even further and said that she was going to charge him with child abuse and felony murder. That was such a stretch that it goes beyond anything professionally responsible. She was among the most irresponsible prosecutors I've seen in 50 years of litigating cases, and believe me, I've seen good prosecutors, bad prosecutors, but rarely have I seen one as bad as this prosecutor."[228] ABC chief legal affairs anchor Dan Abrams called it "the right legal verdict". He said the prosecution had a tough case from the start, and, "as a legal matter, I don't see how they [the jury] could have reached another verdict, considering how the law works with regard to self-defense".[229] After the trial, as calls to prosecute Zimmerman for an alleged federal civil right violation were heard, The Los Angeles Times editorial board wrote that such a move was unwarranted by the evidence and could amount to double jeopardy: "[Zimmerman] shouldn't have assumed that Martin was up to no good, and he shouldn't have pursued him after a police dispatcher warned him not to. And yet not every tragedy or bad judgment is proof of a crime, much less a federal civil rights violation."[230] Criminal justice portal ^ Detailed Information for Case 592012CF001083A ^ Audio technicians Tom Owen and Edward Primeau concluded that the screams were not Zimmerman's.[52] James Ryan and Alan Reich, independent experts retained by The Washington Post, varied in their interpretations of the audio on the phone recordings.[56] ^ See Florida Department of Law Enforcement, Laboratory Report, March 26, 2012. ^ At the time of the incident, Zimmerman owned a black Kel-Tec PF-9, 9mm semi-automatic pistol.[168] ^ Read the entire jury instructions given to the jury. George Zimmerman trial, jury instructions[192] ^ Statement released from the Eighteenth Judicial Circuit. State vs. Zimmerman jurors' request for privacy ^ Colby, Edward; Hamacher, Brian; Emmanuel, Lisa (April 12, 2012). "George Zimmerman Charged With Second-Degree Murder". NBC Miami (online). Retrieved June 8, 2012. ^ "Zimmerman charged with second-degree murder". CNN. April 11, 2012. Retrieved April 11, 2012. ^ "Seminole County Criminal Information – Issue Capias" (PDF). Angela B. Corey, State Attorney. Retrieved April 11, 2012. ^ Zimmerman Is Acquitted in Trayvon Martin Killing - NY Times ^ Botelho, Greg (July 13, 2013). "Zimmerman jury reaches a verdict". CNN. Retrieved July 13, 2013. ^ Zimmerman jury reaches a verdict - Yamiche Alcindor, USA TODAY - July 13, 2013. Retrieved July 14, 2013. ^ "Governor Rick Scott Announces New State Attorney and Task Force in Response to Trayvon Martin Incident". flgov.com. Retrieved March 29, 2012. ^ Olorunnipa, Toluse (March 28, 2012). "Tough Minded Prosecutor In Spotlight On Trayvon Martin Case". The Miami Herald. Archived from the original on April 2, 2012. Retrieved March 29, 2012. ^ Stutzman, Rene (March 25, 2012). "Trayvon Martin special prosecutor wastes no time in launching case review". Orlando Sentinel. 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"George Zimmerman jury told his injuries were 'insignificant'". ABC News. Retrieved October 13, 2013. ^ Sterbenz, Christina (July 2, 2013). "Medical Examiner contradicts a key part of George Zimmerman's story". Business Insider. Retrieved October 13, 2013. ^ Buckley, Cara (July 3, 2013). "Zimmerman studied 'Stand your Ground' in class, Florida court is told". The New York Times. Retrieved October 13, 2013. ^ CNN Newsroom (July 3, 2013). "Crime Lab Analyst Testifies (transcript)". CNN. Retrieved October 13, 2013. ^ Erin Donaghue (July 1, 2013). "George Zimmerman trial: Voice expert testifies during second week of testimony". CBS News. Retrieved July 15, 2013. ^ Howard Koplowitz (July 1, 2013). "George Zimmerman trial: FBI Expert Hirotaka Nakasome testifies he can't tell if Trayvon Martin or Zimmerman screamed on 911 call". International Business Times. Retrieved July 15, 2013. ^ "Judge in Trayvon Martin case weighs police calls". Boston Herald. June 26, 2013. Retrieved June 30, 2013. ^ Luscombe, Richard (June 25, 2013). "Zimmerman trial jurors shown graphic photos of Trayvon Martin's body". London: The Guardian. Retrieved June 30, 2013. ^ "State shows jurors pics of Trayvon Martin's body in George Zimmerman trial". Clickorlando.com. June 25, 2013. Retrieved June 30, 2013. ^ "Zimmerman neighbor S. Bahadoor testifies she saw arms flailing". UPI.com. June 25, 2013. Retrieved June 30, 2013. ^ Sloane, Amanda. "Key witness recounts Martin's final phone call". HLNtv.com. Retrieved June 30, 2013. ^ Mike Schneider & Kyle Hightower (June 26, 2013). "Martin Friend Returns to Stand at Zimmerman Trial". Abcnews.go.com. Retrieved June 30, 2013. ^ "The Sanford Herald - Prosecution continues to call witnesses in Zimmerman case". Mysanfordherald.com. Retrieved June 30, 2013. ^ "George Zimmerman trial: Neighbor testifies she heard "boy's voice" yelling for help". CBS News. June 26, 2013. Retrieved June 30, 2013. ^ Cadet, Danielle (June 26, 2013). "Jayne Surdyka, George Zimmerman Trial Witness, Says She Felt Cries For Help Were 'A Boy's Voice'". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved June 30, 2013. ^ "Teen who spoke to Trayvon Martin moments before his death testifies in Zimmerman trial". Fox News. June 26, 2013. Retrieved June 30, 2013. ^ "GEORGE ZIMMERMAN TRIAL WITNESS JENNA LAUER 6.27.13 PT.18". YouTube. Retrieved June 30, 2013. ^ Bobby Martinez in Sanford Florida and Laura Italiano and David K. Li of New York - "'Not Guilty' In Trayvon Slay" - New York Post - Sunday - July 14, 2013 - pg 5. newyorkpost.com. Retrieved July 14, 2013. ^ "George Zimmerman trial: Witness John Good". Local10.com. Retrieved June 30, 2013. ^ "Zimmerman Trial Trayvon Martin Witness John Good Attack". Mediaite. May 17, 2012. Retrieved June 30, 2013. ^ "George Zimmerman trial: Neighbor testifies Trayvon Martin was straddling Zimmerman moments before fatal gunshot". CBS News. Retrieved June 30, 2013. ^ "Witness describes Zimmerman's injuries, phone call to wife". Fox News. June 28, 2013. Retrieved June 30, 2013. ^ "George Zimmerman Was Beaten, Two Prosecution Witnesses Say". Abcnews.go.com. February 26, 2012. Retrieved June 30, 2013. ^ Benn, Evan (February 26, 2012). "SANFORD: Witness who saw "tussle" testifies in Zimmerman trial as social media explodes over photo of defense lawyer - Trayvon Martin". MiamiHerald.com. Archived from the original on June 29, 2013. Retrieved June 30, 2013. ^ Yamiche Alcindor (June 29, 2013). "Zimmerman witness says he tried to break up fight". USA Today. Retrieved July 15, 2013. ^ Crimesider staff (June 28, 2013). "George Zimmerman trial: First week of testimony wraps up in case of Trayvon Martin killing". CBS News. Retrieved July 15, 2013. ^ "Key witness recounts Trayvon Martin's final phone call". CNN. June 27, 2013. Retrieved August 15, 2013. ^ Cadet, Danielle (June 26, 2013). "Rachel Jeantel, Trayvon Martin Friend: Teen Was Trying To Escape George Zimmerman". Huffington Post. Retrieved August 15, 2013. ^ a b c FoxNews.com (June 26, 2013). "Teen who spoke to Trayvon Martin moments before his death testifies in Zimmerman trial". Fox News. Retrieved July 16, 2013. ^ a b c Seni Tienabeso & Matt Gutman (June 27, 2013). "George Zimmerman witness can't say who threw first punch". ABC News. Retrieved July 16, 2013. ^ a b c Sarah Muller (June 29, 2013). "Zimmerman case: Is Rachel Jeantel on trial too?". MSNBC. Retrieved July 16, 2013. ^ "Rachel Jeantel faces 2nd day of questioning in George Zimmerman trial". Click Orlando. Retrieved July 16, 2013. ^ Roig-Franzia, Manuel (July 14, 2013). "George Zimmerman trial: Race is a subtext, not the focus". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 16, 2013. ^ Yamiche Alcindor (June 27, 2013). "Trayvon Martin's friend: Encounter was racially charged". USA Today. Retrieved July 16, 2013. ^ Jason Howerton. "'Star Witness' in Zimmerman Trial Testifies: 'That's Real Retarded, Sir'". ^ Matt Gutman (July 8, 2013). "Two Mothers Testify in Zimmerman Trial". ABC News. Retrieved July 10, 2013. ^ a b Joey Flechas & David Ovalle (July 5, 2013). "State rests and defense begins its case in George Zimmerman trial". Miami Herald. Retrieved July 10, 2013. ^ ClickOrlando (July 5, 2013). "Mothers of Trayvon Martin, George Zimmerman testify at murder trial". Click Orlando. Retrieved July 10, 2013. ^ a b c d e f g Fox News (July 8, 2013). "Judge rules defense can show Trayvon Martin died with marijuana in his system". Fox News. Retrieved July 10, 2013. ^ Madison Gray (28 March 12). "George Zimmerman's Gun: A Popular Choice for Concealed Carry". TIME (NewsFeed). Retrieved July 11, 2013. Check date values in: \|date= (help) ^ a b Manuel Roig-Franzia (July 8, 2013). "George Zimmerman trial continues to focus on 911 call". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 10, 2013. ^ Crimesider Staff (July 5, 2013). "George Zimmerman trial: Person screaming on 911 call is "my son, George," murder suspect's mother testifies". CBS News. Retrieved July 10, 2013. ^ a b c Erin Donaghue (July 8, 2013). "George Zimmerman trial: Trayvon Martin's father said voice on 911 call wasn't his son's, investigators testify". CBS News. Retrieved July 10, 2013. ^ Crimesider Staff (July 10, 2013). "George Zimmerman trial: Zimmerman tells judge he won't testify". CBS News. Retrieved July 11, 2013. ^ a b Tom Winter, James Novogrod & Elizabeth Chuck (July 10, 2013). "Defense rests in Zimmerman trial; Zimmerman doesn't take the stand". NBC News. Archived from the original on July 12, 2013. Retrieved July 11, 2013. ^ a b Yamiche Alcindor (July 8, 2013). "Trayvon Martin's dad says he heard son's screams". USA Today. Retrieved July 10, 2013. ^ Crimesider staff (July 9, 2013). "George Zimmerman trial: Defense will likely rest case Wednesday". CBS News. Retrieved July 10, 2013. ^ Steven Skurka (July 10, 2013). "Day 11 of the Zimmerman Trial: The Case for the Defence". The Huffington Post (Canada). Retrieved July 10, 2013. ^ Rachel Delinski (July 8, 2013). "Day 20: Third week of testimony in Zimmerman case". The Sanford Herald. Retrieved July 11, 2013. ^ a b c d e Erin Donaghue (July 9, 2013). "George Zimmerman trial: Trayvon Martin was on top of Zimmerman when teen was shot, gunshot wound expert testifies". CBS News. Retrieved July 10, 2013. ^ a b c Michael Muskal & Tina Susman (July 9, 2013). "Martin was leaning over Zimmerman when shot, expert says". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 10, 2013. ^ a b c Yamiche Alcindor (July 10, 2013). "Pathologist supports Zimmerman's description of attack". USA Today. Retrieved July 10, 2013. ^ a b Michael Pearson (July 10, 2013). "Zimmerman declines to testify; defense rests". CNN. Retrieved July 10, 2013. ^ "State rests case against George Zimmerman; Judgment of acquittal denied". Click Orlando. Retrieved July 9, 2013. ^ Click Orlando (July 10, 2013). "Defense rests case in George Zimmerman trial". Click Orlando. Retrieved July 11, 2013. ^ Michael Pearson & Greg Botelho (July 11, 2013). "Cosing arguments begin in Zimmerman trial". CNN. Retrieved July 11, 2013. ^ FoxNews.com (July 11, 2013). "Prosecution paints Zimmerman as angry vigilante in closing arguments". Fox News. Retrieved July 11, 2013. ^ a b Donaghue, Erin. "George Zimmerman trial: Prosecutor blasts Zimmerman's self-defense claim during closing arguments". CBS News. CBS Interactive, Inc. Retrieved July 12, 2013. ^ FoxNews.com (July 12, 2013). "Defense begins closing arguments in George Zimmerman trial". Fox News. Retrieved July 12, 2013. ^ Michael Pearson; Greg Botelho; Faith Karimi (July 12, 2013). "'Coulda beens,' 'what ifs' not enough to convict Zimmerman, defense says". CNN. Retrieved July 12, 2013. ^ Rene Stutzman; Jeff Weiner (July 12, 2013). "George Zimmerman trial: Trayvon Martin shooting death case will soon be in jury's hands". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved July 12, 2013. ^ Erin Donaghue (July 11, 2013). "George Zimmerman trial: Jury may consider lesser charge of manslaughter, judge rules". CBS News. Retrieved July 12, 2013. ^ Erin Donaghue (July 12, 2013). "George Zimmerman trial: Jury won't weigh lesser offense of third-degree felony murder, judge rules". CBS News. Retrieved July 12, 2013. ^ Mark Memmott (July 12, 2013). "George Zimmerman trial: Final jury instructions". NPR. Archived from the original on July 15, 2013. Retrieved July 12, 2013. ^ Manuel Roig-Franzia (July 13, 2013). "Zimmerman found not guilty in killing of Trayvon Martin". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 13, 2013. ^ a b c Greg Botelho (July 13, 2013). "George Zimmerman found not guilty of murder in Trayvon Martin's death". CNN. Retrieved July 13, 2013. ^ Cadet, Danielle "Mark O'Mara: If George Zimmerman Were Black 'He Never Would've Been Charged With A Crime' " The Huffington Post July 14, 2013 ^ Emanuella Grinberg (July 14, 2013). "Anger, sadness but little surprise over Zimmerman verdict". CNN. Retrieved July 14, 2013. ^ a b c FoxNews.com and The Associated Press (July 14, 2013). "Protests of Zimmerman verdict mostly peaceful; sporadic vandalism reported". Fox News. Retrieved July 14, 2013. ^ Ellen Wulfhorst & Barbara Liston (July 14, 2013). "Zimmerman cleared in Trayvon Martin death, faces outrage". Reuters. Retrieved July 14, 2013. ^ a b Greg Botelho & Holly Yan (July 14, 2013). "George Zimmerman found not guilty of murder in Trayvon Martin's death". CNN. Retrieved July 14, 2013. ^ Carol D. Leonnig; Jenna Johnson (July 14, 2013). "Anger flows at acquittal of George Zimmerman in death of Trayvon Martin". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 15, 2013. ^ Catherine E. Shoichet (July 15, 2013). "Zimmerman verdict reactions ring out in protests, calls from pulpit". CNN. Retrieved July 15, 2013. ^ Colette Bennett (July 14, 2013). "Disbelief, relief, Twitter erupts after Zimmerman verdict". CNN. Retrieved July 15, 2013. ^ Colette Bennett (July 14, 2013). "Disbelief, relief, Twitter erupts after Zimmerman verdict". HLN (Headline News). Retrieved July 15, 2013. ^ Jake Miller (July 14, 2013). "Obama calls for calm in wake of George Zimmerman verdict". CBS News. Retrieved July 15, 2013. ^ Alan Duke (July 16, 2013). "Stevie Wonder says he'll boycott stand your ground states". CNN. Retrieved July 17, 2013. ^ Steve Jones (July 16, 2013). "Stevie Wonder boycotts Florida after Zimmerman verdict". USA Today. Retrieved July 17, 2013. ^ "Self-Defense Act". Michigan Legislature. Retrieved July 16, 2013. ^ "Penal Code §§ 197, 198.5". Legislative Counsel, State of California. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved April 3, 2012. ^ "CALCRIM No. 505. Justifiable Homicide". CaliforniaJuryInstructions.Net. January 2006. Archived from the original on June 11, 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2012. ^ "Daluiso v. Boone, 71 Cal.2d 484". Official California Reports, 2nd Series, Vol. 71, Pg. 484 (California Supreme Court reporter). June 27, 1969. Retrieved July 22, 2013. California has justifiable homicide provisions, as distinct from "Stand Your Ground." To the contrary, the state provides civil remedy for injury caused by self-help--even for intentional infliction of emotional distress. See Official Reports Opinions Online ^ Gold, Hadas. "Jimmy Carter: George Zimmerman jury 'right'". Politico. Retrieved July 17, 2013. ^ "Charles Barkley on Zimmerman Verdict". ^ "Iran Blasts Zimmerman's Acquittal in US". ^ a b c d e Dana Ford (July 16, 2013). "Juror: No doubt that George Zimmerman feared for his life". CNN. Retrieved July 16, 2013. ^ a b Matt Pearce (July 15, 2013). "Zimmerman juror: Half the jury initially thought he was guilty". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 16, 2013. ^ Associated Press (July 15, 2013). "Juror: 6-woman jury was initially split on Zimmerman, but law led them to acquit". Washington Post. ^ Alvarez, Lizette (July 15, 2013). "Zimmerman juror discusses how verdict was reached". New York Times. ^ Alcindor, Yamiche (July 6, 2013). "Experts: prosecutors failed to humanize Trayvon". USA Today. ^ Allen, Greg (July 16, 2013). "Juror B37 speaks out about Zimmerman verdict". NPR. ^ Rudra, Geetika (July 15, 2013). "George Zimmerman juror B37 to write book". ABC News. ^ Dan Zak (July 16, 2013). "Juror B37 and the Zimmerman trial book deal that wasn't". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 16, 2013. ^ Jacobson, Susan (July 16, 2013). "4 Zimmerman jurors: B-37 does not speak for us". Orlando Sentinel. ^ a b c Newcomb, Alyssa (July 25, 2013). "George Zimmerman juror says he 'Got away with murder'". ABC News. ^ a b Boedeker, Hal; Pavuk, Amy (July 25, 2013). "George Zimmerman trial juror tells ABC: 'He got away with murder'". Orlando Sentinel. ^ THE LEAD WITH JAKE TAPPER (transcript) Aired July 8, 2013 - 16:30 ET ^ In Zimmerman Trial, Varying Opinions From Legal Experts \| News \| BET ^ Trayvon Martin case: George Zimmerman verdict 'was right', BBC, July 14, 2013 ^ Real Clear Politics (July 14, 2013). "Dershowitz: Zimmerman Special Prosecutor Angela Corey Should Be Disbarred". Real Clear Politics. Retrieved July 16, 2013. ^ The George Zimmerman Verdict - The View on YouTube ^ Why try George Zimmerman?, Los Angeles Times (July 16, 2013) Court documents and evidence: State v. Zimmerman public documents released by the 18th Circuit Court George Zimmerman's Statements (gzlegalcase.com) "Zimmerman Issue Capias/Warrant of Charges" (PDF). Archived from the original on April 19, 2012. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) () Zimmerman Trial Discovery Documents (Archive) Autopsy Report of Trayvon Martin (Archive) George Zimmerman police call reporting Trayvon Martin Orlando Sentinel Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trial_of_George_Zimmerman&oldid=904927870"	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2427
__label__wiki	0.635959	0.635959	Wedge (geometry) Faces 2 triangles, 3 quadrilaterals Edges 9 Vertices 6 Dual polyhedron trigonal bipyramid Properties convex In solid geometry, a wedge is a polyhedron defined by two triangles and three trapezoid faces. A wedge has five faces, nine edges, and six vertices. A wedge is a subclass of the prismatoids with the base and opposite ridge in two parallel planes. A wedge can also be classified as a digonal cupola. Comparisons: A wedge is a parallelepiped where a face has collapsed into a line. A quadrilaterally-based pyramid is a wedge in which one of the edges between two trapezoid faces has collapsed into a point. VolumeEdit For a rectangle based wedge, the volume is V = b h ( a 3 + c 6 ) , {\displaystyle V=bh\left({\frac {a}{3}}+{\frac {c}{6}}\right),} where the base rectangle is a by b, c is the apex edge length parallel to a, and h the height from the base rectangle to the apex edge. ExamplesEdit Wedges can be created from decomposition of other polyhedra. For instance, the dodecahedron can be divided into a central cube with 6 wedges covering the cube faces. The orientations of the wedges are such that the triangle and trapezoid faces can connect and form a regular pentagon. A triangular prism is a special case wedge with the two triangle faces being translationally congruent. Two obtuse wedges can be formed by bisecting a regular tetrahedron on a plane parallel to two opposite edges. Triangular prism (Parallel triangle wedge) Obtuse wedge as a bisected regular tetrahedron A wedge constructed from 8 triangular faces and 2 squares. It can be seen as a tetrahedron augmented by two square pyramids. The regular dodecahedron can be decomposed into a central cube and 6 wedges over the 6 square faces. Harris, J. W., & Stocker, H. "Wedge". §4.5.2 in Handbook of Mathematics and Computational Science. New York: Springer, p. 102, 1998. ISBN 978-0-387-94746-4 Weisstein, Eric W. "Wedge". MathWorld. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wedge_(geometry)&oldid=786593872"	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2430
__label__wiki	0.804786	0.804786	Valencian (or; endonym: valencià, llengua valenciana, or idioma valencià) is a linguistic variety spoken in the Valencian Community, Spain. In the Valencian Community, Valencian is the traditional language and is co-official with Spanish. It is considered different from Catalan by a slight majority of the people of the Valencian Community (including non-speakers), but this is at odds with the broad academic view, which considers it a dialect of Catalan. A standardized form exists, based on the Southern Valencian dialect. Valencian belongs to the Western group of Catalan dialects. Under the Valencian Statute of Autonomy, the Valencian Academy of the Language (Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, AVL) has been established as its regulator. The AVL considers Catalan and Valencian to be simply two names for the same language. Some of the most important works of Valencian literature experienced a golden age during the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Important works include Joanot Martorell's chivalric romance Tirant lo Blanch, and Ausiàs March's poetry. The first book produced with movable type in the Iberian Peninsula was printed in the Valencian variety. The earliest recorded chess game with modern rules for moves of the queen and bishop was in the Valencian poem Scachs d'amor (1475). [1] 139 relations: Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, Affricate consonant, Alberto Fabra, Algherese dialect, Alicante, Allophone, Alveolar consonant, Alveolo-palatal consonant, Andorra, Approximant consonant, Aragon, Article (grammar), Audiencia Nacional (Spain), Ausiàs March, Autonomous communities of Spain, Back vowel, Balearic dialect, Balearic Islands, Benicarló, Betacism, Bilabial consonant, Bilingual education, Bishop (chess), Carche, Castellón de la Plana, Catalan Countries, Catalan language, Catalan literature, Catalan orthography, Catalan personal pronouns, Catalonia, Chess, Chivalric romance, Close vowel, Close-mid vowel, Cognate, Comarques of the Valencian Community, Comparison of Afrikaans and Dutch, Comparison of American and British English, Constitution of Spain, Continuant, Convergence and Union, Crown of Aragon, Dental consonant, Eduardo Zaplana, El País, Elision, Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, Enric Valor i Vives, European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, ..., Exonym and endonym, Fideuà, Flap consonant, Francisco Camps, Freedom of information, Fricative consonant, Front vowel, Gallo-Romance languages, Gürtel case, Generalitat Valenciana, Iberian Peninsula, Iberian Romance languages, Immigration to Spain, Infinitive, Institut d'Estudis Catalans, Isabel de Villena, Italic languages, Joan Roís de Corella, Joanot Martorell, Jordi Pujol, José María Aznar, Labiodental consonant, Late Middle Ages, Lateral consonant, Latin script, Lenition, List of language regulators, Lleida, Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity, Matarraña, Moldovan language, Movable type, Mystery Play of Elche, Names given to the Spanish language, Names of the Catalan language, Nasal consonant, Near-open vowel, Normes de Castelló, Occitan language, Occitano-Romance languages, Open vowel, Open-mid vowel, Palatal consonant, People's Party (Spain), Phoneme, Phonetic transcription, Phonetics, Pluricentric language, Pompeu Fabra, Prime Minister of Spain, Province of Alicante, Province of Castellón, Province of Lleida, Province of Tarragona, Province of Teruel, Queen (chess), Received Pronunciation, Region of Murcia, Renaissance, Ribagorçan dialect, Romance languages, Scachs d'amor, Serbo-Croatian, Sexual harassment, Spain, Spanish language, Standard language, Statute of Autonomy, Stop consonant, Subjunctive mood, Tirant lo Blanch, Tortosa, Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, Trill consonant, UNESCO, Valencia, Valencia Metro derailment, Valencian Community, Valencian Sign Language, Valencian Union, Valencians, Variety (linguistics), Velar consonant, Velarization, Vinaròs, Voice (phonetics), Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate, Vowel harmony, Western Romance languages. Expand index (89 more) » « Shrink index Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua The Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (English: Valencian Language Academy), also known by the acronym AVL, is an institution created on September 16, 1998, by the Valencian Parliament, which belongs to the set of official institutions that compose the Generalitat Valenciana, according to the Act of Autonomy of the Valencian Community. New!!: Valencian and Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua · See more » Affricate consonant An affricate is a consonant that begins as a stop and releases as a fricative, generally with the same place of articulation (most often coronal). New!!: Valencian and Affricate consonant · See more » Alberto Fabra Alberto Fabra Part (Castellón de la Plana, born 6 April 1964) is a Spanish politician who belongs to the People's Party. New!!: Valencian and Alberto Fabra · See more » Algherese dialect Algherese (Standard Catalan: Alguerès,; Algherese: Alguerés) is the variant of the Catalan language spoken in the city of Alghero (L'Alguer in Catalan), in the northwest of Sardinia, Italy. New!!: Valencian and Algherese dialect · See more » Alicante, or Alacant, both the Spanish and Valencian being official names, is a city and port in Spain on the Costa Blanca, the capital of the province of Alicante and of the comarca of Alacantí, in the south of the Valencian Community. New!!: Valencian and Alicante · See more » Allophone In phonology, an allophone (from the ἄλλος, állos, "other" and φωνή, phōnē, "voice, sound") is one of a set of multiple possible spoken sounds, or phones, or signs used to pronounce a single phoneme in a particular language. New!!: Valencian and Allophone · See more » Alveolar consonant Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets) of the superior teeth. New!!: Valencian and Alveolar consonant · See more » Alveolo-palatal consonant In phonetics, alveolo-palatal (or alveopalatal) consonants, sometimes synonymous with pre-palatal consonants, are intermediate in articulation between the coronal and dorsal consonants, or which have simultaneous alveolar and palatal articulation. New!!: Valencian and Alveolo-palatal consonant · See more » Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra (Principat d'Andorra), also called the Principality of the Valleys of Andorra (Principat de les Valls d'Andorra), is a sovereign landlocked microstate on the Iberian Peninsula, in the eastern Pyrenees, bordered by France in the north and Spain in the south. New!!: Valencian and Andorra · See more » Approximant consonant Approximants are speech sounds that involve the articulators approaching each other but not narrowly enough nor with enough articulatory precision to create turbulent airflow. New!!: Valencian and Approximant consonant · See more » Aragon (or, Spanish and Aragón, Aragó or) is an autonomous community in Spain, coextensive with the medieval Kingdom of Aragon. New!!: Valencian and Aragon · See more » Article (grammar) An article (with the linguistic glossing abbreviation) is a word that is used with a noun (as a standalone word or a prefix or suffix) to specify grammatical definiteness of the noun, and in some languages extending to volume or numerical scope. New!!: Valencian and Article (grammar) · See more » Audiencia Nacional (Spain) The Audiencia Nacional (National Court) is a special and exceptional high court in Spain. New!!: Valencian and Audiencia Nacional (Spain) · See more » Ausiàs March Ausiàs March (1400March 3, 1459) was a medieval Valencian poet and knight from Gandia, Valencia. New!!: Valencian and Ausiàs March · See more » Autonomous communities of Spain In Spain, an autonomous community (comunidad autónoma, autonomia erkidegoa, comunitat autònoma, comunidade autónoma, comunautat autonòma) is a first-level political and administrative division, created in accordance with the Spanish constitution of 1978, with the aim of guaranteeing limited autonomy of the nationalities and regions that make up Spain. New!!: Valencian and Autonomous communities of Spain · See more » Back vowel A back vowel is any in a class of vowel sound used in spoken languages. New!!: Valencian and Back vowel · See more » Balearic dialect Balearic (balear) is the collective name for the dialects of Catalan spoken in the Balearic Islands: mallorquí in Majorca, eivissenc in Ibiza, and menorquí in Menorca. New!!: Valencian and Balearic dialect · See more » The Balearic Islands (Illes Balears,; Islas Baleares) are an archipelago of Spain in the western Mediterranean Sea, near the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula. New!!: Valencian and Balearic Islands · See more » Benicarló is a city and municipality in the north of the province of Castelló, part of the Valencian Community, in the Mediterranean Coast between the cities of Vinaròs and Peníscola, not too far south from the Ebre River. New!!: Valencian and Benicarló · See more » Betacism In historical linguistics, betacism is a sound change in which (the voiced bilabial plosive, as in bane) and (the voiced labiodental fricative, as in vane) are confused. New!!: Valencian and Betacism · See more » Bilabial consonant In phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a consonant articulated with both lips. New!!: Valencian and Bilabial consonant · See more » Bilingual education involves teaching academic content in two languages, in a native and secondary language with varying amounts of each language used in accordance with the program model.Bilingual education refers to the utilization of two languages as means of instruction for students and considered part of or the entire school curriculum. New!!: Valencian and Bilingual education · See more » Bishop (chess) A bishop (♗,♝) is a piece in the board game of chess. New!!: Valencian and Bishop (chess) · See more » Carche Carche (El Carxe) is a mountainous, sparsely populated area in the Region of Murcia, Spain, lying between the municipalities of Jumilla and Yecla. New!!: Valencian and Carche · See more » Castellón de la Plana, Castelló de la Plana, or simply Castellón / Castelló, is the capital city of the province of Castellón, in the Valencian Community, Spain, in the east of the Iberian Peninsula, on the Costa del Azahar by the Mediterranean Sea. New!!: Valencian and Castellón de la Plana · See more » The Catalan Countries (Els Països Catalans),, refers to those territories where the Catalan language, or a variant of it, is spoken. New!!: Valencian and Catalan Countries · See more » New!!: Valencian and Catalan language · See more » Catalan literature is the name conventionally used to refer to literature written in the Catalan language. New!!: Valencian and Catalan literature · See more » Catalan orthography Like those of many other Romance languages, the Catalan alphabet derives from the Latin alphabet and is largely based on the language’s phonology. New!!: Valencian and Catalan orthography · See more » Catalan personal pronouns This article discusses the forms and functions of the personal pronouns in Catalan grammar. New!!: Valencian and Catalan personal pronouns · See more » Catalonia (Catalunya, Catalonha, Cataluña) is an autonomous community in Spain on the northeastern extremity of the Iberian Peninsula, designated as a nationality by its Statute of Autonomy. New!!: Valencian and Catalonia · See more » Chess is a two-player strategy board game played on a chessboard, a checkered gameboard with 64 squares arranged in an 8×8 grid. New!!: Valencian and Chess · See more » Chivalric romance As a literary genre of high culture, romance or chivalric romance is a type of prose and verse narrative that was popular in the aristocratic circles of High Medieval and Early Modern Europe. New!!: Valencian and Chivalric romance · See more » Close vowel A close vowel, also known as a high vowel (in American terminology), is any in a class of vowel sound used in many spoken languages. New!!: Valencian and Close vowel · See more » Close-mid vowel A close-mid vowel (also mid-close vowel, high-mid vowel, mid-high vowel or half-close vowel) is any in a class of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. New!!: Valencian and Close-mid vowel · See more » Cognate In linguistics, cognates are words that have a common etymological origin. New!!: Valencian and Cognate · See more » Comarques of the Valencian Community The comarques of the Valencian Community, also known as Valencian Country, form an intermediate level of administrative subdivision between municipalities and provinces. New!!: Valencian and Comarques of the Valencian Community · See more » Comparison of Afrikaans and Dutch Afrikaans is a daughter language of Dutch and—unlike Netherlands Dutch, Belgian Dutch and Surinamese Dutch—a separate standard language rather than a national variety. New!!: Valencian and Comparison of Afrikaans and Dutch · See more » Comparison of American and British English The English language was first introduced to the Americas by British colonization, beginning in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. New!!: Valencian and Comparison of American and British English · See more » Constitution of Spain The Spanish Constitution (Constitución Española; Espainiako Konstituzioa; Constitució Espanyola; Constitución Española; Constitucion espanhòla) is the democratic law that is supreme in the Kingdom of Spain. New!!: Valencian and Constitution of Spain · See more » Continuant In phonology, a continuant is a speech sound produced without a complete closure in the oral cavity, namely fricatives, approximants and vowels. New!!: Valencian and Continuant · See more » Convergence and Union Convergence and Union (Convergència i Unió, CiU) was a Catalan nationalist electoral alliance in Catalonia, Spain. New!!: Valencian and Convergence and Union · See more » Crown of Aragon The Crown of Aragon (Corona d'Aragón, Corona d'Aragó, Corona de Aragón),Corona d'AragónCorona AragonumCorona de Aragón) also referred by some modern historians as Catalanoaragonese Crown (Corona catalanoaragonesa) or Catalan-Aragonese Confederation (Confederació catalanoaragonesa) was a composite monarchy, also nowadays referred to as a confederation of individual polities or kingdoms ruled by one king, with a personal and dynastic union of the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of Barcelona. At the height of its power in the 14th and 15th centuries, the Crown of Aragon was a thalassocracy (a state with primarily maritime realms) controlling a large portion of present-day eastern Spain, parts of what is now southern France, and a Mediterranean "empire" which included the Balearic Islands, Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, Malta, Southern Italy (from 1442) and parts of Greece (until 1388). The component realms of the Crown were not united politically except at the level of the king, who ruled over each autonomous polity according to its own laws, raising funds under each tax structure, dealing separately with each Corts or Cortes. Put in contemporary terms, it has sometimes been considered that the different lands of the Crown of Aragon (mainly the Kingdom of Aragon, the Principality of Catalonia and the Kingdom of Valencia) functioned more as a confederation than as a single kingdom. In this sense, the larger Crown of Aragon must not be confused with one of its constituent parts, the Kingdom of Aragon, from which it takes its name. In 1469, a new dynastic familial union of the Crown of Aragon with the Crown of Castile by the Catholic Monarchs, joining what contemporaries referred to as "the Spains" led to what would become the Kingdom of Spain under King Philip II. The Crown existed until it was abolished by the Nueva Planta decrees issued by King Philip V in 1716 as a consequence of the defeat of Archduke Charles (as Charles III of Aragon) in the War of the Spanish Succession. New!!: Valencian and Crown of Aragon · See more » Dental consonant A dental consonant is a consonant articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth, such as,,, and in some languages. New!!: Valencian and Dental consonant · See more » Eduardo Zaplana Eduardo Andrés Julio Zaplana Hernández-Soro (born 3 April 1956) is a Spanish politician who served as the Partido Popular (PP) spokesman in the Spanish Congress of Deputies from 2004 to 2008. New!!: Valencian and Eduardo Zaplana · See more » El País (literally The Country) is the most read newspaper (231,140 printed copies) in Spain and the most circulated daily newspaper (180,765 circulation average), according to data certified by the Office of Justification of Dissemination (OJD) and referring to the period of January 2017 to December 2017. New!!: Valencian and El País · See more » Elision In linguistics, an elision or deletion is the omission of one or more sounds (such as a vowel, a consonant, or a whole syllable) in a word or phrase. New!!: Valencian and Elision · See more » Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, first published in 1994, with a 2nd edition in 2006, is an encyclopedia of all matters related to language and linguistics. New!!: Valencian and Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics · See more » Enric Valor i Vives Enric Valor i Vives (1911 in Castalla, Alicante – 2000 in Valencia) was a Spanish narrator and grammarian who made one of the most important contributions to the re-collection and recovery of Valencian lexicography and its standardization in the Valencian Community, Spain. New!!: Valencian and Enric Valor i Vives · See more » European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML) is a European treaty (CETS 148) adopted in 1992 under the auspices of the Council of Europe to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe. New!!: Valencian and European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages · See more » Exonym and endonym An exonym or xenonym is an external name for a geographical place, or a group of people, an individual person, or a language or dialect. New!!: Valencian and Exonym and endonym · See more » Fideuà (dialectal pronunciation of the Valencian/Catalan word fideuada "large amount of noodles") is a seafood dish originally from the coast of Valencia which is similar to paella, and even more to arròs a banda, but with noodles instead of rice. New!!: Valencian and Fideuà · See more » Flap consonant In phonetics, a flap or tap is a type of consonantal sound, which is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (such as the tongue) is thrown against another. New!!: Valencian and Flap consonant · See more » Francisco Enrique Camps Ortiz (born 28 August 1962) is a Spanish politician belonging to the Partido Popular (PP). New!!: Valencian and Francisco Camps · See more » Freedom of information is an extension of freedom of speech, a fundamental human right recognized in international law, which is today understood more generally as freedom of expression in any medium, be it orally, in writing, print, through the Internet or through art forms. New!!: Valencian and Freedom of information · See more » Fricative consonant Fricatives are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together. New!!: Valencian and Fricative consonant · See more » Front vowel A front vowel is any in a class of vowel sound used in some spoken languages, its defining characteristic being that the highest point of the tongue is positioned relatively in front in the mouth without creating a constriction that would make it a consonant. New!!: Valencian and Front vowel · See more » Gallo-Romance languages The Gallo-Romance branch of the Romance languages includes sensu stricto the French language, the Occitan language, and the Franco-Provençal language (Arpitan). New!!: Valencian and Gallo-Romance languages · See more » Gürtel case The Gürtel case is an ongoing political corruption scandal in Spain, which implicates officers of the People's Party (PP), Spain's major conservative party, some of whom have been forced to resign or have been suspended. New!!: Valencian and Gürtel case · See more » The Generalitat Valenciana is the generic name covering the different self-government institutions under which the Spanish autonomous community of Valencia is politically organized. New!!: Valencian and Generalitat Valenciana · See more » The Iberian Peninsula, also known as Iberia, is located in the southwest corner of Europe. New!!: Valencian and Iberian Peninsula · See more » Iberian Romance languages The Iberian Romance, Ibero-Romance or simply Iberian languages is an areal grouping of Romance languages that developed on the Iberian Peninsula, an area consisting primarily of Spain, Portugal, Gibraltar and Andorra, and in southern France which are today more commonly separated into West Iberian and Occitano-Romance language groups. New!!: Valencian and Iberian Romance languages · See more » Immigration to Spain As of 2014, there were over 5,023,487 foreign-born people in Spain, over 10.7% of the total population. New!!: Valencian and Immigration to Spain · See more » Infinitive (abbreviated) is a grammatical term referring to certain verb forms existing in many languages, most often used as non-finite verbs. New!!: Valencian and Infinitive · See more » The Institut d'Estudis Catalans (English: "Institute for Catalan Studies"), also known by the acronym IEC, is an academic institution which seeks to undertake research and study into "all elements of Catalan culture". New!!: Valencian and Institut d'Estudis Catalans · See more » Isabel de Villena Isabel de Villena (Valencia, Crown of Aragon, 1430-1490) was the illegitimate child of Enrique de Villena an unknown noblewoman who rose to become the abbess of the Real Monasterio de la Trinidad of Valencia. New!!: Valencian and Isabel de Villena · See more » Italic languages The Italic languages are a subfamily of the Indo-European language family, originally spoken by Italic peoples. New!!: Valencian and Italic languages · See more » Joan Roís de Corella Joan Roís de Corella (Gandia or Valencia, 1435 – Valencia, 1497) was a Valencian-language writer from the Kingdom of Valencia. New!!: Valencian and Joan Roís de Corella · See more » Joanot Martorell Joanot Martorell (Gandia, south of Valencia, 1413 – 1468) was a Valencian knight and the author of the novel Tirant lo Blanch, written in the Valencian vernacular (Martorell calls it vulgar llengua valenciana) and published at Valencia in 1490. New!!: Valencian and Joanot Martorell · See more » Jordi Pujol Jordi Pujol i Soley (born 9 June 1930) is a Spanish politician who was the leader of the party Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya (CDC) from 1974 to 2003, and President of the Generalitat de Catalunya from 1980 to 2003. New!!: Valencian and Jordi Pujol · See more » José María Alfredo Aznar López (born 25 February 1953) is a Spanish politician who served as the Prime Minister of Spain from 1996 to 2004. New!!: Valencian and José María Aznar · See more » Labiodental consonant In phonetics, labiodentals are consonants articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth. New!!: Valencian and Labiodental consonant · See more » Late Middle Ages The Late Middle Ages or Late Medieval Period was the period of European history lasting from 1250 to 1500 AD. New!!: Valencian and Late Middle Ages · See more » Lateral consonant A lateral is an l-like consonant in which the airstream proceeds along the sides of the tongue, but it is blocked by the tongue from going through the middle of the mouth. New!!: Valencian and Lateral consonant · See more » New!!: Valencian and Latin script · See more » Lenition In linguistics, lenition is a kind of sound change that alters consonants, making them more sonorous. New!!: Valencian and Lenition · See more » List of language regulators This is a list of bodies that regulate standard languages, often called language academies. New!!: Valencian and List of language regulators · See more » Lleida (Lérida) is a city in the west of Catalonia, Spain. New!!: Valencian and Lleida · See more » Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity The Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity was made by the Director-General of UNESCO starting in 2001 to raise awareness of intangible cultural heritage and encourage local communities to protect them and the local people who sustain these forms of cultural expressions. New!!: Valencian and Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity · See more » Matarraña Matarraña or Matarranya is a comarca in eastern Aragon, bordering the Spanish Autonomous Communities of Catalonia and Valencia. New!!: Valencian and Matarraña · See more » Moldovan language Moldovan (also Moldavian; limba moldovenească, or лимба молдовеняскэ in Moldovan Cyrillic) is one of the two names of the Romanian language in the Republic of Moldova, prescribed by the Article 13 of the current constitution; the other name, recognized by the Declaration of Independence of Moldova and the Constitutional Court, is "Romanian". New!!: Valencian and Moldovan language · See more » Movable type (US English; moveable type in British English) is the system and technology of printing and typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document (usually individual letters or punctuation) usually on the medium of paper. New!!: Valencian and Movable type · See more » Mystery Play of Elche The Misterio de Elche, in English the Mystery Play of Elche or Elche Mystery Play and in Valencian Misteri d'Elx, is a liturgical drama dating from the Middle Ages, which is enacted and celebrated in the Basilica de Santa María in the city of Elche on 14 and 15 August of each year. New!!: Valencian and Mystery Play of Elche · See more » Names given to the Spanish language There are two names given in Spanish to the Spanish language: español ("Spanish") and castellano ("Castilian"). New!!: Valencian and Names given to the Spanish language · See more » Names of the Catalan language The first names, or glossonyms, of the Catalan language formed in a dialectal relation with Latin, in which Catalan existed as a variety. New!!: Valencian and Names of the Catalan language · See more » Nasal consonant In phonetics, a nasal, also called a nasal occlusive, nasal stop in contrast with a nasal fricative, or nasal continuant, is an occlusive consonant produced with a lowered velum, allowing air to escape freely through the nose. New!!: Valencian and Nasal consonant · See more » Near-open vowel A near-open vowel or a near-low vowel is any in a class of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. New!!: Valencian and Near-open vowel · See more » Normes de Castelló Normes de Castelló ("Castelló's Norms"), also known as Normes del 32, are elementary orthographic guidelines that follow Pompeu Fabra's Catalan language norms for its Valencian variety. New!!: Valencian and Normes de Castelló · See more » New!!: Valencian and Occitan language · See more » Occitano-Romance languages The Occitano-Romance or Gallo-Narbonnese (llengües occitanoromàniques, lengas occitanoromanicas) is a branch of the Romance language group that encompasses the Occitan language, the Catalan language, and the Aragonese language. New!!: Valencian and Occitano-Romance languages · See more » Open vowel An open vowel is a vowel sound in which the tongue is positioned as far as possible from the roof of the mouth. New!!: Valencian and Open vowel · See more » Open-mid vowel An open-mid vowel (also mid-open vowel, low-mid vowel, mid-low vowel or half-open vowel) is any in a class of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. New!!: Valencian and Open-mid vowel · See more » Palatal consonant Palatal consonants are consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth). New!!: Valencian and Palatal consonant · See more » People's Party (Spain) The People's Party (Partido Popular; known mostly by its acronym, PP) is a conservative and Christian democratic political party in Spain. New!!: Valencian and People's Party (Spain) · See more » Phoneme A phoneme is one of the units of sound (or gesture in the case of sign languages, see chereme) that distinguish one word from another in a particular language. New!!: Valencian and Phoneme · See more » Phonetic transcription Phonetic transcription (also known as phonetic script or phonetic notation) is the visual representation of speech sounds (or phones). New!!: Valencian and Phonetic transcription · See more » Phonetics (pronounced) is the branch of linguistics that studies the sounds of human speech, or—in the case of sign languages—the equivalent aspects of sign. New!!: Valencian and Phonetics · See more » A pluricentric language or polycentric language is a language with several interacting codified standard versions, often corresponding to different countries. New!!: Valencian and Pluricentric language · See more » Pompeu Fabra Pompeu Fabra i Poch (Gràcia, Barcelona, 20 February 1868 - Prada de Conflent, 25 December 1948) was a Spanish engineer and grammarian. New!!: Valencian and Pompeu Fabra · See more » Prime Minister of Spain The Prime Minister of Spain, officially the President of the Government of Spain (Presidente del Gobierno de España), is the head of the government of Spain. New!!: Valencian and Prime Minister of Spain · See more » Province of Alicante Alicante, or Alacant, is a province of eastern Spain, in the southern part of the Valencian Community. New!!: Valencian and Province of Alicante · See more » Province of Castellón Castellón or Castelló is a province in the northern part of the Valencian Community, Spain. New!!: Valencian and Province of Castellón · See more » Province of Lleida Monastery of Santa Maria de Bellpuig de les Avellanes. The Province of Lleida (Lérida; Lhèida) is one of the four provinces of Catalonia. New!!: Valencian and Province of Lleida · See more » Tarragona is a province of eastern Spain, in the southern part of the autonomous community of Catalonia. New!!: Valencian and Province of Tarragona · See more » Province of Teruel Teruel (Catalan Terol) is a province of Aragon, in the northeast of Spain. New!!: Valencian and Province of Teruel · See more » Queen (chess) The queen (♕,♛) is the most powerful piece in the game of chess, able to move any number of squares vertically, horizontally or diagonally. New!!: Valencian and Queen (chess) · See more » Received Pronunciation (RP) is an accent of Standard English in the United Kingdom and is defined in the Concise Oxford English Dictionary as "the standard accent of English as spoken in the south of England", although it can be heard from native speakers throughout England and Wales. New!!: Valencian and Received Pronunciation · See more » The Region of Murcia (Región de Murcia, Regió de Múrcia) is an autonomous community of Spain located in the southeast of the state, between Andalusia and Valencian Community, on the Mediterranean coast. New!!: Valencian and Region of Murcia · See more » The Renaissance is a period in European history, covering the span between the 14th and 17th centuries. New!!: Valencian and Renaissance · See more » Ribagorçan dialect Ribagorçan (autonym: ribagorsano, or ribagorzano,; ribagorzano,; Standard Catalan: ribagorçà) is a number of Romance dialects spoken in the modern territories of the medieval County of Ribagorza, in northern Spain. New!!: Valencian and Ribagorçan dialect · See more » The Romance languages (also called Romanic languages or Neo-Latin languages) are the modern languages that began evolving from Vulgar Latin between the sixth and ninth centuries and that form a branch of the Italic languages within the Indo-European language family. New!!: Valencian and Romance languages · See more » Scachs d'amor Scachs d'amor (Catalan for Chess of Love), whose complete title is Hobra intitulada scachs d'amor feta per don Francí de Castellví e Narcis Vinyoles e mossèn Fenollar, is the name of a poem written by Francesc de Castellví, Bernat Fenollar, and Narcís de Vinyoles, published in Valencia, Spain towards the end of the 15th century. New!!: Valencian and Scachs d'amor · See more » Serbo-Croatian, also called Serbo-Croat, Serbo-Croat-Bosnian (SCB), Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian (BCS), or Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian (BCMS), is a South Slavic language and the primary language of Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro. New!!: Valencian and Serbo-Croatian · See more » Sexual harassment is bullying or coercion of a sexual nature, or the unwelcome or inappropriate promise of rewards in exchange for sexual favors. New!!: Valencian and Sexual harassment · See more » Spain (España), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España), is a sovereign state mostly located on the Iberian Peninsula in Europe. New!!: Valencian and Spain · See more » New!!: Valencian and Spanish language · See more » A standard language or standard variety may be defined either as a language variety used by a population for public purposes or as a variety that has undergone standardization. New!!: Valencian and Standard language · See more » Statute of Autonomy Nominally, a Statute of Autonomy (Estatuto de Autonomía, Estatut d'Autonomia, Estatuto de Autonomía, Estatutu d' Autonomía, Autonomia Estatutua) is a law hierarchically located under the constitution of a country, and over any other form of legislation (including organic laws). New!!: Valencian and Statute of Autonomy · See more » Stop consonant In phonetics, a stop, also known as a plosive or oral occlusive, is a consonant in which the vocal tract is blocked so that all airflow ceases. New!!: Valencian and Stop consonant · See more » The subjunctive is a grammatical mood (that is, a way of speaking that allows people to express their attitude toward what they are saying) found in many languages. New!!: Valencian and Subjunctive mood · See more » Tirant lo Blanch Tirant lo Blanch (modern orthography: Tirant lo Blanc) is a chivalric romance written by the Valencian knight Joanot Martorell, finished posthumously by his friend Martí Joan de Galba and published in the city of Valencia in 1490 as an incunabulum edition. New!!: Valencian and Tirant lo Blanch · See more » Tortosa is the capital of the comarca of Baix Ebre, in Catalonia, Spain. New!!: Valencian and Tortosa · See more » Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (TCE; commonly referred to as the European Constitution or as the Constitutional Treaty) was an unratified international treaty intended to create a consolidated constitution for the European Union (EU). New!!: Valencian and Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe · See more » Trill consonant In phonetics, a trill is a consonantal sound produced by vibrations between the active articulator and passive articulator. New!!: Valencian and Trill consonant · See more » The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) based in Paris. New!!: Valencian and UNESCO · See more » Valencia, officially València, on the east coast of Spain, is the capital of the autonomous community of Valencia and the third-largest city in Spain after Madrid and Barcelona, with around 800,000 inhabitants in the administrative centre. New!!: Valencian and Valencia · See more » Valencia Metro derailment The Valencia Metro derailment occurred in Valencia, Spain's third largest city, on 3 July 2006 at 1 p.m. CEST (1100 UTC) between Jesús and Plaça d'Espanya stations on the Line 1 of the Metrovalencia mass transit system. New!!: Valencian and Valencia Metro derailment · See more » The Valencian Community, or the Valencian Country, is an autonomous community of Spain. New!!: Valencian and Valencian Community · See more » Valencian Sign Language Valencian Sign Language (Llengua de signes valenciana), or LSV, is a sign language used by deaf people in the Valencian Community, Spain. New!!: Valencian and Valencian Sign Language · See more » Valencian Union Valencian Union (Unió Valenciana; Unión Valenciana; UV) was a regionalist political party in the Valencian Community, Spain. New!!: Valencian and Valencian Union · See more » Valencians Valencians (valencians, valencianos) are an indigenous Romance ethnic group whose homeland is the Valencian Community, which is recognised as an historical nation in eastern Spain. New!!: Valencian and Valencians · See more » Variety (linguistics) In sociolinguistics a variety, also called a lect, is a specific form of a language or language cluster. New!!: Valencian and Variety (linguistics) · See more » Velar consonant Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth (known also as the velum). New!!: Valencian and Velar consonant · See more » Velarization Velarization is a secondary articulation of consonants by which the back of the tongue is raised toward the velum during the articulation of the consonant. New!!: Valencian and Velarization · See more » Vinaròs is a city located in eastern Spain and the capital of the Baix Maestrat. New!!: Valencian and Vinaròs · See more » Voice (phonetics) Voice is a term used in phonetics and phonology to characterize speech sounds (usually consonants). New!!: Valencian and Voice (phonetics) · See more » Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate The voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. New!!: Valencian and Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate · See more » Vowel harmony Vowel harmony is a type of long-distance assimilatory phonological process involving vowels that occurs in some languages. New!!: Valencian and Vowel harmony · See more » Western Romance languages Western Romance languages are one of the two subdivisions of a proposed subdivision of the Romance languages based on the La Spezia–Rimini line. New!!: Valencian and Western Romance languages · See more » Catalan-valencian, Southern Catalan, Southern Valencian, Valencian (Catalan) language, Valencian Catalan, Valencian Language, Valencian dialect, Valencian language, Valencian speech, Valencian-Catalan, Valenciano language, Valencià. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencian	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2431
__label__wiki	0.925257	0.925257	Whittington, Worcestershire This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (July 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Whittington village Whittington is a small village near Worcester close to Junction 7 of the M5 motorway, bounded by the motorway and the B4084, in the District of Wychavon. In fact the motorway cut through the village, most of it being on the west side but some houses were left on the east side. Amenities[edit] This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) There is one public house – The Swan, a village and parish church, and an active village hall. There is an ancient burial mound referred to as "The Tump" across the main road A44 from the pub. The tump is thought to have been a barrow but no burial remains have been found there. The hill was built by the order of Oliver Cromwell where soldiers used their helmets to carry dirt to build the hill in celebration of the victory of the battle of Worcester. The context of this ancient monument was devastated by the building of the M5 motorway a very short distance away, further damage being caused by the widening of the A44, which was rebuilt to bypass the village. It was then damaged again by the building on the north side of the Tump of the road going west to the new crossing of the River Severn south of Worcester. Tump is Worcestershire dialect for a small hill and may be derived from the Welsh language word Twmpath. An unty tump is a molehill, unty being local dialect for a mole. The village has a primary school. The parish of Whittington also includes the hamlet of Swinsherd, part of which was also lost to the building of the M5 motorway. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Whittington, Worcestershire. Whittington village website The village church website Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whittington,_Worcestershire&oldid=849289852" Wikipedia articles with style issues from July 2009 All articles with style issues Articles that may contain original research from August 2015	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2433
__label__wiki	0.631332	0.631332	Thirty-seventh Business Delegation \| FEBRUARY 23–25, 2015 HOME CALENDAR SLIDESHOW THIRTY-SIXTH DELEGATION THIRTY-FIFTH DELEGATION THIRTY-FOURTH DELEGATION ALL DELEGATIONS Micro-credit Walking the Tightrope Roberson Alphonse explains to U.S. policy-makers the conditions of business in Haiti Roberson Alphonse Executive Editor and Head of National News Desk LeNouvelliste 198 Rue du Centre Port-au-Prince, Haïti Telephone : (509) 34204041 Email: ralphonse@lenouvelliste.com Founded in 1898, Le Nouvelliste is Haiti’s oldest and the only daily news paper. Its name and brand are both recognized and known by a large number of Haitians. The newspaper is considered as an experienced, reliable and helpful source of information. This is the reason why it has lasted for so long in a country with an extended past of political instability. Le Nouvelliste is also the most viewed internet web site of Haiti (www.lenouvelliste.com) Le Nouvelliste’s mission is to enhance Haitian society by collecting, creating and distributing high quality news, information and entertainment content. Throughout the years, Le Nouvelliste has grown to become Haiti’s leading media group with two radio stations (Magik 9 100.9 FM, Visa FM 88.1) a television station (Ch 20) in the works and several magazines and publications such as: Ticket Magazine (Entertainment/People) Magik Haiti (English monthly publication) Lakay Weekly (weekly news paper in English) Roberson Alphonse, has been Executive Editor in Head of National News Desk since 2011. He’s also News Director of the Radio Station Magic 9 100.9 FM. He studied and holds a degree from “Centre Haitien de Formation des Journalistes” He preside at l’Association des Journalistes Haitiens (AJH) the committee for continuous training He has received the following honor: Carlo Desinor Award for the best Journalist of the year (2009, Haiti) Leadership Influence Award by the Association of Friends of Haiti (2010, New York) He was on the panel at the UNESCO Conference on the “Reconstruction of the social fabric of Haiti (2010, Paris) Kisha Terry Boucard Executive Assistant to the CEO – Project Manager for United Nations Contracts Boucard Pest Control & Sanitation S.A 1, Rue Richard Jules, Delmas 75 Telephone : (509) 3669 2153/(509) 2942-4444 Email : tboucard@boucardpestcontrol.com info@boucardpestcontrol.com A family owned business, Boucard Pest Control & Sanitation S.A (BPC) was founded in 1978 by Bernard Boucard as a one man operation. Thirty seven years later, BPC has become one of the most important private companies in the pest control and waste management industry in Haiti with over 100 direct employees and a fleet of more than 30 service equipments. Their services include but are not limited to: Insect & Rodent control program, Termite Treatments, Fumigation of Commodities, Solid Waste Management, Disposal of expired commodities, Dumpster rental, Industrial & Commercial cleaning, Portable Toilet Rental & Cleaning, and Septic Tank Cleaning. Their clients’ portfolio include: Ministry of Public Works & Communication, US Embassy, United Nations, American Red Cross, Heineken, Best Western Premier, World Vision, Bank Republique d’Haiti (BRH), USAID, BID... Kisha Terry Boucard ( Terry), was born and raised in Port au Prince, Haiti. She received her Bachelor Degree in Management and Marketing from Loyola University in New Orleans Louisiana in 2004. In the spring of 2005, Terry pursued her MBA at the University of Nebraska - Lincoln. She worked for four years at Nationwide Insurance Company as a Bodily Injury Claims Adjuster. On October 2008, Terry moved back to Port au Prince and started working at Boucard Pest Control & Sanitation S.A. Kisha Terry Boucard is a member of the following Association and Institution: National Pest Management Association (NPMA) Solid Waste Association of North America (SWANA) AMCHAM of Haiti Haitian Chamber of Commerce (CCIO) Member Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Inc – Eta Theta Chapter Jean Dorvil Etienne Institut Sacre Coeur du Cap Haïtien 30, Rue Saint Catherine Cap Haïtien, Haïti Téléphone : (509) 767-9410/(509) 3170-9340 Email: ejdor1606@yahoo.fr Founded in 2001 l’Institut Sacre Coeur du Cap Haitien (ISCCH) is a well respected private high school. In addition ISCCH has a professional program which provides training in computer science, accounting, custom broker and tourism. The institute also provides specialized training in driving heavy duty equipment. Mr. Jean Dorvil Etienne is also a majority owner of a construction firm called Bureau d’Ingenierie et d’Expertise Nationale (BIEN) which has been in operation since 2009. He is also a major investor in the lodging industry in a new 24 room Hotel named Retrouvaille which is being built on Boulevard du Cap Haitien on the city water front. Mr. Etienne holds a BS in Economic and Statistic from Le Centre Techniques de Plannifications et d’Economie Appliquee (C.T.P.E.A). He also has a master in Management and public Policy from the University of Chile in Santiago. Since 1994 he has been a lecturer at two universities in Cap Haitian. He is an active member de la Chambre de Commerce du Nord et du Nord Est. Christopher P. R. Etienne Christopher P.R Etienne Fourth year Student in Engineering 302C Clinton Hall University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14261 Telephone : (716) 903 778 Email: Etienne@live.com Christopher Etienne is studying engineering at the University at Buffalo where he expects to receive a Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering in May 2015. His GPA is 3.56. He has had work experiences at Saint Thomas University in Miami Florida and has done an internship at Bureau d’Ingenerie et d’Expertise National (BIEN) in Cap Haitian which he hopes to join when he finish with his studies. Christopher is participating in this fact finding visit to accompany his father Jean Dorvil Etienne who is not as fluent in English as he is in French and Spanish. Katleen Félix International Consultant in Migration and Development Fonkoze Representative 1584 Ducharme, Outremont, Quebec Canada H2V 1G3 Telephone: 514-574-5267 / 917-375-6902 Email: Katleen.felix@hec.ca Consulting practice that brings over 20 years of experience and commitment to the table working with the Haitian Diaspora on sustainability projects in Haiti. Results oriented, this includes entrepreneurship and investment programs, research and analysis, focus groups and capacity building seminars. Although Haiti is our focus these projects and programs can be replicated in other geographic areas as required. Katleen Felix is an international consultant in Migration and development with over 15 years of experience as a senior financial officer for major corporations, 20 years in leadership and volunteer roles in not-for-profit organizations working with SMEs in Canada and the USA. She chairs the Haitian Hometown Associations Resource Group (HHTARG also called the RG). The RG was formed in March 2008 by a group of HHTA (Haitian Hometown Associations) leaders for the purpose of strengthening community development projects in Haiti in order to foster economic and social growth with the aim of alleviating poverty in Haiti. Katleen has done consultancy or research for Fonkoze, IDB, IFAD, CEMLA, Oxfam, and Value for Women, Boom Financial and Georgetown University. As project director and Diaspora Liaison at Fonkoze she has assembled a database of nearly 350 HHTA’s and support groups worldwide. Her work with the Haitian Diaspora includes organizing capacity-building programs, informational and networking activities for the HHTA’s in New York, Miami and Boston. She is a founding member the crowd funding site www.zafen.org where the public can directly support small growing businesses (SGB) and social projects in Haiti. Her work has been highlighted by former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton at the Diaspora Forum 2012 and Zafen is listed as part of the top ten crowd funding sites by Forbes. She is well integrated in the business scene and is the recipient of many awards. Katleen holds a bachelor and a master degree in Finance & International business from HEC Montreal (www.hec.ca). She is a member of the following associations and institutions: Haitian Hometown Associations Resource Group (HHTARG) www.hhtarg.org Haitian Diaspora Federation GRAHN - Economic development committee. HEC Montreal Alumni Association, international Committee. Advisory board Vincentian Family (FAMVIN) in Haiti Advisory board Micro-Finance Club of Montreal Alice Nkunzimana PAPYRUS S.A 4 Impasse Alexis Musseau, Haiti Telephone: (509) 2811 0292 Email: alicenkunzimana@gmail.com – www.papyrusconsulting.com Papyrus SA is a private, woman-owned, for-profit, limited liability management company, registered in Haiti since 2007, with two generations of development experience with a mission to link local and international aspirations. Decisions are made in country, meaning that they are locally informed, fully cognizant of the Haitian context, and expedient, thereby ensuring that local projects move forward quickly, efficiently, and with lasting results. Papyrus has substantive experience successfully strengthening local organizations, expertise in financial and administrative analysis of both for-profit and non-profit entities, a practiced hand in managing donor funds and local development activities, and a broad network of key informants and clients across numerous sectors. Papyrus is currently managing bilateral-and multilateral-funded projects and has undergone independent annual audits for the last three years with no significant findings. Papyrus is a partner to RTI in its USAID-financed Local Enterprise and Value Chain Enhancement Project (LEVE), which is an integrated, research-driven approach to value chain, workforce, and capacity development. With a $2.3 million sub-contract, Papyrus’ primary role is to build capacities of Haitian organizations serving targeted agribusiness, textile and apparel, and construction sectors. Papyrus is currently contracted directly by BRANA/Heineken to manage the Smallholders Allied for Sorghum in Haiti (SMASH) project focused on the local production of sorghum for use in the manufacturing of malted beverages. USAID/Haiti joined the Alliance in 2014 under its GDA program through a buy-in Private Public Partnership Collaboration Agreement—the first of its kind in Haiti —establishing an Alliance Management Committee, which comprises the Managing Director of BRANA, the Deputy Director of USAID, and the President of Papyrus. With the goal to raise overall rural living standards, Papyrus has partnered with Techno Serve to design a program to combine development efforts in a given area from a cross-section of revenue streams such that the farm family could expect to earn a living wage. This is defined as sufficient net revenue to live day-to-day plus a contingency for unforeseen emergencies. Initially funded by the Kellogg Foundation, Papyrus is conducting the baseline survey and proposing the indicators to follow the populations over the course of the proposed interventions. Alice Nkunzimana, President Papyrus President was born in Canada and in 1981 moved with her parents to Haiti where she was raised. Her primary and secondary education was received in Haiti and graduate and post-graduate degrees earned abroad. She worked as a curator for 13 living museums in Israel, where she managed a full-time preservation staff of 40 to maintain these landmark properties. She founded Papyrus-a-woman-owned, legally registered, for-profit and tax-compliant private Haitian company—in 2007. With 13 years of management experience, the last seven of which serving as President of Papyrus, she has implemented numerous development projects, including the innovative Papyrus local organization capacity building project. She is Co-President of the Mapou Foundation, a 501(c) 3 registered in both the United States and Haiti, created after the January 2010 earthquake to raise funds for worthwhile organizations on the ground. Lionel Delatour Consultant 26 rue Mangones Pétion Ville, Haïti Cell: (509)3702-2464, (509)3448-2464 Email: ldelatour3@yahoo.com Lionel Delatour is a consultant on public policy and politics in Haiti. He has advised a number of Haitian and American businesses on the political situation in Haiti. Since 1993, he has led over thirty six delegations of business leaders from Haiti on fact-finding visits to Washington D.C. From 2002 to 2004, he has provided consulting services to l’ASSOCIATION DES INDUSTRIES D’HAITI (ADIH) in drafting and promoting in Washington the trade bill (Hero) which would have provided benefits to Haiti similar to the ones that the African countries were receiving with the African Growth Opportunity Act (AGOA). He was a leading advocate for the enactment of the HOPE legislation in 2006, the HOPE II legislation in 2008 and the HELP legislation in 2010, which provided favorable trade benefits to Haiti which is allowing the then dormant garment sector to become one of the engines of job creations in this country today. In April 2006, May 2008 and February 2009 he coordinated and participated in the three visits in Washington D.C of President Rene Preval. From July 2007 to September 2013 he has been a consultant for the CTMO-HOPE commission, a tripartite institution led by the government, with representatives of business associations and labor organizations created to help improve and implement the various HOPE legislative initiatives. Lionel Delatour is a graduate of Georgetown University, School of Foreign Service (BSFS) and holds a MPA from Harvard University, Kennedy School of Government. He is a founding member of le Centre pour la Libre Entreprise et la Democratie (CLED). Click here for more photos of the delegation by Amira Ameen, director of Big Red Chair studio	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2438
__label__wiki	0.801377	0.801377	Third Senatorial Delegation HOME CALENDAR DETAILED SCHEDULE PHOTOS Information Packet The Third Senatorial Delegation Three senators making the case for democracy, institution-building, normalization, and good governance; and suggesting ways the United States can use its influence to help bring these about. In the present juncture, they urge prompt confirmation of a prime minister and formation of a pluralist government—a national union with a strategic plan to rebuild the country over the long term and eliminate instability. In their meetings with American officials, the senators will suggest how the United States can translate its generous funding of elections into the achievement of honest ones, such as in 2006 but generally not since. The senators are joined by a political party leader and a distinguished special envoy of President Martelly. Delegation Members Sen. Rudolph H. Boulos (Alternative, Nord’Est). Founding board member of the Haiti Democracy Project Sen. Francisco Delacruz (Alternative, Centre) Sen. Mélius Hyppolite (OPL, Nord’Ouest) Prof. Sauveur Pierre Etienne, coordinator of OPL Richard Morse, special envoy of President Martelly Alternative. A coalition of the Fusion of Social Democrats Party, OPL, and others acronymed KID and PANPRA. . L’organisation du peuple en lutte, organization of the people in struggle. Founded in the 1990s by the sociologist Gérard Pierre-Charles as the Lavalas Political Organization. It began as the party of former president Jean-Bertrand Aristide but split off in 1997. Senator Rudolph H. Boulos (Alternative, Nord-Est). Founding member of Haiti Democracy Project. Leading businessman who has participated in reformist politics since 2005. Before that, he devoted himself to NGOs in health and education in Cité Soleil and the Northeast. Elected senator in 2006, elected vice-president of the senate in 2008. In the rough-and-tumble of Haitian politics, the senate voted to expel him over a nationality issue on March 18, 2008. Courts in Fort-Liberté and Port-de-Paix ruled that he was still legally senator. His term expires in May 2012. Born April 28, 1951. Senator Mélius Hyppolite. (Organisation du peuple en lutte, OPL, Nord-Ouest). He worked with NGOs in the Northwest helping the peasant organizations survive and improve their technique. He studied at the social-sciences department of the University of Haiti. • Project director of Oxfam-U.K. in Haiti, (1986-1993) • Member of personal cabinet of former president Jean-Bertrand Aristide (1992-93) • Minister-counsellor, embassy of Haiti in the Dominican Republic (1994-97) • Departmental coordinator, OPL, in the Northwest Department (1997-2000) • Coordinator of the Research and Action Group for the Development of the Northwest Department’s Far West (Groupe de Recherches et d’Action pour le Développement dans le Far West, GRAF), 2002-2005. • Elected senator 2006 Born March 13, 1950, in Mole Saint Nicolas. Senator Francisco Délacruz (Alternative, Centre). A physician by profession. From Lospalis, Central Plateau. The founder of COSADH, an NGO focused on coordinating public health and development services in the Central Plateau. He graduated from the National Autonomous University of Mexico and also studied public health system management in France. Born September 1, 1966. Sauveur Pierre Etienne, coordinator of the Organisation de Peuple en Lutte (OPL) party. A scholar with twenty years in party-building under the leadership of the celebrated sociologist Gérard Pierre-Charles, party founder. It was originally the party of former president Jean-Bertrand Aristide. Etienne has spent the last twelve years studying in Mexico, Canada, France, and the United States to better prepare for Haitian modernization. • Ph.D. in political science from the University of Montréal. • Postdoctoral researcher at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales de Paris (EHESS-CNRS). • B.A. in communications, State University of Haiti • M.A. in developmental science, State University of Haiti. • M.A. in social science from the Latin American School of Social Sciences (Mexico City) • Sociology professor at the State University of Haiti. His books include: • Haïti : l’invasion des ONG, Montréal, CIDIHCA, 1997 • Haïti : misère de la démocratie, Paris, L’Harmattan, 1999 • L’énigme haïtienne : échec de l’État moderne en Haïti, Montréal, Les Presses de l’Université de Montréal, 2007 • Haïti, la République dominicaine et Cuba : État, économie et société (1492-2009), Paris, l’Harmattan, 2011. His current interest is social evolution of the state in the Caribbean, particularly the factors making for failed states in the region. Richard Morse, special envoy in Washington of President Michel Martelly. A noted hotelier and musician in Haiti, he is Creator and inspiritor of the wildly-popular RAM band in Haiti, noted for its revival of traditional Haitian music Preserver in difficult circumstances of the storied Oloffson Hotel, the actual setting for Graham Greene’s classic The Comedians Participant in Twenty-Sixth Business Delegation of Haiti Democracy Project Participant in our Haiti Study Group, June 18, 2009	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2439
__label__cc	0.727917	0.272083	Episodes of TV shows, Ghosts Thundercats: The Ghost Warrior Katsuhito Akiyama Arthur Rankin, Jr. Jules Bass Leonard Starr TV-Y7 Original Network/Channel: "The Ghost Warrior" is the eleventh episode of the first season of the animated series Thundercats. It originally aired on September 23, 1985. A tomb is accidentally opened, releasing a ghost who used to terrorize Third Earth. The ghost has a special interest in the Thundercats. The Thundercats must figure out who the ghost was in life and his connection to their past. Retrieved from "https://halloween.fandom.com/wiki/Thundercats:_The_Ghost_Warrior?oldid=32714"	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2440
__label__wiki	0.539649	0.539649	OneFamily Foundation by Fraser Malyk March 25, 2015 in Head back to where you came from ← Inspired by this story Phased Dates → Please create an account to get started. OneFamily Foundation Limited, registered number 09176069, is registered in England and Wales at 16-17 West Street, Brighton, BN1 2RL, United Kingdom. OneFamily Foundation is not authorised or regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority or the Prudential Regulation Authority. OneFamily is a trading name of Family Assurance Friendly Society Limited, (incorporated under the Friendly Societies Act 1992, Reg. No. 939F). Registered in England & Wales at 16-17 West Street, Brighton, BN1 2RL, United Kingdom. Family Assurance Friendly Society Limited is authorised by the Prudential Regulation Authority and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) and the Prudential Regulation Authority. Family Assurance Friendly Society Limited's Financial Services Register number is 110067. You can check this on the Financial Services Register at www.fca.org.uk/firms/systems-reporting/register or by contacting the FCA on 0800 111 6768. OneFamily Privacy Policy and Uses of Data Important information about OneFamily 16-17 West Street BN1 2RL Telephone 0800 373 010 Copyright © 2019 OneFamily	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2444
__label__wiki	0.930138	0.930138	Big Bird puppeteer retiring from ‘Sesame Street’ after nearly 50 years Posted 4:24 PM, October 17, 2018, by CNN Wire Caroll Spinney, the puppeteer who has portrayed Big Bird and Oscar the Grouch on “Sesame Street” since the program’s 1969 premiere, announced Wednesday that he is stepping down from the roles. The news was made public via Sesame Street’s official Twitter account. “Big Bird brought me so many places, opened my mind and nurtured my soul,” Spinney said in a statement. “And I plan to be an ambassador for Sesame Workshop for many years to come. After all, we’re a family! But now it’s time for two performers that I have worked with and respected — and actually hand-picked for the guardianship of Big Bird and Oscar the Grouch — to take my alter-egos into their hands and continue to give them life.” For many “Sesame” fans, it is the end of an era for a man whose characters helped to define their childhoods. Spinney’s five decades portraying the beloved characters left him in the shadows, even as Big Bird and Oscar became famous worldwide. Big Bird visited China with Bob Hope in 1979 and even showed off his massive dancing skills with with the Rockettes and prima ballerina Cynthia Gregory. Long-time puppeteer Caroll Spinney has announced that he is stepping down from the roles of Big Bird and Oscar the Grouch. Spinney is pleased that his iconic roles will be carried on by puppeteers Matt Vogel and Eric Jacobson. Learn more: https://t.co/BALgkIPI5q pic.twitter.com/sGMDjqLklQ — Sesame Street (@sesamestreet) October 17, 2018 The beloved bird, who stands more than eight feet tall has been feted with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, celebrated with his likeness on a US postage stamp, and named a “Living Legend” in 2000 by the Library of Congress. Spinney embraced his avian avatar, traveling the world, appearing in feature films and conducting symphonies in costume throughout the US, Australia and Canada. He even met his wife of 45 years, Debra, on the “Sesame Street” set in 1973. Sesame Workshop co-creator Joan Ganz Cooney hailed Spinney for his turn as the curmudgeonly puppet in a trash can, Oscar the Grouch. “Caroll has been one of the leading lights of Sesame Street from the very beginning,” she said. “His genius and his talent made Big Bird the most beloved yellow feathered friend across the globe. But the sheer artistry of Caroll is that he also brought Oscar to life and made him the most lovable Grouch in the world.” The roles brought Spinney, who is also an accomplished author and visual artist, acclaim. He holds four honorary doctorates, a Lifetime Achievement Emmy Award, six other Emmys, two Gold Records and two Grammy honors. His life and career were documented in the widely-acclaimed 2014 film, “I Am Big Bird.” “Before I came to Sesame Street, I didn’t feel like what I was doing was very important. Big Bird helped me find my purpose,” Spinney said. “Even as I step down from my roles, I feel I will always be Big Bird. And even Oscar, once in a while! They have given me great joy, led me to my true calling — and my wonderful wife! — and created a lifetime of memories that I will cherish forever.” The show announced that Matt Vogel, “Sesame Street’s” puppet captain, will take over the role of Big Bird. Oscar the Grouch will be played by Eric Jacobson, a puppeteer who also performs Grover, Bert, and Guy Smiley for “Sesame Street,” as well as Fozzie Bear and Miss Piggy for the Muppets. ‘Sesame Street’ festival coming to Michigan to celebrate show’s 50th anniversary Cuba Gooding Jr. pleads not guilty to groping woman at bar Overflowing Great Lakes pose new threat for endangered bird Dead bird found in can of Del Monte spinach Emmy-winning actor Rip Torn has died at the age of 88 Morning Buzz: 5 things to know for April 17 Meet Karli, the new ‘Sesame Street’ muppet in foster care Denver is rounding up its Canada geese — to turn them into food for the needy Detroit festival hit with backlash after charging white people double for tickets Video shows dog scaring off black bear in New Jersey backyard US women’s team boldly embraces off-the-field activist role Man arrested after customs officials find 34 singing finches hidden in plastic hair curlers Taking care of the Grand River; Conservation efforts in West Michigan	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2445
__label__cc	0.581397	0.418603	Violent Conflict in the World Global Trends for Business and Society Université de Pennsylvanie 4.8 (226 notes) \| 3.5K étudiants inscrits Cours 1 de 4 dans Business Strategies for A Better World Spécialisation In this course, you’ll learn to analyze rapidly changing global trends, their effects on consumer and labor markets, financial systems, and geopolitical relationships among countries all over the world. Professor Mauro Guillen of the Wharton School has designed this course to help you understand the magnitude of influence these trends have on the business world and society. Through real-world case studies, both historical and contemporary, you’ll examine how changes within one society affect others. By the end of this course, you’ll have gained the tools to be able to identify, analyze, and adapt to global changes as they affect your business and society. Global Financial Crisis, Trend Analysis, Economy, Trading, Strategic Management Learned so much from this course. A broad range of topics, and a delightful way to navigate through the changing times in global trends. Highly recommend! This course is very informational and exciting! I highly recommend taking this course to develop understanding above global economics and business. Module 4: The Shifting Geopolitical Landscape In this module, you’ll explore global geopolitical landscapes and the global powers of the 21st century. Through examination of different political regimes—from autocracies to democracies—you’ll discover effective roles for states to play in society and its economy. You’ll also learn about failed states and anocracies, two importance sources of instability in the world, and how such instabilities manifest frictions and conflicts in the form of war and terrorism. Through analyzing the evolution of political regimes and failed states, you’ll learn the definition of global powers, the difference between and hard and soft power resources, and whether emerging global powers will cause dramatic changes in the existing geopolitical power structure. By the end of this module, you’ll have a deeper understanding of the trajectories of global powers, and be able to assess how the changes in geopolitical power structure will affect your business and society. The Global Geopolitical Landscape2:43 Political Regimes8:03 Geopolitical Instability in the World4:45 Violent Conflict in the World5:36 The State Under Pressure3:27 Good Governance & Institutional Quality6:20 The Rise and Fall of Global Powers11:02 Global Power Resources12:27 China's Role in the World9:11 Global Governance8:44 Global Tensions9:35 Mauro Guillen Professor of International Management Choisissez une langueAfrikaansAlbanaisAllemandAnglaisChinois (simplifié)EstonienGéorgienJaponaisKazakhMongolNépalaisSlovaqueSuédoisTamoulThaïTurcTélougou Now we have a sense as to these two very important source of instability in the world, namely the issue of anocracies and failed states. Now let's take a look at some of the manifestations of those frictions and conflicts in the form, particularly, of war and terrorism. You see there in the 19th century, and also the 20th century, wars between states were the dominant form of armed conflict in the world. In the 21st century, what we're witnessing is new forms of violent conflict in the world. because in fact, as we shall see in a moment, wars, either within countries or between countries, are down in terms of their frequency. But at the same time other forms of political ethnic and religious violence, especially terrorism, are on the increase. Let's take a look at the numbers. Here we have a chart from the Center for Systemic Peace that shows us for every year since the end of World War II the number of active wars either within countries which are called Civil Wars, which is the blue line of the chart. All wars between states or between countries, which is a red line on the chart. It's very clear that the tendency over the last 30 or 40 years has been on the decline especially since the end of the Cold War. This particularly affected the number of civil wars in the world in Latin America and in Central American in particular. In sub-Saharan Africa, in parts of South and East Asia. If you remember competition between the United States and the Soviet Union often led to local conflicts in the form of civil wars around the world. So this is a welcome trend, but unfortunately as we all very well know over the last five or six years, since the beginning of the Arab Spring, we have seen a slight increase in the number of civil conflicts around the world. One of them, the Syrian conflict of course, with major repercussions for the Middle East and for Europe. As of the end of the year 2015, I think we should all congratulate ourselves in that there are no registered wars between states or countries in the world. Which is of course a very welcome fact. Now the bad news comes when we consider terrorism. Here we have an indicator of the frequency and the gravity of terrorist attacks in the world, which is the number of victims from terrorist attacks. Starting 20 or 30 years ago and running all the way to the middle of the year 2016. And it is very clear that the beginning of the 21st century marked a new era in terms of terrorism in the world, beginning of course with the 9/11 attacks in the United States. A very dangerous aspect of these upward trends in terms of the impact of terrorism around the world, as measured for instance, as you can see on this chart, by the number of victims, has to do with the concentration of this phenomena in just a few countries around the world. Including those in the Middle East but not only those, also Russia, India and so on. One very important implication of civil wars and terrorism is the growth in the number of people who are displaced from their places of residence. Lets talk about Refugees and Displaced Populations. The difference between refugees and the displaced is actually very simple. The term refugee is mostly used in the case of international displacement. That is to say people who are forced because of conflict, to move from one country to another. Whereas a term displaced is used in the context of forcibly move populations within a particular country. As we can see on the table here, the recent conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq displaced millions of people within their country and also internationally as refugees. The Syrian conflict that has started in the year 2011 in the wake of the Arab Spring has so far displaced about 4.2 million people, many of which are international refugees. Now, while it is true that the displacement of people as a result of World War II was much bigger in scale, reaching about 15 million affected or also the partition of India or the crisis in Bangladesh at the beginning of the 1970s. Over the last 20 or so years, the numbers of refugees or displaced people in the world has grown very quickly. At the present time, there are about 15 million people in the world who are either refugees or displaced. And that is not only a human tragedy, it's also very costly especially to the countries that receive those immigrants.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2446
__label__wiki	0.89728	0.89728	HU…U Know Posted by GladiatHers on October 28, 2013 in Uncategorized \|No Comments It’s Monday October 28, 2013, and as I sit at my desk, one thing comes to mind—I survived another Howard University Homecoming (HUHC). Trust me, as an alumnus I can tell you that that’s a feat worth celebrating. HUHC is a time to celebrate an institution that has birthed and continues to birth African-American political activists, doctors, lawyers, teachers, theologians, and the list goes on and on. It is a time to celebrate old friendships, milestones and accomplishments. But what really makes HUHC unique from all of the other Homecoming celebrations across the country is the way we celebrate. From the alumni events, to the concerts, to the tailgate, and of course the parties, we celebrate our alma mater in the most epic way possible. People who’ve never spent one day in a Howard classroom look forward to and attend the festivities, and they never leave disappointed. In case you weren’t aware, Howard University is a historically black university founded in 1867 in Washington, DC. With a motto of “Truth and Service” Howard is world renowned for its academic excellence and dedication to serving the African diaspora and local community. In addition to offering 29 undergraduate degrees in 64 majors, Howard has graduate schools of business, pharmacy, social work, medicine, law, dentistry and divinity. Howard is the home of Fulbright and Rhodes scholars and a host of well accomplished alumni like, the Hon. Edward Brooke, Toni Morrison, the Hon. Elijah Cummings, and Debbie Allen, just to name a few. But in addition to its history of academic excellence, Howard has a history of athletic excellence. That’s right, Howard produces leaders with brains and brawn. And as a former Howard athlete I decided to end my HUHC celebrations by sharing a short list of some of Howard’s most accomplished athletes. Trust me, there are many more, but in the interest of brevity, I decided to give just a taste of some outstanding Bison. These individuals have not only excelled in their respective sports, but they have had and continue to have an impact on the global community outside of athletics. Without further ado, meet some of our Bison: Bubba Morton Wycliffe Nathaniel “Bubba” Morton was native of Washington, D.C., who, after a stint in the Coast Guard, attended Howard University from 1954 to 1957, where he earned two varsity letters each in baseball and football. In 1955 Morton became the first black player signed by the Detroit Tigers (though others beat him to the major leagues). In 1972, after an extensive professional career, Morton was hired by athletics director Joe Kearney as head coach of the baseball program at the University of Washington from 1972 to 1976 becoming UW’s first black head coach in any sport. Jay Walker is an American politician who represents district 26 in the Maryland House of Delegates. He graduated from Howard University with a B.A. in political science. “SkyWalker,” as he was called at Howard, also holds the single-game record of 38 for most pass completions and was selected to the All-MEAC teams of 1992 and 1993. As the quarterback, Walker led the Howard Bison to an undefeated regular season in 1993. Walker was drafted into the NFL in 1994 by the New England Patriots and spent time with the Minnesota Vikings. In 2005, Walker was voted into the Howard’s Athletic Hall of Fame. In addition to his political duties, he is CEO and President of Walker Financial Services, and an analyst for ESPNU Walker. Rhadi Ferguson Rhadi Ferguson is mixed martial arts trainer, strength and conditioning coach, motivational speaker, and black belt in judo and Brazilian jiu-jitsu. Ferguson, a four-time national judo champion, competed in judo at the 2004 Summer Olympics in the men’s heavyweight division and was an alternate in the 2000 Summer Olympics. From 1992 to 1997 Ferguson attended Howard University in Washington, DC on a football scholarship and also was one of only a few students in the history of the school to play 3 sports (Football, Wrestling, and Track). Ferguson graduated with a bachelor’s degree in Mechanical Engineering and later received his Master of Arts in Teaching degree with a 4.0 GPA from Howard. Shaka Hislop Shaka Hislop is a former football (soccer) goalkeeper who played in the top division in England as a member of the Newcastle United team which finished second in the Premier League. Hislop attended Howard and led the Bison to the NCAA Finals as a freshman starter. He graduated with honors with a degree in Mechanical Engineering. In 2005, Hislop was named the inaugural winner of the Professional Footballers’ Association’s Special Merit Award for his services to football. He has been a pioneer of football’s ‘Show Racism the Red Card’ Campaign and was inducted into Howard’s Athletic Hall of Fame. In 2006, Hislop played a pivotal role in Trinidad & Tobago’s memorable World Cup appearance. He now works for ESPN and regularly provides commentary on Eredivisie, Serie A, and Mexican Liga MX matches. David Oliver world class is 110m and 60m hurdler. In college as a Bison, Oliver won four consecutive outdoor MEAC 110m hurdles titles, from 2001–2004 and a MEAC indoor champion in the 55m hurdles. He graduated from Howard University in 2004 with a Bachelor of Business Administration in Marketing. Since Howard, his career has only progressed. Oliver won bronze medals in the 2008 Olympic Games and the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships. This past August he won gold in the 110m hurdles at the IAAF championship in Moscow. Oliver is also the American record holder in the 110 m hurdles and a four-time U.S. Champion. With a personal best of 12.89 seconds in the 110 m hurdles, Oliver is fourth on the all-time list. Antoine Bethea Antoine Bethea is an NFL safety for the Indianapolis Colts and college football at Howard from 2002 until 2006. Drafted in 2006, he is a Super Bowl champion, has been selected for the Pro Bowl twice, and has been named the USA Football/NFL Player’s Association All-Fundamentals Team. While at Howard, Bethea majored in administration of justice. There he earned All-Mid-Eastern Conference honors and was selected to the American Urban Radio Network Sheridan Broadcasting Network Black College All-American Team 3 times. #HU #UKnow	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2447
__label__wiki	0.822577	0.822577	360i: HBO Westworld: The Maze earned media impressions users in the first week As the second season of Westworld came to an end, HBO wanted to give fans a reason to talk about the show, even when it wasn’t on air. 360i created The Maze, a fully immersive Amazon Alexa voice game that allowed fans to navigate Westworld using only their voice. With 36 voice actors, 11,000 lines of script, 60 player-gernerated paths 32 ways to die and two hours of unique gameplay, The Maze is the most ambitious and immersive voice game created to date. It was produced with the show’s creators and talent Jeffrey Wright and Angela Sarafyan. In the first week, over 10,000 fans tried to solve The Maze and the game generated over 500 million earned media impressions thanks to Easter eggs hidden in the game just for press. The Maze pushes the boundaries for voice device content, bridging the gap between new technology and the oldest form of storytelling. To play and explore Westworld for yourself, simply say “Alexa, open Westworld.” 