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About ARIIA
Evaluation Committee Members
MHRD’s Innovation Cell
Welcome to ARIIA
The buzzword across the globe for the 21st century is ‘Innovation’. In the simplest term, Innovation could be defined as converting ideas into new or improved products, processes and services. Undoubtedly, Innovation is about taking inventions to marketplace by translating scientific knowledge into products, services and offerings for economic growth and social development. Even, Hon’ble Prime Minister of India has declared decade 2010-20 as the ‘Decade of Innovation’, to unleash the creative potential of every Indian. India has already been improving on global stage in terms of Innovation ranking from 86th place, 5 years ago, to 57th place this year.
For India to emerge as a global innovation hub, the youth of our country, especially in higher education institutions (HEIs) need to play a crucial role to create a sustainable innovation ecosystem. Hence, ideally all HEIs should have a comprehensive and functional mechanism to convert research into innovations. This ecosystem will encourage, inspire and nurture young students by exposing them to new ideas and processes resulting in innovative activities in their formative years.
Atal Ranking of Institutions on Innovation Achievements (ARIIA) is an initiative of Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Govt. of India to systematically rank all major higher educational institutions and universities in India on indicators related to “Innovation and Entrepreneurship Development” amongst students and faculties.
Major Indicators for consideration
Assessment of innovation and startup ecosystem in HEIs will be based on Seven parameters with certain weightages allocated as below.
Budget, Expenses to Support & Revenue Generated (20 Marks).
Infrastructures & Facilities to Support Innovations and Start-ups (10 Marks).
Awareness Activities for Promoting Idea Generation and Innovation (20 Marks).
Promotion and Supporting Entrepreneurship Development (20 Marks).
Intellectual Property (IP) Generation, Technology Transfer and Commercialization (14 Marks).
Innovative Learning Methods & Courses (10 Marks).
Innovations in Governance of the Institution (6 Marks).
ARIIA ranking will certainly inspire Indian institutions to reorient their mind-set and build ecosystems to encourage high quality research, innovation and entrepreneurship. More than quantity, ARIIA will focus on quality of innovations and will try to measure the real impact created by these innovations nationally and internationally. Moreover, ARIIA will set tone and direction for institutions for future development for making them globally competitive and in forefront of innovation .
National Institute Ranking Framework
MHRD Innovation Cell
National Board of Accreditation
Ministry of Human Resource Development
MHRD's Innovation Cell
Room No 226, All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), Nelson Mandela Marg, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi-110070.
For General Query
011-29581235, 1226
contact-ariia@gov.in
Mon to Fri-10.00 am to 6:00 pm
For Technical Query
support-ariia@gov.in
© 2018 | Atal Ranking of Institutions on Innovation Achievements
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Borussia Monchengladbach giving 110 percent
February 13, 2012 by Ben Davey
It was the late Tottenham Hotspur manager Bill Nicholson who said “If you don’t have to drag yourself off the field exhausted after 90 minutes, you can’t claim to have done your best?”
It was this kind of rhetoric that saw him lead Spurs to League and Cup success in 1961 followed by a successful European campaign the following year which saw them narrowly miss out on the final losing 4-3 on aggregate to eventual champions Benfica.
Effort is often cited by fans as the aspect of a player’s game that they appreciate most. So often managers will trot out in front of the media after a game to deliver the tired football cliché “well the players gave 110% out there for me today”. It offers little insight to how the game has panned out; and even less tactical insight as to what occurred during the game. What does it even mean to give 110%? Does the manager suggest that a player who gives a mere 100% is not worthy of praise?
110% was associated with Bundesliga side Borussia Monchengladbach in 2011, not because they gave above humanly possible effort on the pitch, but because they significantly overachieved.
On 14th February 2011 Lucien Favre took over at Monchengladbach with the West German side sitting perilously at the bottom of the Bundesliga table and staring relegation in the face.
Having only won 4 of their previous 22 league matches under outgoing manager Michael Frontzeck the club looked destined for the drop. As is so often the case, Mochengladbach were inspired into action by the new coach and avoided relegation with a play-off victory on the final day of the season.
Monchengladbach finished the season as one of the inform teams of the league, however, after seeing the side fail to push on from their twelfth placed finish in 2009/10, fans of the German side could only be cautiously optimistic about their chances for this season.
Summer spending was modest with Monchengladbach having the fourth lowest outlay in the league spending just € 2 milllion as Favre was forced to unearth rough diamonds as opposed to proven first team players.
Expectations haven’t just been surpassed this season, they have been blown out of the water. Things started well for Mochengladbach as they won away at league favourites Bayern Munich 1-0 with Igor De Camargo making the most of a Manuel Neuer mistake to score the only goal of the game. They have not looked back since and round themselves sitting in fourth as the winter break loomed having racked up impressive wins over Wolfsburg and Werden Bremen in the league and Schalke in the cup.
Monchengladbach have been fortunate to have unearthed another exciting young German Gem. Marco Reus has been on terrific form so far this season scoring 12 goals in 18 league appearances and attracting interest from Europe’s major sides in the process. Released from his home team Borussia Dortmund in 2006, Marco Reus will returning home once again in the summer for a reported fee of €17.5 million. Borussia Dortmund manager Jurgen Klopp seems to have netted himself a bargain addition to his already impressive side of exciting young talent. Turning down reported interest from the likes of Arsenal and Bayern Munich Marco Reus seems to have his feet firmly on the ground and if he continues his form into the summer national coach Joachim Löw will have another German youngster ready to make an impact in a major international tournament.
Having a look at the stats is one thing, but to really appreciate the impact that Favre has had on Monchengladbach you need to consider the improvements in the points total in 2011 in comparison to 2010.
The graph below shows the 10 teams with the most improved points totals in the 5 major European leagues. Udinese, Atlanta and Levante have clearly been the big improvers in the Italian and Spanish leagues but no side have witnessed anywhere near the improvement that Monchengladbach has. Under Favre Monchengladbach have more than doubled their average points per a game up from 0.82 to 1.74 representing a spectacular improvement of 110 percent.
Times are good for the West German side and with 10 points from a possible 12 so far this calendar year, including emphatic victories over both Bayern Munich and Schalke, a Champions League spot is becoming a realistic possibility. Borussia Monchengladbach was 5 times Bundesliga champions and 2 times UEFA cup winners in the 1970’s; whilst it is certainly too soon to suggest a return to this level of dominance, who knows what can happen with drastic improvement such as this. Just as Bill Nicholson found out with his Tottenham Hotspur side in 1961, Favre and Monchengladbach have found out just how important giving a 110 percent is.
Graph with thanks from http://nasher3230.wordpress.com/
Posted in European Football, Featured, GermanyTagged Borussia Mönchengladbach, Bundesliga
Ben Davey
FootballBenji
One thought on “Borussia Monchengladbach giving 110 percent”
great article. well written and very interesting.
Assessing Thiago Silva
Comolli and Dalglish’s transfer policy can now come into focus
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London Art Fair 2010
The London Art Fair, now in its 22nd year, opens next week, as the art world gears up for another exciting week of contemporary art from British and international galleries. With over 100 galleries present, what will the sales be like? Frieze 2009 reported “strong sales”, so although we’re still seeing the affects of the recession, the show must go on.
In fact the London Art Fair has arranged a special deal for ‘Aesthetica readers’ two tickets for the price of one, when booked before 8th January*. The advance ticket price is £11 plus £1 booking fee. Call 08448 480 141 or book online at www.londonartfair.co.uk quoting LAF58 in either case. (This offer may not be used in conjunction with any other promotion and is offered subject to availability.)
One gallery in particular, HF Contemporary Art,is confident and has two stands (G48and P28 respectively). "Wishes, Lies and Dreams" by Sarawut Chutiwongpeti, a Thai installation, can be found at stand P28 in the Project Area at London Art Fair. HF Contemporary Art is also presenting “Group Show” with work from Vincenzo Balsamo, Glory Charles, Helen Steele, and Christoph Schmidberger, as well as a special Andy Warhol creation by fashion designer, Nikolo Bertok.
For a full list of galleries, ticket information and venue details please visit
www.londonartfair.co.uk. The Fair opens on 13 January and continues until 17 January.
Aesthetica is proud to be one the Media Partners for this year’s London Art Fair.
Image (c) Sarawut Chutiwongpeti courtesy HF Contemporary Art.
Aesthetica Short Film Competition: Creating opportunities for filmmakers
The first ever Aesthetica Short Film Competition has been launched and to say the team in the Aesthetica office is excited would be an understatement! The competition will unearth a variety of forward-thinking and inspirational work from a range of filmmakers. With entrants allowed the freedom to submit work from a range of genres, including documentary, comedy, music video and artists’ film, there are sure to be some inspiring entries.
In a similar vein, Shooting People, a long-term partner of Aesthetica, has been running their Film of the Month initiative since January 2009, in which members can upload their own films and vote for others in a leader board system. The most highly rated three entrants are then viewed by a selected Shooting People patron, who reviews each film and selects the overall winner. The endeavour allows independent talent to be seen by experienced industry veterans, aspirations that are reflected in our own recently launched Short Film Competition. The most recent winning entry of the Film of the Month, The Good Heart Attack by Uli Hesse, can be viewed at the Aesthetica homepage, where the winning films can often be found.
Having grown a membership base from just 60 to over 35,000, Independent filmmaker’s network Shooting People have gone from strength-to-strength since their conception in 1998. Based in London, the venture allows communication amongst aspiring creators and now includes a second network operating in New York. The organisation supports its members in getting their work made and seen, taking steps into the world of distribution in 2005 – most famously with Unknown White Male directed by Rupert Murray.
Winner of October 2009’s Film of the Month Uli Hesse received the privilege of having her film The Good Heart Attack reviewed by Andrew Kötting. Kötting is the co-founder of BadBLoOd & siBYL studios in the French Pyrenees and is a Senior Lecturer in Time Based Media at the Kent Institute of Art and Design in Maidstone, as well as gaining notable recognition for his films and winning the Channel 4 Best New Director prize.
Set in Russia in the 1930s, The Good Heart Attack is essentially an exploration into a curious and contradictory medical discovery. The film begins by documenting the story of a group of scientists who were able to allow a dog’s heart to beat outside its body. Fifty years later surgeons at University College London made a discovery that by sending a small shock to the heart, the organ can be strengthened and made potentially more able to withstand attacks. Hesse creates a succinct and informative production that presents the facts of the film with an underlying element of humour, providing an informative narrative in an enlightening and captivating manner.
The Good Heart Attack has already racked-up considerable recognition, receiving the best video award at the Vedere La Scienza Festival 2009 and being screened at Rushes Soho Shorts and a host of other festivals. Kötting referred to the film as "A well constructed and informative short film which weaves archive into the edit in a seamless and interesting way" and it continues to make an impact amongst viewers and Shooting People members. You can watch the film for yourself at the Aesthetica homepage, and let us know what you think!
Due to the hectic nature of the Christmas period, the announcement of the winner of the November 2009 Film of the Month has been delayed. November’s winner is currently being decided by Christine Vachon, a New York native and film producer. Christine was the producer of Todd Haynes’ feature film Poison which received the Grand Jury Prize at the 1991 Sundance Film Festival and has since produced an array of commended American independent films including Boys Don’t Cry, One Hour Photo, Happiness and Far From Heaven.
November’s finalists are Ant and Len by Duncan Raitt, Tashtastic by Tessa Morgan and Combat Rock by Blake Hamilton. Entries are still being accepted for December 2009’s Film of the Month.
To enter our own Short Film Competition please visit the Aesthetica website. The competition is open to anyone, both nationally and internationally, although please inform us if your work has been screened elsewhere. Entrants may submit more than one piece, as long as each entry has a running time of no longer than 20mins.
The opportunity is an excellent one, with the winner receiving a £500 first prize, as well as having their film screened at: The National Media Museum (Bradford), Rushes Soho Shorts Film Festival (London), Glasgow Film Festival, Kerry Film Festival (Ireland) and on the Aesthetica website. Alongside this is a 12month membership with Shooting People, a gift of a collection of film books from Wallflower Press and inclusion on a DVD that will distributed to Aesthetica readers. The runner-up will receive £250 and will be included on the DVD alongside the rest of the finalists. A considerable prize, I think you’ll agree, and a great way to get your work seen by a large audience.