360i HBO The Maze 360i is an award-winning strategic, creative and media agency that has earned a place on Ad Age’s A-List for the past eight years and was named Adweek’s 2018 Breakthrough Media Agency of the Year. Drawing upon a deep understanding of how people discover brands and share stories, 360i helps brands capitalize on change. Top clients include National Geographic, DSW, Capital One and HBO.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2448
__label__wiki	0.939817	0.939817	Garden and Landscape Guide © Gardenvisit.com Garden History Reference Encyclopedia © Tom Turner All rights reserved. No part of either publication may be reproduced in any material form, including electronic means, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Text, images and materials are protected by UK and international copyright and/or trademark law and may not be reproduced in any form except for non-commercial private viewing or with prior written consent from Gardenvisit.com, with the exception that permission is hereby granted for the use of this material in the form of brief passages in reviews when the source of the quotations is acknowledged. The publishers have checked the information on the website and CD/DVD but its accuracy is not warranted or guaranteed. Garden visitors are advised that opening times should always be checked before making a journey. Tracing Copyright Owners Every effort has been made to trace the copyright holders of old material. Where these efforts have not been successful, copyright owners are requested to contact Gardenvisit.com so that their copyright can be acknowledged and/or the material removed from the publication. Note to other copyright owners We are grateful to those copyright owners who have given permission for their material to be used. Some of the material comes from secondary and tertiary sources. We have tried to locate the original author/photographer/artist and make the appropriate acknowledgement. In some cases the sources have proved obscure and we have been unable to track them down. In these cases, we would like to hear from the copyright owners and will be pleased to acknowledge them in future editions or remove the material. See our About Page for more information on creative commons copyright images.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2464
__label__wiki	0.570387	0.570387	How a Refinery’s neighbors became its future workforce Born and raised into a low-income family in San Pablo, Calif., about 30 minutes east of San Francisco, Yesenia Pineda struggled to find a sustainable career after leaving high school. She lacked the money and support to complete a college degree. At the time, she didn’t think to ask whether the area’s largest employer, the Chevron Richmond Refinery, was hiring. She always thought applicants needed at least a college degree to qualify for jobs at Chevron, known to provide high wages and good benefits. “I’ve known Chevron all my life,” Pineda said. “You have to be a super genius with a college background. Normal people don’t go to work there.” Or so she thought. One day, while feeling stifled by an unfulfilling job, she was invited to an orientation for a career program. “Where are we going?” she remembered asking her classmate. “To attend a training program that helps people get jobs at places like Chevron,” he said. Pineda was skeptical, but she agreed to attend – a decision that has changed her life in the same way it had changed hundreds of lives before her. After learning about the Regional Occupational Program, a statewide vocational training program that prepares Californians for success careers in a wide variety of fields including the fuels and petrochemical industries, Pineda found out she didn’t need to be a genius, or even have college pedigree, to qualify for opportunities at Chevron. What she needed was just five months of dedication. And the best part, there was no cost for Pineda to participate. While working the late shift full time, Pineda completed the intensive, the ROP Plant Process Operator course. It paid off – literally. Last year, she was hired into the Chevron Refinery’s Operator Trainee Program. It’s a lucrative career track, as Process Operator annual salaries in the refining industry range from $94,363 to $135,742. And now, Pineda is enjoying a new normal. Highest paying college major: Petroleum engineering jobs An industry hungry for workers The fuels and petrochemical industries are among the nation’s highest paying, in large part because the demand for skilled workers is also among the highest. Companies that comprise the fuels and petrochemical industries invest hundreds of millions of dollars annually to support workforce development and training programs that provide people with the training and skills needed for jobs in this sector. The problem, of course, is plants such as the Richmond Refinery don’t just need workers tomorrow – they needs them today. Established in 1978, the Chevron program is a partnership with the Contra Costa County Office of Education (CCCOE). For 18 weeks in classes offered both during the afternoons and evenings, retired and current Chevron workers provide local residents with intensive training on the skills needed for a career in the fuel and petrochemical industries. To date, nearly 900 people have graduated from the program, which boasts a strong track record for placing graduates in jobs not just at the Chevron Refinery, but also other local facilities owned by Shell, Tesoro, Valero and Phillips 66. Jeff Brauning, who runs student programs for CCCOE,” called the public-private partnership “a wonderful example of how Industry and Education can work together to provide valuable potentially life changing skills to local community members.” Brauning said the outcomes he sees regularly from this ROP program is “the reason we all go into education.” “Students who graduate from this program and are hired by the local refineries truly have their lives changed,” he said. “Many of them have financial stability, retirement and benefits for themselves and their families for the first time in their lives.” And along the way, they gain more than important technical skills. The program offers training in communication and teamwork skills, with job safety emphasized throughout. Toward the end of the program, Chevron Refinery workers, including some ROP graduates, conduct mock interviews as part of training in the job hiring process. Perhaps most importantly, students build confidence in the program. That can be attributed to longtime instructors Mike Joyce, who teaches the Process Plant Operator (PPO) track of the ROP program, and John Ghiringelli, who instructs the Industrial Maintenance Mechanic (IMM) program. Both instructors, who also happen to be employees at the Chevron Refinery, are wildly popular among students, Brauning said. They, themselves, are also graduates of the program. Joyce graduated from the program just over 40 years ago. “John and I are proof that this works – we came up through this program too,” he said. Joyce would eventually land what he called “the best job ever” at Chevron, back when it was called Standard Oil of California. He became a trainer in order to give back. Give it a try Pineda said she’s finally feeling fulfilled about her career and its trajectory. “The people [at the Chevron Refinery] have been amazing; I have a really good group, really good trainer,” Pineda said. “Being a minority and being a woman, I thought that it might be a challenge, but I came to find out everyone is really accepting. They look out for each other, have each other’s back, and want each other to succeed.” While the work, of course, can be challenging, Pineda said “it has given me a respect for what’s being done, for all the work that goes into putting gas in your vehicle.” Her advice for others in her community looking for jobs in the fuels and petrochemical industries: “Give it a try.” “It difficult dedicating five months to something but it’s also a great opportunity to change your life,” Pineda said. “A lot of people from our community don’t have those options.” To learn more about Chevron’s ROP program, click here. Valero’s Hannah Zunker Thriving in a Challenging Environment July 17, 2019 From the “oil and gas olympics” to earning a MBA: Discover how Valero’s Mariana Williamson learned to solve complex problems July 9, 2019 Meet this trailblazing chemical engineer and passionate NASCAR fan June 26, 2019 Fuel and petrochemical industries offer high-paying careers that don’t require a four-year degree June 18, 2019	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2465
__label__wiki	0.893779	0.893779	Houthi Attack on Abha Airport Written by State Department Washington, DC - Secretary of State Michael R. Pompeo: "Yesterday, Iran-backed Houthi rebels launched a drone attack on the Abha airport in Saudi Arabia for the second time in less than two weeks. Initial reports suggest one person was killed and twenty-one were wounded. These Iranian-backed attacks are unacceptable, and all the more reprehensible given that they targeted innocent civilians. They also put Americans living, working, and transiting through Saudi Arabia at risk. "We call on the Iran-backed Houthisto end these reckless and provocative attacks on behalf of the Iranian regime. The Houthis should engage constructively in the UN-led political process to end the conflict and adhere to the commitments they made in Sweden. "Some want to portray the Yemen conflict as an isolated civil war, without a clear aggressor. It is neither. It is spreading conflict and humanitarian disaster that was conceived of and perpetuated by the Islamic Republic of Iran. The regime has spent years funneling cash, weapons, and Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps support to the Houthis. With every attack conducted by an Iranian proxy, the regime tacks another day onto its forty-year track record of spreading death and chaos in the region, and beyond. "I just had productive meetings with Saudi Arabias leaders. I confirmed that the United States will continue to stand with all of our allies and partners in the region. "We will continue to pursue peace and stability in Middle East. And we will continue our pressure campaign until Iran stops its torrent of violence and meets diplomacy with diplomacy."	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2466
__label__cc	0.514059	0.485941	What the U.S. Cloud Act Does and Does Not Do Written by DOJ Munich, Germany - Deputy Assistant Attorney General Richard W. Downing Delivers Remarks at the 5th German-American Data Protection Day on “What the U.S. Cloud Act Does and Does Not Do”: Thank you for the gracious introduction. It is wonderful to be here in Munich on German-American Data Protection Day with such a distinguished audience. At the U.S. Department of Justice, I serve as the Deputy Assistant Attorney General in the Criminal Division overseeing cybercrime and child exploitation issues. In this role, I have seen up close how far-flung criminals can, with a few keystrokes, inflict devastating harm across the globe, and how criminal investigations today increasingly entail cross-border evidence and witnesses. Working efficiently and collaboratively with foreign law enforcement partners has proven to be an absolute necessity. Dismantling major criminal networks cannot be accomplished by one country; it depends increasingly on intensive joint operations by our police and our prosecutors. Europe and the United States, perhaps more than the rest of the world, together face unprecedented challenges to combat crime in the 21st Century. These are challenges that are compounded by dramatic advances in technology and the exponential rise of electronic evidence. And such challenges are compounded still further by the unprecedented proliferation of platforms and the globalization of companies, which are increasingly storing their data in other countries. From text messages between plotters of a terrorist attack, to cell phone location records of a murderer, to chat sessions capturing the sexual exploitation of a child – virtually every serious threat we investigate today requires access to electronic evidence. Consider a case where a gruesome homicide takes place here in Munich. German police begin an investigation. They identify a German suspect. They gather physical evidence. They interview witnesses. They search his house. They seize his cell phone. They get his computer. Maybe they obtain an order to wiretap his landline. But if they want to get the social media communications between that same German suspect and his German victim, the investigation suddenly hits a wall. If those communications happen to be held by a U.S.-based communications service provider – as is frequently the case – the German authorities may have no choice but to go through the formal Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (MLA) process to request that electronic evidence through the U.S. government. It may be months, if not longer, before they set eyes on those communications tying the suspect to the crime. And in the meantime, the ever-present risk is that the suspect flees, or worse still, claims another victim. It was precisely these kinds of situations that prompted the U.S. Congress to pass the Clarifying Lawful Overseas Use of Data Act – the CLOUD Act. The CLOUD Act is an important step in our efforts to minimize the challenges we all face in obtaining access to electronic evidence stored outside our borders. Let me say this: I understand that the CLOUD Act is viewed by some with suspicion. It has, unfortunately, been the subject of some misinformation. My goal today is to dispel some of the misunderstandings and to explain more precisely, what the CLOUD Act does and does not do. With a full and unvarnished picture of what the CLOUD Act achieves, I hope you will agree that the Act is not simply a solution to an urgent law enforcement problem, but also a solution that is privacy-enhancing and carefully designed to safeguard the very civil liberties that all of us in this room hold dear. The imperatives of law enforcement and data protection are not inherently at odds; there is no zero-sum tradeoff between public safety and privacy. The two can both be advanced – and in fact are advanced – by the CLOUD Act. The CLOUD Act as a Respite from Conflicts It is important at the outset to contrast the CLOUD Act model with the status quo. We all can agree that our collective safety and security depends on our ability to maintain lawful and efficient cross-border access to electronic evidence. There is also widespread understanding that countries need the domestic authority to compel providers within their jurisdiction to produce electronic evidence within the providers’ possession, custody, or control, regardless of where the providers might choose to store that data. Absent this authority, law enforcement investigations could be thwarted merely by domestic companies renting server space abroad or using cloud-based services that store data outside the country. Other countries freely admit that they reach out well beyond their borders to seek access to data in the cloud, even when they could obtain the same information through the MLA process. Indeed, the United States and virtually all our close partners routinely exercise domestic authorities to obtain cross-border access to electronic evidence from providers subject to their jurisdiction. At the same time, even as so many countries reach out beyond their borders for evidence vital to their criminal investigations, they also, perhaps instinctively, are wary when other countries reach in to their jurisdictions. And so the natural impulse is for national governments to try to protect the privacy of their citizens – to pass “blocking statutes.” There is a very real temptation to impose restrictions on other countries’ access to data controlled within one’s own borders. The United States is no different; our laws can impose potential restrictions on disclosure of data by U.S.-based providers that can frustrate our international partners’ ability to access vital evidence controlled by those providers. The outcome of this legal landscape is that we live in a world of conflicting cross-currents – the simultaneous need to reach out for data stored abroad and concern about limiting the ability of others to reach in. And these contradictory pressures create a global landscape rife with potential conflicts of law. The global technology companies that hold electronic evidence are frequently subject to more than one country’s laws. All too often, one country may order them to disclose data needed for an investigation, while another country’s laws may “block” disclosure of that same data. It is a constant push and pull. All these legal conflicts create recurring challenges to governments’ ability to acquire electronic evidence. And these challenges have a direct impact on public safety. The CLOUD Act offers privacy-protective nations that respect the rule of law a path out of this predicament. The U.S. Congress enacted the CLOUD Act as a way that we can reduce conflicts of law. Rather than a race to raise barriers, we can agree with trusted partners to lower our respective barriers that might otherwise stand in the way of providers complying with lawful orders from the other country. Both countries can agree to eliminate the conflicts of law so that both countries can more efficiently obtain the information needed to protect their citizens. And we can do this in a way that assures the protection of privacy and civil liberties of our citizens. This is a solution through subtraction, not addition – one that eliminates existing obstacles to compliance, rather than creating new obligations. The CLOUD Act’s Authorization of Bilateral Agreements What exactly does the CLOUD Act do? First, it authorized the United States to enter into bilateral agreements to facilitate the ability of law enforcement partners overseas to get electronic evidence. American providers generally do not disclose certain electronic data directly to foreign law enforcement authorities for fear of running afoul of U.S. restrictions on disclosure. However, under a CLOUD Act agreement, the United States and its partner country would each agree to lower their respective restrictions. Each country would then be free to serve covered orders directly on providers in the other country, without having to go through the other government or the MLA process, or having to notify the other country’s authorities in advance and to give them an opportunity to object. The only law governing the disclosure would be the law of the country issuing the order. CLOUD Act agreements will provide both more access – and more direct access – to the providers holding electronic evidence that is paramount in today’s investigations. But they would not impose any new affirmative obligation either on other countries’ providers to comply with U.S. orders, or on U.S. providers to comply with other countries’ orders. They simply remove, on both ends, the conflicts of law. This is a win-win: For our law enforcement partners overseas, the availability of an additional channel to the MLA process will pay dividends in fast-moving criminal investigations. Indeed, our overseas partners stand to gain the most from CLOUD Act agreements. Today the vast majority of major service providers are already in the jurisdiction of the United States, and the United States receives far more requests for electronic data from other countries than it sends. The U.S. government has thus heard repeatedly from our overseas partners that the rise in demand for electronic evidence has overburdened the existing MLA process, and that the production of evidence held by U.S. providers must be sped up. And for the United States, currently hard-pressed to keep up with the tremendous volume of incoming requests, this alternative mechanism for foreign countries to get data – in this case directly from providers – would ease pressures on the MLA process. It would also mean that we can process the MLA requests that we receive more expeditiously. There are some who ask why we don’t just recalibrate the MLA channel, rather than construct an alternative channel. To be sure, virtually every country’s MLA process could stand to be better resourced. But fixes to that long-apparent issue have been elusive for many countries, and even if accomplished, will not solve the problem. The rapid growth in electronic evidence held by providers located overseas is projected to continue to increase even more in the future. The accelerating flow of requests will outpace the ability of any government to better staff and resource its MLA infrastructure. And since data often moves from one jurisdiction to another for legitimate business purposes, such requests are increasingly impractical. At bottom, there should be broad recognition that an alternative channel is needed – freeing us up to have a more productive debate about what safeguards this alternative channel should contain. I want to underscore, moreover, that this alternative channel is not available to countries that do not value privacy or human rights as we do. To be sure, the CLOUD Act does not seek to export U.S. legal standards to other countries. In my country, each and every search warrant is tethered to a demanding probable-cause determination; reviewed by an independent judge; and subjected to stringent requirements as to scope and established constitutional limits as to jurisdiction. The requirements to intercept real-time content are even stricter. Because U.S. law has some of the highest evidentiary thresholds for investigators to obtain evidence, I suspect that there are few, if any, countries that today would qualify if the CLOUD Act had required other countries to adhere to the exact same standards. But even as the CLOUD Act does not require other countries to replicate U.S. standards, bilateral agreements are still conditioned on the foreign party adhering to certain baseline commitments to privacy and civil liberties. In this sense, the CLOUD Act is privacy- and liberty-enhancing. For countries to even be eligible for CLOUD Act agreements, they must have a high level of checks and balances in place. The Act requires that agreement partners have adequate substantive and procedural laws on cybercrime and electronic evidence on the books. It requires that they ensure that their orders target specific accounts, are adequately justified, and subject to meaningful independent review. It requires that they confine the use of covered orders to the prevention, detection, and investigation of serious crimes. It requires that such orders cannot infringe on free speech, or be used to conduct bulk surveillance. It requires appropriate procedures for handling, retaining, and disseminating data collected by covered orders. And it makes clear that these baseline commitments cannot be bargained away, so they may in some instances need to be accomplished through updates to domestic law. By strictly reserving the benefits of bilateral agreements for rights-respecting countries, the CLOUD Act ensures that efficiencies will not be pursued at the expense of privacy and civil liberties. This underscores that the CLOUD Act is not merely a practical solution to a pressing challenge, but also an aspirational kind of solution. That is, it is a solution that fosters a community of like-minded, rights-respecting countries that can advance their mutual interests based on shared values. It is a solution that can simultaneously advance the imperatives of public safety and privacy protection in many countries. And it is a cooperative solution -- enacted by the United States, but driven by concerns raised by our foreign partners about the status quo -- that promises international benefits. The United States hopes to work diligently with the European Union to reach a framework agreement that provides a cooperative path forward. I know that, at the same time, a debate is taking place within the EU regarding the proposed E-Evidence legislation and the safeguards that should accompany it. I expect that you will also have questions about the safeguards provided for in the CLOUD Act. My priority is to establish a dialogue with all of you – the European Data Protection Board, the national data protection authorities, and other interested national authorities. We expect – given the strong privacy protections in our data protection agreements, and the high standards we require to obtain data in criminal cases – to address your concerns. But more fundamentally, we want to hear those concerns from you, answer your questions, dispel misconceptions, and ensure that you have accurate information from which to draw your conclusions. I stand ready and eager to engage, as do other U.S. government officials, including the Department of Justice’s representative to the EU, Kenneth Harris. As part of that dialogue, we too would like to hear more from you about your laws. From our perspective, it seems that data protection laws are increasingly put forth as reasons for blocking the provision of essential information to third-party government law enforcement and regulatory agencies charged with assuring public safety and well-being. It sometimes seems that the General Data Protection Regulation – GDPR – is being interpreted so restrictively that the information exchange required to protect the public will be substantially weakened. It simply cannot be the case that public safety and privacy protection are mutually exclusive, with one accomplished only through substantial weakening of the other. Our hope is that a productive dialogue will allow us to explore ways in which we might work together to promote both of these critical functions. Again, CLOUD Act agreements – which will enable timely access to data under appropriate circumstances, subject to rigorous legal protections – demonstrate that there are cooperative solutions available that serve both public safety and privacy protection. The CLOUD Act’s Clarification of Provider Obligations Aside from its authorization of bilateral agreements, the CLOUD Act also amended an existing U.S. law – the Stored Communications Act – to make explicit the long-held legal principle that a company operating within a country’s territory can be compelled to produce stored data within its possession, custody, or control, regardless of where it stores that data. Some critics have charged that this clarification of the obligations of providers is somehow novel or a new incursion on data that would otherwise lie beyond the government’s reach. That is not the case. The amendment to the Stored Communications Act simply codified what had been the longstanding practice in the United States until a single 2016 decision by a court of appeals in a case involving Microsoft – the so-called “Microsoft Ireland Decision”. Just as it is well-settled that a company in our territory must produce physical records in its possession, custody, or control, it is well-settled that a provider in our jurisdiction must produce electronic evidence in its possession, custody, or control, regardless of where the provider chooses to store the evidence. Providers today move customer data between data centers in different countries. They at times even break up a single account and store it in different countries for efficiency or to reduce latency. And because current MLA arrangements can take months to complete, requests are often sent to one country, only to find that the data has moved on in the meantime. Such problems are compounded further still by the fact that providers often lack personnel in the country where the data is stored who have the ability to comply with legal process. Those were exactly the problems flowing from the Microsoft Ireland Decision. Providers stopped disclosing data stored outside the United States, and evidence needed to prevent cyberattacks, protect children from child exploitation, and investigate organized crime and corruption suddenly became inaccessible. The United States was even unable to fulfill certain MLA requests from other countries, as we had no legal process that could effectuate them. The data was effectively beyond the reach of any law enforcement agency. There arose a pressing need to clarify again that a provider subject to U.S. jurisdiction should produce data, wherever stored, within its possession, custody, or control – a principle that, for decades, had been elemental in the United States. And elemental not just to the United States: That principle has been elemental to most of our overseas partners as well. According to one recent study, the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Spain, Ireland, Canada, and Australia have each asserted that same domestic authority over providers in their jurisdictions. Indeed, that authority is a requirement of the nearly two-decades-old Budapest Convention on Cybercrime. The Budapest Convention is, as many of you know, an international treaty to which there are currently more than 60 parties from around the world, including 26 European Union member states. And Article 18(1)(a) of the Convention requires each of those parties to adopt national laws under which authorities can compel providers in their territory to disclose electronic data in their control, leaving no exception for data that the provider may choose to store elsewhere. The amendment to the Stored Communications Act provided just this – for without it, the United States had fallen out of compliance with its treaty obligations. It is, therefore, alarming to hear countries that maintain exactly the same kind of domestic authority malign this amendment as a data grab by the United States – and use that misconception as grounds to distrust U.S. companies, often to the benefit of their own companies. That is antithetical to the bridge-building letter and spirit of the CLOUD Act. And it’s unacceptable coming from countries that simultaneously continue to demand U.S. assistance in helping them obtain access to electronic evidence for their public safety needs. We are all rowing in the same boat when it comes to these challenges. And we will sooner get where we need to go by talking to one another – not past each other. Let me be perfectly clear: Nothing in the CLOUD Act’s clarification of U.S. law expands U.S. jurisdiction over foreign companies or any other entity. Nothing in the Act expands the categories of providers subject to U.S. jurisdiction. Nothing in the Act alters who falls under the jurisdiction of U.S. courts; it merely confirms the obligations of the providers that already do. And nothing in the Act creates any new legal authorities under U.S. law: It does not give law enforcement any new legal process to acquire data, nor does it reduce in any way the burden on a U.S. investigator seeking a warrant and the approval of an independent judge. We must not lose sight of the bottom line: Cross-border transfers of electronic evidence are necessary and appropriate, and they are a critical component of investigating crime in the 21st century. The CLOUD Act represents a new way forward. The U.S. Congress could not and would not have passed the Act without the pivotal voices of our overseas partners, who so ably articulated the urgency for an alternative solution just like this. And at its core, the CLOUD Act promotes both privacy and the rule of law. I hope we can remain united in a sense of urgency as we work toward CLOUD Act agreements that advance our mutual interests. The United States stands ready to engage with all of you to help bring the vision of the CLOUD Act to fruition – a vision that will combat serious crimes more efficiently while advancing the privacy values and civil liberties that we hold dear.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2467
__label__cc	0.567909	0.432091	May 13, 2019 / 8:04 PM / 2 months ago Fed can lower rates if U.S.-China trade spat causes slowdown - Rosengren Trevor Hunnicutt BOSTON (Reuters) - The Federal Reserve has the tools it needs, including lowering interest rates, to respond to any slowdown resulting from the U.S.-China trade spat, a top Fed policymaker told Reuters on Monday, adding that he is not necessarily expecting such a need now. File Photo: The Federal Reserve Bank of Boston's President and CEO Eric S. Rosengren speaks in New York, April 17, 2013. REUTERS/Keith Bedford/File Photo “If the impact of the tariffs - and whatever financial market reaction to those tariffs is - causes more of a slowdown, then we do have the tools available to us, including lower interest rates, not that I’m necessarily expecting this will generate the need to do that,” said Boston Fed President Eric Rosengren. Rosengren, who votes on the Fed’s rate-setting committee this year, suggested the Fed’s current stance on rates may not need to change. “It’s hard for the Fed to react until we have better information, so in terms of us viewing our policies as being patient, I’m not sure this alters our view of that until we have a better sense of whether this is going to have more long-lasting effects,” he said. On Monday, Beijing said it plans to set import tariffs ranging from 5% to 25% on 5,140 U.S. products on a revised $60 billion target list. It said the tariffs will take effect on June 1. China’s retaliatory measure followed Washington’s tariff increase on $200 billion of Chinese imports on Friday as talks between the world’s two biggest economies broke down. U.S. President Donald Trump has said the Chinese government backtracked on commitments it made during months of negotiations. [nL2N22P0A6] Analysts worry the tension between two nations will spiral into a trade war that would harm the global economy. Rosengren said a full analysis is premature and that it is not yet even clear how much of the new tariffs would even take effect. Rosengren spoke on the sidelines of one of several events around the United States where the Fed’s regional banks have been collecting opinions from small businesses, community groups and other people on how monetary policy could better meet public needs. The central bank is undergoing a policy review that, among other changes, could see the central bank welcome inflation that is slightly and temporarily above its 2% target to lower the chances that it will run out of policy options as rates near zero. One of the Fed’s options at such a point is to use its ability to buy bonds as it did in the aftermath of the 2007-2009 financial crisis. The Fed said in March it would stop scaling back those bond holdings by September if the economy and market evolved “about as expected.” In the Reuters interview, Rosengren said the schedule could change if the policymakers learn any new information about how much demand banks have for funds held in safekeeping at the Fed. Those reserves grew when the Fed created funds to purchase bonds after the crisis but have been running down in more recent months as the Fed worked to restore policy to a more normal stance. Reporting by Trevor Hunnicutt; editing by Meredith Mazzilli and Jonathan Oatis	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2468
__label__wiki	0.768945	0.768945	Book > Major Work > Anthropology Mary Douglas Collection Cultures and Crises/A Very Personal Method Two Volume Set Richard Fardon - SOAS, University of London, UK January 2013 \| 480 pages \| SAGE Publications Ltd Written in the last two decades of her life, Cultures and Crises finds Mary Douglas developing analyses of critical conditions facing contemporary societies, sometimes in the company of distinguished co-authors across the whole gamut of social sciences. The essays focus on the collaborative development of 'cultural theory' from the 'grid and group' analysis of the 1970s through to its application and elaboration in her later thought. The material covers questions of culture and institutions, the challenges to culture posed by climate change and the nature of risk in culture. What emerges is the most complete picture of Mary Douglas's cultural theory that is currently available to us. The book will add to the legions of Douglas's readers across the disciplinary divisions of the social sciences. A Very Personal Method showcases that the range of Mary Douglas's interests, which had few parallels amongst the leading social anthropologists of the twentieth century. Although inspired by the classics of the discipline of anthropology, her theories were idiosyncratic and her applications of them never predictable. By bringing together writings in different genres that she composed over the entirety of her career, this volume demonstrates her distinctive style of thought and expression. The topics she addressed ranged freely between family and friends, the demands of domestic routine, her belonging to the Roman Catholic Church, and cultural similarities and differences on a global scale. In her method and style, as much as in her explicit arguments, Mary Douglas constantly invited her readers to reflect on the inextricable intertwining of the personal and the theoretical in her thought. More than any previous collection of Mary Douglas's work, A Very Personal Method reveals a mind restlessly reworking her enduring preoccupations and finding echoes of them in the new concerns she continued to draw from life. Mary Douglas was one of the most widely read social anthropologists of the 20th Century. She is celebrated both as a literary stylist and an anthropological thinker who challenged common presuppositions and understandings of religion, economy and society. As a cornerstone of modernism in social anthropology, and a precursor of 21st Century interdisciplinarity, her work remains highly influential both within and outside the social sciences. Richard Fardon is Mary Douglas's Literary Executor and Head of the Doctoral School and Professor of West African Anthropology at SOAS, University of London, UK Richard Fardon Richard Fardon is Professor of West African Anthropology and Head of the Doctoral School at SOAS, University of London. He writes as a social anthropologist and an ethnographer of West Africa with wide interests that include art, intellectual history, religion, politics, and identity. More About Author	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2469
__label__wiki	0.741563	0.741563	In December 2006, jetBlue, as part of their RTP plan, removed a row of seats from their A320s to lighten the aircraft by 904 lb (410 kg) and reduce the cabin crew size from four to three (per FAA regulation requiring one flight attendant per 50 seats), thus offsetting the lost revenue from the removal of seats, and further lightening the aircraft, resulting in less fuel burned.[16] Also in 2010, JetBlue entered into interline booking agreements with South African Airways[109] and American Airlines[110] to facilitate luggage transfers between airlines for passengers with connecting flights on a different carrier. The agreement with American included JetBlue's 18 destinations not served by American and American's 12 international flights out of New York–JFK and Boston Logan. In addition, American gave JetBlue 8 round trips slots out of Washington National in D.C. and 2 out of Westchester, New York. In return, JetBlue gave American 6 round trips out of New York–JFK. The agreement with American Airlines has since ended according to JetBlue's website.[111] El Cortez Hotel and Casino C$ 51+ the D Las Vegas C$ 55+ Oasis at Gold Spike C$ 62+ Plaza Hotel & Casino C$ 64+ Palace Station Hotel And Casino C$ 67+ Circus Circus Hotel & Casino C$ 74+ Hooters Casino Hotel C$ 79+ Downtown Grand Las Vegas C$ 79+ Stratosphere Hotel, Casino & Tower, BW Premier Collection C$ 80+ Westgate Las Vegas Resort and Casino C$ 83+ Tuscany Suites & Casino C$ 88+ Alexis Park All Suite Resort C$ 90+ From the Northwest Florida’s Emerald Coast to the coral-reefed Keys, the state is filled with an array of activities for all ages and tastes. On a Florida vacation, families can plan several days of theme park fun in the Orlando area, or they can ride horses at a secluded ranch in central Florida, ride bikes along nature trails in north Florida, learn about astronauts and rocket science at the Space Coast or take one of the garden tours in Miami and Fort Lauderdale. No matter what your ideal getaway is, one thing is certain: the best vacations in Florida happen when you immerse yourself in the climate and culture, taking full advantage of the year-round warm weather, getting to know the native wildlife, tasting homegrown produce and Gulf-caught seafood and checking out the beaches, even from under a hat and tons of sunscreen. Book a foodie tour or pub crawl, dance the night away at a blues festival and wake up in time to make a mimosa toast along the water. jetBlue's founders had set out to call the airline "Taxi" and therefore have a yellow livery to associate the airline with New York. The idea was dropped, however, for several reasons: the negative connotation behind New York City taxis; the ambiguity of the word taxi with regard to air traffic control; and threats from investor JP Morgan to pull its share ($20 million of the total $128 million) of the airline's initial funding unless the name was changed.[13] Although the former Soviet republic might seem remote, Uzbekistan once sat at the very center of the world. In the first millennium, no traveler could pass from Asia to Europe without stopping in the Silk Road strongholds of Bukhara and Samarkand, and as a result these cities evolved into rich cultural centers. For intrepid travelers, today’s Uzbekistan is a promised land: a Muslim-majority nation that’s both safe and affordable, with few tourists and an abundance of well-preserved mosques and harems. And since the death of authoritarian president Islam Karimov last year, the new regime has taken steps toward reform that have given both Uzbeks and the international community reason for optimism. Improving relations with Iran could soon bring a rail link to the Persian Gulf, and in 2016, the Afrosiyob high-speed-train line began connecting the country’s major cities. Meanwhile, Uzbekistan should benefit from the so-called Iron Silk Road, or Trans-Asian Railway — a Chinese-funded network of routes knitting together Beijing and Europe — once a segment connecting the country through Kyrgyzstan is completed. Book a customized journey with Exeter International, which specializes in the region. —Heidi Mitchell Following the February 2007 incident in which the airline was forced to cancel nearly 1,700 flights due to winter storms, jetBlue's board of directors replaced founder and Chief Executive Officer David Neeleman with Dave Barger.[21] He had politicked the board, while Neeleman was busy publicly apologizing. Barger's ascendancy caused widespread demoralization in the ranks.[22] He became JetBlue's new Chief Executive Officer on May 10, 2007.[23] Neeleman, the company's founder and largest individual investor, became a nonexecutive chairman as a result of the change.[24] JetBlue's in-flight options consist of gate-to-gate Fly-Fi service, offering over one hundred channels of DIRECTV, Sirius XM Radio, and movies, and on the Airbus A321, a 15″ interactive video screen which is not available on the rest of the fleet. JetBlue's partnership with Amazon lets customers watch Amazon Prime videos by connecting to Wi-Fi and downloading the Amazon Video app on their mobile phone or tablet. The in-flight WiFi under the "Fly-Fi" network is complimentary on all flights, at speeds of 12–15 megabits per second. As Bali goes increasingly upmarket, it now offers visitors access to a buzzing food scene in Ubud, its cultural capital, as well as an island-wide luxury-hotel boom. The Ubud Food Festival, which is in its fourth year, showcases the diverse flavors of the Indonesian archipelago in dozens of events, including cook-offs, demos, talks, food tours, and events in new restaurants. Notable newcomers on the town’s food scene include Spice, a casual Asian-fusion restaurant from Chris Salans, formerly Bouley Bakery’s chef de cuisine and head chef at Thomas Keller’s Bouchon; Room4Dessert from Will Goldfarb, whose now-closed avant-garde New York eatery of the same name won him a James Beard nomination; and Moksa, a vegan café, bakery, and organic farm with its own grocery. Heading up the wave of new high-end hotels is luxury Japanese chain Hoshino Resorts, which unveiled Hoshinoya Bali, 30 thatched-roof villas in the rain forest outside Ubud. Capella Ubud will launch 22 ultra-luxury tents, each with an outdoor saltwater Jacuzzi pool, in early 2018. And Jumeirah Bali plans to debut 123 villas surrounded by tropical gardens in upscale Jimbaran in mid 2018. A two-year overhaul at Four Seasons Jimbaran Bay means its villas will now have bigger bedrooms and better ocean views, while at Four Seasons Sayan in the Ubud rain forest, guests are being offered a new activity: being rocked to sleep in a silk hammock in a bamboo hut by an former Buddhist nun, the resort’s wellness mentor. —Sharon McDonnell Rising above its associations with the annual hot-air-balloon festival, Albuquerque will this year set out to prove itself as a fully-fledged destination. The Sawmill District, just north of the historic Old Town, is being revived as a creative center, anchored by the arrival of the Hotel Chaco. The design of this boutique property, which opened in April, is inspired by the state’s indigenous culture, with handmade Navajo wool textiles and pueblo-inspired motifs. Come spring, downtown ABQ will also see the arrival of a new entertainment hub: the $40 million One Central, which will have a sleek bowling lounge, as well as upscale stores and restaurants. And just outside town, visitors will soon be able to experience the striking Sandia Mountains in a nail-biting new way. The proposed Mountain Coaster, an alpine sled-style ride that plunges riders down the mountainside in a total vertical drop of 380 feet, is due to open this fall. Getting to Albuquerque is becoming even easier, thanks to new nonstop flights from major U.S. cities via Southwest, United, and Alaska Airlines. —Melanie Lieberman The TWA Hotel is the TWA Flight Center structure currently being rebuilt as 505-room hotel, preserving the Eero Saarinen headhouse while replacing the structures on either side of the headhouse. Situated in front of JetBlue's JFK terminal, JetBlue has stated that it estimates the ownership of the hotel would be between 5–10% of the final total investment.[138] The hotel will be an effective replacement for the Ramada Plaza JFK Hotel on the north end of the airport grounds in Building 144, which closed in 2009. Beyond offering a glimpse into ancient history, Jordan is also making a name for itself as a luxury destination. Hilton opened the Dead Sea Resort & Spa in March 2017, making it the first Hilton in the country. Located at the lowest point on earth, some 1,345 feet below sea level, the resort offers beach access, Middle Eastern cuisine, and treatments containing the mineral-rich black mud. —Jess McHugh On March 22, 2010, jetBlue announced it would remain in the New York City area, in Long Island City,[88] because of the airline's historical links to the city, the cost of staff relocations, the airline's desire to retain access to financial markets, and because Aer Lingus and Lufthansa, jetBlue's marketing partners, fly into JFK Airport.[89] jetBlue planned to combine its Forest Hills and Darien, Connecticut offices, together about 1,000 employees, into about 200,000 square feet (19,000 m2) in the Brewster Building by mid-2012.[90] History buffs and intrepid travelers have long been attracted to Jordan and its famous archaeological site of Petra, a “lost” citadel dating back 2,000 years. And despite political unrest in the broader region, the country remains a safe destination to discover the wonders of the Middle East. After playing out Indiana Jones fantasies amid the rose-colored, rock-cut façades of Petra’s famous landmark, Al Khazneh (the Treasury), set out to unearth the nation’s other historical attractions. In the lesser-known city of Jerash, 170 miles from Petra, you can see the ruins of an ancient Roman settlement, including the second-century Hadrian’s Arch, while in the protected desert wilderness of Wadi Rum, you’ll find some 25,000 rock carvings that trace the early development of the alphabet. Search cheap hotels with KAYAK. Use the hotel finder to search for the cheapest hotel deal for all major destinations around the world. KAYAK searches hundreds of hotel booking sites to help you find hotels and book hotels that suit you best. Since KAYAK searches many hotel sites at once, you can find discount hotels quickly. Discover hotel discounts now and make your hotel reservation today. This year, Buenos Aires becomes a hub for art, sports, and politics: the inaugural Art Basel Cities program, the Youth Olympic Games, and the G20 will all take place in the city, beginning with the multi-year Art Basel initiative. Though the Argentinean capital is already home to an eclectic collection of galleries, Art Basel Cities promises to elevate Buenos Aires’ reputation in the global art scene by offering professional support for local artists, as well as lectures and workshops throughout the year to draw art lovers to the city. While São Paulo’s concrete sprawl doesn’t offer the verdant beauty or mythic beaches of Rio de Janeiro, its thriving art and food scene has in recent years transformed what was once just Brazil’s financial capital into its cultural epicenter. Stroll the city’s gritty alleyways and avenues to see where celebrated street artists Os Gemeos and Eduardo Kobra got their start. São Paulo’s Art Biennial, which is second to Venice’s in longevity, kicks off in September 2018 and showcases contemporary talent, both international and homegrown. For a truly immersive experience into Brazilian fare, don’t miss Alex Atala’s D.O.M., named one of the best restaurants in the world. Atala champions native ingredients — from priprioca root to ants, often foraged from the Amazon region by the chef himself — and weaves them into his inventive dishes. The arrival of luxe hotel brands is another signal of the city’s burgeoning cosmopolitan status. The prestigious Oetker Collection, with only nine other properties (in glitzy places like Seychelles and the Côte d’Azur), recently opened Palácio Tangará, a gorgeously appointed mansion set in leafy Burle Marx Park, a welcome oasis from the city’s high-rises. The Four Seasons will also debut a new property in mid 2018, marking the brand’s first foray in the country. —Karen I. Chen Leaf-peeping and a thriving farm-to-table food scene (the country’s first CSA sprouted here) lure out-of-towners to the bucolic far western corner of Massachusetts. But the arts have long been their own major draw: Tanglewood, the Clark Art Institute, and the Williamstown Theatre Festival all call the area home, as does MASS MoCA, a popular modern art destination housed in a circa-1800s textile mill in North Adams. On August 4, 2008, the Associated Press reported that jetBlue would replace their recycled pillows and blankets with an "eco-friendly" pillow and blanket package that passengers would have to purchase for use. Each package will cost $7 and will include a $5 coupon from retailer Bed, Bath and Beyond. This decision is the latest in a series of moves designed to increase revenue. jetBlue told the Associated Press that it expects to collect $40 million from passengers selecting seats with extra legroom and $20 million from passengers paying $15 to check a second bag. As of September 8, 2008 JetBlue charges passengers $10–30 for an extended-leg-room seat depending on the length of the flight.[37] According to Martin St. George, senior vice president of marketing and commercial strategy at jetBlue, the new "You Above All" campaign was created to get jetBlue back to their "DNA" and speak to the "core of who we are as a brand". This motto is meant to support their efforts to always put the customer first and "bring humanity back to air travel".[95] Located at the tip of the Baja Peninsula, the two small colonial towns of Cabo San Lucas and San José del Cabo have become the hottest vacation destinations in Mexico in recent years. With wide, pristine beaches, lively nightclubs, glam resorts, and a farm-to-table food scene, the oasis of Los Cabos is drawing tourists in record numbers. As a result, the hotel scene is booming, with a clutch of new developments and renovations completed this year along the Tourist Corridor, including the sleek Chileno Bay, an Auberge Resort, and a stunning beachfront Solaz resort.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2476
__label__wiki	0.512004	0.512004	Mandiner/Hungarian Free Press Omar Adam Sayfo is a PhD candidate at the University of Utrecht, and foreign affairs columnist at Hungary’s pro-Orbán Demokrata weekly. His most recent piece, published on Mandiner.hu has been translated into English for Hungarian Free Press by Christopher Adam. The article offers a glimpse into the thinking of supporters of Hungary’s Orbán government, when it comes to issues of racism, Islamophobia, liberalism and the West. Within just a couple of years, Islamophobia grew out of essentially nothing in Hungary. Yet there is no credible risk of a terrorist attack and the shuttering of the borders keeps those arriving from the south out of the country. And those already in the West would be insane to come here. It is important to note: the Hungarian national soul is not racist, antisemitic, nor is it Islamophobic. I am convinced that those who claim the opposite are driven by malice, resentment or, in the best case scenario, by hypersensitivity. Perhaps they just misunderstand the national soul. It is, however, a fact that Hungarian culture–explored from a sociological vantage point–is averse to uncertainty. This means that it sees the unknown and the unpredictable as stressful and as a threat. But this, in contrast to real racism, antisemitism and Islamophobia, is easily resolvable. As soon as the Hungarian is convinced of the foreigner’s harmlessness and of his/her good intentions, the Hungarian welcomes the foreigner with an open heart. This is in contrast to the so-called liberal and welcoming peoples of the West who, on the surface, appear to accept the other, but then effectively divide them based on caste. Only the most determined foreigners can break out of this. Within a couple of years, Islamophobia grew out of nothing in Hungary. This can, in part, be explained by the exploits of the Islamic State or the migrant crisis, which serves as a shock to society. Yet Islamophobia has little societal relevancy in Hungary. Hungary’s Muslim minority comprises merely 0.1% of the population. Those Muslims who practice their faith make up just 0.03%. As such, we are speaking of an essentially invisible community. There is no terror risk, the closure of borders keeps out all those arriving from the south and those already in the West would be crazy to come here. There exists, of course, a theoretical possibility that diaspora populations may develop in Hungary. But for this to transpire, one would need a long and unlikely series of chance happenings. Therefore, Islamophobia in Hungary is nothing more than a political product imported from the West. But let’s not forget that the best products only land in the hands of buyers, if it is somehow relevant to the broader community. The growing Islamophobia in the West can be understood as a natural societal reflex–it is an answer to a whole slew of social, economic, security-related and identity-based problems. But there is something else that forms part of the whole story: the cultural conflict between the majority society and the immigrants has already happened in the seventies and eighties. The difference, however, was that the in the case of the wayward immigrants, who defined themselves primarily along national lines, the discrimination against them was also based on nationality and ethnicity. The pejorative German term “Kanacke,” which included Muslims and all non-white immigrants, was also applied to African Christians, Greeks and those from the Balkans. But the memory of the Second World War and the ruling liberal discourse turned the open discussion of problems into a taboo. People took a deep breath and the tension inside kept growing. This situation continued until recently, when a section of the immigrants began defining themselves along religious lines. This made it easier to solve the problems using politically correct means. Since the secular West began to see religion as merely an ideology, which one can freely choose, criticism became much more acceptable. According to the new PC interpretation, the problem isn’t with Muslims, but rather with Islam. In the contemporary world, social tensions that have been artificially silenced for decades are now bubbling up to the surface and are packaged in an anti-Islam discourse. The “Islamisation” of the immigration problem, however, leads to the misunderstanding of the diagnosis. Although the terror risk can be seen, almost in full, as being on account of the Muslims, the poor state of public safety in many western European suburbs, where fifty percent of the population is comprised of immigrants who are Christian, or of a different religion, is just as much the responsibility of these demographics, whose sociological and cultural parameters line up almost exactly with those of their Muslim neighbours. It’s certainly true that many of these minorities are now very pleased with the current religious thematization of public discourse, as this way they are able to climb the social ladder. It remains a fact that if Muslims would–out of an act of magic–vanish from Europe, the suburbs would not become anymore livable for the indigenous population. Moreover, it is also a fact that anti-Islam sentiments have a beneficial effect. Similarly to the days of the Moorish conquest, today too the opposition to the Muslim minorities can effectively build unity among factious Europeans. But why is all of this relevant from a Hungarian perspective? Perhaps it is relevant because much like in the West, in Hungary the unspoken societal tensions have been bubbling below the surface for the past several decades. It is noteworthy that the language of the anti-Islam discourse in Hungary is built, in large part, on the tropes normally applied to Gypsies (ie: that they are not European, they are criminals, it is impossible to integrate them, etc.), as well as those applied to the Jewry (ie: they perceive themselves as being superior, they are part of a conspiracy, etc.). Yet it is again important to note: this situation is not usually a result of racism or antisemitism, but can be traced back to cultural, social and economic factors, or those related to intellectual history. Nevertheless, uttering an anti-Gypsy or an anti-Jewish opinion is taboo, or at minimum it carries risks. In contrast, in light of the dearth of Muslims in Hungary, the Muslim straw man can be attacked, both in a seemingly intellectual way, as well as in a style more becoming of a tavern. Since the vast majority of the population sees Islam and Muslims through a skewed lens, “Islam” has become synonymous with a cancer in Europe. As a result, anti-Islam and indeed anti-Muslim viewpoints are no longer subject to condemnation–sometimes they are all but duties. This no-stakes situation has had a “liberating” effect on politics. Those politicians who are prone to this can express strongly-worded views on the situation in the West, as well as on migrants and on the Islamic world. And if it is necessary, they can launch an assault on the migrants. As an aside, one may note that Nicolas Sarkozy bravely, and in a socially legitimate way, took action against the east-European Gypsy camps in France. It would have been worth his while to also do some sweeping in the suburbs inhabited by immigrants.* Perhaps it is not simply a matter of coincidence that governments generally tend to only provide definite opinions on the minorities of other countries, while being endlessly cautious about questions impacting their own minorities, and often speaking only in coded form. But there is another possible interpretation of the situation as well, namely: the no-stakes anti-Islam discourse allows for Hungarians–but firstly the right-wing–to redefine their European and Christian self-image. The romantic image of the knights defending the last bastion comes back to life. Today, these knights are no longer just battling the Turks, but are waging a two front war against the barbarians invading from the East, as well battling a self-destructive West, which is spinning its wheels in the throes of liberalism. Without any societal stakes, one can freely entertain the thought of a European-Muslim war, which will probably never materialize on Hungarian soil. What’s more: now Paris has its watchful eyes on Budapest. Hungary, breaking with a century-long tradition, is no longer a peripheral client of western ideals, but is itself the centre, where the official politics represent that which in the West only the few now awakening from the liberal dream dare to speak. And if in the long run, after so many centuries, the nation’s healthy self-image is restored, the burning down of the straw men would already have been worth it. (Translated from the Hungarian by Christopher Adam) *The author noted that by “sweeping,” he refers to the removal of the various social problems in these suburbs. Az eredeti, teljes írást itt olvashatja el. Hungary, Sayfo Omar, liberalism, West, migration, Islamophobia. A bejegyzés trackback címe: https://hungarianglobe.mandiner.hu/trackback/21308	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2478
__label__wiki	0.817484	0.817484	DPP v Hegarty, [2011] IESC 32 (2011) Docket Number: 350/08 Judge: McKechnie J. MURRAY C.J. O’DONNELL J. McKECHNIE J. [2008 Appeal No. 350]IN THE MATTER OF SECTION 16 OF THE COURTS OF JUSTICE ACT 1947BETWEENTHE PEOPLE (AT THE SUIT OF THE DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC PROSECUTIONS)PROSECUTORAND PAT HEGARTYACCUSED JUDGMENT of Mr. Justice William M. McKechnie dated the 28th day of July, 2011. This is a consultative case stated by His Honour Judge Groarke of the Western Circuit, pursuant to s. 16 of the Courts of Justice Act 1947, wherein, by reference to the circumstances so outlined, he seeks the opinion of this Court on two questions. The facts, as agreed or so found, and upon which the case is stated, are as follows. On the 21st May, 2008, Mr. Hegarty, the accused person, attended at Galway Circuit Criminal Court to answer two charges preferred against him on Bill No. MS 55/04, the first of which reads as follows:- “Statement of Offence: Being a Manager or Officer of an undertaking which entered into an agreement which had as its object the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition, contrary to s. 4(1) of the Competition Act 1991 and s. 2 of the Competition (Amendment) Act 1996, as provided for by s. 3(4)(a) of the said Act. Particulars of Offence: Patrick Hegarty, between the 1st day of January, 2001, and the 11th day of February, 2002, both dates inclusive, in the County of Galway, were a Manager or Officer of Fate Park Limited t/a Sweeney Oil/Rabbit Oil, an undertaking within the meaning of s. 3 of the Competition Act 1991, such company having committed an offence, (emphasis added) namely entering into an agreement with other undertakings again within the meaning of s. 3 of the Competition Act 1991, which had as its object the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition in the trade of gas oil in Galway city and county, by directly or indirectly fixing the selling price of gas oil, and authorised or consented to the doing of the acts constituting that offence.” Count No. 2 on the indictment is in identical form, save that the trading product was kerosene. On a previous occasion, namely the 9th May, 2007, Mr. Hegarty was also called upon to answer the same charges, but on that occasion, a company named Sweeney Oil Limited t/a Rabbit Oil was cited on the indictment as his co-accused. That company faced two charges arising out of the same set of circumstances. The first was that it had entered into an agreement with other undertakings, which had as its object the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition by directly or indirectly fixing the selling price of gas oil in Galway city and county, contrary to s. 2(2) of the Competition (Amendment) Act 1996 (“the 1996 Act”). Again, count No. 2 on the indictment was in identical form, save that the product was kerosene. For reasons which have never been evidentially explained, but described in submissions as being technical in nature, the Director of Public Prosecutions (“the D.P.P.”) on that occasion (the 9th May, 2007,) entered a nolle prosequi in respect of the company. The prosecution against the accused was then adjourned so that an abridged book of evidence could be served; hence the new trial date of the 21st May, 2008, was fixed. At the commencement of that trial, counsel on behalf of the accused moved a motion under s. 4(E) of the Criminal Procedure Act 1967, as inserted by s. 9 of the Criminal Justice Act 1999, to quash the indictment on the basis that any successful prosecution against his client was contingent on Fate Park Ltd. having committed a particular criminal offence. (See “Particulars of Offence” at para. 2 supra). This could only be established by a conviction being secured against it. Since that company had never been prosecuted for such an offence, it was therefore not possible for the jury to return a guilty verdict against Mr.Hegarty. The D.P.P. disagreed with this proposition. Whilst accepting the contingency as an ingredient of the offence, the D.P.P. argued that the same could be established otherwise than by formal conviction. Having heard submissions from Mr. Edward S. Walsh S.C., on behalf of the accused, and Mr. Denis Vaughan-Buckley S.C., on behalf of the D.P.P., the trial judge rejected the submissions of the prosecution. Being dissatisfied with such ruling, expressed whilst the matter was still pending, the learned judge agreed to submit by way of case stated the following two questions for the opinion of this Court:- “Where an individual is prosecuted pursuant to s. 3(4)(a) of the Competition Act 1996 [sic]: (a) whether an adjudication as to whether the relevant undertaking has committed an offence can be undertaken when no prosecution has been initiated against the undertaking, and (b) whether it is necessary that the undertaking be convicted of the offence before the individual can be convicted.” The submissions made before the Circuit Criminal Court have largely been repeated before this Court and can be summarised in the manner following. First, however, it is convenient to refer to the relevant statutory provisions. Section 4 of the Competition Act 1991 (“the 1991 Act”) provides, inter alia, that all agreements between undertakings, which have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition in trade in any goods or services, are prohibited and void. Price fixing is a notorious example of such “hard core” activity. Any entity engaged for gain, inter alia, in the supply or distribution of goods, is an undertaking (s. 3 of 1991 Act) – that remains the law as provided by s. 3 of the Competition Act 2002. There is no doubt but that “Fate Park Limited t/a Sweeney Oil/Rabbit Oil”, being the company referred to in the indictment, is such an undertaking and hereinafter will be referred to either as such or, as heretofore, “the company”. Pursuant to s. 2 of the Competition (Amendment) Act 1996, an undertaking which enters into the type of agreement previously referred to is guilty of an offence (the “sec. 2 offence”). Section 3(4)(a) of this Act reads:- “3(4)(a) Where an offence under Section 2 of the Act has been committed by an undertaking [emphasis added] and the doing of the acts that constituted the offence has been authorised, or consented to, by a person, being a director, manager, or other similar officer of the undertaking, or a person who purports to act in any such capacity, that person as well as the undertaking shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished as if he or she were guilty of the first-mentioned offence [the “sec. 3(4) offence”]”. It is essentially under this section that the accused stands charged. For ease of reference I have termed the offence referable to the undertaking the “sec. 2 offence” or “the offence under s. 2” of the 1996 Act and that referable to the individual as the “sec. 3(4) offence” or “the offence under s. 3(4)” of the 1996 Act. On behalf of the accused it is accepted that, by virtue of s. 4(1) of the 1991 Act and s. 2 of the 1996 Act, it is an offence in certain circumstances for two or more “undertakings” to agree with each other to fix the selling price of trading goods (the “sec. 2 offence”), and that by virtue of s. 3(4) of the 1996 Act, where such an offence has been committed, any director, manager or similar officer, or a person purporting to act as such, of any party, who authorises or consents to the underlying acts, is also guilty of an offence (the “sec. 3(4) offence”). It should be noted that... MJELR -v- Dolny, [2008] IEHC 326 (2008)	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2480
__label__wiki	0.537668	0.537668	Benjamin Britten Quote “These two are not two Love has made them one Amo Ergo Sum! And by its mystery Each is no less but more.” ―Benjamin Britten Born: November 22, 1913 Died: December 4, 1976 (aged 63) Occupation: Composer Bio: Edward Benjamin Britten, Baron Britten, OM CH was an English composer, conductor, and pianist; and one of the central figures of 20th-century British classical music. He showed talent from an early age, and first came to public attention with the a cappella choral work A Boy Was Born in 1934. With the premiere of his opera Peter Grimes in 1945, he leapt to international fame. Born on November 22	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2490
__label__cc	0.622489	0.377511	Bob Neilson interviews me about acting, writing and editing – Jan 2012 First published on Bob’s blog here. Bob Neilson: Tell me one little known fact about John Kenny. John Kenny: To some people this won’t be a little known fact, but to most perhaps it is. I played the part of Patrick Pearse, the leader of the 1916 Easter Rising, in the movie Michael Collins, which was directed by Neil Jordan in 1996. I wouldn’t blink, though, or you’ll miss the brief few seconds I turn up. Three days of scenes we shot; I’m still waiting for the director’s cut. BN: Which was your first love, acting or writing and why did writing win out in the end (so far)? JK: My actual first love was art, specifically comic art. I grew up reading all those 1960s Marvel comics and it was my dream to become a Marvel comics artist. All my spare time was taken with drawing my favourite characters and inventing new ones. There are more avenues for Irish comics writers and artists to make a career for themselves in the States and the UK, but back when I was dreaming about it, there was no real way forward. I didn’t really start reading books until after I left school at 18, having been put off the idea of reading by the Christian Brothers and their nonsensical choices of approved texts for the school curriculum. And the urge to write didn’t hit me until I was nearly 30, so I’m a late bloomer. Initially it was all SF, but over the years, as I’ve broadened my reading tastes, I’ve branched out into horror, dark fantasy, slipstream and mainstream literature. Lately, a lot of the work has hints of autobiography to it and is edging more towards the mainstream end of the spectrum with minor fantastical elements. Acting was something I got into be pure chance. There were two intitial reasons: I wanted to gain more contact with someone I fancied (now my wife, Susan) and knew she was a member of a particular theatre group (the Grove Players), and I thought drama workshops would be a good way to improve my writing of dialogue in my fiction. Of course I ended up getting drawn into the world of theatre and ended up acting full-time, getting an agent and an Equity card, etc., etc. It was when my first daughter arrived on the scene that I decided I needed to get a ‘proper’ job. Much as I was incredibly busy with acting work, I wasn’t making any real money. So I walked away from acting and into the corporate world. It was a very painful wrench for me, but I found that I could at least fit in a little time here and there writing. Despite operating in the ‘real’ world, I could still express myself artistically. Writing became an outlet for me that I could fit into my hectic schedule. And over time it has become what I love most to do. BN: Checking your website, you seem to be doing a lot of editing at the moment. How did that come about? JK: Well my first foray into editing occurred many years ago when I was asked to edit FTL, the magazine of the Irish Science Fiction Association. I had written a lot of articles and reviews for FTL‘s predecessor Stargate, and when the ISFA’s new magazine was proposed I stepped up to the plate and edited a few issues of it. FTL eventually folded and about a year or so afterward that a few of us in the ISFA decided we’d launch our own magazine, one that was not tied to any organisation. And lo, Albedo One was born. This was in 1993 and since then we have published 40 issues of the magazine, interviewed a host of well-known writers and published fiction by them too, alongside newer talent, picked up a gaggle of awards from the likes of the European SF Society, and have generally had a good time doing it all. During this time I also used my writing and editing skills in the corporate world, working over a period of ten or so years for two companies involved in managing overseas development aid programmes. I also did some journalistic writing and editing for specialist trade magazines such as AMT (Advanced Manufacturing Technology) and Business and Finance. I then moved on to managing an online writers’ resource called Writing4all, which was a little more in keeping with my personal interests. Apart from the upkeep on the site, adding articles, news and events, I was involved in judging monthly fiction and non-fiction postings to the site and their annual Writing Spirit Award. This culminated in the publication of a Writing4all Best of the Year anthology, which involved a serious level of editing work for me. Unfortunately, funding for Writing4all was severely cut and I found myself out on my ear and looking for work again at the beginning of 2011. It occurred to me that, while I look for a ‘proper’ job, I might make a fist of cobbling together a freelance career for myself that combined a mixture of writing, editing and creative writing teaching (something I’d done on and off over the years). The editing work, in particular, seemed to visit itself upon me without my having to go out and search for it. Within a three week period, out of nowhere, I was asked on four separate occasions if I would edit a novel or short story and how much I charged. I did my research and came up with an equitable rate and off I was to a galloping start. I set up my own website/blog (http://johnrichardkenny.com) to promote all this and I’ve been snowed ever since. BN: Sounds great. Tell me specifically about editing Box of Delights. That must have been an interesting journey. JK: Editing Box of Delights was an entirely different proposition to previous editing jobs I’ve tackled. With Albedo One, there is an editorial team, so the workload is shared, as is the responsibility for having chosen the stories that end up in the magazine. And I’d had a taste of editing one anthology before, Writing4all: The Best of 2009, but most of the stories that featured had been picked as the Best of the Month on the Writing4all website by my predecessor, so I hadn’t read all the postings in order to pick the winners. With Box of Delights, I was very much on my own in terms of taking sole responsibility for the choices made and having to read all the submissions. From the start I wanted to operate as wide open a submissions policy as possible. Consequently, there was a long submission period (beginning of January to the end of May, 2011) and there was no theme, just the title of the anthology to go by. During that time I got over 400 submissions (including, funnily enough, only one zombie story) and while I tried to give feedback on rejected stories it wasn’t always possible due to the scale of the response to the call for submissions. In the beginning I was a little worried about not having the back-up of an editorial team to discuss particular stories with, but I’m delighted with the stories I ended up picking for the book. The actual editing process, once I’d settled on the stories going in, was quite involved, some stories needing only a light nip and tuck, others requiring a fair bit of dialogue back and forth with the author before finalising the pieces. While this was hard work, I found the process very rewarding, and the discussion of story specifics beneficial to my own writing. BN: How detailed was your editing? I spoke to an author who had to six major re-writes after acceptance before his novel was published. How do you determine if a story is worth pursuing if so much work is needed. Why not bin it and go on to the next submission? JK: For some stories the editing was incredibly detailed. There was extensive line editing and ocassional leaps of logic that needed to be sorted out. On one story, which will remain nameless, I advocated the first 1,800 words be deleted. It was a case of the story really starting further into the piece. All that was then required was the additional of a few sentences here and there to give the reader certain bits of information. On another story, which will also remain nameless, I asked for the final section to be cut down quite a bit. The author came back with too much of the good stuff taken out, so I re-edited that bit to keep in what I thought to be the good stuff while reducing the wordage. On those stories, and a few others, there was a lot of toing and froing, checking out if certain sentences worked or not, before we agreed on the final version. Always, I sought the author’s approval of my suggested edits. As to why I didn’t just bounce them and move onto the next submission, they were stories that had a certain indefinable ‘something’ that really appealed to me. It’s an entirely subjective thing, which is why I often say to writers that they shouldn’t feel too dejected when their stories are rejected; it can be because the story is irredeemably awful, but it’s often a case of that particular editor not engaging with the story. Anyway, as to that indefinable ‘something’, it’s usually something to do with the main character being convincing, or the particular voice of the story, or a fresh or intriguing angle on the premise that keeps me reading the story and spurs me to entertain the notion that, with a little work, the story can be brought up a notch to deliver a greater punch. BN: Finally, if you were not a writer but an artist of any other type – painter, musician, whatever – and you could have created aonly one work to be remembered by (one-hit-wonder), what would it be? JK: Hmmm…. Good question. And a difficult one to answer if I can pick only one other art form and one specific piece. I have a wide-ranging interest in art, music, the theatre and film apart from literature. Of those artistic expressions, art is the oldest, although music has a greater impact on the human subconscious. I think I’d have to pick something by an artist and that artist would have to be Picasso. I reckon he’s the greatest 20th Century artist in that he tried so many different things, was horrifically prolific and innovative, and was unafraid of the critical response (leaving aside the fact that he was an egomaniac and a total bastard to the women in his life). And the obvious painting would have to be Guernica. That one painting captures all the torment and agony of war, along with the injustice of a war crime, and the impotence of those caught in the middle of atrocity. What would also attract me to the idea of being the creator of the painting is the impact it has had since its creation; it has been attacked on numerous occasions, at one point having to be kept behind bullet-proof glass, and still has the power to effect people strongly. Now that’s art.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2492
__label__wiki	0.558207	0.558207	12Feb 2017 There has been too much ado lately regarding safety sizing the streets in Colorado Springs — removing lanes from roads downtown to create bike lanes, slow traffic and decrease congestion. The multi-way boulevard allows for arterial-like speeds in the middle of the right-of-way, yet a context-sensitive design approach along the edge, enabling urban building frontage. Our city has been condemned to wasting money on infrastructure for decades — wrongly widening roads as we chase the White Rabbit to “solve congestion.” The concept that widening roads or adding lanes will reduce congestion is wrong, and it’s been proven over and over again to be wrong. The benefit of removing lane miles extends beyond financial costs of maintenance or safety to residents in and out of vehicles. Fortunately, the current city administration recognizes that it can flip a liability into an asset and transform the city’s health merely by downsizing its roads. Locally, we have seen the results of successful road diets on Cheyenne Boulevard and Lake Avenue in southwest Colorado Springs. In Manitou Springs, they converted four lanes of travel to two lanes on Manitou Avenue, leaving a center turn lane. The road diets improved pedestrian and bicycle safety on all the streets. Take New York City, for example. In 2007, former traffic commissioner Janette Sadik-Khan put the city on a road diet. For those who say you can’t compare New York City and Colorado Springs — you’re right. It’s much more difficult to remove lanes in New York City. So Sadik-Khan took a tactical approach to experiment with solutions. She took Times Square — with its high number of vehicles and the greatest mass of pedestrians in the United States — and put it on a road diet. Since 2006, just prior to the leadership of Sadik-Khan, New York City has added more than 250 miles of bicycle infrastructure and removed several lanes of congested roadway. It transformed the space for people, not just their automobiles. By adding alternative modes of transportation, all of which require less space, the localized economies adjacent to the roads benefit from having more people riding by on bikes, making it easier to make impulse purchases. When she came into office in 2007, Times Square belonged to cars — although 82 percent of the people in Times Square were pedestrians. By 2009, NYC had modified 2½ acres of auto-dominated space, including Times Square, to pedestrian space. The Times Square transformation not only created safe, functional public space for the masses of New Yorkers and tourists, it also improved the flow of traffic. And, within one year, it doubled the real estate cost per square foot. The sky is not falling when the city wants to change the number of lanes on a given street. In fact, a 2012 urban experiment, called Better Block Pikes Peak, by Colorado Springs Urban Intervention, showcased the benefits of removing traffic lanes and creating pedestrian space. With Better Block Pikes Peak, we aimed to illustrate with real-time data that we could improve the public space on Pikes Peak Avenue between Nevada Avenue and Tejon Street by transforming two excess lanes to a pedestrian oasis. Fast-forward to today, and the thirst for rethinking our public space is as great as it ever was. The city is considering lowering the number of lanes on downtown’s Cascade, Nevada and Wahsatch avenues, along with Weber and Fontanero streets. The changes to Cascade Avenue recently went to the City Planning Commission to narrow the lanes on a short stretch through Colorado College. The plan for Cascade is to reconfigure the street from a four-lane street to a two-lane street with new bike lanes. Traffic projections support the transformation — which should have been enough justification for approval. The traffic-engineering world is one that is incredibly conservative, therefore when you have a green light from the city’s traffic engineer, you should proceed as quickly as possible. In her book Street Fight, Sadik-Khan wrote, “Why would a city be proud not to attempt something that has been so successful elsewhere?” It’s a question that we should ask about many things, but something such as this — where converting it is only a matter of changing the paint — what are we waiting for? Originally posted on July 15, 2016 in the Colorado Springs Business Journal (http://www.csbj.com/2016/07/15/colorado-springs-needs-road-diet/) Previous Deadwood Windshield Tour Next The Transect of Parks Judith Rice-Jones says: Agree totally. We should also be looking at light rail to Denver rather than just expanding I-25 north of the Springs. John Olson says: Absolutely. Wrote this one a couple weeks ago: http://www.csbj.com/2017/01/27/expanding-25-isnt-congestion-solution/	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2493
__label__cc	0.705948	0.294052	Essay: Buying the Pistons - 10.6.10 The big sports news yesterday was that Mike Ilitch, who already owns the Tigers and the Red Wings, is apparently buying the Detroit Pistons. Michigan Radio’s Jack Lessenberry wonders if this is really a good idea. There was excitement in Detroit yesterday at the news that Mike Ilitch, founder of the Little Caesar’s pizza empire, is apparently about to buy the Detroit Pistons basketball team. But what isn’t at all clear is whether allowing one man to establish what would be a near-monopoly over the city’s entertainment industry is necessarily a good idea. You won’t find a lot of doubts expressed in the local media coverage. The supposedly independent press has responded less like a watchdog and more the way you would expect from a team of public relations employees working for Ilitch Holdings. One sports columnist gushed that normally you might worry a little bit over a deal like this. After all, it would give Mike Ilitch something no one else in the nation has: Ownership of the three major league sports teams -- the baseball Tigers, hockey‘s Red Wings, and the Pistons, not to mention Motor City Casino, Olympia Entertainment, the palatial Fox Theatre and other properties. Normally you might worry about someone having that much clout, the columnist wrote, but not in this case, because Mr. Ilitch has done so much for Detroit that he deserves the benefit of the doubt. Now nobody doubts that the pizza magnate has been a major force in the revitalization of Detroit’s downtown. However, biological evidence indicates he is unlikely to live forever. Mike Ilitch is now eighty-one years old, and there already has been rivalry among his children. What happens after he leaves the scene? And, as Ilitch candidly told a friend of mine who interviewed him some years ago when he was renovating the Fox Theater, he does deals like this not out of altruism, but to make money. Fifteen years ago he decided he had to have a new stadium for his Detroit Tigers. He then hinted that he might move the team elsewhere unless the taxpayers voted to tax themselves to contribute to its costs. The voters obediently did so. Today, there is talk that the purchase of the Pistons will lead to discussion of a vast new sports complex near downtown Detroit, something that would cost at least half a billion dollars. Presumably, the impoverished local taxpayers would be asked to contribute to that facility too. If the Pistons do move back to Detroit, it wouldn’t be good news for the suburban community of Auburn Hills, thirty miles north of the city. That’s where the basketball team now plays. And there’s is also the possibility that if Detroit proves insufficiently cooperative, instead of moving the Pistons back to Detroit, Mr. Ilitch could choose to move the Detroit Red Wings out to join them, something that would be an economic blow to the city, as well as damaging to Detroit’s already sagging morale. Nobody knows exactly what will happen if the sale goes through. But for years, our government both sponsored and supported anti-trust legislation for a reason: Monopolies, generally speaking, aren’t good. They stifle creativity and aren’t good for the consumer. Competition, whether for cars or entertainment dollars, tends to increase quality and decrease cost. There may be compelling reasons to make an exception in the case of Mike Ilitch and the Pistons. But at the very least, we should take a hard look at the implications of this deal, and think it through. Posted on October 06, 2010 at 01:33 PM \| Permalink \| Comments (0)	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2494
__label__cc	0.663854	0.336146	The AFI Top 100 Films: The Philadelphia Story (#51) The Philadelphia Story (1940) Starring Katherine Hepburn, Cary Grant and James Stewart Directed by George Cukor Written by Donald Ogden Stewart (screenplay) and Phillip Barry (original play) In the very first scene of The Philadelphia Story, we see wealthy socialite CK Dexter Haven (Grant) packing his bags into his trunk angrily. His wife Tracy Lord (Hepburn) follows him out, carrying his golf clubs. She rips out his driver and breaks it over her knee. In retaliation, he puts his hand on her face and shoves her right back through the doorway. It’s shocking, but the chemistry and comic timing of Grant and Hepburn are so good that it comes off funny instead of violent. And it wonderfully sets the tone for the relationship of the divorced couple as well as the movie based around them. Two years later, Lord is preparing to marry an ambitious businessman (John Howard) even though not everyone’s sure it’s such a good match. Haven has his doubts about it, so he hires two journalists to cover the event — and hopefully ruin the wedding. Just to make things even more awkward, he arrives as a third unannounced guest. What follows is a carefully structured unraveling of the nuptials and everyone’s relationships, so that by the end of the movie even though some things are completely destroyed you have the feeling that everything’s been set right. This isn’t an easy thing to do. So many things could have gone wrong here. Lord is a severe woman who could have easily come off as cold and mean if not for the wonderfully manic energy, warmth and vulnerability Hepburn brings to the role. Grant plays ‘old money’ down to a T, and even though he spends most of the movie sniping with Hepburn he comes across as affable and smooth. Stewart is the biggest risk here, as one of the hired journalists. I’ve only seen him in noble, nice-guy roles and here he plays someone who can only be described as a jaded asshole. Totally different dressing, but he wears it well. All of the characters have deep flaws that aren’t only exposed for all to see, but dissected in detail. Hepburn’s socialite Lord gets the worst of it, and it’s no small feat that she comes away as well-regarded as she does. Despite the sniping and constant jockeying for social position, there’s a clear love that shines through between the characters, and I’d like to think this is because of the easy camaraderie between the principal actors. Hepburn, Grant and Stewart apparently never needed another take of their scenes, despite ad-libbing quite a bit. That’s even more impressive to think about when you watch the middle of the film, the alcohol-soaked party and after-party in which the flinty shells everyone’s wearing starts to dissolve. The revelation of character and the easy, organic comedy that’s given equal measure is truly a sight to behold. The energy ramps down towards the end, once Lord has learned her lesson and the villain (as much as there is one) is dispatched. People start pairing off happily, and I have to say this is the weakest part of the movie. Lord’s character arc is strongest here, and it wraps up well enough, but there’s not much left for the other characters to suggest they’ve made the movements they need to take towards the film’s resolution. So a lot of the emotional notes ring false right when they’re supposed to be truest, which is a bit of a let-down considering how great things were chugging along before. Even still, Lord’s arc is a really good one. In order to love someone properly, you must be aware of and accepting of their flaws. She wasn’t even aware of how harsh she could be until it was brought to her attention (granted, in a really terrible way by her absentee father) and she learned how to face the consequences of a terrible mistake she never actually made. Having someone leading her by the hand to show her a bit of grace was the very thing she needed to learn how to be graceful herself. I tend to have a hot-and-cold relationship with the screwball comedies of old; sometimes the frenzied energy just leaves me behind and I simply can’t connect with anything on the screen. The Philadelphia Story is certainly quick, but it slows down to breathe when it needs to and some of the best scenes are when two people take a break to really get to know each other’s point of view. Everyone involved really knows what they’re about, and for the most part it gives the movie a breezy, effortless energy that carries it through quite well. Any fan of Hepburn, Grant or Stewart should definitely give this a look. Rating: 7/10. Posted by Jakebe on January 29, 2013 in AFI Top 100, Movies, Reviews, Uncategorized Tags: 1940 movies, afi top 100, cary grant, classic movies, george cukor, james stewart, katherine hepburn, reviews, romantic comedies, the philadelphia story	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2495
__label__cc	0.615364	0.384636	Blink Totally Wireless Camera Tested By: Ethan Ace, Published on Feb 12, 2016 Wireless cameras almost always still need a wire for power. Given that, many argue to just used wired cameras anyway. Now, startup Blink has released a battery powered wireless camera that needs no wires. Plus, the camera / kit sells for just ~$100 plus $60 for additional cameras, a remarkably low price. 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Transmission * * * **** delay ** * *** camera ***** ** the ** **. allows ***** * * aware * ** to **** , ** it, * **** * batteries/destroy ** * event . ********, no * ** notifying * ** the ** * ** destroyed * ***** removed. ******* ** a * * *** intruder * no ******** * presence. ******, * end **, * most **** **, some ************ that * **** offline, *** **** not **** ***. What * *? * * ******** * disadvantages, *** * * Blink ** ? Tell * why * *** comments. Blink's built in PIR provides much more reliable detection than the video motion detection found in most home/DIY cameras, with no false alarms during the course of our testing, and very few missed detections. Blink and you won't miss it! Vincent Tong Arlo another complete wireless solution has been out for a while now. Its a bit more expensive though IPVM \| In reply to Vincent Tong \| 02/13/16 02:09am Arlo, formerly Avaak, has been around for many years. The closest comparable from Arlo's line is the VMS3130 which is ~$170 instead of $100 but is outdoor ready and has integrated IR. It's probably worth us doing a new test of Arlo as Netgear seems to be promoting it fairly heavily. In reply to John Honovich \| 02/13/16 05:11am Btw, Nubo is shipping in Europe this month. Work with optional battery pack. IPVM \| In reply to Undisclosed #1 \| 02/13/16 01:41pm Thanks. We'll order one when it's available in the US. Btw, 349 Euros for a single super home cam, wow... Equal to an 8 channel Hikezviz system... In reply to John Honovich \| 02/13/16 05:16pm $10/month for a 4G video data plan seems ok at least. I think Panasonic is going to really push it big, based on the quality and quantity of their marketing. Notice how it's shown everywhere, without wires or battery pack, as if it's recording. David Lieberman IPVMU Certified \| In reply to John Honovich \| 05/23/16 03:51pm Is Arlo (and the other competitors mentioned in the comments) completely wireless? That's a huge benefit as far as I'm concerned. I can overlook some other shortcomings in favor of the battery operation. IPVM \| In reply to David Lieberman \| 05/23/16 04:38pm Yes, wireless/battery powered. We have a test of Arlo, as well. Normunds Martuzs For some time I'm looking optimal wire free home camera model and Blink was one of them, unfortunately, we can see that they has serious things to work on. About no continuous recording I even didn't thought that there isn't such basic (by my opinion) thing. Is it possible to disable this white LED? By default, I accepted that it can be done, but now I'm not sure. In reply to Normunds Martuzs \| 02/14/16 04:11pm Is it possible to disable the white LED? It's not a hopeful sign that the blue led cannot be disabled: There is not a way to disable the blue recording LED on the front of the camera. This feature was implemented as a security measure to ensure users would know if the camera was active and capturing video. Of course, there are a few ways of permanently 'disabling' the white or blue LEDS, but these are not with some risk, as they involve some guesswork in determining the correct bit size... Joseph Marotta IPVMU Certified \| In reply to Undisclosed #1 \| 01/11/18 03:30am 1-10-2018, I just checked the Blink website for updates and found the blue recording LED can be turned off but only on the Blink XT cameras. IPVM \| In reply to Normunds Martuzs \| 02/14/16 06:04pm "About no continuous recording I even didn't thought that there isn't such basic (by my opinion) thing." The reason for no continuous recording is because it runs on batteries. Theoretically, it could record continuously but then you'd have to change the battery multiple times a day. "Is it possible to disable this white LED?" If you do that, you won't have any night time video at all. That said, as the video in the report shows, yes, you can disable it: Is there no skepticism for the claimed battery life of 'over one year'? Certainly at the rate of 1/2 hr of recorded video per week, which doesn't seem out of line for a family household, that's > 26 hrs of video per set of batteries! Not including the power drain of the 24/365 PIR detector. BTW, the transmission delay is probably a result of the camera having to wake up and establish a connection with the cloud. The reason for no offline status is similarly tied to the fact that it is normally offline to save power, therefore this state cannot be polled for from the cloud. The best that could be done is a regularly scheduled 'check-in' process, but this would be delayed and would eat into power as well. Yes, I am skeptical. I've added the following: " Limited Battery: The battery is specified for 'one year' but that is based on only using it for 5.5 hours for the year, which would be fairly sporadic. As such, even moderate usage will drain the battery in months, if not weeks." If it emails video clips, then your email box is your extended storage. If it did, that would be true, if not clunky. But it doesn't email video clips. It only sends push notifications through the mobile app. Jose Gerardo Rosiles Any ideas about the chipset being used for this camera or Arlo? I would imagine it is using a low power MCU to achieve this battery life time. Anyone have any issue with delays between pressing play and video starting? I am trying one and delays more than 5 seconds and up to 10 seconds are commonplace. I assume part of it is the cloud relay but is it also an issue with activating the camera due to its power conservation / battery approach? Paul Shah I have the same problem. Also delays on the analytics triggering the recording. IPVM \| In reply to Paul Shah \| 03/31/17 08:30pm Paul, thanks, somewhat happy to not be alone. From testing their audio portion, there's only a ~2 second delay on hearing audio, so I suspect the bulk of the delay is from the connection setup. Waiting that long to get the camera feed is painful, it's like connecting to a web page over a dial up modem. I set it to record for 15s, but sometimes it only records for 5. It also starts playback in the middle of the recording RaySharp Revealed - Major China OEM For Western Consumer Video Surveillance on Jul 02, 2019 RaySharp is mostly unknown, even among people in the video surveillance industry, though it is a major supplier of OEM surveillance equipment such... Risk of Amazon Alexa Guard: No Battery Or Cell Backup on Jun 20, 2019 Amazon positions its Alexa Guard Service as a "smart home security system" and says it can help you "keep your home safe". However, the... Genetec Synergis Cloud Link - Complex, Costly and Confusing on Jun 18, 2019 Genetec's Synergis Cloud Link is complex, costly and confusing compared to competitor access control architectures. Inside this note, we examine...	