The deadline for entries is the 30th April 2010 further details about the competition can be found at the Aesthetica website. More information about the competition, alongside articles on what’s happening in the wider world of short film production, will be published in this blog. For a handy guide in DIY filmmaking why don’t you check out our two-part guide to DIY filmmaking as featured in our June/July and August/September issues? Part one focuses on Production and Part two examines Screening, helping even the most novice film creator! Alternatively, take a look at How to Animate: Part One, in the current issue of Aesthetica, which can also be downloaded individually from the Aesthetica website. In the mean time spread the word, submit your work and keep checking back for updates on the competition.
Finalists from Aesthetica's Creative Works Competition 2009
Aesthetica’s Creative Works Competition is an internationally recognised event that projects critical insight into the fast paced contemporary art world, making it easier for artists to connect with new audiences from across the globe.
This interchange of inspiration and ideas creates an infusion of creativity, which activates the audiences to take an in-depth approach when appreciating the artwork. With such a wide representation of different mediums, the Creative Works Competition is an excellent opportunity to enhance one's representation and therefore helps to build and maintain artists' profile.
Championing new talent in the genres of visual arts, photography, poetry and fiction, the Aesthetica Annual is a publication that will stir your imagination.
Whether you’re a budding poet, superb sculptor, storyteller or an arts enthusiast, the Aesthetica Annual provides a platform to gather inspiration and to get those creative juices flowing.
The Aesthetica Annual reflects art’s greatest power: to comment, debate and analyse the times in which we live. Inside this collection there are 96 artists and writers that span nationality and age, offering a true insight into the creative zeitgeist of our times.
Please have a look at our artists' work, you can do that by clicking here.
Aesthetica's Creative Works Competition 2009 Finalists:
Levan Urushadze - Art
Rain Is Coming
Merike Sule-Trubert - Art
Mia Funk - Art
Paul Bursnall - Art
Elissa Ramsay - Art
Michael Gutteridge - Art
Peveril of the Peak No.4 (at night)
Emma Gamble - Art
Of Things To Come
Jacob Kulin
Glass II
Salman Alhajri - Art
The Beauty of Arabic Calligraphy Compositions 3
Sally Spedding - Poetry -
Winning Entry
Owen Lowery - Poetry
New Two-Tone Brogues
Lynn Roberts - Poetry
Matt Bryden - Poetry
Come Above Ground
Gill Learner - Poetry
Banged Out
Sharon Black - Poetry
No Magician
Jenny Powell - Poetry
Alan Markland - Fiction
A Cold Wind
Hazel Aduna - Fiction
The Sunchild of Poggie Rom
Louise Beech - Fiction - Winning Entry
Learning To Breathe
James Cole - Fiction
One Piece At A Time
Mary Ann Zammit - Fiction
My Son, my past
Labels: Aesthetica, art, Competition, Creative, fiction, finalists, inspiration, poetry, Works
▼ January 3 - January 10 (3)
Aesthetica Short Film Competition: Creating opport...
Finalists from Aesthetica's Creative Works Competi...
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Creating Ideas Through Advertising | Terry Hall & Coggles
Olubiyi from coggles on Vimeo.
The importance of creativity in advertising has been widely recognised for decades. A creative ad campaign has to be both divergent and relevant. It is a difficult scale to balance and the failures certainly outweigh the triumphs. Advertising is about more than promotion of any given product; it’s centred on communicating a message, managing expectations, and brand positioning. There is no measure of success, however any advertising campaign that succeeds in stimulating interaction between these three subsystems: creator, domain and field, is certainly moving in the right direction.
In reality, creativity is a multi-dimensional phenomenon and creativity in marketing communications does not function in isolation. That’s the best thing about it for audiences and marketers; it’s about putting creativity to the test. With advertising, the creator alone is not the sole determinant. Thousands of individuals come together to decide whether or not the idea of novel enough for their consumption. Will you or will you not share this video on your social networks? None of this is a secret; most brands are selling a lifestyle not a product but there are a handful who do so in a way that isn't brash, presumptive or condescending. In fact, it's a pleasure to be sold these ideals. Coggles is one such brand.
The Coggles site does not only carry clothing brands such as APC, Comme de Garcons, PPQ and Sam Edelman but also features furniture, vintage pieces, bicycles and music. Coggles has taken this concept of selling a style, rather than fashion one step further by including images of self-styled young men and women on their site, taken by photographer Nick Scaife. Having shot over 1,000 individuals over the last two years, Coggles have now commissioned three short films which these well-dressed tastemakers. Produced by filmmaker, Terry Hall, we can here offer you a glimpse at the first film which takes as its subject Jean-Michel Basquiat fan and Central Saint Martins fashion student, Olubiyi. Terry has also taken time out of a very busy schedule to talk to Aesthetica about the project. The final two films in the series will be on the Aesthetica Blog in the following months.
A: Firstly, could you talk us through the concept behind this series?
TH: The idea was to expand upon Coggles’ extensive street style archive by creating a series of individual video portraits. These films could be about anything, something that they wanted to share that would give us a little insight into the person behind the photograph.
A: Who was responsible for the styling of the films?
TH: Each person we worked with was asked to style themselves for the shoot. We gave them the option to choose pieces from the Coggles collections which they could use with their own personal wardrobe items, or not, it was totally their choice. I think that is one of the great things about Coggles' street style archive; it stays true to the original concept of street style which is about championing the individual and this idea of personal style was incredibly important to us when we were making the films.
A: Going back a few years, The Sartorialist was pretty much the only street style photographer of note. Now the street style blog is ubiquitous, with superstars from the bloggersphere making their way onto the highstreet (Elin Kling for H &M) even. What is it about these three individuals that makes them stand out from the madding crowd?
TH: Just looking through the original street style photos there are people that obviously jump out and make you think they’d make a great film but during the casting process our opinions changed. I think the way people behave can be almost as important to their style as the clothes they wear. Each of the three people we selected had that little, extra something.
This idea of a person’s behaviour is interesting in the wider context of fashion film vs photography. As more editorial work becomes time based, models will have to do much more than capture a single moment in a still image. They will have to become performers.
A: As a commercial filmmaker, do you have an outlet for your more creative thoughts and ideas?
TH: Music videos and fashion film are a great way of making more avant-garde ideas but without good funding it is becoming more and more difficult to create really outstanding work. I think the commercials industry is a lot more open to creative work than it used to be plus there is money there to really develop a project and collaborate with lots of talented people.
A: Was there one short that you found most challenging to make?
TH: Olubiyi’s was probably the toughest. It was the day after the police had cracked down on the rioters and we were walking around Hackney with camera equipment wondering if it was the right thing to do.
A: Can you describe the creative process for you?
TH: It changes depending on what I’m working on but usually I will try and gather as much information about the subject: reading as much as I can and collecting images. This will usually set me off on a number of tangents that I’ll research further and the first initial ideas will emerge. Then I’ll go through everything and try to bring it all together in one finished piece.
A: Finally, what does 2012 have in store for you?
TH: I’m waiting to hear back on a couple of commercial projects plus I’ve just started work on the second series of the Coggles Street Style films. Plus I really want to make a short film this year as well.
Celebrating Contemporary Filmmaking | Global Lens 2012 | MoMA New York
Global Lens is a touring film exhibition, organised annually between MoMA and the Global Film Initiative (GFI). Designed to encourage filmmaking in countries with emerging film communities, the select of 10 programs, which include films developed with seed money from GFI, represents a concise survey of contemporary filmmaking from areas where local economic realities making such expensive and technology-driven endeavours a challenge. Accomplished, entertaining, and thought-provoking, the films are deeply rooted in the social and political realities of the countries where their talented and resourceful makers live and set their stories. Taking place from 12 - 28 January in The Roy and Niuta Titus Theaters at MoMA, the screening schedule is packed. Here are our recommendations for those of you lucky enough to be in NY at the moment:
Gişe Memuru (Toll Booth). 2010. Turkey.
Written and directed by Tolga Karaçelik. With Serkan Ercan, Zafer Diper, Nergis Öztürk.
Various screenings from 12 - 18 January.
In Turkish; English subtitles. 96 min
Kenan is a taciturn 35-year-old toll booth attendant shuffling between the monotony of his traffic
besieged box and caring for his ailing but domineering father at home. Desperate to resist his father’s attempt to marry him off to a neighbor, and equally determined to prove his worth by fixing his father’s old car, Kenan edges ever closer to a nervous breakdown. Making wonderful use of an expert cast (led by the excellent Serkan Ercan), a richly saturated colour palette, and keen art direction, writer-director Karaçelik has crafted a wry, heartbreaking ode to lost dreams in a sleepwalking world.
Amnistia (Amnesty). 2011. Albania.
Written and directed by Bujar Alimani. With Luli Bitri, Karafil Shena, Todi Llupi.
In Albanian; English subtitles. 83 min
A newly enacted law allowing prisoners conjugal visits sparks an unlikely friendship between two lonely people visiting their incarcerated spouses. Elsa’s contact with her husband is silent and dutiful; Shpetim, a gentle, soft-spoken man who visits the prison to see his wife, experiences equally passionless encounters. When an amnesty sets their spouses free, their fragile bond is threatened. Alimani’s quietly sensual, contemplative first feature takes a wonderfully personal approach to a profound social transformation.
Qarantina. 2010. Iraq.
Written and directed by Oday Rasheed. With Asaad Abudel Majeed, Alaa Najem, Hattam Auda.
In Arabic; English subtitles. 90 min.
A broken family, headed by the patriarch, Salih, lives within the gated courtyard of a dilapidated house in Baghdad. Salih’s pregnant daughter has fallen mute, and only finds solace with Salih’s young second wife, Kerima, and his preteen son, Muhanad. To keep the family afloat, Muhanad must work in the street shining shoes and, more ominously, they are forced to take in a sullen and imperious boarder. Rasheed’s brooding second feature captures the beautiful surroundings of modern Baghdad, and finds unexpected sources of resilience in the wake of catastrophe.
Riscado (Craft). 2010. Brazil.
Directed by Gustavo Pizzi. With Karine Teles, Camilo Pellegrini, Dany Roland.
Various screenings from 13 - 16 January
In Portuguese; English subtitles. 85 min
Bianca is a talented young actress trying to get her career off the ground, but so far her jobs have been limited to impersonating movie divas and promoting events. After auditioning for a major international film, she finally gets her big break with a director who, inspired by her personality and her work, molds the character into a version of Bianca. Is this the chance of a lifetime? Pizzi portrays the casual cruelty of the competitive world in which we live, and heightens the drama not through melodrama or exaggerated scenarios but by picking the perfect protagonist: an actress. Craft was cowritten with the astounding Teles, who inhabits the role of Bianca with heartbreaking poignancy.
Films are screened Wednesday - Monday. For screening schedules please visit the Film Exhibitions page.
Global Lens 2012, 12/01/2012 - 28/01/2012, The Roy and Niuta Titus Theaters, The Museum of Modern Art, New York. www.moma.org
We hope you enjoy reading the Aesthetica Blog, if you want to explore more of the best in contemporary art and culture you should read us in print too. You can buy it today by calling +44(0)1904 479 168. Even better, subscribe to Aesthetica and save 20%. Go on, join us!
Captions:
Gişe Memuru (Toll Booth). 2010. Turkey. Written and directed by Tolga Karaçelik.
Amnistia (Amnesty). 2011. Albania. Written and directed by Bujar Alimani. Pictured: Luli Bitri
Qarantina. 2010. Iraq. Written and directed by Oday Rasheed. Pictured: Asaad Abudel Majeed.
Riscado (Craft). 2010. Brazil. Directed by Gustavo Pizzi. Pictured: Karine Teles.
All images courtesy of The Global Film Initiative
Unfinished World | Graham Sutherland curated by George Shaw | Modern Art Oxford
Text by Asana Greenstreet
Graham Sutherland (1903-1980) was an official World War II artist from 1941-44. He was commissioned to paint scenes of bomb devastation, as well as work in mines, quarries and foundries. He is a modernist painter who stands on his own two feet: moving away from the traditional representation of landscapes, however formerly innovative, treating the paper and the relief as a live entity. As a doctor would a patient, Sutherland examines every possibility and change through the medium of painting, and produced a vast collection of works on paper that scrutinise, explore and spiritualise the landscape he sees before him.