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2503
__label__cc	0.725486	0.274514	BioLineRx Announces Positive Phase II Results for BL-7040, an Orally Available Treatment for Inflammatory Bowel Disease - BL-7040 met the primary efficacy endpoint of the study - - BL-7040 was also shown to be safe and well tolerated - JERUSALEM--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Apr. 17, 2013-- BioLineRx (NASDAQ:BLRX) (TASE:BLRX), a biopharmaceutical development company, announced today positive Phase IIa results for BL-7040, an orally available drug for treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The study showed that BL-7040 is safe and effective in treating ulcerative colitis, a form of IBD. The Phase IIa trial was an open-label, proof-of-concept study to evaluate the efficacy, safety and tolerability of BL-7040 in patients with moderately active ulcerative colitis. Patients were treated for up to five weeks with BL-7040: 12 mg/day for up to three weeks, followed by 40 mg/day for two additional weeks. The clinical trial was carried out at five leading medical centers in Israel. Sixteen of the 22 patients who were enrolled in the clinical trial completed the full five-week course of treatment and two-week follow-up. The primary clinical endpoint in the study - a reduction in the Mayo score between baseline and completion of treatment – was achieved. Fifty percent of patients (8 patients) met the primary endpoint, while the remaining 8 patients demonstrated a stable clinical condition or minor improvement. Fifty-six percent of patients (9 patients) demonstrated decreases of at least 1 point in the rectal-bleeding sub-score and 69% (11 patients) had rectal-bleeding sub-scores of ≤1 (in 6 of the 11 patients, no rectal bleeding was seen at all). Fifty percent of the patients completing study treatment also met certain secondary endpoints, such as a partial Mayo score reduction and mucosal healing evaluated by endoscopy sub-score measurements. Additional secondary endpoints in the study were the IBD Quality-of-Life Questionnaire, and the serum CRP and fecal calprotectin measurements. The results of these additional secondary endpoints were not conclusive, although certain positive trends were noted. BL-7040 was highly safe and well tolerated by the study participants, with a very low incidence of drug related, mild-to-moderate adverse events (AEs), as well as one serious adverse event (SAE) not related to the treatment. Both patients and investigators were very satisfied with the safety and tolerability profile of the treatment and, in particular, emphasized the ease of oral administration. "Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are prevalent conditions that affect the quality of life of millions across the globe. It is estimated that as many as 1.4 million individuals in the U.S. suffer from these diseases. In addition to discomfort, which can be quite extreme, IBD can cause significant complications, including anemia, intestinal abscesses, intestinal perforation and more. Current treatments are far from satisfactory, and many people stand to benefit from a new and effective treatment," said Dr. Kinneret Savitsky, Chief Executive Officer of BioLineRx. “Based on historical data, current steroidal or biological treatment regimens have yielded clinical response rates of between 30% and 70% in studies with significantly longer treatment periods; thus, the results of our five-week, proof-of-concept study suggest positive efficacy for BL-7040. A number of experts in the IBD field who have reviewed the results of our study all agree that these are very encouraging and positive results, and that the reduction in rectal bleeding is particularly impressive. Our immediate next steps include evaluating the most advantageous ways to progress with this therapeutic candidate from a clinical and business perspective, including examining potential additional indications. In parallel, we also plan to accelerate discussions with potential co-development and licensing partners for this asset," concluded Dr. Savitsky. About Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) IBD is a chronic inflammatory gastrointestinal disease characterized by chronic abdominal pain, discomfort, bloating and alteration of bowel habits. Approximately 1-in-500 people worldwide suffer from IBD. The condition has few specific treatment options available. Sales of existing drugs are estimated at $1.8 billion annually; however, current treatment options do not fully address patients’ needs. BioLineRx is a publicly-traded biopharmaceutical development company. BioLineRx is dedicated to building a portfolio of products for unmet medical needs or with advantages over currently available therapies. BioLineRx’s current portfolio consists of six clinical stage candidates: BL-1040, for prevention of pathological cardiac remodeling following a myocardial infarction, which has been out-licensed to Ikaria Inc., is currently undergoing a pivotal CE-Mark registration trial; BL-5010 for non-surgical removal of skin lesions has completed a Phase I/II study; BL-7040 for treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has completed a Phase IIa trial; BL-8040 for treating acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and other hematological cancers will shortly commence a Phase II study; BL-1021 for neuropathic pain is in Phase I development; and BL-1020 for schizophrenia. In addition, BioLineRx has six products in various pre-clinical development stages for a variety of indications, including central nervous system diseases, infectious diseases, cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases. BioLineRx’s business model is based on acquiring molecules mainly from biotechnological incubators and academic institutions. The Company performs feasibility assessment studies and development through pre-clinical and clinical stages, with partial funding from the Israeli Government’s Office of the Chief Scientist (OCS). The final stage includes partnering with medium and large pharmaceutical companies for advanced clinical development (Phase III) and commercialization. For more information on BioLineRx, please visit www.biolinerx.com, the content of which does not form a part of this press release. Various statements in this release concerning BioLineRx’s future expectations, including specifically those related to the development and commercialization of BL-7040, constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements include words such as “may,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “believes,” and “intends,” and describe opinions about future events. These forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties that may cause the actual results, performance or achievements of BioLineRx to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Some of these risks are: changes in relationships with collaborators; the impact of competitive products and technological changes; risks relating to the development of new products; and the ability to implement technological improvements. These and other factors are more fully discussed in the “Risk Factors” section of BioLineRx’s most recent annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 12, 2013. In addition, any forward-looking statements represent BioLineRx’s views only as of the date of this release and should not be relied upon as representing its views as of any subsequent date. BioLineRx does not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements unless required by law. 1 212-896-1250 / 1 212-896-1215	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2504
__label__cc	0.708964	0.291036	Section 16 Filings Alkaline Water Co.’s Alkaline88® Initiates Distribution with Another Top 75 Retailer, Bozzuto’s Inc. Download as PDF March 28, 2018 Northeast Expansion Accelerates as FY 2018 Finishes Strong SCOTTSDALE, Ariz., March 28, 2018 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The Alkaline Water Company Inc. (OTCQB:WTER), with products bottled under the trademark Alkaline88®, (the "Company") is pleased to announce that Bozzuto’s Inc., headquartered in Cheshire, Connecticut, is now selling Alkaline88® water in the 1-gallon and 1-liter sizes. The Company is the creator of an innovative, state-of-the-art, proprietary electrolysis beverage process. The Company packages and sells its alkaline water in 1-gallon, 3-liter, 1.5-liter, 1-liter, 700ml and 500ml sizes to over 34,000 retail locations in all 50 states. “Thanks to the outstanding work of our sales team, our Northeast expansion is gaining significant traction. Bozzuto’s is one of many top 75 retailers that we expect to add to our growing distribution network, which already includes over 45 of these premier operators. We expect to be on the shelves of Bozzuto’s retail customers in the first quarter fiscal 2019,” stated Richard A. Wright, President and CEO of The Alkaline Water Company Inc. “Bozzuto’s Inc. is ranked # 52 in the recently released SuperMarket News Top 75 Retailers and Wholesalers 2018. It is a leading total service distributor of food and beverage, servicing retail stores across New England, New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania and will give us a major presence in the region,” concluded Mr. Wright. About Bozzuto’s Inc.: Bozzuto’s Inc. is a leading total service wholesale distributor of food and household products to retailers in New England, New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Established in 1945, the company is headed by Chairman, President and CEO Michael A. Bozzuto. Based in Cheshire, Connecticut, Bozzuto’s is a longtime active supporter of Special Olympics. Its objective is simple: to be the number one wholesaler of choice in the markets it serves. For more information, please visit https://www.bozzutos.com/. The Alkaline Water Company Inc. (OTCQB:WTER) has developed an innovative, state-of-the-art, proprietary electrolysis process that produces healthy alkaline water for a balanced lifestyle. The Company is focused on the business of distributing and marketing for retail sale of its cost-effectively packaged Alkaline88® water beverage products. Visit: www.thealkalinewaterco.com. About Alkaline Water Products Alkaline88®'s premier alkaline water is an 8.8 pH balanced bottled alkaline drinking water enhanced with trace minerals and electrolytes. The product offers consumers the unique opportunity to purchase alkaline water in conveniently packaged 500ml, 700ml, and 1-liter, 1.5-liter, 3-liter and 1-gallon sizes. The Alkaline Water Company Inc. is currently in the midst of a national mass-market expansion program, where the product is already available for consumer sales at a growing number of major retail locations across many parts of the United States. Learn more about the science behind alkaline water by visiting www.thealkalinewaterco.com. Notice Regarding Forward-Looking Statements This news release contains "forward-looking statements." Statements in this press release that are not purely historical are forward-looking statements and include any statements regarding beliefs, plans, expectations or intentions regarding the future. Actual results could differ from those projected in any forward-looking statements due to numerous factors. Such factors include, among others, the inherent uncertainties associated with developing new products and operating as a development stage company, our ability to raise the additional funding we will need to continue to pursue our business and product development plans, competition in the industry in which we operate and market conditions. These forward-looking statements are made as of the date of this news release, and we assume no obligation to update the forward-looking statements, or to update the reasons why actual results could differ from those projected in the forward-looking statements, except as required by applicable law, including the securities laws of the United States. Although we believe that any beliefs, plans, expectations and intentions contained in this press release are reasonable, there can be no assurance that any such beliefs, plans, expectations or intentions will prove to be accurate. Investors should consult all of the information set forth herein and should also refer to the risk factors disclosure outlined in the reports and other documents we file with the SEC, available at www.sec.gov. The Alkaline Water Company Inc. WTER Investor Relations IRTH Communications Robert Haag investors@thealkalinewaterco.com Source: The Alkaline Water Company Inc Get updates and specials delivered straight to your inbox. For general questions 14646 N. Kierland Blvd. Ste 255 480-656-2423 \| info@alkaline88.com For media and endorsement requests Susie Timm, susie@knifeandforkmedia.com Copyright 2019, Alkaline88, LLC. All rights reserved.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2506
__label__wiki	0.623462	0.623462	Syria – Iran: a wolf penancing marks its death General Assaad Al Zoubi, President of the Syrian opposition delegations council in Geneva talks By Staff Writer, Iran Probe General Assaad Al Zoubi, President of the Syrian opposition delegations council in the Geneva talks, said in an exclusive interview with Iranian opposition TV ‘Simaye Azadi – INTV’ emphasized on the solidarity amongst Syrian freedom fighters and the Iranian Resistance, and called for action by the international community in the face of terrorism by the regimes of Iran and Syria. “An Arabian proverb says everyone will die as they were grown. Therefore, Iran and the Bashar Assad regimes, or Hafez Assad when he was alive, were born to be despotic, criminal and corrupt regimes. Furthermore, as I mentioned in the proverb, a wolf penancing marks its death. The regimes of Iran and Bashar Assad and Hafez Assad have been despotic, and regimes of terror, from day one, and they have been born from terrorism and for even more terrorism; that is why they cannot live without or apart from terrorism, and to continue their very existence they resort to creating even more terrorism, backing and exporting it. That is why we are never surprised of the crimes committed in Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and at times in other areas such as Saudi Arabia or Bahrain. They are currently expanding this circle; these issues are not limited to this region alone. In fact, they may expand to other areas too. This is also true about the crimes committed by the mullahs’ regime inside Iran. When the mullahs’ regime kills its own people, will it have any problem in killing the people of Syria inside Syria? Or the Iraqi people? This is completely natural. Now, look at their similarities. The mullahs kill Iranians inside Iran, and Bashar Assad kills Syrians. Aren’t these two regimes the flip sides of one coin? This is the best evidence that both of these regimes believe in terrorism, work for terrorism, export terrorism, support terrorism and both are rooted in terrorism. We are not surprised that the mullahs execute millions of Iranians, and Bashar Assad executes millions of Syrians.” Al-Zoubi emphasized in response to a question about the Geneva talks, in which he led the Syrian opposition negotiating delegation: “We were hoping the international community would live up to its humanitarian obligations. Commitments stated in articles 12 and 13 of UN Security Council resolution 2254, emphasizing on sending humanitarian aid to besieged areas, and also lifting the siege and releasing detainees, at least the women and children. However, the international community did not live up to its responsibilities. In the second round it was more of the same, and three rounds passed, with the international community unable to render even one food basket to the besieged areas, and unable to even one female detainee released, while they are suffering from various illnesses and on the brink of death. This comes at a time when conditions have reversed and arrests have increased in Syria. We were hoping the international community would provide the necessary grounds for negotiations. However, we will not return if such conditions are not return.” Brigadier General al-Zoubi went on to describe the relationship between Syrian freedom fighters and the people of this country, with the Iranian people and Resistance. “I believe the Syrian and Iranian resistance movements have been born from pains and sufferings. The pains and hardships the Syrian people are currently living under are the same pains and hardships the Iranian people are suffering from; from the cruelty of these corrupt and despotic regimes resort to, and I believe this very issues pushes us towards further unity and cooperation, and in a direction to truly get rid of these oppressive and dictatorial regimes. Not only because of the nations of our countries, but for the liberation of all nations in the region, because these two regimes have proven that they work very tenaciously to disrupt the region’s security and stability, not only in Syria and Iran, but the entire region. Therefore, I believe the time has come for the world to know the amount of terrorism the Iranian regime commits both inside Iran and abroad; and also the terrorism committed by the Syrian regime inside the country and abroad, along with the organized terrorism of Hezbollah. I believe the world must establish a united front against this terrorism.” Syrian Opposition Syrian peace talks Iran’s intelligence agent in Tirana Tuesday, 24 July 2018 Full text of speech by Fatmir Mediu at Grand Gathering 2018 Tuesday, 24 July 2018 Full text of speech by General George Casey at Grand Gathering 2018 Saturday, 21 July 2018 Full text of speech by Pandeli Majko at Grand Gathering 2018 Thursday, 19 July 2018 Full text of speech by Roger Godsiff at Grand Gathering 2018 Thursday, 19 July 2018 HomeNews & ArticlesNewsIran makes 4th attempt to launch new ballistic missile since signing historic nuclear accord last year as weapon based on N.Korean technology fails	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2507
__label__wiki	0.508849	0.508849	Just Movie Posters Blog A blog about movie posters, collecting & pop culture as it relates to the movie industry. Posts Tagged ‘Eddie Murphy’ My Thoughts on the 2012 Oscar Nominations The Academy Awards nominations were announced on January 24, 2012 and here are the nominees for Best Picture: Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close If you want to see the entire list of nominees, you can read them here: http://www.movieweb.com/news/84th-annual-academy-awards-nominations Now for my thoughts on the subject: Then There Were Nine This is the third year in a row that more than five films are up for Best Picture and I’ve grown to be not so crazy about the idea. If the Academy is going to expand one category, then it should expand the other categories, like Best Director, Best Actor/Actress, etc. Especially for an award like Best Picture, which is an icing-on-the-cake type of award. I feel that if your film has been nominated for Best Picture, it should have a few other awards, too. While films on the list are up for other awards, only two on the list are up for both Best Director and Best Actor (The Artist and The Descendants). This year none of the films in the Best Picture nominees have the quadruple nods of Best Film, Best Director, Best Actor, and Best Actress. Getting all those nominations gives a film a cache of respectability, as well as, bragging rights of “Look how great we are.” So, I say either expand all the categories or shrink the Best Film category back to five. I predict that Meryl Streep will win for Best Actress, The Artist will either win for Best Film or Best Director and George Clooney will squeak by with Best Actor. What makes me say those things? Simple: 1.) Meryl Streep is due for a win. While she has been nominated 17 times, she only won twice (1980 for Kramer vs. Kramer and in 1983 for Sophie’s Choice). So, how about giving her an award for portraying a powerful woman like Margaret Thatcher. 2.) The Artist is an artsy and nostalgia piece and the Academy loves to award art and nostalgia films as if to say, “See, things were great back then. People cared about art and so do we.” Never mind the fact that the same tension between art and commerce existed “back then” as it does now. 3.) George Clooney’s character in The Descendants isn’t some “I’m so handsome/smart/cool” type of character. Rather he plays a widowed dad who is trying to raise his kids and keep the ancestral home from being bought by real estate developers. Maybe the Academy will reward him with an Oscar. Yet, he is up against Jean Dujardin from The Artist. So it’s an actor in an art and nostalgia film versus an actor who’s known for playing “I’m so handsome/smart/cool” types, this time not playing such a type and getting an Oscar nomination for it. Hmmm, it will be close. And Now A Word About The Host When I learned that Eddie Murphy would be the host of the Academy Awards, I was so happy. Finally, a host who knows how to play for laughs. While Anne Hathaway was great at last year’s show, James Franco was just there. Then came the news that Murphy left when the telecast’s producer, Brett Ratner, left. I thought, “Oh no, the show’s going to suck.” When I heard that Billy Crystal would be the host, I breathed a sigh of relief. I’ve seen him host the show before and he knows what he is doing. He’s funny and moves the telecast along. So, my fears of a host who just shows up and nothing more were, thankfully, unfounded. The 84th Annual Academy Awards will be broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) on February 26, 2012. To learn more about the Academy Awards go to: http://oscar.go.com/ http://www.movieweb.com/news/84th-annual-academy-awards-nominations http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000658/awards Tags:84th Annual Academy Awards, Academy Awards, American Broadcasting Company (ABC), ancestral home, Anne Hathaway, artsy and nostalgia, Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Director, Best Picture, Billy Crystal, bragging rights, Brett Ratner, Eddie Murphy, Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close, February 26 2012, George Clooney, Host, Hugo, James Franco, Jean Dujardin, Kramer vs. Kramer, Margaret Thatcher, Meryl Streep, Midnight in Paris, Moneyball, nominations, Oscar, play for laughs, real estate developers, Sophie’s Choice, telecast’s producer, tension between art and commerce, The Artist, The Descendants, The Help, The Tree of Life, War Horse, widowed dad Posted in Pop Culture \| Leave a Comment » 2011 Holiday Movies The last Thursday in November marks Thanksgiving in the U.S., a holiday first celebrated by colonists, commonly known as Pilgrims, at Plymouth Rock, Massachusetts in 1621. It was established as a national holiday in 1863 by President Abraham Lincoln. This is a day in which Americans gather with family and friends to give thanks and share a meal of, most likely, turkey. November also marks the start of the holiday movie season. Holiday movies can be animated, blockbusters, family fare that aims for the ol’heartstrings or anything else. As you can guess, I’m going to spotlight some holiday movies that are either currently playing or will be released. Our favorite escapees from Guantanamo Bay, Harold and Kumar, decide to celebrate Christmas in style. Unfortunately, they end up burning down Harold’s father-in-law’s Christmas tree. Uh-oh. Stars Kal Penn, John Cho, Neil Patrick Harris and it is currently in theaters. Working stiffs lose their pension because the boss was running a ponzi scheme. So, they decide to rob the boss. Yes, karma bites. Stars Eddie Murphy, Ben Stiller and Casey Affleck and it is currently in theaters. A bio-pic about J.Edgar Hoover, the man who ran the Federal Bureau of Investigation (F.B.I.) for almost 50 years. The film has been getting some Oscar buzz and it was directed by Clint Eastwood. I still feel Eastwood should have gotten the Oscar for Hereafter. Let’s hope the Academy smiles on Eastwood this time around. Stars Leonardo DiCaprio, Armie Hammer and Naomi Watts and it is currently in theaters. Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn Part 1 Vampires, vampires go away. Don’t come back any day (or night). Oh, and by the way, Edward and Bella get married and they finally do it. Stars Kristen Stewart, Robert Pattinson and Taylor Lautner and it is currently in theaters. Kermit and Miss Piggy, now that’s one couple I want to see together. They and the other Muppets reunite to save their old theater from a greedy oil tycoon. (Is there any other kind?) Stars Amy Adams, Jason Segel, Chris Cooper, as well as Kermit, Miss Piggy and the rest of the Muppet crew. The film is currently playing in theaters. Elementary my dear reader, this looks like this could be better than the 2009 release and I would be delighted if that were the case. Oh, and Holmes battles his nemesis, Professor Moriaty. Stars Robert Downey, Jr., Jude Law and Jared Harris and it will be released on December 16. The Iron Lady This is a bio-pic of Margaret Thatcher, prime minister of England in the 1980’s. It stars none other than Meryl Streep (Need an accent, call…) and will be released on December 16. Does Tom Cruise still have it in him to carry a blockbuster? We’ll find out with MI 4. The movie will be released on December 21. Here is the American film version of the book of the same name by Stieg Larsson. The mystery involves a journalist who searches for a woman who has been missing for 40 years and he is helped by a computer hacker. Stars Daniel Craig, Rooney Mara and Stellan Skarsgard. The film will be released on December 21. The holiday season Spielberg releases a movie, Part 1. This is a motion capture film, meaning that movement is recorded and then translated into a digital model. Another famous motion capture film is The Polar Express. This films deals with friends going off on an adventure to find treasure. Stars Jamie Bell, Andy Serkis, Daniel Craig and will be released on December 21. The holiday season Spielberg releases a movie, Part 2 and this deals with a boy and his horse, during World War I. Stars Jeremy Irvine, Emily Watson and David Thewlis. It will be released on December 25. Well there it is, some of this year’s holiday films. Which ones will hit it big and which ones will bomb? Your guess is as good as mine. Still, save me the middle seat in the middle of the theater. http://www.history.com/topics/thanksgiving/page2 http://www.cityoffilms.com/reel-news/the-city-of-films-fall-holiday-movie-guide-2011/3/ Tags:1621, 1863, a boy and his horse, A Very Harold & Kumar Christmas, Amy Adams, Andy Serkis, animated, Armie Hammer, Ben Stiller, blockbuster, blockbusters, Casey Affleck, Chris Cooper, Clint Eastwood, colonists, computer hacker, Daniel Craig, David Thewlis, Eddie Murphy, Edward and Bella get married, Elementary, Emily Watson, escapees from Guantanamo Bay, family fare that aims for the ol’heartstrings, Federal Bureau of Investigation, gather with family and friends, give thanks, greedy oil tycoon, Harold and Kumar, Hereafter, holiday movies, J. Edgar, J.Edgar Hoover, Jamie Bell, Jared Harris, Jason Segel, Jeremy Irvine, John Cho, journalist, Jr., Jude Law, Kal Penn, karma bites, Kermit, Kristen Stewart, last Thursday in November, Leonardo DiCaprio, Margaret Thatcher, Meryl Streep, middle of the theater, middle seat, Miss Piggy, Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol, motion capture film, Naomi Watts, Neil Patrick Harris, Oscar buzz, Pilgrims, Plymouth Rock Massachusetts, ponzi scheme, President Abraham Lincoln, Professor Moriaty, rob the boss, Robert Downey, Robert Pattinson, Rooney Mara, share a meal, Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows, Spielberg, Stellan Skarsgard, Stieg Larsson, Taylor Lautner, Thanksgiving, The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn, The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo, The Iron Lady, The Muppets, The Polar Express, Tom Cruise, Tower Heist, turkey, Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn Part 1, vampires, War Horse, woman who has been missing for 40 years, Working stiffs, World War I Posted in Pop Culture \| 3 Comments » I Don’t Like Horror Films This past weekend, while Hurricane Irene was creating havoc up and down the east coast of the United States, a remake of the made-for-television horror film Don’t Be Afraid of the Dark was released. The film starred Katie Holmes and was directed by none other than Guillermo del Toro. Yet, no matter who’s directing or starring in the film, I must admit that I was never a fan of horror films. Yes, that’s right, while the people I grew up with saw Friday the 13th Part Whatever, I either saw E.T., the latest Star Wars re-release or was working on my book that was destined to become the Great American Novel. Now that Don’t Be Afraid of the Dark is in movie theaters, I thought take the opportunity to highlight the reasons why I don’t like horror films. All that Blood and Gore The old time horror films such as Dracula with Bela Lugosi and Frankenstein with Boris Karloff were built upon good acting and suspense. The violence happened off screen. Since the 1970’s, the unofficial motto of horror films is “We give you BLOOD!” All that slicing and dicing does nothing for me. I don’t think it is thrilling or even funny. It just seems like a big waste of acting, special effects and film. A car chase, as implausible as it is in a horror film, would be a much better use of all those things. Too Many Damsels in Distress Why is it that the chicks in the film are always the ones who are being chased and killed by the villain? If you are going to portray someone who kills indiscriminately, why discriminate against guys? Don’t guys get in the villain’s way? So how about having a few guys sliced and diced, just to even out the body count? After all, it’s only fair. Eddie Murphy Was Right If you are of a certain age, you will remember when Eddie Murphy hosted Saturday Night Live in December 1982. He did a stand up routine in place of a monologue and during the routine he talked about the horror film plot device of the haunted/possessed house. The routine goes like this: “Wow, baby, this is beautiful. We got chandelier hangin’ up here, kids outside playin’, it’s a beautiful neighborhood, I really love – this is beaut–” [demonic whisper] “Get out!” “Too bad we can’t stay.” Exactly. Horror movies that utilize the haunted/possessed house plot device beg the question of “Why don’t the characters just leave?” The obvious answer is that it would end the movie without much of a dénouement. Still, lots of times in these films the characters heard the stories about said house or place, so it shouldn’t be much of a surprise when things start go wrong. Dudes, they put a “Keep Out” sign for a reason. Don’t you think it would have been a good idea to stay away. Of course, even with these “corrections” I still won’t like horror films. So, if you are in the mood for Friday the 13th or Nightmare on Elm Street don’t bother inviting me because I’ll either be working on another blog entry or watching Star Wars on DVD. http://movies.yahoo.com/blogs/movie-talk/don-t-afraid-katie-holmes-182915204.html http://snltranscripts.jt.org/82/82imono.phtml Tags:1970’s, acting, Bela Lugosi, Blood and Gore, body count, Boris Karloff, car chase, chicks, Damsels, dénouement, December 1982, Don’t Be Afraid of the Dark, Dracula, E.T., east coast, Eddie Murphy, Frankenstein, Friday the 13th, good acting, Great American Novel, Guillermo del Toro, guys, haunted/possessed house, horror film, horror film plot device, horror films, Hurricane Irene, Katie Holmes, Keep Out, kills indiscriminately, made-for-television, monologue, Nightmare on Elm Street, Saturday Night Live, slicing and dicing, special effects, stand up routine, Star Wars, suspense, villain, violence Successful Movie Franchises Part 2 In last week’s entry the reader was treated to tales of spies, villains and redemption. That’s right, the blog entry dealt with successful movie franchises. This week’s installment continues the story. Will good prevail? Will the hero get the girl? Read on and find out. Batman/Superman I combined them because they both started as comic books, then went to movie serials, then television and finally back to movies. They are also complex characters. They both lost their parents. They both are compelled to fight the good fight. Superman does it because his foster parents, the Kents instilled in him that his gifts must be used for the betterment of humanity. Batman does it because of survivor’s guilt. He saw his parents killed in a botched robbery and that spurred him to fight for justice. While a lot could be said about the differences and similarities between the two, for now I’ll just focus on the films. As for Superman, there have been five movies about the Man of Steel, four starring the late Christopher Reeve in the title role (Superman films from 1978 to 1987) and one with actor Brandon Routh (Superman Returns). The films are: Superman: The Movie 1978 Superman II 1980 Superman III 1983 Superman IV: The Quest for Peace“1987 Since Superman Returns was such a disappointment critically and commercially, I hope there will not be another Superman movie. It had a good run, give it a rest and think of something new. Moving along to Batman, there have been six films. Where did I get that number from? Simple I included the very campy Batman film from 1966 starring Adam West and Burt Ward (yes, the television show did spawn a movie) As for the role call of actors, Adam West, Val Kilmer and George Clooney each portrayed the Dark Knight in one film, Michael Keaton portrayed the Caped Crusader twice and with the upcoming The Dark Knight Rises Christian Bale will have portrayed Batman in three films. If you want to know the filmography, here it is: Batman 1966 Adam West in the title role and Burt Ward as Robin Batman 1989 Michael Keaton in the title role and Jack Nicholson as The Joker Batman Returns 1992 Michael Keaton in the title role, Michelle Pfeiffer as Catwoman, and Danny DeVito as the Penguin Batman Forever 1995 Val Kilmer in the title role and Chris O’Donnell as Robin Batman + Robin 1997 George Clooney in the title role and Chris O’Donnell as Robin Batman Begins 2005 Christian Bale in the title role The Dark Knight 2008 Christian Bale in the title role and Heath Ledger as The Joker The Dark Knight Rises 2012 expected release Christian Bale in the title role and Anne Hathaway as the Catwoman. I hope The Dark Knight Rises is the last Batman movie—ever! Director Christopher Nolan did a great job rebooting Batman and Christian Bale, like Michael Keaton, got the darkness of Batman/Bruce Wayne just right. After all, he’s not some rich guy with nothing better to do than fight bad guys. For all his wealth and for all the good that he does as Batman, Bruce Wayne cannot bring his parents back and therein lies his darkness. Still, like Superman, it had a good run. End it. Please! The thumb nosing tale to every Disneyesque motif out there spawned four films. Each of the films featured the voices of Mike Myers as the title character, as well as Cameron Diaz and Eddie Murphy. The films collectively have made over $1 billion in the U.S. Not bad for an orge, his wife and his donkey pal. In case you want to put these films in your Netflix queue, they are: Shrek 2001 Shrek 2 2004 Shrek the Third 2007 Shrek Forever After 2010 This franchise looks like it is done. Yet, the careers of the three principal stars have stalled recently, so there just might be another one coming down the pike. Still, let’s hope the folks at Dreamworks decide not to greenlight Shrek 5: Insert Clever Subhead Here. This franchise took a while to get off the ground. The motion picture rights were first purchased in 1985 but a combination of the story not being right to limits of technology delayed the movie from being made until 2000. It was finally released in 2002 with Sam Raimi as the director and Tobey Maguire as the title character. Three films where made with Raimi as the director and Maguire as Spidey and these three films made $1.1 billion dollars in the U.S. Yet Spider-man 3 got mixed reviews. So, there were plans to make a Spider-man 4, yet Sam Rami couldn’t meet the deadline of 2011. So, Sony Pictures cancelled Spider-man 4 and announced that the franchise would be rebootted with a new director and new cast. The rebootted Spider-man is expected to be released in 2012. Personally, I think it would have been better just to end the franchise with Spider-man 3. Spidey/Peter Parker battled his demons, got the bad guys and married Mary Jane Watson. There are loads of superheros in the Marvel universe, so there would be no lack of material for filmmakers to draw from. Again the list: Spider-man 2002 Spider-man 2 2004 This movie franchise wasn’t based on a comic book or book or came from anyone’s imagination. This successful movie franchise is based on a ride of the same name at both Disneyworld in Orlando, Florida and Disneyland in Anaheim, California. The series stars Johnny Depp, Keira Knightly, Orlando Bloom and Geoffrey Rush. The idea of a pirate movie based on the ride was in development at Disney since the early 1990’s. When director Gore Verbinski came on board in 2002, he wanted to marry the fun of the ride with its supernatural aspects. Well, it came as a great surprise that the film did well, because a pirate movie had not been successful for a very long time. To date the films have made over $1.2 billion in the U.S. That’s a lot of yo, ho, ho-ing and it won’t end because Johnny Depp has signed on for a fifth Pirates movie. You know what is below: Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl 2003 Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man’s Chest 2006 Pirates of the Caribbean: At World’s End 2007 (Dead Man’s Chest and At World’s End were filmed simultantiously.) Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides 2011 Thus ends the tale of the movie franchise. Tune in next time for another exciting tale from the world of movies, collecting and pop culture, brought to you by a Generation X’er with many writing credits and not to mention many movie posters for sale. http://www.supermanhomepage.com/other/other.php?topic=bizarro-files http://gothamknightsonline.forumotion.com/t106-how-many-batman-movies-are-there-and-what-are-their-names http://www.boxofficemojo.com/franchises/chart/?id=shrek.htm http://www.boxofficemojo.com/franchises/chart/?id=spiderman.htm http://spiderman.wikia.com/wiki/Spider-Man_(film_series) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean_(film_series) Tags:1985, 1990’s, 2000, 2002, Adam West, Anaheim, Anne Hathaway, Batman, betterment of humanity, botched robbery, Brandon Routh, Burt Ward, Cameron Diaz, Caped Crusader, Catwoman, Chris O'Donnell, Christian Bale, Christopher Reeve, comic books, complex characters, Danny DeVito, Dark Knight, Disneyesque motif, Disneyland, Disneyworld, Dreamworks, Eddie Murphy, fight the good fight, foster parents, Geoffrey Rush, George Clooney, Gore Verbinski, Heath Ledger, Jack Nicholson, Johnny Depp, Keira Knightly, Kents, lost their parents., Marvel universe, Michael Keaton, Michelle Pfeiffer, Mike Myers, movie serials, movies, Orlando, Orlando Bloom, Pirates of the Carribean, rebootted Spider-man, redemption, Sam Raimi, Shrek, Sony Pictures, Spider-man, spies, successful movie franchises, supernatural aspects, survivor’s guilt, television, The Joker, Tobey Maguire, Val Kilmer, villains Starring The Mousy Girl as The Killer Memorable Summer Movies 2012 Summer Movies background pictures… on Unexpected Pairings in Movies… Ilena Di Toro on Minimalistic Movie Posters Are… Short Term Loans on Minimalistic Movie Posters Are… Ilena Di Toro on You Win Some, You Lose So… Alex on You Win Some, You Lose So… Categories Select Category Collecting Movie Posters Pop Culture Uncategorized Archives Select Month May 2012 (3) April 2012 (4) March 2012 (5) February 2012 (4) January 2012 (4) December 2011 (5) November 2011 (4) October 2011 (4) September 2011 (5) August 2011 (4) July 2011 (4) June 2011 (5) May 2011 (4) April 2011 (4) March 2011 (5) February 2011 (4) January 2011 (4) December 2010 (4) November 2010 (4) October 2010 (4) September 2010 (5) August 2010 (4) July 2010 (5) June 2010 (4) May 2010 (4) April 2010 (4) March 2010 (5) February 2010 (2) January 2010 (4) December 2009 (5) November 2009 (3) October 2009 (4) September 2009 (4) August 2009 (2) Just Movie Posters.Com	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2512
__label__wiki	0.505962	0.505962	FC Bardez lock horns with Salgaocar FC in GPL A win against the Pink Brigade will take the Greens to the top of the table… Football Club de Bardez will be looking to get back into the title race with a win when they take on Salgaocar FC in the Goa Professional League match at Tilak Maidan, Vasco on Wednesday. After a 4-0 win over Corps of Signals, Bardez have dropped points in their last two matches against Sporting Clube de Goa and Churchill Brothers. They are currently standing in 5th place with 24 points from 13 matches. The Pink Brigade will have to give their best to grab all three points against the Greens. On the other hand, Salgaocar are in fantastic form and stand second in the league table with 30 points from 13 matches. The Greens will be looking to extend their current 5-match winning streak and go on top of the table with a win. They recently edged out Corps in their last match. Both the teams have lost only once in the league and Bardez’s defeat came against Salgaocar in the first encounter of the GPL where the Greens managed to beat Bardez by a 2-0 margin, while Salgaocar lost against Dempo SC. Bardez head coach Armando Colaco is most likely to field the same XI which earned him a point against Churchill Brothers in their last match. However, the inclusion of defender Rowilson Rodrigues can be expected. Right-back Lenston Afonso will be out with an Injury. “We are really playing well but somehow the execution of converting chances into goals isn’t happening, I think Salgaocar FC is the toughest team in the Goa Pro League. The only match we lost was with them, I hope my boys play well and we get something out of the game.” Armando said before the final practice session of the team. Bardez will be relying on Nigerian forward Joel Sunday as his compatriot Koko Sakibo has failed to impress the coach from the bench. Sunday will have to play a key role if they are to trounce high-flying Salgoacar. “Tomorrow's match is very important for the team if we want to keep our title hopes alive. In the previous match, we had a lot of possession but the supply and the finishing touch wasn’t good enough. We are going into tomorrow’s match with confidence and I am sure that we are going to win.” Sunday said. Likely XI of FC Bardez: (4-4-2) Mirshad K(GK) , Rowilson Rodrigue, Mathew Gonsalves, Jessel Carneiro, Cavin Soares, Girish Naik, Peter Carvalho, Richard Cosat, Alesh sawant, Joel Sunday, Latesh Mandrekar. Has India finally embraced the technical fluidity of the Spanish style of play? Top 5 Indian clubs who went out of the top flight Ronaldo Oliveira shines in Salgaocar’s massive win over Bardez Published: Wed Dec 07, 2016 02:25 PM IST	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2515
__label__wiki	0.982515	0.982515	It's David vs. Two Goliaths in Texas Fracking Fight 'The question that has to be resolved is where does the regulatory power rest?' By David Hasemyer, InsideClimate News Man holds a sign urging people to vote for the Denton frackng ban on Election Day, Nov. 4, 2014.Credit: Michael Leza "Don't mess with Texas," says the advertising slogan that has grown into a defiant unofficial state motto. After a recent historic vote to ban fracking in the college town of Denton—and industry's lightning-fast response—the new refrain might read: "Don't Mess With Big Oil and Gas." That's the bottom line for business and legal experts who surveyed the landscape after 59 percent of Denton's voters approved the ban. Barely 13 hours after the polls closed on Nov. 4, oil and gas lawyers were in court, suing the town. So, for that matter, was the state of Texas, where production of oil and gas reached $109 billion last year. The overwhelming vote made Denton the first city to ban fracking in Texas, a state whose history, economy and culture are inextricably linked to oil. The industry's swift reaction offers perhaps cautionary national implications for other cities seeking to follow Denton, the home of North Texas State University, just north of Dallas. "This is a shot across the bow of other cities that might be thinking of enacting similar kinds of legislation," said Thomas McGarity, a University of Texas law school professor who specializes in environmental and administrative law. "If you try to do something like this you're going to get sued, too," McGarity said. The ordinance, championed by residents fed up with the industry, outlaws hydraulic fracturing, or fracking—in which sand, water and chemicals are pumped underground at high pressure to shatter the shale rock and release trapped oil and gas. The ban is meant to address concerns about public safety and health issues associated with fracking: dangers associated with the venting of gas and disposal of toxic waste, as well as air pollution and water contamination. Violations could result in a $2,000-a-day fine. Rhetoric leading up to the vote suggested that the ban would "shut down" some of the 281 gas wells operating in Denton. But the ban affects only new fracking and re-fracking of old wells after Dec. 2, when the measure goes into effect. The Texas Oil and Gas Association called the ban unconstitutional in its lawsuit filed in Denton County District Court. The organization argues that the measure amounts to a ban on all drilling that denies mineral owners their property rights. "The ban will result in the total inability to develop hydrocarbon interests within the city," because fracking is the only way to get to the oil and gas locked in the Barnett Shale, according to the lawsuit. The lawsuit makes the following assertions: The ordinance violates the Texas Constitution because only the state—not local government—can legally regulate oil and gas development. The local ban usurps the regulatory power vested in the Texas Railroad Commission and the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality. Neither attorneys for the association nor an organization representative returned calls for comment. The association says its members account for more than 90 percent of all crude oil and natural gas produced in Texas. Alex Mills, president of the Texas Alliance of Energy Producers, said he doesn't consider the litigation a warning of any sort. "I see it as trying to protect the property owners' rights and their right to develop their property," he said. Mills, however, acknowledged there is financial motivation. "They [oil and gas developers] have a responsibility to their shareholders to protect the assets of the company," he said. The companion lawsuit was filed by Jerry Patterson, the commissioner of the Texas General Land Office, which manages state-controlled lands and mineral rights. The agency oversees royalties from the state's mineral rights that are used to help cover the cost of public education. Consequently, Patterson argues in the lawsuit, the ban threatens millions of dollars in income for public schools. "[T]his action affects every school child in Texas," the lawsuit says. "The prohibition against hydraulic fracturing will completely destroy the value of the school kids' minerals." In an interview with InsideClimate News, Patterson said the Denton lawsuit is nothing unusual: The agency often goes to court to protect its source of money. "It's my job to protect the revenue generated through minerals," he said. "Sending a message isn't the intent, but it could be collateral." Patterson said he doesn't dismiss the concerns of Denton residents, but noted that oil and gas development is a cornerstone of Texas life that cannot dismissed because of the inconvenience it may bring. "You have to have a balance," he said. "You can't just say no." 'Par for the Course' Across the country, community fracking bans have been the target of lawsuits filed either by the industry, landowners or business owners with mineral reserves, or state regulators. As in Texas, the fate of these bans has depended on the state and their rules relating to local control. This summer, New York's high court upheld two bans in the towns of Dryden and Middlefield. Meanwhile, at least two Colorado towns have had their bans overturned this year and have filed appeals. It's becoming "par for the course" that litigation follows attempts to ban fracking, said Bruce Baizel, energy program director for Earthworks Oil & Gas Accountability Project. But the threat of a court fight hasn't had a chilling effect on attempts to impose new laws regulating or banning fracking, Baizel said. Fracking opponents instead have learned from the legal challenges, he said. "They look how the challenges are framed and draft their legislation so that it has the best chance of standing up in court," Baizel said. Bruce Bullock, director of the Maguire Energy Institute at Southern Methodist University's Cox School of Business, said the litigation serves two purposes for the industry. First, it seeks to define who has the power to regulate the industry, the issue central to the litigation. "Right now you have municipalities weighing in with regulations and you have the state asserting that it is the entity vested with regulatory powers," he said. "It's tough to conduct business in those circumstances. The question that has to be resolved is where does the regulatory power rest? The industry is looking for an answer to that question so it can move forward with a clear understanding of who sets the rules." Beyond trying to get a clear picture of where the regulatory authority rests, oil and gas developers are also making it clear they are prepared to fight for their financial wellbeing, Bullock said. "This is the industry making a statement that it is prepared to protect its business interests," he said. "It's in their best economic interest to develop mineral resources without having to wonder what kind of new rules may dictate how they do business." 'We Will Fight' Bob Percival, director of the environmental law program at the University of Maryland School of Law, said the Denton case is a perfect example of the industry's fighting to protect its bottom line. "When the industry has access to resources where they can make a lot of money they will do whatever they think is necessary to protect their right to develop that resource and take the resultant profit," he said. On the other side are people like Kathy McMullen, who are equally determined. "We have a message for the industry: 'We will fight,'" said McMullen, who is president of Denton Drilling Awareness Group, one of the organizations behind the ballot measure. The industry had ignored residents' plea to act responsibly and finally went too far a year ago when it sank a well less than 200 feet from a house where children lived, McMullen said. "The state does a horrible job of regulating the industry and they sure won't do it themselves," she said. "We were left to fight for ourselves." McMullen said Denton residents aren't intimidated by the lawsuits, and she hopes other communities in Texas and across the nation will become emboldened to fight by the resolve shown by her community. "I don't think they understand the will of the people," McMullen said. Then McMullen mentioned "flaring"—and it had nothing to do with the flare-up of opposition to fracking. She meant the brilliant orange flames seen during open-air burning of natural gas that can't be processed. "If we can survive their fracking and flaring in our backyards," she said, "we can survive their lawsuits." InsideClimate News reporter Zahra Hirji contributed to this report. Published Under: Natural Gas and Fracking fracking ban Athens Passes Fracking Ban, Three Other Ohio Cities Don't By Zahra Hirji Record Number of Anti-Fracking Measures on Nov. 4 Ballots Colorado's Frack-Free Movement Sacrificed for Democrats Facing Re-election More Activism Kids Face Rising Health Risks from Climate Change, Doctors Warn as Juliana Case Returns to Court More States Crack Down on Pipeline Protesters, Including Supporters Who Aren’t Even on the Scene By Nicholas Kusnetz School Strike for Climate: What Today's Kids Face If World Leaders Delay Action Kamala Harris on Climate Change: Where the Candidate Stands By David Hasemyer Investors Pressure Oil Giants on Ocean Plastics Pollution Investors Worried About Climate Change Run Into New SEC Roadblocks More by David Hasemyer	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2521
__label__wiki	0.710652	0.710652	Home \| Archaeology Magazine \| More Digs \| AIA July 2003-July 2010 InteractiveDig Sagalassos The Hadrianic nymphaeum (top) with remains of the Severan and Trajanic nymphaeum (bottom) Soffit of an architrave decorated with a meander motif Two pieces of an Aphrodite statue inside the Hadrianic nymphaeum's water basin Photos courtesy Sagalassos Archaeological Research Project. Click on images to enlarge. by Marc Waelkens The Lower Agora - Hadrianic Nymphaeum: August 10-16, 2003 During the second half of the week, the Lower Agora North team started concentrating on the Hadrianic nymphaeum on a terrace above and north of the two fountains on the Lower Agora's north side. The architectural team of Gülnür Caliskan, supervised by Karel Paul continued its detailed and sophisticated recording of each block before its removal (see August 3-9). After removing the top blocks, a destruction stratigraphy appeared, so the intervention of the archaeological team became necessary. The new nymphaeum, dated to mid-Hadrianic times (ca. 128-138), clearly seems to have been one of the most magnificent, if not the most beautiful, fountain of the city. Part of its back wall was already visible at the surface when the building was first investigated in 1987, but only this week did its excellent state of preservation became fully apparent. Toward the week's end, the back wall had been exposed to a height of 2.30 m above a cornice molding of the fountain's podium, decorated with nicely carved palmettes. Only 9 m, corresponding with nearly one third of the structure's total length, were unearthed. On the east side a 2.35 m wide side wing projects nearly 2.80 m in front of the building. The parapet of a basin (total width including the parapets: 3.10 m) is built against this side wing and still standing. The exposed section of the back wall, to the west of this side wing, has three niches, separated by 0.40 m. From east to west there is a rectangular niche (width 2.10 m; depth 0.45 m), a semicircular one (1.95 m by max. 0.50 m) and another rectangular one (2.55 m by 0.45 m). From previous studies, it is clear that the nymphaeum had two stories of an aediculated façade, and we have found elaborately carved parts of its entablature and of decorated corner acroteria. From the first day, we found pieces of statuary and a base for a marble statue dedicated by his heirs, in accordance with his will, to Tiberius Claudius Piso, the first Roman knight of Sagalassos and the man who introduced the Klareian games in the city (see Upper Agora, August 10-16). It is clear that the building must have been the work of this family. The size of the base suggests that his bronze statue occupied one of the niches or aediculae of the first floor. During the same day, next and below it, two joining fragments of a life-size marble Aphrodite were unearthed. Only the upper part of her torso and her head are still missing, but the latter was found even as I wrote this report and will be shown next week. She must have occupied one of the niches of the second floor. Other statuary finds that will be discussed next week, are parts of two nearly 5 m high imperial statues representing the emperor Hadrian (117-138) and his wife Sabina, of which the gigantic head was recovered on August 18. One of the best surprises was the fact that the podium is interrupted nearly every 2 meters by slightly projecting pilasters with well preserved reliefs (height 0.65m). The relief on the pilaster abutting the projecting east wing represents a woman holding a reversed jar on top of a pedestal. The two pilasters to the west are decorated with dancing Muses, from right to left, Klio, the muse of history, holding a book, and Terpsichore, the muse of the dance, playing a lyre. The first one is clearly a copy (except for the book) of two identical dancing girls on the Augustan Heroon's south and east podium (see Restoration and Conservation, July 6-12). As there were nine Muses and as the woman holding a jar must have a counterpart against the western side wing, more reliefs should be present in the unexposed part of the building. The building and its decoration has been rightfully chosen as the find of the week. INTRO \| FIELD NOTES \| STAFF PROFILES \| DAILY LIFE \| MAP InteractiveDig is produced by ARCHAEOLOGY Magazine © 2010 Archaeological Institute of America	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2522
__label__wiki	0.601319	0.601319	1. “Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom” (1984) – In this exciting second installment of the Indiana Jones franchise, the intrepid archaeologist is asked by desperate villagers in Northern India to find a mystical stolen stone and rescue their children from a Thuggee cult practicing child slavery. Directed by Steven Spielberg, the movie starred Harrison Ford as Dr. Henry “Indiana” Jones. 2. “The Sting” (1973) – Paul Newman and Robert Redford starred in this excellent Oscar winning movie about a young drifter who teams up with a master of the big con to get revenge against the gangster who had his partner murdered. George Roy Hill directed. 3. “Death on the Nile” (1978) – Peter Ustinov made his first appearance as Hercule Poirot in this superb adaptation of Agatha Christie’s 1937 novel about the murder of an Anglo-American heiress during a cruise on the Nile. John Guillermin directed. 4. “Chinatown” (1974) – Roman Polanski directed this outstanding Oscar nominated film about a Los Angeles private detective hired to expose an adulterer, who finds himself caught up in a web of deceit, corruption and murder. Jack Nicholson and Faye Dunaway starred. 5. “Gosford Park” (2001) – Robert Altman directed this Oscar nominated film about a murder that occurs at shooting party in 1932 England. The all-star cast includes Helen Mirren, Kelly MacDonald, Clive Owen and Maggie Smith. 6. “Evil Under the Sun” (1982) – Once again, Peter Ustinov portrayed Hercule Poirot in this entertaining adaptation of Agatha Christie’s 1941 novel about the murder of a stage actress at an exclusive island resort. Guy Hamilton directed. 7. “O Brother, Where Art Thou?” (2000) – Ethan and Joel Coen directed this very entertaining tale about three escaped convicts who search for a hidden treasure, while evading the law in Depression era Mississippi. George Clooney, John Tuturro and Tim Blake Nelson starred. 8. “Murder on the Orient Express” (1974) – Albert Finney starred as Hercule Poirot in this stylish adaptation of Agatha Christie’s 1934 novel about the Belgian detective’s investigation into the death of a mysterious American aboard the famed Orient Express. Sidney Lumet directed. 9. “Indiana Jones and Raiders of the Lost Ark” (1981) – Harrison Ford made his first appearance as Dr. “Indiana” Jones in this classic movie, as he races against time to find the iconic Ark of the Covenant that contains the Ten Commandments before the Nazis do in 1936 Egypt. Steven Spielberg directed. “Seabiscuit” (2003) – Gary Ross directed this excellent adaptation of Laura Hillenbrand’s 2001 book about the famed race horse from the late 1930s. Tobey Maguire, Jeff Bridges, Chris Cooper and Elizabeth Banks starred. Honorable Mention: “Road to Perdition” (2002) – Tom Hanks, Tyler Hoechlin and Paul Newman starred in this first-rate adaptation of Max Collins’ 1998 graphic comic about a Depression era hitman who is forced to hit the road with his older son after the latter witnesses a murder. Sam Mendes directed. Filed under: History, Movies \| Tagged: agatha christie, alan bates, albert finney, alfred molina, ancient egypt, angela landsbury, anthony higgins, anthony perkins, bette davis, bob balaban, british empire, charles dance, charles durning, chris cooper, ciarán hinds, clive owen, coen brothers, colin blakely, daniel craig, david niven, denholm elliot, denis quilley, derek jacobi, dylan baker, early 20th century, eddie jones, eileen atkins, elizabeth banks, gary ross, george clooney, george coulouris, george harris, george kennedy, george lucas, great depression, harrison ford, harry groener, helen mirren, history, holly hunter, indiana jones, ingrid bergman, jack warden, james wilby, jean-pierre cassel, jeff bridges, jennifer jason-leigh, jeremy northam, john gielgud, john goodman, john rhys-davies, john tuturro, jude law, julian fellowes, karen allen, kelly macdonald, kristin scott-thomas, lauren bacall, literary, lois chiles, maggie smith, mia farrow, michael gambon, michael york, middle east, movies, old hollywood, olivia hussey, orient express, paul freeman, paul newman, peter ustinov, politics, rachel roberts, religion, richard widmark, robert redford, robert shaw, ronald lacey, sean connery, simon maccorkindale, sophie thompson, sports, stanley tucci, stephen fry, stephen root, steven spielberg, tim blake nelson, tobey maguire, tom hanks, tom hollander, travel, tyler hoechlin, vanessa redgrave, wendy hiller, william h. macy, wolf kahler \| Leave a comment » “INDIANA JONES AND THE RAIDERS OF THE LOST ARK” (1981) Review I suspect that many would be astounded to read the following – I did not want to see “INDIANA JONES AND THE RAIDERS OF THE LOST ARK” when it first hit the theaters back in 1981. I simply did not. And there were a few reasons why I felt this way. Back in the late 1970s and early 1980s, I was not a particular fan of George Lucas. Aside from 1973’s “AMERICAN GRAFFITI” (which I saw on television), I was not in love with his movies. I heartily disliked “STAR WARS: A NEW HOPE”, when it first hit the movie theaters during the summer of 1977. “MORE AMERICAN GRAFFITI” did not impress me in 1979 (and it still does not). And I had felt torn about 1980’s “STAR WARS: THE EMPIRE STRIKES BACK”. A part of me felt impressed by the movie. Another part of me was distressed by its darker tone and cliffhanger ending. My feelings about Steven Spielberg were equally muted. I was not a big fan of 1977’s “CLOSE ENCOUNTERS OF THE THIRD KIND” or any other movie he did during the 1970s. And “E.T.” was a year away. When “RAIDERS OF THE LOST ARK” first arrived during the summer of 1981, I read a negative review that completely turned me off from wanting to see it. However, movie attendance was (and still is) a family affair. So, I found myself forced to watch the movie. I fell in love with it and wondered how I could have ever harbored doubts about it in the first place. The plot for “RAIDERS OF THE LOST ARK” focused on the adventures of an archaeologist/university professor named Dr. Henry “Indiana” Jones, Jr. The movie began with Dr. Jones trekking through a South American jungle in 1936, with two local guides, in search of a golden fertility idol. After securing the artifact with great difficulty, Indy lost it, thanks to a conniving competitor and fellow archaeologist named Dr. René Belloq. But he also managed to escape with his life from a group of Hovitos tribesmen set upon him by Belloq. Indy made it back to the States and resumed his job as a professor at Marshall College. Not long after his return, two U.S. Army Intelligence agents questioned him and fellow colleague Dr. Marcus Brody about a Nazi communique that mentioned the name of Indy’s former mentor, Professor Abner Ravenwood. When Indy and Brody explained that Ravenwood was an expert on the ancient Egyptian city of Tanis and possessed the headpiece of the Staff of Ra, they came to the conclusion that the Nazis were after the Ark of the Covenant. The agents tasked Indy with finding the Ark before the Nazis, on behalf of the American government. Indiana’s search for Ravenwood and the Ark took him on a globe trotting adventure to Nepal, Egypt and finally to a small island in the middle of the Aegean Sea. Along the way he reunited with his former lover and Ravenwood’s daughter, Marion Ravenwood, formed a new friendship with a professional excavator from Cairo named Sallah el-Kahir and clashed with his old rival Belloq . . . and the latter’s Nazi allies. For the past three decades, critics and filmgoers have acknowledged “RAIDERS OF THE LOST ARK” as one of the greatest adventure films of all time. They also regard it as the best film in the INDIANA JONES franchise. Not only do I agree with the first assessment, I believe the same could be said for the other three INDIANA JONES movies. As for“RAIDERS OF THE LOST ARK” being the best film in the franchise . . . well, it is all subjective, is it not? I must admit that the movie holds up very well, after so long. Aside from some narrative flaws and a major historical blooper, screenwriter Lawrence Kasdan wrote a tight adventure filled with memorable characters, exciting ation sequences, snappy dialogue, a complex love story and most importantly, well constructed character development. One cannot discuss the 1981 movie without recalling the memorable action sequences that many still talk about. Who can forget Indy’s escape from Belloq and the Hovitos in South America? Or the shoot-out inside Marion Ravenwood’s Nepal tavern? Or even Indy’s attempt to save the kidnapped Marion from thugs hired by the Nazis in Cairo? But it was Indy’s epic-like attempt to recover the Ark of the Covenant from Belloq and the Nazis that proved to be the most memorable action sequence . . . at least for me. Not only did it turned out to be the film’s longest action sequence, but also the most exciting. More importantly, Lucas, Spielberg and stunt coordinator Glenn Randall, Jr. utilized an old stunt from John Ford’s 1939 Western, “STAGECOACH” with equal success. However, “RAIDERS OF THE LOST ARK” was not all memorable action sequences, thanks to Kasdan’s tight writing. He did an excellent job in establishing the relationship between the protagonist and the main villain even before he established the main plot. Kasdan’s screenplay created the main narrative with a somewhat witty discussion about the Ark of the Covenant between Indy, Brody and the two Army Intelligence agents. There were other dramatic or comedic scenes that made this movie a joy to watch. One of my favorites include a visit by Indy and Sallah to an old friend of the latter’s named Imam, who managed to translate the Staff of Ra’s headpiece for them; Indy and Belloq’s conversation about Marion’s “death” and their rivalry; Belloq’s attempt to seduce a captive Marion; Indy and Brody’s last conversation before the former’s depature . . . and especially Indy and Marion’s rather funny romantic scene aboard the Bantu Wind. I certainly had no problems with the movie’s production values. Lucas and Spielberg were wise to hire Douglas Slocombe as the movie’s cinematographer. Thanks to Slocombe’s work, “RAIDERS OF THE LOST ARK” featured some beautiful scenes rich in color and style, as shown in the images below: I also have to commend the special effects team for some of the most iconic moments in film history, including Indy’s escape from the rolling boulder and the sequence that featured the opening of the Ark. Norman Reynolds’ production designs, along with Michael Ford’s set decorations and Leslie Dilley’s art direction beautifully re-created the mid-1930s in the U.S. and Egypt. And I cannot mention “RAIDERS OF THE LOST ARK” without bringing up John Williams’ memorable score. Unfortunately, Williams failed to win an Oscar for his exceptional work and lost to Vangelis’ score for “CHARIOTS OF FIRE’. Pity. I thought Williams truly deserved that statuette. As much as I love “RAIDERS OF THE LOST ARK”, I cannot deny that it has flaws. I was in my mid teens when I first saw the movie. And I believe that my enthusiastic reaction to the film’s virtues may have blinded me from its flaws. Despite a strong narrative, “RAIDERS” suffered from a weak ending. I could probably say the same for two other films in the franchise. The finale for “RAIDERS OF THE LOST ARK” struck me as anti-climatic. In other words, Indy played no part in the villains’ defeat. The wrath of God did. I understand that Lucas and Spielberg wanted to show the consequences of the villains’ lack of respect toward the Ark’s power. But I still wish Indy had played some kind of role in their downfall. And once the power of God destroyed Belloq and the Nazis on that Aegean Sea island, how did Indy and Marion get off that island? I doubt the two of them could operate the U-boat that delivered them to the island on their own. Another problem I had with “RAIDERS” proved to be certain costumes worn by actress Karen Allen, who portrayed Marion Ravenwood. I was not particularly impressed by two costumes designed by Deborah Nadoolman. The first was the red-and-white outfit worn by Marion in the Cairo street scene, which struck me as some bizarre take on mid-1930s fashion. If “RAIDERS” had been set during the year of the movie’s release (1981), I would have no trouble with the outfit. But for a movie set in 1936? To make matters worse, Allen wore wedge-heeled shoes with it. And the white dress that Marion received from Belloq blended well with the 1936 setting. Unfortunately, Marion was in her mid-to-late twenties in the film. And the dress seemed more appropriate for a 17 year-old debutante. Either the dress was some expression of how Belloq truly regarded Marion . . . or an example of what Deborah Nadoolman regarded as the height of fash”ion for a woman in 1936. And in both cases, I find this unfortunate. The main problem I found in “RAIDERS OF THE LOST ARK” turned out to be a case of a major historical blunder. Although the movie’s main villain is the French-born René Belloq, the latter’s allies are a Gestapo agent and more importantly, two senior German Army officers . . . with a complete regiment at their command. And entire German Army regiment roaming freely throughout Egypt in 1936? What were Lucas, Spielberg and Kasdan thinking? Egypt was a British Imperial protectorate between 1882 and 1936. In the latter year, both Egypt and Britain signed the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936, which led to the withdrawal of British troops from the country . . . with the exception of 10,000 personnel stationed around the Suez Canal. I doubt that the commander of those 10,000 British troops would sit on his heels and allow a regiment of German troops to roam nilly willy all over Egypt. I doubt that the Egyptian government would have allow this, as well. Harrison Ford had already made a name for himself in the first two “STAR WARS” films. But he was a supporting character in the movies, not the leading man. And Lucas’ first choice as Indiana Jones was Tom Selleck. But the latter lost the role, due to obligations to CBS’s “MAGNUM P.I.”. And the rest is Hollywood history . . . for both Ford and Selleck. I suspect that Selleck would have been superb in the role. But you know what? So was Ford. He did an excellent job in portraying all aspects of Henry Jones Jr.’s personality quirks – both the good and the bad. He also created a strong screen chemistry with his leading lady, Karen Allen. Not only was she magnificent as Indy’s former flame Marion Ravenwood, she did a great job in balancing her pseudo machismo and feminine allure. I was originally surprised to learn that Paul Freeman, who portrayed Indy’s rival René Belloq, was actually English. And he did a great job in portraying a Continental European without the cliches and portraying an intelligent, suave and villainous character. “RAIDERS OF THE LOST ARK” proved to be the first time I had laid eyes upon John Rhys-Davies on screen. His portrayal of Egyptian-born excavator Sallah el-Kahir seemed a touch theatrical. Surprisingly, it worked. I believe Rhys-Davies is one of those actors who can do theatrics with perfection. And he also injected a great deal of intelligence and pragmatism into the role. Wolf Kahler gave a performance just as subtle as Freeman, in his portrayal of Colonel Herman Dietrich, commander of the German regiment. I was relieved to see that his performance avoided the old “Ve haf vays of making you tahk” crap from old Hollywood World War II films. Anthony Higgins managed to avoid the same cliche in portrayal of Dietrich’s second-in-command, Major Gobler. However, I was amused to discover a certain degree of cockiness in his performance. Ronald Lacey’s portrayal of Gestapo agent Arnold Taht seemed less subtle. In fact, his performance seemed to be a strange mixture of subtle dialogue and gestures, blended with theatrical moments. I found Lacey’s performance to be the most interesting in the movie. Denholm Elliot’s role as Indy’s mentor, Dr. Marcus Brody, struck me as charming and witty. But he was not in the movie long enough for me to really enjoy his performance. George Harris gave a commanding performance as the captain of the Bantu Wind, Captain Simon Katanga. He was especially effective in his character’s encounter with the arrogant Colonel Dietrich. What else can I say about “RAIDERS OF THE LOST ARK”? George Lucas and Steven Spielberg created an imaginative and exciting movie that kick-started a first-rate movie franchise that has withstood the test of time. The movie also featured some memorable action sequences and dramatic moments, thanks to Lawrence Kasdan’s well-written screenplay and Spielberg’s superb direction. And although “INDIANA JONES AND THE RAIDERS OF THE LOST ARK” has some obvious flaws, it still remains one of my favorite adventure films of all time . . . period. Filed under: History, Movies \| Tagged: alfred molina, ancient egypt, anthony higgins, british empire, denholm elliot, early 20th century, george lucas, german reich, harrison ford, indiana jones, john rhys-davies, karen allen, middle east, movies, paul freeman, politics, religion, steven spielberg, travel, wolf kahler \| Leave a comment » “THE SECRET OF CHIMNEYS” (2010) Review Posted on February 16, 2014 by ladylavinia1932 Anyone who has read Agatha Christie’s 1925 novel, “The Secret of Chimneys”, will be disappointed by the 2010 television adaptation that stars Julia McKenzie as Miss Jane Marple. The television movie bears little resemblance to the novel. But that does not mean one should completely dismiss the movie. Although a long time fan of Christie’s novels, I have never read “The Secret of Chimneys”. Familiar with many of the author’s novels, I knew that the former was not one that featured Jane Marple. I did not care. I have come across other Miss Marple television movies in which the literary source did not feature her as the main character. However, I was surprised to learn that the 2010 movie bore very little resemblance to the original novel. Then again, I should not have been surprised. The forces behind the adaptations of Christie novels seemed to have a penchant for changing the plots and sometimes, even the murderer’s identities, whenever the whim struck them. And this whim certainly went into full gear for “THE SECRET OF CHIMNEYS”. Written by Paul Rutman, the plot for “THE SECRET OF CHIMNEYS” begins in the 1930s, when an Austrian named Count Ludwig Von Stainach first visited Chimneys, the estate of the 9th Maquis of Caterham to attend a diplomatic ball. During that visit, a famous diamond belonging to Lord Caterham, is stolen; leading to the beginning of the decline of his family’s fortunes. Over twenty years later, Jane Marple, who is related to Lord Caterham’s family, visits Chimneys for a weekend house party when she learns that it is being considered to become a part of National Trust. Also attending the house party held by Lord Caterham is a local ambitious Member of Parliament (M.P.) named George Lomax, who wants to marry the aristocrat’s younger daughter, Lady Virginia Brent; older daughter Lady Eileen “Bundle” Brent, and National Trust advocate Miss Hilda Blenkinsopp. However, the main reason behind the house party proves to be the visiting Count Von Stainach, whom Lomax wants Lord Caterham to entertain in order to sign a deal for iron ore that post-World War II England desperately needs. Unbeknownst to everyone else, Lady Virginia has met and fallen in love with a young man named Anthony Cade, who has decided to crash the party in order to prevent her from marrying Lomax. However, the house party takes a dark turn when someone shoots and kills Count Von Stainach in one of the manor’s secret passages. And since Anthony was the first to stumble across the count’s body, he becomes “Suspect Number One”. Knowing that “THE SECRET OF CHIMNEYS” was not an original Jane Marple mystery, I had no idea on what to expect from this television series. Thankfully, the movie proved to be a surprisingly entertaining film filled with some humor, strong characterizations, plenty of romance – both charming and poignantly sad, and two very puzzling mysteries. Although one mystery surrounded the disappearance of the Brents’ diamond and the other featured the murder of Count Von Stainach, both proved to be connected to one another. I have read the synopsis of Christie’s 1925 novel. I must admit that it read more like a political thriller than a murder mystery. And a part of me felt somewhat relieved that screenwriter Rutman did not attempt a faithful adaptation of the novel. Some have claimed that Anthony Cade, who was featured as the main investigator in the novel, had been pushed into the background. I cannot agree with this assessment. Instead of the story’s main investigator, Cade was used as one half of the movie’s main love story and the main suspect of Von Stainach’s murder. Rutman did a very good job in utilizing the Cade character, while replacing him with Miss Marple as the main investigator. There were technical aspects of “THE SECRET OF CHIMNEYS” that I certainly enjoyed. Chris Seager’s photography struck me as beautiful. The movie’s photography displayed its filming locations – Hatfield House for the exterior shots and Knebworth House for the interior shots – with beautifully sharp colors. Miranda Cull contributed to Seager’s photography with her art designs for the movie’s interiors shot inside Knebworth House. And Sheena Napier did an excellent job of designing costumes for the movie’s characters. This is a movie filled with upper-class or aristocratic characters who have seen better times, financial. This means that Napier’s costumes had a mid-century elegance that seemed slightly worn, and did not come off as expensively glamourous. Charlotte Salt, Jonas Armstrong, Ruth Jones and Matthew Horne. Anthony Higgins, whom I have not laid eyes upon in years, gave a charming performance as the elegant, yet extroverted Count Ludwig Von Stainach. But there were performances that really caught my eye. One of them came from Stephen Dillane, who gave a deliciously twisted performance as the slightly eccentric Scotland Yard Chief Inspector Fitch. Another performance that impressed me came from Adam Godley, whom I last saw on USA Network’s “SUITS”. I thought he perfectly portrayed the ambitious, yet controlling politician George Lomax. I rather liked Dervla Kirwan’s portrayal of Lady Eileen “Bundle” Brent, Lord Caterham’s older daughter. I felt Kirwan did an excellent job in portraying a woman who is struggling to deal with the possible erosion of a lifestyle she had known all of her life. Edward Fox is another I have not seen in years. But I felt that he, along with Dillane and Julia McKenzie gave the best performances in the movie. Fox’s Maquis of Caterham proved to be a skillful portrayal of an elderly, yet sad man whom seemed unable to stop grieving over a recently deceased wife. Julia McKenzie has received some criticism for her portrayal of Jane Marple over the past three to four years. Apparently, many fans believe she seemed a bit too robust and young to be portraying the elderly sleuth. McKenzie, who is in her early 70s, is old enough. And quite frankly, I have enjoyed her portrayal just as much as I have Joan Hickson and Geraldine McEwan’s. McKenzie simply has a different, slightly less incoherent style in approaching the Miss Marple character. And not only did I enjoyed it in “THE SECRET OF CHIMNEYS”, but also in her other Miss Marple movies. I would not exactly view “THE SECRET OF CHIMNEYS” as one of the best Miss Marple mysteries I have seen on television. But thanks to some solid direction from John Strickland, a surprisingly first-rate script written by Paul Rutman and some superb performances from a cast led by Julia McKenzie, I ended enjoying it very much. Filed under: Television \| Tagged: agatha christie, anthony higgins, early 20th century, edward fox, julia mckenzie, literary, mid 20th century, politics, stephen dillane, television \| Leave a comment »	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2524
__label__wiki	0.77186	0.77186	The Rundown: Weekend Preview Edition - It's Finals Time Congratulations – you’ve made it to Friday. For that achievement we give you permission to spend your Sunday in the air conditioning, on the couch (or in the nearest sports bar) watching Formula One, the Wimbledon finals and Euro 2016 finals. A mimosa please, One match away. Serena Williams has advanced to the Wimbledon Final on Saturday but she won't get a chance to face her sister, Venus, who lost in the semifinals. Serena Williams and Angelique Kerber have met in a final match before. Williams lost to Kerber in the Australian Open. If she wins on Saturday, Williams will tie the record for 22 major wins. (Match begins on Saturday at 9 am on ESPN). Playing with the boys. The men’s semifinals take place this morning and Roger Federer and Andy Murray are still vying for a place in the finals, which takes place on Sunday (9 am EST on ESPN). For a complete men’s schedule click here. The finals for Euro 2016 are set. Host nation France will take on Cristiano Ronaldo and Portugal on Sunday in the finals to see who is the top team in European soccer. (Game time is Sunday at 3 pm EST on ESPN). UFC (Ultimate Fighting Championship) Party pooper. UFC 200 was scheduled to be the biggest event in UFC history (Saturday on pay-per-view). On Wednesday, UFC announced that one of the fighters in the main event, former champion Jon Jones, had failed a drug test. Jones was immediately removed from the fight card, leaving champion Daniel Cormier without an opponent. Today’s your lucky day. UFC scrambled to find a replacement fighter on two days’ notice. Former middleweight champion and arguably the best second option ever, Anderson Silva has agreed to step up and fight Cormier. That’s like receiving a call to play in the Super Bowl on two days’ notice. Something tells us he wasn’t just sitting around eating donuts ala Homer Simpson. Bulls bound. Fresh off his co-hosting duties on "Live with Kelly," the face of the Miami Heat, Dwyane Wade, has decided to leave the team for his hometown Chicago Bulls. Wade spent 13 years with the Heat where he won three NBA championships. Many felt the Heat didn’t treat him as a priority (Wade notably took pay cuts to help the team) and they didn’t offer him the most money when it came down to it. Let’s hope Wade’s wife, actress Gabrielle Union, is ready to trade in swimsuits for winter coats. F1 (Formula One Racing) Race on. As if there isn’t already enough excitement happening in Europe, the next stop on the F1 schedule is the British Grand Prix. Lewis Hamilton looks to close the gap in the overall standings on Mercedes teammate Nico Rosberg. After last week's controversial finish, both drivers have received a 'final warning' from the Mercedes team ahead of this Sunday's race. You can catch all the racing excitement on Sunday at 8 am on CNBC. In case his Super Bowl ring needed company, Seattle Seahawks’ Quarterback Russell Wilson added another ring to his jewelry collection. Wilson married bombshell pop star and Grammy Winner, Ciara, on Wednesday in a small wedding in England. The couple were engaged in March in the Seychelles. See their wedding photo here. Football powerhouses, the Fighting Irish of Notre Dame and Michigan Wolverines have agreed to renew their 100-year college football rivalry that ended in 2014. In 2018, the teams will meet in the season opener and then again in 2019. This schedule change comes with a price as the Wolverines were already scheduled to play the Arkansas Razorbacks in 2018. The Wolverines will pay the Razorbacks $2 million for cancelling their originally scheduled games. We're all about planning ahead but Notre Dame and Michigan announcing their plans to meet up in 2019 seems a little far away. How many years out do college football teams plan their schedules? Athletic directors have been known to get a little ahead of themselves; there are some teams that have games on the schedule for 2028. The players who will play on those teams are still playing tetherball in elementary school. There’s big money in a strong schedule (aka great football schools) therefore many schools plan years out to secure one. Tagged: F1, Formula One Racing, Wimbledon, Euro 2016, British Grand Prix, Serena Williams, Roger Federer, Andy Murray, Cristiano Ronaldo, UFC, Jon Jones, Daniel Cormier, Dwyane Wade, Gabrielle Union, Miami Heat, Chicago Bulls, Lewis Hamilton, Nico Rosberg, Russell Wilson, Ciara, Notre Dame, Michigan Wolverines The Rundown: Weekend Wrap Up - Big Wins The Rundown: 5 Things to Know About Wimbledon	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2526
__label__wiki	0.767696	0.767696	Justia › US Law › Case Law › Federal Courts › Courts of Appeals › Tenth Circuit › 1992 › United States of America, Plaintiff-appellee, v. Robert L. Johnson, Defendant-appellant Receive free daily summaries of new opinions from the US Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit. United States of America, Plaintiff-appellee, v. Robert L. Johnson, Defendant-appellant, 971 F.2d 562 (10th Cir. 1992) US Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit - 971 F.2d 562 (10th Cir. 1992) Stanley D. Monroe, Tulsa, Okl., for defendant-appellant. James L. Swartz, Asst. U.S. Atty. (Tony M. Graham, U.S. Atty., with him on the brief), Tulsa, Okl., for U.S. Before SEYMOUR and BRORBY, Circuit Judges, and BROWN,* District Judge. WESLEY E. BROWN, Senior District Judge. The defendant-appellant Robert Johnson was charged in a sixty-three count indictment with various violations of the Money Laundering Control Act of 1986 (18 U.S.C. §§ 1956 & 1957). A jury found him guilty on all but one count. Appellant was sentenced by the district court to 405 months imprisonment. On appeal, Johnson raises several challenges to the propriety of the convictions and the sentence. The government alleged that the defendant masterminded a "peso scheme" which defrauded investors out of millions of dollars. According to the government, the defendant convinced investors that he was buying Mexican pesos at a discount rate and then reselling the pesos for their market value in American dollars. Johnson told potential investors that he had served in the war in Vietnam with a man from Mexico whose father was highly placed in the Mexican government. Johnson said that through this contact he had access to Mexican citizens and businesses that wanted to exchange pesos for dollars. The Mexicans wanted to convert their money to dollars, Johnson explained, because the peso was rapidly losing its value and the Mexicans preferred to hold a more stable currency. The defendant told investors that, depending on the number of trades he could make in a day, an investor could realize anywhere from fifteen to twenty-five per cent profit per week.1 Several individuals who sent money to the defendant for investment in the peso scheme testified at the defendant's trial. They each testified that they began by giving relatively small amounts of money to the defendant for investment in the peso deal. At the defendant's request, they transferred money they wanted to invest in the deal by means of a wire transfer from their own bank to the defendant's account at the Sooner Federal Savings & Loan in Broken Arrow, Oklahoma. Shortly thereafter, the defendant would wire back the amount of "profit" supposedly made by the investor from the purchase and sale of pesos. The amount wired back by the defendant was often fifteen to twenty per cent of the initial investment. The huge "profits" being made by investors apparently convinced them to invest heavily in the scheme and numerous individuals wired a steady stream of money to the defendant. Several of the investors who testified at trial sent upwards of half a million dollars to the defendant. The defendant managed to gain their complete confidence. An Internal Revenue Service agent who had examined the defendant's bank records determined that about five and a half million dollars were deposited into the defendant's account in shortly over a year's time. The agent further determined that approximately $1.8 million of that amount was withdrawn out of the account and was used by the defendant to purchase various items, including a house, a car, and assorted cashier's checks. Approximately $1.3 million worth of liquid assets was seized from the defendant when he was arrested. The remainder of the money had been intermittently wired back to investors in the form of "profits." We find it unnecessary for purposes of this opinion to fully recount the evidence presented by the government relating to the defendant's involvement in the peso scheme; we simply observe that the evidence overwhelmingly supported a conclusion that the scheme was fraudulent and that the defendant was not using the investors' money to purchase and resell pesos. Counts two and three of the indictment charged the defendant with violations of 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a) (1) (A) (i). That section provides: § 1956. Laundering of monetary instruments (a) (1) Whoever, knowing that the property involved in a financial transaction represents the proceeds of some form of unlawful activity, conducts or attempts to conduct such a financial transaction which in fact involves the proceeds of specified unlawful activity-- (A) (i) with the intent to promote the carrying on of specified unlawful activity.... shall be sentenced to, ... imprisonment for not more than twenty years.... The "specified unlawful activity" alleged in the indictment was wire fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1343. Count two of the indictment alleged that Johnson used the proceeds of a wire fraud to pay off the mortgage on his house in Tulsa in the amount of $122,796. Count three alleged that Johnson used wire fraud proceeds to purchase a 1989 Mercedes automobile. Appellant's first argument is that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction on counts two and three. Our standard of review on this issue is well established: "In judging the sufficiency of the evidence, we are bound to view the proof presented in the light most favorable to the government to ascertain if there is sufficient substantial proof, direct and circumstantial, together with reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom, from which a jury might find a defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt." United States v. Sullivan, 919 F.2d 1403, 1431 (10th Cir. 1990). Appellant contends that the evidence did not show that the payment of the mortgage on his home was done "with the intent to promote the carrying on" of the wire fraud.2 He argues that there was no evidence to support a conclusion that he paid off the mortgage in order to further the wire fraud activity. In response, the government points out that the defendant maintained an office in the home which he used to carry out much of the fraudulent activity. Direct evidence of a defendant's intent is seldom available. Intent can be proven, however, from surrounding circumstances. United States v. Leopard, 936 F.2d 1138, 1141 (10th Cir. 1991). We find that the evidence, when viewed in the light most favorable to the government, is sufficient to support the conviction on count two. The evidence clearly showed that the defendant used the office in his home to carry out the fraudulent scheme. In addition, the defendant's aura of legitimacy was bolstered in the minds of investors who saw the defendant's house. The circumstances give rise to an inference that the defendant paid the mortgage on the house so that he could continue using the office in furtherance of the fraudulent scheme. Although, as appellant points out, he could have retained the use of the office simply by continuing to make monthly mortgage payments, the fact is that he did not do so. Instead, he used wire fraud proceeds to retire the outstanding balance on the loan secured by the mortgage. Paying off the loan gave him the right to continue using the office and the home. The jury could legitimately infer that paying off the mortgage with wire fraud proceeds was done with the intent to promote the carrying on of the unlawful activity. The evidence similarly supports the conviction on count three of the indictment. The evidence suggests that the defendant used the Mercedes described in count three to impress investors. The jury could conclude from the evidence that appellant purchased the car to promote the carrying on of his fraudulent scheme. Appellant argues that he had two Mercedes automobiles and that evidence was lacking to show that the one described in count three was used by him in furthering the peso scheme. He contends that the Mercedes described in count three was purchased for his wife. The defendant in fact told one of the investors that he had purchased this car for his wife. But the record contains some evidence that contradicts this assertion. Testimony indicated that the defendant used this particular car both before and after he was separated from his wife. Also, after the defendant talked about the car with the same investor mentioned above, the investor went and talked to the auto dealer who sold the car to the defendant. The dealer spoke very highly of the defendant, who had put a down payment of approximately $66,000 on the car. After speaking with the auto dealer and others about the defendant, the investor was persuaded that the defendant was a legitimate businessman. This evidence suggests that the defendant used the car to persuade investors to invest in his scheme. His use of the car in this manner further tends to show that he purchased the car with that purpose in mind. Cf. United States v. Jackson, 935 F.2d 832, 841 (7th Cir. 1991) (No evidence that cellular phones purchased by the defendant played any role in his drug operation; evidence was therefore insufficient to show that their purchase was intended to promote his drug activities.) Taken as a whole, the evidence supports the jury's finding that the defendant engaged in the financial transaction of purchasing the car with the intent to promote the carrying on of the wire fraud activity. Appellant's next argument is that the evidence was insufficient to support the convictions on counts four through sixty-three of the indictment. These counts were brought under 18 U.S.C. § 1957, which provides in part:§ 1957. Engaging in monetary transactions in property derived from specified unlawful activity (a) Whoever, ... knowingly engages or attempts to engage in a monetary transaction in criminally derived property that is of a value greater than $10,000 