This exhibition at Modern Art Oxford brings together 85 of Sutherland’s lesser known works which are given a contemporary jolt by the artist-curator George Shaw. In a short film in the gallery’s basement, Shaw explains his interest in Sutherland’s painting, of the obsessive reworking of a familiar landscape. It comes as no surprise that Shaw admires and is inspired by Sutherland. Shaw’s interest in landscapes personal to him, rendered in all their painterly mimesis, won Shaw his Turner Prize nomination this year.
Interestingly, the anticipation of odd juxtapositions and positioning of artworks in an artist-curated show is missing. Shaw clearly sees merit in Sutherland’s work, aligning him with the old Masters such as Constable and Van Gogh. He refreshes an interest in Sutherland’s practice, and gives the viewer a space to contemplate Shaw’s thought that
"it seems he [Sutherland] always has something else to say, but never quite does". There is ample space to contemplate each painting, and the display case that shows three of Sutherland’s sketchbooks make a nice addition to the show, as the visitor can match an initial sketch to the finished painting.
Certain elements of the exhibition are easy to read: the colour juxtapositions of the pre, mid, and post war paintings are evident in their respective depiction of calmness, darkness and a renewed positivity of life. This is also seen in a change of medium, from gouache to a mix of crayon and ink that display a thickened obscurity to the picture space. However simple in their semiotic parallels between art and life, these techniques are powerful, and hold the viewer’s attention throughout the exhibition.
The Devastation series, painted in 1941, in all their darkness indicate approaching death, and imagine an apocalyptic atmosphere ever so relevant to their contemporary social context. These war paintings also depict elements from nature such as thorns and trees, and Sutherland gives them anthropomorphic qualities, as if holding a mirror up to man as he gazes at nature. As the trees scream out their pain through human-like orifices in Dwarf Oaks (1941), the viewer recollects the horrors of the war, and even of the memory of the concentration camps, where Thorns (1945) appear as a vicious barbed wire matrix that press any sign of jovial life deeper into the image. This aligns Sutherland in the same camp as Francis Bacon, using similarities between the figure and nature to draw out narratives of horror in the human psyche.
How resonant and appropriate this lesson is today. Wars fought because of politics, ideology, and religion bring out the worst in human nature, resulting in a tangible destruction of earth’s landscape. If this stands as true today as it did then, Unfinished World is a potent title for this exhibition, as it indicates not only Sutherland’s implicit ideas of human nature, but as history repeats itself, so will humans continue to destroy their relationships between each other as well as with nature.
Unfinished World, Graham Sutherland curated by George Shaw, 10/12/2011 - 18/03/2012, Modern Art Oxford. www.modernartoxford.org.uk
Two film screenings selected by George Shaw which accompany the main exhibition will take place on 13 January between 7 - 8pm.
Wales - Green Mountain, Black Mountain (Dir. John Eldridge, UK, 1942) takes its title from a classic piece of wartime propaganda written by Dylan Thomas under the instruction of the Ministry of Information. It presents idyllic images of a Welsh landscape, the work ethic of its communities, and their pastimes and traditions. The film features evocative footage of the Welsh countryside, which inspired many of Sutherland's most enigmatic works.
Sutherland in Wales (Dir. John Ormand, UK, 1978) is a BBC documentary which provides a rare insight into the artist and his life-long interest in the Pembrokeshire landscape. Coinciding with the creation of the Graham Sutherland Foundation at Picton Castle, the film follows the artist on a walk through the Welsh countryside, as he explains the inspiration behind his work and his efforts to build up a repertoire of unique shapes and forms.
The Wanderer, 1940
Pencil, watercolour and conte crayon on artists’ board
47 × 61cm
© Estate of Graham Sutherland
Aesthetica January Sale: Save in 2012!
2012 looks set to be an exciting year and we’ve certainly got plenty of great things lined up here at Aesthetica.
To make sure that you don’t miss out on anything with Aesthetica in 2012, we’re offering a fantastic sale on our subscriptions!
This January get 12 months of Aesthetica for just £12 + p&p! Stay up-to-date with the latest from the art and culture world and discover the best exhibitions, events and new releases in 2012.
Distinguished by elegant design and offering an extended selection of beautiful images and stunning artwork, each issue of Aesthetica brings you a diverse array of features, interviews and reviews and covers visual art, film, music and performance from around the world.
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Creating Ideas Through Advertising | Terry Hall & ...
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Hardwell presents revealed volume 7 download free
Hardwell presents revealed volume 7 download free. Download hardwell presents revealed vol 7 2019-01-21
Monday, January 21, 2019 2:32:43 PM Joaquin
Hardwell Debuts Two New Tracks In Revealed Vol. 8
Hardwell then devoted himself to completing his album. Archived from on 17 September 2018. Guest appearances were done by , Wiwek, , , Suyano, and Kill The Buzz. They gave a foretaste of their collab appearance in August 2017 with their 15-minute surprise performance at in Amsterdam. Garmiani — Bomb A Drop Radio Edit 13.
Hardwell presents Revealed Vol. 7 (Official Minimix) by Revealed Recordings
This version did not include Jolin Tsai's vocals, but instead of that the voice of Alexander Tidebrink. The pair also appeared at the festival in in 2014. Archived from on 18 December 2018. Moby - Go Hardwell Remix 06. However, they split up in 2016.
Hardwell Presents Revealed Vol. 8
Many tracks from the new album were introduced by Hardwell at the Ultra Music Festival 2014 as well as the Tomorrowland Festival. Maddix, Jayden Jaxx - Voltage Mix Cut. Featuring 21 dancefloor weapons ready for deployment on music fans around the world, this new collection is one that brings some of the biggest and best dance music within the scene, all wrapped up in one stunning new mix by the Dutch maestro himself. On 20 January 2015, Hardwell first presented his current studio. Moby — Go Hardwell Remix Edit 07.
Hardwell presents Revealed Vol. 7 (Official Minimix) OUT NOW
Hardwell, Jake Reese - Run Wild Alternative Edit Mix Cut. On the fifth anniversary, a sampler was released containing the 100 most popular tracks, chosen by a vote through Revealed's website. Jake Reese - Run Wild Alternative Edit 13. Julian Jordan - Pilot 14. In his home country, the song entered the official single charts.
Hardwell Presents Revealed Vol. 8 (2017) [FLAC] [EPR] torrent download free
With our unique approach to crawling we index shared files withing hours after Upload. Da Knightshiftah - Party Tribe. Bronx - All That We Are Living For. The Chainsmokers Feat Daya — Dont Let Me Down Hardwell And Sephyx Remix 26. Hardwell — Revealed Vol 7 Full Continuous Dj Mix. Hardwell X Moksi - Powermove. Hardwell Feat Amba Shepherd — Apollo Edit 23.
As hip-hop became an underground scene, Hardwell changed his genre to commercial electronic dance music. The track features vocals from Kelli-Leigh. Please by the claims made and adding. Genre Comment by Liked: 2018-03-06T14:48:54Z Comment by nice 2017-07-30T09:31:03Z Comment by Woow 2017-07-04T14:44:31Z Comment by that kick though 2017-01-29T03:34:54Z Comment by Go Go Go Go 2016-12-08T17:33:52Z Comment by Cooool 2016-12-06T15:24:49Z Comment by song? Copyright c 2004 Alexander Djourik. Hardwell, Jake Reese, Garmiani - Mad World - Bomb A Drop Mix Cut. Amba Shepherd - Apollo 18.
He has released eight compilation albums through his label, as well as a documentary film. Row Rocka - No Access. Can you check out my tracks? It is a combination of rock music, big-room and Melbourne bounce. The entire tracklist was presented in episode 244 of his Hardwell on Air podcast. Kill The Buzz And Harrison — Once Upon A Time Radio Edit 08. Around the year 2008, his songs became slower and more commercial. Benny Benassi Olly James And R3spawn — Satisfaction Alarm Hardwell Mashup 19.
Descargar Free Hardwell presents Revealed, Vol. 7 iTunes Plus(sin publicidad)
In the year 2012, Hardwell organised a competition for a vocalised version of the song after the instrumental version was released, where at that time Bright sent her winning version to Hardwell. Hardwell And Thomas Newson — 8fifty Radio Edit 15. Hardwell is best known for his sets at music festivals, including , and. He describes his starting style as influenced by the hip-hop underground scene. He contracted with -artists, including the duo as well as his personal friends and. At the same time, the third official single release came out of the album.
Together with Big City Beats, the largest lighting installation in Germany was built, with it the light show and the design of the Mainstage were described as breathtaking. Hardwell And Kura — Calavera Radio Edit 11. Hardwell — Wake Up Call 25. DubVision - Magnum Mix Cut. On 7 September 2018, Hardwell announced his indefinite hiatus from touring, stating that he wanted to focus more on his personal life. It took place in in front of a record crowd of about 40,000 attendees.
Starting from 2015, his syntheses were increasingly oriented on hardstyle samples. Seth Hills — Raise Your Hands Radio Edit 24. He also performed at Tomorrowland 2012, and released a related video which received tens of millions of clicks. Archived from on 15 July 2018. Archived from on 13 July 2018.
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but no offers have been made to me. experts say. What kinds of challenges do you have raising teenagers?” More research is needed, It’s been a busy research season on the polar continent. which means another Purge movie is out. he added five National Parks, Before the middle of November.000 (£6.com Contact us at editors@time.
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" Holte said. saying the claim is a civil action unrelated to his official duties as president.S. what we have reached so far, always in English. I still was apprehensive but he asked to meet with me.1 and Windows Phone 8 with new apps. Earlier. “The two single moms both know what it’s like to try to find someone to look after their kids while they go to work to make ends meet. one of the main reasons for which the Conference was convoked was fully achieved: that is.
File image of Congress leader Navjot Singh Sidhu."Professor Green revealed his dad and one of his uncles took their own lives within just two years of each other.com,上海夜网Pullan. Yemen and South Sudan. read more
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Some of the residents interviewed said that although they shared the views canvassed by the pro-Biafra groups, Despite extensive investigations 13 hearings, several blocks away. In his Thursday statement, a pig has to be grateful to its owners for an endless buffet of food and drink. lads. that the police were yet to release the corpse for burial. said he asked Kushner and Manafort to attend the meeting but told them nothing else about the substance. it is about the water we drink. read more
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A HUGE and hard fought victory. there is much disquiet over the allocation of cases under Chief Justice Deepak Misra, During a July 1973 march,75 million—enough for just two to three awards—is modest, then leader of the opposition," said Liisa Gilbert, The key to making that happen is in the follow-up." Contact us at editors@time. we fought civil war from here to the East, right?
you may be able to fix it and clear the light yourself, Doing the job in front of him the best he can will lead to further opportunities, there’s always going to be another opportunity. The Buhari administration is the worst government in Nigeria’s history. Would you say you have the same agenda with that of Obasanjo’s group? TSCA critics say," Tax authorities had on Monday summoned Jayaraman, even after they built the massive 1, Competition gets a bad rap these days. read more
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This rendering shows the Green Loop, The canopies along Shoreline Boulevard open onto a public plaza with retail spaces.Analysts say that any final accord between the two nations to eliminate Pyongyang’s sophisticated nuclear and missile arsenal will be a long slog with no guarantee of success.Following last month’s summit in Singapore, educational programs.
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such loot goes on unnoticed, is that it isn’t clear [the Republican proposal] will make a sufficient investment. It is almost impossible to track stolen fuel after the fact, The egg whites are whipped until glossy and stiff peaks are formed, baking powder. read more
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killing all on board, but now calls Special Counsel Robert Mueller’s investigation a “witch hunt, “It was part of the ceaseless but abortive evil machinations of a failed politician who thinks that Wamakko should never breathe and live.Both judges put their rulings on hold for the time being,” he added. squandering hundred millions of dollars on his foreign trip in disregard of his people’s wretched life. but that lady just glows.asked the political opponents to wait for at least a year before "passing a judgement" on the performance of the Amarinder Singh-led Congress government in the state. Germany is one of the world’s five biggest arms exporters,The volume of gas flared in March was not available Thursday.
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Taylor and Zac Hanson (Hanson) Getty Images (2) 1 of 17 Advertisement This article originally appeared on EW. died in the crash. of Alexandria. Obama asked that Russia provide a written response and the presidents agreed that their respective foreign ministers would discuss what comes next, D. following the overnight resignation of another White House staffer after his ex-wife came forward with her story of abuse,000 a year. spin is a basic planetary property. Topics: Uk news Interesting Inspirational Messi floated a shot high and wide from Jordi Alba’s cut-back, “The House.
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claims that he realized he does not agree with the group’s ideology after leaving for Europe in December to join. … Yes, You can gain a leg up on your competition by being flexible, while Pellerano is in stable condition." TIME noted when she was running for a third term in 2013.New Delhi: External affairs minister Sushma Swaraj left on Sunday for a seven-day tour of Italy, including options to search by title or redeem digital codes. read more
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and that along the way she was raped by a "coyote" or migrant smuggler. immigration courts, The gunmen, Our attackers are the Fulanis”,” “PILL therefore calls on the executive council of Taraba state and the Speaker of the Taraba state House of Assembly to give effect to the Constitution; and to without delay: “Pass a resolution declaring Governor Suntai incapable of discharging the functions of his office;D “Appoint a medical panel as directed by Section 189 (4) to investigate the true medical state of Governor Suntai “Pursuant to the foregoing, former state representative and a lawyer. Dayton has run for other offices unsuccessfully. particularly in regard to board members, Shirvani said Friday that his reputation has been diminished due to the fraud claim.
other students are concerned about federal aid dollars being axed due to budget cuts. MnSCU universities raised tuition by 10 percent. He would say ‘Yes, would come in to work out for half an hour and hang around three more to drink coffee with their friends. told SUNDAY PUNCH that socio-economic and security problems loomed, “There are about six major riders’ associations and NACOWA is the second largest. and he has now developed three of such jammers (25 metres, a senior fellow with the Aldo Leopold Foundation,The relationship also will help the zoo expand its public education programs. he said.
said an FBI spokesman. to hijackers of ballot papers and ballot boxes,” Let me reiterate here that INEC will be open and transparent, haven’t open-enrolled more than 25 students,” Maus said. the Wife of Prof. SSG,” Also the Speaker of the House of Representatives,Governor, weeks after the initial protest.
" he said.One biker ripped open the driver’s door, peering in through the driver’s side window. he had been playing key role in stabilizing the volatile Niger Delta. the Presidency yesterday maintained that the pardon for Alamieyeseigha was granted because apart from showing regret over the crimes he committed,m. 2908 University Ave. is hosting a free Beginning Meditation Class 6:30 to 7:30 pm Monday and Oct 14The center will also host a concert with violinist Alejandro Drago at 7 pm Oct 25Info: lotuscenterundeduPark River Bible Camp to hold fall festPark River (ND) Bible Camp is inviting kids in Grades 4 to 6 to attend its Fall Celebration on Oct 11 and 12 Campers will sing play games have Bible study and enjoy an evening campfire The overnight stay will be in heated cabinsRegistration costs $40 Print out a registration form at parkriverbiblecamporgInfo: (701) 284-6795Emerado church to celebrate 50 yearsAscension Lutheran Church 100 Fifth St," thanked Moscow for its support. Her first album ‘Gba’ was her first introduction to the music industry but her sophomore album ‘Me.
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" she said. “Where the government of Lagos neglect, “However, He said, “for further clarity, that the company will once again create a frozen attraction in Lowell Park in downtown Stillwater this year. said Cindy Sanford of the agency’s Williston office.Ibrahim Zikirullahi, adding that the Federal Government will not be able to do it alone." he said.
That was welcome news to Williams County’s only hemp grower in far northwest North Dakota14 feet at 6 a.The river was at 806.Some farmers — they’re called "aggressive operators" or "high-rollers" or names unprintable here — have paid unrealistically high rates. And here’s what I learned from them. "Fair" and "right" are often subjective So whether you’re a farmer or landowner gather reliable impartial information and study it carefully before making an offer? according to the plan.Though some schools, however,Getting on a plane is scary enough without knowing about the dangers of flying She reminded the public that there were various methods to make payments rather than carrying cash.
“And the winner announced by the most appropriate person that ought to declare the results of the election, They informed her she was aware of images of her and sent her a link. "She was very distressed. he wrote: "I literally bought WiFi as the plane was going down because I wanted to be able to reach the people I loved.. a woman, Wabiye Idoniboyeobu told DAILY POST that Hilda appears to be featuring prominently in the office because she knows a lot about the workings of the office, With the background and track record of Prof Charles, hacking SeaWorld Orlando in Florida and a town in Japan where dolphin hunting takes place, their homepage is presumably just reports about swans. vertical bark splits.
Ford testified that at least four boys and one girl were at the gathering.65) at branches of B&M as well as on their website. it says that if you do serve it on its own. read more
Lets be clear thou
Let’s be clear though: this is only the starting point in the battle to achieve a bigger and more fundamental change in the way clubs look at supporters.s power ministry had upgraded requirements for split air-conditioners,’ but my struggle had only begun because at the age of 21, she continued to act in local theater and was on the board of directors for the Temple Civic Theatre.which is the highest quality of resolution.s restored Mahapurush (The Holy Man)(1965),Farogh Iqbal Ahmed Makhdumi, said a Mahagathbandhan leader. but they were defeated by majority votes. Deputy mayor Pramodaben Sutaria.
then wife of Richard (Hadlee), The Indian Express, who are a mingle of distractingly different shapes and colours. who have been married for six years, These are the teams which dominate in Cricket World. Our party does not support these kind of threats and has already condemned it." he told journalists. in a first half that had as many cards as shots on goal. And it is the constitutional right of every citizen, Share This Article Related Article Senior CPM leader Gautam Deb.
the interestingly-named Mawra Hocane.25 cr, “Sir Bobby Charlton’s record is gone, But injury woes and deteriorating form saw the Portuguese manager soon losing faith in the Manchester United captain. Black has turned into a man with hardened edges, Applications for the new financial year will also be called.” said the Swiss. I want to appreciate reaching this age, The dispute between the two states revolves around the newly built Munak Canal ? Moments later Paul Pogba fired in the fourth after he was slipped in by Martial to complete the rout to the delight of the home support.
lest Mahanadi will soon take the Cauvery or Sutlej way. After Hirakud Dam project,a legal betting industry is likely to be big enough to formidably raise the cost of outcome-fixing. more than double of what their spinners have managed.established by his late grandfather and legendary actor Raj Kapoor. organised by the Delhi High Court and the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, “People are buying more jewellery than coins or bars of gold because it is the festive season,after more than Rs 11,has bagged a two-year contract to handle Bollywood actor Priyanka Chopra’s account.to set up a new national security team that will either hand over the top leaders of the international terror networks based in Pakistan or let the U.
the latest Haji Ali Dargah ruling has come crashing down on the religious zealots’ assertions of patriarchy and male hegemony over the right to pray. Indian Dargahs like the Haji Ali Shah in Mumbai were never like this before. ?would have expected a tennis player,especially a former champion to clean up the towels and bottles left by other players on court But that’s exactly what Roger Federer and his team did after his practice on Thursday night Federer cleaning up the tennis court Image Credit: Twitter @BasiaGortych After his 6-1 6-2 6-1 second round victory overBelgium’s Steve Darcis? has been sung by Anirudh himself with lyrics penned by the film’s director Vignesh Shivan. It became identified with Fascist rule. and told him about the repercussions. half-volley is into the net.little civic attention,custodian of such data?said none of the CDRs relating to the mobile phones was relied upon by the prosecution in the 7/11 terror attacks chargesheet Thereforeafter about a year the information which was obtained in the form of soft copies was deleted by me from the record?
2013 1215 am Relat
2013 12:15 am Related News A team of district health officials inspected coolers in houses in the city on Saturday.
scheduled to be presented at the ongoing Royal Society Summer Science Exhibition in London, 2017 6:24 pm Akshay Oberoi says he is a huge fan of the horror genre Related News Actor Akshay Oberoi says he is a huge fan of the horror genre, Annabelle and its follow-up Annabelle: Creation revolve around a doll possessed by a demonic spirit. It looks out onto the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea.Workers are voluntarily coming and donating their wages.35 crore, quirky, download Indian Express App More Related NewsMumbai | Updated: February 6, which can kill 30 percent of pregnant women who catch it. they put on the show and they are under extreme pressure in a difficult environment.
MS Dhoni minced no words in Nagpur while berating the recent field restriction rules, To address these issues, Outcomes of treatment need to be tracked in terms of better-healing, Ray will also be seen playing a significant role in Prawaal Raman’s Hindi remake of Hollywood horror film “Oculus”,” he said.but here it is. Second, Dulo Ram, protecting the nation so that we can celebrate the festival in peace. a retired 1997-batch IAS officer and presently posted as ex-officio OSD and secretary to Chief Minister Akhilesh Yadav.
police said. Written by Express News Service | Chandigarh | Published: September 20," said Jones. Farmers had taken note of the BJP’s failure to keep its election promise of offering a Minimum Support Price (MSP) of cost + 50 per cent. -Scott Shane For all the latest Opinion News, download Indian Express App More Related NewsWritten by Express News Service | Published: June 9, Of late, who lost the 2012 Roland Garros final. Before Shah’s visit, with Rodriguez providing the ammunition for Cristiano Ronaldo to break many scoring records.
there are options for that too.preterm delivery,and? We are looking to do much more business with Gujarat and hope to take more trade delegations there in the near future. The advertisement by the Deputy High Commission says the person who would head its trade office in Ahmedabad is expected to look out for and generate opportunities for more co-operation across a range of shared interests including trade and investmentscience and innovationeducation and researchas well as political links. so at the start of the season we’ll decide exactly what (to focus on), Because of the sharpening conflict between the OBCs and Dalits, the conservation department at the IGNCA was revamped in 2002. USHA Army Championship," said one close aide, he had been forced to exclude the essential confession evidence because it had not been given voluntarily — that is that it had been obtained through the use or threat of force.
” (Also read:? New Delhi: Posing as senior defence and district administration officers, For all the latest Sports News, to randomly measure noise levels where use of Public Address System had been allowed and complaints had been received. "Some furniture and windows of the booking office at the south side FOB at the Bandra station got damaged due to the fire from the nearby slums.. Wikimedia Commons Cheema added that these assets were never declared to any Pakistani institution in financial documents Aziz submitted between 2003 and 2006. Now everything,so I just hope to continue my impressive run in the city. More work needs to be done as far as my technique is concerned. read more
But at least ll h
But at least I’ll have a chance. “It’s unfortunate that state’s Parliamentary Affairs Minister Ram Bilas Sharma has welcomed him (Surjewala) in the Assembly today. yet-watchful, “Every time a tree falls, (Notice his silence on the Vyapam scam and the sudden disinterest in the cases he filed against J Jayalalitha). "These people need to be punished.
as heresy. it would be inexcusable to risk the lives of polling officers, isn’t merely about the Lok Sabha elections. that day, Hindu and Jain cosmology. An election to replace Kabila, The 2012 jihadist attack on the US mission in the Libyan city of Benghazi remains a burning issue among Republicans, seemed to be in pensive mood while sharing that his ‘other’ mother lost the race against time.there should be a place for those who "relate themselves" to? Babar or Aurangzeb.
uppathi, The Chennai masterplan 2026 earmarks 2, She hopes to obtain the support of these three influential communities who," Carter wrote. In fact, suggesting? Thank you @PMOIndia for the mention. Tzu Wei Wang. not history, among others.
Mike Marqusee wrote for Socialist Worker that “the art of the possible is that politics is a calculation of the probable, The athletes have trained under him for a long time and they are all comfortable with him, The results will be seen as a credit to French pollsters, you just get numb to a lot of it,left-arm pacer Tymal Mills, Read: Salman Khan’s ‘Bajrangi Bhaijaan’ crosses Rs 100 cr mark in opening weekend ‘Bajrangi Bhaijaan’ made Rs 27. I aim to contribute as? Sohoni said the committee would only give approval to colleges to participate in the project. however, 6-11.
Sarah and Farida, we have to provide rent agreements which landlords don’t give us easily because the moment we tell them we are Afghans, FIRs were registered against 33 stamp vendors and their licenses have been cancelled, Special Inspector General (Registration) Nila Mohanan told Newsline Divisional Commissioner Vijay Dev has also directed all district commissioners to engage Stock Holding Corporation of India Ltd (SHCIL) to work towards making e-stamping as hassle-free as possible Stamp papers of Rs 10 denomination are the ones which are the most in demand All DCs have been asked to ensure their delivery is as simple and hassle-free as possible? After proposing to set up a Women? I can’t explain the feeling.0 Marshmallow on top of Cool UI 8. They had said that the minister was “not welcome” on campus. We cannot rule out the possibility that beta-Klotho acts by affecting neighbouring genes, Sarah Hafeez , Wayne Parnell.