and is derived from specified unlawful activity, shall be punished as provided in subsection (b). (f) As used in this section-- (1) the term "monetary transaction" means the deposit, withdrawal, transfer, or exchange, in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce, of funds or a monetary instrument ... by, through, or to a financial institution.... (2) the term "criminally derived property" means any property constituting, or derived from, proceeds obtained from a criminal offense; ... Counts four through thirty-one of the indictment against the defendant alleged violations of § 1957 based on twenty-eight separate wire transfers of funds from investors to the defendant's account in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Counts thirty-two through fifty-seven were based upon wire transfers of funds from the defendant's account to individual investors. The final charges in the indictment, counts fifty-eight through sixty-three, were based upon withdrawals by the defendant from his account in the form of cashier's checks. The funds involved in all of the transactions were alleged to be the proceeds of wire fraud. Appellant's primary argument pertains to counts four through thirty-one. He argues that the transfer of funds from the investors to his account did not violate § 1957 because those transfers were not monetary transactions in "criminally derived property."3 Although appellant's argument is characterized as a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, it raises a question concerning the proper scope of § 1957 and it requires us to interpret the language of the statute. Appellant's brief sets forth two basic arguments in support of his contention that the funds transferred to him were not "criminally derived property." First, he argues that the funds could not be considered the proceeds of a wire fraud until the wire fraud was completed. "Proceeds," according to appellant, are funds from a previous and completed criminal activity. Second, appellant contends that § 1957 requires that the proceeds of an offense be "obtained" before a defendant can engage in a monetary transaction with those proceeds. He points to the definition of criminally derived property, which is "any property constituting ... proceeds obtained from a criminal offense." § 1957(f) (2). He argues that he did not obtain the proceeds of the wire fraud until they were credited to his account. Thus, he maintains, the transaction in which those funds were wired to him did not involve "criminally derived property." Appellant cites Homes by Michelle, Inc. v. Federal Savings Bank, 733 F. Supp. 1495 (N.D. Ga. 1990), in support of this argument.4 The government's response is that "it was not necessary for these funds to have been received by appellant in order to acquire their denomination as 'criminally derived property.' " Appellee's Br. at 29. Under § 1957, "criminally derived property" means any property constituting, or derived from, proceeds obtained from a criminal offense. § 1957(f) (2). Because there is no other "property" at issue here, we are only concerned with the funds transferred by the investors to the defendant. We agree with appellant that under the facts presented here, the transfer of funds from the investors to the defendant's account did not constitute violations of § 1957. Both the ordinary meaning of the word "obtained" and the legislative history behind § 1957 suggest that this section was not intended to apply to transactions of the type alleged in counts four through thirty-one. We turn first to the language of the statute. The statute itself defines criminally derived property in terms of proceeds "obtained" from a criminal offense. "A fundamental canon of statutory construction is that, unless otherwise defined, words will be interpreted as taking their ordinary, contemporary, common meaning." Perrin v. United States, 444 U.S. 37, 42, 100 S. Ct. 311, 314, 62 L. Ed. 2d 199 (1979). "Obtain" most commonly means "to gain or attain possession or disposal of usually by some planned action or method."5 Webster's Third New International Dictionary, 1559 (1961). This suggests that Congress viewed a violation of § 1957 as occurring only after the individual involved in the specified criminal activity gained possession or disposal of the proceeds generated by the criminal activity. When the plain language of a statute does not unambiguously reveal its meaning, we turn to the legislative history. United States v. Abreu, 962 F.2d 1447 (10th Cir. 1992) (en banc) . The legislative history behind the Money Laundering Control Act of 1986 is fairly sparse. No committee reports were submitted by Congress with the Act. Two reports related to the Act contain some discussion of the purpose behind § 1956 and § 1957. See S.Rep. No. 433, 99th Cong., 2d Sess. (1986); H.R.Rep. No. 855, 99th Cong., 2d Sess., pt. 1 (1986). Neither of the reports sheds much light on the question before us, however. The examples of money-laundering activity discussed throughout these reports show that Congress had in mind the "classic" case of laundering drug money--that is, where a drug trafficker collects large amounts of cash from drug sales and, acting with the complicity of a banker or other person in a financial institution, deposits the drug proceeds in a bank under the guise of conducting a legitimate business transaction. The Act appears to be part of an effort to criminalize the conduct of those third persons--bankers, brokers, real estate agents, auto dealer and others--who have aided drug dealers by allowing them to dispose of the profits of drug activity, yet whose conduct has not been considered criminal under traditional conspiracy law. It must be noted, however, that the Act itself prohibits a much broader range of conduct than just the "classic" example of money laundering. Two recent cases examining the legislative history behind the Money Laundering Control Act of 1986 contain language suggesting that § 1957 would only apply to monetary transactions occurring after the completion of the underlying criminal activity. United States v. Edgmon, 952 F.2d 1206 (10th Cir. 1991), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 112 S. Ct. 3037, 120 L. Ed. 2d 906 (1992) and United States v. Lovett, 964 F.2d 1029 (10th Cir. 1992) both dealt with double jeopardy challenges to convictions under the Money Laundering Control Act. In each of these cases we concluded that Congress intended to impose separate punishments for the money-laundering transactions and for the underlying criminal activity. In Edgmon, which dealt with 18 U.S.C. § 1956, we emphasized that the money-laundering statute was intended to be a separate crime distinct from the underlying offense that generated the money. Edgmon, 952 F.2d at 1213. We noted that the discussion throughout the Senate Report on § 1956 was of "the gap in the criminal law with respect to the post-crime hiding of the illgotten gains." Id. With respect to § 1956, we concluded that "Congress aimed the crime of money laundering at conduct that follows in time the underlying crime rather than to afford an alternative means of punishing the prior 'specified unlawful activity.' " Id. at 1214. In United States v. Lovett, supra, we reached the same conclusion with respect to § 1957. Although the issue raised in those cases is not the same question before us now, the discussion of Congress intent in enacting § 1957 is relevant to a proper interpretation of the statute. Edgmon and Lovett both suggest that Congress intended the money-laundering statutes to apply to transactions occurring after the completion of the underlying criminal activity. It is possible to construe the phrase "proceeds obtained from a criminal offense" more broadly than this. One might logically infer that Congress could have intended § 1957 to apply when the underlying criminal activity occurs simultaneously with a monetary transaction with the proceeds of the activity. In this case, the result achieved by causing the investors to wire the funds directly into the defendant's account was no different than if the defendant had first obtained the funds and then deposited them himself. This latter transaction would clearly have violated § 1957. It would be logical, then, to assume that the former transaction would also be proscribed by the statute. Yet, both the plain language of § 1957 and the legislative history behind it suggest that Congress targeted only those transactions occurring after proceeds have been obtained from the underlying unlawful activity. At the very least, the statute is ambiguous on this point because, after examining all the relevant material which might aid us in construing its provisions, a reasonable doubt persists as to the statute's intended scope. Moskal v. United States, --- U.S. ----, 111 S. Ct. 461, 112 L. Ed. 2d 449, 458 (1990). Accordingly, the "rule of lenity" requires that we adopt the more lenient interpretation. See United States v. Abreu, supra, 962 F.2d at 1451. The underlying criminal activity in this case was wire fraud, which the defendant accomplished by causing the investors to wire funds to his account.6 Whether or not the funds that were wired to the defendant were "criminally derived property" depends upon whether they were proceeds obtained from a criminal offense at the time the defendant engaged in the monetary transaction. We find they were not. Section 1957 appears to be drafted to proscribe certain transactions in proceeds that have already been obtained by an individual from an underlying criminal offense. The defendant did not have possession of the funds nor were they at his disposal until the investors transferred them to him. The defendant therefore cannot be said to have obtained the proceeds of the wire fraud until the funds were credited to his account. Thus, the transfers alleged in counts four through thirty-one of the indictment were not transactions in criminally derived property and the defendant's convictions on those counts are reversed. Appellant's next argument is that the evidence was insufficient as to counts thirty-two through sixty-three of the indictment. These counts alleged violations of § 1957 based on transfers of funds from the defendant's account to the investors in the peso scheme. Appellant argues that the government did not show that the funds that he wired out of his account were the proceeds of wire fraud, stating "It is entirely possible that the funds paid out ... came from sources other than the investors." Appellant's Br. at 24. We find that the evidence here was sufficient for the jury to conclude that these funds were in fact derived from specified unlawful activity. The evidence showed that over five and a half million dollars were deposited into the defendant's account at the Sooner Federal Savings & Loan. The government presented evidence that at least $2.4 million of this amount was from specific instances of wire fraud. The testimony and the defendant's bank records indicated that most of the remainder, about $3 million, came from other investors in the peso scheme. The source of approximately 1.2% of the funds deposited in the defendant's account could not be determined. The amount of funds withdrawn from the defendant's account in the transactions set forth in counts thirty-two through sixty-three was approximately $1.8 million. An examination of the defendant's bank records gave no indication that the funds in the defendant's account came from any source other than investors in the alleged peso trades. Under the circumstances, the evidence was sufficient for the jury to find that the funds withdrawn were derived from the specified unlawful activity. Cf. United States v. Blackman, 904 F.2d 1250, 1257 (8th Cir. 1990). The government had the burden of showing that the criminally derived property used in the monetary transactions was in fact derived from specified unlawful activity. This does not mean, however, that the government had to show that funds withdrawn from the defendant's account could not possibly have come from any source other than the unlawful activity. Once proceeds of unlawful activity have been deposited in a financial institution and have been credited to an account, those funds cannot be traced to any particular transaction and cannot be distinguished from any other funds deposited in the account. The "tainted" funds may be commingled with "untainted" funds, with the result being simply a net credit balance in favor of the depositor. The credit balance gives the depositor a claim against the bank and allows him to withdraw funds to the extent of the credit. In the context of a withdrawal, the portion of § 1957 requiring a showing that the proceeds were in fact "derived from specified unlawful activity" could not have been intended as a requirement that the government prove that no "untainted" funds were deposited along with the unlawful proceeds. Cf. United States v. Jackson, 935 F.2d 832, 840 (7th Cir. 1991). Such an interpretation would allow individuals to avoid prosecution simply by commingling legitimate funds with proceeds of crime. Id. This would defeat the very purpose of the money-laundering statutes. Appellant's next argument concerns the admission into evidence of bank receipts reflecting wire transfers of funds from investors to the defendant and transfers from the defendant back to the investors. The receipts in question were given or sent to the investors by their individual banks after a transaction affecting their account occurred. Each receipt showed the nature of the transaction in question--either a transfer in or out of the investor's account, the amount, date, and so forth. The district court rejected the defendant's argument that the receipts were inadmissible hearsay, finding that they met the "business records" exception to the hearsay rule found in Federal Rule of Evidence 803(6). Appellant contends that this ruling was erroneous because the receipts were admitted through the testimony of the individual investors rather than through a custodian of records from the banks. Appellant argues that the investors were not "qualified witnesses" under Rule 803(6) and that the government did not lay the proper foundation for admission of the receipts as business records. The decision to admit or exclude evidence is within the sound discretion of the trial court and is reviewed on appeal only for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Zimmerman, 943 F.2d 1204, 1211 (10th Cir. 1991). An abuse of discretion is "an arbitrary, capricious, whimsical, or manifestly unreasonable judgment." Boren v. Sable, 887 F.2d 1032, 1033 (10th Cir. 1989) (citing United States v. Cardenas, 864 F.2d 1528, 1530 (10th Cir. 1989)). Furthermore, when the matter being reviewed is a trial court's ruling on a hearsay question, we afford the trial court heightened deference. Boren, 887 F.2d at 1033. It is apparent to us in light of this deferential standard of review that the district court's decision to admit this evidence was not an abuse of discretion. Rule 803(6) provides in part that the following is not excluded by the hearsay rule: (6) Records of regularly conducted activity. A memorandum, report, record, or data compilation, in any form, of acts, events, conditions, opinions, or diagnoses, made at or near the time by, or from information transmitted by, a person with knowledge, if kept in the course of a regularly conducted business activity, and if it was the regular practice of that business activity to make the memorandum, report, record, or data compilation, all as shown by the testimony of the custodian or other qualified witness, unless the source of the information or the method or circumstances of preparation indicate lack of trustworthiness. The comments of the district court show that the court determined that the nature of the documents and the circumstances under which the investors received them were sufficient to establish their status as business records kept in the course of regularly conducted business activity. Rec. Vol. III at 189-92. The court further indicated that he considered the investors to be the custodians of the records, inasmuch as they were maintained by the investors to document transactions in their accounts, and that their testimony was sufficient to show the proper foundation. Id. We do not agree with appellant that the failure to call the records custodians from the banks that generated the documents is determinative of the documents' admissibility under Rule 803(6). "A foundation for admissibility may at times be predicated on judicial notice of the nature of the business and the nature of the records as observed by the court, particularly in the case of bank and similar statements." Federal Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Staudinger, 797 F.2d 908, 910 (10th Cir. 1986) (citing Weinstein's Evidence at 803-178.) The record as a whole in this case establishes a sufficient foundation for the admission of the records under Rule 803(6). The record is replete with circumstances demonstrating the trustworthiness of the documents. There is simply no dispute that the transactions shown by the receipts took place as recorded. As noted above, bank records are particularly suitable for admission under Rule 803(6) in light of the fastidious nature of record keeping in financial institutions, which is often required by governmental regulation. The nature of the documents themselves as bank statements together with the testimony of the investors established that the records were made at the time of the transactions in question and were made in the course of a regularly conducted business activity. The accuracy of the documents and the fact that they were prepared by a person with knowledge of the transactions were established both by the testimony of the investors and by comparison with the defendant's own bank records. In short, the record as a whole shows a sufficient foundation for the admission of the documents under Rule 803(6).7 Under the circumstances, the investors were "qualified witness [es]" whose testimony, together with the other evidence, was sufficient to show a foundation for the admission of the documents. The district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the evidence. Appellant also argues that the admission of these documents violated his sixth amendment right to confront the witnesses against him. The transcript of the trial, however, shows that appellant failed to raise this constitutional argument in the district court. The only objection asserted by the defendant below was that the documents were hearsay because they did not meet the requirements of Rule 803(6). Rec.Vol. II at 77-79, 87, 91, 104; Rec.Vol. III at 189-192. In light of this, we review the judge's decision to admit this evidence only for plain error. United States v. Jefferson, 925 F.2d 1242, 1254 (10th Cir. 1991). A plain error is fundamental error, something so basic, so prejudicial, so lacking in its elements that justice cannot have been done. United States v. Lovett, 964 F.2d 1029 (10th Cir. 1992). It must be both obvious and substantial. Jefferson, 925 F.2d at 1254. As noted in Jefferson, however, we apply this rule less rigidly when reviewing a potential constitutional error, particularly when the failure to preserve the precise grounds for error is mitigated by an objection on related grounds. Id. The Supreme Court has identified two factors that must be examined in the context of Confrontation Clause challenges to evidence falling within a hearsay exception. The first of these deals with the availability of the declarant of the statement to be subjected to cross-examination. In some circumstances, the Confrontation Clause requires a showing by the government that a declarant who is not present for cross-examination at the trial is "unavailable." Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 66, 100 S. Ct. 2531, 2539, 65 L. Ed. 2d 597, 608 (1980). The extent of this requirement is not clear, however. The Court held in United States v. Inadi, 475 U.S. 387, 398, 106 S. Ct. 1121, 1128, 89 L. Ed. 2d 390, 400 (1986), that the requirement did not apply to statements of co-conspirators falling within Rule 801(d) (2) (E). In light of the repetitive nature of business records, where the declarant typically would have little or no recollection of the contents of any particular document, the application of the availability requirement to evidence falling under Rule 803(6) is doubtful. See Manocchio v. Moran, 919 F.2d 770, 775-76 (1st Cir. 1990) (The requirement does not apply to business records.). Cf. White v. Illinois, --- U.S. ----, 112 S. Ct. 736, 116 L. Ed. 2d 848 (1992) (The "unavailability rule" does not apply to evidence falling under the hearsay exceptions for spontaneous declarations and statements made in the course of receiving medical care; such statements reliability cannot be recaptured by later in-court testimony.) Whether or not this requirement might apply in some circumstances to business records, we conclude that the failure to impose such a requirement on the government in this case did not amount to plain error. The second factor to be examined under the Confrontation Clause concerns the reliability of the out-of-court statement. The Supreme Court has indicated that this requirement can be met in either of two circumstances: where the hearsay statement "falls within a firmly rooted hearsay exception," or where it is supported by "a showing of particularized guarantees of trustworthiness." Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 100 S. Ct. 2531, 65 L. Ed. 2d 597 (1980). The hearsay statements at issue in this case clearly fell within a firmly rooted exception to the hearsay rule--the business records exception of Rule 803(6). As such, the admission of this evidence did not violate appellant's sixth amendment right to confront the witnesses against him. Appellant's next argument is that the trial court erred by denying his request to subpoena two witnesses who would have testified about an incident involving one of the investors. The investor, Robert Hayworth, was called to testify by the government. On direct exam, Hayworth recounted his dealings with the defendant and told how he invested in the peso scheme. On cross-examination, defendant's counsel questioned Hayworth about an incident in which Hayworth went to the defendant's home in an effort to get his money back from the defendant. Defense counsel asked Hayworth whether in the course of that incident he had threatened to kidnap either the defendant's son or the daughter of defendant's girlfriend. Hayworth denied having done so. The defendant, who was indigent, asked the trial court to authorize the government to pay for subpoenas in order to call the girlfriend and her daughter as witnesses. The defendant asserted that these witnesses would testify that Hayworth had in fact made such a threat. The trial judge refused to authorize the subpoenas. On appeal, Johnson contends that the district court abused its discretion by denying the request for the subpoenas. We need not engage in a lengthy analysis of appellant's claim because we find that any error committed by the district court on this issue was harmless. Appellant contends that the two witnesses he wanted to call to the stand would have shown that Mr. Hayworth was prejudiced against him. The impact of the alleged prejudice in this case, however, is so minuscule that we can state beyond a reasonable doubt that the failure to call these witnesses could not have affected the outcome of the case. The government's evidence of the defendant's participation in the monetary transactions alleged in the indictment was overwhelming. The same is true of the evidence showing the fraudulent nature of the peso scheme and of the wire fraud committed in connection with that scheme. The impeachment of Mr. Hayworth on an issue that would do nothing to undermine the charges against the defendant could not have had any effect on the jury's determination. Appellant's final contention is that the district court erred in its application of the sentencing guidelines. In contrast to the other issues raised on appeal, appellant's objections to the district court's application of the sentencing guidelines are not clearly defined. We discern four primary contentions with regard to the sentence imposed: first, appellant argues that the sentencing judge erred by considering unreliable hearsay evidence; second, that the court erred in determining the offense level based on the conduct of another person (William Gray) and on conduct for which appellant was not indicted; third, that the funds which should be counted to determine the sentence are only those funds used in the unlawful monetary transactions for which he was convicted, not the entire amount of funds collected in the course of the peso scheme; and fourth, that the district court erred in concluding that appellant was a leader or organizer of the criminal activity. Appellant's first argument relates to the consideration of hearsay evidence at the sentencing hearing. Appellant argues that two particular items of evidence that lacked sufficient indicia of reliability were considered by the court in violation of U.S.S.G. § 6A1.3. (See § 6A1.3: " [T]he court may consider relevant information without regard to its admissibility under the rules of evidence applicable at trial, provided that the information has sufficient indicia of reliability to support its probable accuracy.") The first item of evidence was a series of promissory notes introduced by the government. The notes stated that they were between William Gray and Robert Johnson and ranged in amount from less than one million dollars up to twenty-seven million dollars. The second item was a handwritten letter from the defendant to William Gray. We find no error in the court's consideration of these materials in determining appellant's sentence. To begin with, these items would not even constitute hearsay under the rules of evidence insofar as they were offered to prove that a relationship existed between appellant and William Gray rather than to prove the truth of the assertions in the documents. The letter written by the defendant also would not be considered hearsay insofar as it constituted an admission against interest. See Fed.R.Evid. 801(d) (2). At any rate, we find that the items mentioned, which were seized from William Gray upon his arrest, bore sufficient indicia of reliability to warrant their consideration.8 Appellant's second and third claims relate to the district court's calculation of the proper offense level. Appellant does not dispute that the district court selected the appropriate base offense level--a level of 23 as provided in U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1. He does contend, however, that the district court incorrectly increased the base offense level by 10 points.9 The court added the 10 points pursuant to § 2S1.1(b), which states in part: "If the value of the funds exceeded $100,000, increase the level as follows: * * * (K) More than $20,000,000 add 10." The district court determined that more than $20,000,000 was involved in the offense based on evidence indicating that the defendant and his associate, William Gray, took in more than that amount from investors in the fraudulent peso scheme. Appellant first contends that he cannot be held accountable for the actions of William Gray. The district court found that the conduct of Gray was appropriately considered under the "relevant conduct" provision of U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3, which provides in part: Relevant Conduct (Factors that Determine the Guideline Range (a) Chapters Two (Offense Conduct) and Three (Adjustments). Unless otherwise specified, ... (ii) specific offense characteristics ... shall be determined on the basis of the following: (1) all acts and omissions committed or aided and abetted by the defendant, or for which the defendant would otherwise be held accountable, that occurred during the commission of the offense of conviction, in preparation for that offense, or in the course of attempting to avoid detection or responsibility for that offense, or that otherwise were in furtherance of that offense; (2) solely with respect to offenses of a character for which § 3D1.2(d) would require grouping of multiple counts, all such acts and omissions that were part of the same course of conduct or common scheme or plan as the offense of conviction; [and] (3) all harm that resulted from the acts or omissions specified in subsections (a) (1) and (a) (2) above, and all harm that was the object of such acts or omissions; ... Section 1B1.3 allows the sentencing judge to consider certain conduct outside of the count of conviction in determining an appropriate sentence. In this respect, it bears some similarity to the way in which sentences were determined prior to adoption of the guidelines. Before the guidelines, there was virtually no limitation on the information a sentencing judge could consider in determining an appropriate sentence for the count of conviction. The judge could take account of the "real offense" committed by the defendant, including acts outside of the count of conviction as well as acts committed by others in preparation or furtherance of the crime. Section 1B1.3 continues this practice subject to certain limitations. "Relevant conduct" under § 1B1.3(a) (1) includes all acts which the defendant aided and abetted or for which he would otherwise be held accountable. Section 1B1.3 contemplates that conduct of others acting in concert with the defendant will be factored into the defendant's sentence: "In the case of criminal activity undertaken in concert with others, whether or not charged as a conspiracy, the conduct for which the defendant 'would be otherwise accountable' also includes conduct of others in furtherance of the execution of the jointly-undertaken criminal activity that was reasonably foreseeable by the defendant." U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3, comment (n. 1). Thus, the fact that the conduct of an individual other than appellant was used in part to increase appellant's sentence is not inconsistent with the guidelines. There was abundant evidence both at trial and at the sentencing to show that William Gray was acting in concert with appellant in operating the peso scheme. See Appellee's Br. at 47-48. Similarly, the fact that uncharged acts of wire fraud by appellant were considered by the sentencing judge does not in and of itself contravene the guidelines. Under § 1B1.3, specific offense characteristics are determined on the basis of "all acts and omissions" for which the defendant is otherwise accountable that occurred in preparation for the offense of conviction or that were otherwise in furtherance of that offense, as well as all harm that resulted from such acts or that was the object of such acts. See § 1B1.3(a) (1) and (a) (3). The conduct surrounding the fraudulent peso scheme, which gave rise to the funds used in the counts of conviction, could properly be considered "relevant conduct" under this section. Appellant nevertheless takes issue with the calculation of the amount of funds involved in the offense. The district court, adopting the recommendation in the presentence report, added the twenty million dollars from the peso scheme to the value of the funds used in the money-laundering counts, and then determined the offense level under § 2S1.1 from this aggregated amount. Appellant contends that the offense level should have been determined only from the funds used in the money-laundering counts. Even though the fraudulent scheme falls within the definition of "relevant conduct," this does not necessarily mean that in calculating the offense level under § 2S1.1 the funds from the peso scheme may simply be added to the funds used in the unlawful monetary transactions. The offense level under § 2S1.1 is based on the value of "the funds." Although not expressly defined in § 2S1.1, "the funds" obviously refer to funds that are used by the defendant in an unlawful monetary transaction. Money obtained from other types of offenses would not ordinarily be added to such funds unless the guidelines directed the court to do so. While the record is not entirely clear, it appears that the money from the peso scheme and the money from the money-laundering transactions were added together under the authority of § 1B1.3(a) (2) and § 3D1.2(d). Section 1B1.3(a) (2) states that "solely with respect to offenses of a character for which § 3D1.2(d) would require grouping of multiple counts, all such acts and omissions that were part of the same course of conduct or common scheme or plan as the offense of conviction" are considered relevant conduct. Section 3D1.2(d) directs the court to group together counts falling within its scope into a single group and to determine an offense level for the group by aggregating the harm from all the offenses within the group. § 3D1.3(b). The funds from the wire fraud and the money-laundering conduct were thus added together based on a conclusion that these offenses were of a character that would require grouping under § 3D1.2(d). This determination involves a legal interpretation of the guidelines that we review de novo. See United States v. Florentino, 922 F.2d 1443, 1445 (10th Cir. 1990). Section 3D1.2(d) provides that counts shall be grouped " [w]hen the offense level is determined largely on the basis of the total amount of harm or loss, the quantity of a substance involved, or some other measure of aggregate harm...." We therefore turn to the guidelines governing the two types of conduct at issue here to determine whether the funds from those offenses were properly added together. Under § 2F1.1, the guideline that would apply to the wire fraud scheme, the offense level is determined largely on the basis of "the loss" resulting from the fraud. Under the money-laundering guideline, § 2S1.1, the offense level is determined largely on the basis of "the value of the funds." The offense levels under these two guidelines are not determined on a basis that would require grouping under subsection (d). Although both offense levels are determined from a calculation involving an amount of money, the harm being measured by each is significantly different in character. "Loss" is used throughout the guidelines as a measure of the net harm resulting from theft and property crimes. As applied to the facts here, it would be the actual loss from the fraudulent scheme or the intended loss that the defendant was attempting to inflict from the scheme. § 2F1.1, comment. (n. 7). This determination would require the court to apply the principles for the valuation of loss discussed in the commentary to § 2B1.1. In any given case, the "loss" may or may not be the same as the total amount of funds involved in the fraudulent scheme. See U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1. comment (n. 7-10). A determination of loss requires an assessment of the impact of the fraud on the individual victims. Section 2S1.1, on the other hand, is not based on the amount of the loss. It is based on the value of the funds involved in the laundering transaction. The harm from such a transaction does not generally fall upon an individual but falls upon society in general. Thus, the measure of harm under § 2S1.1 is the total amount of funds involved. Section 3D1.2(d) was intended to be used when the measurement of harm for one offense is essentially equivalent to the measurement of harm for other related offenses. See U.S.S.G. Ch. 1, Pt.A, intro. comment at 8 (" [W]hen the conduct involves fungible items (e.g., separate drug transactions or thefts of money), the amounts are added and the guidelines apply to the total amount"). That is not the case here. We find that offenses falling under these two guidelines would not be grouped together under § 3D1.2(d). Cf. United States v. Porter, 909 F.2d 789, 792-93 (4th Cir. 1990). As such, it was an incorrect application of § 3D1.2(d) of the guidelines for the district court to determine the offense level by adding the funds obtained from the wire fraud scheme to the funds used by the defendant in the money-laundering offenses.10 Accordingly, we must vacate the sentence and remand the case to the district court for resentencing. Appellant's final argument is that the district court erred by increasing the offense level under § 3B1.1(a) based on a finding that appellant was an "organizer or leader" of the criminal activity. This enhancement resulted in a four-level increase to the base offense level. The presentence report makes clear that the enhancement was based on appellant's role as the organizer of the fraudulent peso scheme rather than for his role in the acts constituting the counts of conviction. The presentence report noted that a 1990 amendment to the commentary for § 3B1.1 stated that the role in the offense adjustment should be determined from all relevant conduct. In United States v. Pettit, 903 F.2d 1336, 1341 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 111 S. Ct. 197, 112 L. Ed. 2d 159 (1990), we held that the plain language of § 3B1.1 required the court to focus on the defendant's role in the offense of conviction rather than on other criminal conduct. See also United States v. Reid, 911 F.2d 1456, 1464 (10th Cir. 1990), ("the defendant's role is considered only in relation to the offense of conviction, we do not look at all to relevant conduct"), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 111 S. Ct. 990, 112 L. Ed. 2d 1074 (1991). Subsequent to Pettit, the Sentencing Commission amended the commentary to § 3B1.1 to make clear that the determination of the defendant's role in the offense was to be determined on the basis of all conduct within the scope of § 1B1.3 (Relevant Conduct) and not solely on the basis of elements and acts in the counts of conviction. This amendment was effective November 1, 1990. In United States v. Saucedo, 950 F.2d 1508 (10th Cir. 1991), we determined that the amendment to § 3B1.1 constituted a substantive change in the law and concluded that its application to offenses committed before the date of the amendment would violate the ex post facto clause of the Constitution. Because all of appellant's offenses in this case were committed before the date of this 1990 amendment, the application of the amended version of § 3B1.1 to his offenses is barred by the ex post facto clause. Accordingly, the four-point enhancement of appellant's sentence under § 3B1.1 must be vacated. As to the money-laundering counts for which appellant was convicted, there was no allegation that any other participants took part in those transactions. Thus, no enhancement is appropriate for appellant's role in the offense because § 3B1.1 applies only to offenses committed by more than one participant. The convictions on counts two, three, and thirty-two through sixty-three are AFFIRMED. The convictions on counts four through thirty-one are REVERSED. The sentence is VACATED and the case is remanded to the district court for resentencing in accord with the views expressed herein. The Honorable Wesley E. Brown, United States Senior District Judge for the District of Kansas, sitting by designation A black market in the exchange of pesos apparently sprang up in reaction to attempts by the Mexican government in 1982 to regulate transfers of that currency. See United States v. Nivica, 887 F.2d 1110, 1113 (1st Cir. 1989) Appellant does not assert that the evidence was insufficient to show that he violated the wire fraud statute. Also, appellant does not challenge the jury's determination that he conducted the financial transactions specified in counts two and three of the indictment knowing that the property involved therein represented the proceeds of the wire fraud activity The essential elements of a § 1957 violation are that (1) the defendant engage or attempt to engage (2) in a monetary transaction (3) in criminally derived property that is of a value greater than $10,000 (4) knowing that the property is derived from unlawful activity, and (5) the property is, in fact, derived from "specified unlawful activity." United States v. Lovett, 964 F.2d 1029 (10th Cir. 1992) The only issue raised by appellant in regard to counts four through thirty-one relates to the third element: whether the transactions were in "criminally derived property." Appellant has raised no issue concerning whether the evidence was sufficient to show that he "engaged" in the transactions alleged. See Appellant's Reply Br. at 5. Cf. 18 U.S.C. § 2(b). He does not dispute that he knew that the funds were derived from unlawful activity. Similarly, we see the issue concerning whether the transfer of funds from the investors' accounts to the defendant's account constituted "monetary transaction [s]." See § 1957(f) (1). Cf. United States v. Bell, 936 F.2d 337 (7th Cir. 1991). Homes by Michelle, Inc. v. Federal Savings Bank, 733 F. Supp. 1495 (N.D. Ga. 1990), is a shaky foundation for appellant's position. The case involved a district court ruling on a motion to amend a complaint in a civil RICO case. The plaintiff sought leave to amend in order to allege a RICO violation predicated on the defendant's alleged violations of 18 U.S.C. § 1956. The district court refused to allow the amendment, finding that the plaintiff could not show a violation of § 1956. In so ruling, the court made some observations about § 1956 and § 1957, declaring that these sections "address what might be considered secondary criminal activity: conduct involving funds or property previously obtained by criminal means. Neither statute proscribes the underlying unlawful acts or what might be considered primary criminal activity." Id. at 1501. The court did not further elaborate on these comments The plaintiff in Homes by Michelle alleged that the defendants had financed a real estate subdivision in exchange for kickbacks from the developer. Such conduct would be a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 215. The plaintiffs further claimed that, as a result of this unlawful activity, the subdivision itself was criminally derived property under 18 U.S.C. § 1956. The court rejected this view, stating that "the proceeds from violations of 18 U.S.C. § 215, from a money-laundering perspective, would be kickbacks [the defendants] received in exchange for [the subdivision] loans, not the loans themselves." Id. at 1501. The plaintiffs had apparently not alleged a financial transaction involving the kickback funds, however, and the court concluded that the plaintiffs had not stated a cause of action under RICO. Id. at 1502. The court's discussion of the money laundering statutes in this context is of little value to appellant in this case. The court's allusion to "primary" and "secondary" criminal activity is not explained by reference to either the language of § 1956 or § 1957 or to any legislative history. A secondary meaning of "obtain" is "to bring about or call into being." Webster's, supra, at 1559 18 U.S.C. § 1343 provides: § 1343. Fraud by wire, radio, or television Whoever, having devised or intending to devise any scheme or artifice to defraud, or for obtaining money or property by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or promises, transmits or causes to be transmitted by means of wire, radio, or television communication in interstate or foreign commerce, any writings, signs, signals, pictures, or sounds for the purpose of executing such scheme or artifice, shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or both. If the violation affects a financial institution, such person shall be fined not more than $1,000,000 or imprisoned not more than 30 years, or both. Although we are not persuaded that the decision to admit this evidence was error, we note that the information contained in the receipts appears to be duplicated in other concededly admissible evidence. This indicates that any error in the admission of the receipts was harmless. The information contained in receipts reflecting outgoing wire transfers from the investors could have been read into evidence as a recorded recollection under Fed.R.Evid. 803(5). In fact the record indicates that many of the receipts were used for this purpose. As to the wire transfers initiated by the defendant, the same information contained in the investors' receipts was also reflected in the defendant's bank records from the Sooner Federal Savings & Loan. No contention is made that these latter documents were inadmissible It appears that the government did not delve into the circumstances surrounding the acquisition of the documents because defense counsel indicated that he would stipulate as to the foundation for the documents. Rec.Vol. VII at 14 The defendant's total offense level was 37. This was determined as follows: The base offense level was determined to be 23 under § 2S1.1 and the grouping rules of § 3D1.2(d) and § 3D1.3(b). To this figure the 10 level increase under § 2S1.1(b) (2) (K) was added, plus a 4 level enhancement for the defendant's role in the offense (§ 3B1.1(a)). The defendant's prior convictions resulted in a criminal history score of 11, which put him in criminal history category V. The resulting guideline range for the defendant was 324-405 months imprisonment. The district court sentenced the defendant to a total of 405 months We express no opinion on whether the total funds from the peso scheme could be used to determine the offense level under § 2S1.1 pursuant to the guideline governing attempts and conspiracies. See § 2X1.1. There are no findings in the record before us concerning that issue Although we find that § 3D1.2(d) does not authorize the court to add funds associated with acts of wire fraud to money-laundering funds, we note that funds associated with uncharged instances of money laundering can be added in to determine the offense level under § 2S1.1 if those acts are within the scope of relevant conduct under § 1B1.3(a) (2). Thus, in determining the "value of the funds" under § 2S1.1, the district court is not necessarily limited only to the funds identified with the counts of conviction. of Tenth Circuit opinions.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2528
__label__wiki	0.701585	0.701585	Justia › US Law › Case Law › Wyoming Case Law › Wyoming Supreme Court Decisions › 2011 › In the Matter of the Adoption of RMS Receive free daily summaries of new opinions from the Wyoming Supreme Court. In the Matter of the Adoption of RMS Justia Opinion Summary The biological mother of the child at issue appealed from the order allowing the father and stepmother's petition to adopt the minor child to proceed without the mother's consent because she did not pay child support for a year before the petition was filed. At issue was whether the district court abused its discretion by allowing the petition for adoption to proceed without the consent of the mother and whether evidence was sufficient to support a finding that the mother had willfully failed to pay child support. The court held that the district court did not abuse its discretion by concluding that there was clear and convincing evidence that the mother willfully failed to support her child where she failed to take the necessary steps to become employed and support her child and that she failed to demonstrate that, through whatever means were available to her, she had not forgotten her legal obligation to support her child. Therefore, the court affirmed the district court's findings. IN THE MATTER OF THE ADOPTION OF RMS, Minor child: EOS v. JLS and RS 2011 WY 78 Case Number: No. S-10-0209 Decided: 05/05/2011 NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in Pacific Reporter Third. Readers are requested to notify the Clerk of the Supreme Court, Supreme Court Building, Cheyenne, Wyoming 82002, of any typographical or other formal errors so correction may be made before final publication in the permanent volume. APRIL TERM, A.D. 2011 IN THE MATTER OF THE ADOPTION OF RMS, Minor child: EOS, Appellant (Respondent), JLS and RS, Appellees (Petitioners). Appeal from the District Court of Natrona County The Honorable Scott W. Skavdahl, Judge Representing Appellant: Tamara K. Schroeder of Chapman Valdez, Casper, Wyoming. Representing Appellees: Stacy E. Casper of Casper Law Office, LLC, Casper, Wyoming. Before KITE, C.J., and GOLDEN, HILL, VOIGT, and BURKE, JJ. KITE, Chief Justice. [¶1] EOS, biological mother (Mother), appeals from the order allowing JLS's and RS's (Father and Stepmother) petition to adopt minor child, RMS, to proceed without Mother's consent because she did not pay child support for a year before the petition was filed. She claims there was insufficient proof that her failure to pay child support was willful. [¶2] We affirm. [¶3] Mother presents the following issue on appeal: 1. The District Court abused its discretion by allowing the petition for adoption to proceed without the consent of the Appellant (Respondent). The evidence was insufficient to support a finding that the Appellant had willfully failed to pay child support. Although phrased differently, Father and Stepmother essentially present the same issue. [¶4] Mother and Father are the biological parents of RMS. The parents divorced in 2006, and were initially awarded joint custody of the child. In 2008, the district court issued a modification order granting Father primary custody of RMS and requiring Mother to pay $250 per month in child support. Later that year, Father married Stepmother. Mother made one partial child support payment in April 2008, but thereafter did not pay any child support. [¶5] On March 2, 2010, Father and Stepmother filed a petition to adopt RMS. They asserted that the adoption should be granted without Mother's consent under Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 1-22-110(a)(iv) (LexisNexis 2009) because she had willfully failed to contribute to the support of RMS for one year immediately prior to filing the adoption petition. At the time the petition was filed, Mother was over $5,000 in arrears on her child support obligation. [¶6] Mother conceded that she had not paid child support and she did not bring her support obligation current after the petition was filed. She asserted, however, that her failure to pay support was not willful because she was unemployed and did not have the ability to pay. The district court held a hearing and ruled that Father and Stepmother had established by clear and convincing evidence that Mother's failure to support the child was willful and the adoption could proceed without her consent. Mother appealed. [¶7] Mother challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support the district court's decision. Courts have the authority and discretion to grant adoptions without parental consent "provided all the statutory elements are satisfied." TF v. Dep't of Family Servs., 2005 WY 118, ¶ 10, 120 P.3d 992, 998 (Wyo. 2006). We review the district court's decision for abuse of discretion. MJH v. AV, 2006 WY 89, ¶ 13, 138 P.3d 683, 686 (Wyo. 2006). "In determining whether there has been an abuse of discretion, the ultimate issue is whether or not the court could reasonably conclude as it did.'" GWJ v. MH, 930 P.2d 371, 377-78 (Wyo. 1996), quoting ALT v. DWD, 640 P.2d 73, 76 (Wyo. 1982). [¶8] We apply our traditional principles of evidentiary review when a party challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting an adoption without consent. On appeal, the evidence is examined in the light most favorable to the party prevailing below, assuming all favorable evidence to be true while discounting conflicting evidence presented by the unsuccessful party. CJ v. SA, 2006 WY 49, ¶ 5, 132 P.3d 196, 199 (Wyo. 2006). [¶9] Father and Stepmother petitioned for adoption under § 1-22-110(a)(iv), which states in pertinent part: (a) [T]he adoption of a child may be ordered without the written consent of a parent . . . if the court finds that . . . the nonconsenting parent or parents have: (iv) Willfully failed to contribute to the support of the child for a period of one (1) year immediately prior to the filing of the petition to adopt and has failed to bring the support obligation current within sixty (60) days after service of the petition to adopt[.] [¶10] A district court's determination that a parent's consent for an adoption is not required effectively terminates that parent's parental rights. PAA v. Doe, 702 P.2d 1259, 1264 (Wyo. 1985); SLH v. CST, 778 P.2d 124, 126 (Wyo. 1989). The right to associate with one's family is fundamental; consequently, courts strictly scrutinize petitions to terminate a parent's rights to his or her children. CL v. Wyo. Dep't of Family Servs., 2007 WY 23, ¶ 9, 151 P.3d 1102, 1105 (Wyo. 2007). The petitioners have the obligation to establish by clear and convincing evidence that termination and adoption is appropriate. SLJ v. Dep't of Family Servs., 2005 WY 3, ¶ 19, 104 P.3d 74, 79-80 (Wyo. 2005). "Clear and convincing evidence is that kind of proof that would persuade a trier of fact that the truth of the contention is highly probable.'" Id., quoting MN v. Dep't of Family Servs., 2003 WY 135, ¶ 5, 78 P.3d 232, 234 (Wyo. 2003). [¶11] The record does not contain a transcript of the hearing; however, the district court approved, pursuant to W.R.A.P. 3.03, Mother's statement of the evidence as amended by Father's and Stepmother's submission. The evidence established: · Mother was ordered to pay $250 per month in child support beginning April 1, 2008. · She paid only one payment of $170 in April, 2008, and at the time of the hearing, she was $6,330 in arrears. · Mother quit her job at a daycare shortly after being ordered to pay child support. · Although Mother had employment experience at the daycare and as a cashier, housekeeper and nursing assistant, she had been unemployed since she quit the daycare job, except for the babysitting described below. · Mother had no physical or mental disabilities which prevented her from working. · Mother did not have a high school education and had enrolled in a GED program, but later quit it. · Mother lived with her parents who provided all of her clothing and food and purchased cigarettes for her. · Mother did not petition for modification of her child support obligation. · Mother testified that she had applied for numerous jobs, but had not been offered one. She also had not pursued any means of self employment, such as daycare provider or lawn mowing, to earn a living. · Mother had not registered for any employment services. · Mother received $100 for babysitting for her cousin between April 2008 and January 2009. She did not use any of that money to pay her child support. · Mother testified that she was not deliberately remaining unemployed and she wanted to pay her child support, but did not have the means to do so. Based upon these facts, the district court concluded that Father and Stepmother had proven by clear and convincing evidence that Mother had willfully failed to support her child. [¶12] Mother concedes that she failed to pay her court-ordered child support. She claims, however, that the district court erred by concluding that her non-payment of child support was willful. Mother asserts, "[n]othing worse has been proven about [her] than that she is poor and uneducated." As used in the adoption statute, "willfully" means "intentionally, knowingly, purposely, voluntarily, consciously, deliberately, and without justifiable excuse, as distinguished from carelessly, inadvertently, accidentally, negligently, heedlessly or thoughtlessly.'" MVC v. MB, 982 P.2d 1246, 1249 (Wyo. 1999), quoting Matter of Adoption of CJH, 778 P.2d 124 (Wyo. 1989). [¶13] Mother claims that her failure to pay child support was not willful because she was unemployed and did not have the ability to pay. Relying on TOC v. TND, 2002 WY 76, 46 P.3d 863 (Wyo. 2002), she asserts that simple proof of her failure to pay is insufficient as a matter of law to justify terminating parental rights. That decision stated: Clearly, by inclusion of the modifying term "willfully" the statute1 draws a distinction, as it must, between the parent who though financially able to pay his court-ordered child support is unwilling to do so, and the parent who though willing to pay his court-ordered child support is financially unable to do so. "A natural parent's failure to support his or her child does not obviate the necessity of the parent's consent to the child's adoption, where the parent's financial condition is such that he or she is unable to support the child." 2 Am.Jur.2d Adoption § 88 (1994). Id., ¶ 27, 46 P.3d at 873 (some citations omitted and footnote added). [¶14] Mother gives an overly broad interpretation to TOC. Although we have stated that a parent's inability or lack of means to pay may refute an allegation of willful failure to pay child support, that does not mean a parent's unemployment, and resulting inability to pay child support, is always excusable. A parent has the responsibility to pay child support in accordance with his or her financial ability. MJH, ¶ 17, 138 P.3d at 687; TOC, ¶ 36, 46 P.3d at 875. In determining the willfulness of the parent's failure to pay, the "courts should look at whether the parent has demonstrated, through whatever financial means available to him, that the parent has not forgotten his statutory obligation to his child." TOC, ¶ 36, 46 P.3d at 875. Willfulness is rarely shown directly and there is often conflicting evidence on the element. Consequently, it is "within the district court's province to weigh the evidence and judge credibility of the witnesses." CJ, ¶ 18, 132 P.3d at 203. [¶15] The Tennessee Court of Appeals offers some guidance on how disputed evidence may be weighed in such cases. In In re Pauline M., 2010 WL 4515062 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 10, 2010), the father had the innate ability to be employed, yet he chose to either remain unemployed or accept jobs below his employment potential. In addition, he was discharged from his last employment for cause because he was observed sleeping on the job. Id. at 5. Although he did earn modest amounts of money during the relevant period of time, his child support payments were much less than his court ordered obligation. The court concluded that the record included clear and convincing evidence that he abandoned his children by willfully failing to support them. Id. at 6. [¶16] In the instant case, the evidence established that Mother worked at a daycare until shortly after the child support order was entered, at which time she voluntarily ended her employment, and hence voluntarily terminated her means of providing support. Although she testified that she applied for jobs after that, without success, she did not take other steps to improve her prospects of becoming employed such as registering with an employment service or finishing the GED program to enhance her education. In addition, when Mother secured a job babysitting for her cousin and was paid for those efforts, she did not pay any of that money toward her child support obligation, despite the fact that her parents were paying for her living expenses. Although she testified that she did not voluntarily remain unemployed to avoid her child support obligation, the district court weighed the evidence and concluded she acted willfully. [¶17] The district court's conclusion that Mother acted "intentionally, knowingly, purposely, voluntarily, consciously, deliberately, and without justifiable excuse, as distinguished from carelessly, inadvertently, accidentally, negligently, heedlessly or thoughtlessly'" when she did not pay child support was supported by the evidence. MVC, 982 P.2d at 1249, quoting CJH, 778 P.2d 124. Contrary to her assertion, the record does not establish that she was being punished simply for being poor and uneducated. The evidence shows that Mother did not take the reasonable or logical steps necessary to become employed and support her child. In other words, she failed to demonstrate that, through whatever financial means were available to her, she had not forgotten her legal obligation to support her child. See TOC, ¶ 36, 46 P.3d at 875. The district court did not abuse its discretion by concluding there was clear and convincing evidence that Mother willfully failed to support her child. [¶18] Affirmed. 1TOC was discussing a different provision of § 1-22-110(a). Subsection (ix) provides for adoption without parental consent if the parent has willfully failed to pay at least 70% of support for a period of at least two years. Section 1-22-110(a)(ix). The analysis is, however, relevant in interpreting § 1-22-110(a)(iv). See, e.g., CJ v. SA, 2006 WY 49, ¶ 8, 132 P.3d 196, 200 (Wyo. 2006) ("The willfulness requirement must be satisfied in order to grant an adoption under either subsection (ix) or (iv)."). of Wyoming Supreme Court opinions.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2529
__label__wiki	0.639072	0.639072	Tag Archives: Boundary Waters Reversal This is a big deal. https://t.co/707Q2Spb2U — PK Read (@paula_read) June 26, 2019 The story about the Boundary Waters reversal in the New York Times appears to be causing a stir. Hours after its online debut on Tuesday, the article had attracted hundreds of comments and was all over social media; yesterday, it appeared above the fold on the front page of the print edition. What struck me first about public reaction was that Times readers — a civic-minded and educated lot, on the whole — seem to have been unfamiliar with the basic elements of this story until now. Most of the commenters’ heat appears to be focused on the Kalorama rental arrangement, which finds the daughter and son-in-law of the president renting a mansion from billionaire Chilean mining magnate Adronico Luksic Craig. It’s the most lurid part the story, and hints at some darker deal, or explicit quid pro quo: a mansion for a mine. I still think caution on that point is warranted. Luksic was easily able to dismiss earlier reporting in Newsweek, HuffPo, and elsewhere on the rental, because it was based on the laziest form of reporting: writing up a (typically colorful) tweet by law professor and Bush administration ethics official Richard Painter about Luksic using “the Boundary Waters as his toilet”. Lo aclaré hace 2 años: A través de empresas que controlo tenemos varios arrendatarios en EEUU. El matrimonio Kushner, a quienes no conozco y que pagan precio de mercado, es uno de ellos. Inaceptable que se involucre injustamente a terceros para fines políticos internos de EEUU . https://t.co/aS0Tuhqm8s — Andrónico Luksic C. (@aluksicc) May 6, 2019 He stuck with this denial after the Times story appeared. Hasta cuándo la misma historia!!! Lo dije en 2017 y repito: NO conozco a los Kushner-Trump. Una empresa que controlo tiene una casa, que ellos arriendan. NINGUNA RELACIÓN con proyecto Twin Metals. No sé con qué intención mezclan dos cosas NO relacionadas!! https://t.co/qViktavCWq — Andrónico Luksic C. (@aluksicc) June 25, 2019 Luksic’s denial almost always turns on the issue whether he has ever “met” or “knows” the Trumps and Kushners. In the Times story, however, Luksic’s purchase of the Kalorama mansion is characterized in another way: as a soft opening bid, bringing Jared and Ivanka into an inappropriate, ethically compromised relationship from the moment they arrive in Washington. They are senior White House officials living under Luksic’s roof: …several ethics experts said they would have cautioned Mr. Kushner and Ms. Trump against renting the home, given the Luksic family’s business before the administration. “There may be nothing wrong,” said Arthur Andrew Lopez, a federal government ethics official for two decades who is now a professor at Indiana University’s Kelley School of Business. “But it doesn’t look good.” It doesn’t really make the arrangement look any better to say they “decided to lease the home before knowing the landlord’s identity,”as Peter Mirijanian, a spokesman for Kushner lawyer Abbe Lowell tells the Times; and it’s worth noting that Mirijanian “did not directly respond to questions about whether they learned of that identity before signing the lease,” which would presumably have given Kushner and Trump an opportunity to review the matter with ethics officials. Besides, Rodrigo Terré, a Luksic agent, “said both sides were aware of each others’ identities before the rental deal was finalized. ‘We disclosed our name and the name of my boss,’ he said in a telephone interview.” That’s pretty unambiguous. After asking out loud — again — whether there had been any formal ethics review of the leasing arrangement, I received this reply from one of the Times reporters: As far as we know, there was no formal ethics review. — Hiroko Tabuchi (@HirokoTabuchi) June 25, 2019 There is additional new reporting here about the rental arrangement and other matters. We learn, for example, that Charles and Seryl Kushner accompanied Jared and Ivanka on their tour of the Kalorama mansion. That family picture raises other questions, mainly about Charles Kushner’s longtime business associate George Gellert — who along with his son Andrew Gellert has extensive business connections in Chile. This angle seems worth exploring, especially since the White House nominated Andrew Gellert to be ambassador to Chile. (The nomination was quietly withdrawn, without explanation, in August of 2018. For more, see this post.) Times reporting also appears to confirm that Antofagasta did, indeed, meet with the White House in May of 2017. The emails I had obtained through FOIA only hinted at the possibility of a meeting: “this same group [from Antofagasta] may also have a meeting at the White House,” wrote Interior’s Karen Hawbecker on April 28th. A key meeting occurred in early May, when Antofagasta’s chief executive, along with other executives and lobbyists, discussed the issue with the White House’s top adviser on domestic energy and the environment, Michael Catanzaro. The company said it wanted to reverse the Obama-era decisions, which it said were illegal and inflicted “undue damage.” That meeting now appears in an update to the Twin Metals at Interior timeline. As I’ve pointed out in another post, Catanzaro is especially close to the current Secretary of the Interior, David Bernhardt. While at the White House, Catanzaro had a regular weekly call with Bernhardt. The two oil and gas lobbyists often had lunch together as well. This would be yet more evidence, if more were required, that the Chilean mining conglomerate owned by the Luksic family had unbridled access to the highest reaches of the administration, and these public officials were working on the mining company’s behalf. The message from an early meeting, according to an attendee who spoke on condition of anonymity, was that officials should prepare for a change in direction. Parse that carefully. It’s one of the most intriguing paragraphs of the entire story, and it calls into question the administration’s claim — which it is currently defending in the US District Court for the District of Columbia — that the Boundary Waters reversal was made merely to correct an error in Solicitor Tompkins’ 2016 M-Opinion. Read more about the Boundary Waters reversal here. This entry was posted in Business and Society, Lake Superior, Louis V. Galdieri's Blog, Prosperity, The Boundary Waters Reversal and tagged Boundary Waters, Boundary Waters Canoe Area, Boundary Waters Reversal, Chile, corruption, David Bernhardt, Department of Interior, environmental ethics, ethics, Gellert Group, Hiroko Tabuchi, mining, Steve Eder, sulfide mining, Voyageur Outward Bound School et al. v. United States et al, Voyageur v. United States, Water on June 27, 2019 by lvgaldieri. At a hearing yesterday of the House Appropriations Committee, Representative Betty McCollum asked newly confirmed Secretary of the Interior David Bernhardt —again — for documents regarding the decisions and actions taken on the Boundary Waters. Bernhardt was politely evasive, but made it clear that Interior is more likely to comply with the mining company’s plans than with Congressional demands. The full exchange is cued up here: A few notes. We should take a moment to appreciate that Representative McCollum used some of her time to talk about the recent report from the UN Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES). This global assessment brought alarming news. McCollum started by asking whether it was being taken seriously at Interior, and how Interior could possibly continue to advance Trump’s “energy dominance” agenda in light of the report’s findings: The UN Report also stated that the health of the ecosystems that we and other species depend on is deteriorating more rapidly than ever. We are eroding the very foundations of our economies, our livelihoods, food security, health and quality of life worldwide. Around one million plant and animal species are now threatened with extinction, many within decades, more than ever before in human history. So, Mr. Secretary, like the Fourth National Climate Assessment, this information is very sobering, and I believe it’s a call for action. So with the release of this information will the Department of Interior take a pause in its approach to energy development, to reexamine the impacts of these operations on ecosystems, species, and habitats, to see if there are better approaches? Without waiting for a reply, McCollum continued: The report also states that the abundance of native species in most land — major land based habitats has declined by 20 percent. And so I want to know how the Department is going to work to sustain native plants on public lands, and …the last thing that I’ll mention that the report highlights is the impact of greenhouse gas emissions on nature. With those impacts projected to increase over the coming decades. So I believe, and I believe many Americans would agree with me, that we can’t continue a business as usual approach. So how’s the Department going to incorporate this science into your everyday operations and long range planning? In other words, what are you doing to make sure the United States is a leader, and not a contributor, in the eroding of the foundations of our economies, our livelihoods, and the health and quality of life not only here in America but worldwide? These remarks set the tone and context for the whole hearing, and for the brief exchange over the Boundary Waters. “The UN Report is on a lot more than just on climate change,” McCollum reminds Bernhardt at the beginning of the clip I’ve included above, “it’s also about pollution, mining, and land use.” Indeed, the IPBES report notes that mining has “increased dramatically” in recent decades, and that it has already had “significant negative impacts on biodiversity, emissions of highly toxic pollutants, water quality and water distribution, and human health.” It adds that mining has had “strong negative effects on soil, freshwater and marine water quality and the global atmosphere.” As currently practiced, mining even jeopardizes responsible stewardship, as it has frequently led to “indigenous peoples or local communities [being] expelled from or threatened upon their lands.” In light of all this, the report recommends, among other things, “guiding and limiting the expansion of unsustainable agriculture and mining” to protect water and wetlands, which are under more pressure from human activity than ever before. A thoughtful approach, but Bernhardt’s response was not even remotely satisfactory. He made some noises about how much he respected and appreciated McCollum’s question, but he was careful not to commit to handing over the requested documents. He left himself lots of wiggle room, basically claiming deliberative process privilege. Given his refusal, it was somewhat gratifying to hear that one of the documents I obtained through FOIA — an email to David Bernhardt on October 3rd, 2017, about a briefing on the Boundary Waters — was helpful to McCollum; but it was also frustrating to watch Bernhardt stonewall a Congressional committee. Like Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue, Bernhardt assured Representative McCollum in the most earnest tones he could muster that once the mining permit process is underway, he’ll be open to public comment. By then, of course, it will be way too late. “There’s lots of opportunity for comment, review. There’s no way we’re going to approve something that’s destructive to the Boundary Waters. But there are processes we go through to analyze that.” This would be reassuring were it not for the fact that those “processes to analyze” had already been set in place — with the finding by US Forest Service Chief Tom Tidwell that sulfide mining posed an “unacceptable risk” to the Boundary Waters; with the issuing of Solicitor Tompkins’ M-Opinion; and with the mineral withdrawal study in Superior National Forest — and Bernhardt, Perdue, and other Trump political appointees abruptly cancelled and reversed all of them. Why? We don’t know. They refuse to say. If you listen closely to Bernhardt, his true position becomes clear. “If the applicant” — namely, Antofagasta Plc — “were to go forward, there are lots of opportunities for comment and review.” He’s leaving all discretion to the mining company. He refuses to grapple with the fact that reversals of Obama era protections — the reinstatement of the mineral leases — were unlawful, as McCollum points out here. We know from the documents we have that Interior basically followed the mining company’s lead, and worked closely and behind closed doors with mining company lobbyists, in making this unlawful reversal. What else is Bernhardt holding back from the public? Update, 15 May 2019. At today’s hearing of the House Natural Resources Committee, Representative Alan Lowenthal again pressed Bernhardt on the Boundary Waters leases, and asked about the Briefing Memo and the Withdrawal Options document identified in the email correspondence I obtained through FOIA. At the end of last week, the Committee received thousands of pages in response to their request for documents. This document dump consisted mostly of duplicates and materials that had already been made public through FOIA, and some pages were filled with garbage characters — what Lowenthal called “jibberish.” The Briefing Memo and the Withdrawal Options documents were included, but fully redacted, as they are in the documents I received. The whole exchange is here. Bernhardt was non-committal and evasive, as before. But today he had an ace up his sleeve. Toward the end of the hearing, the Bureau of Land Management announced that it had renewed Antofagasta’s copper-nickel mining leases near the Boundary Waters. This is an important step forward for the Twin Metals project. This entry was posted in Business and Society, Governance, Lake Superior, Louis V. Galdieri's Blog, Prosperity, The Boundary Waters Reversal and tagged Betty McCollum, biodiversity, Boundary Waters, Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, Boundary Waters Reversal, corruption, David Bernhardt, Department of Interior, ecological collapse, extinction, IPBES, IPBES Report, land use, mining, public lands, public life, UN Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Water on May 8, 2019 by lvgaldieri. The way Interior has acted under the Trump administration is the textbook definition of a political cartel, using state resources to help the special interests. And it sure looks to me like Mr. Jorjani has been a key member of the cartel. -Senator Ron Wyden When asked by Senator Manchin whether he could set aside political allegiances and provide “forthright legal analysis,” Daniel Jorjani offered assurances, but his confirmation hearing on Thursday kept circling back to the question. Senator Cantwell said she was “trying to get an understanding of your commitment to what is the law and whether you will help follow the law. That’s the key thing I’m after.” Senator Wyden wanted the other nominee in the room, Mark Greenblatt, to give him written specifics about how as Inspector General at Interior he would maintain his independence, “and keep these political appointments” — people “like Mr. Jorjani,” he added — “from interfering with protecting the public.” Senator King wanted to know whether Jorjani has had any contact with people associated with Freedom Partners or the Koch Brothers since taking his post at Interior. Jorjani was not prepared to say he had not, and at the end of the hearing promised to go back and check. When her turn came, Senator Hirono said it was “hard to believe” that Jorjani’s work for the Koch Brothers between 2009 and 2017 “does not influence [his] opinions.” She cited his M-Opinion on “incidental take,” according to which oil companies that inadvertently kill migratory birds (in a spill, for instance) will no longer face penalties or prosecution. Hirono wanted to know why Jorjani issued that opinion. Hirono: A lot of these challenges under this law have come from, have been lawsuits involving the oil and gas industry. So who benefits most from your opinion that totally stopped prosecutions for incidental take under this law? What industry most benefits from your opinion? Jorjani: I’m not aware of any particular industry that benefits from this. I’d like to think that he American people benefit from a restrained approach. Hirono: Yeah, I’d like to think so too. But you cannot escape the conclusion that the people you used to work for before, the Koch Brothers, this is one of their biggest issues that they wanted to have done away with….. I would say the oil and gas industries are the biggest beneficiaries. Senator Manchin summed up what appeared to be the skeptics’ view: as Acting [Deputy Solicitor General] you came in and overturned 7 of the 8 [Tompkins] opinions….Those things were basically approved as the previous administration was outgoing. We found also these had been exhaustively studied and Ms. Tompkins was well regarded and following the rule of law. And in all honesty the observance I have is that basically that your political ideology overtook…the rule of law. For his part, Jorjani made the striking claim that a directive from the president’s Chief of Staff authorized him “to review every regulation and every opinion,” including previous M-Opinions by his predecessor, Solicitor Hillary Tompkins. The directive in question appears to be the Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies issued by Reince Priebus on January 20, 2017, which put in place a Regulatory Freeze, affording Trump’s political appointees “the opportunity to review any new or pending regulations” and specifically any “questions of fact, law, and policy they raise.” This is the first time I have heard anyone at Interior publicly and directly connect the overturning of Tompkins’ M-Opinions with this directive. Jorjani seems to have read it expansively, virtually as carte blanche. He called it the “catalyst” for his multiple reversals of Tompkins. It now has a place on the Twin Metals timeline. This entry was posted in Business and Society, Lake Superior, Louis V. Galdieri's Blog, Prosperity, The Boundary Waters Reversal and tagged administrative law, administrative state, Boundary Waters Reversal, corruption, Daniel Jorjani, Department of Interior, deregulation, environmental politics, ethics, law, political cartel, politics, public interest, regulation, regulatory capture, rule of law on May 3, 2019 by lvgaldieri. Why did Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue abruptly cancel the planned two-year mineral withdrawal study in Superior National Forest? Why has he so far failed, or refused, to turn over findings from the first twenty months of that study, despite repeated requests from congressional leaders? If, as Perdue claims, the study “did not reveal new scientific information,” what’s there to hide? The administrative record is being deliberately kept from us, it seems. Congress has yet to see the documents and analysis the Secretary of Agriculture is supposed to have consulted before issuing his decision to clear the way for copper mining on the edge of the Boundary Waters. The American public has no assurance that Perdue or the Trump administration “acted in good faith,” as the editors of the Star Tribune put it over the weekend, or even, I would add, in compliance with administrative law. As things stand, “disturbing questions remain about whether [an] industry-friendly outcome was driven by science or politics. If there’s nothing to hide, there should be no delays in providing this information to the public.” At a hearing of the House Appropriations Committee on Tuesday, April 9th, Representative Betty McCollum asked the Secretary of Agriculture to address some of those concerns. (The video is cued to the start of McCollum’s question time.) Some highlights. Back in May of 2017, Secretary Perdue had reassured McCollum and an Interior subcommittee that he would “absolutely” allow the planned two-year study to go forward. But his words, McCollum says, have been “completely belied by [his] actions.” You failed to live up to your words when you announced in September the abrupt cancellation of the mineral withdrawal study. Twenty months into a twenty-four month study review. Twenty months of collecting public input. Twenty months of science-based assessment. And all you released was a one-page press release. And that’s completely inadequate. We still have not seen any of the science behind the science-based decision. I have sent multiple letters, first in November and then again on March 1st, along with the Chair of the Natural Resources Committee, asking your agency to release the relevant documentation from the twenty-month review. Your own press release said the review included …”a mineral resource report, a biological and economic impact assessment, potential impacts to water resources, wilderness areas, and cultural resources.” Secretary Perdue, were all those reports completed as part of the environmental assessment? Perdue: I can’t answer that question directly, Ma’am. McCollum: So if you don’t have complete scientific reports to review before making your decision to cancel the withdrawal, one has to ask what your decision was based on. Do you have any idea what your decision was based on, sir? Perdue says he does have an idea, but in the exchange that follows, he manages only a jumbled statement. When I learned that Minnesota really has the last vote on this as a state government, and where the governor had determined already that he was not going to allow this to go forward, it made no sense to me to proceed to — certainly, there’s been not one permit issued, there will not be one permit issued until it’s a complete environmental impact statement and study, based on that, and it looked to me it would be duplicative after I realized that, after my statement to you in May of 17 at my first hearing, and therefore the state of Minnesota has the last vote on this, and I would expect them to do what the citizens of Minnesota would decide. If I may venture a paraphrase: the Secretary of Agriculture cancelled the scientific study of mineral withdrawal, because — try to follow the reasoning here — once Superior National Forest is no longer subject to withdrawal, and the permitting process for new mining can get underway in earnest, there will be environmental impact assessments done. Those assessments will involve science, or “study.” Why finish the two-year study to determine whether any mining should be done at all, when we’re just going to do more scientific study later, in order to issue mining permits? And since the governor and the people of Minnesota seem to be against the whole thing anyway, science is irrelevant. This is arrant nonsense, and shows an utter disregard for administrative procedure and a lack of preparation that borders on contempt of Congress. Still, it might help settle the question whether Perdue’s decision was driven by “science or politics.” Secretary Perdue seems not even to understand the role scientific study plays in the Forest Service’s disposition of public lands, or he just doesn’t care. Consider his attitude toward scientific study in the press release he issued back in September of 2018. There, Perdue boasted that by cancelling the two-year study he had removed a “major obstacle,” a “roadblock,” to mineral leasing on the edge of the Boundary Waters. Now, “interested companies may seek to lease minerals in the watershed.” McCollum was not satisfied with any of this — why should she be? — and she reminded Perdue that his actions have already had serious consequences. Well, sir, I respectfully disagree with your analysis of this. Once the Forest Service didn’t go forward on the study, BLM started moving forward on lease renewal. Once the study wasn’t completed and I asked for all the information on it, taxpayers paid for it, I have not received it. So sir, I feel that the Forest Service did not fulfill its congressional obligation by moving forward with the full two-year study, and the watershed that the Boundary Waters is in, all water’s precious, but it makes no sense to me at all that the Forest Service abandoned its due diligence research… Your stopping the study started a rollercoaster of events that will lead, possibly, to the destruction of these pristine waters. McCollum has once again raised the alarm. Where are the whistleblowers? Read more posts about the Boundary Waters reversal here. This entry was posted in Business and Society, Lake Superior, Louis V. Galdieri's Blog, Prosperity, The Boundary Waters Reversal and tagged administrative procedure, administrative record, anti-science, arbitrary and capricious, Betty McCollum, Boundary Waters Canoe Area, Boundary Waters Reversal, corruption, mining, Science, Sonny Perdue, Superior National Forest, Water on April 16, 2019 by lvgaldieri. A Motion in D.D.C. and Some Updates to the Twin Metals Timeline A March 1, 2019 motion filed in Voyageur Outward Bound School et al. v. United States et al draws on the collection of documents I obtained through a Freedom of Information Act request to the Department of the Interior. The motion asks Judge McFadden of the US District Court for the District of Columbia to compel the completion of the administrative record. This is from the declaration filed together with the motion to compel: During the week of February 11, 2019, Plaintiffs learned of a set of 4,490 pages of documents that Louis Galdieri had obtained from the Department of the Interior in response to a January 2018 FOIA request and had published online earlier that week (Galdieri FOIA Production). Mr. Galdieri is unaffiliated with Plaintiffs. After reviewing those thousands of pages of documents, Plaintiffs identified the documents attached hereto as Exhibits A–J as particularly relevant to the issues in this case. As it now stands, the record before the court paints an incomplete picture. The Exhibits filed together with the motion include key documents from the FOIA production that now appear in the Twin Metals timeline. These documents show Interior officials working closely with lobbyists from WilmerHale, giving short shrift to environmental advocates and setting scientific findings aside, and meeting multiple times with executives from Antofagasta, Plc and Twin Metals Minnesota. The FOIA production also offers evidence of coordination with the US Embassy in Santiago, Chile, where the CEO of Antofagasta met with the ambassador in late April of 2017, and with the Trump White House, where the Antofagasta CEO and his entourage may have had meetings as early as May of 2017. Overall, the documents demonstrate clearly that the review of the Twin Metals matter undertaken at the Department of Interior was an exercise in a foregone conclusion. The goal from the outset was to reverse the Obama administration and deliver for the mining company. The attorneys for the plaintiffs called out a some documents that had escaped my noticed. These now appear on the timeline. One document was not there because I could not figure out where it should fall in the chronology: it is dated “April XX” of 2017. It is a copy of a Memorandum for the Secretary — namely, Ryan Zinke — from the Office of the Solicitor, heavily redacted on the grounds of attorney-client privilege. The eight page memorandum is pretty clearly the same memo, or a draft of the same memo that Kathleen Benedetto forwarded to Zinke on April 25, 2017. That memorandum was developed from a Briefing Paper that had been in the works at Interior as early as February of 2017. The memo provides Zinke with “a set of options for reversing” BLM’s decision on Twin Metals before he meets with Representatives Tom Emmer and Rick Nolan the next day . Even though the XX in the date is not a Roman numeral but a placeholder, I’ve dated it April 20th, just to assign it a place in the timeline. That redacted document helps bring Zinke into the picture. I’ve also added an October 12th, 2017 meeting between the Office of the Solicitor meets and Twin Metals Minnesota. We know about this meeting from an October 27, 2017 email sent by Briana Collier to Karen Hawbecker and Richard McNeer of the Office of the Solicitor. She reminds them that Jack Haugrud expects the Solicitor’s office to produce “Twin Metals M-Opinion Reversal Draft” in “4-6 weeks from when we met with Twin Metals on October 12th.” This document might help clear up some confusion I had about how many times the Solicitor’s office met with Antofagasta executives. I had counted only the May 2nd and July 25th meeting with Antofagasta CEO Ivan Arriagada, but a March 1, 2019 letter from three House leaders — Alan Lowenthal, Raul Grijalva and Betty McCollum — to Secretaries Perdue and Bernhardt pointed to a third meeting: “Antofagasta met with Jorjani three times in the months leading up to the issuance of his Solicitor opinion in December 2017,” the letter reads. Maybe this October 12th meeting counts as the third meeting. I’ve written to McCollum’s office for clarification, but have not received a reply. Even with all the redactions, gaps in the record, and unanswered questions, it seems pretty clear that in the Twin Metals matter the Department of the Interior was serving private interests, and not the public interest. At whose direction we still do not know; nor do we know why the matter appears to have been a priority for the new administration. Interior has not yet provided me with all the documents I requested back in January of 2018. Maybe some fresh answers will come with the release of additional documents. Update, 22 March 2019. One day after I posted this, on March 15th, 2019, attorneys for the defense filed a brief in opposition to the plaintiff’s March 1 motion. Writing for the DOJ, Deputy Assistant Attorney General Jean E. Williams maintains that documents obtained through FOIA are not necessarily part of the administrative record. These are merely “internal transmittal emails, deliberative documents, and privileged attorney work product” that the plaintiffs “offer…exclusively in an improper attempt to prove the subjective motivation or mental processes of the decisionmaker.” The federal government cites plenty of case law to support this point. this Court should deny Plaintiffs’ belated motion because Plaintiffs have not met the heavy burden of overcoming the presumption of administrative regularity that attaches to an agency’s designation of the administrative record and because the this [sic] Court’s review of any reviewable, final agency action challenged by the Complaints should be limited to consideration of whether the agencies’ stated reasons are arbitrary and capricious. To the layperson, it would seem that the arbitrary and capricious nature of those “stated reasons” is exactly what the FOIA production suggests. The Jorjani memo appears to have been an exercise in a foregone conclusion, written from a blueprint set out in 2016 by Seth Waxman, the mining company’s attorney. There are those meetings with the CEO of Antofagasta Plc at the US Embassy in Santiago, Chile, at the Department of Interior, and at the White House. There is abundant evidence that Interior worked hand in hand with mining company representatives to reach its conclusions. None of that should enter into determining whether the FOIA production is part of the administrative record, the federal government argues. The court should look at the emails arranging these meetings, and determine only whether they are rightly considered part of the administrative record. The emails were not themselves “considered in reaching the decisions to reinstate the leases,” they assert. Or, as they put it at the end of their brief, the emails were not “actually before the decisionmaker.” Finally, Plaintiffs’ motion should be denied because Plaintiffs offer these documents for an impermissible purpose. Plaintiffs admit that they intend to use the documents to attempt to show Federal Defendants’ subjective intent in reaching the challenged decisions. But the law of this Circuit is clear that APA review is limited to an agency’s stated justifications, not the mental processes or subjective motivations that may underlie a decision. For this reason, this Court should deny Plaintiffs’ motion because the proposed supplement is irrelevant to the questions before the Court. The Court is not going to guess at mental processes or motivations, but can it really come to a decision about the arbitrary and capricious nature of the Jorjani opinion without considering what the plaintiffs call “the why and the how” of the Jorjani opinion? Or without taking into account the fact that the CEO of Antofagasta himself was “actually before the decisionmaker,” several times? That is what these documents show. Update, 23 March 2019. Yesterday, as I was writing the previous update, the Plaintiffs filed a reply to the DOJ brief. In this latest filing, the attorneys for Voyageur et al. argue that the documents produced by Interior in response to my FOIA request cannot be dismissed on the grounds that they are just “deliberative” or covered by attorney-client privilege. The agency has already redacted these documents to protect deliberative process and preserve attorney-client privilege, and “plaintiffs only seek to include the documents as redacted.” They also make clear that their real complaint has to do with the Department of Interior claiming that they were merely correcting an error in the M-Opinion issued by Solicitor Tompkins. “Under the banner of error correction,” Jorjani smuggled in a new policy. “The documents…are relevant to establishing whether the stated rationale was pretextual,” in which case, they would be relevant to the plaintiffs’ claim that the agency did not have the proper authority to issue the new opinion. Finally, they take up the DOJ’s argument that the documents in question were not “before the decisionmakers.” As I mentioned yesterday, this argument essentially amounts to saying that the decisionmakers did not have the emails themselves before them as they worked. Here, the plaintiffs cite case law to the effect that “a document need not literally pass before the eyes of the final agency decision maker to be considered part of the administrative record,” as a 1996 case, Miami Nation of Indians v. Babbitt, reads. But that is not even the major flaw in DOJ’s argument, they say. The documents were “to and from” the decisionmakers themselves, “generated by, and circulated between” them; and “agency decisionmakers considered them directly or indirectly” in reaching their decisions. Some of the documents show decisionmakers running their work by the White House and other policymakers. Looking at the Twin Metals timeline, it is hard to deny that “influential officials responsible for domestic and international policy concerns discussed Twin Metals with the agency decisionmakers in the lead-up to the challenged decisions,” as the Plaintiffs assert here. Still others show requests coming directly from Antofagasta Plc, and internal discussions at Interior about the meeting between CEO Arriagada and high-level officials. The DOJ has already introduced into the administrative record the April 17, 2017 letter from Ivan Arriagada to Ryan Zinke (which I discuss here). So they admit that’s relevant and part of the record. Why admit that and exclude other correspondence that shows the extent of Antofagasta’s influence over the Office of the Solicitor, its meetings with the State Department, or the Trump White House? If I may venture a summary: this appears to be a case of high-level public officials blatantly serving the private interests of a foreign mining conglomerate, and pretending all the while to be scrupulous about the law. Update, 8 April 2019. Today, Judge McFadden issued an order denying the Plaintiffs’ motion to admit documents produced through my January 2018 FOIA request. The court relied for its decision on the “strong presumption” that an agency has properly compiled the administrative record. So “the Court finds that the Federal Defendants have compiled the administrative record here in good faith.” This is a setback for the plaintiffs, and, for what it’s worth, a good occasion for me to think about the record I am producing here. Read other posts about the Boundary Waters reversal here. This entry was posted in Business and Society, Lake Superior, Louis V. Galdieri's Blog, Prosperity, The Boundary Waters Reversal and tagged Antofagasta, Boundary Waters, Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, Boundary Waters Reversal, corruption, Department of Interior, FOIA, Freedom of Information Act, influence, regulatory capture, Ryan Zinke, Twin Metals, Water on March 14, 2019 by lvgaldieri. A New Boundary Waters FOIA Request On Tuesday of last week, the Washington, DC-based organization American Oversight filed a Freedom of Information Act request regarding the decision to renew Twin Metals Minnesota’s leases in Superior National Forest, on the edge of the Boundary Waters. This March 5th request is much broader in scope than the FOIA request I made back in January of 2017, which has so far yielded about five-thousand pages in documents, with more still to come. Slowly but surely, a picture is coming into focus. American Oversight’s question about “outside influence” can already be answered with an unequivocal yes: We filed FOIAs to find out if outside influence played a role in allowing Twin Metals, a mining company connected to Ivanka Trump and Jared Kushner's D.C. landlord, to renew mining leases near a Minnesota wilderness area: https://t.co/0f8eeFF3tA — American Oversight (@weareoversight) March 10, 2019 Nonetheless, this new request promises to deepen our understanding of how Interior went about reversing Obama era protections for the Boundary Waters, at whose direction they did so, and why the matter appears to have been a priority for the incoming administration. Three things intrigue me about American Oversight’s request. First, it extends from January 20th, 2017 to the present. My request for documents from the Office of the Solicitor runs only to December of 2017, when the Jorjani decision was released. So the new request will take us up to the present, and include actions taken by Interior and USDA in 2018. Second, American Oversight has asked for any communications on this matter from Jared Kushner and Ivanka Trump, from their official White House accounts and from their personal ijkfamily.com email domain, and from anyone using their personal email domain. This will help clarify the role Kushner, Trump, and the Trump White House might have played in the Boundary Waters reversal, and what connections, if any, we can draw between their rental of the Luksic-owned Kalorama mansion and the renewal of Antofagasta’s mineral leases. That may involve a foreign emolument. This aspect of the new request also promises to inform a broader American Oversight investigation into Jared and Ivanka’s roles in the administration. Third, and perhaps most intriguing of all, American Oversight’s request zeroes in on an April 28, 2017 meeting with Wilmer Hale’s Rob Lehman at the Department of the Interior. I added this meeting to the Twin Metals timeline after discovering it on the calendar of Chief of Staff Scott Hommel (which American Oversight obtained back in June of 2018). A look at the timeline shows that this was an especially busy period for Interior officials working on — or should I say with? — Twin Metals: on April 27th, in preparation for a meeting between Deputy Secretary James Cason and Antofagasta CEO Ivan Arriagada, Raya Treiser of Wilmer Hale forwards some background materials. Among them, the Waxman letter to Solicitor Hillary Tompkins that Interior would use as a blueprint. The very next day, Lehman comes to meet with Kathleen Benedetto, an 11AM meeting. Who else was in the room? We don’t know. We do know that right after that meeting Benedetto briefed her colleagues at the Office of the Solicitor. The purpose of the Benedetto briefing, according to Associate Solicitor Karen Hawbecker, was “to get some feedback from [Benedetto] on the options we’ve identified for reversing action on the Twin Metals decision.” So by late April, the course appears already set. The options on the table were all for “reversing”; and as if to seal the deal, one week later, Antofagasta CEO Ivan Arriagada and his entourage arrive at the Department of the Interior for a first meeting. What was discussed on that occasion, and whether any assurances were given to Mr. Arriagada, remains unknown. The actions Interior subsequently took speak for themselves. This entry was posted in Business and Society, Governance, Lake Superior, Louis V. Galdieri's Blog, Prosperity and tagged American Oversight, Antofagasta Plc, Boundary Waters, Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, Boundary Waters Reversal, corruption, Department of Interior, influence, lobbying, mining, power, revolving door, Water on March 10, 2019 by lvgaldieri. The Architect of the Boundary Waters Reversal “Extrinsic evidence” from the 1980s: one of the files from the Milwaukee District Office of the Bureau of Land Management appended to Waxman’s 2016 letter to Hilary Tompkins. Principal Deputy Solicitor Daniel Jorjani signed the December 2017 Department of Interior memo that re-opened the door to sulfide mining near the Boundary Waters, but he probably should not be considered the legal architect of the Boundary Waters reversal. That dubious honor appears to belong to Seth P. Waxman. Or at least the key arguments in Jorjani’s memo seem to be largely derived from a letter Waxman wrote on behalf of Twin Metals to Department of Interior Solicitor Hilary Tompkins back in July of 2016. Waxman’s name may ring a bell. He has had a distinguished legal and political career. Under President Clinton, he served as Solicitor General of the United States. In the last year of the Bush administration, he made oral arguments before the Supreme Court in Boumedienne v. Bush, to uphold habeas corpus rights for Guantanamo detainees. During the Obama years, his name was even floated as a Supreme Court nominee. Waxman is also a partner at WilmerHale, the powerful DC firm that has led both the lobbying and litigation efforts for Antofagasta, Plc in its bid to renew its mineral leases in Superior National Forest. Waxman sent his 24 page letter to Hilary Tompkins on July 1, 2016. On the same day, he sent a letter to Secretary of Interior Sally Jewell. Those letters are included among Department of Interior documents obtained through FOIA. The letter to Tompkins appears to have been the most widely shared. It was attached to an April 27, 2017 email from Raya B. Treiser of WilmerHale to Cathy Gulac, secretary to James Cason, confirming a May 2nd meeting with Antofagasta CEO Ivan Arriagada at Interior. You can follow it from there as it gets attached to other email exchanges and forwarded around. A handoff from Interior’s Jack Haugrud to a political appointee: Gary Lawkowski, Counselor to the Solicitor. Attached is Seth P. Waxman’s 2016 letter to Solicitor Tompkins. Waxman’s argument in the letter to Solicitor Tompkins is that Twin Metals has a non-discretionary right to renewal, as dictated by the terms of the leases negotiated by the International Nickel Company and the Bureau of Land Management back in 1966. This is also the conclusion at which Jorjani arrives, and he appears to do so by carefully following Waxman’s lead. Here, I’m going to highlight several places where Waxman’s influence on Jorjani seems undeniable. (To make it easier for others to follow along, I’ve posted the Waxman letter. Jorjani’s memo can be found here.) To the layman — and I am one, so anything I say here should probably be read in light of that — the very idea of a non-discretionary right to renewal might seem paradoxical, or at least puzzling. Apparently the federal government, and specifically BLM, can “grant” and has twice granted (in 1989 and 2004) the renewal of these mineral leases, but it has no discretion to deny renewal (as long as the company complies with the law). Hobbled, BLM can say yes but not no. Waxman’s argument easily and cleverly explains why this is so. The terms of the 1966 lease, he says, are both “comprehensive” and “unique”, and those unique terms still “govern” (to use the phrase Jorjani prefers) or (in Waxman’s words) “control”: One of those terms is a right to renew the lease (in fact, to successive renewals). This right is critical to the parties’ overall bargain: The investment required of the lessee under the leases is enormous. But because of recognized operational problems in the area, producing minerals in the short term would have been impossible. The leases thus would serve no rational purpose absent a non-discretionary right to renew; no company would undertake the necessary investment for exploration and development knowing that it could be unilaterally deprived of any ability to recoup that investment. (p. 1) Of course, it’s possible to think of a rational purpose mineral leases could “thus” serve absent a non-discretionary right to renew. The leases might afford the company an opportunity to explore a mineral resource on public lands within a specified period of time and on certain terms, assess the feasibility of developing the resource, and provide a right to negotiate successive renewals. We can easily imagine circumstances in which the federal government might reserve discretion, and renewal might be contingent on all kinds of things, like changes in environmental conditions, advances in scientific knowledge, evidence of responsible stewardship, or commensurability with other rights. That all sounds perfectly reasonable. There’s no need to insist that a “non-discretionary right” is the only appropriate arrangement, or buy into the view that preserving discretion over renewal confers on government the power to “unilaterally [deprive]” the company of “any ability.” This is lawyer’s hyperbole, affecting sobriety and marking out an extreme position: the only “rational” course appears to be one that protects the investment of the mining company, from exploration through development. Having entered into a lease agreement with a mining concern, the federal government is now bound to help the company realize a return on its investment. And that would require going way beyond providing incentives. Surrendering all discretion, the government defers entirely to private interests and agrees to relieve the mining company of business risk. This Extractive Industry First approach is perfectly congruent with Trumpism and its doctrine of Energy Dominance. We see it reflected not just in the Jorjani memo but in some of the changes Ryan Zinke and David Bernhardt brought to the Department of Interior. Perhaps Mr. Waxman is a man ahead of his time — by about a year, it seems. But let’s grant, for the moment, Waxman’s position that this non-discretionary right is indeed the “unique” arrangement the 1966 leases set out, and focus instead on the area where Jorjani’s memo relies most heavily on Waxman: in reaching the conclusion that the 1966 leases “govern.” Here is Jorjani’s brief restatement of Waxman’s argument: Twin Metals is entitled to a third renewal. First, the renewal terms of the 2004 lease form do not govern. The form is ambiguous, and the intent of the parties to keep operative the terms of the 1966 leases becomes clear once the BLM’s decision files are examined. (p. 8) Jorjani adds in a footnote (number 38) that Solicitor Tompkins’ memo did not examine this “extrinsic evidence” — 1980s decision files from the BLM’s Milwaukee office, which Waxman attached as exhibits to his letter to Hillary Tomkins — “because of its underlying premise that the 2004 lease forms were unambiguous.” This, too, echoes Waxman, and builds on an argument about ambiguity and how to resolve it that Waxman sets out repeatedly in his 2016 letter to Tompkins: “Because the renewal provision in the 2004 standard forms is ambiguous,” he writes, “extrinsic evidence [namely, the 1989 BLM decision files] must be considered” (pp. 22-3). Jorjani returns to the theme several times: “the meaning of the 2004 leases is ambiguous” (p. 11), but those Milwaukee files from the 1980s clear everything up. Waxman discusses what should be done in such cases of ambiguity: “Where a provision in a contract is ambiguous, courts resort to extrinsic evidence to resolve the ambiguity by ‘determin[ing] the intent and meaning of the parties” (p. 23). Jorjani is on exactly the same page: “where contract terms are unclear or ambiguous, an examination of extrinsic evidence is appropriate to properly interpret the contract in accordance with the parties’ intent” (p. 10). Waxman maintains that “extrinsic evidence must be considered, and it confirms that the parties’ intent in executing the 2004 forms was to re-confirm that Twin Metals has a non-discretionary right to renew” (p. 3). Jorjani, too, discovers the “intent” of the 1966 parties in the 1989 files: …the meaning of the 2004 leases is ambiguous. Given this ambiguity, extrinsic evidence beyond the ‘four corners’ of the document may be considered to ascertain the intent of the contracting parties. Examining the decision files of the BLM resolves the ambiguity. The record shows that the BLM renewed the leases in 1989 under the same terms as the 1966 leases, and did so again in 2004. (p. 11) Though both Jorjani and Waxman seize on the same Milwaukee documents to prove intent, neither entertains the possibility that there might be other extrinsic evidence to consider in this case — to illuminate historical context, help clarify why the Milwaukee office took the actions it did in 1989, or throw into relief the different economic and environmental conditions, or different assumptions about public lands and private industry, that obtain in 1966, 1989, 2004, or for that matter now. This isn’t a historical inquiry, after all: it is, instead, a search for proof of intent that will shore up the mining company’s claim. It’s just a little unsettling to see the vast resources of the Department of Interior being marshaled to that purpose, following the lead of Antofagasta’s counsel. Let’s go back, once more, to this issue of ambiguity. One of the main reasons why the 2004 leases are ambiguous — and why the 1966 leases control, and why the Milwaukee documents are necessary in the first place — is that the 2004 leases lack what is known as an integration clause. A written contract is “integrated” when the parties consider it to constitute their full and complete agreement. Or, as a Jorjani footnote (49) explains, “Integration clauses, also known as merger clauses, are contract provisions that generally state that the agreement as written constitutes the entire agreement between the parties and supersedes any prior representations.” Jorjani cites Corbin on Contracts for his authority; Waxman, Williston on Contracts: the standard lease forms used in 2004 do not “supersede or annul” the 1966 leases (Waxman, p. 11). As Waxman states at the outset of his letter, this lack of an integration clause is a point Solicitor Tompkins does not “acknowledge” in her M-Opinion (p. 2). Both Waxman and Jorjanil will go to town on this point. Waxman: the Opinion asserts (p.6) that the 2004 standard forms are “complete, integrated documents,” and thus their renewal provision governs the analysis here. In making this assertion, the Opinion does not acknowledge the lack of any integration clause in the 2004 standard forms. (p. 7) And again: …the 1966 leases control. The Opinion’s contrary view depends on its assertion (p.6) that the 2004 forms are “integrated” contracts. But they are not; the 2004 forms lack any integration clause (a point the Opinion does not acknowledge), and there is no other basis on which to conclude that the 2004 forms— divorced from the 1966 leases that the parties attached—were integrated contracts. In light of this, the Opinion’s refusal to consider extrinsic evidence conflicts with established law. (p. 2) Jorjani picks up on the same phrase (“complete, integrated documents”) in Tompkins’ Opinion, and appears to paraphrase Waxman: Rather than being “complete, integrated documents,” the leases attach without full explanation the entirety of the 1966 leases and do not include an integration clause that states that the 2004 lease forms are the complete expression of the parties’ agreement. These facts alone warrant an examination of extrinsic evidence to determine the intent of the parties. (p. 10) Here, in a footnote (number 50), Jorjani cites a 1999 Second Circuit case Waxman uses in his letter (p. 9): Starter Corp. v. Converse, Inc.. “When a contract lacks an express integration clause [courts] must ‘determine whether the parties intended their agreement to be an integrated contract by reading the writing in light of the surrounding circumstances.” That’s Waxman. Jorjani cites the exact same sentence, using brackets, as Waxman does, to substitute “courts” for “district court” in the original text, and putting the word “must” in italics for emphasis. That two knowledgeable lawyers are appealing to the same legal precedents might not be all that surprising. But it seems pretty clear that this citation, too, is part of a disconcerting pattern. None of this goes directly to the question of legal merits, or which reading of the Twin Metals leases should or eventually will prevail. Yet something here is seriously amiss. The blueprint followed by the Principal Deputy Solicitor at the Department of Interior to reverse protections for the Boundary Waters appears to have first been drawn by the attorney for a Chilean mining conglomerate. That should raise some questions about ethical conduct, about revolving door access and undue influence, and about whether the opinion Jorjani released in December of 2017 should be allowed to stand. You can read other posts on the Boundary Waters Reversal here. This entry was posted in Business and Society, Governance, Lake Superior, Louis V. Galdieri's Blog, Prosperity and tagged Antofagasta Plc, Boundary Waters, Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, Boundary Waters Reversal, corruption, ethics, influence, leases, lobbying, mineral leases, mining, revolving door, sulfide mining, Twin Metals Minnesota, Water on February 22, 2019 by lvgaldieri. A New Set of Boundary Waters Documents In response to a Freedom of Information Act request I made back in January of 2018, the Department of Interior has released over 5,000 pages related to the Trump administration’s rollback of federal protections for the Boundary Waters. These and other documents have allowed me to put together this timeline, which tells a pretty clear story. From the very first days of the new administration, Interior Department officials and mining company lobbyists worked closely together, and with blatant disregard for science and the environment, toward a predetermined outcome that served the business interests of a foreign mining company, and not the public interest. The latest release arrived on Friday afternoon. It’s a collection of email correspondence and attachments from Briana Collier, an attorney in the Division of Mineral Resources. These documents are now published here. An email from Collier included in an earlier release had tipped me off to a previously undisclosed meeting at the US embassy between the CEO of Antofagasta PLC and the Carol Z. Perez, the US ambassador to Chile. Any hopes that this latest release would shed more light on that meeting, or make other equally significant disclosures, were quickly dashed when I opened the PDF. About 400 of the 650 pages included here are redacted, many of them entirely, on the basis of attorney client privilege or deliberative process. Almost all date from December of 2017, when the Office of the Solicitor at Interior was finalizing the Jorjani memo — the memo that cleared the way for Antofagasta PLC to renew its mineral leases in Superior National Forest. In these documents, we mainly see officials crossing ts and dotting is in the memo before its release. There are some emails exchanged at the last minute regarding the first footnote in the memo, on the Weeks Act, which establishes the Secretary of Interior’s statutory authority for the disposition of minerals. The footnotes for an important section of the memo (pp. 11-13), arguing that BLM previously renewed the leases on 1966 terms, are the subject of another last minute exchange. One footnote in particular, which is number 65 in the draft under discussion (but not necessarily in the final version, given all the last minute changes) “raises issues we do not want to address.” What issues are those? Twin Metals continues to work closely with Interior. When Bob McFarlin, Government Affairs Advisor for Twin Metals, comes to DC with Anne Williamson, Twin Metals Vice President of Environment and Sustainability. for a “quick meeting” on December 15th with Tony Tooke, the new US Forest Service Chief, he writes to see whether he might arrange a “short visit” while he’s in town with Kathleen Benedetto. Benedetto and Williamson had met — when exactly, we don’t know — during the summer of 2017. McFarlin asks that Mitch Leverette, Eastern States Acting Director, Bureau of Land Management, join them. There is ongoing concern over coordination with the Forest Service, from the drafting of a letter announcing that BLM will no longer consider the Forest Service’s non-consent to lease renewal valid, to the very minute the memo is released. Correspondence with the Forest Service’s Kathleen Atkinson is almost entirely redacted. And Interior’s efforts to coordinate with Forest Service only add to the confusion around plans for a news release. At what appears to be the direction of David Bernhardt’s office, work was done on a “relatively short” Minnesota-only press release. Even that is eventually cancelled, and it’s decided that Interior will deal with this only “if asked.” Before that, however, and at the request of Interior Communications, Gary Lawkowski, Counselor to the Solicitor of the Interior and another Koch veteran, forwards a “one-pager of talking points on the Twin Metals opinion” to Daniel Jorjani and Jack Haugrud for review. He has put them together “given [or with an eye to] today’s focus on critical minerals.” (Recall that “strategic minerals” were a central theme of Ivan Arriagada’s April 17, 2017 letter to Secretary Zinke as well.) In a second email circulating the talking points to Deputy Director of Communications Russell Newell, Lawkowski elaborates: “One thing you all may want to note — the Forest Service has indicated that they believe there are potentially cobalt and platinum deposits underneath Superior National Forest….Cobalt and platinum are on the list of 23 critical minerals released by USGS earlier this week.” Eureka. As I continue to comb through this latest release, I will add more details to the Twin Metals Timeline. If something here catches your eye, let me know in the comments below, or send me an email (my Twitter handle is also my gmail address). And if you have documents that can add color or contrast or depth to the timeline, please get in touch. You can read all my posts about the Boundary Waters reversal here. This entry was posted in Business and Society, Lake Superior, Louis V. Galdieri's Blog and tagged Antofagasta, Antofagasta Plc, Boundary Waters, Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, Boundary Waters Reversal, corruption, ethics, FOIA, Forest Service, Freedom of Information Act, influence, mining, public interest, sulfide mining, Superior National Forest, Twin Metals, Twin Metals Minnesota, US Forest Service, Water on February 17, 2019 by lvgaldieri. Sonny Perdue “Broke His Word” on the Boundary Waters Representative Betty McCollum said last week that Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue had broken his word and betrayed his responsibility to care for public lands. She made these remarks in response to Perdue’s cancellation of the two-year environmental review of the mining withdrawal of Forest Service lands adjacent to the Boundary Waters. McCollum called out this exchange with Perdue on May 25, 2017. (A transcript of the exchange may be found here). It’s interesting, and in hindsight it’s perhaps telling, that Perdue answers before US Forest Service Chief Tom Tidwell can. Just about five months earlier, in December of 2016, Tidwell had stated unequivocally that allowing the Twin Metals mine would likely result in acid mine drainage to the Boundary Waters and the surrounding watershed — “an unacceptable risk.” But before Tidwell has a chance to answer — and presumably walk the committee through these findings — his new boss takes it upon himself to respond. Perdue right away reassures McCollum and other members of the House Appropriations Interior Subcommittee that he and Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke had “already met about this,” and they had agreed that “none of us, I’m not smart enough to know what to do without the facts base and the sound science, and we are absolutely allowing [the study] to proceed.” But despite this pledge, his posturing before the committee (“the buck stops here”), and his invocation of the “Hippocratic oath: first of all, do no harm,” Secretary Perdue broke his word, bending to political pressure from a foreign mining company and abandoning sound science to give a green light to toxic sulfide-ore mining in the watershed that feeds the BWCA. Like the President he serves, Sec. Perdue’s word cannot be trusted. McCollum’s statement continues: The Trump Administration’s abandonment of the Rainy River Watershed mining withdrawal study is a politically-motivated and callous betrayal of their responsibility to care for our public lands. It completely disregards the scientific evidence that sulfide-ore mining in the watershed will cause irreparable harm to the pristine wilderness of the Boundary Waters. The Trump Administration is eliminating sound science from the equation in order to ram through a destructive giveaway to their friends at a foreign-owned mining corporation. McCollum understood back in 2017 that Perdue was “receiving pressure from the mining industry.” Along with the Department of the Interior, the Executive Office of the President, and members of the House and Senate, the new Secretary of Agriculture was already being lobbied on the Twin Metals mineral leases. Lobbying reports filed by WilmerHale indicate that an inter-agency, full court press was already underway as early as the first quarter of 2017, even earlier than agency calendars or the timeline I have put together from them indicate. So it’s hard to credit Perdue’s representations to the House committee in May of 2017 that when he and Zinke met to discuss the Twin Metals mineral leases, they agreed that they were not the smartest guys in the room, and they should wait to have all the facts before rushing headlong into any decisions. It now appears their minds were already being made up for them. Postscript. 15 September 2018. Some notes on the Zinke-Perdue meeting in this Twitter thread. As the timeline (https://t.co/ReaAeQY2po ) shows, this meeting comes just two days after Antofagasta plc comes to the Department of Interior to discuss their mining leases in Superior National Forest. — Louis V. Galdieri (@lvgaldieri) September 15, 2018 This entry was posted in Business and Society, Lake Superior, Louis V. Galdieri's Blog, Prosperity and tagged Antofagasta, Antofagasta Plc, Betty McCollum, Boundary Waters, Boundary Waters Canoe Area, Boundary Waters Reversal, corruption, influence peddling, lobbying, mining, mining ethics, public lands, public life, responsibility, Ryan Zinke, Sonny Perdue, Tom Tidwell, Twin Metals, Twin Metals Minnesota on September 14, 2018 by lvgaldieri. A Second Boundary Waters Reversal, And Its Connection to the First Last week, Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue announced that the USDA would cut short a Forest Service environmental study of the risks posed by sulfide mining in Superior National Forest, near the Boundary Waters in northern Minnesota. The study, which was launched only at the very end of 2016, “did not reveal new scientific information,” Perdue asserted. Those familiar with Perdue’s efforts to slash funding for research at USDA will not be surprised that the Secretary appeared, on this occasion, to demonstrate little regard for science and the time it takes to do good science. Perdue offered vague reassurances that we can “protect the integrity of the watershed and contribute to economic growth and stronger communities.” After all, the statement goes on to say, northern Minnesota “has been mined for decades and is known as the ‘Iron Range’ due to its numerous iron mines.” That’s certainly true, and it will probably play to the pride people on the Iron Range take in their heritage; but Perdue never once mentions the kind of mining that is now under consideration — copper and nickel mining, or sulfide mining — and the enormous risks sulfide mining always presents. In fact, his statement does everything possible to sidestep the issue and conflate iron and non-ferrous mining. The announcement was misleading, and it was all but lost amid the very loud noise created by the Anonymous Op Ed that had come out in the New York Times the day before. It is, however, consequential. Dan Kraker of Minnesota Public Radio rightly characterized Perdue’s announcement as “the Trump administration’s second major reversal of decisions made on mining in the Superior National Forest” — the first being the December 2017 legal memorandum on the renewal of Antofagasta’s mineral leases in Superior National Forest discussed in previous posts. The two reversals are obviously connected and coordinated. Exactly how might be a little harder to say. We can start to trace their connection as early as 22 August 2017, when Department of Interior Principal Deputy Solicitor Daniel Jorjani holds a meeting with two White House officials. The topic: “Minnesota Project.” Here is the calendar entry for that meeting, which I’ve now added to the Twin Metals timeline: The apparent purpose of this meeting was to bring the White House, specifically the Office of the General Counsel and the Executive Office of the President, into the loop, or to provide the White House with an update on efforts to reverse this policy of the Obama administration. The meeting included Michael J. Catanzaro, who was at the time Special Assistant to the President for Domestic Energy and Environmental Policy. He is profiled on DeSmog. His lobbying for oil and gas companies and his work with Senator Jim “Snowball” Inhofe and climate change denial campaigns are detailed there. Catanzaro stepped through DC’s revolving door and returned to his lobbying firm (CGCN Group) in April of this year. The other White House official in that meeting was Stephen Vaden, who in August of 2017 was serving as Principal Deputy General Counsel at the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Vaden had also been a member of the Trump “beachhead team” at USDA. These teams were sent in to sabotage regulatory agencies and, as Steve Bannon put it, deconstruct the administrative state. One month after this meeting, in September of 2017, Vaden would be officially nominated to become General Counsel at USDA. Legal staff at USDA did not exactly greet the nomination with enthusiasm. According to Politico, morale “plummeted.” There were concerns about Vaden’s lack of managerial experience, his hostility to unions, and his previous work for the Judicial Education Project on behalf of discriminatory Voter ID laws — which turned out to be the main focus of his 2017 nomination hearing. Vaden is still awaiting full confirmation in the Senate, but he is busy working at USDA and would no doubt have briefed Secretary Perdue on this matter. So the meeting where these two Boundary Waters reversals connect comes a little more clearly into focus: Jorjani, with his strong ties to the Koch Institute, Catanzaro, an energy lobbyist hostile to science, and Vaden, with sketchy views on labor unions and voting rights, talking about a Chilean conglomerate’s mining leases in Superior National Forest. This entry was posted in Business and Society, Louis V. Galdieri's Blog, Prosperity and tagged anti-science, Boundary Waters, Boundary Waters Canoe Area, Boundary Waters Reversal, corruption, Daniel Jorjani, Lake Superior, lobbying, Michael J. Catanzaro, mining, Minnesota, Rainy River Watershed, revolving door, risk, Science, Sonny Perdue, Stephen Vaden, sulfide mining, Superior National Forest, USDA, Water on September 11, 2018 by lvgaldieri.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2531
__label__cc	0.570165	0.429835	Search Committee Unanimously Nominates Braxton to Succeed Forbes at Riverside Church I am not very fond of mega-churches as a phenomenon. I belong to a small church on purpose: It is better able to be community for the members, better able to resist the heresy of hyper-individualized notions of salvation, etc. And, most mega-churches are very rightwing in theology and politics. (Even if not, they have to have small groups that become the de facto church-within-the-church for members, which is less than ideal from my view.) Nevertheless, one mega-church that I have long admired for its strong stands for peace and justice in its 75 year history is Riverside Church in the City of New York. An ecumenical congregation which grew out of Park Avenue Baptist Church, NYC, Riverside was the ecumenical and liberal dream of Baptist pastor, Harry Emerson Fosdick (1878-1969), who was Senior Minister from 1925 to 1946. Riverside was a center of the Social Gospel and the struggle for Civil Rights as well as opposition to the Vietnam War. (Martin Luther King, Jr., Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel, and others helped launch Clergy and Laity Concerned About Vietnam at Riverside Church on 04 April 1967 when King gave his, “Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence” speech–one year to the day before he was assassinated.) Riverside has also led in opposing both wars with Iraq and has been strong on immigrants rights, women’s rights, changing U.S. policy in Central and South America and much else. There has long been a very strong connection between Riverside and the ecumenical Union Theological Seminary, just across the street. Riverside Church is a church where membership is open to Christians of all denominations and the ministerial staff comes from many theological traditions. The congregation is officially affiliated with two denominations, the American Baptist Churches, USA and the United Church of Christ. Last year, at 71, Dr. James Forbes, Jr. retired as Senior Minister of Riverside Church. He had also served as Fosdick Professor of Homiletics at Union Seminary. Dr. Forbes, an American Baptist minister with a black Pentecostal background, had been the first African-American Senior Minister. Some members had accused him of not concentrating enough on the church’s peace and justice heritage. Others had accused him of attracting more African-Americans and Latino/as at the expense of white members–and it is true that when I last visited Riverside it had moved from a white church with a black pastor to a more thoroughly multi-ethnic congregation. No doubt, such changes involved adjustments that were culturally painful. Now the search committee has unanimously recommended Rev. Dr. Brad Braxton as the next Senior Pastor. The congregation has yet to confirm the selection. Braxton currently teaches New Testament and Homiletics at Vanderbilt University Divinity School (and Vanderbilt’s Graduate Department of Religion) and previously taught at Wake Forest University Divinity School. The son of a Baptist minister and an ordained National Baptist minister, Braxton had been Senior Pastor at Douglas Memorial Community Church in Baltimore, MD while finishing his Ph.D. in NT at Emory University. He had also studied at Oxford University on a Rhodes Scholarship. He is the author of three books and is on the editorial board of The African American Pulpit. Married to the former Lazetta Rainey, the Braxtons are the proud parents of Karis, a 2 year old daughter. If elected by the congregation, Braxton, who is 39, is young enough to follow in the tradition of long-serving Senior Ministers at Riverside. (There have only been 5 Senior Ministers to date in Riverside’s history: Harry Emerson Fosdick, Robert McCracken (a Scottish Baptist who had taught theology in Canada), Ernest T. Campbell, William Sloan Coffin, Jr. (a United Church of Christ minister and former chaplain of Yale University), and James Forbes, Jr.) He would be the 2nd African-American Senior Minister in a row and would complement Forbes’ excellence in preaching with a more exegetical style as a biblical scholar. His experience in ecumenical ministry and his Baptist roots would keep Riverside connected to both parts of its history. Thanks to Melissa Rogers for this news. (Note: Melissa is an attorney specializing in church-state matters. Previously she worked for the Baptist Joint Committee on Religious Liberty and now is Visiting Professor of Religion and Public Policy at Wake Forest University Divinity School–she is a former colleague of Dr. Braxton’s. At WFU, Melissa founded and heads the Center for Religion and Public Affairs. She runs the best blog on church-state issues in the U.S. context available.) I would never give advice to another congregation on whom to call for any ministry position. I trust they will follow the leading of God’s Spirit. But, if the congregation follows the recommendation of the Search Committee, I join others in offering my congratulations to Riverside and to Dr. Braxton. I think they will be a good match. Alas, I cannot think this can be anything other than bad news for Vanderbilt, which, like WFU beforehand, will lose the talents and gifts that Braxton brought to the school. UPDATE: Riverside’s website confirms the Search Committee’s unanimous selection. Dr. Braxton is now scheduled to deliver a guest sermon at Riverside on 10 September and the congregation will vote on his call on 14 September. August 4, 2008 - Posted by Michael Westmoreland-White \| Baptists, church, liberal theology I do hope if Braxton does go to Riverside, that he also follows some of the previous ministers other leads as well, right into a professorship at Union. Comment by d. w. horstkoetter \| August 4, 2008 Thanks for posting this fantastic news. Brad and I have been in touch about this possibility for months now, and it is great to hear the news (so quickly!!). Comment by sean \| August 4, 2008 D.W., I think Union would do well to hire Braxton as an adjunct N.T. and/or homiletics prof, as they did with Fosdick (homiletics), McCracken (theology), Coffin (ethics), and Forbes (homiletics). But I don’t think a Union post goes with the job automatically! Too bad you’ll be far away in Marquette! […] Former WFUDS professor Brad Braxton is going to be the new senior minister at Riverside Church in […] Pingback by Will Blog For Food & Links For The Clicking \| Homebrewed Christianity \| August 8, 2008 Why is no one reporting on Braxton’s November 9th sermon about god being “open and affirming” and “All Flesh” including “lesbians, gay men, transexuals, bisexuals, queer and heterosexual people”. This is an incredibly important advance for Riverside Church, maybe the first step to reuniting the divided factions of the church and being a truly inter-racial, inter-sexual, and open congregation. Taking Riverside back to its root without eliminating the advances we have made. Braxton is looking really promising right now, lets talk about that! Comment by Chelsea \| November 15, 2008	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2533
__label__wiki	0.709051	0.709051	Regions of Togo Togo is divided into five regions considering administrative and geographical conditions. These five regions are also divided into 30 administrative regions and a commune. At the beginning of the 1950s, Togo was part of France but was divided into six constituencies. In Togo, which was divided into four regions in 1955, all regions and administrative regions were abolished in 1966 and re-established in 1970. In addition to the four regenerated regions in 1970, the Land region was also included. Regions of Togo Map Five Regions of Togo Togo is divided into five regions as the highest administrative division. Regions of Togo are Savanes, Land, Center, Plateaux, and Maritime. Savanes is one of the five districts of Togo. The region is the northernmost part of the country. Burkina Faso is to the north of the region, Kara region to the south, Ghana to the west and Benin to the east. The area is 8,470 square kilometers and according to the official data of 2010, there are 828,224 inhabitants. The region also consists of four sub-administrative regions. The capital of the region is Dapaong. Kara is one of the five regions of Togo. The region is located in the central part of the northern part of the country. The Savanes region is in the north of the region, the Central region in the south, Ghana in the west and Benin in the east. The area is 11,738 square kilometers and according to 2010 official data, there are 769,940 inhabitants. The region also consists of seven sub-administrative regions. Kara is the capital of the region. The Center is one of the five districts of Togo. The region is located in the central part of the country. To the north of the region is the Kara region, to the south is the Plateaux region, to the west is Ghana and to the east is Benin. The area is 13,317 square kilometers and according to the official data of 2010, there are 617,871 inhabitants. The region also consists of four sub-administrative regions. The capital of the region is Sokodé. Plateaux is one of the five regions of Togo. The region is located in the central part of the southern part of the country. To the north of the region is the Central region, to the south is the Maritime region, to the west is Ghana and to the east is Benin. The area is 16,975 square kilometers and according to the official data of 2010, there are 1,375,165 inhabitants. The region also consists of nine sub-administrative regions. The capital of the region is Atakpame. Maritime is one of the five regions of Togo. The region is the southernmost part of the country. Plateaux region is located in the north of the region that includes the country’s capital, the Atlantic Ocean in the south, Ghana in the west and Benin in the east. The area is 6,100 square kilometers and according to the official data of 2010, there are 2,599,955 inhabitants. The region also consists of six sub-administrative regions. The capital of the region is Lomé. Categories: States/regions/provinces / No Responses / by 4 July 2019 The highest administrative division of the Ivory Coast is the Districts. Districts are subdivided into regions. The Ivory Coast is divided...	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2540
__label__cc	0.559891	0.440109	Bahrain Top Interviews Batelco Group: Expanding Operations to New Markets Marcopolis presents the Bahrain Report focused on the investments, doing business, economy and other topics featuring interviews with key executives and government officials. The sectors under review are industry, telecom, banking sector, ICT, investments and more. Interviews4.5.2013 Shaikh Mohamed bin Isa Al-Khalifa, CEO of Batelco Group Interview with Shaikh Mohamed bin Isa Al-Khalifa, CEO of Batelco Group Batelco Group's financial results were marked by sound financial figures and impressive operating performance across its group operations with over 40% of revenues generated from markets outside of Bahrain. Are you pleased with the strides the group's overseas operations are making and what are the aspirations going forward? 2012 has been a challenging year for Batelco Group; nevertheless, the strength of the group and the strength of its presence in the markets that it operates in have given us the excellent results that we achieved in 2012. I'd like to highlight that we grew our subscriber base to reach 7.8 million in 2012 and we are very much encouraged by the results that were achieved by the year's end. It is also important to note that the acquisition of the Cable & Wireless (CWC) in 2012, which will close in 2013, will further increase the strength and it will give us an additional eleven markets to operate in. This will place Batelco as a global player as opposed to just a regional player in the Middle East. Are you looking to increase this 40% of revenues? Absolutely and we hope to do this through the diversification into new markets. The 40% that was generated from the international operations of Batelco is going to be increased significantly in order to also minimize the effect of a single market dominance of the revenue base of all our operations. So we're looking forward with great aspirations to the future. The international contribution to operations was in the range of 40% in 2012. Through the acquisitions that we have embarked on in the international markets, we are adding an additional eleven new markets which will further diversify the revenue base that is generated outside of Bahrain. We will see that increase the share of our revenues generated from the international markets and that's really a main reason why we have embarked on expanding the scale of our operation into these new additional markets. These are stable markets that will give us good, solid returns and strong cash flows to make sure that we can continue on our dividend payment policy to our shareholders. Let's talk about your dividend policy for 2013. What is the outlook? It is very important to highlight here that the company has been paying out strong dividends and it is the intention of the company to keep on giving out strong dividend payouts for our shareholders. That's why when we embarked on the international expansion, we chose operations that are not green field but they are operating companies with strong cash flows that will further support the need for us to continue paying out the dividend. I can't go into further details on what the 2013 numbers are going to be because this really depends on the performance in 2013; however, we are confident that the policy of paying out dividends to our shareholders will continue in the near future. Here it is very important to highlight that over the past seven years the group has paid out over one billion dollars in dividends to our shareholders. Your rating by Standards & Poor and Fitch has been upgraded and you are also seeking to raise financing through a bond issue. You have appointed Citibank and BNP Paribas as your bankers to raise these funds. Can you share some details on the bond issue? Batelco has always been at the forefront of innovation. We have always strived to provide our markets, especially strong markets such as Bahrain, with the latest technology. The launch of the 4G network comes at the right time when the market has seen significant growth in broadband usage. The bond issue is a very important step for us. First of all, our balance sheet has virtually no leverage on it and we wanted to efficiently use our balance sheet in order to raise funding for the acquisition of the cable and wireless. Therefore, we always keep in mind that in order for us to maintain the same level of rating by the rating agencies we should always limit how much borrowing we do within the market. There are certain metrics that have to be followed in order to keep the same rating going. With the bond issuance, we will get international recognition for a company based in Bahrain that goes out to the international markets and raises funds through a rated bond issuance. We are looking for that bond to also be listed in an international stock exchange and we are targeting the London Stock Exchange to list our bonds. We are embarking on a road show in the coming weeks in order to expose the Batelco name to all the potential investors who will be looking to buy the bond issuance and take exposure to our balance in a higher capital structure as opposed to being in the equity of the company. It will build the reputation of Batelco Group within the international financial markets and we are looking forward to that in the coming weeks. What has been the preliminary response by the international investment community to your bond issue? Are the investors cautious? Are they optimistic? What is the sentiment? So far the reading is that the investors are very much interested in looking at our bond issuance. The company, as I have said, is a company with a long history and track record of paying out dividends, with strong cashflows, and that's really what the bond community is looking for. Solid balance sheets, solid operations, strong markets that it operates in, and strong positions – we're either number one or number two in each of the markets that we're acquiring or operating in today. So it's all good measures that will give confidence to the financial capital markets that this company can go out and borrow. We are also an investment-grade rated company which gives further confidence within the financial community. Why have you chosen to go for a bond issue instead of raising capital by equity? Is the world now looking more for bonds? When we look at our balance sheet, the company has been well capitalized for a number of years and for us to efficiently use our balance sheet, we need to add leverage in order not to overburden the balance sheet with excess capital. So we are not at a stage where we need to raise capital in order to increase the equity of the company. That's why we tap into the bond market. It will give us financing which will be paid back over a number of years and then give us further reputation within the financial markets that we can tap into that financial market whenever we need to raise further funds before going back to the shareholders in order to increase capital and equity of the company. What are the plans for capital management for 2013? The main plan of course is to raise the bond. That's the first activity. As we are also looking at other opportunities within the mergers and acquisitions space, we look to further enhance the financial position within our balance sheet. We may go back to the market if there is a need to raise further funds for further acquisitions. Internally, what is the mood of Batelco as you enter a new market? We are all excited. We are looking at these new markets to give us new products and new areas of operation that are adjacent to the normal core telecommunications operations. So we are all excited and we think that since we are coming from an island operation, most of the assets that we are acquiring are similar island operations as well. So we share the same culture and we all happen to come from the background of cable and wireless originally so we think that this is a family putting the family back together again and we are looking forward to that. Do you still want to grow the group further after these acquisitions? Is it a long-term strategy to focus on island markets? The focus is open to whatever opportunities may come. We always look according to our strategy into increasing the scale and scope and strengthening our operations so whenever there's an opportunity for us to enter a new market or find a new company that provides a new product that we can offer then we look at that seriously. As I have indicated, we are always in the market looking for opportunities and there may be something coming towards the end of the year. There are numerous challenges that may be associated with your first acquisition outside of Bahrain. What are the challenges and how are you dealing with them? This is not the first time that the group has entered into an acquisition. We acquired Umniah in Jordan in 2007. Umniah was the fourth operator in that market and today it's competing for the number two position. We grew the subscriber base from in the hundreds of thousands when we acquired it to the 2.3 million subscribers that it has in the Jordanian market now. So given that these acquisitions that we're making are established companies, we don't think that there's a high risk in consolidating these operations into the operations of the group. In fact, we look to utilize the synergies that are present between the different operations, especially in areas like procurement and IT where we can add value to these operations and increase the profitability through the cooperation between the different group of companies. We interviewed Umniah in Jordan along with Zain and Orange and they really aggressively came to the market but Umniah used the low-cost model. They built new infrastructure, new services, but still at a very reasonable price. Is that your strategy you would be using in other markets or do you use different strategies for each market? Each market has its own strategy. If you are the challenger in the market you will behave differently and if you are the incumbent in the market then you will behave another way. What's beautiful about this portfolio and the experience that Batelco Group had is that Batelco is the incumbent in Bahrain and yet it was the challenger under Umniah in Jordan. So we bring in both sides of the equation and we think that through our management style, we would like to have the opportunity and we will show to our shareholders that we can achieve the targets that were set out in achieving the revenues and profitability that we set out in the beginning. There are many other competing players in the market aside from the global telecom groups. There are regional, very strong players. How does Batelco differ from these players? What is really unique about you that provides a competitive advantage? In any competitive market, you have to differentiate yourself. We have chosen to differentiate ourselves in Jordan by being the value provider for our customer base. In Bahrain, it's the quality and the high-speed access as we have today launched the 4G network. We are the first to launch it in the Bahrain market so this gives us a leading edge within the Bahrain market. Other markets of course will be addressed according to the competitive environment that we are facing and we think that we can achieve the targets that we'd like. Can you give us more details about how you are going to compete with the new acquisitions in the new markets? I will leave the details until we actually get into the operations because we are still early in the acquisition stage. We haven't closed yet and we expect the closing to happen anytime now. As soon as we close these deals we will be working together with the local management to make sure they excel and continue the progress that they have seen in the past. What are your plans regionally in the GCC? As you know, the group has operations in Kuwait, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Yemen. As and when opportunities may arise, of course we will look at them, value them and see if they add value to the operations of the group and then we will take advantage of that. Batelco is not only a telecom provider but it provides different services. Is everything on the table? I would like to say that our strength today is in mobility so when it comes to providing solutions for the enterprise market, we are also strong in that area. We would like to build on that strength and see if we can address the need for high-speed broadband connectivity anywhere in the markets we operate in. Can you give us more details about the innovation and 4G services in Bahrain? This shows Batelco is at the forefront of innovation. Batelco has always been at the forefront of innovation. We have always strived to provide our markets, especially strong markets such as Bahrain, with the latest technology. The launch of the 4G network comes at the right time when the market has seen significant growth in broadband usage. Batelco has the strength in providing wireless broadband through its 4G network. It also has strength in the fiber cabling that has been done so far in Bahrain and it looks to grow the fiber connectivity to be in line with the target and aspirations that Bahrain as a country has in terms of achieving high-speed throughput for all businesses as well as residents in Bahrain. GB CORP Leading Islamic Investment Bank Aaref Hejres, CEO of Diyar Al Muharraq, Bahrain Construction BBK Bahrain Bank of Bahrain and Kuwait Cultural Bahrain - A Soft Introduction to Arabia How Bahrain’s construction and real estate is weathering the crisis Related Bahrain Top Interviews GPIC: Role of Bahrain's Fertilizers in World's Food Security Bahrain Ministry of Industry: Economic & Industrial Development of Bahrain H.E. Sheikha Mai bint Mohammed Al Khalifa, Bahrain Minister Banking in Bahrain: In-Depth Overview of Banking, Banks and the Market Bahrain National Oil and Gas Authority Outlines Future of Bahrain Oil and Gas Industry Women's rights in Bahrain: Steady Progress Towards Equality	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2541
__label__wiki	0.750507	0.750507	Veszprém, Hungary, will be the European Capital of Culture in 2023 Photo: Tupungato/Shutterstock In case you’re really planning ahead and want to get the best European cultural experience in 2023, the Hungarian town of Veszprém needs to be at the top of your list. Home to one of the country’s earliest stone castles, Veszprém is located between Lake Balaton and the Bakony Hills and defined by its narrow streets, medieval architecture, historic fire tower, Hungary’s first cathedral, and a summer music festival. Last week, the European Commission thrust this small town into the spotlight when it named Veszprém the winner of the European Capital of Culture title for 2023. Photo: Madrugada Verde/Shutterstock According to the Veszprém 2013 official site, Aiva Rozenberga, chair of the European Commission, said, “Veszprém has the potential to make a valuable addition to the European cultural heritage.” The town’s rich cultural energy, complete with museums and theaters, make it an ideal choice. The Masterpiece Gallery features contemporary Hungarian art, and the Vass Collection houses an array of avant-garde art from the constructivist and abstract movements. For history buffs, the Dezső Laczkó Museum has an impressive collection of exhibits encompassing archaeology and ethnography. Photo: vidalgo/Shutterstock Sometimes, a city must share it’s “Capital of Culture” designation. In 2019, the capitals are Matera, Italy, and Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 2020, the capitals will be Rijeka, Croatia, and Galway, Ireland, and in 2021 there are three cities — Timisoara in Romania, Elefsina in Greece, and Novi Sad in Serbia. In 2022, Kaunas, Lithuania, and Esch, Luxembourg, share the honor. Cities are chosen based on their unique cultural features, such as diversity, access to the arts, progressive and community-building initiatives, and a rich shared history. The goal of the Capitals of Culture project is to highlight the wide array of culturally rich cities in Europe, foster a sense of belonging to a common culture, help regenerate and restore cities, boost tourism, and encourage citizens to participate in ongoing cultural events. H/T: Lonely Planet More like this: How ‘ruin bars’ became the hottest drinking spots in Budapest London’s proposed ‘Tulip’ building just got the axe This new spiral walkway in a Danish forest lets you walk above the trees Advice from 30-year-old me to 20-year-old me Nic Haralambous 28 songs that capture the spirit of travel (with videos) Theresa Dowell Blackinton New Jersey’s Anthony Bourdain food trail is officially open The glowing ‘Field of Light’ installation in California is surreal	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2547
__label__wiki	0.545947	0.545947	Congressional Climate May 22nd, 2017 President Trump Remarks at Arrival Ceremony ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Today’s Hill Action Senate Floor Schedule The Senate reconvenes at 3 p.m. and will resume post-cloture consideration of the nomination of Terry Branstad to be ambassador to China. At 5:30 p.m., the Senate will vote on the nomination. Nominations: Terry Branstad, of Iowa, to be ambassador to China. House Floor Schedule The House reconvenes at 2 p.m. for legislative business and is expected to consider measures under suspension of the rules. Roll call votes will be postponed until 6:30 p.m. HR 1862 – A bill to amend title 18, United States Code, to expand the scope of certain definitions pertaining to unlawful sexual conduct, and for other purposes. HR 1842 – A bill to amend title 18, United States Code, to include State crimes of violence as grounds for an enhanced penalty when sex offenders fail to register or report certain information as required by Federal law, to include prior military offenses for purposes of recidivist sentencing provisions, and for other purposes. HR 1188 – A bill to reauthorize certain programs established by the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act of 2006, and for other purposes. HR 883 – Targeting Child Predators Act HR 695 – Child Protection Improvements Act HR 1625 – Targeted Rewards for the Global Eradication of Human Trafficking (TARGET) Act 05:00pm: Pesticide Use Regulatory Burdens Five things to watch for in the Trump budget All eyes will be on President Trump’s budget on Tuesday when it is set for release. Trump already made waves with the release of his “skinny budget” in March, which outlined massive cuts in discretionary spending in favor of defense. The full budget is in many ways a political document, and Congress may do away with much of it as it works to fund the government. Yet the document also lays out Trump’s agenda, at a time when he is facing myriad controversies. Here are five things to watch for. How deep are the cuts and do they touch entitlements? The “skinny budget” laid out $54 billion in cuts from non-defense discretionary spending, slashing huge amounts the State Department and EPA, and eliminating funding for the National Endowment for the Arts and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. Trump strikes moderate tone on Islam RIYADH, Saudi Arabia – Against the backdrop of an ornate, Mar-a-Lago style ballroom with members of the Saudi royal family sitting nearby, President Donald Trump on Sunday delivered a moderate speech on Islam designed to reset his relationship with the Muslim world. Trump emphasized a war against terrorism around the globe, and not between religions, saying that the fight “means honestly confronting the crisis of Islamic extremism and the Islamists, and Islamic terror of all kinds.” He notably steered clear of the loaded term “radical Islamic terrorism,” which he has used in the past. “We are not here to lecture – we are not here to tell other people how to live, what to do, who to be, or how to worship,” Trump said in a 33-minute speech free of unprompted asides, which also did not depart from traditional American Middle East foreign policy. “Instead,” he said in his first major foreign policy address since taking office, “we are here to offer partnership – based on shared interests and values.” Ivan Trump Swayed the President on Family Leave. Congress is a Tougher Sell Ivanka Trump has largely cast herself as a behind-the-scenes force for moderation in the West Wing, but this week she will take her first real political risk when her signature parental leave plan is presented to a conservative House majority hostile to any new government mandates. Her proposal for a $25 billion federal paid leave program, part of the budget plan that President Trump will release Tuesday, is a reflection of Ms. Trump’s influence in her father’s inner circle. The plan has been her primary area of interest since the 2016 campaign, when she pushed her father to introduce a version of it on the stump. While she has become a popular figure with some Republicans on Capitol Hill, she will discover how far her sway extends. As she tries to leave her first tangible imprint on the government with a plan that cuts against Republican orthodoxy, a buzz saw will surely await. The question is just how big it will be. “If it is going to be a buzz saw, I hope it’s going to be an intelligent buzz saw,” said Representative Peter T. King, Republican of New York. “I think we have to realize that the ground has shifted. I don’t mean the political ground, I mean the family ground.” Until tomorrow, Lobbyit.com Lobbyit.com \| 430 New Jersey Avenue, SE \| Washington, DC 20003 \| Phone: 202.587.2736 \| Fax: 202.747.2727 info@lobbyit.com \| lobbyit.com Copyright (C) 2011. All Rights Reserved. May 22, 2017 /0 Comments/by interns@lobbyit.com http://lobbyit.com/wp-content/uploads/logo_lobbyit_white_red_340x156-1.png 0 0 interns@lobbyit.com http://lobbyit.com/wp-content/uploads/logo_lobbyit_white_red_340x156-1.png interns@lobbyit.com2017-05-22 10:16:312017-05-22 10:16:31Congressional Climate May 22nd, 2017 Congressional Climate May 19th, 2017 Congressional Climate May 23rd, 2017	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2550
__label__wiki	0.719251	0.719251	Book/Printed Material Founding of Transylvania to be commemorated in state Oct. 12 [1935]. By Dr. Archibald Henderson. [n. p. 1935]. Transcript: PDF \| XML PDF GIF (9.3 KB) GIF (337.2 KB) JPEG (356.9 KB) TIFF (8.2 MB) Founding of Transylvania to be commemorated in state Oct. 12 [1935]. By Dr. Archibald Henderson. [n. p. 1935]. Contributor Names Henderson, Archibald. Created / Published - United States--Kentucky Broadsides--Kentucky - Available also through the Library of Congress web site in two forms: as facsimile page images and as full text in SGML. - Printed Ephemera Collection; Portfolio 23, Folder 13a. 1 p.; 41 x 12.5 cm. Call Number/Physical Location Portfolio 23, Folder 13a Broadsides, leaflets, and pamphlets from America and Europe http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/rbpe.0230130a rbpe0230130a Available also through the Library of Congress web site in two forms: as facsimile page images and as full text in SGML. Printed Ephemera Collection; Portfolio 23, Folder 13a. Printed Ephemera: Three Centuries of Broadsides and Other Printed Ephemera (10,180) Rare Book and Special Collections Division (23,387) American Memory (501,995) Henderson, Archibald Rights and Access \| About this Collection \| Printed Ephemera: Three Centuries of Broadsides and Other Printed Ephemera \| Digital Collections Rights & Access The Library of Congress is providing access to these materials for educational and research purposes and makes no warranty with regard to their use for other purposes. Responsibility for making an independent legal assessment of an item and securing any necessary permissions ultimately rests with persons desiring to use the item. The written permission of the copyright owners and/or other rights holders (such as publicity and/or privacy rights) is required for distribution, reproduction, or other use of protected items beyond that allowed by fair use or other statutory exemptions. With a few exceptions, the Library is not aware of any U.S. copyright protection (see Title 17, U.S.C.) or any other restrictions in the materials in the Printed Ephemera Collection. There may be content that is protected as "works for hire" (copyright may be held by the party that commissioned the original work) and/or under the copyright or neighboring-rights laws of other nations. A few items in this online presentation are subject to copyright and are made available here with permission of the copyright owners. Copyright information is provided with these specific items. In all cases, responsibility for making an independent legal assessment of an item and securing any necessary permissions ultimately rests with persons desiring to use the item. Items included here with the permission of rights holders are listed below, and permission is noted in the catalog record for each item. In some cases, the Library was unable to identify a possible rights holder and has elected to place some of those items online as an exercise of fair use for strictly non-commercial educational uses. Suggested credit line: Library of Congress, Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Printed Ephemera Collection. The following items are included in Printed Ephemera: Three Centuries of Broadsides and Other Printed Ephemera, with permission as follows: 15th Century bookshow, at National Arts Club. August 23, 1926. [Photograph]. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. 1837. The centennial of the beginning of college education for women and of coeducation on the college level 1937. [by] Ernest Hatch Wilkins. President of Oberlin college. Oberlin, Ohio June 15, 1937. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Roland Baumann, College Archivist & Department Head, Oberlin College Archives, 420 Mudd Center, 148 West College Street, Oberlin, OH, 44074-1532 1940 alumni reunion. The University of Chicago. [Letter giving tentative program]. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Larry Arbeiter, Director of Communications, Univ. of Chicago, University News Office, 5801 South Ellis Avenue, Room 200, Chicago, IL, 60637-1473 USA ABC of the U. S. A. Arcadia, Calif., Raccoon Press, c1964. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. Ad multos annos : William Butler Yeats in his seventieth year MCMXXXV ÷ 500 copies of Joyce Mayhew's tribute to William Butler Yeats printed by the Eucalyptus Press [Mills College, Oakland, California] for Albert M. Bender, September 1935. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Janice Braun, F. W. Olin Library, Mills College, 5000 MacArthur Blvd., Oakland, CA, 94613 America first. Not merely in matters material, but in things of the spirit ... From a sermon by Bishop G. Ashton Oldham in Washington, D. C., September 7. 1924. Published by the National Council for prevention of war, 532 Seventeeth St. N. W. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Deacon Francis X. Enderle, Executive Director, Archdiocesan Pastoral Center, 5001 Eastern Avenue, Hyattsville, MD, 20782-3447 America, [by] E. V. H. [San Francisco 1925?]. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Kathy Walkup, Program Head, Book Arts Program, Mills College, 5000 McArthur Blvd., Oakland, CA, 94613 The American times- chronicle. Containing the freshest advices - both foreign and domestic. December 1776. [n. p.] Copyright 1935 by Herbert A. Woodruff. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. Arrow auto touring chart. Not a map. Trans-continental. Your destination at a glance. Where to and how to go ... New York Zamkin Press. 1939. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. The art of living ... Gabriel Wells. Christmas 1942. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. The assize of ale. An informal audit of comments, curiosities, anecdotes and episodes, odds and ends of history and tradition all with more or less relation to Trinity audit ale ... New York, 1937. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. Baker Memorial Library 1928-1953. Dartmouth College Hanover, New Hampshire, [1953]. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Philip N. Cronenwett, Special Collections Librarian, Rauner Special Collections Library, 6065 Webster Hall, Hanover, NH, 03755 Ballet de coon. Arcadia, Calif., Raccoon Press, c1964. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. Baseball's most devoted fan Dr. James Penniman, of Philadelphia, has two hobbies - to collect and give away libraries and to watch ball games ... By Harry Robert. Reprinted from the Baseball magazine of December, 1929 ... Norwich, Conn. Bulletin Print. [1929]. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. The beautiful Potomac by Thomas Joseph Conlon. Washington, D. C. Conlon press 1929]. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. A bill of rights as provided in the ten original amendments to the constitution of the United States in force December 15, 1791. [n. p. 195-]. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. A bill of rights as provided in the ten original amendments to the constitution of the United States in force December 15, 1791. [n. p. 1942?]. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. The blackest rose. [Berkeley, Calif.] Printed for Oyez by The Auerhahn Press, c1964. This item is included in this Collection with permission from David Meltzer, Poetics Department, 777 Valencia St., San Francisco, CA, 94110 Bridwell Library ... presents in exhibition the private collection of Charles Caldwell Ryrie Marh 19-April 1, 1966 ... [Dallas, 1966]. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Eric M. White, Curator of Special Collections, Bridwell Library, Southern Methodist University, P. O. Box 750476, Dallas, TX, 75275 [A broadside picturing Leon Plante and the churn in which he lives, accompanied by explanatory matter] [Roseau, Minn. 1938?]. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. Bulletin No. 45, 59, 62, 86. 88, 91 ... New York City [1924]. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. Capriccio, poems by Ted Hughes, engravings by Leonard Baskin. Searsmont, Maine : Gehenna Press, 1990. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Kenneth N. Shure, The Gehenna Press, P.O. Box 687, Rockport, ME, 04856 The chart of knowledge. Compiled and copyrighted, 1936 by Prof. Geo. W. Muhleman, Hamline university. Rockford, Illinois. Published by Eclipse Fuel Engineering Company [1936]. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Thelma Boeder, Archivist, Hamline University, Hamline University, 1536 Hewitt Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55104-1284 USA Civic auditorium, San Francisco, The Miracle, Dec. 27, 1926---Jan. 15, 1927. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Julie Burford, Assistant General Manager, 99 Grove Street, San Francisco, CA, 94102 U. S. A. Congressional dictionary words, phrases and veiled allusions for use in effective lobbying together with methods of approach and convayancing for spontaneous legislation by Avery Quercus [pseud] [blank] Baltimore. Maryland Salt House press [1936]. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. The crow. [n. p. n. d.]. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. D. C. Stephenson behind move which brought 15 absent senators back. Leader confers with heads of minority in hotel at Dayton, after which "Travelers board bus for home ... Indianapolis. February 27, 1925. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Mark Tomasik, Managing Editor, SHNS, 1090 Vermont Avenue, N.W., Suite 1000, Washington, D.C., 20005 A daily prayer for the modern Jew. By Rabbi S. Felix Mendelsohn, Temple Beth Israel, Chicago. [c. 1938]. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Frederic A. Mendelsohn, Schoenberg, Fisher, Newman & Rosenberg, Ltd., Suite 2100, 222 South Riverside Plaza, Chicago, IL, 60606-6101 USA The dance. [Santa Barbara, Calif.] Unicorn Press, 1967. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. The dangerous age ... H. C. Apgar. Elizabeth. N. J. [1938]. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. A declaration of dependence and independence nailed on the door of Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Flag day, June 14, 1910 ... Baltimore, Md. Salt House Press. 1930. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. The defense of Wake. [San Francisco. The Windsor Press. 1942?] The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. Die Konstellationen ... the constellations. [Santa Barbara, Calif.] Unicorn Press, 1967. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. Dinner on the occasion of the silver jubilee Central manufacturers club, Thursday, October 16th, 1930 at the Chamberlin-Vanderbilt hotel. Old Point Comfort, Virginia. Oct. 16, 1930. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. Dorian (an epic poem). Arcadia, Calif., Raccoon Press, c. 1964. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. Dos poemas [translated by] Ellinor Randall. [Santa Barbara, Calif.] Unicorn Press, 1967. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. Duke University centennial celebration Trinity College- Duke University 1838-1839-1938-1939. Preliminary program of the centennial celebration April 21, 22 and 23, 1939. Durham, N. C. [1939]. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Timothy D. Pratt, Archivist, Duke University Archives, Box 90202, Durham, NC, 27708-0185 An early American recipe for making home brew. Peregrine Press The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. Effects of eugenic sterilization as practiced in California ... The Human betterment foundation, Pasadena, California. [1937?]. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Judith R. Goodstein, University Archivist, Caltech, Institute Archives, Caltech, Mail Code 015A-74, Pasadena, CA, 91125 El mensaje del Tirano. Jose Heriberto Lopez. Nueva York Mayo 1924. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. The election of the President of the United States of America. [s. 1., s. n.] 1936?. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. Evolution of stimulants .... H. C. Apgar. Elizabeth. N. J. 1938. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. An exhibition books & manuscripts of Joseph Hergesheimer in the treasure room Princeton University library from March 6 to April 6. The formal opening of the exhibition follows the gathering of friends to greet Mr. Hergesheimer at 40 Mercer Street on the evening of March 5, 1942 [Princeton. N. J. 1942]. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Ben Primer, Associate University Librarian, Harvey S. Firestone Library, One Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544-2098 An exhibition of American design. Chicago, Lakeside press. [1947]. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Robert G. Nieland, R.R. Donnelley & Sons Company, 77 West Wacker Drive, Chicago, IL, 60601-1696 Extract from a speech made by Mr. Charles Evans Hughes, former secretary of state, before the American society of international law, April 28, 1927. [New York, 1927]. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. Farley memorial expedition stamp ... Designed and executed by the art department of the Salt House Press, Baltimore. Maryland 1935. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. The federal bible being strict interpretations of the laws of political economy for the guidance of the legislative, executive and judicial branches of a government under a democracy. To which is added A new declaration of independence for the emancipation of independent voters and the elimination of political conspiracy and usurpation by Lewis McKenzie Turner. Baltimore, Maryland. Salt House Press 1932. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. The first battle for political freedom by Lewis McKenzie Turner. Baltimore, Maryland. Salt House Press 1930. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. The first look through the window ... [translated by] George Tabori. [Santa Barbara, Calif.] Unicorn Press, 1967. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Jerold Couture, Fitelson, Lasky, Aslan & Couture: Atty's at Law, 551 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10176-0078 USA The Folger Poetry series presents John Hawkes. 22 January 1973. [Washington, D.C., 1973]. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Sophie T. Hawkes, 18 Everett Ave., Providence, RI, 02906. This item is included in this Collection by permission of The Folger Shakespeare Library. For the occasion of the one millionth volume celebrated by the University of Nebraska Libraries--Lincoln, 13 July 1971. [Lincoln? 1971?]. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Mary Ellen Ducey, Special Collections/Archives Librarian, N209 Love Library, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0410 Founding of Transylvania to be commemorated in state Oct. 12 [1935]. By Dr. Archibald Henderson. [n. p. 1935]. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Helen Tibbo, 201 W. Fisher Street, Salisbury, NC, 28144 U.S.A. The general. Boston, Impressions Workshop, 1966. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. Geneva forever! a slogan for civilization by John Judson Hamilton. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. [The Goucher College broadsides. Nos. 1-7] [Baltimore, 1943]. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Ms. Sydney Roby, Special Collections and Preservation Librarian, Julia Rogers Library, Goucher College, 1021 Dulaney Valley Road, Baltimore, MD, 21204 Gov Osborn tells how it feels to be seriously ill; lauds Sault hospital. Experiences in delirium of pneumonia described by former governor, now recuperating at his camp. By Chase S. Osborn. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Ken Filkins, Editor, Sault Ste. Marie Evening News, 109 Arlington Street, Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, 49783 The governors of 1933. Fellowship has been the means of forming many enduring friendships on Kiwanis. The governors of the twenty-nine districts representing the nearly 1,900 clubs of Kiwanis Internation in the United States and Canada for 1933 are so impressed with this fact that they hereby constitute themselves into an order of friendliness ... Washington Brewood, 1933. This item is included in this Collection with permission from David Williams, Kiwanis International, Public Relations Department, 3636 Woodview Trace, Indianapolis, IN, 46268-3196 The great seal of the United States. Author and publisher. Otto Svendsen, Baltimore, c. 1941. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. Green fleas. [Arcadia, Calif.] Raccoon Press, c1964. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. Greetings: Gentlemen: take notice ye members of ye olde Roxburghe Clubbe of San Francisco, in California will gather together with their friends at meate on ye evening of ye 22nd in ye months of Februarius, yt being Anno Dominus MCMXXXII .÷ Stanford University Press This item is included in this Collection with permission from James Nance, Roxburghe Club of San Francisco, c/o The Book Club of California, 312 Sutter St., Ste. 510, San Francisco, CA, 94108 The Grub street Journal. Vol. I No. 1 Baltimore. Maryland. March 10, 1933. An act for the free circulation of paper money. Baltimore. Salt House Press. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. A hillside thaw. New York. The Poets' Guild [ca. 1930]. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Peter A. Gilbert, Representative of the Estate of Robert Frost, MS 122 Brandeis University, P.O. Box 549110, Waltham, MA, 02454-9110 Copyright 1923 by Henry Holt Company, copyright 1951 by Robert Frost. Courtesy of The Estate of Robert Frost. A historic duel. A letter written by Brigadier General Lachlan McIntosh to Colonel John Laurence, Military secretary to General Washington, three days after the death of Button Gwinnett being a true relation of the duel, of the events that caused it and of its consequences: ... Printed here for the first time from the recently acquired original letter for a few friends and clients by the American Autograph shop. [Merion station, Penna.] Christmas 1937. Copyright 1937, the American Autograph Shop, Ridley Park, PA. Gift from Miss Eleanore Bruno on behalf of AAS, Feb. 9, 1939 The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. The historical love letter ... John Hancock President of Congress to Dorothy Quincy, the second "Dorothy Q" whom he married two months later. Printed here in facsimile for the first time for a few friends by the American Autograph shop [Merion Station, Penna.] Christmas 1938. Copyright 1938, the American Autograph Shop. Gift from Miss Eleanore Bruno, Apr. 10, 1939. 2nd copy, Gift from Miss Eleanore Bruno, 1943. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. Hop, skip, and jump. [Berkeley, Calif.] Printed for Oyez by The Auerhahn Press, c1964. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Gary Snyder, Professor of English, University of California, Davis, 024 Voorhies Hall, Davis, California, 95616 Horace Mann 1796-1859. Thoughts from his writings ... Baltimore, Md. Norman T. A. Munder 1936. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. The house of governors. Plan to partition the United States into fifteen groups, for the purpose of greatly reducing the cost of government and to eliminate the present system of political intrigue and usurpation by Lewis McKenzie Turner. Baltimore, Salt House Press [193-]. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. How Modern Is the Museum of Modern Art? New York, American Abstract Artists, April 15, 1940. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Beatrice Reise, President, American Abstract Artists, 470 West End Avenue, New York, NY, 10024, Human sterilization today. Human betterment foundation. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Judith R. Goodstein, University Archivist, Caltech, Institute Archives, Caltech, Mail Code 015A-74, Pasadena, CA, 91125 "If you be my honey sucker" ... Copyright April 22, 1937 by J. Burk Williams. [Seattle, Washington, Thompson printing co. 1939]. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. [An illumination designed and drawn by Mr. Sturgis as an example of the work he is prepared to do on order] Boston, Mass. 1938. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Alanson H. Sturgis, Jr., P.O. Box 6697, Portsmouth, NH, 03802-6697 In 1939 the New York world's fair. Copyright 1937, New York world's fair, 1939 incorporated. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. In this printing office be vigilant, think twice, and say nothing; for what is said and done here will be heard round the world. [n.p.] Hammer Creek Press [1953]. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. The inauguration of John Stewart Bryan as nineteenth president of the College of William and Mary in Virginia. Saturday October twentieth one thousand nine hundred and thirty-four. Williamsburg. [Colophon: Richmond, Va. Whittet & Shepperson, printers. 1934]. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Stacy B. Gould, Acting University Archivist, Special Collections --- Earl Gregg Swem Library, The College of William & Mary PO Box 8794, Williamsburg, VA, 23187-8794 Jacket of "Are you a bromide by Gelett Burgess. [The word "blurb" had its origin in the exploitation of this book [194]. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. Job and the N. R. A. A recovery act that worked 6000 years ago ... Copyright 1934 by L. & W. Service Co. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. John Adams ÷ letter of advice to his cousin Zabdiel ÷ 1763. [Worcester, Mass.] Massachusetts Historical Society, c 1967] This item is included in this Collection with permission from Nicolas Graham, Reference Librarian, Massachusetts Historical Society, 1154 Boylston Street, Boston, MA, 02215 The John Carter Brown Library. Providence, Rhode Island. Extract from the minutes of the Committee of management, July 19, 1938 [Regarding the retirement of Mr. Joseph McCoid]. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Susan Danforth, Asst Librarian & Curator of Maps & Prints, Brown University, Box 1894, Providence, RI, 02912 July Dawn [a poem], by Louise Bogan. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Ruth Limmer, the Estate of Louise Bogan, 531 Main Street #107, Roosevelt Island, New York, NY, 10044 The laird of Duck island by Carleton W. Angell. [Taken from the Quarterly Review of the University of Michigan Alumnus, Dec. 10, 1938]. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Catherine Serrin, Publications Editor, University of Michigan Alumni Association, 200 Fletcher St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1007 The laurel tree. [Santa Barbara, Calif.] Unicorn Press, 1967. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Nathaniel Tarn, Contributing Editor, Conjunctions, Bard College Annandale-on-Hudson, NY, 12504 Leonardo, the desire to know, desidero di Conoscere. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely, copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. Lese-Majesty [blank] Baltimore, Maryland Salt House Press. 1935. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. The less you are taught and the more you think the greater you will be. The brain trust ... Lewis McKenzie Turner. Baltimore. Md. Salt House Press. January 1935. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. Lesson [translated by] Teo Savory. [Santa Barbara, Calif.] Unicorn Press, 1967. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. [Letter, 12 September 1967. Mr. Roger L. Stevens, Chairman, National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities. [Santa Barbara, Calif.] Unicorn Press, 1967. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Thomas R. Smith, Asst. to Robert Bly, 301 1st Street, Moose Lake, MN, 55767 Library bill of rights. [Chicago, Printed by the Norman Press, 1962]. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Judith Krug, Director of Office of Intellectual Freedom, 50 E. Huron, Chicago, IL, 60611 U.S.A. Life at the door. Russia in 1914 ... Lewis McKenzie Turner. Baltimore, Maryland. Salt House Press [1935?]. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. A literal translation of the Ephrata Christmas greeting [of 1769]; Math: I. 21. Ephrata, Pa., Restored Press of the Brotherhood of the Cloister, 1965. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Michael Showalter, Museum Educator, Ephrata Cloister, 632 West Main Street, Ephrata, PA, 17522 Look the children ... Henry C. Samuels. [Seattle, Washington 1939]. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. [Lords prayer.] The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. The Louisiana purchase and one of its first explorers, Zebulon Montgomery Pike. Extension of remarks of Hon. Lawrence Lewis of Colorado in the House of representatives, Thursday, March 9, 1939. Address by the late Honorable Alva Adams of Pueblo Colo., before the students and faculty of Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colo. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. The Magees slip quietly away from Post Street. This item is included in this Collection with permission from John Charles, Head, Bruce Peel Special Collections Library, University of Alberta, B-7 Rutherford, S. Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2J8 Canada The measure of constitutionality to nullify a statute ... Edward Grandison Smith. Clarksburg, West Virginia. February 22, 1937. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. The million and first book. [1963]. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Paul Willis, Director of Libraries, 1-85 William T. Young Library, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506-0456 The millionth book. [Lexington, Ky.] 1963. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Paul Willis, Director of Libraries, 1-85 William T. Young Library, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506-0456 Minnesota historical news. No. 188. August 1937. Distributed to newspapers by the Minnesota Historical society, St. Paul. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Lori Williamson, Acquisitions & Curatorial Department, Minnesota Historical Society, 345 Kellogg Blvd. West, St. Paul, MN, 55102-1906 [Miscellaneous publications]. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. Monument on the site of famous debate. Dedication exercises held yesterday on anniversary of Lincoln and Douglas meeting. By Lutz White. In the Aurora Beacon-News. [193-]. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Jeff Kuczora, Assoc. Editor, Aurora Beacon-News, 101 S. River Street, Aurora, Illinois, 60506 USA Mouse. Boston, Impressions Workshop, 1966. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. My November guest. [New York, The Poets' Guil. ca. 1930]. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Peter A. Gilbert, Representative of the Estate of Robert Frost, MS 122 Brandeis University, P.O. Box 549110, Waltham, MA, 02454-9110 Copyright 1913, 1934, 1962, by Robert Frost. Courtesy of The Estate of Robert Frost. The Mystery. Baltimore. John S. Mayfield. 1956. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Eric Pumroy, Bryn Mawr Special Collections Department, Floor 2, Mariam Coffin Canaday Library., Bryn Mawr College, 101 North Merion Avenue, Bryn Mawr, PA, 19010-2899 [Newspaper clippings (cartoons) relating to political campaign for election of candidates for Mayor of Indianapolis. Oct. 22-Nov. 6, 1929.] This item is included in this Collection with permission from Ted Daniels, Indianapolis Star, P.O. Box 145, Indianapolis, IN, 46206-0145 North of us, south of us. Good neighbors. by Warren H. Atherton. National commander, The American legion. Reprint from the American legion magazine, February 1944. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Ms. Pat Marschand, Editorial Administrator, American Legion Magazine, P.O. Box 1055, Indianapolis, IN, 46206 On 11 December 1923 F. Scott Fitzgerald and Maxwell Perkins lunched at the Chatham to discuss the collection that became Ring Lardner's first Scribners volume, How to Write Short Stories (1924). Fitzgerald listed possible titles and selections on the back of the menu. The note on "Good for the Soul" is in Perkins' hand. 300 copies printed to mark publication of Ring Lardner: A Descriptive Bibiliography by Matthew J. Bruccoli and Richard Layman (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1976). From the Charles Scribner's Sons Archives in the Princeton University Library. With permission from Frances Fitzgerald Smith, Charles Scribner's Sons, and the Princeton University Library. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Margie Bachman, Rights & Permissions Manager, University of Pittsburgh Press, 3347 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261 Our National Library [a poem by] Jennie Moore Bryan. [1928]. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. People's intelligence ... citizens of the United States of America: ... very respectfully, William C. W. Schwarz . San Francisco, California. [1937?]. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. People's intelligence ... [Signed] William C. W. Schwarz. San Francisco California [1937?]. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. [A placard containing two poems in tribute to the Hon. W. T. Whitaker, founder of an Orphan Home in Oklahoma] Minnesota, January, 1954. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. Pledge to the nation. "I pledge allegiance to the United States of America and to the flag, constitution and democracy for which they uphold; our nation, inseparable, with freedom, justice and equality ... Forever." Copyright 1941 by Dr. Edward R. Hallgren. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. Point Arena light, [by] James Johnson. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. President Monroe visits Chillicothe. Chillicotheana broadsheet no. 8 Chillicothe, Ohio [1942]. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Marvin Jones, Editor & Publisher, Chillicothe Gazette, 50 W. Main Street, Chillicothe, OH, 45601 Print from Pirates Own book, 1837. Albert Frederick, Arthur, George VI looking over his vast empire with Mr. Simpson at sea ... Along the Riviera. a true and thrilling love story. Baltimore. Maryland Salt House Press [1937?]. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. A printed broadside dated at Detroit, January 26, 1790. A query for bibliographers and historians, accompanied by facsimile of the broadside by Douglas C. McMurtrie. Detroit: Designed and printed by students of the department of printing Cass technical high school. 1942. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. Program of the first national jubilee to be held in Atlantic City, New Jersey June twenty-six, 1936. An anti-political demonstration in the interest of good government. Baltimore, Maryland. Salt House Press. 1935. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. Proposed Utopian calendar. Joseph G. Collins. Los Angeles, Calif. 1939. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. [Prospectus for Mr. Franklin and The Papers of Benjamin Franklin.] Chicago, The Lakeside Press, 1956. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Robert G. Nieland, R.R. Donnelley & Sons Company, 77 West Wacker Drive, Chicago, IL, 60601-1696 The raccoon's feast. Arcadia, [Calif.], Raccoon Press, c1963. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. The raven. [Facsimile of a manuscript] exhibited for the first time at Yale University Library in honor of the 150th birthday celebration of Edgar Allan Poe. Courtesy of Richard Gimbel. [New Haven? 1949?]. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Ellen Cordes, Head, Public Services: Beinecke RB&M Library, P.O. Box 208240, New Haven, CT, 06520-8240 Recent notices of the Salt House Press. Baltimore Evening Sun, October 31, 1934. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. The recollections of a small boy by Charles E. Fairman. First Baptist Church of Fairfax, Vt. Aug. 29, 1938. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. Report to the board of trustees of the Human betterment foundation for the year ending February 8, 1938. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Judith R. Goodstein, University Archivist, Caltech, Institute Archives, Caltech, Mail Code 015A-74, Pasadena, CA, 91125 "Research barriers in the South" ... L. D. Reddick. Reprinted from the Social Frontier, December 1937, Vol. IV. No. 30. pp. 85, 86. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. Resolutions of the trustees and faculty of Cornell University on the death of Professor William Alexander Hammond [1938]. This item is included in this Collection with permission from C. J. Lance-Duboscq, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, 2B Carl A. Kroch Library, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853 Robert Graves: the University of San Francisco aims ... April 29, 1962. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Tyrone Cannon, Library Dean, Gleeson Library, Univ. of San Francisco, 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, CA, 94117-1049 The runaway. New York. The Poets' Guild [ca. 1930]. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Peter A. Gilbert, Representative of the Estate of Robert Frost, MS 122 Brandeis University, P.O. Box 549110, Waltham, MA, 02454-9110 Copyright 1923 by Henry Holt and Company, copyright 1951 by Robert Frost. Courtesy of The Estate of Robert Frost. Salutation of the dawn. Yesterday is already a dream. Tomorrow is only a vision ... from the Sanskrit. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. Salute at 87. May 14, 1957. [A tribute to Bruce Rogers on his 87th birthday]. 87 copies printed by Fridolf Johnson at the Mermaid Press. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. Sappho, a translation by William Carlos Williams. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Declan Spring, New Directions Publishing Corp., Permissions Department, 80 Eighth Avenue, New York City, New York, 10011 USA Copyright © 1957 by William Carlos Williams. Used by Permission of New Directions Publishing Corporation. Shadows of voices, [by] Dennis McCalib. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. Signature to petition on Ten pound Island asked of me by Mr. Vincent Ferrini. [Berkeley, Calif.] Printed for Oyez by The Auerhahn Press, San Francisco, c1964. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Rutherford W. Witthus, Coordinator, Technical Services & Automation, Dodd Research Center; University Libraries, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269 Silver anniversary luncheon of the Commonwealth Club of California, Palace Hotel San Francisco. February third, nineteen twenty-eight. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Suzanne Guyette, Director of Marketing and Public Relations, Commonwealth Club of California, 595 Market Street, San Francisco, CA, 94105 So lebet die reine Schaar ... Ephrata, Pa., Restored Press of the Brotherhood of the Cloister, 1966. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Michael Showalter, Museum Educator, Ephrata Cloister, 632 West Main Street, Ephrata, PA, 17522 Song of Consul Hawthorne. [Columbus, Ohio, The Tauser Head Press, 1965]. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. Sons of Washington ... William Kimberley Palmer. Chicopee, Massachusetts. U. S. A. October 1937. A. D. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. St. Botolph's church Boston, Lincolnshire, England ... Fred W. Fox. Washington, D. C. January, 1939. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. Strawberry Hill, Needham, Massachussets. Christmas 1929. This Christmas I ask my friends to accept with my seasonable good wishes the broadside printed on the reverse of this. It is made up from two little-known versions of Psalm LXXXII: the one by John Milton, and the other by Sir Philip Sidney and his sister the Countess of Pembroke ... Richard Walden Hale. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. Stylized flowers of Ephrata. A study in Pennsylvania folk art, being a page from the Ephrata ABC Book done in 1750 ... Ephrata, Pa., Restored Press of the Brotherhood of the Cloister, 1966. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Michael Showalter, Museum Educator, Ephrata Cloister, 632 West Main Street, Ephrata, PA, 17522 Sudden death! By the squire of Krum Elbow ... New York 1936. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Craig McKinney, Hudson Valley Newspapers, P.O. Box 458, Highland, NY, 12528 Suicide of children, murders by children, one person collected in the first eleven months of 1937 clippings from a limited number of California newspapers reporting suicides of five children fifteen years of age or less, and 42 violent deaths caused by children with guns ÷ Western Press Committee Palo Alto, California 1937. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Bill Frank, The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens, 1151 Oxford Road, San Marino, CA, 91108 Supper. [New Haven] Yale University Library, 1962. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Ellen Cordes, Head, Public Services: Beinecke RB&M Library, P.O. Box 208240, New Haven, CT, 06520-8240 The Supreme court, editorial (Reprint) [From] The Monitor, the official organ of the Archdiocese of San Francisco. Vol. LXXIX, No. 48, San Francisco, Calif,. February 27, 1937. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Maurice Healy, Director of Communications, Archdiocese of San Francisco, 445 Church St, San Francisco, CA, 94114 The Ten commandments. San Francisco, 1928. Printed by Albert Bender This item is included in this Collection with permission from James Nance, Roxburghe Club of San Francisco, c/o The Book Club of California, 312 Sutter St., Ste. 510, San Francisco, CA, 94108 There are no islands any more. Lines written in passion and in deep concern for England, France and my own country. Edna St. Vincent Millay. Reprinted by kind permission of Edna St. Vincent Millay for the benefit of the British War relief society, Inc. 620 Fifth Ave. New York. [1940]. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Elizabeth Barnett, The Edna St. Vincent Millary Society, 8a Chauncy Street #5, Cambridge, MA, 02138 There was the sound ... Eulogy delivered at the bier of John Fitzgerald Kennedy in rotunda of the Capitol by the Honorable Mike Mansfield, Senator from Montana, November 24, 1963. McKeesport, Pa., Wivagg Printing Company [1963]. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Ed Gronlund, Wivagg Printing Company, 324 6th Ave, McKeesport, PA, 15132 These three. Gabriel Wells, Christmas 1927. Arranged by Frederic Warde: Printed by William Edwin Rudge. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. A third term menace. Dedicated to James Otis, and Patrick Henry- the orators of the American revolution ... William Kimberley Palmer. Chicopee, Massachusetts, U. S. A. February 1928, A. D. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. [Three broadsides by Elwin Volk. Los Angeles, Calif. 1950.] The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. Time to redouble .... J. W. Studebaker. (From an address by Dr. J. W. Studebaker, U. S. Commissioner of education, before a convention of the American Farm Bureau Federation in Chicago. [1940]. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. To Albert Bender, Saint Patrick's Night, 1934 [n.p., 1934]. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Kathy Walkup, Program Head, Book Arts Program, Mills College, 5000 McArthur Blvd., Oakland, CA, 94613 To the American people: from the National committee on the tenth anniversary of the League of nations. [1929?]. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. To the Maid of Orleans by Edna St. Vincent Millay. 1940. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Elizabeth Barnett, The Edna St. Vincent Millary Society, 8a Chauncy Street #5, Cambridge, MA, 02138 To the national library ÷ Cecil and James Johnson. [San Francisco, The Windsor Press. 1934]. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. To the voters of Oxford, [Oxford, Miss., 1950]. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Claire Reinertsen, Rights & Permissions Department, W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10110 The trap-door by the Squire of Krum Elbow ... New York Edmondson Economic service [1936?]. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Craig McKinney, Hudson Valley Newspapers, P.O. Box 458, Highland, NY, 12528 The trees. Cambridge, Mass., Lowell House Printers, 1964. Permission obtained from the Norton book COLLECTED EARLY POEMS: 1950-1970. Reprinted by permission of the author and W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. Uncle Sam "Padlocked" How much longer will the American people permit this outrageous and dangerous situation to exist? By Ralph M. Easley Chairman Executive Council, The National Civic Federation. New York City, R. C. A. Tower, August 1, 1931. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Mimi Bolling, Curator of Manuscripts, Manuscripts and Archives Division, Rm. 324, NYPL, 5th Avenue and 42nd Street, New York, NY, 10018-2788 Uncle Sam as friend to friend! John Harsen Roades, 791 Park Avenue, New York City. Dec. 25, 1927. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. An uncollected sonnet by John Keats. Sonnet to Spenser. Philadelphia. Printed for Seymour Adelman 1945. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Thomas M. Whitehead, Head of Special Collections, Paley Library, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122 Under that arch; a keepsake issued by the Dartmouth College Library on the occasion of the opening of its Robert Frost Room, April 19, 1962. [Hanover, N. H., 1962]. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Philip N. Cronenwett, Special Collections Librarian, Rauner Special Collections Library, 6065 Webster Hall, Hanover, NH, 03755 Unheroic couplets for the poets of New Albion by Wilder Bentley. Berkeley, Calif. 1934. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Wilder Bentley, Jr., P.O. Box 575, Occidental, CA, 95465 Unicorn folio, series 1, no. 4. [Santa Barbara, Calif.] Unicorn Press, c1967. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. United States of America, true faith pen & color drawing and designed by Roy W. Boyden, Los Angeles, Calif 1939. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. The University of Chicago seventy-fifth anniversary. [Chicago, 1966]. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Larry Arbeiter, Director of Communications, Univ. of Chicago, University News Office, 5801 South Ellis Avenue, Room 200, Chicago, IL, 60637-1473 USA The voice of the nation. [Declaration of independence printed in shape of the Liberty bell] July 4, 1776. Sesqui-centennial souvenir supplement - The Frankford Dispatch July 2, 1926. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. The Washington ancestry and records of the McClain, Johnson, and forty other colonial American families. Prepared for Edward Lee McClain by Charles Arthur Hoppin ... Greenfield Ohio: Privately printed 1932. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Donna Anstey, Yale University Press, Permissions Manager. We real cool / by Gwendolyn Brooks. Detroit, Michigan : Broadside Press, 1966. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Hilda Vest, Publisher/Editor, Broadside Press, 4734 Sturtevant Street, Detroit, MI, 48202-1464 When court acts by George Rothwell Brown. [n. p. 1937]. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Pamela Brunger Scott, Managing Editor, Operations, San Francisco Examiner, P.O. Box 7260, San Francisco, CA, 94120 Wine. [Berkeley, Calif.] Printed for Oyez by The Auerhahn Press in San Francisco, c1964. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Declan Spring, New Directions Publishing Corp., Permissions Department, 80 Eighth Avenue, New York City, New York, 10011 USA The wrack of the Queen Charlotte: a ballad of Chesapeake Bay. Cambridge, The Palimpset Press. 1950. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. Ye Giglampz: a weekly illustrated journal devoted to art, literature and satire. Vol. I, no. 1. June 21, 1874. Cincinnati. [Cincinnati, 1963]. This item is included in this Collection with permission from Sylvia Metzinger, Rare Book & Special Collections, Public Library of Cincinnati & Hamilton County, 800 Vine Street, Cincinnati, OH, 45202-2071 Youth ... William Kimberley Palmer Chicopee Massachusetts. U. S. A. January 1938 A. D. The Library of Congress is unaware of, or has been unable to identify a copyright owner and/or information about any possible or likely copyright owner, and makes this item available as an exercise of fair use for educational, not-for-profit purposes only. Users must make their own assessment of possible legal rights associated with this work in light of their intended use. Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. Chicago citation style: Henderson, Archibald. Founding of Transylvania to be commemorated in state Oct. 12 . By Dr. Archibald Henderson. n. p . 1935. Pdf. https://www.loc.gov/item/rbpe.0230130a/. APA citation style: Henderson, A. (1935) Founding of Transylvania to be commemorated in state Oct. 12 . By Dr. Archibald Henderson. n. p . [Pdf] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/rbpe.0230130a/. MLA citation style: Henderson, Archibald. Founding of Transylvania to be commemorated in state Oct. 12 . By Dr. Archibald Henderson. n. p . 1935. Pdf. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, <www.loc.gov/item/rbpe.0230130a/>. More Books/Printed Material like this In house, Wednesday, January 30, 1878. [Report of] Committee on the judiciary. Available also through the Library of Congress web site in two forms: as facsimile page images and as full text in SGML. Printed Ephemera Collection; Portfolio 23, Folder 3a. Contributor: Kentucky. General Assembly. House of Representatives. Committee on Judiciary Washington, D. C. April 1906. Mr. [blank]. Dear Sir: In view of the fact that Caleb ... Available also through the Library of Congress web site in two forms: as facsimile page images and as full text in SGML. Printed Ephemera Collection; Portfolio 23, Folder 12. Contributor: Caleb Powers' Defense Fund 26th Convention of the Kentucky equal rights .... Kentucky 19--.; 1. Women--Legal status, laws, etc. --United States.; 2.Woman--Rights of women.; I. Schwimmer, Rosika, 1877-.; II. Snowden, Ethel (Annakin).; III. Breckinridge, Desha (Mrs.).; IV. Millard, Walter I. Available also through the... Thomas Metcalfe, and W. T. Barry. Fellow-citizens: A few days ago I went to the house ... Available also through the Library of Congress web site in two forms: as facsimile page images and as full text in SGML. Printed Ephemera Collection; Portfolio 23, Folder 19. Compromise detected. The great question now before the people seems to have grown out of different ... Available also through the Library of Congress web site in two forms: as facsimile page images and as full text in SGML. Printed Ephemera Collection; Portfolio 23, Folder 20. [Parr portrait of Lincoln.] Contributor: Parr, G. A. [H. B. Hall's Sons portrait of Lincoln.] [Kellogg portrait of Lincoln.] [King & Maas & Co. woodcut print of Abraham Lincoln] Contributor: King & Maas & Co. [Sartain portrait of Mary Todd Lincoln] Contributor: Sartain, William	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2551
__label__cc	0.542922	0.457078	Activism, child abuse, Child Custody, Child Custody for fathers, Child Custody Issues, Child Support, Children and Domestic Violence, Children who witness abuse, Childrens Rights, Corrupt bastards, Custodial Mothers, Domestic Abuse, Domestic Relations, Domestic Violence, Family Court Reform, Family Courts, Family Rights, Fatherhood groups, fathers rights, hate crimes, Human Rights, Nancy Carroll, parental alienation, Parental Alienation Syndrome, Rightsformothers.com Mums Lead Abuse Shame – Children at Risk! In Activism, Alienation of Affection, Best Interest of the Child, child abuse, Child Custody, Child Support, Children and Domestic Violence, children criminals, Childrens Rights, Civil Rights, Department of Social Servies, Divorce, Domestic Violence, Family Court Reform, Family Rights, Freedom, Liberty, Marriage, National Parents Day, parental alienation, Parental Alienation Syndrome, Parental Kidnapping, Parental Relocation, parental rights, Parental Rights Amendment, Protective Dads, Protective Parents on September 15, 2009 at 2:00 am The same holds true in the United States with moms abusing the children in record numbers, and we are making it known everywhere, that it is time to put dad back in the home to protect the children from mums. – Parental Rights. The US stats are here: Child Maltreatment 2007: Figure 3-6 Victims by Perpetrator Relationship, 2007. Mums lead abuse shame Posted by Laurie Nowell on September 13th, 2009 \| Category: Laurie Nowell Sunday Herald Sun (Melbourne) 13 September 2009, Page 35 By Laurie Nowell Child abuse is rising dramatically in Australia, according to the first in-depth study to be released on the issue in a decade. Data shows cases of abuse against children rose more than 50 per cent between 2006 and 2008. In the 37 per cent of cases in which a parent was the perpetrator, mothers were responsible for 73 per cent of abuse cases while fathers were the cause of 27 per cent. The data, the first of its kind to emerge since 1996 and obtained under Freedom of Information (FoI) laws, was compiled by the Western Australia Department of Child Protection. The figures present a disturbing snapshot of soaring child abuse and its perpetrators. Experts say the data can accurately be applied across Australia. Applications under FoI for similar data from all other states were refused. The statistics come as the Federal Government has signalled it may roll back the “shared parenting” amendments to the Family Law Act, brought in under the Howard government to give fathers greater access to their children in custody battles. The data shows fathers are most responsible for sex abuse against children – accounting for more than 85 per cent of cases. But mothers carry out more than 65 per cent of cases of emotional and psychological abuse and about 53 per cent of physical abuse. They are also responsible for about 93 per cent of cases of neglect. There were 1,505 cases of abuse of children in WA in 2007-08 – 427 of them were carried out by mothers and 155 by fathers. In other cases in which the gender of the perpetrator was determined, 463 cases were carried out by women and 353 by men. A comparison with 2005-06 data shows the number of total cases of abuse had risen more than 50 per cent from 960. In 2005-06, mothers carried out 312 acts of abuse and fathers 165. University of Western Sydney lecturer Micheal Woods said the findings “undermined the myth that fathers were the major risk factor for their children’s wellbeing”. “While there are some abusive fathers, there are in fact a larger proportion of violent and abusive mothers,” Mr Woods said. F4E Blog – Father Matters. « Before Children can get killed when the signs of Parental Alienation are missed September 14, 2009 AfterHHS Child Maltreatment 2007: 1100 Percent Increase by Mom Alone September 16, 2009 »	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2557
__label__cc	0.653752	0.346248	What’s on today Support the MAC Menu Close the menu Preschool, Elementary and Secondary Program for college students and adults Tours for groups Art Workshops for Groups Workshop/Tour Combo Reservation Request Form – Group Visits Visitor Policy The MAC Team Major Digital Projects MAC Transformation Supporting the MAC Cercle du MAC Les Printemps du MAC Bal du MAC The Collectors Symposium The MAC Magazine Terms of use of this site Copyrights and intellectual property Reproduction of artworks Most of the artwork images that the Musée d’art contemporain (the MAC or the Musée) makes available on its website are protected by copyright. To ensure full protection of its rights, the MAC requests that users not reproduce any of the images posted on its website for any uses other than fair dealing as provided under the Copyright Act, notably for the purpose of private study, research or education. 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MAC Newsletter Be the first to know about our activities, subscribe to our newsletter What's on at the museum today Wednesday July 17th 2019 Choose another date 20 06 2019 au 06 10 2019 Current exhibition - Collection Nadia Myre Chloë Lum & Yannick Desranleau Workshops for adults 26 06 2019 The 17 07 2019 Art Mediation Our art mediators will answer your questions! Interactive Tours for all Wednesday, Friday, Saturday and Sunday Workshop/tour combos for groups Available by reservation	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2562
__label__wiki	0.593325	0.593325	Home Perspectives Comments on Rochelle Jones’s report on "Increasing fundamentalism in Bangladesh: A threat... Comments on Rochelle Jones’s report on "Increasing fundamentalism in Bangladesh: A threat to women’s rights?" Habib Siddiqui  Listen to this In her recently concluded essay on “Increasing fundamentalism in Bangladesh: a threat to women’s rights?” May 27, 2005, Association for Women’s Rights in Development,[1] Ms. Rochelle Jones claimed to analyze fundamentalism and its impact on women in Bangladesh through the eyes of women there. While I agree with her conclusion that an “over-emphasis on Islamic fundamentalism as a security threat can distort important socio-economic factors that play the most important role in improving people’s lives particularly women,” I consider it important to point out some inaccuracies and exaggerated claims in her report. Most of the material in Ms. Jones’s report is based on hearsays and sources of dubious origin. From her citations, it appears that it was mainly the biased, and now discredited, reporting of Eliza Griswold (The Next Islamist Revolution? The New York Times, January 23, 1005) that lured her into writing this report. Let me analyze some of her statements. (1). Ms. Jones mentions that 80 million of people live in shantytowns without access to clean water and sanitation. I don’t know what her definition of “shantytown” is. If she meant the 65,000 villages that comprise Bangladesh, then she ought to make a trip in the rural areas to find the truth herself about clean water and sanitation. If she meant slums that dot various parts of cities, often lived by migratory workers from rural areas, their number won’t come anywhere close to the number she has cited. The vast majority of Bangladeshis (almost 74%) live in the rural areas. While no third world country, including nearby India, can claim to have a perfect record on such basic necessities, in Bangladesh the percentage of population with access to safe drinking water is 97% (see, e.g. [2]). (2). Ms. Jones mentions about 3 female babies killed by their fathers in 3 months of last year. Well, shall we be alarmed with that statistics? One can argue that it is too small a number, even dwarfing comparable statistics of any western city, including Philadelphia where I happen to live. No, infanticide is uncommon in Bangladesh; this, in spite of its poverty. The Islamic religion has been a great savior to stopping this evil crime. In poor societies, the preference for male children stems from the mere fact that they are a better source of income and support for the poor parents and their families. This does not mean that women cannot earn or become a source of income for the family. They often do. A visit to Bangladesh would show that its women are penetrating all strata of economic life, including the construction industry. A visit to some rural bazaars would also show that there are now women vendors selling and buying goods, without the necessity of a male intermediary. However, Bangladesh, like most 3rd world countries, still does not have a good distribution network from the producers to consumers, thus requiring many middlemen to complete some transactions. Hopefully, in the future things will become better for the producers. (3). Ms. Jones claims that due to high illiteracy rate, women have little access to credit and few rights of inheritance. The fact, instead, is: most creditors like the Grameen Bank prefer women as borrowers than men. They seek out women rather than men. And the same is true for many NGOs. (4). Quoting a convener of an NGO, Ms. Jones says that female children are regularly deprived of their rights in the family, society, and country. This is another grossly inaccurate statement. Obviously, the convener could not have meant Muslim females (not in generality, anyway). Islam, the religion of 89% of people in Bangladesh, categorically demands that women be included in inheritance. So, if a Muslim were to deny such basic rights to his/her women relations that would be a departure from the Islamic norms. From our experience, whenever inheritance is denied to a Muslim female, it is often due to a lack of Islamic knowledge than anything else. Most Bangladeshi Muslim women would tell you that if the Muslim inheritance law were practiced, they would be better off compared to the situation today with lack of its application that they find themselves into. Nowadays, as far as inheritance is concerned, there seems to be a growing tendency amongst many educated parents to equalize the distribution. Even the educated Hindus (and Christians and Buddhists) who had traditionally denied such rights to their women are now providing some share of inheritance to their female children. (5). Writing about the garment industry, Ms. Jones claims women earn half of what men do. This statement is incorrect and seems to be ill motivated to penalize Bangladesh’s garment industry. One has to look into the sectors where women work. Most garment workers are women who are doing knitting, sewing, etc., which are low-paying jobs to begin with, while men hold most management positions. This scenario is not unique to Bangladesh garment industry, but is true everywhere, even in Los Angeles among the garment employees (mostly from Asia, Africa and Latin America). From my interaction in the garment industry some 20 years ago in the Los Angeles area, women employees there complained about earning less than a quarter to men’s income. I don’t know if the situation has improved there. Anyway, when contacted, quite a few of the Bangladeshis who own and run garment industry in Bangladesh say that there is no truth to women earning less than men for the same job with the same skill level. It is still possible that there are some factories where women may be earning less. But that is true everywhere, even in the USA, where surveys have shown that women earn 70% on an equivalent men’s job. (6). As to the fire incident in a garment industry, where 20 women died, well, fire does not discriminate between men and women. What are needed to stop such fires or collapse of factory buildings are government regulatory controls with building codes and safety measures with stiff fines for the violators. (7). Ms. Jones’s remark about Jamati Islami of Bangladesh is untrue. The bulk of her thesis about the threat of fundamentalism comes from the discredited source of Griswold. Our statement here should not, however, be understood to excuse the excesses committed by extremist elements with Islamic leanings. At places, they can be and have become a threat to be reckoned with. But their activities don’t get to the level that we witnessed with Narendra Modi’s BJP-run Gujarat in India where thousands of Muslims were murdered with the full support of the state government. Nor do they compare with on-going criminal activities of the Sharon government in the Occupied Territories. Bangladesh does not have a history of targeted killings of minorities. As to the killing of the former finance minister Kibria (AL), to accuse the Jamat is irresponsible and only proves that Ms. Jones has not been following the news on the matter. If she had followed the news, she would have found that no member of the Jamat was involved in that murder. Is it possible then that the report tried to find a connection of the murder with the so-called Islamic extremism or fundamentalism in Bangladesh one way or another so that Griswold’s ludicrous theory of Bangladesh being the next venue for an “Islamist revolution” could be proved? (8). Writing about violence against women, Ms. Jones mentions acid throwing and similar kinds of crimes amongst disgruntled male populace. Yes, while such incidents of violence have gone down, still the Bangladesh government could do more to stopping these heinous crimes by imposing exemplary punishment against the perpetrators. (9). As to Ms. Jones’s remarks on leadership and its lack of impact to bettering the status of women in Bangladesh, I agree that such gains have not necessarily translated into benefits for the Bangladeshi women. Hopefully with more education, especially amongst the women, things would improve. Finally, let me say that people are discriminated everywhere for one reason or another. In a male-dominated society like Bangladesh, women see such discrimination more. But here in the western world, we see the same thing with race, esp. in the corporate world. A young white woman, with a BS education from a 3rd-rate school, can be and often are promoted over older, more qualified guys from the 3rd world countries with PhDs. How do we explain such norms? There is no denying that Bangladesh has many flaws and that it is not the best place on earth to protect and uplift women. In the last two decades, it has repeatedly elected women to the highest positions in the government, something unachieved in any country in the world. There probably lies the hope about the betterment of status of women in Bangladesh. Worse examples of abuse of women and minorities can be found in India, Burma and Thailand, just to name a few countries. Yet, I am not aware of any similar piece published either by Ms. Jones or Ms. Griswold on those countries. It is unfortunate that 9/11 has created a menacing environment in which we are willing to believe unquestioningly the worst in Islam and what its people could do. That is why we are not surprised about the recent election results in France and the Netherlands. Little do we ever question our own leader’s culpability or accountability for such a tragedy! [1]. http://www.awid.org/go.php?stid=1484 [2]. http://www.careinternational.org.uk/cares_work/ where/bangladesh/bangladesh_stats.htm Awesome, share it: Share Tweet Google Plus LinkedIn Thanks for getting in touch with us. Send feedback to the author: Your Full Name: Your email address: Click here (New window) to subscribe to our Newsletter Previous articleDoes Israel need South Africa to salvage its poor image? Next articleBushy democracies and the future of the Muslim world Dr. Habib Siddiqui, a free-lance writer, contributed this article to Media Monitors Network (MMN). AU’s Leadership in Hands of Coup Mastermind Sisi a Blot on Africa Sudan rejects US and UK attempts to push UN troops into... Could this War have been avoided? Plucking the Daisy The Vocabulary of Revenge	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2566
__label__wiki	0.562947	0.562947	Articles Posted in U.S. 5th Circuit Court of Appeals Estate of Ira J. Sanders v. United States November 23, 2013 by Justia Inc The Estate filed a malpractice suit against the deceased's health care providers under the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA), 28 U.S.C. 2671 et seq., alleging in part that they failed to provide appropriate follow-up care after discovering a mass in the deceased's stomach. The court affirmed the district court's grant of summary judgment for the United States based on its finding that the Estate's expert report failed to establish the relevant standard of care or create a question of fact as to the remaining elements of a malpractice claim under Mississippi law. View "Estate of Ira J. Sanders v. United States" on Justia Law Posted in: Injury Law, Medical Malpractice, U.S. 5th Circuit Court of Appeals Ellis, et al. v. United States March 5, 2012 by Justia Inc In this Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA), 28 U.S.C. 1346(b)(1), case arising out of medical malpractice that led to the death of Melissa Busch, the United States and Ms. Busch's family members, plaintiffs, cross-appealed the district court's judgment. The case arose out of repeated medical misdiagnoses that led to the untimely death of Ms. Busch from synovial foot cancer. The court held that the district court did not err in finding the Government fully liable for the damages award because the Government did not present adequate evidence of NE Methodist's liability. The district court also did not err in concluding that Ms. Busch was not comparatively negligent because the evidence showed that Ms. Busch acted as a reasonable prudent person of her same training and experience would have acted in similar circumstances. The court held, however, that the district court did err in its assessment of plaintiffs' claim for household services. Accordingly, the court affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for further proceedings. View "Ellis, et al. v. United States" on Justia Law Bass v. Stryker Corp., et al. February 1, 2012 by Justia Inc Plaintiff appealed from the district court's dismissal of his state-law claims against Stryker under Rule 12(b)(6). Plaintiff alleged in his complaint that a hip replacement product manufactured by Stryker malfunctioned and caused him injury. The court affirmed the dismissal of plaintiff's strict liability, design defect, negligence, and Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act (DTPA), Tex. Bus. Comm. Code 17.41 et seq., claims to the extent they were premised on a failure to warn or a marketing defect; affirmed as to plaintiff's breach of express warranty claims; and reversed and remanded the following: (1) plaintiff's strict liability and negligence claims, to the extent they were based on manufacturing defects that violated the FDA's Current Good Manufacturing Practices or are inconsistent with Stryker's manufacturing processes or procedures that were approved by the FDA; (2) his claim for breach of an implied warranty to the extent it relied on the failure to comply with the FDA's requirements; and (3) his DTPA claim, to the extent that it relied on a breach of an implied warranty. View "Bass v. Stryker Corp., et al." on Justia Law	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2568
__label__wiki	0.608415	0.608415	Campaign for Illinois Apply + Grow Tuition + Fees Before Matriculation Practice + Prepare Admissions Webinars Graduate student using microscope in animal biology laboratory. Journey + Experience Paradigm-Shifting Curriculum Active Learning Environment Medical Education Facilitators Discovery Learning Life in Champaign-Urbana Health + Wellness Resources LEAD + ACTIVATE EXPLORE + MAKE Health Maker Lab Research Mentors Global Community Immersion Program DISCOVER + LEARN SpHERES High School Research Program Healthcare Careers Pilot Program Carle Illinois College of Medicine first class members. July 3, 2018 Fulbright Visiting Scholar Joins Carle Illinois Eman Hammad, a Fulbright visiting scholar from the University of Jordan, began her Fulbright scholar program at the Carle Illinois College of Medicine in the fall of 2018. Her research at the University of Illinois is in pharmacoeconomics, which addresses the cost-effectiveness of medications. Eman’s story began in her home country of Jordan, where at […] Eman Hammad, a Fulbright visiting scholar from the University of Jordan, began her Fulbright scholar program at the Carle Illinois College of Medicine in the fall of 2018. Her research at the University of Illinois is in pharmacoeconomics, which addresses the cost-effectiveness of medications. Eman’s story began in her home country of Jordan, where at a young age, a trip to the pharmacy catalyzed a curiosity in pharmacology. She witnessed the everyday practice of pharmacists ensuring efficacy and safety of medications and helping patients to better understand how to use their medications. For Eman, this experience emphasized the value of pharmacy in a person’s overall healthcare experience. She went on to earn her bachelor’s and master’s degrees from the University of Jordan, and later pursued her Ph.D. in the UK, a move motivated by the opportunity to observe the practice of pharmacoeconomics overseas. Now, in addition to teaching pharmacy practice at the University of Jordan, Eman focuses on health economics, teaching both pharmacy and medical students about the cost effectiveness and economics of pharmacy services. She also served on the National Committee for Drug Pricing at the Jordan Food and Drug Administration (JFDA) where she worked to ensure fair pricing for medications. She considered her work with the JFDA to be a very influential experience and enriching to her career and personality. “It’s so empowering to understand the role and the responsibility we share to make our home and the world a better place,” she said. Eman meets with manufacturers, health providers and patient advocates to advocate policy decisions that aim to ensure availability and accessibility of affordable medicines to Jordanians. She works to place herself in the shoes of the patient, healthcare provider and manufacturers to consider how these decisions will affect them, knowing that each decision she makes influences the well being of the people in her country. Her experiences with the Drug Pricing Committee have influenced her decision to move further into drug regulation science and biosimilars, a type of medication that are very similar to reference biologics. Biosimilars are available at more affordable prices, helping to increase patients’ access to vital therapies. At Illinois, she has the opportunity to collaborate with the economics department to explore the data involved with the economics of biosimilars. “Every day here is an opportunity to exchange ideas and views with researchers and scholars from around the world. I’m really proud of being a Fulbrighter,” she said. Jacob Sigmon contributed to this story. By Kara Sauder Looking for the University of Illinois College of Medicine at Urbana-Champaign? Click here for UICOM-UC 320 Illini Union Bookstore MC-325 807 South Wright Street Champaign, Illinois 61820 medicine@illinois.edu INTRANET report mistreatment / professionalism Carle Health System med-intranet.virtual.illinois.edu Pioneering Health Scholars Program	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2569
__label__cc	0.709838	0.290162	on November 19, 2018 No Comments Say it is so, Joe: California to reject cancer warning to coffee drinkers California officials, having concluded coffee drinking is not risky, are proposing a regulation that will essentially tell consumers they can drink without fear. If the regulation is adopted, it would be a huge win for the coffee industry which faces potentially massive civil penalties after losing an eight-year-old lawsuit in Los Angeles superior court that could require cancer warnings on all coffee packaging sold in California. Judge Elihu Berle found that Starbucks and other roasters and retailers failed to show that benefits from drinking coffee outweighed any cancer risks. He had previously ruled the companies had not shown the threat from the chemical was insignificant. The unprecedented action Friday by the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment rejected that ruling, following a review of more than 1,000 studies published this week by the World Health Organization that found inadequate evidence that coffee causes cancer. The state agency implements a law passed by voters in 1986 that requires warnings of chemicals known to cause cancer and birth defects. One of those chemicals is acrylamide, which is a byproduct of coffee roasting and brewing. “The proposed regulation would state that drinking coffee does not pose a significant cancer risk, despite the presence of chemicals created during the roasting and brewing process that are listed under Proposition 65 as known carcinogens,” the agency said in a statement. “The proposed regulation is based on extensive scientific evidence that drinking coffee has not been shown to increase the risk of cancer and may reduce the risk of some types of cancer.” Attorney Raphael Metzger, who won the court case on behalf of the Council for Education and Research on Toxics, said he was shocked the agency would move to nullify the court decision and undermine its own report more than a decade ago that drinking even small amounts of coffee resulted in a significant cancer risk. “The takeaway is that the state is proposing a rule contrary to its own scientific conclusion. That’s unprecedented and bad,” Metzger said. “The whole thing stinks to high hell.” The National Coffee Association had no comment on the proposed change. In the past, the organization has said coffee has health benefits and that the lawsuit made a mockery of the state law intended to protect people from toxics. Scientific evidence on coffee has gone back and forth but concerns have eased recently about possible dangers, with some studies finding health benefits. Coffee companies do not deny that acrylamide is found in coffee, but argue it is only found at low levels and is outweighed by other benefits such as antioxidants that reduce cancer risk. The state agency’s action comes about a week after bipartisan bills were introduced in both houses of US Congress to require science-based criteria for labels on food and other products. One of the sponsors, Kurt Schrader, an Oregon Democrat, alluded to the California coffee lawsuit as an example of misleading warnings. “When we have mandatory cancer warnings on a cup of coffee, something has gone seriously wrong with the process,” Schrader said. “We now have so many warnings unrelated to the actual health risk posed to consumers, that most people just ignore them.” The lawsuit against Starbucks and 90 companies was brought by the tiny nonprofit under a law that allows private citizens, advocacy groups and attorneys to sue on behalf of the state and collect a portion of civil penalties for failure to provide warnings. The Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act, better known as Proposition 65, requires warning labels for about 900 chemicals known to cause cancer or birth defects. The law has been credited with reducing cancer-causing chemicals, but it has been criticized for leading to quick settlement shakedowns and vague warnings that are often ignored. source:-theguardia Here’s how to figure out your skin type (and it’s not as simple as you might think) Exercise rider and horse dead after early-morning accident at Churchill Downs Struggling with hair fall? Here’s everything you can do to prevent and treat it Exercising in winter can help your immune system ward off cold and flu viruses Malaika Arora welcomes the week with some workout, yoga and a smile – Pics Ram Kapoor’s weight loss transformation – All you need to know about the 16:8 diet plan How skin care and K-beauty became big moneymakers for the beauty industry 2019© meditcult Theme by meditcult	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2570
__label__cc	0.506912	0.493088	New Denso partnership drives Toyota further into autonomous cars A Toyota automated driving test car released early this year. A NEW partnership between Toyota Motor Corp. and vehicle parts manufacturer Denso Corp. will boost the carmaker’s thrust into self-driving cars. News agency Reuters reported earlier this week that Toyota and Denso —already a supplier to the Toyota Group — have agreed to set up a joint venture to develop next-generation automotive semiconductors as the industry moves toward connected and autonomous vehicles. In the joint venture, Denso will own 51% of the company while Toyota will hold the remainder, the firms was quoted as saying in a joint statement. The venture will focus on components like power modules for electric vehicles and periphery monitoring sensors for automated vehicles. Computing power is becoming more important in the auto industry as cars increasingly become connected to each other and their surrounding infrastructure — traffic lights and “smart” highways, for instance. As such autonomous driving systems will need the capacity to interpret the environment around vehicles, process that data, and then instantaneously make decisions such as whether to brake or steer around an obstacle — or people. Both Toyota and Denso target to establish the company, seen to have 500 employees, in April 2020. Capitalization is set at 50 million yen (around $460,000). The companies have agreed in June 2018 to consolidate the production and development of electronic components at Denso in order to improve efficiency and accelerate innovation. In March last year, the two companies have also entered a partnership with Aisin Seiki Co. Ltd, another Toyota Group supplier, to set up a development center for autonomous driving in Tokyo called Toyota Research Institute – Advanced Development, or TRI-AD.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2574
__label__cc	0.667131	0.332869	Showing results for tags 'wharf'. Halifax: King's Wharf jesseps posted a topic in Toronto and the rest of Canada Seems like an interesting project. It seems every part of Canada having interesting developments. plan-popup.png Riyadh’s new financial district Empty towers Malek posted a topic in Projects elsewhere in the world The Saudi capital is unlikely to become an alternative to Dubai any time soon May 11th 2013 \| RIYADH \|From the print edition THE glass-clad skyscrapers are reaching ever higher into Riyadh’s dusty sky. The first tenants are due to move to the King Abdullah Financial District in the Saudi capital’s north-west later this year. But they may well find it a lonely place: enthusiasm is clearly lacking for the development, which boasts 42 buildings and 900,000 square metres of office space—similar in scale to London’s Canary Wharf. Granted, new office districts often take time to come to life. Canary Wharf had to battle against sceptics for many years before becoming the success it is today. But it is unclear how Riyadh’s new district will develop into what it is meant to be: a sober Saudi alternative to Dubai’s exuberant International Financial Centre. To date just 10% of the district’s office space has been leased; tenants will include the country’s stockmarket regulator, the Capital Markets Authority, and one large local bank, Samba. A further 10% is under negotiation, according to sources close to the developers of the project. A big problem is its size. The Saudi economy may be doing well on the back of high oil prices, but not so well that its businesses could easily digest all the extra property. The new financial district has three times as much high-end office space as the rest of Riyadh. In other words, even if every company in the city’s plusher offices moved to the new district it would still be two-thirds empty. Costs are another hurdle. “It might be prestigious but why should I pay an arm and a leg to be there?” asks a local executive. Some banks, like Arab National Bank and Al Rajhi Bank, are building new towers elsewhere. Even the Saudi central bank is thought to be staying where it is. But if banks do not fill the space, then who will? Accountants, lawyers and insurance firms are not nearly numerous enough. They also remain to be convinced of the development’s merits. “There’s going to be all those towers, but for what? It looks like an overbuilt proposition,” says a Riyadh lawyer. Nor are foreign firms likely to be of much help. Riyadh may be the centre of the region’s biggest economy, boasting more people and oil revenues than anywhere else. But unlike Dubai, as a financial centre the city is inward-looking, with banks largely servicing the domestic economy. That, as well as a lack of cultural life, prevent it from becoming a regional financial hub. Yet at some point the new district may still serve its purpose. The owner has pockets deep enough to take the long view. The project was the brainchild of the Capital Markets Authority, with support from the Public Pensions Agency. One of the agency’s subsidiaries, the Rayadah Investment Company, has taken over the development, which is estimated to cost between $7 billion and $10 billion. More important, so many near-empty buildings will be a political embarrassment, in particular since the new district carries the king’s name. Authorities may yet lean on the banks to move. Optimism and market forces alone will certainly not be enough to fill all the space. From the print edition: Finance and economics http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21577424-saudi-capital-unlikely-become-alternative-dubai-any-time-soon-empty?frsc=dg%7Cc riyadh’s Halifax: King Wharf Proposal MTLskyline posted a topic in General discussions Looks like they get some nicer (and taller) architecture in Halifax than we do in Montreal these days. halifaxs jonovision nicer this;	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2577
__label__cc	0.545442	0.454558	Home / News / Politics & Policy / Polls show approval rating increases for Trump, economy, trade, direction of the country and more Polls show approval rating increases for Trump, economy, trade, direction of the country and more President Donald Trump’s approval ratings have been hovering around 50% recently, according to Rasmussen, about the same or higher than Presidents Obama, Clinton or Reagan at this point in their presidencies. This is in spite of approximately 90% negative press coverage from the mainstream media. Even a recent CNN poll found that Trump’s approval rating for handling the economy was above 50%. The poll also found that 52% of Americans feel the president is doing a good job keeping the important promises he made during the presidential campaign, and that his approval rating for handling foreign trade is up eight points: seven-in-10 now see foreign trade as an opportunity for economic growth through US exports. 53% say things in the country are going very or fairly well. Rasmussen also reported that forty-three percent (43%) of likely U.S. voters think the country is heading in the right direction. This is up three points from the previous week. This finding has been running in the 40s for most weeks this year after being in the mid- to upper 20s for much of 2016, President Obama’s last full year in office. Trump’s long list of accomplishments is no doubt behind the increase in approval ratings. As Trump nears the two-year mark of his historic election and conducts political rallies around the country, the administration has counted up 289 accomplishments in 18 categories, capped by the confirmation of Brett Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court. Major wins such as adding more than 4 million jobs, reducing the cost of taxes and regulations, rebuilding the military, new trade deals, and more: In September, the U.S. unemployment rate fell to 3.7%, the lowest it’s been since December of 1969. Blue-collar jobs recently grew at the fastest rate in more than three decades. Poll found that 85 percent of blue-collar workers believe their lives are headed “in the right direction.” 8 percent reported receiving a pay increase in the past year. Last year, job satisfaction among American workers hit its highest level since 2005. Nearly two-thirds of Americans rate now as a good time to find a quality job. Optimism about the availability of good jobs has grown by 25 percent. Median household income rose to $61,372 in 2017, a post-recession high. Wages up in August by their fastest rate since June 2009. Paychecks rose by 3.3 percent between 2016 and 2017, the most in a decade. Some 3.9 million Americans off food stamps since the election. Median income for Hispanic-Americans rose by 3.7 percent and surpassed $50,000 for the first time ever in history. Home-ownership among Hispanics is at the highest rate in nearly a decade. Poverty rates for African-Americans and Hispanic-Americans have reached their lowest levels ever recorded. Small business optimism has hit historic highs: NFIB’s small business optimism index broke a 35-year-old record in August. 95 percent of U.S. manufacturers are optimistic about the future, the highest ever. Consumer confidence is at an 18-year high. Investment is flooding back into the United States due to the tax cuts: Over $450 billion dollars has already poured back into the U.S., including more than $300 billion in the first quarter of 2018. 9 in 10 American workers are expected see an increase in their paychecks thanks to the tax cuts, according to the Treasury Department. Signed Right-to-Try legislation, expanding health care options for terminally ill patients. Enacted changes to the Medicare 340B program, saving seniors an estimated $320 million on drugs in 2018 alone. FDA set a new record for generic drug approvals in 2017, saving consumers nearly $9 billion. Released a blueprint to drive down drug prices for American patients, leading multiple major drug companies to announce they will freeze or reverse price increases. Trump also commands very high support from his party. Polls show an average of 84% of Republicans say they approve of his performance. He is hoping this translates into good turnout in the midterm elections. “If you allow the wrong people to get into office, things could change,” Trump warned Republicans at a rally in Topeka, Kansas, on Saturday night as he urged them to get to the polls. “You don’t hand matches to an arsonist, and you don’t give power to an angry left-wing mob.” approval country economy income investment jobs optimism pay poll promises ratings trade trump unemployment wages 2018-10-14 Lee Hartman Tagged with: approval country economy income investment jobs optimism pay poll promises ratings trade trump unemployment wages Previous: Arkansas Supreme Court upholds revised voter ID law Next: Libraries sued for giving kids access to online porn EU to sanction Venezuela for torturing citizens US keeps short leash on Iran’s foreign minister Hispanic leader says ‘no deplorable conditions’ exist at border facilities With comments, Trump jumps into Democrat Party civil war Poll: Trump hits 50 percent approval rating after Independence Day	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2581
__label__cc	0.72929	0.27071	Gentle Cycle S/T LP – (self-released) – 2017 lo-fi, acid rock, pscyh Home/News, Uncategorized/Gentle Cycle S/T LP – (self-released) – 2017 lo-fi, acid rock, pscyh Gentle Cycle S/T LP – (self-released) 2017 Earlier this year, San Jose’s very own Gentle Cycle, released a tasteful take on 60s psych revival on their debut self-titled LP, “The Gentle Cycle”. Recorded in the top studio of the notorious Cafe Stritch, the band consists of Derek See on lead guitar and vocal, Maxwell Borkenhagen on rhythm, Todd Flanagan on bass, and Craig Heitkam on drums. As a whole, the albums keeps a consistent lo-fi drive and sound, showing their eclectic taste of psychedelic music; ranging from garage, acid, folk, classic psychedelia and even dipping into some shoegaze drones and distortions. The record’s track listing is very calculated, continually bringing a new sound with each song keeping the listener’s ear fresh and attuned. The main conductor of the changing sound is Derek See’s lead guitar and songwriting complimented perfectly by the band. Starting off with a classic psych tune, “Follow Light” and gradually getting more and more experimental. Such as, the classic psych sound on “Love is the Plan” spiraling into an acidic pool of guitars and melodic distortion. These tend to be my favorite tracks, showcasing a signature sound and an understanding of what they’re pulling off as a band; a lo-fi, distorted wall of sound. My personal favorites are “Far Beyond” and “Shells & Spells” with their invigorating tempos & rhythms. While the band has their crunchy guitars and garage drums, the last tracks on A and B deliver a much more folk and acoustic sound, with “Way To Decay” and “New Day”. Unfortunately, the band has decided to part ways, but the Gentle Cycle will forever remain a San Jose gem and staple, waiting to be uncovered by future generations with this release. Only 300 copies were made, so grab it if you can! TG-2017 By Allen Johnson\|2018-01-01T03:00:28+00:0012/29/2017\|News, Uncategorized\|0 Comments	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2583
__label__wiki	0.745481	0.745481	Presidential Candidate: Trump Normalizes Lies, Abuse Filed under: Presidential campaign — trp2011 @ 8:34 PM Tags: abuse, Andy Borowitz, Donald Trump, Hillary Clinton, Joe Klein, Matthew Cooper, presidential debate, Rosie O'Donnell Satire has become more and more difficult as GOP presidential candidate, Donald Trump, goes over the edge in his ridiculous behavior as shown in the first presidential candidate debate of 2016. Satirist Andy Borowitz concludes his column, “Trump Threatens to Skip Remaining Debates If Hillary Is There”with this mocking comment: “’I have said time and time again that I would only do these debates if I am treated fairly,” [Trump] added. “The only way I can be guaranteed of being treated fairly is if Hillary Clinton is not there.’” Borowitz’s column on the debate is almost factual—probably more factual that the lies that Trump spewed throughout the 90 minutes. NPR provided an excellent 100-word summary with six additional videos: “The first presidential debate between Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton was a contentious affair with the presidential candidates clashing on the economy, taxes and terrorism. With discipline, Clinton pushed Trump’s buttons, attacking his business practices, accusing him of not paying his contractors and stiffing the American people by not paying federal taxes. Trump replied, “That makes me smart.” Trump was vintage: a visceral debater who touted his business acumen and accused Clinton of being a professional politician — “all talk and no action.” A 30-year career in politics, Trump said, has yielded nothing.” According to the CNN/ORC poll of debate watchers, 62 percent gave the win to Clinton, and only 27 percent thought Trump was the winner. The majority of two TV focus groups of undecided voters largely declared Clinton the winner after the debate—18 of 20 in a CNN group in Florida and 16 of 22 in a CBS group run by GOP strategist Frank Luntz. In these groups, voters leaning toward Trump had a better opinion of Clinton than the “undecided” voters did. One panelist said that Clinton “took control of the situation.” One alt-right group concluded that Trump “sucked” and gave ideas on how he could improve. Although Trump has fixated on Clinton’s lack of stamina, he appeared to fade after the first 20 minutes of the debate. He also skipped a post-debate victory part and went home immediately after the debate. Trump’s own surrogates concentrated on his possible success during the first half of the debate in a rather lukewarm fashion. Some weren’t even that supportive and criticized Trump’s entire part of the debate. On the Fox network, Laura Ingraham complained that the moderator made bad topic choices. In the spin room afterward, former New York City mayor Rudy Guiliani said that Trump shouldn’t participate in the remaining two debates because he was treated badly in this one. GOP lawmakers weren’t any happier. Rep. Matt Salmon (R-AZ) complained that Trump dragged out his answers and was frequently repetitive in his responses. Others said that he was ill-prepared and appeared too defensive. The only positive thing that House Speaker Paul Ryan (R-WI) could say about Trump is that he was “spirited.” The low bar for Trump for last night’s debate required only that he look “presidential” and “non-sociopathic.” He failed. Trump may have looked moderately successful in a discussion about foreign trade, but his raving and incessant interrupting began immediately after that. The longest one was after Lester Holt gave evidence that Trump had supported the Iraq War at the same time that Clinton voted in favor of giving George W. Bush and ability to attack Iraq. The candidate kept shouting that people would know the Trump’s truth if they only talked to Fox network’s Sean Hannity. A few of Trump’s failures: He called the $14 million loan from his father “small.” He couldn’t explain why he wouldn’t release his taxes. He claimed that he didn’t pay for contractors because they had done poor work. He justified denying housing to blacks by declaring that he hadn’t publicly admitted guilt. He used the excuse of racist birtherism by saying that he just wanted to force Barack Obama to release his birth certificate despite Holt’s asking why he continued to be a birther. Trump finally said, “Look, it’s all words.” He tried to play the victim—and miserably failed—by saying that Clinton wasn’t nice to him because she quoted many of the sexist comments that he has made about women. Trump has lied about Clinton’s attempt to eradicate the Second Amendment by tacitly indicating that people should shoot Clinton. The Democratic candidate has consistently argued for sensible gun laws such as universal background checks. Last night, however, Trump argued that the police should take guns from minorities. In talking about his proposed unconstitutional “stop-and-frisk” program, he said, “We have to take their guns!” Every time Clinton baited Trump, he took the lure. For example, she said, “Donald was one of the people who rooted for housing crisis. He said back in 2006, gee, I hope it does collapse then I can go in and buy some and it did collapse.” In desperation, Trump answered, “That is business.” Unlike Trump’s opponents in the GOP primary debates, Clinton always appeared dignified and used specific facts for all her arguments throughout the first debate. She appeared to be addressing the television audience with her clear explanations. In contrast, Trump continually interrupted Clinton, accusing her of lying, spoke over her answers, and extending his time over Holt’s protests. Clinton almost always patiently waited until Trump finished, just as a person might do with a petulant small child, before she returned to policy statements. Although he didn’t admit he did a bad job, he complained of having a bad microphone after the debate had finished. About last night’s debate, the editorial board of the New York Times wrote: “When just one candidate is serious and the other is a vacuous bully, the term [debate] loses all meaning…. “There was a fundamental asymmetry to the exercise, because of the awful truth that one of the participants had nothing truthful to offer. But seeing them on the same stage distilled exactly who they have been throughout this campaign…. “Standing at the lectern, interrupting and shouting, playing the invisible accordion with his open hands, filibustering, tossing his word salads—jobs and terrorism and Nafta and China and everything is terrible—Mr. Trump said a lot. But as the debate wore on, he struggled to contend with an opponent who was much more poised and prepared than any of the Republicans he faced in the primaries.” Joe Klein wrote in Time: “Her most impressive moments came when she wasn’t talking, when she was on split-screen listening to him. She didn’t waver; she listened with a perfect combination of attention and ironic bemusement, with just the slightest hint of “What a jerk” flickering at the corners of her eyes and her mouth. “He, by contrast, huffed and puffed and sniffled … and sighed and groaned and mugged and drank water and interrupted, rudely, repeatedly. He made not one solid, specific proposal during the course of the 90 minutes.” In a Newsweek opinion piece, “Donald Trump’s Sniffling, Humbling Debate Debacle,” Matthew Cooper wrote about Trump’s “smirks and pouts,” his “sniffles” and how he “seemed allergic to facts.” Clinton has been fighting ISIS “her entire adult life.” No, ISIS came out under George W. Bush in 2004, and Clinton was born in 1947. ICE endorsed Trump? No, government agencies don’t endorse candidates. He wanted to protect President Obama with the birther movement? Totally preposterous! The U.S. is a Third World country. No—he’s obviously never been to a real Third World country. The debate shows a presidential candidate who has no soul. He will cheat anyone to make more money and then take pride in his actions. He even lies about opposing “professional politicians”; he just wants the position of president to make money for his businesses. The worst part of the debate, however, is that the country is not more horrified by what a presidential candidate openly says to 100 million people. He finished his diatribe about Clinton’s accusations of misogyny was his “defense” by talking about Rosie O’Donnell. In 2006, she criticized him on The View about his affair while he was married and about his bankruptcy. That was ten years ago, and he still obsesses about it. At the end of the debate, Trump said: “Somebody who’s been very vicious to me, Rosie O’Donnell, I said very tough things to her, and I think everybody would agree that she deserves it, and nobody feels sorry for her.” These are the same words that abusive men use when they talk about their female victims: “She deserves it.” And the media made very few comments about it because Trump has normalized not only lying but also abuse and violence with the support of over 40 percent of the voters in the United States. This is a tragic commentary on the culture of the country in the 21st century. GOP Presidential Cage Fight Filed under: Presidential candidates — trp2011 @ 8:26 PM Tags: presidential debate At times, last night’s debate among nine GOP presidential candidates seemed a bit like a cage fight, especially between Sens. Marco Rubio and Ted Cruz. The NSA surveillance program? Cruz voted to curtail it and Rubio supported it. Intervention in Libya? Cruz argued against U.S. efforts to create regime change in the Middle East, and Rubio wanted regime change. Immigration? Cruz accused Rubio of helping Chuck Schumer to pass the 2013 legislation that included a pathway to citizenship for millions of undocumented immigrants. Even Rubio’s renouncing of his earlier position didn’t stop Cruz although he would not say what he would do with 11 million undocumented immigrants in the U.S. One long debate among several candidates was whether the U.S. should kill innocent family members of terrorists. Donald Trump said that the U.S. has to do kill innocent people to protect the United States. He thinks that it will stop the terrorists because “they do care, believe it or not, about their families’ lives.” Ben Carson called killing innocent people “merciful”: “You have to be able to look at the big picture and understand that it’s actually merciful if you go ahead and finish the job rather than death by a thousand pricks.” Rand Paul said that killing innocent people is illegal as long as the U.S. is part of the Geneva Convention. [As Hillary Clinton pointed out: “The candidates on stage talk tough—but they won’t even support legislation preventing suspected terrorists from getting guns.” Twitter lit up over two ignominious mistakes. Chris Christie plans to “stand across from King Hussein of Jordan” and tell him that he has a friend. Hussein died over 16 years ago. Pronunciation-challenged Ben Carson referred to the hapless RNC chairman as Reince Pubis. This follows Carson’s earlier reference to the Hamas as “hummus.” Other extensive Twitter discussions concentrated on which candidate kept coughing into his microphone and what Donald Trump’s heckler said. “Political correctness” was frequently blamed for all the problems of terrorism. FBI Director James Corney singled out Ted Cruz because of Cruz’s complaint that nothing had been done about the most recent mass shooting after the couple had openly discussed their plans on social media. Corney pointed out that the couple had never posted plans on the Internet. The Senate Intelligence Committee also contemplated investigating Cruz about whether he gave out classified information during the debate. After a few hours discussion, however, the committee announced that there will be no inquiry. Other debate moments: Ted Cruz finally backed down from bombing the entire ISIS caliphate to focusing air campaigns where ISIS troops are located. (That’s what President Obama is doing right now.) Marco Rubio suggested that Syrian refugees are not fleeing oppression. Ben Carson complained that he wasn’t getting enough questions and then wouldn’t answer the first one he got when Wolf Blitzer asked him how he would evaluate whether a mosque or school is “anti-American.” He did give a semi-cogent explanation of how to treat Russia’s Putin, but the question was about North Korea. Chris Christie blamed President Obama for the bomb hoax that closed the Los Angeles schools yesterday. Donald Trump claimed, “ISIS is using the Internet better than we are using the Internet, and it was our idea… I certainly don’t want to let people who want to kill us use our Internet.” Ben Carson, when asked about dictators in the Middle East, said, “No one is ever better off with dictators, but there comes a time when you’re on an airplane, they always say, ‘In case of an emergency, oxygen masks will drop down. Put yours on first and then administer help to your neighbor.’ We need oxygen right now.” (This is the man who complained about President Obama’s legal executive orders—far fewer in number than thoseGeorge W. Bush issued.) Carly Fiorina said, “If you want something talked about, ask a man. If you want something done, ask a woman.” Chris Christie declaimed, “We would shoot down the planes of Russian pilots if they were stupid enough to think that this president is the same feckless weakling that the president we have in the Oval Office is right now.” (Rand Paul responded, “I think that if you’re in favor of World War III then you have your candidate.”) Running for governor in blue New Jersey, Chris Christie said that President Obama’s response to Superstorm Sandy had been “outstanding,” coordinating with the administration had been “wonderful,” and “the president has been all over this and he deserves great credit.” He told Fox News the president had done a “great job for New Jersey.” As he runs for GOP presidential candidate, Christie calls the president a “feckless weakling.” From the first debate: Rick Santorum said that women are capable of fighting on the front lines and that he could reverse the Pentagon’s decision for this to happen. He claims he has studies … (In the past, Santorum accused women of bringing emotional, not physical, strength to combat situations, and that rape victims should “make the best out of a bad situation” by not having an abortion.” His problem with feminists, as he wrote in It Takes a Family? “Radical feminists have been making the pitch that justice demands that men and women be given an equal opportunity to make it to the top in the workplace.”) Mike Huckabee spoke about youth: “You know what I think we ought to tell young people? We aren’t going to give you anything. We’re going to give you the opportunity to get off your butt and go serve your country and secure your freedom. Because if you don’t, nobody else is.” He doesn’t want to reinstate the draft, but he wants to persuade more young people to enlist by reinstating the GI bill. “You give something to your country, your country gives something back to you. We need to ask young people to step up and buy their own freedom.” (Huckabee never enlisted in the military.) Factchecking the debate shows that many of the false statements were made about other candidates. Other falsehoods came from the accusation of “political correctness” and incompetency. False also was Fiorina’s claim that good generals quit because the president didn’t like what they said, especially her example of Gen. David Petraeus. He resigned after caught giving classified information to his mistress. Gen. John Keane resigned six years before Obama took office, and Gen. Stanley McChrystal left after his disparaging comments about Vice-president Joe Biden went public. As the AP reported, “Republican Debaters Go Astray.” And Adam Johnson listed ten “misrepresentations” of fact, including Chris Christie’s false claim that he became U.S. Attorney General the day before 9/11, a comment that he frequently makes. This chart shows the veracity problem of several GOP leaders: The oddest news about last night’s GOP debate was the way in which Rand Paul was included. CNN set up highly specific criteria—which it didn’t change—and then arbitrarily allowed Paul on the “big stage” for the sake of being “inclusive.” In this segment, Rachel Maddow explains how Paul didn’t technically qualify. CNN has a pattern of disregarding its own rules: four months ago, it allowed Carly Fiorina to be on the main stage although that time the network changed the criteria at the last minute. . For the fifth GOP debate, CNN needed fodder to ramp up the ratings, and the network found it in fear and war-mongering. Terrorism was the only topic; even the Paris agreement about climate got only one short mention—and then it was negative. The discussion of terrorism in the U.S. focused on the Muslim couple in California who killed 14 people with nothing said about the Christian man who killed three and injured another nine at a Colorado Planned Parenthood clinic. Candidates argued for taking out dictators, destroying Iran, shooting down Russian planes, starting cyberwar against China, spying on everyone, and above all putting far more money into the military—including nuclear weapons. Ted Cruz blamed President Obama for lacking the solution to defeating ISIS because he would not “utter its name.” Marco Rubio said that Syria wouldn’t have problems if the president had not “led from the behind.” Carly Fiorina blamed the Boston Marathon attack on using the “wrong algorithms.” John Kasich advocated “punching Russia in the nose.” And on and on. Rand Paul was sometimes the voice of reason when he said that past efforts in regime change led to the failed states and violence where terrorist groups thrive. “Out of regime change you get chaos,” Paul said, “from the chaos you have seen repeatedly the rise of radical Islam.” Donald Trump sounded like a Democrat when he called the Iraq War “a tremendous disservice to humanity” that achieved nothing whatsoever, except to leave the Middle East “a total and complete mess.” He added: “We’ve spent $4 trillion trying to topple various people that, frankly, if they were there and if we could have spent that $4 trillion in the United States to fix our roads, our bridges, and all of the other problems — our airports and all the other problems we have — we would have been a lot better off.” If you missed the debate—or want to experience it again—here’s the transcript complete with snarky comments that are likely to appear in television advertising throughout 2016. Ain’t Some Religions Grand! Tags: Arizona, Billy Graham, Bob Schieffer, Brian Antal, foreign affairs, moderators, Neil Wake, Paul Ryan, photo-op, Planned Parenthood, presidential debate, Robert Jeffress, Salt Lake City Tribune, sexual abuse, Sovereign Grace Ministries Less than a year ago, prominent Southern Baptist pastor Robert Jeffress condemned Romney’s faith, calling it a “cult.” Now he’s “made peace” with Romney’s Mormonism because he opposes President Obama more. Jeffress told Janet Mefferd on her radio show that it is still better to vote for Romney, even though he is a member of a “cult” and “false religion” that believes in a “multiplicity of god,” than President Obama because of his stances on marriage equality and abortion rights. Another religious leader scrubbed away the cult, this time on the website of the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association. Other religious groups haven’t caved yet: the Southern Baptist Convention, the nation’s largest Protestant denomination, lists the LDS Church as a theological cult, and the Catholic Church does not recognize Mormon baptisms as being theologically compatible with its own. In another church-based sex scandal, 30-year-old Sovereign Grace Ministries with 80 congregations is being sued for sexual abuse against, failing to report these, and discouraging members from law enforcement cooperation. The plaintiffs allege a conspiracy of than two decades while church representatives permitted suspected pedophiles to interact with children, supplied them with free legal advice to avoid prosecution, and forced victims to meet with and “forgive” their molesters. After Dinesh D’Souza accused President Obama of “attacking the traditional values agenda” and “traditional morality” in his best-selling “documentary,” 2016: Obama’s America, the president of an evangelical Christian college in New York, resigned from his position after it was reported that he shared a hotel room with his mistress at a religious conference. D’Souza is still married although separated from his wife. As for the film, the New York Daily News judges the material in the film as having “no evidence” and wrote that many of D’Souza’s opinions “don’t hold water.” Ayn Rand, Paul Ryan’s atheist and anti-charity mentor, would be proud of the Catholic vice-presidential candidate. First he fights a safety net for disadvantaged people, saying that this will make them “victims,” and then almost single-handedly cuts donations to a non-profit, nonpartisan soup kitchen for the poor. Ryan went to the Mahoning County St. Vincent De Paul Society (Youngstown, OH) soup kitchen last week without permission after people had finished most of the cleanup and washed a few “dirty” dishes that volunteers had saved for him. Brian J. Antal, president of the facility, told the Washington Post that he feared Ryan’s political theater would jeopardize donations to the foodbank that annually serves over 100,000. Antel was right. Donations to the all-volunteer charity are down, but Ryan got his photo-op. Donations to the Mahoning County St. Vincent De Paul Society can be sent to P.O. Box 224, Youngstown, Ohio 44501 or online. Donors should specify that their donations are for the Youngstown, Ohio, soup kitchen. In trying to explain away his disregard for women’s rights, Ryan has compared them to “left-handed Irishmen.” (Yes, he did say that the war on women was as fictional as war on left-handed Irishmen. But he still used the comparison!) Sen. Scott Brown (R-MA) has had to apologize—again!—after he accused his opponent, Elizabeth Warren of using paid actors in her advertisements defending the legal work she did on asbestos-related lawsuits. At least three people in the ads have complained about Brown’s offensive statements. Ginny Jackson, whose husband died of mesothelioma after working at a Quincy shipyard that was filled with asbestos, said, “What Scott Brown said today is so offensive to me and my family after what we went through. He’s sunk to a new low.” John F. English was more direct than Jackson. “Let Scott Brown tell me to my face that I am nothing but a paid actor, and I’ll set him straight on what it was like to watch my father suffocate to death,” English said. Nate Silver gives Warren a 89.1 percent chance of winning. Also sinking to a new low is Rep. Joe Walsh (R-IL). After his debate with opponentTammy Duckworth, Walsh said that women never die from childbirth. He claimed that pro-choice advocates use the possibility of maternal death “to make us look unreasonable.” In fact, pregnancy-related deaths have increased in the US, climbing to a rate of 15.1 deaths for every 100,00 live births . For black women the rate is 34.8 percent. One poll has Duckworth leading by 54 percent to Walsh’s 39 percent. The super PAC Now or Never, which has already put $2 million behind Walsh plans another $2.5 million to “bury Duckworth” (the PAC’s words). Duckworth is a veteran who had both her legs amputated after a helicopter crash in Iraq. First Paul Ryan has yet to bring home his own state for the Republican presidential ticket, and now the Salt Lake City Tribune, Utah’s biggest newspaper, endorsed President Obama and attacked Romney. I’ve provided a few quotes, but the entire editorial is well worth reading. “Who is this guy [Romney], really, and what in the world does he truly believe? The evidence suggests no clear answer, or at least one that would survive Romney’s next speech or sound bite. Politicians routinely tailor their words to suit an audience. Romney, though, is shameless, lavishing vastly diverse audiences with words, any words, they would trade their votes to hear. “And what of the president Romney would replace? For four years, President Barack Obama has attempted, with varying degrees of success, to pull the nation out of its worst financial meltdown since the Great Depression, a deepening crisis he inherited the day he took office. In the first months of his presidency, Obama acted decisively to stimulate the economy. His leadership was essential to passage of the badly needed American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. Though Republicans criticize the stimulus for failing to create jobs, it clearly helped stop the hemorrhaging of public sector jobs. The Utah Legislature used hundreds of millions in stimulus funds to plug holes in the state’s budget. “In considering which candidate to endorse, The Salt Lake Tribune editorial board had hoped that Romney would exhibit the same talents for organization, pragmatic problem solving and inspired leadership that he displayed here more than a decade ago. Instead, we have watched him morph into a friend of the far right, then tack toward the center with breathtaking aplomb. Through a pair of presidential debates, Romney’s domestic agenda remains bereft of detail and worthy of mistrust. “Therefore, our endorsement must go to the incumbent, a competent leader who, against tough odds, has guided the country through catastrophe and set a course that, while rocky, is pointing toward a brighter day. The president has earned a second term. Romney, in whatever guise, does not deserve a first.” The last presidential debate is scheduled for tomorrow. The subject is foreign policy, and the format the same as the first one although the participants will be seated at a table. Moderator Bob Schieffer, like his close friend Jim Lehrer, has a reputation for being fair and balanced, but also non-confrontational. Lehrer described dealing with the candidates’ aggressiveness as a “form of hell.” He said, “That aggressiveness is new, that sense of, ‘I’ve got more to say, and to hell with the rules. I was surprised by that. I didn’t expect it. No pair of candidates have ever done that before,” added Lehrer who has moderated more presidential debates than anyone else. The 90-minute debate divided into six segments seems to concentrate on the Middle East and thus terrorism: America’s role in the world; the war in Afghanistan; Israel and Iran; the changing Middle East; terrorism; and China’s rise. Once again, Romney will lie. He will accuse the president of single-handedly reducing the military budget a year ago because the bipartisan sequester will force this issue if Republicans remain intransigent—which they are sure to do. Romney will lie about his position on China, failing to remember (because of his Romesia) that three years ago he protested Obama’s decision to slap tariffs on cheap Chinese tires flooding the United States: “Long story short, the wrong answer for America’s workers and for the wealth of every citizen of this nation is to try and put up barriers to stop competition, either domestic competition or competition from abroad. The right answer is always to see competition as an opportunity and a necessity for investment, innovation, technology and becoming more productive.” Later in his book, No Apology, Romney wrote, “President Obama’s action to defend American tire companies from foreign competition may make good politics by repaying unions for their support of his campaign, but it is decidedly bad for the nation and our workers. Protectionism stifles productivity.” By the primary debates in 2011, Romney had reversed his position: “The actions a president can take are, No. 1, to declare China a currency manipulator. And under our law, that allows the president to apply tariffs in places where the president believes that China’s practices are killing American jobs.” When asked if this would harm jobs in this country, Romney said that you just had to forge ahead and do it and everything would be okay. As for Libya and the death of four people there over a month ago, Rahm Emanuel declared Rep. Darrell Issa (R-CA) “reckless” for releasing Libya documents, thus endangering the lives of people still there. Romney will attack President Obama on the basis of veracity and competence, but he has to be very careful to not let his ignorance show as he did in the last debate. Instead he may concentrate on other areas such as Israel, Iran, Afghanistan, and Russia. This debate is a toss-up depending on how hard Romney hits, how people react to the hits, and how many missteps he has. Today’s Good News: District Court Judge Neil Wake has blocked Arizona from applying a new law preventing Planned Parenthood clinics from receiving money through the state to provide medical care. Wake was a George W. Bush appointee based on the 2004 recommendations of both Arizona Republican senators John McCain and Jon Kyle. Can’t you just hear Fox news damning those liberal judges?! Presidential Debate Two Tags: Candy Crowley, presidential debate Eighty-two New York voters watched tonight’s presidential debate in person as 12 of them asked questions about both domestic and foreign policy. Candy Crowley did a fantastic job moderating as Mitt Romney tried to push her, and she refused to back down several times. Although some of Romney’s statements were obviously “fact-challenged”—his denial about calling the Arizona immigration law a model for the nation and his false statement of the number of jobs that Reagan got—President Obama got a final punch in his closing when he quoted Romney “when he says behind closed doors” that the Republican candidate has thrown away 47 percent of the people in the United States. President Obama was engaged, sometimes casual and other times intent on pointing out the inaccuracies of Romney’s statements. Romney tried to use his bullying tactics from the last debate, at some points even seeming to heckle the president. These attempts mostly failed, largely because Crowley stopped him. When his last debate’s tactics didn’t work, Romney sometimes gave a sickly smile and other times tried to deliver a “gotcha” attitude. Before the debate, Think Progress gave five facts that we wouldn’t hear at the debate; they were right on target. 1. The deficit is largely a product of tax cuts and wars. 2. When US officials asked for more security in Libya, they wanted it in Tripoli, not Benghazi. 3. 72 million people would be uninsured under Romney’s health plan. 4. If the DREAM Act were passed, it would add $329 billion to the economy by 2030. 5. The “six studies” that Romney cites in defense of his tax plan are actually 3 blog posts, 2 right-wing reports and 1 op-ed. They missed the omission of climate change in the debate. Marriage equality also took a pass in the selection of questions and the candidates’ answers. Romney did manage, however, to repeat—and repeat—his worn-out statements that have already been proved “fact-challenged.” No, 50 percent of college graduates are not without jobs: that figure includes “under-employed” which means that these graduates didn’t get the jobs that they wanted. His figure of 23 million unemployed is wrong. Romney claimed he had “saved” the Olympics by balancing its budget, but in 2002, he said he would have been unable to host the 2002 Winter Olympic Games in Salt Lake City (UT) had it not been for the “enormous spending and services of the federal government.” Romney said, “I want to make sure we keep our Pell Grant program growing.” His white paper on education, “A Chance for Every Child,” takes a different position; he would reverse the growth in Pell Grant funding and criticized Obama for doubling funding for Pell Grants. Romney tried to claim that the president had done exactly what Romney recommended in the auto bailout, but he was wrong. Romney’s proposed path probably would have forced General Motors and Chrysler out of business. Romney said Obama quadrupled regulations on businesses. Bloomberg reported last year that Obama had put 5 percent fewer regulations on businesses than George W. Bush. Romney says 500,000 manufacturing jobs have been lost under Obama. Although that is true, manufacturing jobs had been falling for over a decade before Obama took office. The trend actually reversed itself beginning in 2010 and since then, over 500,000 new manufacturing jobs have been created, showing that the president has been very good for manufacturing. Romney says he saw a recent study showing that Obama will raise taxes on the middle class by up to $4,000. FactCheck.org called that claim “nonsense.” oil production. Romney said oil production is down 14 percent on federal lands under the current president. In fact oil production on federal lands is up overall under Obama. When Romney denied that he had said Arizona’s immigration policy should be the model for the nation, President Obama correctly stated that Romney’s immigration adviser wrote Arizona’s immigration law and that of several other states. In the argument over gas prices, neither candidate pointed out that presidents have almost no effect on energy prices. Most are set on financial exchanges around the world through speculation. When Obama took office, the world was in the grip of a financial crisis and crude prices–and gasoline prices along with them–had plummeted because world demand had collapsed. The Republican candidate also worked in several half truths. He believes that “every woman should have access to contraception.” Romney omitted the fact that he believes in a “personhood” amendment to the Constitution that would eliminate the rights of women to have oral contraception and the artificial insemination that gave Romney some of his grandchildren. He also supports the Blunt amendment which allows any employer to deny the company’s insured women contraception on religious grounds. Between platitudes, Romney worked in his stale comments about the “crushed” middle-class. “I’ve spent my life in the private sector.” “I know what it takes.” “I know how to make that happen.” These were frequent remarks from Romney in lieu of specifics. His response to the question of how he would reduce the salary difference between men and women was particularly weak when he said that as Massachusetts governor he had his staff being him “binders full of women.” He finished the question off by saying that women should be allowed flexibility in work hours, as he did, so that could go home and “fix dinners for the kids.” But he never said that he wanted equal pay, only more jobs for women. Romney also had no response to President Obama’s statement that “Romney was for assault weapons before he was against it,” referring to Romney supporting assault weapons in Massachusetts. President Obama had some other great responses. After a spirited discussion about how Romney would cover the tax cuts, the president said, If someone came to you and said I want to spend $8 trillion but I won’t tell you until after the election how I’ll do it, you’d never take such a sketchy deal.” He pointed to the audience and said, “You’ll pay for it. The math doesn’t total up.” At another time, the president said, “Gov. Romney doesn’t have 5 point plan; he has one-point plan by reducing taxes for wealthy.” And when refuting Romney’s platitudes about helping women, the president said, When Gov. Romney’s campaign was asked about the Lilly Ledbetter Act [that gives women the right to sue for equal wages for equal work], they said, ‘We’ll get back to you.’” Romney’s had a bad day. Not only did the debate not work the way he probably assumed, but the conservative-leaning Washington Post shredded Romney’s bragging about his creating 12 million jobs during the next four years if he were elected. True, Moody’s Analytics, has predicted that these jobs would be created by 2016 no matter who is elected. But Romney’s policies could destroy these job creations. Washington Post calls Romney’s claim “a case of bait-and-switch.” The article explained, “The candidate’s personal accounting for this figure in this campaign ad is based on different figures and long-range timelines stretching as long as a decade–which in two cases are based on studies that did not even evaluate Romney’s economic plan. The numbers may still add up to 12 million, but they aren’t the same thing — not by a long shot.” Glenn Kessler gave Romney Four Pinocchios—again. Early ones were for Romney’s claim that President Obama wants to redistribute wealth, that he made an “apology” tour, that he would lighten work requirements in welfare, that he rewarded donors to his campaign, etc. Four Pinocchios is the worst of the rating; Romney managed to pick up several other corrections for his fact-challenged statements. Romney will say anything to win, but tonight he took one too many chances. Jason Easley said, “When Romney was proven wrong in front of millions of Americans, you could see his balloon pop. His confidence was gone, and at that moment, Mitt Romney’s frail confidence was shot. (Anyone who has watched Romney’s debate performances knows that he is streaky. He runs hot and cold. In the Republican primary debates where he got off to a bad start, the night often got worse. Romney is not good at coming from behind.)” Easley was talking about Romney trying to correct President Obama when the president said that he called the killings in Benghazi “an act of terror” in the Rose Garden the day after the tragic event. Crowley backed up what the president said. For weeks (or at least until the next and last debate this coming Monday) there will be long discussions about whether the president lied and whether Crowley was wrong to insert her statement. Who won? The CBS poll judges it 37 percent for President Obama, 30 percent for Romney, and 33 percent a tie. CNN said 46 percent for the president and 39 percent of Romney. Even ultra-conservative Charles Krauthammer declared President Obama the winner. As Robert Kaiser said in the Washington Post, “Romney showed the same poise and debating skills we saw in Denver, but against a much more formidable opponent, they didn’t make such a strong impression, did they?” My opinion? The president brought it home. Check out the transcript yourself. VP Debate Redux Tags: Andy Borowitz, David Sarasohn, Martha Raddatz, Matt Taibbi, objectivity, presidential debate Another debate looms tomorrow night, this one with questions from the elusive undecided voters. A couple of weeks ago, the first debate moderator, Jim Lehrer, was objective but failed to guide the presidential candidates, especially when Mitt Romney was determined to take over through his incessant interrupting. During the vice-presidential debate, Martha Raddatz’s questions occasionally wandered into an ideological position. Her lead-in to Iran stated that “there’s really no bigger national security…this country is facing.” It’s hard to know what she said during the ellipsis because of Ryan’s interruption when he said, “Absolutely.” It was either “threat” or “issue.” Either way the statement is debatable and definitely not objective. Her follow-up questions failed to address whether the United States has the right to attack any country it wants. After the past decade, preemptive attacks have become de rigueur. Raddatz’s question about domestic issues showed the same disregard for objectivity: “Both Medicare and Social Security are going broke and taking a larger share of the budget in the process. Will benefits for Americans under these programs have to change for the programs to survive?” The myth that both Medicare and Social Security are going bankrupt has been debunked by many economists, but politicians are so intent on getting rid of the two programs that they ignore them. Raddatz also asked the candidates how they felt about abortion because they are members of the Catholic Church. Yet she didn’t ask how they felt about the US government’s military aggression and its subservience to the wealthiest, two issues which the Catholic Church opposes. One issue widely publicized after the VP debate was VP Joe Biden’s laughing, something soundly ridiculed by Fox News and their followers. In a Rolling Stone article, Matt Taibbi strongly supported Biden’s actions, saying that everyone should be rolling their eyes at Ryan’s and Romney’s avoiding any concrete answers. One example he gave was Raddatz’s question to Ryan about “how you pay for that 20 percent across-the-board tax cut. Do you actually have the specifics, or are you still working on it, and that’s why you won’t tell voters?” Ryan tried to convince the audience that they would succeed in doing this with Congressional bipartisan agreements. When Biden scoffed at him, Ryan said, “Look–look at what Mitt–look at what Ronald Reagan and Tip O’Neill did. They worked together out of a framework to lower tax rates and broaden the base, and they worked together to fix that. What we’re saying is here’s our framework: Lower tax rates 20 percent–we raise about $1.2 trillion through income taxes. We forgo about 1.1 trillion [dollars] in loopholes and deductions. And so what we’re saying is deny those loopholes and deductions to higher-income taxpayers so that more of their income is taxed, which has a broader base of taxation …” Once again, Ryan refused to answer the question about specifics, probably because there aren’t any. Instead, he and Romney will set the framework and then work out the specifics of getting there with the Democrats. He said in front of over 50 million people that the tax plan won’t be worked out until after the election. And by the way, he also said in front of 50 million people that he and Romney plan to get rid of Social Security. Raddatz said, “No specifics, yeah.” And VP Biden laughed. My favorite perspective of last week’s debate, however, comes from Oregon’s own David Sarasohn. His most recent column begins: “When Paul Ryan doesn’t want to be clear about a position, he tells a story. As we heard Thursday evening, that means it’s very often story time. So when Ryan was asked about Mitt Romney’s position on bailing out Detroit, or letting GM and Chrysler go under, he went into full storyteller mode.” Sarasohn then quotes Ryan about Romney helping a family that had been in a car crash. Nothing to do with Romney’s refusing to bail out Detroit, but a charming story about what a wonderful guy Romney is. About the effect of Ryan’s budget on Medicare that leaves recipients without help? Ryan gave a lovely story about his mom and his grandmother. And Ryan’s belief that Sen. Ron Wyden (D-OR) supported him, “a claim that always turns Wyden an interesting shade of purple, according to Sarasohn’s column. We in Oregon certainly know that Ryan was lying about his Medicare policy having bipartisan support. What about the U.S. troops leaving Afghanistan in 2014? Ryan’s story this time was when he “sat down with a young private in the 82nd from the Menominee Indian Reservation who would tell me what he did every day.” Raddatz tried to move him along. Ryan moved into another story about one of his best friends from Janesville. Abortion? This time Ryan used an anecdote explaining why his firstborn was nicknamed “Bean.” The benefit of these stories is that Ryan can talk a long time, look like a friendly fellow, and not address any issues. As Sarasohn said, “Politicians, of course, tell stories all the time: to humanize themselves, to connect with an audience, to provide an example that illustrates a policy. And sometimes, you get a story without the policy. That’s the story meant to lull you to sleep.” Back to the elusive voters asking the question tomorrow night. Although 11 states (plus possibly Arizona) comprise the “swing states,” three may decide the president: Colorado, Florida, and Virginia. An average of the last two general elections shows that approximately 12 million people might vote in these three states; undecided voters are possibly six percent of these 12 million voters. That means that 720,000 voters may actually determine the next president. At least the rest of get to determine state and local elections. Andy Borowitz has some acid remarks to make about tomorrow’s debate and the reaction to the first presidential debate: “With his polite and well-mannered performance widely panned in the first Presidential debate, President Barack Obama is under mounting pressure to prove that he can act like an asshole in the second debate tomorrow night, a campaign aide confirmed. “In America, we demand that our President remain cool and calm in a crisis but go batshit in a debate,” the aide said. ‘Tuesday night is all about that second piece.’ But even as Mr. Obama worked around the clock to practice being a douche, Mitt Romney’s campaign manager, Matt Rhoades, doubted his efforts would succeed. ‘Being an asshole isn’t a skill that you can just pick up overnight,’ Mr. Rhoades said. ‘Mitt Romney’s been working on it all his life.’” Aside: Yesterday I talked about the American Dream, and today this gem dropped into my email box: information about James Gustave Speth’s new book, American the Possible: Manifesto for a New Economy, that explains how America is not broke. The money is just in the wrong places. More about this later. One Last View of Romney during the First Debate Tags: Bill Maher, Mitt Romney, presidential debate, Will Durst Much has been said about the Mitt Romney performance (such an accurate word) at the first debate a week ago. In one of his columns, Will Durst described this performance best: “With an aggressive energy reminiscent of a well- groomed rescue Terrier, the Republican challenger immediately charged into the Oval ringship, steamrolling both the President and the moderator. He didn’t just dominate the debate; he twisted it into a logical Mobius strip. “Contradicting almost every one of his previously stated core beliefs, the former Governor of Massachusetts claimed to have no plan for tax cuts, said good things about portions of Obama Care and demonstrated concern over the bailout of big banks. Don’t know who it was that blitzed onstage in Denver, but that guy could have done pretty well in Democratic primaries. “In the 38 minutes Romney spoke, he put on a verbal gymnastics exhibition worthy of an Olympics final. Obscuring. Dissembling. Whitewashing. Changing positions. Twisting facts. Denying assertions. Just making stuff up. Doubling down on his own personal Etch-a-Sketch. Candidate Gumby. Only less green. Marginally. Let the bendy shaking begin. Next thing you know he’ll deny his 47% statement. What? Already? Wow. “One possible excuse for Obama’s shocking passivity is he was stunned by the audacity of Romney’s mendacity. There were traces of “I can’t believe he just said that in front of people” smirks. It seemed all he could to keep from falling into the much- warned eye- rolling Al Gore Sigh Trap. “Maybe watching Obama sleepwalking was responsible for time slowing down, but the debate went on forever. At least way past Jim Lehrer’s bedtime, who morphed from deferential to obsequious to invisible. Made the NFL replacement refs look effective. “There’s plenty of time for both sides to retool messages for the next two confrontations. The White House can be expected to encourage the President to more energetically nail Romney to his own words. And despite renewed confidence, Romney will surely run intensive rehearsals to practice a different listening face that doesn’t reflect an annoyed patience, slight smugness, and just a disconcerting pinch of Sling Blade.” [We have six more days before the next presidential debate, but tomorrow sturdy debate-watchers can see what kind of performance Paul Ryan will provide during the vice-presidential debate. My question is whether Ryan will just walk out if the questions get difficult in the same way that he has twice done within the past two days.] Big Bird, Other Presidential Debate Issues Tags: Big Bird, Medicare, presidential debate Like many people in the United States, I’m still musing about last night’s presidential debate. Part of me wants to be disappointed that Obama didn’t come out fighting, and the other part knows that our seriously racist culture would use any strong emotion from him to declare the “angry black man” meme. The conservatives have been promoting this image for the last few days with what they consider to be “shock and awe” of President Obama speaking five years ago about rebuilding the city of New Orleans. For a reality check on the debate results, I asked a friend what she thought. The summary is great! Lehrer was a disaster. Romney was arrogant, aggressive, and rude ~ all without providing any substance. Obama simply forgot to show up. Yesterday I list a few fact-challenged statements that Romney gave, but there are more pieces to the puzzle. The most offensive thing that Romney said—and there were many—was his comparison between the president and Romney’s sons when they lied. When Obama asserted that the parts of Romney tax plan that he’s revealed shows that this would raise taxes on middle class people, Romney said, “I’ve got five boys. I’m used to people saying something over and over so I’ll believe it.” This is the way that Romney treats his commander-in-chief. Today’s Romney campaigners got even worse. John Sununu, past New Hampshire governor, called President Obama “lazy” and “not very bright.” Almost immediately after the debate, CNN provided a snap poll that showed 67 percent declared Romney the winner. Once again the polling methodology was a failure: most of the poll’s respondents were white, Southern, and over 50. Non-whites were so statistically insignificant as to register as “not applicable” when the numbers were assessed by race, as were samples of respondents from other regions of the country. They should have said that older, white Southerners declared Romney the winner. According to many viewers, Romney won on style but not substance. He was the winner in another area: mendacity. He spoke for 38 minutes of the 90 minute debate and told at least 27 myths. My favorite, that I didn’t even register although I listened to the debate, was, “I’m not going to reduce the share of taxes paid by high-income people.” That’s the only reason that the wealthy are voting for him! The claim that Romney won’t decrease taxes for the wealthy is second only to “What we do have right now is a setting where I’d like to bring money from overseas back to this country.” As a “businessman,” Romney has been intent on sending money overseas for at least 35 years. Number 3 is that future retirees will “have at least two plans that will be entirely at no cost to them.” The voucher system will clearly cost younger people dearly when they reach retirement age. Another of his myths has to do with banking: “But I wouldn’t designate five banks as too big to fail and give them a blank check. That’s one of the unintended consequences of Dodd-Frank… We need to get rid of that provision because it’s killing regional and small banks. They’re getting hurt.” Again, Romney lies. According to Dodd-Frank, the largest, systemically risky banks must abide by more stringent regulations. If those banks fail, they will be unwound by a new process in the Dodd-Frank law that protects taxpayers from having to pony up for a bailout. Out of the 27 false claims, Romney has now admitted that one of them is not true, the one in which he said that “about half of [the green firms Obama invested in], of the ones have been invested in have gone out of business.” As of late last year, only “three out of the 26 recipients of 1705 loan guarantees have filed for bankruptcy, with losses estimated at just over $600 million.” Last night Romney was obsessed with the $716 billion savings that President Obama plans to remove from the Medicare budget. Romney said, “I want to take that $716 billion you’ve cut and put it back into Medicare.” Thus Romney wants to spend $716 billion that could be saved in a program that he intends to privatize. By refusing to save this $716 billion, “he’d have to cut other programs by an average of one-third by 2016 and one-half by 2022,” according to Jonathan Cohen, using figures from the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. But the $716 billion is no problem to Romney because he plans to transfer Medicare into a voucher program. One statement that Romney made last night that resonated throughout the country was getting rid of Big Bird. Even then Romney was inaccurate: only 5 percent of PBS funding comes from the federal budget. It does make the statement from former Ohio Gov. Ted Strickland sound correct when he said at the Democratic National Convention, “If Mitt was Santa Claus, he would fire the reindeer and outsource the elves.” The responses to Romney’s Big Bird statement did cheer me up a bit this morning: “Obama Got Bin Laden. I’ll Get Big Bird.” Big Bird is part of “Romney’s 47 percent.” “Mitt Romney will end Burt and Ernie’s civil union.” [Okay, that would be sad.] “Romney will fire Big Bird and Cookie Monster and replace them with the replacement refs.” “My bed time is usually 7:45, but I was really tired yesterday and fell asleep at 7! Did I miss anything last night?”—Big Bird The Big Bird comment came from Romney’s ideas on decreasing the deficit while cutting taxes. He gave his test for dropping programs: “Is the program so critical it’s worth borrowing money from China to pay for it? And if not, I’ll get rid of it. Obamacare’s on my list. I’m sorry, Jim, I’m going to stop the subsidy to PBS. I’m going to stop other things. I like PBS, I love Big Bird. Actually like you, too. But I’m not going to — I’m not going to keep on spending money on things to borrow money from China to pay for.” First, China holds only 8% of the nation’s debt. Second, Obamacare doesn’t add to the deficit; it cuts the deficit $109 billion during the next decade. a year. Romney’s plan to erase Obamacare adds to the deficit. Third, PBS costs the country 1/100th of 1 percent of the Congressional budget. Romney skipped mentioning the other trillions of dollars. Ultimately the voters will decide whether style trumps substance. An early view of this came from a poll of “weak Democrats and independents who voted for Obama in 2008 but who remain open to switching” in Aurora (CO). Six in 10 respondents gave President Obama favorable ratings for his overall performance in the debate, compared with just one in seven who did so for Romney. Eight in 10 respondents gave President Obama high marks for coming across as likable and down to earth, while very few felt that way about Governor Romney. The President came out with a distinct advantage over Romney on the important trait, “caring about people,” and respondents were much more likely to give Obama credit for being honest and truthful in discussing the issues. Despite the supposedly lackluster “performance” of the president last night, these voters didn’t seem to be swayed. Conservative columnist David Brooks said, “I do think Romney looked aggressive–maybe a little over aggressive. He was like a bulldozer–he just kept going, and going, and going.” The question will be whether people want to keep the winner of the bully award for their president. Readying for the First Presidential Debate, 2012 Tags: economy, Eric Erckson, Eugene Robinson, presidential debate, Rachel Maddow The first debate between President Barack Obama and former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney will be telecast tomorrow night, and Romney has a 47-percent problem. Forget the lore that voters have short memories when the Republican presidential nominee’s statements that he won’t be president for the 47 percent of people in the United States who are freeloaders. It’s been over two weeks, and a Washington Post-ABC poll shows that almost 60 percent of voters believe that Romney would favor the wealthy more than the middle class. Only 32 percent of voters had a favorable view of his comments as compared to 54 percent. Alex Castellanos, adviser for Romney’s 2008 run for president, agreed that the Romney campaign is right to be concerned about Romney’s problems. “The only thing in politics that is worse than voters deciding that they don’t like you is when voters decide you don’t like them,” he said. Conservatives who have avoided watching the president speak will be forced to see him in action tomorrow night if they want to see their own candidate, and they may be surprised. In this morning’s piece on the debate, NRP played a tape of a woman who said, “Obama can’t speak without a teleprompter and he’s not smart enough to counter anything Mitt says.” These are the words of someone who has not heard President Obama speak. One thing I, like most of other people in the country, am looking forward tomorrow night is if Romney comes up with any details. He’s been able to avoid anything but generalities and platitudes thus far because his only encounters have been with other platitudinous Republican candidates and the media who aren’t in a position to push him into information although they have been trying for the past few weeks. An article from Reuters has described a few other areas in which people can see how the candidates fare. The first one is a no-brainer. With President Obama’s polling points rising, he needs to stay cool and avoid mistakes. Romney, on the other hand, has to take over, and aggression toward an incumbent president can be dangerous for candidates who want those elusive undecided voters. People who remember The story of Richard Nixon’s shifty eyes over a half century ago know that, as a visual medium, television can undo a viable candidate. George H.W. Bush was thought to be bored when he looked at his watch during a 1992 debate with Bill Clinton, who became president, and Al Gore annoyed the audience by repeatedly sighing during a 2000 debate with George W. Bush. Body-language expert Janine Driver said that shoulder shrugs can indicate uncertainty and a wrinkled upper lip disgust while eye blinking, either too much or too little, can convey stress. Turning his body toward his opponent is a way for a candidate to demonstrate confidence. The first 30 minutes of the debate sets the tone: candidates need to deliver their most important moves during this time while pundits are still trying to figure out how things are going. Gore adviser Ron Klain wrote, “While you can lose a debate at any time, you can only win it in the first 30 minutes.” That’s the time that candidates will probably try to get the other to justify what they say, especially if the candidates (mostly Romney) is fact-challenged. Romney’s explanations of how his policies are different from those of George W. Bush will be most interesting because they aren’t. Yet he can’t say that he’s following these failed policies. “Until Governor Romney can show why his policies would be different from Bush’s policies, then we think it is highly unlikely that he can win,” Keefe, Bruyette & Woods analyst Brian Gardner wrote in a research note. The conservative National Review wrote that Romney should acknowledge that problems like the mounting national debt and the Byzantine tax code were in place long before Obama took office, but argue the current president has failed to fix them. This will be the most delicate balance: Romney can’t throw Bush under the bus, but rejection of his policies can anger his base. The first debate will focus on the economy, but there are parts of the economy that won’t be mentioned tomorrow night. Nobody will point out that an immediate deficit reduction will eradicate any economic recovery. Part of our problem now with sluggish economic recovery is that government cut spending, laying off workers and cancelling orders for stuff that generates income in the private sector. The situation trickles down as more and more people lose their jobs. But neither candidate will mention this tomorrow because too many people refuse to believe the trickle-down poverty. Another fact that people refuse to believe—and that won’t be mentioned—is that taxes are the lowest they have been for over a half century which keeps the country from investing in its infrastructure. People complain about the bumpy highways and dangerous bridges while, at the same time, refusing to invest in their maintenance. Nobody will mention tomorrow night that tax cuts were effective when taxes were over 70 percent. Now one of the candidate, a multi-millionaire, pays less than 14 percent in taxes. There’s not much more to cut. And forget about those “job creators.” People like Romney who pay a top of 15 percent for capital gains don’t hire anyone except maybe someone to mow is lawns. In a discussion about Medicare, one candidate wants to have almost useless vouchers (at least today) and the other wants to pretty much maintain the status quo. But the answer is to eliminate the waste, a program that the Affordable Care Act will pilot. Saying this, however, is dangerous. Another solution to save money, that of controlling the astronomically high expenses for drugs, is also a subject that cannot be introduced. Neither candidate can bring up the outrageous expenses of the U.S. military, more than double it was a decade ago. To get votes, candidates have to promise they will protect the Pentagon from any cuts, even though it takes 20 percent of the budget. As an example, the U.S. has eleven large nuclear-powered carriers while China has one that may not ever be functional. At the same time, conservatives want a twelfth. While the military is seriously overfunded, the education system in the nation is at the opposite end of the spectrum, receiving about 2 percent of the federal budget. Students pay higher and higher tuition as they fall deeper and deeper into debt. Investment in education would pay off in the future, but in its attempt to destroy all unions in the country, conservatives concentrate more and more on bashing teachers and complaining about the schools while privatizing them and decreasing the budget. Reducing taxes and spending is “for the kids,” according to conservatives, but they aren’t willing to give them an education. The best pre-debate piece comes from Eugene Robinson: It starts, “Wednesday’s presidential debate promises sharp contrasts. One candidate wants to repeal Obamacare, one candidate invented it. One opposed the auto industry bailout, one takes credit for it. One doubts the scientific consensus about climate change, one believes in it. One wants to “voucherize” Medicare, one wants to save it. One dismisses nearly half of Americans as a bunch of moochers, and one claims to champion the struggling middle class. It promises to be an epic clash: Mitt Romney vs. Mitt Romney. Oh, and President Obama will be there, too.” Robinson continues to identify more opposing positions from Romney: pro-choice before he was anti-abortion; stricter gun control before he opposed it; tax cuts that will add revenue; moderate before he became ultra conservative and then swerved a little toward moderate again. The current joke about Romney is that he’s been memorizing and practicing zingers since August. Correction: Jim Lehrer is moderating the first 2012 presidential debate today. Candy Crowley will be moderating the one on October 16. CNN is sponsoring tomorrow’s presidential debate with Candy Crowley moderating. UltraViolet, a women’s rights group, is petitioning CNN to fire Erick Erickson and then boycott CNN for not firing Erickson after his consistently sexist remarks. The tipping point was his comparison of the Democratic National Convention to Eve Ensler’s feminist play The Vagina Monologues. His “apology” was typical: “My apologies to those offended by my tweet. Wasn’t my intention.” Nothing about recognizing that his words were inappropriate. This wasn’t the first time that Erickson made shameful statements: he’s defended Rush Limbaugh for calling Sandra Fluke a “slut”; he accused women in the Obama Administration of pushing U.S. intervention in Libya “like women drivers” with “no plan,” “no map,”, and “no shopping list”; and he’s supported Rep. Todd Akin (R-MI) after his “legitimate rape” comments. UltraViolet is still circulating a petition. Personally, I’m watching the debate on MSNBC; Rachel Maddow does a great job moderating panels about political events and includes both Republicans and Democrats for a truly balanced discussion.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2584
__label__cc	0.606626	0.393374	New chief of NewBostonPost makes rash promises, unreasonable demands By Matt McDonald \| December 16, 2016, 9:36 EDT Printed from: https://newbostonpost.com/2016/12/16/new-chief-of-newbostonpost-makes-rash-promises-unreasonable-demands/ By way of introduction… My name is Matt McDonald, I’m the leader of the band. The new one, that is. Starting today I take over as Publisher, Editor-in-Chief, chief executive officer, and any other titles I can think of. (If you get flustered in my presence, “Dear Leader” will do.) I was born in Brighton, grew up in Watertown, and have lived most of my life within a fairly easy drive of the Hub of the Universe. (Unlike many who use that term, I have never thought of it as ironic.) I have spent most of my adult life working for newspapers around here, some of which you’ve probably heard of, and most of which you probably haven’t. But enough about me. Let’s talk about you. You, by definition of having gotten this far into this article on this web page, are a reader of NewBostonPost. A dear reader, as a matter of fact. I not only respect you; I treasure you. To be fair, NewBostonPost has a lot of readers — a credit to founding publisher Tina McCormick, recent editor-in-chief Jennifer Braceras, senior reporter Evan Lips, reporter Kelly Thomas, and other recent and current contributors. But we have room for a few more. (Hello to you, Seamus Mulligan. I’m not stealing that line, only borrowing it.) Why should you read this web site? We have something that doesn’t exist elsewhere. NewBostonPost is an online newspaper that covers Boston and the rest of New England with news and commentary from a conservative point of view. Among the principles we hold dear: — respect for tradition — skepticism of government — love of country — zeal for freedom — support for a free market — belief in Judaeo-Christian morality — reverence for religion — regard for private property This list intentionally steers clear of individual issues. We certainly care about issues. But we don’t start with issues. Instead, these principles guide us. So are we trying to slant the news? Are we trying to be the conservative version of the liberal media? Let’s stipulate that in this world there is no such thing as a purely “objective” presentation of what happened. Everybody has a perspective on something, shaped in some way by our beliefs and experiences. So everybody has some bias. (As a friend of mine likes to say, “An open mind is an empty mind.”) There are two kinds of bias in news. The first is where a reporter or editor (or both) skew facts, distort quotes, misinterpret sources, and engage in other sins of commission or omission to present a picture at odds with reality in order to advance an agenda or keep some other agenda from advancing. (Sound familiar?) That’s the sort of bias we hope to avoid. Our standards in reporting the news are truth, honesty, fairness. Being fallible, we’ll fall short of them. But we aim high. The second type of bias is in the selection of news. What constitutes a story? What makes one event newsworthy, and something else not? Why do some things get in the paper and others don’t? This is the sort of bias we not only admit to; we embrace it. This is a conservative publication. We’re most interested in the topics that conservatives find interesting, and we are likely to ask the types of questions that conservatives ask. That said, we’re not trying to force a conservative angle on everything we cover. Only certain hard-bitten Leftists imagine that everything is political. So you’ll find plenty of material that doesn’t have an obvious ideological significance. But enough about us. Let’s talk about me again. I could use your help. If you have a news tip or an idea you think can improve our product, I’d like to know about it. I don’t promise to agree, but I do promise to listen. The best way to reach me is email: With your help, we will build upon the good foundation we have and make it great. In other words, you can help us keep singing the song I began with. (If you don’t know it, try here.) Although we’re small in number … Our Favorite Liberal Billionaire Want To Empower Parents in Public Education? Here…	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2586
__label__cc	0.669964	0.330036	Home > This Week in AG History December 8 1957 This Week in AG History December 8 1957 /features/this-week-in-ag-history-december-8-1957 {35636421-DBF0-4ECF-B103-74775CFE77AA} This Week in AG History -- December 8, 1957 by Glenn W. Gohr on December 7, 2017 Mildred Whitney (1910-1994) almost single-handedly founded ministries for the blind in the Assemblies of God (AG). Her legacy is seen today in the AG Center for the Blind, under the leadership of Paul Weingartner. Whitney’s life-long dream was to make Pentecostal literature available to the blind and visually impaired. The beginning of Whitney’s work goes back to a Sunday in October 1949 when she was praying in her morning devotions in East Jordan, Michigan, and felt God speaking to her to start up a braille ministry. That same Sunday she read an article in the Gospel Gleaners, the predecessor of the AG’s weekly Live magazine, which told about Gladys Carrington, a housewife, who had been transcribing Christian literature into braille. Whitney contacted Carrington who sent her a copy of the braille alphabet and other materials to get her started. Whitney began learning the braille alphabet, and by 1951 she had mastered the art of writing braille and had started transcribing and producing Pentecostal literature for the blind in her home. The official start of her ministry to the blind began in 1952. On Nov. 16, the AG Center for the Blind, located in Springfield, Missouri, held an open house to celebrate 65 years of ministry. In the beginning years, Mildred Whitney and her husband improvised to make their own type press, assembled their own drying racks, and used other equipment as needed. In 1954 she began using a braille typewriter to better carry out this vital ministry. This led to her taking select articles from the Pentecostal Evangel and other publications to produce the Pentecostal Digest in braille. Soon afterwards she began producing Sunday School quarterlies in braille. Sixty years ago, in the Dec. 8, 1957, issue of the Pentecostal Evangel, Elva Hoover wrote an article called “Quarterlies for the Blind.” She described how Whitney worked for a number of years using “makeshift equipment with limited funds” in her own home to provide braille literature for the blind. “Although she does most of the work herself,” said Hoover, “various members of her family are pressed into service from time to time.” Because of the time-consuming process in producing braille literature (one page of quarterly materials requires almost five pages of braille), Whitney printed the Sunday School lessons on a monthly basis rather than quarterly. The AG Center for the Blind still produces the Adult Student Guide in braille and digital audio files for other age levels of Sunday School materials, as well as God’s Word for Today, Live, PrimeLine, and selected books. Read “Quarterlies for the Blind,” on pages 24 and 25 of the Dec. 8, 1957, issue of the Pentecostal Evangel. Also featured in this issue: • “A Sure Formula for Revival,” by E. R. Foster • “Under the Blood,” by Donald Gee Click here to read this issue now. Pentecostal Evangel archived editions courtesy of the Flower Pentecostal Heritage Center. Tags: Pentecostal Evangel Historic Mildred Whitney AG Center for the Blind Ministries for the Blind Paul Weingartner	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2587
__label__wiki	0.928306	0.928306	Thursday, November 03, 2005 View Comments Ripon Pastor Secretly Sells Church A congregation has lost faith in their pastor, after he sold their church without telling them, and scammed them out of more than half of a million dollars. A for sale sign never went up in front of the First Congregational Church in Ripon. Local police say the pastor peddled it on the sly and was spending the proceeds on big ticket items. It's no doubt an understatement to say church members are shocked. "It came out of nowhere, we didn't have a clue", says Church Leader David Prater. Church members didn't have a clue that their church, which has stood on the corner of Main and Acacia streets in Ripon for over 50 years had been sold. Police say the church pastor sold the church and a small cottage next to it for $525,000 dollars and pocketed the money. Church Council president David Prater said the news left them stunned. "We were devastated, we didn't know how to explain it to anyone. People were hurt. People were crying", says Prater. Sergeant Ed Ormonde said pastor Randy Radic put the money in a special account and started spending. "There was approximately $460,000 that was deposited in the account. Then over a period of about two weeks almost half of the money was deposited into other accounts or withdrawn in cash.", says Ormonde. $102,000 dollars went for a 2006 BMW, which police have seized, along with about $350,000 in cash. Ormonde says the bank account and transactions made bankers suspicious and they contacted church leaders. The 52-year-old Radic faces felony counts of embezzlement and forgery. And the church's small congregation still can't believe it. "He was a very good teacher and a good preacher", says Prater. Prater says visiting pastors are helping them with Sunday services now. Soon they'll be looking for a new permanent pastor. They do have to sort out their finances first But they've hired an attorney to help. Ripon pastor faces forgery, embezzlement over $400K RIPON — The leader of a Ripon church is currently facing four felony counts including embezzlement and forgery for underhandedly selling property owned by the church and pocketing the money. Pastor Randy Radic, 52, turned himself in to the San Joaquin County District Attorney’s Office on Oct. 24 — four days after Ripon police investigators began looking into a tip from a church council member who had been contacted by a Modesto bank and informed that Radic had opened a church account there and deposited over $400,000. According to Ripon Police Information Sergeant Ed Ormonde, Radic allegedly sold First Congregational Church — located at the intersection of Main and Acacia — for a price of $525,000. In order to produce the necessary paperwork, investigators suspect that Radic forged sensitive documents that required the approval of the church council — a group that assumes a position similar to the Board of Directors of a corporation when it comes to business dealings. After Radic had opened the account and deposited over $400,000, police believe he began to wire deposits to numerous other accounts that were eventually tracked and recovered. Once taken into custody, police were able to recover more than $350,000 in cash as well as a 2006 BMW valued at more than $100,000. “I’ve been with the department for almost 10 years, and I’ve never seen anything like this,” Ormonde said of the allegations made against the Pastor. “We deal with embezzlement quite often, but never on this scale” Fortunately for those who have been longtime supporters of the church, the Manteca group who moved forward with the purchase will not be able to take possession because the necessary paperwork was fraudulent. Ormonde said that the buyers have committed no crime in the dealings and have been cooperative with police throughout the investigation — and that he believes this is the largest land and monetary seizure ever made by the Ripon police. Radic is currently not being held in custody based on an agreement that he made to turn himself over to the court upon request. He is being charged with embezzlement, embezzlement under false pretenses, forgery, and forgery of corporate documents. Ormonde wouldn’t rule out the possibility that he couldn’t be arrested in the future. Professor apologizes for e-mail Intelligent-design ruling could affect Ohio school... College course seeks to debunk intelligent design Penn Jillette - There Is No God Monsignor in Phoenix arrested on sex charges Police say youth pastor killed wife, buried her Writer maintains there's no 'God' in Constitution Saenz charged with assault, resisting arrest Pastor Arrested On Sexual Abuse Charges Atheist Veterans Liken God to an 'Imaginary Friend... Event to show support for atheists in military Robertson warns Pennsylvania voters of God's wrath... The Brontosaurus Army Chaplain Sentenced For Sodomizing Troops Police accuse pastor of selling house, too Medina pastor charged with rape Father tells court he trusted God to heal sick son... Religion Now Taught As Science In Kansas Former N.C. preacher ordered to pay Florida widow Purpose Disclaimer Parishioner Sues Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church,...	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2588
__label__cc	0.562214	0.437786	Construction Zone Featured Uncategorized Second Swimming Pool, New Fitness Center Coming to North Campus April 01, 2013 / by Bob Romantic / 4 Comments By Bob Romantic The hub of student activity on the Grand Canyon University campus is clearly the circular area of the Promenade that intersects with the Student Union building, the intramural lawn and the swimming pool, with Thunder Alley and the Rec Center also nearby. That may change a little in the near future. A second swimming pool similar to the one adjacent to the promenade (shown here) will be coming to GCU A second swimming pool is scheduled to be built in an open space surrounded by the Sedona, Chaparral and Saguaro residence halls at the northeast section of campus. The pool will be accompanied by another fitness center, an exercise science lab, a convenience store, an indoor lounge area, and an outdoor ramada. “As you can tell of late, the pool has been hopping,” said Pastor Tim Griffin, dean of students at GCU. “It’s all about relaxing and taking a breath before charging toward graduation and summer break. “We just thought that we needed another pool and the footprint of that area (on the north campus) was conducive to that,” Griffin said. “We wanted to create a lifestyle and a culture and a space for students to gather. It’s going to be a vibrant, busy, exciting part of campus.” The pool will be 78 feet by 46 feet (slightly smaller than the existing pool) and includes a spa on the south end of the pool that measures 8 feet by 28 feet. The ramada area will be just south of the pool. Chaparral Hall sits just east of the pool; Saguaro is north of the pool; and Sedona is to the south. Construction of Chaparral, Saguaro and the swimming pool area is expected to be completed this summer. Sedona was completed prior to the 2012-13 school year. Those three dorms will house 1,800 students, though any GCU student can use the new pool and surrounding amenities. The new fitness center will be about 4,000 square-feet and will be located on the first floor of Chaparral, along with men’s and women’s locker rooms and showers, an exercise science lab and a convenience store. On the first floor of Saguaro, there will be a student lounge, two dance floors and classrooms (relocated from Building 9), and the ROTC offices. ROTC is moving from Prescott Hall, which will allow Spiritual Life and Residence Life to expand in the first floor of that dormitory. Noemi Howard, manager of the Student Recreation Center, said last quarter more than 4,000 students, faculty and staff per week used the Rec Center facilities. During peak hours, time limits have to be imposed on some of the cardiovascular machines to allow everyone to use them. She also said a Zumba class had so many participants that it had to be moved from an exercise room to the gym floor. The new fitness center, along with another fitness center that will be added to the 27th Avenue Office Center, will ease overcrowding as the University continues to grow. “We want to be able to provide students with the same types of facilities that student-athletes get,” Howard said. “(Students) are under a lot of pressure to do well in school. They have to have that outlet. It is important for their physical and emotional well-being.” The exercise science lab is a new facility for the College of Nursing and Health Care Profession’s exercise science program. It will feature a classroom setting as well as lab space for research and testing things such as vertical jumps, body fat, fitness, power lifting and other techniques. “We want to be the leaders in that field and the exercise science lab will provide a top-notch facility to learn about testing techniques,” said Chuck Howard, director of athletic performance at the Student Recreation Center. “We could also bring in high schools or other outside organizations to do their testing here. … It will have everything you would see in a professional fitness facility. In other construction news on campus: For the Student Union expansion, the foundation of the four-story addition has been poured and masonry is going up this week. Framing at the Chaparral Residence Hall is done and the roofing is complete. The outside shell is almost done as crews complete work on the stucco and windows At Saguaro, construction crews have finished pouring the first floor and are framing the upper floors. The sand volleyball courts will be moved after the sand volleyball season to the area where the Pono Construction trailer previously resided. Once that is complete, the synthetic turf intramural field will be expanded and will be able to house two full-length soccer fields. Contact Bob Romantic at 639.7611 or bob.romantic@gcu.edu. Bob Romantic Why would GCU move the sand volleyball courts? Their so convienant where they are. Also, almost everyone who plays on them goes and jumps in the pool or rinses off at the pool showers after their done playing. It makes more sense to keep them there. Apr.01.2013 at 8:13 pm Christianna Please make a football team! GCU will be more exciting and it will be very fun to have a big homecoming as well!:) Apr.15.2013 at 12:27 pm Where are they moving the volleyball courts? I don’t know where the pono construction truck was. Apr.16.2013 at 11:51 am Bob Romantic (Author) The Pono Construction trailers were located on the lot just east of the Tim Salmon Baseball Clubhouse (southeast of the baseball stadium).	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2589
__label__cc	0.53236	0.46764	The 1975's broad range of inspirations range from Sigur Rós to Michael Jackson, and each is evident at some point throughout the ambitious 16-track album. While the riff-heavy sing-alongs are irresistible, the slower and introspective tracks are delightfully nuanced, blanketing atmospheric synths over melodies that take cues from American R&B. A fascinating mixture of polished pop and intricate musicianship. The 1975 The 1975 M.O.N.E.Y. An Encounter Heart Out She Way Out Is There Somebody Who Can Watch You ℗ 2013 The 1975, under exclusive license to Vagrant Records, under exclusive license to Interscope Records More By The 1975 I like it when you sleep, for you are so beautiful yet so unaware of it The 1975 (Deluxe Version) A Brief Inquiry Into Online Relationships DH00278 (Live from The O2, London, 12/16/2016) Music For Cars EP IV Ep	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2590
__label__wiki	0.989973	0.989973	Skinny Love Fire Within 2011 The Fault In Our Stars (Music From the Motion Picture) 2014 Let It All Go Birdy & RHODES 2015 Keeping Your Head Up Beautiful Lies 2016 People Help the People Birdy 2011 Just a Game Live Albums About Birdy English singer/songwriter Jasmine van den Bogaerde, who goes by the stage name Birdy, was born in 1996 in Lymington, Hampshire. Precocious from the very start, Bogaerde began composing her own songs at the age of seven, and in the coming years frequently posted her music and performances on YouTube. By the time she was 14, Bogaerde had signed a publishing contract with Warner/Chappell. In early 2011, she independently released her first single, a cover of American indie rock outfit Bon Iver's "Skinny Love," which peaked at number 17 on the U.K. pop charts. Her self-titled full-length debut, released through Atlantic Records, arrived in November of that year. The record was a huge success, particularly in Australia, Belgium, Holland, and France, where it shot straight to number one, while it also reached the U.K. Top 20. The collection of stripped-back arrangements mostly comprised indie artists, including the Postal Service and Fleet Foxes, whose songs were overhauled by Bogaerde's haunting voice and sparse production. Fire Within, the follow-up to her debut, presented a new phase in Bogaerde's development, displaying her songwriting talent with 11 original tracks. Released in 2013, the album was written with help from collaborators such as Ryan Tedder (Beyoncé, Leona Lewis), Dan Wilson (Adele, Taylor Swift), and Mumford & Sons pianist Ben Lovett. Along with the latter band on the soundtrack to Pixar's Brave, Bogaerde also contributed original songs to soundtracks for The Hunger Games and The Fault in Our Stars. A new single, "Let It All Go," co-written with fellow British singer/songwriter Rhodes, began climbing the charts in 2015. Months later, the single "Keeping Your Head Up" was released. That song would appear on her third album, Beautiful Lies, which was released in March 2016. ~ James Christopher Monger & Scott Kerr Lymington, Hampshire, England boniver	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2591
__label__cc	0.534178	0.465822	Martine Thomas Martine Thomas, violist, is in her element when engaged with music in many ways. Martine is an artist with the Silk Road Ensemble, performing the music of blended world traditions with Yo-Yo Ma and other ensemble members around the country. She performs traditional classical music as a soloist and chamber musician, studying with Martha Katz at New England Conservatory. She works with a range of chamber music mentors and collaborators, including Paul Katz, Kim Kashkashian, JACK Quartet, and the Parker Quartet. Martine enjoys collaborating closely with composers of her generation, like Brandon Snyder and Camila Agosto, as well as working with established composers, such as Jennifer Higdon, Joan Tower, George Lewis, Marcos Balter, and Chaya Czernowin. Summers spent with Claire Chase and the International Contemporary Ensemble at Lincoln Center and the Banff Centre for Arts and Creativity have honed her interest in contemporary music. As an improviser and creative musician, Martine works with Vijay Iyer, Anthony Coleman, and a community of peers based at Harvard University. She has performed at the BBC Proms, Carnegie Hall, the Kennedy Center, the Mariinsky II for St. Petersburg’s White Nights Festival, and China’s National Centre for the Performing Arts. Martine graduated from the Harvard-New England Conservatory Dual Degree Program in 2019 with a Masters’ of Music in viola performance and a B.A. in English. Her work in English at Harvard focused on poetry, where she works with Jorie Graham. Her writing can be found in the Academy of American Poets, the Colorado Review, and Lana Turner Journal. “My interest in Music for Food comes from growing up in a community where many people were affected by food insecurity—neighbors, classmates, friends. Music for Food’s concerts move me with the generosity of artistry, compassion, funds, and spirit that fills the room. There are many times when music can seem like an abstract force, or that the unmet needs of the community can seem abstract, but the way that Music for Food brings them out of the abstract allows for real impact and change.” Back to Artists page	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2592
__label__wiki	0.860258	0.860258	TEAM TUBBY’S HAD IT TOUGH By Tom Keegan ST. LOUIS – While playing point guard for his father, Saul Smith endured the taunts of angry Kentucky fans. Saul used up his eligibility and has been replaced at the point by Gerald Fitch. Kentucky fans have no complaints about how Fitch’s outside touch compares to that of the coach’s departed son. They just wish he behaved a little more like the coach’s son. Fitch blew curfew and was suspended from the SEC Tournament. He did not play regular-season games against Tennessee, Arkansas and Vanderbilt, thanks to rules violations. “It’s been my toughest year in 11 years,” Kentucky coach Tubby Smith said. “We had some issues this year and distractions. Life is not peaches and cream all the time. We had some ups and downs.” Echoed senior guard J.P. Blevins: “It has been a little bit of a rocky season.” Dissension has led to Kentucky going only 20-9, good enough for a No. 4 seed in the East. Do-it-all star Tayshaun Prince has the skill to enable the Wildcats to bury the recent past and go on a little roll. “The distractions have not always been that difficult to deal with,” Prince said. “We realize that they are some things that we just have to deal with. We have talked to our younger players about dealing with this. We have had a lot of problems.” Kentucky faces Valparaiso in the first of four games today at the Edward Jones Dome, which holds 39,000 for basketball. The beauty of dealing with athletes whose second language is English is they don’t know how to engage in double talk and speak the truth. Valparaiso’s Lubos Barton is from the Czech Republic. “I got to school two days before classes started and my English wasn’t very good,” Barton said. “But I got a tutor and got some easy classes.” Therein lies the secret to remaining eligible. Get a tutor and take basket weaving. Teams used yesterday’s practice time to try to adapt to the difficult shooting background of the dome. “This place is huge,” Valpo’s Milo Stovall said. “We were trying to figure out the depth perception and the lighting.” CREAKS CAUSING CONCERN 'You are homophobic': USWNT star fires back at estranged teammate	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2595
__label__cc	0.674758	0.325242	The Old Stone House – 313 Chestnut Street, Morgantown, West Virginia August 25, 2015 oldstonehousewv New Children’s Picture Book Shares the History of Morgantown through the Tales of a Mouse The Service League of Morgantown is pleased to announce the publication of Tobias: The Mouse in the Old Stone House by member Mary Louise “Cookie” Soldo Schultz. This creative effort was envisioned as a way to interest children in history and to inspire curiosity for their surroundings. In the book, Tobias, a wise old mouse, shares tales preserved in a journal kept by his family for over 200 years with a young boy named Sammy. Beginning with the family’s arrival in a Conestoga wagon in the 1780s to residing in a present day gift shop run by volunteers – Tobias shares the tales of his family and Morgantown. The book offers entertaining and delightful insight on Morgantown’s history as it is told from the unique vantage point of this particular mouse family living in their ancestral home – the tiny closet tucked beneath the steep corner-turning staircase of the historic Old Stone House. The book incorporates actual historical facts related to the Old Stone House, which is included on the National Register of Historic Places. Records suggest the rustic, pioneer- era sandstone dwelling was built prior to 1795. Since 1935, the building has served as the headquarters of the Service League of Morgantown. This all-volunteer, non-profit, organization maintains a gift shop year-round on the premises. Sales proceeds are donated to educational, cultural, and charitable concerns that benefit the citizens of Monongalia County. Author Cookie Schultz has recently retired from the faculty of the Honors College at West Virginia University. She has been actively involved in education and the arts for over forty years. She is the recipient of numerous teaching awards and grants and has earned fellowships from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the West Virginia Humanities Council. Illustrator Ashley Teets brings the story charmingly to life. Tobias and his friends are reminiscent of Beatrix Potter’s soft, water-colored aesthetic realism. Additionally, Ms. Teets masterfully conveys the passage of time to young readers by overlaying her artwork on top of parchment-toned backgrounds complete with faded penmanship that echo the book’s text. Books are priced at $16.95 plus tax and are available for purchase at the Old Stone House (313 Chestnut Street) Monday through Saturday from 11 am – 3 pm. The books are also available through Amazon.com. Historic Landmark – Gift Shop	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2602
__label__cc	0.738901	0.261099	Tag Archives: presidents Omaha CVB February 24, 2017 by Keith Backsen This year Boys Town celebrates its 100th year. The Los Angeles Times recently ranked Boys Town’s anniversary as one of the top-10 milestones of 2017, encouraging people to visit the historic landmark and “add cultural and historical heft to your 2017 travels.” In 1917 Father Edward J. Flanagan, a 31-year old priest, borrowed $90 to rent a boarding house to take care of troubled and neglected children here in Omaha. Since then, Boys Town has grown into an international treasure. It now helps millions of people from across the globe. It is also one of Omaha’s best-known attractions, welcoming thousands of visitors—including presidents, first ladies, sports legends, and actors—each year. And while the celebrity of Boys Town has certainly helped put it and Omaha on the map, it is the everyday visitor who is the constant. Visitors can explore chapels and gardens, tour Father Flanagan’s home, visit his tomb at Dowd Chapel, walk through the Hall of History, and even see the world’s largest ball of stamps. That’s right—Boys Town is home to a ball of stamps that weighs more than 600 pounds (talk about selfie gold). Boys Town offers daily tours, step-on guided tours for bus groups, and interactive tours where all you need is your smartphone. QR codes are strategically placed outside Boys Town attractions; scan the codes with your phone and instantly access facts, photos, and videos at each attraction. With the canonization process underway, the prospect of Father Flanagan being named a saint has wide-ranging implications on Boys Town’s future and on Omaha as a visitor destination. In addition to the current $1.2 billion development being planned nearby, sainthood would mean even more growth on and around the Boys Town campus. Father Flanagan’s tomb would be honored in a new structure that would need to accommodate thousands of visitors a day. Other developments may include a museum, shops, and possibly one or more hotels. With sainthood comes enhanced international awareness of this historic campus in the middle of the country and would make it and Omaha one of the newest destinations for religious pilgrimages. It is an exciting time for this Omaha gem that will certainly leave lasting impressions well beyond the next 100 years. Keith Backsen is executive director of the Omaha Convention & Visitors Bureau This article was printed in the Spring 2017 edition of B2B. Posted in: B2B Magazine, Omaha Magazine, Places Topics: actors, anniversary, attraction, Boys Town, campus, canonization, celebrity, country, destination, destinations, development, facts, Father Flanagan, first ladies, groups, historic, landmark, Omaha, phone, photos, pilgrimages, presidents, religious, sainthood, sports legends, The Los Angeles Times, tomb, videos, visitor March 13, 2014 by Molly Mahannah Before September, potential patrons looking to get a drink might have stopped just short of The Tavern—not realizing that a bar was down the street. However, after a few renovations and a name change, patrons can now clearly see the updated bar. Formerly The Old Market Tavern, the bar has changed more than just its name since David Kerr and Dave Haverkamp purchased it in July. One of the most unique changes is the addition of a 105-year-old Brunswick bar. “It was in the Muehlebach Hotel, and Elvis Presley, the Beatles, and every president from when it was installed until Ronald Reagan stayed at that hotel when they were in Kansas City, so you have to assume that many of them probably sat down at that bar,” Haverkamp says. Still, the addition of the historic bar was only part of the changes the duo made. In a whirlwind six days, Kerr and Haverkamp closed down the bar to begin renovations that included getting rid of a platform that split the bar in half lengthways, creating a congested area for guests trying to get a drink. “We had the floor redone as well,” Kerr says, “and we brought in church pews as a part of the furnishings, and we took a wall down as well in the back. It was like a small dart room, so we knocked that wall down, and we renovated the bathrooms as well. It was a diet of pizza and Red Bull just to get through the six days, but it was good.” Kerr, who has a background in both hospitality and marketing, also decided to light the awning outside and revamp The Tavern’s logo to give the bar a more modern feel. Kerr added a colored, flashing LED light above the logo as well so that patrons can see the bar from 10th Street. Both Kerr and Haverkamp took a bartending class in South Beach to revamp their bartending skills. They usually bartend once or twice a week now at The Tavern, but bartending or not, they’re at the bar every day talking to customers. They claim it’s their favorite part of the day. Both owners are proud of their famous Moscow Mule and hope to add more specialty cocktails and perhaps even a food menu. But they’re most excited about the Scottish soda-infused cocktails. “There’s a soda from Scotland which outsells Coca-Cola, and I’ve had that shipped over from Scotland,” Kerr says, “so we can actually start using it in cocktails. You can’t miss it. It’s bright orange.” When Kerr and Haverkamp bought The Tavern last July, they ran the bar the way it was for two months to learn about the customers and to get a feel for what changes needed to be made. One result of this observation period was to change the name only slightly from The Old Market Tavern to simply The Tavern. “The reason why we didn’t completely change the name is because we really want this to be kind of a local place to go. That’s how we envisioned it,” Haverkamp says. “Yeah, it’s a neighborhood bar, but we wanted it to be homey. But the products are good, and the cocktails are good, and you know…we offer something a little bit different,” Kerr says. Posted in: Beer, Cocktails & Wine, Business, Business Profiles, Downtown, Encounter, Entertainment, Food & Drink, Lifestyle, Neighborhoods, Nightlife, Places, Publications Topics: 10th street, bar, church pews, darts, Dave Haverkamp, David Kerr, downtown, drinks, Elvis Presley, featured, hospitality, marketing, Muehlebach Hotel, Omaha, patrons, presidents, Ronald Reagan, Scottish, South Beach, The Beatles, The Old Market Tavern, The Tavern	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2603
__label__wiki	0.925765	0.925765	Choco Pies: Kim Jong-un’s Most Hated Dessert Choco Pies: Kim Jong-un's Most Hated Dessert By Justin Rohrlich Jul 2, 2014 During the glory days of the Cold War, the Kremlin was scared shitless by Levi’s, McDonald’s, and other symbols of decadent Western culture. That is no longer the case. This past October, visitors to Lenin's tomb in Moscow were turned away because the leader of the Bolshevik Revolution wasn’t receiving visitors. Why not? A Coca-Cola–sponsored stage set up to promote the Sochi Olympics was blocking the entrance to his tomb. In North Korea, however, the regime still considers foreign-made consumer products potentially dangerous. But it’s not blue jeans and Big Macs Kim Jong-un is currently worried about. No, he's trying to keep out the sinister influence of the somewhat tasty South Korean Choco Pie. Seoul-based Orion Confectionery began producing the Choco Pie in 1974 — a pretty blatant ripoff of the Tennessee-born Moon Pie. Thirty years later, during a period of wary cooperation between the North and South, South Korean businesses began running factories in Kaesong, a 25-square-mile special administrative zone just across the border in North Korea. Today, 125 South Korean companies employ 52,000 North Korean workers there. The North Korean regime is paid about $100 a month for each employee, each one of whom is then given roughly $67 of that. But Pyongyang forbids South Korean factory managers at Kaesong from paying bonuses or cash incentives to North Korean workers. And so they began rewarding them with Choco Pies. Choco Pies were essentially used as currency by North Koreans, much like prison inmates might use cigarettes. Curtis Melvin, a researcher at the US-Korea Institute at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, says that while Choco Pies are “not nearly as good” as the Moon Pie, they're essentially used as currency by North Koreans much like prison inmates might use cigarettes. North Koreans reportedly value Choco Pies at anywhere from 80 cents to $10 — a lot of money in the DPRK — and some Kaesong workers were getting up to 20 Choco Pies per shift. The North Korean regime was not okay with this. And so state security forces initially attempted to wage a propaganda campaign against Choco Pies, saying “If the products from the ‘neighborhood downstairs’ are enjoyed unconditionally, the ideology of the people could wither at any moment.” And now, according to South Korean news reports, Pyongyang has outright banned the pies from Kaesong. Workers can be rewarded with sausages, instant noodles, coffee, and chocolate bars — but not Choco Pies. North Korean meth, motorcycle gangs, Army snipers, and a guy named Rambo. Read more here. One Western businessman who regularly travels to the DPRK and just returned from 10 days in-country — he requested anonymity to avoid any backlash from the North Korean regime — tells VICE News that he didn’t see a single Choco Pie in Kaesong. “Orion Choco Pie wrappers used to be common trash up on Jangsu Hill in Kaesong,” he says. “This time I didn't see them.” Though it might seem counterintuitive in the “Hermit Kingdom,” there is, in fact, a fairly high level of awareness there of foreign brands. Christopher Graper, a guide with North Korea specialists Koryo Tours who also curates a huge collection of historical North Korean images and artifacts for his RetroDPRK project, says it’s “very easy to find foreign brands all the way back to the '60s and '70s, even in propaganda images.” Graper explains that these would have all been “likely gifted from overseas Koreans, or donated in some sort of butter trade with other socialist countries." He also points out that Kim Jong-il’s black Mercedes was immortalized as a backdrop in Pyongyang’s annual Mass Games, held at the Rungnado May Day Stadium every autumn. North Korea fires ballistic missiles off eastern coast. Read more here. As serious as Kim clearly is about the capitalist influence of mediocre baked goods, those working to disarm the regime tell VICE News they can’t be bothered. "I don’t comment on Choco Pies,” says Tony Namkung, a high-level negotiator who has accompanied Governor Bill Richardson, President Jimmy Carter, and Google’s Eric Schmidt to North Korea. “We’re trying to prevent a nuclear arms race in the region.” Follow Justin Rohrlich on Twitter: @JustinRohrlich Photo via Flickr	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2604
__label__cc	0.590761	0.409239	Alpha Rho Chi is a professional co-educational college fraternity for students studying architecture and related professions. The fraternity’s name is derived from the first three letters of the Greek word for “architecture” — alpha (A), rho (P) and chi (X). Alpha Rho Chi was founded on April 11, 1914, when students at the University of Michigan and the University of Illinois joined to form a national organization for Architecture and the allied arts. In the Summer of 2012, a petition was submitted to start a chapter of Alpha Rho Chi at NewSchool. While in Colony status, the group was required to complete a philanthropic event, a professional event, draft by-laws and incorporate with the state of California. The Numisius chapter of Alpha Rho Chi at NewSchool was installed on May 3, 2014. Alpha Rho Chi participates in campus events and volunteers in the community with organizations such as Art San Diego, Maker’s Quarter and Boy Scouts of America Badge Clinics. You can also identify members on campus by their Azure and Sanguine pyramid pins. Interested in joining or learning more? Contact Ashley Wagner, Student Life Manager, at awagner@newschoolarch.edu.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2605
__label__wiki	0.858322	0.858322	Tag: Louis Marx Not Much to Cheer About The cover of the Nov. 9, 1929 issue belied the mood of New Yorkers still reeling from the stock market crash. But then again, football games and other entertainments would grow in importance as much-needed distractions from the harsh realities that lay ahead. Nov. 9, 1929 cover by Theodore G. Haupt. The title image is by James Montgomery Flagg, published in Life, November 15, 1929. The New Yorker editors and writers were as bewildered as anyone in the aftermath of the crash. “The Talk of the Town” only gave it passing mention: Robert Benchley, writing under the pseudonym “Guy Fawkes,” also looked at the market crash from the angle of the newspapers in “The Wayward Press” column. Naturally, Benchley tried to find humor in the midst of the disaster, noting that the crash provided some relief from tedious election coverage: When the Nov. 9 New Yorker went to press, the stock market crash was viewed as a serious setback (in the sixth paragraph Benchley mentioned numerous reports of suicides), but not something that would result in worldwide depression. Indeed, much of the issue was devoted to lighter fare, including a rather lengthy piece in “Talk” about the latest craze among the nation’s youth — the yo-yo: The Lumar 33, made of tin, was one of the original yo-yos produced by Louis Marx beginning in 1929. Hugely popular, it helped launch the Marx toy company empire. (WorthPoint) BUT HE’S NO YO-YO…Louis Marx’s version of the yo-yo would help him launch a toy empire and land him on the cover of Time magazine, Dec. 12, 1955. (Time) Just Wait Until They Get iPads The New Yorker showed less enthusiasm for a plan by Fox studios to introduce talking pictures into schools, hospitals and churches. Writing for “Talk,” E.B. White observed: TECHNOLOGY INVADES THE CLASSROOM…Left to right, a still from a 1930 educational film showing archeologist Earl Morris gluing together pottery shards at a dig near Mesa Verde National Monument; ca. 1932 title card for a science film; detail from a ca. 1930 educational film demonstrating the wonders of liquid nitrogen. (archive.org) And Then There Was Light The introduction of talking pictures in the classroom owed something to Thomas Edison (1847-1931), inventor of the incandescent light bulb and a pioneer in the development of motion pictures, among many other things. The invention of the light bulb was commemorated at a “Golden Jubilee” celebration in Dearborn, Michigan, and “The Talk of the Town” offered these observations on the occasion: GIVING THEIR TWO CENT’S WORTH…Lights were ablaze in Dearborn, Mich., to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the light bulb’s invention. “Light’s Golden Jubilee” was staged by public relations guru Edward Bernays on behalf of General Electric; below, commemorative postage stamp for the occasion. (prmuseum.org/Wikipedia) The jubilee was the brainchild of Edward Bernays (1891-1995), often referred to as “the father of public relations.” The author of the 1928 book Propaganda, Bernays worked for dozens of corporations, and is known for his efforts in 1929 to promote cigarette smoking among women (branding them “torches of freedom”). Ironically, a man that helped many women develop a habit that led to their early deaths himself lived to the ripe age of 103. Albert Einstein sent his best wishes from Berlin via transatlantic radio (see below), and special guests at the Jubilee included Henry Ford and Harvey Firestone, seen here talking with the nearly-deaf Thomas Edison about the development of radio in this short “talkie” filmed at the Jubilee on Oct. 21, 1929: Please Release Me Nunnally Johnson (1897-1977) was a journalist and film critic before breaking into the movies himself in the mid-1930s as a writer, producer and director of such films as The Grapes of Wrath (writer, producer) and The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit (writer, producer, director). As a critic Johnson learned what he didn’t like, including Al Jolson’s The Singing Fool, an early talking film that featured Jolson crooning the tear-jerker hit “Sonny Boy” to child actor Davey Lee, who portrayed his dying son. Nunnally responded with this parody titled “Sonny Boy’s Diary.” Some excerpts: HOLD THE SCHMALTZ, AL…Nunnally Johnson, left, parodied the sentimental scenes Al Jolson shared with child actor Davey Lee in The Singing Fool. Johnson would go on to become a successful screenwriter, producer and director. (in.bookmyshow.com/virtual-history.com) Dream Space New Yorker art critic Murdock Pemberton hailed the opening of a new museum, the Roerich, on the lower floors of the 27-story art deco Master Apartment Building. The building also housed the Master Institute of United Arts, founded in 1920 by Nicholas and Helena Roerich. The art deco landmark Master Building on Riverside Drive (left, in 1929) originally housed the Roerich Museum in its lower floors. Today the Roerich is located in this brownstone at 319 West 107th. (Wikipedia) FOOTNOTES FROM A FULL LIFE…Two of Nicholas Roerich’s paintings from the 1920s: at top, Remember, 1924; below, Drops of Life, 1924. (roerich.org) A Tenor for the Times The crooner Rudy Vallée (1901-1986) became an overnight sensation after his Oct. 24, 1929 debut on national radio. Already a popular New York bandleader (and sometime local radio personality), his appearance on NBC’s Fleischmann’s Yeast Radio Hour made him a national sensation, especially among young women. According to Ian Whitcomb in his book, The Coming of the Crooners, Vallée’s thin, wavering tenor was not well-suited to the stage (especially in pre-microphone days when booming voices prevailed) but it worked magic on the radio, soft voices ideal for this more intimate medium (Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra and other popular crooners would soon follow). The New Yorker’s “On The Air” column (signed “A.S.”) had this to say about Vallée’s return: BALM FOR WEARY SOULS…Rudy Vallée’s soothing voice and easy-going manner were just what the nation needed days after the stock market crash. According to Anthony Rudel of Old Time Radio, “At 8 pm on the night of October 24th, 1929, just after the ubiquitous Graham McNamee introduced him, Vallée became a national radio star.” It was the debut of NBC’s Fleischmann’s Yeast Radio Hour, which soon came to be known as the Rudy Vallée Show. (Fleischmann was also a major benefactor of the New Yorker). Photo at left, Vallée with McNamee; at right, child actor Dorothy Gray and Vallée in the comedy talkie, The Vagabond Lover (1929). (otrcat.com/IMDB) A giant among conductors of the 20th century, Arturo Toscanini (1867-1957) was already well-known to live audiences in New York, having conducted at both the Metropolitan Opera and the New York Philharmonic. Unlike Vallée, the Italian conductor’s radio broadcast was limited to the range of the New York radio station WOR. Toscanini would make his national radio debut in the States in 1937, with the NBC Symphony Orchestra. THE MAESTRO…Arturo Toscanini, renowned for his intensity and perfectionism, was said to have perfect pitch. After leaving fascist Italy in 1936, he became a household name across the US thanks to the NBC Symphony Orchestra’s presence both on national radio (beginning in 1937) and television (1948-1952). (The Economist) The New Yorker also noted the successful transmission of three transatlantic broadcasts, including remarks spoken by Albert Einstein from Berlin to the Electric Light Golden Jubilee in Dearborn, Michigan: RELATIVELY SPEAKING…Albert Einstein prepares to congratulate Thomas Edison via transatlantic radio on the 50th anniversary of the incandescent light bulb, Oct. 21, 1929. (UT College of Liberal Arts) Now that we are post-market crash, we will be seeing the effects of that crash on New Yorker advertisers. Here are three advertisers from the Nov. 9 issue not long for the world: from left, the high-fashion salon Stewart & Company would file for bankruptcy and go out of business by the spring of 1930; Pierce-Arrow, maker of rolling status symbols for the wealthy, ceased car production in 1933; Hanan & Son, a leader in the mass production of shoes, would go bankrupt and fold by 1935. Already at this early date advertisers were responding to tightening belts — this appeal from the Cuban Tourism Commission offered “an opportunity to forget business” while traveling on the cheap… …other ads were the usual fare, this one from Lux Toilet soap featured its latest young celebrity, Dorothy McNulty (1908-2003), who changed her name to Penny Singleton in 1937 before starring in more than two-dozen Blondie-themed comedies (based on the Chic Young comic strip) with co-star Arthur Lake (who portrayed Dagwood Bumstead). She dyed her naturally brunette hair (as seen in the ad) blonde for the first Blondie movie in 1938, and continued to do so for the rest of her long life. A career that truly spanned several generations, she also provided the voice for Jane Jetson in The Jetsons in its original airing in the early 1960s and in later revivals through 1990… THE MANY FACES OF PENNY SINGLETON…At left, before she was the film star Penny Singleton, Dorothy McNulty was a popular star on Broadway, as this ad from the Nov. 9 New Yorker attests. At top, Singleton with Blondie co-star Arthur Lake in the first installment of that popular 27-film series, 1938; a still from The Jetsons 1962-63, for which Singleton provided the voice of Jane Jetson. (IMDB/Hanna-Barbera) …on to other ads, the one on the left is another sad example of how manufacturers of spirits tried to market non-alcoholic versions of their libations to Prohibition-starved Americans (“especially distilled for the American market”)…at right, an ad from Knox hatters, with a somber rendering of a young woman (maybe she’s headed to the party in the other ad) wearing a fashion that would be popular in the early Thirties…the old flapper hat, along with the Jazz Age, was dead as a doornail… …oh well, at least you could stay healthy by smoking lots of cigarettes… …we’ve seen ads illustrated by other New Yorker cartoonists including Peter Arno, Rea Irvin, and Julian De Miskey; Helen Hokinson got in on the action with this ad touting G. Washington instant coffee…the first instant coffee to be produced on a mass scale, G. Washington was so well known it was referred to as a “cup of George.” The brand was discontinued in 1961… …on to our comics, an awkward moment courtesy Peter Arno… …W.P. Trent illustrated a backstage exchange regarding the ado over a popular dance troupe, the Albertina Rasch Girls… MGM publicity photo from 1929 of the Albertina Rasch Girls, who traveled to Hollywood to appear in the Technicolor finale of the film Hollywood Revue of 1929. (dimitritiomkin.com) …and John Reynolds explored the clash of the Old World and the New… …and before I go, a correction from my last post, in which I incorrectly attributed this poem in the Nov. 2 issue to British humorist P.G. Wodehouse: An alert reader kindly pointed out that “Ode to Peter Stuyvesant” isn’t by Wodehouse, but by another person with the initials PGW — Philip G. Wylie. Screenwriter and satirist Philip G. Wylie in an undated photo. (Wikipedia) I always enjoy hearing from readers of this blog, and especially appreciate comments that help me keep this account historically accurate, as well as fun and informative. Next Time: Back to Business… Posted on November 21, 2018 November 21, 2018 Categories advertising, automobiles, Broadway, celebrities, cinema, fads & crazes, fashion, Great Depression, Jazz Age, New Yorker cartoons, prohibition, radio & television, Roaring Twenties, The New Yorker MagazineTags 1920s advertising, 1920s cigarette ads, 1920s fashion, 1920s New York, Al Jolson, Albert Einstein, Albertina Rasch Girls, Arturo Toscanini, Black Thursday, Black Tuesday, Blondie movies, Dorothy McNulty, E.B. White, Edward Bernays, Harvey Firestone, Helen Hokinson, Henry Ford, Invention of the light bulb, Jazz Age, John Reynolds, Light’s Golden Jubilee, Louis Marx, Marx toys, Master Institute of United Arts, Murdock Pemberton, Nicholas Roerich, Nunnally Johnson, Old Gold cigarettes, Penny Singleton, Peter Arno, prohibition, Roaring Twenties, Robert Benchley, Roerich museum, Rudy Vallée, Sonny Boy, Stock market crash, Talkies, The Jetsons, The New Yorker, The Singing Fool, Thomas Edison, W.P. Trent, Yo-YoLeave a comment on Not Much to Cheer About	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2606
__label__cc	0.663775	0.336225	These Hilarious Inflated Backpacks Are Actually Delivering Cheap Local Energy To The Rural Poor Millions of rural villagers around the world still cook with wood and charcoal, with all the limitations and inconveniences that implies. Women spend time and energy collecting and hauling wood, which contributes to deforestation and takes them away from more productive uses of their time. Worse, burning wood and charcoal inside homes produces extremely unhealthy fumes. Biogas produced from organic waste, such as cow dung and farm cuttings is a good alternative, because it’s lightweight and clean burning. But it’s not possible to have a bio-digester—a system for breaking down the waste to produce biogas—in every person’s home. That’s too expensive and impractical. You need upwards of five or six households invested in a digester to cover its costs. Katrin Puetz saw the potential of biogas for rural communities while doing her master’s thesis at a university in Germany. She wondered how to do the “last mile” of distribution from a central digester site to someone’s home. She came up with the biogas “backpack”—a sturdy bag to transport the gas. Since then, she’s created a full line of products for villages to use biogas locally. First there’s a 2 x 5 meter bio-digester “system” for 44 pounds of cow dung a day. It’s a tank with an outer tent covering. Then, there are the packs which hold 1.2 cubic meters of biogas at a time (6 kilowatt-hours of energy or enough for four hours of cooking). And there’s a simple stove and several other parts. Source: Fast Company (link opens in a new window)	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2607
__label__cc	0.693329	0.306671	Macaws are beautiful, brilliantly colored members of the parrot family. Many macaws have vibrant plumage. The coloring is suited to life in Central and South American rain forests, with their green canopies and colorful fruits and flowers. The birds boast large, powerful beaks that easily crack nuts and seeds, while their dry, scaly tongues have a bone inside them that makes them an effective tool for tapping into fruits. A blue and yellow Macaw. Of the many different Psittacidae (true parrots) genera, six are classified as macaws: Ara, Anodorhynchus, Cyanopsitta, Primolius, Orthopsittaca, and Diopsittaca. Previously, the members of the genus Primolius were placed in Propyrrhura, but the former is correct in accordance with ICZN rules. Macaws are native to Central America and North America (only México), South America, and formerly the Caribbean. Most species are associated with forests, especially rainforests, but others prefer woodland or savannah-like habitats. The macaw has a large and powerful beak which means that the macaw can break the shells of nuts and seeds more easily. Like other species of parrot, macaws have four toes on each foot, with two toes facing forward and two toes facing backward. This foot adaptation helps the macaw to grip onto prey and tree branches more easily and allows the macaw to perch in the trees without slipping off. Wing clipped scarlet Macaws. The macaw is an omnivorous animal and feeds on nuts and fruit in the trees along with insects, eggs and small mammals and reptiles. The macaw is known to sleep during the night meaning that the macaw is a diurnal animal, and in the morning the macaw will often fly long distances in order to find food. Some foods eaten by macaws in certain regions in the wild are said to contain toxic or caustic substances which they are able to digest. It has been suggested that parrots and macaws in the Amazon Basin eat clay from exposed river banks to neutralize these toxins. In the western Amazon hundreds of macaws and other parrots descend to exposed river banks to consume clay on an almost daily basis. Blue-and-yellow Macaws, Scarlet Macaws and Parrots at the clay lick The majority of macaws are now endangered in the wild and a few are extinct. The Spix’s macaw is now probably extinct in the wild. Theglaucous macaw is also probably extinct, with only two reliable records of sightings in the 20th century. The greatest problems threatening the macaw population are the rapid rate of deforestation and illegal trapping for the bird trade. International trade of all macaw species is regulated by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES). Macaws are known to be intelligent and very sociable birds and macaws can often be seen together in large flocks of up to 30 macaw individuals. Macaws communicate between one another using loud vocal calls such as squawking and screaming. Some species of macaw are even known to be able to mimic (copy) human sounds. The macaw is one of the world’s animals that is known to have the same breeding partner for their whole lives. Macaw couples do not only breed together but they also share their food and help to groom one another. When the female macaw has laid her eggs (typically 2 but more are common), the female macaw sits on her eggs to incubate them while the male macaw hunts and collects food for them both. The macaw chicks hatch after about a month. http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/birds/macaw/ http://a-z-animals.com/animals/macaw/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaw http://www.birdchannel.com/bird-species/profiles/macaw.aspx	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2610
__label__cc	0.671581	0.328419	A Reasoner's Miscellany Category: Chess Two Pawn Swindle I’m generally a fast player, and although this is a disadvantage in that I make plenty of careless mistakes, it does mean I rarely get into time trouble. The following is one of my favorite games. It’s really less of a comeback than it is an extraordinarily lucky swindle. Li, Sean (1383) – Haley, Connor (1754) Texas State Scholastic. 2/23-24/2005. Round 7 (final). My opponent’s rating of 1754 was rather intimidating at the time, but I had just beaten a 1640 and a 1700 in rounds 5 and 6 respectively. I had 5 points; winning this game would put me at 6 points out of 7. 1. c4 c6 2. g3 Nf6 3. Bg2 d5 4. b3 4. Black to move A somewhat unusual opening. 4… e6 5. Nc3 Be7 6. d3 Qa5 7. Bd2 The only reason I take note of this position here is that this is exactly the same position as my game after my 7th move two rounds earlier in the same tournament. I won that game against a 1640, so I thought it was pretty good for me that this game was proceeding the same way. At move seven, however, my previous opponent played 7… Bb4, whereas Haley played 7… Qd8, a more conservative move. 7… Qd8 8. e3 0-0 9. Nf3 Nbd7 10. 0-0 Rb8 11. Qc2 Re8 12. White to move 12. e4 dxe4 13. Nxe4 Nc5 14. Nxc5 Bxc5 15. b4 15. Black to move 15… Be7 16. Rfd1 Qc7 17. Bf4 Bd6 18. Bxd6 Qxd6 19. Rab1 e5 20. d4 e4 21. Ne5 Bf5 Black’s position is superior. 22. h3 h5 23. Rb2 Rbd8 24. c5? (This move is a positional mistake—now the d4 is very weak.) Qe6 25. Kh2 e3 26. Qe2 exf2 27. Qxf2 Be4 28. Re2 Bxg2 29. Qxg2 Qd5 30. Qxd5 Nxd5 At this point it’s fairly grim for White. The Black knight is threatening the pawn on b4 and a fork at c3, and White’s pawn on d4 is weak. 31. Rb2 Nc3 32. Rdd2 Ne4 33. Rdc2 Rxd4 34. Nc4 White is a pawn down, and Black controls the center. Rd3 35. g4 hxg4 36. hxg4 Rg3 37. Rg2 (37. Nd6! threatens the rook on e8 and the knight on e4, which guards the g3 rook. This would have won at least the Exchange.) Rxg2 38. Rxg2 Rd8 39. Re2 Rd4 40. Na5 Rxb4 41. Nxb7 Rxb7 42. Rxe4 Rb2+ 43. Kg3 Rxa2 Here is the critical position. Black is in severe time trouble. White is two pawns down, but swindles the game. 🙂 44. Re7 Kf8? (44… Ra5 would have won for Black.) 45. Rc7 Ra6 46. Kf4 f6 47. Kf5 47… Ra5? (This gives up the c6 pawn without a fight and leaves the rook passive.) 48. Rxc6 Rb5 49. Ke6 Rb8 50. Ra6 Re8+ 51. Kd6 Rd8+ 52. Kc7 Ke8 53. Rd6 Ra8 White now trades the rooks and easily wins. 54. Kb7 Rd8 55. Rxd8+ Kxd8 56. c6 a5 57. c7+ Kd7 58. c8=Q+ Kd6 59. Qd8+ Ke6 60. Qxa5+ Kf7 61. Qc7+ Kg6 62. Qf4 Kf7 63. g5 Ke7 64. Qe4+ Kf7 65. g6+ Kf8 66. Qe6 1-0 The game was G/75; each side started with 75 minutes, and there was a 5-second delay on each move. At the end, my opponent had run out of time, while I had 51:07 remaining. With this win, I had 6 points, and tied for second place; this is the best I have ever done at a Texas State Scholastic. Full game (contiguous): 1. c4 c6 2. g3 Nf6 3. Bg2 d5 4. b3 e6 5. Nc3 Be7 6. d3 Qa5 7. Bd2 Qd8 8. e3 0-0 9. Nf3 Nbd7 10. 0-0 Rb8 11. Qc2 Re8 12. e4 dxe4 13. Nxe4 Nc5 14. Nxc5 Bxc5 15. b4 Be7 16. Rfd1 Qc7 17. Bf4 Bd6 18. Bxd6 Qxd6 19. Rab1 e5 20. d4 e4 21. Ne5 Bf5 22. h3 h5 23. Rb2 Rd8 24. c5 Qe6 25. Kh2 e3 26. Qe2 exf2 27. Qxf2 Be4 28. Re2 Bxg2 29. Qxg2 Qd5 30. Qxd5 Nxd5 31. Rb2 Nc3 32. Rdd2 Ne4 33. Rdc2 Rxd4 34. Nc4 Rd3 35. g4 hxg4 36. hxg4 Rg3 37. Rg2 Rxg2 38. Rxg2 Rd8 39. Re2 Rd4 40. Na5 Rxb4 41. Nxb7 Rxb7 42. Rxe4 Rb2+ 43. Kg3 Rxa2 44. Re7 Kf8 45. Rc7 Ra6 46. Kf4 f6 47. Kf5 Ra5 48. Rxc6 Rb5 49. Ke6 Rb8 50. Ra6 Re8+ 51. Kd6 Rd8+ 52. Kc7 Ke8 53. Rd6 Ra8 54. Kb7 Rd8 55. Rxd8+ Kxd8 56. c6 a5 57. c7+ Kd7 58. c8=Q+ Kd6 59. Qd8+ Ke6 60. Qxa5+ Kf7 61. Qc7+ Kg6 62. Qf4 Kf7 63. g5 Ke7 64. Qe4+ Kf7 65. g6+ Kf8 66. Qe6 1-0 Sean Li Chess Leave a comment February 27, 2010 May 4, 2010 3 Minutes Oldest Record Earlier I decided to devote part of this blog to chess. I thought I would begin with my oldest game that I still possess. This happens to be the first-round game of the 2003 Houston Open in my 6th grade, in the scholastic section; the tournament was actually my eighth rated tournament, but I do not have my notation sheets from any of my first seven. I would like to bore the reader with a history of how I started chess, but then again, it would be boring. I learned how to play in 4th grade; my first rated tournament was in 5th grade. Because that was in early 2003, and because the United States Chess Federation (USCF) was just starting its online player rating tracking system, there were a few minor bugs—in my case, my “first” tournament was actually the third I played in, the 2003 Texas State Scholastic from March 1-2, 2003 (I wish I had the games from this tournament), and this gave me a provisional rating of 1372, which was fairly high to start with. I don’t know how, but on October 11, 2003, my listed rating at the Houston Open was still 1372 (it should have been 1304). My first round opponent was Joseph C. Wong, at the time rated 853. (Just after the 2010 Texas State Scholastic, my rating is 1806 and his is 1951.) Li, Sean (1372) – Wong, Joseph (853) Houston Open, Scholastic. 10/11/2003. Round 1. 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 d6 3. Bc4 The game begins as the Philidor Defense. 3… h6 4. d4 Nc6 5. dxe5 dxe5 6. 0-0 Bd6 7. Nc3 Nf6 8. Re1 0-0 9. Nh4 Bg4 10. f3 Bc8 11. Nf5 Bb4 At this point I decided to sacrifice the dark-squared bishop for two pawns with 12. Bxh6, intending 12… gxh6 13. Nxh6, but I did not anticipate 12… Bxf5. White finishes this combination down a piece for two pawns. 12. Bxh6 Bxf5 13. Bxg7 Kxg7 14. exf5 Bxc3 15. bxc3 Qxd1 16. Raxd1 Rad8 17. g4 Rxd1 18. Rxd1 After a number of exchanges, Black has the upper hand. e4 19. g5 Nh7 20. h4 exf3 21. Kf2 Ne5 22. Bd5 Rd8 23. Bxf3 Rxd1 24. Bxd1 f6 25. g6 Nf8 26. Ke3 Here Black plays the unfortunate 26… Ng4+, which just loses a knight. 26… Ng4+ 27. Bxg4 White is is two pawns up and clearly winning after this. Nd7 28. Bh3 Nb6 29. Kd4 c6 30. Kc5 Nd5 31. c4 Nc3 32. a3 Na4+ 33. Kd6 c5 34. Bg2 b6 35. Kc7 Nb2 36. Bd5 Nd1 37. Kb7 Ne3 38. Be6 Nxc2 39. a4 Ne3 40. Kxa7 Ng2 41. Kxb6 Nxh4 42. a5 Nxg6 43. fxg6 Kxg6 44. a6 f5 45. Bxf5 1-0 (for non-chess players, this means Black resigned) So, this was not exactly a special game (and the rating gap is huge), but it has symbolic meaning for me. Move list (contiguous): 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 d6 3. Bc4 h6 4. d4 Nc6 5. dxe5 dxe5 6. 0-0 Bd6 7. Nc3 Nf6 8. Re1 0-0 9. Nh4 Bg4 10. f3 Bc8 11. Nf5 Bb4 12. Bxh6 Bxf5 13. Bxg7 Kxg7 14. exf5 Bxc3 15. bxc3 Qxd1 16. Raxd1 Rad8 17. g4 Rxd1 18. Rxd1 e4 19. g5 Nh7 20. h4 exf3 21. Kf2 Ne5 22. Bd5 Rd8 23. Bxf3 Rxd1 24. Bxd1 f6 25. g6 Nf8 26. Ke3 Ng4+ 27. Bxg4 Nd7 28. Bh3 Nb6 29. Kd4 c6 30. Kc5 Nd5 31. c4 Nc3 32. a3 Na4+ 33. Kd6 c5 34. Bg2 b6 35. Kc7 Nb2 36. Bd5 Nd1 37. Kb7 Ne3 38. Be6 Nxc2 39. a4 Ne3 40. Kxa7 Ng2 41. Kxb6 Nxh4 42. a5 Nxg6 43. fxg6 Kxg6 44. a6 f5 45. Bxf5 1-0 The full game in animation: Sean Li Chess 2 Comments February 26, 2010 May 4, 2010 2 Minutes Chess Blogging I’m an amateur chess player (I’ve won money from tournaments, but that hardly qualifies me as professional), and thought to add some chess stuff to my blog. The reason? I just played in the Texas Scholastic (Feb 20-21), which will probably be my last major scholastic tournament. Over the years I’ve had quite a few interesting games (mostly at non-scholastic tournaments, particularly in Vegas and Philadelphia), and thought I would share some of them here. I’m still trying to find a good way to post chess games into a blog. Because I am using WordPress.com instead of self-hosted WordPress, plug-ins are not going to work. And WordPress does not have a native chess reader as it does for math (LaTeX typeset). Here are a couple options I found. For simplicity we shall consider the game 1. f4 e5 2. g4 Qh4#. Chess players should recognize this as the Fool’s Mate, the shortest possible game—Black checkmates on the second move. The first option is to simply take screenshots at critical points and have the reader visualize the rest. (This isn’t too hard for serious players.) This board is rendered by Apronus. The second option is an animated gif: This software is by Caissa, as the watermark suggests. However, the gif image sequence is impossible to pause, and furthermore, it is difficult to analyze a specific position on the board. In Chess Circle there is a thread about publishing chess games into a blog, but I did not find it particularly useful. Perhaps I’ll use a combination of animated gifs and normal images. The gif will give the overview of the game while still images will focus on key positions. Sean Li Chess 2 Comments February 23, 2010 May 4, 2010 1 Minute I Won the Game! Alekhine – Nestor, Trinidad, 1939. White just played Qe7 (from a3) and won the game. (Guess where I was on December 13, 2009?) 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__label__wiki	0.626786	0.626786	Andrew Coyne: Michelle Carter case is the next step in the increasing normalization of suicide Time was when you were supposed to try to talk someone out of suicide, even physically prevent them from trying Michelle Carter looks on after closing arguments were made during her trail Tuesday, June 13, 2017, in Bristol Juvenile Court in Taunton, Mass. Carter was found guilty of involuntary manslaughter for encouraging 18-year-old Conrad Roy III to kill himself in July 2014. Andrew Coyne Michelle Carter met Conrad Roy on a trip to Florida in 2012. The two Boston-area teenagers saw each other occasionally afterwards; mostly they exchanged emails and text messages. Roy was popular, an honours student, athletic. But he suffered from depression and anxiety disorders and had previously attempted suicide. In the spring of 2014 he began having similar thoughts. Carter initially told him to seek treatment, but at some point in July decided he would be better off dead. Over the last two weeks of his life she sent him dozens of texts encouraging him to kill himself (“You always say you’re gonna do it, but you never do… You just need to do it”), including helpful tips on how it might be done. On the night of July 12 Roy attached a hose to the exhaust of his pickup truck, fed the other end into the cab, and got in. She listened on the phone as he took his last gasps. Tellingly, when he briefly had second thoughts and got out of the truck, she told him to get back in. A Massachusetts court convicted her earlier this month of involuntary manslaughter. The verdict will undoubtedly be appealed, and raises many issues. She was only 17 at the time, had her own history of psychological troubles, and was on a drug that might have made her delusional. Her degree of responsibility for his decision will also be debated, as will the appropriateness of the involuntary manslaughter charge. But I was most struck by the response of an American Civil Liberties Union lawyer who was concerned the case might have a chilling effect on free speech, for example on discussions between a couple, “should one spouse convince the other to commit suicide.” Woman who urged boyfriend to commit suicide found guilty of involuntary manslaughter The normalization of suicide continues apace. Time was when you were supposed to try to talk someone out of suicide, even physically prevent them from trying, especially a young person in a psychologically vulnerable, not to say irrational, state. But now? Surely what Carter did to — for — Roy was nothing more than assist in his death. He was suffering. She offered relief from suffering. He was unable to go through with it. She helped him — not physically, to be sure, but arguably in a more profound way. Oh but this is nothing like assisted suicide, is it? It will be objected that Roy was not suffering from an incurable disease; that he was not near the end of his natural life; that he was not in unendurable physical pain; that he was not in his right mind; that she was not a doctor. And if you think those are telling objections you have not been paying attention to the debate. There was a time when that was what this was about. That was what the Sue Rodriguez case, and others like it, entailed: a patient who was in the worst sort of physical pain, on the road to an inevitable, if not immediate death. Yet though she was legally entited to take her own life, she was physically incapable of doing so, by virtue of the same crippling disease that was slowly killing her. Others, not yet in that situation, but fearing they soon would be, were faced with a cruel dilemma: that if they did not kill themselves now, while they were still able to but were deriving some enjoyment from life, they might find themselves unable to do so in future. That’s where the claim to the right to assistance from another person came in. That’s what we thought we were getting into. That’s what many people may still think is the issue. But it soon became clear that it could not be limited to that, or at any rate would not be. Once you had defined suicide as, not a tragedy to be prevented, but a relief to be provided, then all of the careful limitations its advocates assured us would be placed around it were sure to fall away. The Supreme Court started the process, overturning its own previous ruling in the Rodriguez case. Though the Court invoked the same “cruel choice” described above, it did not attach any of the usual stipulations in granting the right to an “assisted death”: neither that the would-be suicide’s condition be terminal, nor that he be in acute physical pain, nor that he be unable to kill himself. All that was required was that the condition be “grievous and irremediable,” the pain, of whatever kind, “intolerable to the individual.” Still, the court did at least insist that the patient be a mentally competent adult, as did the government in drafting the law that followed. But it was clear these conditions would be no more likely to survive than the rest. If, after all, relief from suffering were the issue, then what monster would condemn a child to the sort of intolerable pain, physical or psychological, from which an adult would be spared? Why, likewise, should mere mental incapacity be an obstacle? If consent were in doubt, surely the consent of a guardian would be sufficient. All that was required was that the condition be “grievous and irremediable,” the pain, of whatever kind, “intolerable to the individual.” And, indeed, from the moment the law was passed — indeed, from the moment the Court’s ruling was handed down — that is what advocates have taken to arguing. Not a week goes by without some piece in the press calling for the remaining limits on death on demand to be relaxed, or fretting that not everyone will have “access” to the service. It is the same progression, if at rather a more rapid pace, as earlier witnessed in the Netherlands and Belgium — an eventuality that was predicted, but waved away by the Court. So we should not be surprised to find where this line of thinking has led us lately, what troubles our consciences most now: not only that those already determined to kill themselves might be prevented from having others help them, but that others might be prevented from convincing them to do it. Terry Glavin: Chastising Trump isn't Justin Trudeau's job. Leave that to the American voters COUNTERPOINT: Why we believe Canada must stop oil expansion, even if world demand's rising Colby Cosh: Being an MP is the worst job in the world, if you believe MPs. But why? WatchRemembering the hundreds of innocents Russia murdered five years ago today	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2614
__label__cc	0.740879	0.259121	Level Three Acid Reflux Laryngopharyngeal Reflux (LPR) / Acid Reflux (Common. – If you do, you may be suffering from a medical condition called laryngopharyngeal reflux or LPR! LPR is not quite the same thing as the more common gastroesophageal. Learn about gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD, acid. It has also been found that liquid refluxes to a higher level in the esophagus in. all three types of. Gastroesophageal reflux, also known as acid reflux, occurs when the stomach contents reflux or back up into the esophagus and/or mouth. Reflux is a normal process. Level2: Histamine receptor blockers (H2 blockers) decrease stomach acid production, thus decreasing heartburn due to acid reflux. H2 blockers can provide up to 12 hours of relief. Level 3: PPIs are used when antacids and H2 blockers aren't providing relief. It may take days before they start providing relief, usually 48-72. Mar 14, 2017. Her Western diagnosis would be gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a condition characterized by frequent heartburn and esophageal damage. A diagnosis that says nothing about the root cause of the issue. And she wasn't being dramatic about her pain level. I've had patients visit the ER thinking. Stomach Pain Acid Reflux Nausea All Day May 6, 2015. "The pain receptors of the esophagus might not be as sensitive due to decades of acid reflux," she says. "Due to the duration of the disease, you may have heartburn, or your symptoms may be a lot less or not at all." Also, some elderly people do not produce stomach acid, which Gaviscon® Neutralizes Stomach Acid And Helps Keep Acid Down for Hours! Mar 1, 2017. I haven't seen anyone talk about this, but I know my husband has more trouble with his acid reflux when his stress levels go up at work. That “stomach churning feeling” really does churn up your stomach, and sometimes tear up your esophagus. Figure out some way to let go of your stress and tension. There are a number of diet and lifestyle factors that cause frequent acid reflux, and there are multiple things you can do to help acid reflux other than taking. Reflux is a disorder in which urine backs up (refluxes) from the bladder to the kidney. The amount of reflux can be large or small. Reflux Disorders in Children. You can prevent or relieve your symptoms from GERD by changing your diet. Following this comprehensive guide to an effective acid reflux diet and relief. Conventional Treatments for Acid Reflux Symptoms. The three main types of medicines to treat acid reflux symptoms or those caused by GERD are. Jan 1, 2005. gus, or a reduced quality of life attributable to gastroesophageal reflux, in the absence of any prior investigations (Level III, A; vote: a 58%, b 37%, c 6%). Statement 6: ENRD applies to individuals with GERD who have a normal endoscopy (while off treatment) (vote: a 96%, b 4%). GERD may manifest with. What to Drink for Acid Reflux: Teas and Nonacidic Juices – If you have acid reflux or gastroesophageal reflux disease. Don't eat for at least three hours before bedtime. What to Drink for Acid Reflux. Start with lifestyle changes: — Lose weight if necessary. Being overweight causes more acid reflux. — Eat small meals throughout the day rather than three large meals. Large meals generate more acid — and more acid reflux. — Don’t. Acid Reflux Symptoms Mylanta Learn about GERD (also known as acid reflux or heartburn) from the Cleveland Clinic, including information on symptoms, treatment & more. A look at gastroesophageal reflux disease — also called GERD — in infants and children. Oct 14, 2014. The symptoms just listed can be a red flag that your baby may be suffering from Learn about gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD, acid reflux, heartburn) symptoms like heartburn, chest pain, regurgitation, and nausea. Diet, causes, diagnosis. Following this comprehensive guide to an effective acid reflux diet. deliver the same level of impact as the. the first three steps of our acid reflux. Gastroesophageal reflux troponin level – What is the best medicine for gastroesophageal reflux? Diet & lifestyle. Meds only reduce the discomfort / injury associated. Find help for acid reflux (GERD) symptoms, treatment, causes, and prevention. Learn more about Barrett’s Esophagus and esophageal cancer. Start Healing Today. Money-Back Guarantee. But new research finds that an increasing number of people struggle with the burning and pressure of surging stomach acid all year long. A new study reports that the number of people who frequently experience symptoms of heartburn, Drugs used to treat acid reflux have been linked to a heightened risk of premature death in a new study. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) reduce the amount of acid made by the stomach and are used to treat acid reflux and stomach. Acid Reflux Home. The solution to a problem is not always found at the level of the problem. Chasing symptoms with antacids and other medication can be a dead-end. Stomach Acid Timing Contractions 3-1-1 Tsa Stomach spasms are involuntary contractions in the upper or lower abdominal area. The intestinal pains are caused when stomach acid causes irritation and. Described tongue-in-cheek as a "sappukei" — an adjective meaning "tasteless," but written with characters that literally mean "murder scene" — the photos posted on the web were reminiscent, on a smaller scale, When there are low acid levels in the stomach, the flap that separates your esophagus from the stomach doesn't fully close, allowing whatever acid there IS there to. If you're feeling pain and burning from reflux, take the Alkamind Daily Minerals two to three timesdaily, OR try taking one-half to one full teaspoon of baking. Now a new study says overweight and obese kids face another illness usually seen in adults: Gastro-esophageal reflux disease or GERD. It causes inflammation in the esophagus, acid indigestion, or heartburn and can cause a person. Tryptophan is an amino acid (one of the 20 “units” that make up proteins in our body) which is a substrate for melatonin. This combination was extremely effective in reducing symptoms of GERD like heartburn and stomach pain in a majority of patients. In patients with GERD, melatonin levels are usually low because the. The Voice Institute of New York (directed by Dr. Jamie Koufman, M.D., F.A.C.S.) is one of the world's premiere medical centers for voice, throat, and acid reflux problems, In other words, the FDA encourages food manufacturers to reduce the pH of their products to less than 4.0, the same pH level as stomach acid ( Figure 3). 