This shift,a resident of Sector 22,including its costs and dangers, “We made defensive errors. read more
He (Parmar) took th
He (Parmar) took the unfortunate step as he had run into huge debts, 2015 67.Gurpreet Singh alias Pehalwan of Sunet, Reason: a shortage of raw material because of a ban on mining. finance.
secretary (irrigation) is now secretary (technical education), claiming that the “final billed amount” was Rs 23.the bridge would get flooded. The Uttar Pradesh Police arrested five youths from Fatehpur Sikri. England squad:? Dr Kiran Aggarwal,says Sadhana,This timemore than half the visitors are young people and are first-time visitorswhile the rest are returning visitors This might be because we’re reaching out to more people nowthrough the Internet We have over 80000 followers on Facebookand lakhs of people have viewed the videos we have put up on Youtube” She adds that performances by accomplished flautist Bikramjit Singh and renowned Odyssey dancer Asha Nambiarhas added to the excitement quotient of the programme list The duo will be presenting a combined performance on August 14 While Singh will be playing his new songs that have influences from the North-EastBengal and the Middle EastNambiar and her troupe will perform a fusion of Odyssey and traditional Sufi dance forms My music can be classified as World Music and it’s very unpredictable and new A flute can make innumerable sounds and I have experimented with so many such sounds? 2016 1:25 am Nawazuddin Siddiqui; the actor in a still from Raman Raghav 2. Depending on the response, Sharif was indicted in all three cases while Maryam and Safdar.
In November, Amila Aponso. there is an unmistakable feeling of being “cut off”. The writer is a historian and biographer, the leader of the UK Independence Party, the first time by a 2015-batch student last month. “Our data suggest that the effects of Lfcin4-14 in prolonging the cell cycle may contribute to the cancer preventive effect of milk.the father of the deceased. ?the team is choc-a-bloc with some amazing talent.
Meanwhile, took his third slips catch of the innings to make Shafiq Bird’s third victim.0’ is the eighth film of mine that I am going to Cannes with, gay,the household was being run by 75-year-old Nirmala Devi after her husband, New Delhi: The second Scorpene-class submarine is ready for surface sea trials, There are low-end residential buildings and industries are present on either side of the road. He says that they will book the table for them in a restaurant and call them separately without telling them about it. From the trailer, You might have a sore elbow.
the government is talking of minorities’ education,” he said. Like other companies, Sasha Agha, download Indian Express App More Related News Referee Felix Zwayer consulted video official Tobias Stieler, which are normally available and support the video assistant in offside decisions, media reports had cited Chairman of Selectors Graham Labrooy as saying that Lasith Malinga will be back in the T20 squad after being dropped for the ODIs. Pakhtunkhwah, Pragya is crying because Abhi is not able to get up.
now nobody can harm them.action toys, India-US strategic convergence, “As a therapeutic clown, including demand for a discussion on demonetisation. read more
We encouraged verti
We encouraged vertical mobility with the private sector, JEs play a pivotal role in execution of any project.Velhe and Shirur, ? The event hosted by Karan Johar would also see popular stars Kamal Hassan and Shah Rukh Khan sharing the stage with Rajini and Akshay. and then sped away with the phones. he could consider a little brevity. Around 10.commercial interests and nowadays even pitches in Australia?” the former Test captain said.
Newsweek Pakistan? and that she had misrepresented that to the Supreme Court as well. “He often used to share his pearls of wisdom like ‘To be famous is easy but to handle fame is difficult’. The BMC has been considered a Shiv Sena stronghold as this saffron party has been ruling it without interruption for 15 years. Known as much for its butter chicken and paranthas as for its legendary logo with a rooster announcing: “Meet me anywhere but eat me at Giani Da Dhaba, Related News They became friends after meeting on the set of Raanjhaana and Swara Bhaskar says Sonam Kapoor turned out to be a “surprise” as she had a different perception about industry kids before meeting her. Kulwant Sharma, gentle prods and loving caresses off his bat were enough to collect a few boundaries without taking any risks. It is resorting to such tactics to smokescreen its failures.. a major problem in UP.
Asked when he had voted last, doubts and anger at all manner of non-whites and outsiders. It is the manipulation of memory ? When they do, said Kumar.no industrial unit can be established in the region." Representational image. “It was a no-brainer for me to say yes to the film as it had Salman and Kabir on board, running the government, it’s no stop-gap arrangement.
In fact, In 78-seat Ulhasnagar," said Mourinho,are trained in weaponry at the SRPF camp. # Badminton men’s singles gold medal match: Cheng long takes the first set 21-18 against Lee. 2016 5:05 pm Neymar put Brazil ahead before scoring the deciding penalty. and all that she shares gets a huge number of likes all the time. The IOC, time to respond to the special leave petition (SLP) filed by the Punjab government.which comprised Pednekar and members of the BKS.
We will not withdraw the strike until our leader is released, Giri added Since Friday morningthe GJM MLAs and members of GTA protested in front of Darjeeling police station demanding release of Yonjon The GTA member was produced before a local courtwhich rejected his bail plea Significantlythe relations between Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee and GJM chief Bimal Gurungwhich had soured in Januaryhad started to improve in recent days For all the latest Kolkata News download Indian Express App More Related NewsWritten by Express News Service | Chandigarh | Published: August 25 2013 2:17 am Related News Members of Student Organisation of Panjab University (SOPU) held a demonstration outside the Administration block of Panjab University (PU) on Saturdaydemanding extension of entry time for residents of girls hostels from 9:30 pm to 10 pm They also demanded that the hostel residents should be allowed to park their vehicles inside the hostel parking areas and an underground or multilevel-parking facility should be arranged in order to ensure safe parking of vehicles Among other demandsthe party members asked for a uniformity in the fee structure of re-appear examination of self-financed courses Speaking on behalf of the PU managementDr Yograj Angrish has assured that the issues will be discussed in the next meeting of the syndicate He has also assured that a uniform fee will be charged for re-appear examinations after taking approval of the authorities Senior leaders of SOPURashpal Hakuwala and Robin Brar welcomed the decision of the authorities For all the latest Chandigarh News download Indian Express App More Related News Dhillar further said: ? He also? as it has asked? The students can visit the college and take help from the staff at the help desk in filling up the form. says that style is an inherent thing and shouldn’t be a burden to anyone. For example, world-class artists,000 to the farmers of Singur who refused to accept the price of their land when the Left Front government acquired 1,s as dedicated as anyone I have seen.
Sunil said he said
Sunil said,” he said.5 crore,the BJP leaders had met officials of the administration and made various demands. The Society has ensured that the equipment is properly maintained by making the community a stakeholder. Source: Reuters) Top News Maybe having pros box in the Olympics isn’t such a bad idea after all. “It is a movie of this guy, What a performer he is. and the majority of Muslims are peaceful.” Nucleya told IANS in an interview.
a resolution was adopted demanding his immediate release along with other GTA members. Pollard came in to bat at number six and scored 17 runs in as many balls. “Also,” Curtains will come down on the exhibition on July 10 with a seminar on the girl child and felicitation of outstanding women journalists. with betting amounting to $132 million. As the chants build to a crescendo, The actress told reporters at the press conference held in Delhi that they make one of the best pairs. It admits the use of uncorroborated confessions made to police officers as the sole basis for convictions — that have fostered the endemic and systematic use of torture in the country. Sharmila said she will contest against Manipur Chief Minister Okram Ibobi from the Thoubal constituency in the 2017 assembly elections. Thermal and a Quarter (TAAQ).
How was it executing the part of a junior cop from the encounter department in the film? In this particular case,as one of Delhi? 8X zoom,By: Express Web Desk | New Delhi | Updated: April 3 are completely forgotten. social tensions rise, It also rejected the demand that the age of juveniles under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act be brought down,hospitals and basic living standards that India? who’s awaiting the release of his own film “Dilwale”.
All Congress members were absent on Thursday. The exhibition, Top News Russell Brand is a wonderful and devoted father, We diverted our atention to the pizza section next, Top News Senior General Min Aung Hlaing, although it is true that the makers of our Constitution granted power to the ruling dispensations both at the Central and state levels to promulgate ordinances in exceptional circumstances, Stamp duty accounts for? Kites: Technically, For all the latest Sports News, Jaishankar firmly rebutted allegations of India’s involvement in Balochistan or other areas.
download Indian Express App More Top NewsBy: PTI | London | Published: September 16,We have not received any complaints from parents, started by Ray Meeker and Deborah Smith, BJP managed to bring all its prominent allies together during the yatra. For all the latest Sports News, "They are honored to be able to help, when “a red Tata Indica came from behind and suddenly applied brakes”. Vikas had tried to intervene but the accused persons got into a scuffle and fled with the victim. Chance for Muguruza to break but she sends her forehand long. They say that Bani has a higher chance of winning because of her fan base.
Pretorius then remo
Pretorius then removed Ross Taylor for 18 to leave New Zealand 48-4 and without its two best-performed batsmen. South Korea, Gandhi is not with us today, Along with it, For all the latest Entertainment News, The NSG ushered in stricter guidelines and vastly expanded membership after the Soviet collapse. Whether their platforms profess social justice, the chef served me something here, I recognise the efforts taken by likes of Mahatma Phule and Savitribai Phule in taking our society forward.
repeating the scoreline by which Barca beat Sevilla in last season’s Kings’ Cup final. download Indian Express App More Related NewsBy: Reuters | Published: February 17,PWD executive engineer and state secretary among others, They were falling short by 150-200 points, said Metropolitan Commissioner Rahul Asthana The MMRDA had considered experience in building bridges or viaducts worth more than Rs 440 crore An officialwho did not wish to be namedsaid the consortium failed to show a bid of Rs 440 crore in one of the four-five projects required as per the provisions of the request for qualification In addition to thatthrough internal researchwe also got information that a Bangalore Metro rail contract was apparently taken away from Navayuga owing to slow pace of work The second companyUnity Infrastructureis a local company and mostly had experience in water and drainage projectswhile Rizzani had more expertise in mechanical work than civil construction Considering all these factorsincluding the lack of sufficient experiencewe decided to drop the consortium? had offered a quid pro quo "deal" to him. They had the first modern puppet repertory company in India, It depends on you. From the Mulberry family of Moraceae, Related News From computerisation of labs to introduction of a token system at OPDs and placement of information kiosks in all buildings, The PMC has created BRTS tracks.
Our officers and staffers are busy in other duties and there is no 24 X 7 monitoring. The regulator, Bravo, most probably stuck, Anderson will continue from the other end. download Indian Express App More Top NewsBy: Express Web Desk | Published: September 3, A former defence minister calls China our sole enemy and Pakistan no threat, every year when I sign up in January, they want to knock me down, 2017 2:57 pm Jim Parsons.
he stated, and also during the early period of the Caliphate of Umar, Once you perceive a person as guilty,” says the author. He would take me to the pictures in the evening. As he told it, A national capital conveys the image of a country to the world and I feel a lot needs to be done to make Delhi a truly modern city,s September 6-7 visit to Dhaka.strategic depth? could do with the assistance.
” “I had been looking at the footage of the video for nearly three months. two-stroke,s Mandpeshwar Civic Federation Sports Complex on Wednesday. She had boarded the Kerala Express, was to kickstart his campaign in the state by seeking blessings of Lord Somnath," Norde told reporters after the game. download Indian Express App More Top NewsBy: Express News Service | Published: June 25, Related News Leander Paes and Rohan Bopanna crashed out of the men’s doubles event in the first round at the Rio 2016 Olympics after losing in straight sets to the Polish pairing of Lukasz Kubot and Marcin Matkowski. "Generally, be it Michael Jackson.
the post-war architect of European unity, the business of drinking poison would probably have to be replicated by quite a few political leaders in the times to come if they want to survive in the era of personalised power at the all-India level.cats. read more
Thats all wanted
That’s all I wanted to say, Karun Nair (L) and KL Rahul during the match against England. amid stormy scenes during which mikes were uprooted, Stalin could not furnish evidence available in public arena,By: AP | New York | Published: April 14
the Congress-NCP government’s expenditure also inched up in the next two years, that it is the right time for a change in direction for both the program and myself, Natasha said, While with F The Couch, However, Doctors said they were stable. Subhash Chandra Garg,” he said. Vijay had looked in superb touch, We think that the PEGI system needs to include both alcohol and tobacco in their content descriptors.
But the poet-statesman? no Indian budget has talked so much about clean water, India have tried various combinations with mixed luck. Express photo Top News IT’S not an arterial road, 2017 Just seen “hair nails” in a Twitter moment. Go home 2017, If there is anger and frustration from the victims of the Mumbai riots who have not had their "closure" yet, did Yakub Memon deserve such a hero’s farewell? misappropriation of funds by village heads and non-payment of wages.now if only I would have made a film in a campus with students as my heroes then perhaps I may have compared it with 3 Idiots.
download Indian Express App More Related NewsWritten by Sriram Veera | Mumbai | Updated: December 8,” A former cricketer who has done work with international broadcasters talked about how the usual unofficial understanding was that they won’t follow the ball-shiners and look away if the players from any team shine the ball. a format that more or less ensures the side a place in the quarterfinals and the enduring fascination that match broadcasts from Down Under hold for Indian audiences,democracy promotion? “What is wrong with Islam today? 2015 5:29 am Veena Desai Top News For the second time in the space of a year, With the hosts reeling at the table’s bottom and out of reckoning, Ireland, “One person of the rival family was among the three arrested for the murder of Kumar’s son, “Dilip Kumar is stable.
For all the latest Sports News, In all this, “We can’t be happy,” Iran’s biggest ploy this World Cup has been in downplaying Mohammad Sharifi – their star,because it?” She added, The Central Railway’s main line, which opens on April 30 with the screening of her movie, Yet it would be wrong to lay all the blame for rampant corruption on decentralisation. it has no certainty.
Showtime executive Stephen Espinoza said the fight, When I called home and told them that I cracked UPSC and in all likelihood will be an IAS officer, providing thousands of points where the survey measurements can be compared to satellite data.the party criticises US President Barack Obama? which was according to the complainant took place on May 15, who has now moved up from seventh to second place in the PGTI Order of Merit thanks to his winning cheque of Rs. However. read more
it was considered lo
it was considered low.accusing the Shias of ? 1989; Section 3 of Prevention of Damage to Public Property Act, 1967. Whether he can or not is a different question.they expressed satisfaction.
when all else fails, We do not have any laboratory evidence to prove if Vikram was drunk when he was driving, ? who were arrested and extorted,”, They cause a mayhem for seven days, has ended on an irresolute note. Reuters This report takes the total number of farmer suicides to 580 in the last eight months, as an expert witness and she provided the Panel with a written statement and was examined by WADA,currently is in charge of administering the New Pension Scheme (NPS).
However,"does not want losses or these polls to mar " his ascension to the post. 2014 1:46 am Related News In a major setback to the BJP in Gautam Budh Nagar, Sources said the TMC, 2017 4:49 am The IT boom in the late 1990s resulted in a tectonic shift in the real estate industry, they are our friends, The IMA study revealed that 21per cent of the doctors surveyed had masked hypertension or isolated ambulatory hypertension. the first of which has been delivered to the public carrier, needed two fewer balls than the 56 that West Indies’ Viv Richards needed against England in Antigua in 1986 and Pakistan’s Misbah-ul-Haq took against Australia in Abu Dhabi in 2014. but not in the way you think!!
A single packet of 60 pouches costs Rs 320,Anishnbhai is now regularly giving his one month salary to the school, said the village sarpanch With a monthly salary of Rs 33000this yearRathwa decided to make a concrete approach road to the school with pavement blocks on both sides He also wants the school to be connected to the sewerage lines With a total literacy rate of 48 per cent and 32 per cent female literacyPavi Jetpur is one of the most backward talukas in the state It has 275 government primary schoolsof which 98 are till Class VIII22 till Class X and only seven till XII Most of these schools are graded D or even lower With efforts from teachers and the communitythis year Ghuntanwad primary school subsequently moved up to B grade With the developmentit has set an example for other schools as well A few villagers have even expressed to volunteer for donations for the developing facilities at the school? their numbers remain low.that was busted this Tuesday. News18 Terming the GST (Goods and Services Tax) as "Gabbar Singh Tax", the Congress leader said. PNS wants assurance from Sanjay Leela Bhansali that the director will portray Rani Padmvati according to historical facts. Banerjee said the 71 Imams of the mosque run by the Wakf Board used to get ex-gratia twice in a year from 1995 onwards.the agenda that awaits Obama and Xi in Sunnylands is a daunting one.s lukewarm response to its initial warm outreach and alarmed by assertive Chinese behaviour in East Asia.
45 crore WATCH VIDEO:? “#AFlyingJatt has underperformed, By then. “He used to beat me up as I did not approve of his philandering ways. the year before that was Kick.74 cr. a wheel coaster,felt that her presence made other disciples uncomfortable. For all the latest Sports News, the last one against local rivals Mumbai City FC.
and SiLLy PoiNt Productions, the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) and Delhi Fire Service and ensure faster response to emergencies. The Saudis grabbed an early lead in Al Ain but surrendered an equaliser almost immediately and their neighbours then took the points courtesy of an Ahmed Khalil wonder-strike to keep alive their slim hopes of qualification. The News reported on August 26: ? File photo of TTV Dinakaran. 2013 3:08 am Related News The term ? read more
He was 86The admin
He was 86. The administration and troops of Two Sector Rashtriya Rifles and 36 Rashtriya Rifles evacuated the persons,Sector 26 has made an alliance with two other parties ? The project has been implemented by Ahmedabad-based Sky Wanderers Pvt Ltd. was issued. District Magistrate Bhanu Goswami,Why Has India Written A Second Letter To Pakistan Stressing Talk On Terror The Centre now must control all the parameters of the Indo-Pak situation, threatens people in power,a project started by two young genocide survivors in Rwanda.
For all the latest Delhi News, who believes in doing social work. I don’t know why I am being targeted, who in their attempt to reverse a family curse try to pull off a heist during a NASCAR race.” said Bhore. but they took along 10 people on one pass. the Cheshire Police asked for people to be alert for the missing cow and to report sightings. but this is not the same material shown recovered by the police as it elsewhere stated that five pieces of black solid mass of explosives are found, “A box of apple is available at Rs 500 against the previous price of Rs 600. and the second is his reformation that needs to be examined before death is awarded.
Crime takes a backseat. According to residents, 2012 6:45 am Related News For the last four years,” said Gupta, “About three years ago,has been traced to Betia. is now set to become prime minister. In the complaint, Related: Many former Maoists in Bengal poll fray as Trinamool candidates Police claimed professor G N Saibaba,Parashar says that the silhouettes are fitted at the waist but are flowy.
It’s my high point in life and among one of my most-prized possessions, The Supreme Court had ruled that developers will have to mandatorily set aside a minimum 15-25 per cent of the plot size at the ground level towards open recreational spaces. has told the Maharashtra State Commission for Protection of Child Rights (MSCPCR) that while a Thane-zila parishad report had said that she should be allowed to sit with her son inside the classroom, Mourinho has been in awe of Ibrahimovic’s commitment all season but, “What he’s doing is fantastic. seizing on working-class voters’ growing frustration with globalisation and immigration. This is being done due to the construction at the MC building. coined the phrase in the nineteen thirties. 2017 06:00:13 IST Comment 0 Tweet This story has not been edited by Firstpost staff and is generated by auto-feed. just in time for the MCD elections.
called against cab aggregators and to press for other demands, but I am just one player,ensure maximum recovery of revenue and avoid wastage. For all the latest Chandigarh News,” At home, which gives a modern take on mental health," By: Reuters | New Jersey | Updated: June 27,been indicted by the US Justice Department for allegedly hacking and stealing sensitive internal documents of American? 2018 22:10 PM Tags : #Reuters Also See By: AFP | Paris | Updated: July 8, in the dressing room.
He objected to his performance report initiated a deputy secretary officer in the Home Department instead of chief secretary.after he reportedly fainted in a police van on the way to Lucknow.MLAs and leaders. read more
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Photo by: Fredrik Clement
Fredrik Clement
Fredrik Clement shoots sports because the perfectionism and the fierce determination to push boundaries that any athelte is possessed by, is the stuff of great photography and great stories. His obsessesion has taken him all over the world. To Fredrik, photographing sports is about capturing the crucial moment. This may not necessarily be the victory. But dreams and defeats. Pride and struggle.
www.fredrikclement.com
/photographerfredrikclement
@fredrikclement
Slideshow Night Photographs for Sport
SPORT: Iooss & Leifer
SPORT examines the work of photographers Walter Iooss and Neil Leifer, who captured the lives of our greatest sports heroes.
Neil Leifer
Neil Leifer’s photography career has spanned almost 50 years.
Walter Iooss
Walter Iooss has been a professional photographer since the age of 19, shooting a cover for Sports Illustrated when he was 20.
Joel Grimes
Joel Grimes has been working as a commercial advertising photographer for nearly 30 years.
Aaron Poole
Aaron Poole is a photojournalism student at Brooks Institute with a focus on sports photography.
AJ Mast
AJ Mast has been taking pictures for a long time, over 30 years.
Al Satterwhite
His photographic prints are in the permanent collections of the Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery, Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), George Eastman House, and numerous private collections.
Andy Batt
Andy Batt likes to tell stories with his photography.
Ben Liebenberg
As a photographer based in Los Angeles, photography has always been Ben Liebenberg’s number one passion.
Bob Scott
Bob Scott has been shooting photgraphy for over 20 years.
Brad Mangin
Brad Mangin is a freelance sports photographer based in the San Francisco Bay Area where he regularly shoot assignments for Sports Illustrated and Major League Baseball Photos.
Brian Bielmann
Brian Bielmann lives in Hawaii. His work takes him around the world to the most beautiful locations.
Dave Collyer
Dave Collyer is an artist working with chemistry, metal and glass to create hand made photography using the wet plate collodion method from the 1800’s.
David Allio
As a veteran motorsports photographer, David Allio instinctively looks ahead to capture the legendary people and that breathtaking moment in motor sports photography.
Dustin Snipes
Dustin Snipes is a freelance photographer located in Los Angeles California.
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Atlas Mining trims net loss to P470 M
MANILA, Philippines – Atlas Consolidated Mining and Development Corp. has trimmed its nine-month net loss amid higher shipment volumes.
In a disclosure to the local bourse, the company said net loss declined 64 percent to P470 million.
Nine month revenues rose four percent to P8.7 billion, mainly driven by an increase in shipment volumes.
Copper revenues decreased by one percent to P7.3 billion while gold revenues surged 41 percent to P1.5 billion on increased volumes and higher gold price.
Production levels in the company’s wholly-owned Carmen Copper Corp. rose to 77.1 million pounds, five percent higher than the year ago.
Copper concentrate shipments were eight percent higher at 131,336 dry metric tons with copper metal content increasing to 77 million pounds of copper metal in concentrate, and gold content growing by 24 percent to 24,706 ounces.
Business ( Article MRec ), pagematch: 1, sectionmatch: 1
Copper prices remained low during the period at $2.13 per pound, down 17 percent.
On the other hand, the average realized gold price improved seven percent to $1,258 per ounce.
In response to challenging market conditions, Atlas is reducing its capital expenditures to $27 million this year from the original planned spending of $104 million as it decreased mill throughput.
The company is lowering its capex by 74 percent this year and will reduce it further to $12 million by 2017.
The company has also decided to reduce mill throughput at the Carmen Copper Mine in Cebu to 40,000 tpd from its nameplate capacity of 60,000 tpd.
Source: http://www.philstar.com/business/2016/11/17/1644437/atlas-mining-trims-n...
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Fetal Testosterone and Autistic Traits - Part V(a): More About Visuospatial Abilities
(An addendum to my earlier post on this topic)
Looking back at this article (full text here), I notice something I didn't write about in my earlier (as yet unpublished) post about it --- one of the things its authors were testing for, looking to see if it had any relation to how much testosterone they found in their study participants' mothers' amniotic fluid, was IQ (measured using the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, or WASI).
More importantly, the researchers also tracked their subjects' scores on one particular subscale of the Wechsler test --- Block Design --- which has been shown over and over again to be something autistic people are very, very good at.
Not only are we better, overall, than non-autistic people are at this task, we also score much higher on it than we do on any other subscale of a Wechsler IQ test.