11 Ways to Treat Acid Reflux. Raising your head to a level that is higher than your feet doesn't allow acid to back up. If you are taking antacids three or. Acid reflux is also known as heartburn, acid. and found that the main reason is untreated anemia,my acid reflux disappeared when my iron levels. How to Treat Acid Reflux. Understand that acid reflux is common during pregnancy, because of high hormone levels and excess pressure on the digestive system. Acid reflux is such a common problem you'd think it would be simple to spot and treat. But sometimes acid-reflux symptoms are less than obvious or Your body has a PH level or acid/alkaline balance. Many times when someone has acid reflux they also have a body that is too acidic. Seventy-one extended multiple-level esophageal pH studies were performed in 61 infants and children suspected of having gastroesophageal reflux (GER). In the esophageal atresia group the middle level sensor detected differences in all parameters studied and the proximal sensor noted differences in three of the four. Between 25 percent to 40 percent of Americans suffer from acid reflux symptoms and. Conventional medicine recommends three levels of acid-blocking medications. Q: A while ago, I read about persimmon tea for acid reflux. My husband and I suffer from it. She made some at home and added 3 tablespoons to her tea morning and evening. After several months, her cholesterol and blood sugar also. Oct 23, 2017 · Hi: It seems like there are many more people suffering from acid reflux than ever before. Professionals offer only medications and surgery. Which foods should we eat and avoid to prevent and treat acid reflux before it can place us at risk for Barrett’s esophagus and cancer? This article will outline the different progressive stages of GERD and. with acid suppressive drugs and reflux is more. level acid suppressive. . to a level of energy through our nutrition and hunger pangs try to force energy intake back to its original level. However Omega-3 fatty acid contained food. Dec 25, 2016. ACID reflux, also know as heartburn is a common health complaint for many Brits, but hundreds find endless good food and drinks at Christmas make their symptoms. By drinking this on an empty stomach 15 to 20 minutes before eating anything else,the body can naturally balance out its acid levels. Previous research has found that people who regularly consume fish — which contain high levels of omega-3 fatty acids — have a lower risk of death from. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), also known as acid reflux, A high blood calcium level, which can increase gastrin production, leading to increased acidity. Hyman, who works out with a trainer 3 to 4 times per week, is now a finalist in her. Gurgle, burp, ouch—millions of Americans know too well the painful symptoms of acid reflux. The digestive disorder. that everyone responds to food differently and has different tolerance levels.) Fewer than 12 substances have actually. WebMD provides an overview of acid reflux disease, including symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatments, and helpful diet and lifestyle tips. Why are my iron levels so low? How do I know if I have an ulcer? Acid Reflux Surgery – Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common disorder that affects an estimated 21 million people in the United States. Many of those. The three-dimensional, high definition da Vinci camera supplies your surgeon with a magnified view of the internal organs that's better than normal vision. Is acid reflux caused by a bad diet? Learn about acid reflux symptoms how to treat acid reflux. Learn what acid reflux is and about acid reflux remedies. (Reuters Health) – Omega-3 fatty acid dietary supplements may not help reduce the risk. “So the evidence for omega-3 does not have to be nearly at the same level of expensive and risky medications and devices,” Lavie, who wasn’t. A mostly vegetarian diet may provide relief similar to widely used medications for people with acid reflux. to be limited to two or three modest servings per week. In addition, Zalvan gave his patients the standard reflux-soothing advice to. Key words: asthma; epidemiology; gastroesophageal reflux; respiratory symptoms. tion-based level. Thus, in spite of the large number of studies undertaken, the true relation between respiratory symptoms and reflux symptoms in the population remains. reflux.13 The participants were then classified into three groups. Acid reflux may occur for various reasons; food intolerance is one. Whilst many people believe in a grain free diet, it may not be the best for their dog; dogs are likely to have reactions to meat and other ingredients. To reduce the level of acid in Buddy's stomach, administering plain Pepcid at a dose of 0.25mg/lb may help;. Patient education: Acid reflux (gastroesophageal reflux disease) in children and adolescents (Beyond the Basics) It is believed that patient takes the mess and pain of her monthly. Natural Cures for MI: Heart failure Dysrhythmias Dyspnea Feeling of wanting to throw up regularly. Nov 1, 2017. GERD, in which stomach acid moves into the esophagus, causes discomfort and may lead to precancerous changes in the lining of the esophagus. Wait at least three hours after eating before lying down or going to bed. Eat food slowly and chew thoroughly. Put down your fork after every bite and pick it. Detailed information on gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), including causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. The other end of the tube outside the body is connected to a monitor that records the pH levels for a 24- to 48-hour period. Normal. Serve the evening meal early — at least 3 hours before bedtime. Create an account to receive updates on: Acid reflux – severe belching ?? Please help :- Gastroesophageal reflux. Eating meals at least 2 to 3 hours before bedtime may lessen reflux by allowing the acid in the. doctors may measure the acid levels. 3. Bicycle riding position: Sitting in a more upright position. barium swallow or upper GI endoscopy/gastroscopy may be needed to visualize the degree of acid. Oct 17, 2017. Waiting 3 hours after a meal to lie down. Refraining from ingesting food (except liquids) within 3 hours of bedtime. Elevating the head of the bed 8 inches. Avoiding bending or stooping positions. Pharmacotherapy. The following medications are used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease:. Learn about gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD, acid reflux, heartburn) symptoms like heartburn, chest pain, regurgitation, and nausea. It has also been found that liquid refluxes to a higher level in the esophagus in patients with GERD than normal individuals.. If necessary, all three types of drugs can be used. Acid reflux occurs when acid from the stomach comes through an opening known as the Lower Esophageal sphincter which results in a burning sensation often. The first step would be increasing the level of stomach acid in the stomach which seems counterintuitive for people on proton pump inhibitors, however, you need. the most powerful of three major classes of antacids? To find out, researchers measured the regurgitation of acid from the stomach into the esophagus of 44 infants. Eight had abnormal pH levels, indicating GERD, but 42 of the 44 babies.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2615
__label__cc	0.706565	0.293435	Tag Archives: records management New State Archives of North Carolina Website Read more about the redesigned State Archives of North Carolina website at our records management blog. The G.S. 132 Files Recent visitors to the main State Archives of North Carolina website, archives.ncdcr.gov, may have noticed that things look a little different. That’s because on November 16, we launched a redesigned version of the website that brings it in line with the design of other State agency websites, creating a uniform look and feel and allowing for consistency in navigation. (Check out the announcement post on the NC Archives blog for more details.) Screenshot of the new State Archives of North Carolina website That said, those who are used to navigating the Government Records portion of the website will find that the link structure and architecture haven’t changed that much. Records retention schedules are still divided into Local, State, and University, and all of our digital records policies and guidelines are still gathered in one place. One advantage of the new system is that each of our… This entry was posted in Digital Services, Government Records, News and tagged records management, websites on December 8, 2017 by Ashley. Sunshine Week 2017: Text and Instant Messaging Guidelines Update Visit our records management blog for an update on text and instant messaging guidance. The State Archives of North Carolina has released an update to its Best Practices for Electronic Communications Usage in North Carolina: Text and Instant Message document. Released in February 2017, this document is an update to the 2012 guidance document for state agencies using text and instant messages in the workplace, including employee responsibilities according to general statutes and records retention and disposition schedules. IM and texting are methods of communication that can make communication fast and easy regardless of when or where the participants in a conversation are. They can be quick exchanges to arrange meeting for lunch, or they can be long exchanges about complex topics. But while IM and text messaging can make day-to-day communications easier, when they are used in the conducting of public business—and therefore the creation of public records—they can also make records management more complicated. GS 132 defines public records by content, not… This entry was posted in Digital Services, Electronic Records, News and tagged Electronic Records, reblogged post, records management, Sunshine Week, technology, text messaging on March 16, 2017 by Ashley. Disaster Preparations [This post is cross-posted from our records management blog, G.S. 132 Files.] Hurricane Matthew is expected to move north along the east coast of the U.S. later this week and into the weekend. Even if the eye of the storm remains offshore, hurricane or tropical force conditions could still impact North Carolina. Those in the storm’s path should prepare for possible wind and water damage. We are encouraging all agencies to stabilize your records storage areas before the storm hits, while also making sure that your response contact lists and resources are ready to use should your records be impacted. Ensure that records are 3-6 inches off the floor, if possible. Consider relocating records out of the bottom drawers of filing cabinets, away from windows, and out of basement and attic areas. Compile some recovery supplies, including plastic to cover cabinets, records boxes, and bookshelves. Compile information on disaster recovery vendors. In the event that your records do get impacted, please contact the State Archives immediately. Becky McGee-Lankford (Government Records Section Chief) 919-807-7353 Sarah Koonts (State Archivist) 919-807-7339 Jennifer Blomberg (Head of Collections Management) 919-807-7308 Below are initial steps to take in the event that records are damaged by water: Sample Inventory Control Forms Initial Steps Before Recovery of Wet Records Selected List of Disaster Recovery Services This entry was posted in Government Records, News and tagged disaster preparedness, disaster recovery, records management on October 5, 2016 by Ashley. How Did We Move a Warehouse Full of Records? [This blog post is cross-posted from the G.S. 132 Files, the records management blog of the Government Records Section of the State Archives of North Carolina. The original post was written by section head Becky McGee-Lankford.] Moving into the new warehouse. One of the primary functions of the Government Records Section, Division of Archives and History (State Archives of North Carolina) is to provide state agencies with storage facilities for their inactive records. We operate three storage facilities to accomplish this goal. Due the term of the lease ending with one of our storage facilities (BSA), the staff of the Division of Archives and Records has engaged in a massive storage facility relocation project that took place from May 2014 to March 2015. This project started almost a year ago in April 2014 when we began to work with the State Property Office to seek new leased space. Once the bid process was completed and the proper contracts were signed we obtained a new leased space in September 2014. The staff of the State Archives worked in three phases to transition the records from the former storage facility (BSA) to the new warehouse (Front Street). Phase 1: Preparation and Planning; Phase 2: Removal of Records and Disassembly and Reassembly of Shelves; and Phase 3: Re-shelving of Records. Setting up the shelving Phase 1: Preparation and Planning During the preparation stage we worked to minimize the cost of moving the records from one facility to the new warehouse. From May – October 2014 we: Destroyed 18,229.55 cu. ft. of materials scheduled for destruction. Moved 8,776 cu. ft. of records from the BSA to one of our other two storage facilities. Hired a structural engineer to design a shelving plan for the new warehouse facility. Prepared the Scope of Work and received bids from contractors to 1) remove the records from the warehouse; 2) Store the records in a temporary location; 3) Move the shelving from the first warehouse and rebuild the shelves in the new facility; and 4) Return the records to the shelves in the new facility. The contractor was secured in early November 2014. Developed workflow for records relocation. We also developed documentation to track the movement of the boxes from the shelf to the pallet, the pallet storage in the temporary location, and placement of the boxes in their new location at the new facility. Detailed documentation of individual series of records (including which pallet they were stored) was important to capture, since the clear chain of custody for the records needed to be identifiable through all stages of the process. Phase 2: Removal of Records and Disassembly and Reassembly of Shelves November – December 2014 contract workers and Division staff worked to palletize and remove records from the storage facility. Record pulls were completed in 15 days. Late December 2014 – February 2015 contract workers disassembled and reassembled the shelving at the new storage facility. Hired lighting engineer to design a supplemental lighting plan for the storage facility. Phase 3: Re-shelving of Records and Lighting March 2015 contract workers and Division staff re-shelved records in the new warehouse. The final boxes were placed on the shelves on March 16th, meaning that work was completed in 10 ½ days. Lighting contractor is scheduled to install additional lighting. Now that the hard part is done we will focus our attention on ensuring that all box locations in our box tracking database have been updated to reflect their new location. This should take a minimal amount of time since we did a majority of the data entry in real time as the boxes were being placed on the shelves. The State Records Center has resumed normal operations. We are now servicing records requests for records stored in all three of our facilities, destroying records that have met retention requirements, and picking up records from agencies for storage at the State Records Center. After almost 11 months it is nice to get back to routine operations. Final Results: We moved 37,116 cu. ft. of records on 696 pallets from the BSA to the Front Street facility. We had a handful of boxes that were damaged in transport, but for the most part the boxes arrived in their new home in good condition. In total we touched approximately 64,122 cu. ft. of records during this project. As a result of all the planning and preparation work done in the first phase of the move, as well as the relocation and destruction of records stored at the BSA, the overall cost of the project was reduced. This project was a major undertaking requiring the commitment of all State Archives staff to complete. All members of the Archives staff worked tireless to transition the records to the new storage facility. The result is a fully operational storage facility. This entry was posted in News, State Agency Records and tagged Government Records Section, records management on March 20, 2015 by Ashley. Labor Day, New Finding Aids, and Blockade Runners The State Archives of North Carolina will be closed August 30 – September 1 for the Labor Day holiday. Even though the building will be closed, our website is always open to you. Here are some new items that you may find interesting. New in Government Records New digital records guidelines are available for: Public Database Indexing Database Inventory Worksheet Several new finding aids are available on the State Archives of North Carolina website. Century Film Productions Motion Picture Films Collection (pdf) Century Film Productions (AKA Century Studios; Century Films) was a Raleigh-based film studio owned and operated by O.B. (Ollie) and Lynn Garris. O.B. – while also a cameraman for WRAL-TV – was the primary cinematographer, and his wife, Lynne, played a variety of roles from set designer to director, editing and sound to production assistant. The Century Film Productions catalog spans from the late 1950s through the early 1980s, and including completed films, production elements, and outtakes – all but two in 16mm format – numbers over 200 items. A few highlights include sponsored films for Carolina Power & Light, Occoneechee Council of the Boy Scouts of America, the North Carolina Department of Transportation with R.J. Reynolds, the U.S. Navy, and the North Carolina Police Information Network; a North Carolina State University football game; commercials for Mt. Olive Pickles and Record Bar; short films and television spots for the political ad campaigns of state governors Dan K. Moore, Terry Sanford, and Robert W. Scott, United States Representative Jim Gardner, and others. There are also important events in North Carolina history that are captured on film such as a Ku Klux Klan march from circa 1965, the Pullen Hall fire at North Carolina State University in 1965, the inauguration of James E. Holshouser, Jr., and more. (204 items) Governors Papers David S. Reid, (in office January 1, 1851-December 5, 1854) Daniel L. Russell (in office January 12, 1897-January 14, 1901) Alfred M. Scales (in office January 21, 1885-January 16, 1889) Richard D. Spaight (in office December 14, 1792-November 18, 1795) James Turner (in office December 6, 1802-December 9, 1805) Zebulon B. Vance, 1st Administration (in office September 8, 1862-May 28, 1865) Zebulon B. Vance, 2nd Administration (January 1, 1877-February 4, 1879) Cunningham, Josiah H. and William A., Letters, 1861-1865 (pdf) Josiah H. Cunningham (ca. 1841-1863) and William Alexander Cunningham (ca. 1843-1904) were sons of George Washington (ca. 1807-1872) and Susan Turner Rives Cunningham (ca. 1817-1901), Granville County. On 8 June, 1861, the two brothers enlisted as privates, trained at a school of cavalry instruction at Camp Beauregard, Ridgeway, Warren County. It was there that the 9th Regiment N.C. State Troops (1st Regiment N. C. Cavalry) was formed on 12 August 1861. William survived the war, but Josiah was wounded 15 October 1863 near Manassas Junction, Va., and died the following day. Consists of fifty-six letters, the majority of which were written by the Cunningham brothers to family at home. Of these, a small quantity were written by Daniel B. Duke, company bugler, and by Robert D. Grisham/ Grissom, a private, both from Granville County, and one by Turner, probably a kinsman. Most of the letters consisted of references to life in the camps, with news that would be of interest to family at home, and did not dwell on the dangers and horrors of war. A couple of letters after Josiah’s death provide a few scant details to the grieving family. (1 box) New on YouTube If you missed the Civil War 150 talk “The Blockade and Blockade Running in North Carolina, 1861-1865” by Andrew Duppstadt on August 11, 2014, the video of the talk is now available on the Department of Cultural Resources YouTube channel. Bill Brown writes about the impact of Civil War conscription laws on North Carolina politics and in personal lives of individuals in “…you promise forgiveness to all who will repent…” Debbi Blake digs into the origins of the phrase “Tar Heels” in “Treasures of the Archives: “Tar Heel fight”“ On the records management blog, Tom Vincent writes about county and municipal schedules in the post “Approving Local Government Records Retention and Disposition Schedules“ In the post “A Tip for the Management of Electronic Files,” Kurt Brenneman discusses best practices regarding the retention of electronic records. This entry was posted in Digital Collections, News and tagged audio visual materials, born digital, finding aids, governors, Private Collections, records management, United States Civil War, YouTube on August 29, 2014 by Ashley. Everyone’s Favorite Time of Year: Inventory [This blog post was written by Becky McGee-Lankford, head of the Government Records Section. ] One of our standard records storage cartons equals 1 cubic foot and one of the archival fibredex or Hollinger boxes equals 0.4 cu. ft. It’s that time of year again. Every January the staff of the State Archives of North Carolina devotes three days (January 13-15) to inventorying our various collections. This year we confirmed the location of approximately 29,700 cu. ft. of state agency, local, and organizational records in three of our storage facilities. While this is not the entirety of our holdings, the records inventoried this year consisted of the most frequently referenced series by researchers in our Search Room. In addition to verifying the locations of our collections, we also utilized staff resources to work on several additional projects, including barcoding records stored in the State Records Center, and processing two local record series. Recently barcoded boxes in the State Records Center. In the past year the State Records Center integrated barcoding into the process of storing inactive records for state agencies. We are currently barcoding records as the boxes are transferred by agencies to the records center for storage. We have also been working towards barcoding all records currently stored in our various storage facilities to more efficiently allocate available storage space. During inventory staff barcoded approximately 16,086 cu. ft. of records stored on the second floor of the State Records Center which is a substantial accomplishment in comparison to the 13,079 cu. ft. completed in November and December. It proves that when you concentrate your efforts you can accomplish great things. Finally staff processed (flattened, foldered, and data entry) for 17 cu. ft. of Durham County Wills, 1881-1966. Out of the 17 cu. ft. staff created 4,314 files (120 fibredex boxes). This project needs additional work before being integrated into the Archives collection. Once the processing of this series is complete, it will be available for researchers to access through the Search Room. In addition, staff continued data entry of the New Hanover County Estates, 1747-1939 adding 358 files (10 fibredex boxes) to the container list. Click here for completed county records container lists. Follow our blogs for progress reports on these collections. I hope this blog post has given you some insight into part of the routine operations of the State Archives of North Carolina as we work to ensure the continued accessibility of North Carolina’s permanently valuable records. This entry was posted in News and tagged barcoding, County Records, Government Records Section, records management, State Agency Records on January 23, 2014 by Ashley.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2616
__label__wiki	0.899098	0.899098	"The Martin Chronicles" John Fried’s short fiction has appeared in numerous journals, including The Gettysburg Review, North American Review, and Columbia: A Journal of Literature and Art. He teaches creative writing at Duquesne University in Pittsburgh and received his MFA from Warren Wilson College’s Program for Writers. Prior to teaching, he was a magazine writer and editor in New York, and his work appeared in various publications, including The New York Times Magazine, Rolling Stone, New York, Time, and Real Simple. Fried applied the Page 69 Test to his new novel, The Martin Chronicles, and reported the following: Page 69 is from the chapter titled “A Rifle is Not a Gun.” In this chapter, Marty, the main character, is 13 years old, away from New York City at summer camp, out of his element in every way. He’s in the middle of a riflery class, deep in the woods, firing at paper targets in the distance. This particular page is when something strange happens – he hits the bull’s eye on his target several times and discovers he might actually be good at this shooting thing. It’s a little bizarre turn for the city boy who has never fired a rifle (or a gun, for that matter) in his life. This page certainly fits the model of so much of the book: Marty encounters something new or unexpected (about the world or himself) and we watch him respond. In this case, it’s not just the riflery class, but the newfound fame and popularity that go along with doing something well. He’s suddenly the “it” kid that everyone wants to know and hang out with at camp. That’s completely out of left field for him and something he has to reconcile with as a character because there’s an implied power there too. He’s never felt like he’s had much power in his life before. I really love this chapter because it’s one of the few times we see Marty out of New York City, in a completely different environment. Just putting him there – in the woods, at camp, with strangers – opened up so many opportunities for conflict and drama for me as a writer. At the same time, it’s probably one the darkest chapters of the book. And because the book is set in the 80s, there’s no Internet or cell phones to connect him back to his life. He’s really out on his own, alone, for several weeks and that’s not something that happens elsewhere in the book. Visit John Fried's website. "The Huntress" "That's Not What I Heard" "Right as Rain" "Arkad's World" "Marked" "The Night Olivia Fell" "Dead Is Beautiful" "The Stranger Inside" "Good Riddance" "Rapid Falls" "What Every Girl Should Know" "Once a Liar" "The Ingenious" "The Secretary" "The Killer Collective" "American Pop" "I Invited Her In" "The Bridge Home" "Kith and Kin" "The Glovemaker" "Fog Season"	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2623
__label__wiki	0.528074	0.528074	Photos: Uruguay OK’s First National Market for Legal Marijuana Activists gather in front of Uruguayan Congress as the Senate in support of the legalization of marijuana outside the Congress in Montevideo, Uruguay, Tuesday, Dec. 10, 2013. Uruguay's Senate gave final congressional approval Tuesday to create the world's first national marketplace for legal marijuana, an audacious experiment that will have the government oversee production, sales and consumption of a drug illegal almost everywhere else. (AP Photo/Matilde Campodonico) ( Uruguay Marijuana ) People celebrate as senators approve a government-run marijuana industry in Montevideo, Uruguay, Tuesday, Dec. 10, 2013. Uruguay's Senate approved the world's first national marketplace for legal marijuana Tuesday, an experiment that puts the government in charge of growing, selling and using a drug that is illegal almost everywhere else. (AP Photo/Matilde Campodonico) ( Uruguay Marijuana ) People take part in a demo for the legalization of marijuana in front of the Legislative Palace in Montevideo, on December 10, 2013, as the Senate discuss a law on the legalization of marijuana's cultivation and consumption. Uruguays parliament is to vote Tuesday a project that would make the country the first to legalize marijuana, an experiment that seeks to confront drug trafficking. The initiative launched by 78-year-old Uruguayan President Jose Mujica, a former revolutionary leader, would enable the production, distribution and sale of cannabis, self-cultivation and consumer clubs, all under state control. PABLO PORCIUNCULA/AFP/Getty Images ( 525350429 ) Three men participate during the so called 'Last march of the illegal marijuana' summoned by the groups that have long stood for the legalization of marijuana in the streets of Montevideo, Uruguay, 10 December 2013. The march goes up to the Legislative Palace where the Senate is discussing the law that legalizes the production and sale of marijuana in Uruguay that will face final approval today. EPA/Sandro Pereyra ( URUGUAY MARIJUANA ) People march for the legalization of marijuana towards the Legislative Palace in Montevideo, on December 10, 2013, as the Senate discuss a law on the legalization of marijuana's cultivation and consumption. Uruguays parliament is to vote Tuesday a project that would make the country the first to legalize marijuana, an experiment that seeks to confront drug trafficking. The initiative launched by 78-year-old Uruguayan President Jose Mujica, a former revolutionary leader, would enable the production, distribution and sale of cannabis, self-cultivation and consumer clubs, all under state control. PABLO PORCIUNCULA/AFP/Getty Images ( 525350874 ) People attend a demonstration in support of the legalization of marijuana in Montevideo, Uruguay, Tuesday, Dec. 10, 2013. Uruguay's Senate approved the world's first national marketplace for legal marijuana Tuesday, an experiment that puts the government in charge of growing, selling and using a drug that is illegal almost everywhere else. (AP Photo/Matilde Campodonico) ( Uruguay Marijuana ) Two men participate during the so called 'Last march of the illegal marijuana' summoned by the groups that have long stood for the legalization of marijuana in the streets of Montevideo, Uruguay, 10 December 2013. The march goes up to the Legislative Palace where the Senate is discussing the law that legalizes the production and sale of marijuana in Uruguay that will face final approval today. EPA/Sandro Pereyra ( URUGUAY MARIJUANA ) Demonstrators participate during the so called 'Last march of the illegal marijuana' summoned by the groups that have long standed for the legalization of marijuana in the streets of Montevideo, Uruguay, 10 December 2013. The march went up to the Legislative Palace where the Senate legalized the production and sale of marijuana in Uruguay today. EPA/Sandro Pereyra ( URUGUAY MARIJUANA ) Demonstrators participate during the so called 'Last march of the illegal marijuana' summoned by the groups that have long standed for the legalization of marihuana in the streets of Montevideo, Uruguay, 10 December 2013. The march went up to the Legislative Palace where the Senate legalized the production and sale of marijuana in Uruguay today. EPA/Sandro Pereyra ( URUGUAY MARIJUANA ) Activists gather in support of the legalization of marijuana outside the Congress building, as senators vote on a law to legalize the drug, in Montevideo, Uruguay, Tuesday, Dec. 10, 2013. Uruguay's Senate gave final congressional approval Tuesday to create the world's first national marketplace for legal marijuana, an audacious experiment that will have the government oversee production, sales and consumption of a drug illegal almost everywhere else. (AP Photo/Matilde Campodonico) ( APTOPIX Uruguay Marijuana ) People celebrate after the Uruguayan senate approved a law legalizing marijuana in the Legislative Palace in Montevideo, on December 10, 2013. The initiative launched by 78-year-old Uruguayan President Jose Mujica, a former revolutionary leader, will enable the production, distribution and sale of cannabis, self-cultivation and consumer clubs, all under state control. MIGUEL ROJO/AFP/Getty Images ( 525352542 ) An activist smokes a marijuana cigarette as they poses for photos in front of the Congress in Montevideo, Uruguay, Tuesday, Dec. 10, 2013. Uruguay's Senate approved the world's first national marketplace for legal marijuana Tuesday, an experiment that puts the government in charge of growing, selling and using a drug that is illegal almost everywhere else. (AP Photo/Matilde Campodonico) ( Uruguay Marijuana ) People attend a demonstration in support of the legalization of marijuana in Montevideo, Uruguay, Tuesday, Dec. 10, 2013. Uruguay's Senate was finishing its final debate Tuesday before voting on a plan to create the world's first national marijuana market, with the state regulating the entire process of growing, selling and using a drug that is illegal almost everywhere else. (AP Photo/Matilde Campodonico) ( Uruguay Marijuana ) People attend a demonstration in support of the legalization of marijuana outside the Congress in Montevideo, Uruguay, Tuesday, Dec. 10, 2013. Uruguay's Senate was finishing its final debate Tuesday before voting on a plan to create the world's first national marijuana market, with the state regulating the entire process of growing, selling and using a drug that is illegal almost everywhere else. (AP Photo/Matilde Campodonico) ( Uruguay Marijuana ) A demonstrator wears a top hat emblazoned with an image of a marijuana leaf as activists gathered in support of the legalization of marijuana outside the Congress building in Montevideo, Uruguay, Tuesday, Dec. 10, 2013. Uruguay's Senate gave final congressional approval Tuesday to create the world's first national marketplace for legal marijuana, an audacious experiment that will have the government oversee production, sales and consumption of a drug illegal almost everywhere else. (AP Photo/Matilde Campodonico) ( Uruguay Marijuana ) A man smokes a marijuana cigarette during a demonstration in support of the legalization of marijuana outside the Congress in Montevideo, Uruguay, Tuesday, Dec. 10, 2013. Uruguay's Senate was finishing its final debate Tuesday before voting on a plan to create the world's first national marijuana market, with the state regulating the entire process of growing, selling and using a drug that is illegal almost everywhere else. (AP Photo/Matilde Campodonico) ( Uruguay Marijuana ) A man smokes a joint during a march for the legalization of marijuana towards the Legislative Palace in Montevideo, on December 10, 2013, as the Senate discuss a law on the legalization of marijuana's cultivation and consumption. Uruguays parliament is to vote Tuesday a project that would make the country the first to legalize marijuana, an experiment that seeks to confront drug trafficking. The initiative launched by 78-year-old Uruguayan President Jose Mujica, a former revolutionary leader, would enable the production, distribution and sale of cannabis, self-cultivation and consumer clubs, all under state control. PABLO PORCIUNCULA/AFP/Getty Images ( 525350937 ) Categories: News, Syndicated, World	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2635
__label__wiki	0.77638	0.77638	f 14a f 14a tomcat grumman aerospace corporation tomcat aircraft All: 1,335Images: 1,335TextsCollections: 1 An MD-3A tow tractor stands by to maneuver an F-14A Tomcat aircraft on the flight deck of the aircraft carrier USS AMERICA (CV 66) Flight deck crewmen move an F-14A Tomcat fighter aircraft with an MD-3 tow tractor aboard the aircraft carrier USS KITTY HAWK (CV 63) Right front view of an S-3A Viking antisubmarine aircraft preparing to make an arrested landing on the deck of the aircraft carrier USS KITTY HAWK (CV 63). F-14A Tomcat fighter aircraft are parked on the right F-14A Tomcat and other aircraft parked on the flight deck of the aircraft carrier USS JOHN F. KENNEDY (CV-67). The frigate USS W. S. SIMS (FF-1059) and the guided missile destroyer USS RICHARD E. BYRD (DDG-23) are in the background A Fighter Squadron 142 (VF-142) F-14A Tomcat aircraft lands aboard the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER (CVN 69) A Fighter Squadron 142 (VF-142) F-14A Tomcat aircraft overflies the flight deck of the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER (CVN 69) after being waved off during a landing approach A Fighter Squadron 143 (VF-143) F-14A Tomcat aircraft prepares to be launched from the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER (CVN 69) An overhead right front view of an F-14A Tomcat from Fighter Squadron 51 (VF-51) landing on the flight deck of the aircraft carrier USS KITTY HAWK (CV-63) A starboard amidship's view of E-2C Hawkeye and F-14A Tomcat aircraft and an SH-3 Sea King helicopter on the flight deck of the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER (CVN 69) An air-to-air right side view of a Soviet Tu-95 Tupolev aircraft and a U.S. Navy F-14A Tomcat aircraft, top. The F-14A is from Fighter Squadron 211 (VF-211) embarked aboard the aircraft carrier USS CONSTELLATION (CV-64). The NATO designation of the Tu-95 is Bear PHCS Ronald W. Bayles South China Sea....A front view of an F-14A Tomcat aircraft parked on the flight deck of the aircraft carrier USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63). OFFICIAL U.S. NAVY PHOTO (RELEASED) PHCS Ronald W. Bayles South China Sea....Vice Adm. Paul D. Miller, commander, 7th Fleet, prepares for flight in an F-14A Tomcat aircraft aboard the aircraft carrier USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63). OFFICIAL U.S. NAVY PHOTO (RELEASED) PH1 Anthony J. Kmiecik Pacific Ocean....A plane director signals to an F-14A Tomcat aircraft at the catapult on the deck of the USS Independence (CV-62) during carrier qualifications of Reserve Carrier Air Wing 30 (CVWR-30) off the coast of southern California. OFFICIAL U.S. NAVY PHOTO (RELEASED) A Fighter Squadron 102 (VF-102) F-14A Tomcat aircraft clears the deck of the aircraft carrier USS AMERICA (CV 66) after being launched PHCS Ronald W. Bayles South China Sea....A crewman cleans the canopy of an F-14A Tomcat aircraft on the flight deck of the aircraft carrier USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63). OFFICIAL U.S. NAVY PHOTO (RELEASED) PH1 Anthony J. Kmiecik Pacific Ocean....An F-14A Tomcat aircraft flies by the USS Independence (CV-62) with tailhook and landing gear down during carrier qualifications of Reserve Carrier Air Wing 30 (CVWR-30) off the coast of southern California. OFFICIAL U.S. NAVY PHOTO (RELEASED) A right side view of a Soviet Tu-16 Badger-C aircraft, background, being escorted by an F-14A Tomcat aircraft from Fighter Squadron 211 (VF-211), based aboard the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS Nimitz (CVN-68). OFFICIAL U.S. NAVY PHOTO (RELEASED) PH1 Anthony J. Kmiecik Pacific Ocean....Flight deck crewmen work on an F-14A Tomcat aircraft on the deck of the USS Independence (CV-62) while another F-14 flies by, during carrier qualifications of Reserve Carrier Air Wing 30 (CVWR-30) off the coast of southern California. OFFICIAL U.S. NAVY PHOTO (RELEASED) PH1 Anthony J. Kmiecik Pacific Ocean....A plane director, center, in the distance, signals a stop to an F-14A Tomcat aircraft taxiing on the deck of the USS Independence (CV-62) during carrier qualifications of Reserve Carrier Air Wing 30 (CVWR-30) off the coast of southern California. OFFICIAL U.S. NAVY PHOTO (RELEASED) PHCS Ronald W. Bayles South China Sea....A crewman cleans the canopy of an F-14A Tomcat aircraft parked on the flight deck of the aircraft carrier USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63). OFFICIAL U.S. NAVY PHOTO (RELEASED) PH1 Anthony J. Kmiecik Pacific Ocean....A catapult and arresting gear crewman kneels at the nose wheel of an F-14A Tomcat aircraft on the deck of the USS Independence (CV-62) during carrier qualifications of Reserve Carrier Air Wing 30 (CVWR-30) off the coast of southern California. OFFICIAL U.S. NAVY PHOTO (RELEASED) An overhead view of an F-14A Tomcat aircraft on the flight deck of the aircraft carrier USS AMERICA (CV 66) PHCS Ronald W. Bayles South China Sea....Vice Adm. Paul D. Miller, commander, 7th Fleet, checks over his gear with an air crew survival equipmentman before climbing into the cockpit of an F-14A Tomcat aircraft aboard the aircraft carrier USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63). OFFICIAL U.S. NAVY PHOTO (RELEASED) An F-14A Tomcat aircraft is transported on the elevator of the aircraft carrier USS AMERICA (CV 66) PH1 Anthony J. Kmiecik Pacific Ocean....An F-14A Tomcat aircraft lands aboard the USS Independence (CV-62) during carrier qualifications of Reserve Carrier Air Wing 30 (CVWR-30) off the coast of Southern California. OFFICIAL U.S. NAVY PHOTO (RELEASED) PHCS Ronald W. Bayles South China Sea....Vice Adm. Paul D. Miller, commander, 7th Fleet, puts on a flight suit prior to his flight in an F-14A Tomcat aircraft aboard the aircraft carrier USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63). OFFICIAL U.S. NAVY PHOTO (RELEASED) A flight deck crewman removes tie-down chains from an F-14A Tomcat aircraft aboard the aircraft carrier USS AMERICA (CV 66) PH1 Anthony J. Kmiecik Pacific Ocean....An F-14A Tomcat aircraft takes off from the USS Independence (CV-62) during carrier qualifications of Reserve Carrier Air Wing 30 (CVWR-30) off the coast of southern California. OFFICIAL U.S. NAVY PHOTO (RELEASED) Hangar deck crewmen watch as an elevator lifts an F-14A Tomcat aircraft to the flight deck aboard the aircraft carrier USS AMERICA (CV 66) PHCS Ronald W. Bayles South China Sea....A rear view of the tail section and engine exhausts of an F-14A Tomcat aircraft parked on the flight deck of the aircraft carrier USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63). OFFICIAL U.S. NAVY PHOTO (RELEASED) A view of F-14A Tomcat aircraft from Fighter Squadrons 33 (VF-33) and 102 (VF-102) on the flight deck of the aircraft carrier USS AMERICA (CV-66). The F-14As are equipped with the Tactical Data Recording System (TDRS) A view of AN F-14A Tomcat aircraft taking-off from the flight deck of the aircraft carrier USS AMERICA (CV-66). The F-14As are equipped with the Tactical Data Recording System (TDRS) A left underside view of an F-14A Tomcat aircraft escorting a Soviet Tu-95 BEAR D reconnaissance aircraft away from the exercise Northern Wedding '82 task force. The Tomcat is from the aircraft carrier USS AMERICA (CV-66), not visible An air-to-air left side view of three Fighter Squadron 143 (VF-143) F-14A Tomcat aircraft as they intercept and escort a Soviet Bear reconnaissance aircraft. The Soviet aircraft was in the area to observe the operations of the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER (CVN-69) A Fighter Squadron 143 (VF-143) F-14A Tomcat aircraft prepares to land aboard the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER (CVN 69) An MD-3A tow tractor is used to tow an F-14A Tomcat aircraft to the catapult track on the flight deck of the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER (CVN 69) Flight deck crewmen ready an F-14A Tomcat aircraft for launching aboard the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER (CVN 69) An F-14A Tomcat aircraft overflies the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER (CVN 69) after being waved off The photographer looks back at the flight deck of the aircraft carrier USS RANGER (CV-61) following the launch of his F-14A Tomcat aircraft.Exact Date Shot Unknown Maintenance personnel work on a Fighter Squadron 142 (VF-142) F-14A Tomcat aircraft in the hangar bay aboard the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER (CVN 69) A pilot and radar intercept officer from Fighter Squadron 143 (VF-143) sit in the cockpit of their F-14A Tomcat aircraft on the flight deck of the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER (CVN 69) Squadron maintenance personnel perform a preflight check on a Fighter Squadron 143 (VF-143) F-14A Tomcat aircraft prior to its launch from the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER (CVN-69) A Fighter Squadron 143 (VF-143) F-14A Tomcat aircraft comes in for a landing on the flight deck of the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER (CVN 69) A Fighter Squadron 142 (VF-142) F-14A Tomcat aircraft is positioned on the flight deck of the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER (CVN 69) A Fighter Squadron 142 (VF-142) F-14A Tomcat aircraft taxis out of the landing zone after touching down on the flight deck of the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER (CVN 69) A maintenance crew member paints the wheel strut of an F-14A Tomcat aircraft aboard the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER (CVN 69) Lieutenant Bill Myers and his radar intercept officer await the launch of their Fighter Squadron 142 (VF-142) F-14A Tomcat aircraft from the flight deck of the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER (CVN 69) A Fighter Squadron 143 (VF-143) F-14A Tomcat aircraft is ready for launch from the No. 2 catapult on the flight deck of the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER (CVN 69) A Fighter Squadron 143 (VF-143) F-14A Tomcat aircraft is readied for launch from the flight deck of the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER (CVN 69) A C-2 Greyhound aircraft lands beside a row of F-14A Tomcat aircraft on the flight deck of the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS DWIGHT EISENHOWER (CVN-69) A Fighter Squadron 142 (VF-142) F-14A Tomcat aircraft misses the arresting wire on the flight deck of the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER (CVN 69) An ordnance crew member checks an AIM-7 Sparrow missile and an AIM-9 Sidewinder missile attached to a Fighter Squadron 142 (VF-142) F-14A Tomcat aircraft prior to the plane's launch from the flight deck of the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER (CVN 69) Squadron maintenance personnel perform a preflight check on a Fighter Squadron 142 (VF-142) F-14A Tomcat aircraft prior to its launch from the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER (CVN 69) A plane director signals to the pilot of a Fighter Squadron 142 (VF-142) F-14A Tomcat aircraft on the flight deck of the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER (CVN-69) A flight deck crew member checks the shock absorbers attached to an F-14A Tomcat aircraft prior to its launch from the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER (CVN-69) A Fighter Squadron 142 (VF-142) F-14A Tomcat aircraft from the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER intercepts a Soviet Tu-142 Bear-D aircraft over the Mediterranean Sea Lieutenant Keith Gauthier performs a preflight check on his Fighter Squadron 142 (VF-142) F-14A Tomcat aircraft prior to taking off from the flight deck of the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER (CVN 69) A plane captain signals to the pilot of a Fighter Squadron 143 (VF-143) F-14A Tomcat aircraft on the flight deck of the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER (CVN 69). An MD-3A tow tractor is beneath the aircraft's wing at right A Fighter Squadron 142 (VF-142) F-14A Tomcat aircraft comes in for a landing on the flight deck of the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER (CVN 69). The plane is piloted by the Commander, Carrier Air Wing 7 (CVW-7), aboard the EISENHOWER Three F-14A Tomcat aircraft are given preflight inspections while parked near the stern of the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER (CVN 69). The two aircraft at right are from Fighter Squadron 143 (VF-143) and the aircraft at left is from Fighter Squadron 142 (VF-142) An air-to-air left side view of a Fighter Squadron 111 (VF-111) F-14A Tomcat aircraft, wings extended, assigned to the aircraft carrier USS KITTY HAWK (CV 63). The aircraft is armed with an AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missile An air-to-air left side view of an F-14A Tomcat aircraft, wings swept back, from Fighter Squadron 111 (VF-111) assigned to the aircraft carrier USS KITTY HAWK (CV 63) A Fighter Squadron 24 (VF-24) F-14A Tomcat aircraft is launched from the catapult of the aircraft carrier USS RANGER (CV-61). Exact Date Shot Unknown A Fighter Squadron 143 (VF-143) F-14A Tomcat aircraft ignites its afterburners before being launched from the flight deck of the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER (CVN-69) Front air-to-air view of an F-14A Tomcat aircraft from Fighter Squadron 102 (VF-102), just after taking off from the aircraft carrier USS AMERICA (CV-66). The aircraft is armed with two AIM-54 Phoenix missiles, centerline, two AIM-7 Sparrow and two AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles (outside), mounted on wing pylons Front air-to-air view of an F-14A Tomcat aircraft from Fighter Squadron 102 (VF-102) just after taking off from the aircraft carrier USS AMERICA (CV-66). The aircraft is armed with two AIM-54 Phoenix missiles, centerline, two AIM-7 Sparrow and two AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles (outside), mounted on wing pylons Flight deck crewmen service two Fighter Squadron 142 (VF-142) F-14A Tomcat aircraft aboard the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER (CVN 69) Air to air right side view of an F-14A Tomcat aircraft from Fighter Squadron 102 (VF-102) with its tailhook extended in preparation for landing aboard the aircraft carrier USS AMERICA (CV 66). The aircraft is armed with AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles and an AIM-54 Phoenix missile (on the fuselage). (SUBSTANDARD) Crew members conduct a foreign object damage inspection of the flight deck prior to flight operations aboard the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER (CVN 69). F-14A Tomcat aircraft are parked on the right A Fighter Squadron 142 (VF-142) F-14A Tomcat aircraft aboard the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER (CVN 69) is silhouetted against a sunset F-14A Tomcat aircraft parked on the flight deck of the aircraft carrier USS JOHN F. KENNEDY (CV-67) while off the coast of Lebanon. Two aircraft are from the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS ENTERPRISE (CVN-65) A silhouetted view of F-14A Tomcat aircraft aboard the aircraft carrier USS INDEPENDENCE (CV 62) while off the coast of Lebanon An F-14A Tomcat aircraft on the flight deck of the aircraft carrier USS AMERICA (CV 66). The AMERICA is participating in Exercise OCEAN VENTURE '84 An EA-6B Prowler aircraft is parked (center) on the deck of the aircraft carrier USS AMERICA (CV 66). On the left is an F-14A Tomcat and on the right an A-7E Corsair II. The carrier is participating in Exercise OCEAN VENTURE '84 Two F-14A Tomcat aircraft are serviced aboard the aircraft carrier USS AMERICA (CV 66) during Exercise OCEAN VENTURE '84 Crewmen search for foreign objects on the flight deck of the aircraft carrier USS AMERICA (CV 66) prior to flight operations during Exercise OCEAN VENTURE '84. In the background are three F-14A Tomcat aircraft and an MD-3A tow tractor An F-14A Tomcat aircraft is catapulted from the aircraft carrier USS AMERICA (CV 66). In the foreground are (front to back) an A-6E Intruder, an EA-6B Prowler and another A-6E. The AMERICA is participating in Exercise OCEAN VENTURE '84 A landing signal officer and his assistant signal to aircraft carrier USS AMERICA (CV 66). In the background is an F-14A Tomcat aircraft. The AMERICA is participating in Exercise OCEAN VENTURE '84 An F-14A Tomcat aircraft is serviced aboard the aircraft carrier USS AMERICA (CV 66) during Exercise OCEAN VENTURE '84 An F-14A Tomcat aircraft is towed by an MD-3A tow tractor aboard the aircraft carrier USS AMERICA (CV 66). The AMERICA is participating in Exercise OCEAN VENTURE '84 An F-14A Tomcat aircraft from Fighter Squadron 102 is ready to be launched from the aircraft carrier USS AMERICA (CV 66). In the background is a KA-6D Intruder tanker aircraft. The AMERICA is participating in Exercise OCEAN VENTURE '84 An SD-1D aircraft spotting dolly is used to move an F-14A Tomcat aircraft in hangar bay two aboard the aircraft carrier USS JOHN F. KENNEDY (CV 67) Left side view of four A-7E Corsair II aircraft and an F-14A Tomcat aircraft (second from left) parked on the flight deck of the aircraft carrier USS JOHN F. KENNEDY (CV 67) An MD-3 tow tractor is used to move an F-14A Tomcat aircraft on the flight deck of the aircraft carrier USS JOHN F. KENNEDY (CV 67). A member of the Naval Audiovisual Center motion picture shoot crew is filming the operation A plane captain checks the tie down chains of an F-14A Tomcat aircraft aboard the aircraft carrier USS JOHN F. KENNEDY (CV 67) Right front view of an F-14A Tomcat aircraft on an elevator aboard the aircraft carrier USS JOHN F. KENNEDY (CV 67) An SD-1D aircraft spotting dolly is used to move an F-14A Tomcat aircraft in hangar bay No. 2 aboard the aircraft carrier USS JOHN F. KENNEDY (CV 67) An E-2C Hawkeye airborne early warning aircraft comes in for a landing aboard the aircraft carrier USS JOHN F. KENNEDY (CV 67). A-7 Corsair II aircraft are parked on either side of the flight deck. An F-14A Tomcat aircraft and three SH-3 Sea King helicopters from Helicopter Anti-submarine Squadron (HS-7) are parked on the left Right front view of an F-14A Tomcat aircraft on the elevator of the aircraft carrier USS JOHN F. KENNEDY (CV 67) An F-14A Tomcat aircraft makes the final approach before landing aboard the aircraft carrier USS JOHN F. KENNEDY (CV 67) A motion picture shoot crew member from the Naval Audiovisual Center films an F-14A Tomcat aircraft being backed onto an elevator aboard the aircraft carrier USS JOHN F. KENNEDY (CV 67)	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2636
__label__wiki	0.668409	0.668409	Livingston, IL post office locations BLACKSTONE 12385 E 3153 NORTH RD BLACKSTONE, IL 61313 - 9609 815-672-3545 Mon-Fri 1:00pm - 3:00pm Sat 8:00am - 12:00pm Sun Closed CAMPUS 107 CENTER ST CAMPUS, IL 60920 - 9998 815-567-3337 Mon-Fri 8:00am - 12:00pm Sat 8:30am - 10:30am Sun Closed CHATSWORTH 15 N 4TH ST CHATSWORTH, IL 60921 - 9800 815-635-3148 Mon-Fri 9:00am - 11:30am 12:30pm - 4:30pm Sat 9:00am - 11:00am Sun Closed CORNELL 108 N 6TH ST CORNELL, IL 61319 - 9900 815-358-2248 Mon-Fri 7:30am - 11:30am Sat 8:30am - 10:30am Sun Closed Cullom CULLOM 101 W HACK ST CULLOM, IL 60929 - 7133 815-689-2152 Mon-Fri 8:00am - 12:00pm Sat 9:00am - 10:30am Sun Closed DWIGHT 100 E MAZON AVE DWIGHT, IL 60420 - 9998 815-584-3465 Mon-Fri 8:30am - 4:30pm Sat 8:30am - 12:00pm Sun Closed Emington EMINGTON 107 1/2 WABASH ST EMINGTON, IL 60934 - 9800 815-934-5424 Mon-Fri 8:00am - 12:00pm Sat 8:30am - 10:30am Sun Closed FAIRBURY 127 E LOCUST ST FAIRBURY, IL 61739 - 9998 815-692-2041 Mon-Fri 8:30am - 4:30pm Sat 8:30am - 10:30am Sun Closed FLANAGAN 203 S MAIN ST FLANAGAN, IL 61740 - 7538 815-796-4188 Mon-Fri 7:00am - 11:00am 12:00pm - 2:00pm Sat 9:00am - 11:00am Sun Closed FORREST 202 E KRACK ST FORREST, IL 61741 - 9345 815-657-8632 Mon-Fri 9:00am - 11:30am 12:30pm - 4:30pm Sat 9:00am - 11:00am Sun Closed Graymont GRAYMONT 307 N MAIN ST GRAYMONT, IL 61743 - 9998 815-743-5356 Mon-Fri 9:00am - 1:00pm Sat 9:00am - 11:00am Sun Closed Long Point LONG POINT 414 S MAIN ST LONG POINT, IL 61333 - 9701 815-854-2443 Mon-Fri 12:30pm - 4:30pm Sat 11:30am - 1:30pm Sun Closed ODELL 108 S WAUPANSIE ST ODELL, IL 60460 - 9800 815-998-2422 Mon-Fri 7:30am - 11:15am 2:15pm - 4:30pm Sat 9:00am - 11:00am Sun Closed PONTIAC 302 W MADISON ST PONTIAC, IL 61764 - 9998 815-844-6195 Mon-Fri 8:30am - 5:00pm Sat 8:30am - 12:00pm Sun Closed Saunemin SAUNEMIN 76 NORTH ST SAUNEMIN, IL 61769 - 9900 815-832-4903 Mon-Fri 8:30am - 12:30pm Sat 8:30am - 10:30am Sun Closed STRAWN 205 S 1ST ST STRAWN, IL 61775 - 9900 815-688-3385 Mon-Sat 8:30am - 10:30am Sun Closed	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2646
__label__cc	0.647709	0.352291	Ice Cube, Cedric The Entertainer, & Regina Hall Dish On “Barbershop: The Next Cut” The third installment of the iconic movie franchise "Barbershop" hits theaters today. NewsOne Now The third installment of the iconic movie franchise Barbershop hits theaters today. Barbershop: The Next Cut stars some of the funniest folks around, including Regina Hall, Ice Cube, Cedric the Entertainer, Common, Anthony Anderson, Deon Cole, Nicki Minaj, JB Smoove, Eve, and more. Roland Martin recently sat down with Regina Hall, Ice Cube, and Cedric the Entertainer to find out how they managed to actually get the movie done with such a crazy cast of characters roaming the set. Cedric told Martin they clowned a little and had a good time, but implied that Cube knows how to get folks back in line to “get the job done.” “Cube got a light side, that’s why he do a lot of comedies — people think he[‘s] all tough all the time, but he likes comedies,” Cedric said, but on the set there is “not going to be a whole lot of just nonsense going on — that will stop.” Martin asked the trio about the comedic jabs they tossed at Pres. Barack Obama, Bill Cosby, and others in what the NewsOne Now host called a “Black check-list.” Ice Cube responded, “These are some major people in our lives and it’s the barbershop, you got to talk about it.” “You know we wouldn’t be doing the right movie if we weren’t talking about the topics of the day,” Cube said. He added, “Nobody is exempt in the barbershop.” While Barbershop: The Next Cut apparently delivers the comedic hits, it also strikes a more serious tone, addressing the epidemic of violence taking place in the South Side of Chicago. “It’s cool to have fun and games, it’s cool to talk about different celebrities and all that, but at the end of the day, a barbershop is dealing with real situations, real people, real issues that walk through the door everyday,” said Cube. Ice Cube’s character, Calvin, now has a 14-year-old son he is trying to keep off the streets. He said, “I think a lot of parents deal with that situation throughout many communities, not just the Black community, but every community. They’re trying to keep their kids on the right path.” The rapper-turned-actor – who was recently inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame with the iconic rap group N.W.A. – explained the additional storyline incorporating Calvin’s son “was a great hook for this movie,” making the film directed by Malcolm D. Lee even more relevant to the world we find ourselves in today. From BarbershopMovie.com: It’s been more than 10 years since our last appointment at Calvin’s Barbershop. Calvin (Ice Cube) and his longtime crew, including Eddie (Cedric the Entertainer), are still there, but the shop has undergone some major changes. Most noticeably, our once male-dominated sanctuary is now co-ed. The ladies bring their own flavor, drama and gossip to the shop challenging the fellas at every turn. Despite the good times and camaraderie within the shop, the surrounding community has taken a turn for the worse, forcing Calvin and our crew to come together to not only save the shop, but their neighborhood. Watch Roland Martin, Regina Hall, Ice Cube, and Cedric the Entertainer discuss Barbershop: The Next cut in the video clip above. TV One’s NewsOne Now has moved to 7 A.M. ET, be sure to watch “NewsOne Now” with Roland Martin, in its new time slot on TV One. Subscribe to the “NewsOne Now” Audio Podcast on iTunes. Erykah Badu Sparks Social Media Firestorm After Twitter Rant On How Girls Should Dress Ice Cube, Cedric The Entertainer, & Regina Hall Dish On “Barbershop: The Next Cut” was originally published on newsone.com Anthony Anderson , Barbershop: The Next Cut , Bill Cosby , Cedric The Entertainer , Common , Deon Cole , Eve , ice cube , JB Smoove , Malcolm D. Lee , newsone now , Nicki Minaj , NWA , Pres. Barack Obama , Regina Hall , rock and roll hall of fame , Roland Martin	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2647
__label__cc	0.730422	0.269578	FIRE: Forum for International Research in Education Home > FIRE > Vol. 2 (2015) > Iss. 2 Faculty Internationalization Priorities John R. Criswell II, University of MissouriFollow Hao Zhu, University of MissouriFollow The internationalization of higher education has been the subject of a substantial body of research. However, few studies have examined how faculty members, significant implementers of internationalization, think about internationalization priorities. This article presents the results of a questionnaire which was sent to faculty members at three institutions of higher education, two in the United States and one in Canada. Three-hundred and seventy-five faculty members responded to an open ended question asking how they would prioritize international initiatives at their institution. These comments were coded and categorized based on patterns that emerged from the data. Additionally, the top five topics were examined more in depth to reveal faculty rationale for each. Two findings emerged from this study. First, respondents overwhelmingly support internationalization. Second, they expect the institution to shoulder the burden for the implementation of institutional directives. These findings inform institutional internationalization administrators. Criswell, J. R., & Zhu, H. (2015). Faculty Internationalization Priorities. FIRE: Forum for International Research in Education, 2(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.18275/fire201502021037 Educational Leadership Commons, Higher Education Commons, Higher Education and Teaching Commons, International and Comparative Education Commons All Issues Vol. 4, Iss. 2 Vol. 4, Iss. 1 Vol. 3, Iss. 3 Vol. 3, Iss. 2 Vol. 3, Iss. 1 Vol. 2, Iss. 3 Vol. 2, Iss. 2 Vol. 2, Iss. 1 Vol. 1, Iss. 3 Vol. 1, Iss. 2 Vol. 1, Iss. 1 Lehigh College of Education Comparative and International Education Program Hosted by Lehigh Preserve	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2649
__label__cc	0.572681	0.427319	337-291-8306 projectfrontyard@lafayettela.gov Little Gnome Facts What is Project Front Yard? Project Front Yard is a community-driven initiative that began under the auspices of Lafayette Consolidated Government to address a variety of needs facing Lafayette Parish, not the least of which was litter. About Project Front Yard Our worldwide reputation for amazing festivals, food, and music – our “backyard” — didn’t fit the image conveyed by our gateways and other highly visible spaces. So the community was encouraged to join the effort. Individuals and groups came forward with ideas, plans, and commitments to tackle everything from beautification to revitalization. What began in the Fall of 2014 has become a far-reaching effort to restore our local environment, preserve what we already have, and advocate for future change in our local footprint. Together, government, business, education, media, and volunteers have taken steps towards creating a more beautiful and environmentally friendly parish – and neighboring parishes have asked to join us! Transforming our landscape From planting new trees and flowerbeds in schools and public spaces to pledging a cleanup of the Vermilion River, Project Front Yard has worked to make the experience enjoyable for all. You could say we’ve made beautification and revitalization part of the fun. Project Front Yard has gone from streets to neighborhoods to parish-wide efforts for ensuring we restore the vibrant image that’s just beneath the clutter. It’s one thing to cleanup after a mess has been made, but preserving the quality of our environment poses another challenge. It’s the parks, wildlife, green spaces, and waterways that have consistently attracted people to our area; it’s part of our cultural character. We view these “front-yards” as assets and we hope to enrich our image by reducing waste at local events, educating our youth, and employing a variety of activities for preservation. After all, we can’t go paddling without a vibrant, flowing river. We’ve already been able to witness restoration and preservation first-hand and we’ve seen immediate benefits. However, for these efforts to endure, we need to advocate for both behavioral and policy change. From the implementation of zero waste practices to improved recycling efforts to the creation of sustainability plans, we each need to become advocates and supporters of our local government’s efforts. Project Front Yard Partners “Project Front Yard is an initiative that brings business, residents and government together to address what our community looks like. It’s about more than litter on the side of the road. It’s about visual pollution. It’s about non-existent or unattractive gateways into the community. It’s about integrating green infrastructure as the community grows. It’s about encouraging and supporting public art projects. It’s about community pride! These issues are important to everyone- the businesses who operate here, our residents, and our prospective businesses, their employees and people who may move to the region. That is why Project Front Yard is so important to LEDA and our business development efforts. Project Front Yard is one way to ensure our community will be the best Lafayette we can be.” Gregg Gothreaux \| President & CEO \| Lafayette Economic Development Authority “The first impression from a visitor to our a community is an important one. While we have the best food, music, and culture in the world, unfortunately we don’t always provide a great first impression in terms of the beauty and cleanliness of our city. Project Front Yard is a catalyst to change that, along with changing a culture of people not having the pride to take care of their property, streets, landscapes. We are proud to be a partner with Project Front Yard as we work to improve our great City and Parish to make it even better, cleaner and more visually appealing.” Ben Berthelot \| President & CEO \| Lafayette Convention and Visitors Commission “Project Front Yard is a strategic enabler of environmental sustainability and community beautification in Lafayette – both of which are critical to economic development within our community. All three elements are exactly why this program is such an important aspect of our local partnerships. Yardley and team directly contribute to making Lafayette a great place to live, work, and play for all our CGI members and their families.” Will LaBar \| Vice President \| CGI Federal Download our Annual Report here. I consent to Project Front Yard collecting my details through this form.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2651
__label__wiki	0.770159	0.770159	You are here: Parliament home page > Parliamentary business > Publications and Records > Hansard > Commons Debates > Daily Hansard - Debate 15 May 2007 : Column 455 The House met at half-past Two oclock [Mr. Speaker in the Chair] London Local Authorities Bill [Lords] Read a Second time, and committed. Oral Answers to Questions The Secretary of State was asked 1. John Robertson (Glasgow, North-West) (Lab): What policies he has considered to encourage the use of public transport. [136903] The Secretary of State for Transport (Mr. Douglas Alexander): The Government have provided record and sustained investment in transport and have brought decision making closer to local areas to ensure that public transport better meets the needs of passengers. John Robertson: I thank my right hon. Friend for his reply. He is right to say that the Government have invested heavily in public transport, yet the perception is still that more needs to be done. What does he propose to do to try to get people out of their cars and on to quality public transport in future, thereby solving some of the problem of our CO2 emissions? Mr. Alexander: I fully accept my hon. Friends suggestion that more needs to be done. That is why we are investing £88 million a week in the countrys railways after decades of under-investment, and why there has been sustained investment in our bus network. In addition, we have brought forward proposals, most recently at the turn of the year in Putting Passengers First, to advance the cause of ensuring a better bus service in this country, because although there are communities where buses operate effectively, in too many communities there still is not the standard of service that people want. With regard to both buses and trains, we are seeing real improvements on the back of real investment. Sir Nicholas Winterton (Macclesfield) (Con): The House debated public transport matters only yesterday, and I am pleased that the Secretary of State acknowledged that there are areas of the country where there is no meaningful public transport at all. He was talking about buses, but clearly there are other forms of public transport, such as taxis and minicabs, that might well be used in areas where the demand is limited, but where the interest in services is great, particularly among elderly people who do not have their own transport. What encouragement will he give to counties such as Cheshire, which has sadly had to reduce the amount of subsidised public transport, because of the reduction in revenue from central Government? Mr. Alexander: I am not sure that I agree with the hon. Gentlemans characterisation of the reduction of the revenue support grant. It is of course for individual local authorities to determine the level of concession that they offer their residents. He makes a fair point in recognising that in the longer term and in the future, there may well be opportunities, for example through smart ticketing that allows cash to be credited, to consider providing pensioners with facilities that would make a more flexible range of services available, whether that is through dial-a-bus, community travel or taxis. However, those are discussions for the future, as well as for today. Mr. Ian Austin (Dudley, North) (Lab): The one form of public transport directly managed by my right hon. Friends Department is, of course, the Government car service. Why does his Department require British Government Ministers to drive around in the Japanese-built Toyota Prius, which has two engines and a wasteful manufacturing process, and has to be shipped halfway around the world on boats that pump out emissions, when we could be supporting the environment and showing British industry that we are on its side by using Birmingham-built Jaguars, which use the cleanest diesel technologies in the world? Mr. Denis MacShane (Rotherham) (Lab): Give him a Jag! Mr. Alexander: I am not sure whether that call was Give him a job or Give him a Jag. My hon. Friend the Member for Dudley, North (Mr. Austin) is a tireless campaigner for the west midlands, and I once again pay tribute to his efforts. It is fair to recognise that the Government car service has an obligation to consider where we can secure the best environmental technologies, given the commitment that has been shown, not just by the Government but by Members on both sides of the House, to taking our environmental responsibilities seriously. I am happy to write to my hon. Friend on the subject. Mr. John Redwood (Wokingham) (Con): More people would use rail services at busy times if there were more seats and more regular services. Will the Secretary of State look into the technology to see how we can get more friction and traction for trains that run on commuter lines, so that we can double the number of trains that use the existing lines? That cannot be done at the moment because there is not the technology. Mr. Alexander: Perhaps rather unusually, I find myself in agreement with the right hon. Gentleman in recognising [Interruption.] Perhaps I will live to regret that comment. I join him in recognising capacity as a serious challenge. That is why I announced in March, when we published the high level output specification, that we will specify 1,000 extra carriages for the rail network. However, that is without prejudice to the continuing work that we need to take forward on, for example, considering platform lengthening or the possibility of double-decker trains. The number of trains that we can run on the existing network is limited, but I assure the House that we are seriously considering all options to make full use of that network. Sarah McCarthy-Fry (Portsmouth, North) (Lab/Co-op): Residents in Paulsgrove in my constituency have had one of their bus servicesthe 1Cwithdrawn by First Bus, but following pressure from residents a partial service has been reinstated, which finishes at 5 oclock. Many people consider the needs of elderly residents, and the partial service means that elderly residents cannot go out at night, but I was told of the case of a young lad of 15 who used to go to a theatre group and get the bus back late at night, but now cannot go. Does my right hon. Friend agree that we should consider the needs of young people for bus transport and try to make them less dependent on their parents cars? Mr. Alexander: Improved bus services benefit all ages in the community. It is right to recognise that in my hon. Friends community, in mine and in the communities of many Members, bus services are a vital lifeline. That is why, all too often, following the arbitrary withdrawal of services on which people rely, there is understandable concern and anger in those communities. That is one of the reasons why, last summer, we took a long hard look at bus provision in the United Kingdom, why we published Putting Passengers First, and why we are determined to drive forward better arrangements to assure effective partnership between local authorities and the bus operators. Mr. Alistair Carmichael (Orkney and Shetland) (LD): If it is Government policy to encourage greater public transport use, why has South West Trains been allowed to increase its fares at off-peak times by 20 per cent. without any consultation? Does the Secretary of State think that that decision will help the Government meet their policy aims? Mr. Alexander: The fares at off-peak times, to which the hon. Gentleman refers, are not regulated fares. Although I understand that there was real concern and public interest in the fares that were announced, it is important to emphasise that those are not fares set by Government. The regulated fares, which are set by Government, in addition to the advance purchase discount fares, account for about 70 per cent. of the journeys made on Britains railways. Beyond those regulated fares and advance purchase fares, there must be a degree of flexibility for train companies to set prices against other modes of available transport, but I would urge all train companies to act responsibly when considering the setting of unregulated fares. Clive Efford (Eltham) (Lab): My right hon. Friend is no doubt aware of the overcrowding on train services in the south-east. We recently had an Eltham to Victoria service cut by two carriages. Such a penny-pinching approach to the provision of services in south-east London is not good enough and will not deal with the congestion on our lines. When my right hon. Friend next meets representatives of South Eastern Trains, will he impress upon them the fact that south-east London is not served by the London underground, train services are essential, and that it is important that we extend the length of our trains, not cut them? Mr. Alexander: Here in London, particularly south of the river, there is clearly a strong reliance on the over-ground train network, and I will be happy to ensure that in the discussions that the Under-Secretary of State for Transport, my hon. Friend the Member for Glasgow, South (Mr. Harris), has with officials from South Eastern Trains, the points that my hon. Friend has raised are put directly to them. Philip Davies (Shipley) (Con): Further to the excellent point made by my right hon. Friend the Member for Wokingham (Mr. Redwood), one of the biggest barriers to people using public transport in my part of the world is overcrowding on the Airedale and Wharfedale lines into Leeds. When will the Government start putting right the chronic underfunding of transport in west Yorkshire? In everything done by the Government, west Yorkshire always gets a bad deal. Mr. Alexander: I am always happy to receive representations, but it is an interesting charge to be put to us by the Conservative party that there is chronic under-investment in the railways of the United Kingdom. As I have made clear, a commitment has been made for 1,000 extra carriages for the network by 2014. It is important that all of us in the House recognise that any party that says that it is possible simultaneously to have lower fares, lower taxes and higher investment is not being altogether straight with the general public. Rail Industry 2. Ian Lucas (Wrexham) (Lab): What assessment he has made of the barriers to entry to the rail industry. [136904] The Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Transport (Mr. Tom Harris): The operation of passenger and freight train services is subject to a range of regulatory requirements designed to safeguard the public interest. Before being awarded an operating licence, therefore, a new operator has to satisfy the Office of Rail Regulation that it has the necessary competence, especially in safety management. Ian Lucas: Business, commerce and industry in Wrexham all support the application by the Wrexham and Shropshire Railway for a direct rail service to London for the first time since 1957. The only people who are opposed to that are the subsidised franchised train operators in the midlands, who do not provide a direct service to Wrexham. Does my right hon. Friend believe that the rail regulator should take into account the interests of passengers first, not the interests of subsidised franchised rail operators? Mr. Harris: My hon. Friend has made a persuasive and eloquent case in favour of the new service. He will understand, of course, that a decision on access to the network is one for the Office of Rail Regulation to take, and it will be made over the next few weeks. He also knows that it would not be appropriate for Ministers to seek to influence that decision. However, he should be aware that Network Rail has also raised concerns about the number of pathways that might be available to the new operator. As I say, a decision will be announced in the next few weeks. Mark Pritchard (The Wrekin) (Con): Following on from the comments of the hon. Member for Wrexham (Ian Lucas), can the Minister give a commitment to the House that he will ensure that Network Rail and the Office of Rail Regulation do not put up unnecessary barriers to entry as regards the direct link from Shropshire to London? Has he had any discussions about that route in relation to the issues raised today? Mr. Harris: I have had meetings with my hon. Friend the Member for Wrexham and several other colleagues about the merits of the case. However, I did not undertake to raise it directly with the Office of Rail Regulation, because it would not be appropriate for me to do so. I have every confidence that the ORR will make a decision based entirely on the merits of the application. 3. Mr. Philip Hollobone (Kettering) (Con): When the Highways Agency expects to publish detailed proposals on the improvement of the A14 around Kettering. [136905] The Minister of State, Department for Transport (Dr. Stephen Ladyman): I have asked the Highways Agency to submit recommendations on potential improvements this autumn. Mr. Hollobone: I am grateful that the Minister is urging the Highways Agency to get a move on, because the people of Kettering have been waiting a long time for the proposals to be announced. When that happens, will the Minister ensure that plans for a parallel distributor road include provision for that road to be as close to the A14 as possible so as not to encroach on neighbouring villages? Will he also ensure that the Highways Agency liaises with Northamptonshire county council to provide that a connecting eastern bypass is built round Kettering? Dr. Ladyman: The hon. Gentleman is asking too much if he expects me to commit to all those things in advance of the proposals. However, I can assure him that I have taken a personal interest in transport issues in the growth area around his constituency. I have visited the sites and spoken to developers, councils and development agencies, and I will continue to do so. I will commit the Highways Agency to working closely with everyone in the area to ensure that we come up with the best possible solution for local people. 4. Mr. Desmond Swayne (New Forest, West) (Con): What measures he is taking to reduce noise from aircraft at regional airports. [136906] The Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Transport (Gillian Merron): The Civil Aviation Act 2006 strengthens airport operators powers to control noise at airports. Those powers enable airports to introduce noise control schemes and to charge penalties to operators of aircraft that breach noise controls. Mr. Swayne: What will the Minister do to encourage aerodromes to use the powers granted under section 4 of the Act and to implement the technology that will enable them to track aeroplanes that depart from minimum noise routings and to have a robust regime to fine those that do so? Gillian Merron: It is important that airports take control over noise. It is Government policy to ensure that we work to reduce the numbers of people who are adversely affected. I am aware that Bournemouth airport, which is local to the hon. Gentleman, plans to install a noise and track-keeping system in July. The new provisions under the 2006 Act are welcome, but the consultative arrangements are also working well in many cases throughout the country. David Taylor (North-West Leicestershire) (Lab/Co-op): Despite the fact that some years ago East Midlands airport introduced noise preferential routes, track monitoring and penalty schemes, the rapid growth of aircraft numbers to up to 200 air traffic movements a day means that communities around the airport periphery are still suffering a great deal from noise. Does the Minister accept that the 2006 Act should include a fall-back option to allow, in extreme circumstances, ministerial designation under the Civil Aviation Act 1982 to relieve the communities of south Derbyshire and north-west Leicestershire from the problems that they endure at the moment? Gillian Merron: It is worth reminding the House that the air transport White Paper seeks to strike a fair balance between the local and national economic benefits, as well as the local environmental costs described by my hon. Friend. In respect of designation, where self-regulation is not enough the Government already have the power to designate airports for the purposes of section 78 of the 1982 Act. However, that does not mean that control by the Government, which my hon. Friend requests, ensures a quieter noise environment. What matters is that local consultation produces that, and I urge him to work locally to do so. Adam Afriyie (Windsor) (Con): It is the noise of a single aircraft that wakes people up in the middle of the night, thus causing stress in their daily lives and generally upsetting their quality of life. What plans does the Under-Secretary have to measure aircraft noise by the noise that is heard on the ground in the eardrums of sleeping individuals rather than by obscure and complicated noise quotients, quotas and averages, which do not especially affect anyone? I stress that the noise of an individual aircraft affects people. What are her plans? Gillian Merron: I presume that the hon. Gentleman is offering to be a volunteer to have the noise measured in his ear when asleep. I shall take that information back to the Department. The Department continues to review measurements of noiseindeed, there is wide discussion about what constitutes the best form of measurement. I am sympathetic to the hon. Gentlemans points and I shall ensure that the Department considers his comments. Danny Alexander (Inverness, Nairn, Badenoch and Strathspey) (LD): My constituents in Inverness want to hear more, not less noise from aircraft. They are especially worried that the transatlantic agreement on open skies will threaten essential services between Inverness and London Gatwick and Heathrow airports. Will the Under-Secretary act to protect those vital services by using a public service obligation, thus ensuring that my constituents continue to hear those economically essential journeys for many years to come? Gillian Merron: Regional airports add much to local economies. That is why several hon. Members welcome such development in their areas. I confirm that the air transport White Paper recognises the importance of good air links to London to the UKs regional economies. The Governments guidance on the protection of regional air access to London was published in 2005 and it set out the way in which we will interpret the criteria for imposing the public service obligations in European regulations. Next Section Index Home Page	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2652
__label__wiki	0.627514	0.627514	Baroness Anelay of St Johns moved Amendment No. 179B: Page 112, line 21, leave out "300" and insert "400" The noble Baroness said: In moving Amendment No. 179B, I should like to speak to Amendment No. 195A. It may assist the Committee if I say that I will not speak to or move Amendment No. 179E, which is grouped with this, nor shall I move the amendments listed below this groupthat is, Amendments Nos. 179C and 179D. In Clause 190(2)(b), the Government increase the maximum number of hours that a court may specify as part of what used to be known, in the old days, as a community service order, now known as a community punishment order. Once the Bill is enacted, it will be known as a community order with unpaid work requirement. When I read the Bill through, one refrain keeps going through my headpity the poor sentencers who will have to relearn not only the language but the incredibly complex procedure that will have to be followed. At present, the limit is 240 hours, but under the Bill the Government propose to increase that to 300 hours. My amendment, which is of course for the purposes of debate only, simply proposes a figure of 400 hours to ask the Government to clarify why they chose 300. What research and what proof was there that made them alight on that particular maximum rather than any other? In the White Paper, the Government stated at paragraph 0.18 that they wished community punishment to be, "a tough and credible alternative to custody". No doubt the increase in the maximum hours from 240 to 300 is part of that strategy, but it would be helpful to know what the Government took into consideration to reach that decision. Do the Government anticipate that some offenders will now receive a community rather than custodial sentence because more hours of community work can be ordered? Do we have a different client group, if I may call it that? The alternative is that the 25 per cent increase in the maximum number of hours simply means that those doing community punishment will do 25 per cent more of it. That would of course have no effect on the prison population, though I can see the advantage of that. What are the Government trying to achieve? Amendment No. 195A relates to the imposition of an attendance centre requirement as part of a community order. Attendance centres, which are of course focused on young offenders, run practical activities such as sport. I have visited such centres and seen the hard work that the people there put in, and try to ensure that the young people put in. They were originally designed to occupy Saturday afternoons for those convicted of football-related offences. That is certainly no longer the case, in that their use has extended well beyond that. 8 Oct 2003 : Column 406 The Bill reproduces the current minimum and maximum number of hours for such ordersnamely, 12 and 36. However, in other areas of the Bill, the Government have chosen to increase the time limits available to the courts. My probing amendment asks why the Government did not change these limits? What evidence do they have that shows that the situation is so perfect that they do not wish to tamper with those limits? I beg to move. Lord Carlile of Berriew: It is important to know that there is a proper reasoned basis for any change in the maximum number of hours. It would be helpful if we could be told how many people have been sentenced to 240 hours community service or community work in the past 12 months. My understanding is that it is a very small proportion of those who have been sentenced to do unpaid work in the community. There is evidence in some areas that the probation officers and those who run the schemes are very hard put to make schemes suitable for a structured programme of as much as 240 hours. It is pointless, as any probation officer would tell us, simply to have the hours. There needs to be a purpose and structure and a contract. There is in effect always a contract between the sentenced person and those who supervise the work. That means that there must be a theme to the work imposed. I suspect that it would be difficult to find many areas in England and Wales where it is even possible to set up structured useful schemes with 300 hours work. That is why I would be doubtful about a figure in what I understand to be a probing amendment, rather than a commitment to a particular figure. Will the Minister tell us what the rational basis is for the figure in the Bill? May we simply include in the Bill that which can be achieved rather than an aspiration that cannot in realistic terms be achieved? Baroness Stern: The noble Lord, Lord Carlile, set out why 300 hours is a very high figure and why the quality of the experience can be much more effective than quantity. There is also a danger that 300 hours introduces a high possibility of failure, the result of which is to be sent to prison. We may be defeating the object of the clauses and simply increasing the chance of failure. We are also very much increasing the cost of supervision, and we have already discussed the load on the probation service and how that will be increased by these provisions. I therefore endorse the points that have been made. Baroness Scotland of Asthal: I certainly hear what the noble Lord, Lord Carlile, says about these amendments, and I am going to respond to the probing nature of the noble Baroness's amendments. I also take very much into account the comments of the noble Baroness, Lady Stern. However, it is very important that these alternatives to prison are made credible, that they bite and that they do the job that all of us in this Chamber wish them to do. If they do, they will be a viable alternative to imprisonment. I know that each and every noble Lord who has spoken in this short debate feels passionately that we have to find genuine alternatives to prison as that is sometimes better for everyone concerned. Amendment No. 179B would increase the maximum from 240 to 300 hours. That will bring our legislation into line with the Scottish legislation and, frankly, is necessary to allow for a more punitive order. I know that the noble Lord, Lord Carlile, said that in various areas we are challenged by the nature of the community sentence programmes that we are able to put forward. Of course that was true in the past. However, noble Lords should know that a huge amount of proper effort is being made to engage local communities, non-governmental organisations, voluntary organisations and others to join with the efforts made by the probation service to broaden the sort of activities that could properly be encapsulated within a community order. Indeed, when one looks at the menu of options that can be encompassed within a community order, one can see the opportunities to craft with the probation service and the other organisations a package of community ordersformerly community service ordersto target different parts of the offender's development. Consequently, it may be possible to structure a package with various different elementssuch as N number of weeks doing ", M number of weeks doing Y and so on. What we wish to do, particularly with the experience of our Scottish brethren, is to give the court sufficient flexibility so that it is tempted to utilise that flexibility if it is appropriate and the programmes are available, rather than jumping straight to imprisonment. Of course imprisonment is there if that is the right solution. However, in order to test that it is the right solution, it must be possible to give the court the discretion to see whether there is a cogent alternative which addresses the offending behaviour and will be a proper punishment and actually works in rehabilitating the offender. That is the purpose. We would very much like the court to have that bracket, so that as we develop more finely honed community order schemes there will be an opportunity to take advantage of them. Baroness Stern: I revert to the question that the noble Baroness, Lady Anelay, asked about whether any research shows that 300 hours constitutes credibility and teeth. The research with which I am familiar suggests that what gives credibility and teeth is public involvement, how much the public know about it, whether the public can see that what is done is of value and whether they can see that someone has clearly put something of themselves into it and given something back. With respect, that could be achieved in 100 hours or in 50 hours. I am not familiar with any research that suggests that 300 hours is preferable to the 240 that we have lived with for so long. 9.45 p.m. Lord Hylton: Before the Minister replies, does she recall what I said last night when we discussed the Anti-social Behaviour Bill about remedial work, as it were, regarding fly posting, graffiti, fly tipping and so on? Of course I realise that that is not a very high grade of community service work, but perhaps it could be combined with other more constructive forms of work to produce a thoroughly effective order. Baroness Scotland of Asthal: There is much in what the noble Lord says. The noble Lord should know that together with the other agencies and non-governmental organisations working in this field we are trying to consider the creative opportunities that we have to work together to make available a broader spectrum of community orders. The noble Lord, Lord Hylton, is absolutely right to say that this is a valuable, visible form of recompense to the community. That relates to what the noble Baroness, Lady Stern, said about making such service well targeted, well honed and understandable to the public at large. We want the effectiveness of the sentence to be its judge. We need to improve the effectiveness of such sentences, not just increase their length. The length is not the only criterion. However, I say to the noble Baroness that the length of the service can be of great significance for offenders who may have exhibited very challenging behaviour. It is useful for a court to be able to impose up to 300 hours of service which a person can carry out undertaking the kind of activities that the noble Lord, Lord Hylton, suggests. That would constitute a visible payment back to the community. Therapeutic interventions that change behaviour would also be useful. I know of no specific research which assesses the difference between 240 and 300 hours of service. I shall certainly check and if such research exists, I shall write to the noble Baroness but I pray in aid the fact that the 300 hours of service is available in Scotland. That enables the court to have flexibility and the longer period obviously carries greater weight. It will obviously be a matter for the judge dealing with a case to evaluate all the elements that the noble Baroness mentioned, such as the length of a community order and whether it will be effective in achieving the things that he wishes; namely, punish the offender; address the offending behaviour; reduce the likelihood of reoffending and compensate the community in an appropriate way. Latitude is there for the sentencer to utilise if he so wishes and if there are opportunities available for such service in the relevant locality. Work has been done by local criminal justice boards on needs-based assessments to find out what is happening in their local areas and to address it.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2653
__label__wiki	0.986301	0.986301	Published — July 30, 2013 Updated — May 12, 2014 at 3:40 pm ET Libertarian-leaning super PAC raising big money Group led by Cato Institute founder, former FEC chairman Adam Wollner Correction, 10:18 a.m. July 31: Brad Smith serves as treasurer for Purple PAC, but is not a founder of the group. The original story has been updated to reflect this. A super PAC quietly formed this spring by a prominent libertarian has rushed to a quick fundraising start thanks to a small network of wealthy, like-minded donors. Purple PAC, a super PAC led by former Federal Election Commission Chairman Brad Smith and Cato Institute founder Ed Crane, raised $575,000 from the time the group launched in early May through the end of June, new FEC filings show. Only four donors contributed, but they provided significant cash. The group received two $250,000 contributions — one from Richard Masson, a Kentucky horse breeder, and another from Pennsylvania-based options trader Jeffrey Yass, who also sits on the board of the Cato Institute. Washington, D.C., entrepreneur Philip Harvey donated an additional $50,000 to Purple PAC, while New York real estate developer Howard Rich chipped in $25,000, according to FEC records. Smith, who currently serves as the chairman of the anti-campaign finance regulation group Center for Competitive Politics, said Purple PAC plans to make independent expenditures promoting “freedom-oriented” candidates who are fiscally conservative and socially moderate. These are viewpoints Smith says a large number of voters hold, although they have little influence in Washington. “Swing voters don’t feel that either of the major parties is representing them,” Smith said, adding the group intends to focus much of its resources on battleground states, as its name suggests. While the group has yet to formally back any politicians, Smith said it’s open to supporting federal office-seekers of either party. But candidates that generally agree with the super PAC’s ideology “tend to be in the Republican Party at this point in time.” Smith also said he was pleased with Purple PAC’s initial fundraising haul, adding, “we think we can raise a significant amount of money.” Three of the group’s four donors — Yass, Masson and Rich — gave federal-level Republican candidates tens of thousands of dollars during the 2012 election cycle. Rich was the only one of the three to give money to an outside group, contributing $25,000 to the libertarian-leaning Liberty for All Super PAC. Rich is also the founder of the advocacy group Americans for Limited Government and has helped fund a number of other conservative-leaning nonprofit organizations in recent elections. Harvey, meanwhile, gave $10,000 to the Campaign for Primary Accountability, an anti-incumbent super PAC that’s ramping up its operations again after a year’s worth of inactivity. He also gave $8,000 to the Libertarian National Committee in 2012 and contributed $2,500 apiece to two Democrats: Rep. Steve Cohen, D-Tenn., and Roger Goodman, who unsuccessfully ran for Congress in Washington state. Read more in Federal Politics Marco Rubio backs conservative super PAC Donation of $30,000 came from potential GOP presidential candidate’s leadership PAC Sarah Palin PAC takes fundraising nosedive Of the money it is raising, most going toward travel and consulting	cc/2019-30/en_head_0014.json.gz/line2654

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