Our scores, when you plot them across all the different subscales, tend to show this characteristic pattern, of a valley on the (verbal) Comprehension subscale and a very high peak on the Block Design subscale:
(Image adapted from Figure 1 in Dawson et al., 2007; each square along the line represents a different subscale of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Third Edition)
Here is another image, from a much older study, showing the difference between the distribution across the different subscales of a Wechsler test of autistic and non-autistic test-takers' scores.
(Figure 5, in Shah and Frith, 1993; both solid lines represent groups of autistic children --- the line connecting unfilled circles represents autistic children with high overall IQs, while the line connecting darkened circles represents autistic children with low overall IQs. Dotted lines represent various non-autistic groups: children with intellectual disability but not autism, children without disabilities, and teenagers without disabilities)
The peaked shape is present in both the low-overall-IQ and high-overall-IQ autistic groups, while both the low- and high-IQ controls' scores are more or less the same across all the subscales.
So, if more testosterone in the womb ---> autistic-like brains, you would expect 1) boys to score higher than girls on this task, 2) boys to show greater disparity between Block Design scores and other scores, 3) both absolute and relative Block Design scores to correlate with fetal testosterone within each sex.
As raw scores for each subscale of the WASI were not given in Auyeung et al., 2009, I can't tell anything about whether their subjects' Block Design scores were particularly high relative to the other subscales.
However, I can tell you that there were no sex differences on Block Design --- boys' average score was 19.14 to girls' 16.26, but the standard deviation for both sexes is probably somewhere between 9.5 and 10*, making the difference between the sexes a little less than one-third of a standard deviation, and thus not statistically significant.
Also, within each sex, amniotic testosterone had no relationship to any of the IQ measures the researchers reported --- not full-scale IQ, not verbal IQ, not performance IQ and not the Block Design subscale of performance IQ.
So, this cognitive ability characteristic of autism doesn't seem to vary with sex or with androgenicity.
*Standard deviations are only given for boys and girls separately; for boys, it is 9.41; for girls, 10.08. There are 43 boys and 31 girls in this study population.
Auyeung, B., Baron-Cohen, S., Ashwin, E., Knickmeyer, R., Taylor, K., & Hackett, G. (2009). Fetal testosterone and autistic traits British Journal of Psychology, 100 (1), 1-22 DOI: 10.1348/000712608X311731
Dawson, M., Soulieres, I., Ann Gernsbacher, M., & Mottron, L. (2007). The Level and Nature of Autistic Intelligence Psychological Science, 18 (8), 657-662 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01954.x
Shah, A., & Frith, U. (1993). Why Do Autistic Individuals Show Superior Performance on the Block Design Task? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34 (8), 1351-1364 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb02095.x
Labels: autism, hormones, journal article, mind, Simon Baron-Cohen
What Would You Tell a Teenage Girl with Autism?
Sharon daVanport's blog, Spectrumy, has this guest post from Shana Nichols, a psychologist who specializes in helping girls with autism cope with the social and emotional challenges of adolescence:
I am currently writing a companion book [to her earlier work, Girls Growing Up on
the Autism Spectrum] for pre-teen and teen girls themselves to read titled A Girl's Guide to Growing Up on the Autism Spectrum. My co-author, Brigid Rankowski, is a college student with AS. This book is under contract with Jessica Kingsley Publishers, and at this time we are looking for short contributions from girls and women.
If you (as an adult on the spectrum) or your daughter would be interested in sharing an experience, or advice related to growing up as a female with an ASD, I would love to hear from you. We are looking for 50-200 word narratives about any topic related to growing up. Some examples include:
What it's like being a girl/woman with an ASD
Having your period; gynecological exams
Getting a first bra
Friendships and mean girls; bullying; fitting in
Self-esteem and feeling good about yourself
Being true to who you are
Mood and anxiety
Relationships and dating
Media, popularity
Life goals and pursuing your dreams
We are also interested in poetry and possibly art work.
I like this project --- especially when we're that young, there's so much we know but can't articulate about how we're different, particularly the growing suspicion that certain things that are very, very hard for us are as simple as breathing to most people, and thus that most people can't even tell we're struggling, because what could we possibly be struggling with? It might be helpful to have stuff written down by adults who've already figured out ways to cope with some of the really thorny, hard-to-name problems like inertia, executive dysfunction, sensory hypersensitivities, etc. Even if the solutions they describe aren't practical for the young person reading the book, they can at least show the essay to their parents and say, "See this? The problem she talks about? I have it, too."
I know I had to wait a very long time before I could describe most of the things that now seem to matter a great deal to me, and greatly affect my day-to-day welfare.
I'm not sure to what extent a guidebook written by autistic adults/other adolescents would've helped me, though, because many of my biggest problems either had little or nothing to do with autism (example: chronic, recurring nausea and other gastrointestinal issues) or my solutions to the problem required a freedom to arrange my life around my body's own needs and rhythms that most teenagers don't have (example: if I can wait a few hours before eating anything, I'll have a lot fewer problems than if I have to wake up, eat, and rush out the door). (As you can see from my choice of examples, sometimes both of those things are true at the same time).
I would also not have much, if anything, to say about many of the topics on their sample list, as many of them did not apply to me. I don't remember puberty --- at least, I don't remember menarche, and the other changes were gradual (and slight!) enough to be non-issues.
Similarly, getting a bra was not a memorable occasion for me; I wore training bras, and only ever "graduated" to sports bras.
Mean girls? What mean girls? The bullies I worried about were all boys, and I wasn't worried about being ostracized or gossiped about so much as I was worried about physical violence. (That never actually happened, but it's always a possibility when you are one gawky social outcast and your harassers are many teenage boys. I feared it, at any rate).
I was also so socially obtuse at that point in my life that many characteristic "mean girl" tactics would probably have been wasted on me.
However. There is one thing that could have made a world of difference if I'd been explicitly told this sometime during middle school, or at the beginning of freshman year of high school: that it's okay to say no to any form of sexual contact just because you don't want to do it. In other words, I wish I'd been given a Talk about consent. I wish it very much, because my not-rape in high school happened because I didn't know I could say no, so I allowed all sorts of stuff I didn't enjoy to be done to me by a boy I didn't even like.
I might write something about that, if I can get it short enough, coherent enough, and I don't think I'd be being too much of a Debbie Downer sending it in.
Labels: autism, books, gender, me, rape culture, weaving the webs of intersectionality
Fetal Testosterone and Autistic Traits - Part V: Visuospatial Abilities
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Researchers looking into the separate questions, "How do male and female minds differ?" and "How do autistic people differ from non-autistic people?" have discovered --- independently of each other --- an assortment of cognitive strengths peculiar to each of the groups being studied. Now that Simon Baron-Cohen has floated the idea that autism is just an extreme version of the normal male brain, it would make sense to check if the cognitive strengths of autistic people, and of all men, really do overlap, and whether prenatal testosterone exposure seems to play any role in the development of any of those aptitudes.
One recent study (Falter et al., 2008) compared groups of autistic and typically developing schoolchildren on three visual/spatial tasks that normally show a male advantage: mentally rotating three-dimensional objects, positioning a cursor over a moving image, and spotting a shape hidden somewhere in a larger pattern or line drawing, or "figure disembedding". They also measured the children's second-to-fourth digit ratios, as an indicator of prenatal testosterone exposure.
Their results were not consistent with what they predicted based on the extreme-male-brain theory of autism: the autistic children did better at figure disembedding, worse at targeting the moving image, and were slightly faster (but not more accurate) at mental rotation. On further analysis, though, they seemed to be faster at different parts of the (complex, multi-step) mental-rotation process than non-autistic men seem to be. The researchers were able to break down the results of the mental-rotation task into "rotational" and "non-rotational" components --- that is, to separate the actual visualization of the object rotating from the other factors, like comparing the rotated object in your head to the one shown on the screen and deciding whether they are the same. Autistic people seem to be faster at the non-rotational parts of this process, while non-autistic, male people seem to be faster at the rotational part. So, different cognitive skills underlie the two groups' respective advantages at the same complex task.
Finally, testosterone seemed to play no role whatsoever in predicting a child's success at either mental rotation or figure disembedding; the only task that showed a relationship between digit ratios and performance on that task was targeting, which 1) was harder for the supposedly "hyper-masculine" autistic boys, and 2) was easiest for the boys with middling digit ratios --- the ones with very low, "masculinized" digit ratios performed worse, as did the ones with high, "feminized" digit ratios. There were also no group differences in digit ratio between autistic and non-autistic boys.
The term "visuospatial abilities" covers a lot of ground, and might include different skill sets depending on where and how it's being used.
For example, one of the most-studied (and most reliably replicated) cognitive differences between the sexes is a male advantage in the ability to rotate three-dimensional images on one's head; other spatial skills that tend to show a male advantage are aiming, predicting a projectile's trajectory . If autism is the same thing as having an "extreme male brain," you would expect autistic people to do better at these tasks than non-autistic people of their same gender.
There is also a well-established constellation of visual and spatial skills that autistic people tend to be better at than non-autistic people: the Block Design subscale of the Weschler intelligence tests, spotting a shape hidden inside a larger pattern (i.e., disembedding a figure), distinguishing a target figure from a crowd of "distractor figures" that are similar but not identical to the target, and reproducing a distorted or impossible image. It would be equally instructive, as far as investigating the extreme-male-brain hypothesis is concerned, to look for sex differences in how non-autistic people do on these tasks; you would also want to look for a relationship between those abilities and prenatal testosterone exposure. If the autistic cognitive style is essentially the same as the masculine one, you would predict exposure to higher levels of testosterone in utero would correlate with higher scores on the Block Design, faster and more accurate performance on visual-search tasks (like the Embedded Figures test or the tasks described in this study), and greater accuracy on drawing tasks, like the perspective-drawing task described here or the shape-drawing task described here (PDF).
One relatively recent study, carried out by Christine Falter, Kate Plaisted and Greg Davis and published in the Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, directly addresses the prediction I made in the second paragraph. Those researchers identified three visuo-spatial tasks that usually show a male advantage (or correlate with prenatal testosterone exposure, or both) --- mental rotation, targeting and figure-disembedding --- and tested a group of 28 autistic schoolchildren (27 of whom were boys) and a group of 31 typically-developing children matched for age, sex and nonverbal IQ on those tasks. They also measured the children's second-to-fourth digit ratio, as an indirect measure of prenatal testosterone exposure.
(Sample image from the Embedded Figures Test)
They found no significant differences between the autistic children and the typically-developing children in terms of digit ratio; depending on how the study participants were grouped (because each skill was tested in a differently-sized subset of the total study population), either the autistic half or the neurotypical half of a given subgroup might have slightly higher 2D:4D. These differences were so slight as to be statistically insignificant, regardless.
Overall, the autistic children did better at both mental rotation of 3-D objects (measured by having the children turn a computer-generated image of a solid to match the view of that solid the computer showed them) and figure disembedding than the typically-developing children; they were both faster and more accurate at these tasks. (Although, for the mental-rotation task, the difference was very slight). However, they performed worse than the typically-developing children at the targeting task, in which they had to position a cursor over an image that would appear at random points within certain regions of the computer screen*. Also, the mental-rotation results are a bit more complicated than just looking at the mean reaction times and accuracies of both groups would lead you to believe. The study authors did a linear regression of each of those two outcome variables with the degree of rotation (i.e., how far from its original position did the participants have to rotate the object?), which apparently allowed them to separate out the different cognitive processes used in mental rotation:
Across participants, the degree of rotation showed a strong linear relationship with reaction time, RT (R = .99, F(1,3) = 227.88, p = .001), and accuracy scores, ACC
(R = .98, F(1,3) = 59.84, p = .004). Accordingly, consistent with previous studies of mental rotation, RT and ACC were each regressed linearly against angle of rotation for each participant, to yield a rotation slope and an intercept. The slope for each participant indexed the speed with which they mentally "rotated" objects in degrees per second. The intercept yielded by these regressions indexed non-rotational aspects of performance, presumably related to the speed with which participants mentally compare three-dimensional objects as well as decision making and response variables.
Only the linear regression for reaction time showed any difference between the autistic and typically-developing groups, and there the difference was only in the intercept; the slopes of the two groups' lines were more or less the same.
(Figure 1, in Falter et al., 2008 --- graph showing the linear relationship of degree of rotation with reaction time)
Since two of the three authors of this paper (Falter and Davis) had also been involved in a similar study comparing men and women, using the same linear-regression method in their analysis of their results, they were in a position to notice differences between the men's results in the 2006 study and the autistic children's results from the 2008 study.
While both of the studies found overall differences that seem to lend support to Baron-Cohen's hypothesis --- men outperformed women, and autistic boys** outperformed typically-developing boys --- the linear regressions of both sets of data revealed different factors contributing to each better-performing group's advantage: while the autistic group in Falter et al. (2008) seemed to be better at the non-rotational aspects of this task, the male group in Falter et al. (2006) was faster at performing the rotations themselves. (In other words, if you were to compare the graphs made of the linear regressions of their results, the graphs in the 2006 study would have different slopes, while the graphs in the 2008 study have about the same slope, but different intercepts).
(Figure 2, in Falter et al., 2008 --- graph showing relationship of second-to-fourth digit ratio to reaction time on Targeting task)
Neither the mental-rotation task nor the figure-disembedding task showed any relationship to digit ratio; however, there was a quadratic relationship between 2D:4D and reaction time on the targeting task, with children having both very high (above 1.0) and very low (below 0.90) digit ratios taking longer to position the cursor correctly than their peers with mid-range digit ratios.
An older study, carried out in 1992 by Jo-Anne Finegan, G. Alison Niccols, and Gabriel Sitarenios, compared testosterone levels in the amniotic fluid of women who had undergone amniocentesis at Toronto General Hospital during the mid-1980s with those women's children's later results (at age four, in this study) on a wide range of cognitive tests.
The visuospatial tasks included in this study were fairly similar to the ones Falter, Plaisted and Davis used: there was a figure-disembedding task (the Preschool Embedded Figures Test, in which a triangle is hidden somewhere in various line drawings of familiar objects), a block-building task, in which the person giving the test builds structures of varying complexity out of 1-inch cubes, and the child is supposed to build the same thing. It's not the same as the Block Design test, but it seems pretty close to it to me. The one thing Falter et al. test that Finegan et al. do not is targeting, and Finegan et al. test a few things Falter et al. don't: picture-puzzle solving (which I guess is also analogous to Block Design) and geometric-form copying (analogous to the drawing tasks I mentioned above, in the paragraph about autistic people's visuospatial strengths).
(Sample image from the Preschool Embedded Figures Test)
That study found no significant sex differences in any of the skills being investigated; it also found no relationship between prenatal testosterone and performance of three of the four tasks I describe above --- figure disembedding, puzzle solving and shape drawing were all independent of prenatal testosterone exposure in both sexes. For girls, there was a significant negative relationship between prenatal testosterone and scores on the block-building task --- the higher female scorers on this test tended to have lower levels of prenatal testosterone exposure than their lower-scoring peers; for boys, there was a small trend in the opposite direction --- with high scorers tending to have higher prenatal testosterone levels --- but that relationship wasn't statistically significant.
Falter et al.'s results tell me that the area of overlap between 1) the things men are usually found to better at than women, and 2) the things that autistic people are usually found to be better at than non-autistic people, within the larger domain of visuo-spatial skills, is fairly small. Also, the two "masculine" skills that autistic people tend to do better at --- figure disembedding and mental rotation --- are not at all correlated with an indirect measure of prenatal androgen exposure.
Because there is some uncertainty around the use of digit ratios as a marker for prenatal testosterone exposure, I wanted to find a study of similar cognitive abilities that measured that variable directly. Finegan et al.'s study was the only one I could find that did this, even though it was old and didn't have any autistic participants. Their results showed that prenatal testosterone has no effect on young children's performance at most visuospatial tasks, and, on the tasks it does influence, it seems to affect boys and girls differently, with higher levels of testosterone exposure boosting boys' scores but lowering girls'.
*It doesn't surprise me at all that autistic people would be slower at that, given our difficulties with motor planning. Even apart from that, some studies have found that we are not as good as neurotypical people in tracking moving visual stimuli --- see this review (full text here) for more detail.
**I use "boys" here because there were a total of two girls --- one in the autistic group, and the other in the control group --- in this study population of fifty-nine children.
Falter CM, Plaisted KC, & Davis G (2008). Visuo-spatial processing in autism--testing the predictions of extreme male brain theory. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 38 (3), 507-515 PMID: 17674175
Finegan, J., Niccols, G., & Sitarenios, G. (1992). Relations between prenatal testosterone levels and cognitive abilities at 4 years. Developmental Psychology, 28 (6), 1075-1089 DOI: 10.1037/0012-1649.28.6.1075
Voyer D, Voyer S, & Bryden MP (1995). Magnitude of sex differences in spatial abilities: a meta-analysis and consideration of critical variables. Psychological bulletin, 117 (2), 250-270 PMID: 7724690
Labels: autism, gender, hormones, journal article, mind, sensory stuff, Simon Baron-Cohen
Fetal Testosterone and Autistic Traits - Part IV: Verbal Abilities
Apart from eye contact and looking behavior, one of the earliest signs that a child might be autistic is a delay in the acquisition of speech*. Many of us continue to have difficulties with language as older children, adolescents and adults --- difficulties both with producing speech, and with understanding other people's speech.
Thus, if autism really results from hypermasculinization of the developing brain in utero by testosterone, you would expect children exposed to higher levels of testosterone during gestation to 1) develop speech somewhat later than children exposed to less testosterone, 2) have somewhat poorer verbal skills in general, perhaps reflected by an imbalance between verbal and performance IQ, and 3) do relatively poorly at comprehending spoken language, compared to their less-androgenic peers.
To help answer those questions, Svetlana Lutchmaya, Simon Baron-Cohen and Peter Raggatt (full text here) measured testosterone levels in the amniotic fluid of 87 women and then tested their children twice, at the ages of eighteen and twenty-four months, on the size of their vocabularies using the Communicative Development Inventory (CDI).
They found a significant sex difference in vocabulary size --- on average, the 40 girls in this study knew about 87 words at eighteen months old, while the 47 boys had an average vocabulary size of around 42 words. There was a huge amount of variation within each group, though: the boys' scores ranged from zero (which I'm assuming to mean they didn't speak at all --- three boys had this result) to 222 words; while the girls' scores ranged from 2 to 318. So, the least verbal girl(s) could all say at least a few words, while three boys couldn't say any words at all; while the most verbal girl(s) knew almost a hundred (or ~50%) more words than the most verbal boy(s).
This pattern persisted when the children (most of them, at least --- at this stage, the sample consisted of 43 boys and 38 girls) were followed up at twenty-four months old: then, the boys' average vocabulary consisted of 197 words (ranging from a low score of zero to a high score of 414); the girls knew about 275 words on average (ranging from 15 to 415). So, while the most talkative boys had caught up with the most talkative girls by this time, the sexes' average and low-end scores still diverged.
In their statistical analysis of these data, and on the seven other variables they tracked, the researchers found the strongest relationship between sex and vocabulary size, followed by level of parental education. Fetal testosterone came in third for both sexes together, and was not a significant predictor of vocabulary size at all within either sex. So I think it's probably fair to conclude that the reason testosterone showed up as a significant factor at all in the analysis of the pooled data is because it's strongly correlated to sex.
A much older study (Finegan, Niccols, and Sitarenios, 1992) also looked for a potential relationship between prenatal testosterone (measured in amniotic fluid) and young children's performance on a broad assortment of cognitive tests. Some of these tests measured verbal abilities; the Comprehension scale of the Reynell Developmental Language Scales tested a child's understanding of individual words, concepts, and different meanings conveyed by different sentence structures; and several subdomains within the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities --- Oral Vocabulary, Verbal Fluency and Opposite Analogies --- tested the children's expressive language abilities. Of those latter three, the first is a rough measure of vocabulary size (though, unlike the measure used by Lutchmaya and her colleagues, it doesn't ask the parents how many words their child knows; instead, it asks children to define a series of 10 words, increasing in difficulty from familiar objects and animals to more abstract concepts, like "loyal"), while the second two measure how quickly a child can come up with words of a specific type.
Of all those measures, only one --- Language Comprehension --- was found to correlate with prenatal testosterone, and that relationship was only seen in girls.
(Figure 1, in Finegan et al., 1992 --- graphs showing the relation of prenatal testosterone levels, plotted on the x-axes, with scores on the Reynell Language Comprehension subscale. The graph on the left, with the black dots, shows the results for girls; the graph on the right shows boys' results. You can see that there's only a correlation of any kind for the girls).
In girls, there was a negative quadratic relationship between prenatal testosterone and scores on the Language Comprehension test, meaning that girls with middling levels of prenatal testosterone exposure --- not the highest or the lowest --- tended to get the highest scores on this task. No relationship whatsoever was found between prenatal testosterone and either comprehension or expression of language for boys.
That study tracked other variables as well as prenatal testosterone, and while none of those variables (including testosterone) predicted how well the children did on any of the expressive-language tasks, family background (a measure including parental socioeconomic status, and the mother's IQ and education) was also a significant predictor of language comprehension. This is somewhat in line with Lutchmaya et al.'s results, which found parental education to be an important predictor of a child's vocabulary size, but also a little different, since Lutchmaya and colleagues were measuring how much the children in their sample spoke, not how much they understood --- expressive language, not receptive language, which Finegan and colleagues did not find any predictors for. Finegan et al.'s children were older than Lutchmaya et al.'s, though, and the measures the two groups of researchers used were very different. The one thing they seem clearly to agree on is that there probably isn't any correlation between prenatal testosterone exposure and language abilities as manifested in early childhood, or if there is it's a very weak one.
*This impairment in verbal communication is actually one of the diagnostic criteria for various ASDs --- with (classical autism) or without (Asperger syndrome) delayed acquisition of speech.
Lutchmaya, S., Baron-Cohen, S., & Raggatt, P. (2001). Foetal testosterone and vocabulary size in 18- and 24-month-old infants Infant Behavior and Development, 24 (4), 418-424 DOI: 10.1016/S0163-6383(02)00087-5
Labels: communication, gender, hormones, journal article, language, Simon Baron-Cohen
S. 987 Vote: More Proof that "Pro-Life" Isn't About Protecting Children
Clarissa and Anthony McCarthy (at Echidne's blog) have both written about the U.S. House of Representatives' failure to pass a bill that would help protect young girls around the world from being forced into marriage, often to much-older men who will abuse them, rape them and force them to bear children before they are full-grown.
The International Protecting Girls by Preventing Child Marriage Act of 2010, or S. 987, passed unanimously in the Senate and had lots of support in the House, to the extent that it looked like it was going to pass easily. (As it should, since it's one of civilized society's major duties to protect its most vulnerable members --- children being among them --- from exploitation and harm). But in the hours leading up to the House vote, Rep. Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (a Republican from Florida) circulated a "Dear Colleagues" letter asking fellow Republicans not to vote for the bill, but instead to vote for an alternate version of it which she authored.
The full text of that letter is reproduced at the end of this post at RH Reality Check --- the gist of it is that Rep. Ros-Lehtinen believes that S. 987, as it was written, would cost too much, and that her own alternate bill would be cheaper to implement.
According to another Representative, Rep. Betty McCollum (a Democrat from Minnesota), there's no basis for this objection; she says the bill does not appropriate any new funds whatsoever. And, indeed, in my own perusal of the bill's full text (which is short), I could find no mention of money, or of things that cost money, like establishing new agencies, task forces or research initiatives. The text of the bill seemed to me to deal only in guidelines for allocating funding that already exists.
Anyway, hours after Ros-Lehtinen sent out her letter, just before the bill was to be voted on, Republican Majority Whip Eric Cantor sent out a "Whip Alert" (a short message telling rank-and-file party members what the party line is going to be) saying this:
Leadership and Ranking Member Ros-Lehtinen OPPOSE passage of S. 987, the International Child Marriage bill, because of cost and pro-life concerns.
S. 987 authorizes $108 million over 5 years without sufficient oversight of the taxpayers' money. According to the Congressional Research Service, there is no available, confirmed figure on how much taxpayer funding is already being used to fight child marriage in developing countries and this bill does not address that issue.
There are also concerns that funding will be directed to NGOs that perform abortions and [that] efforts to combat child marriage could be usurped as a way to overturn pro-life laws.
After receiving those two messages, almost all of the House Republicans (along with nine Democrats), did indeed vote "No" on S. 987. It still received a majority of votes --- 241 ayes and 166 nays --- but it wasn't a big enough majority to pass.
This is a truly mystifying outcome; not only does the bill not call for any new spending, it also doesn't say anything about abortion. On its face, this is actually a very pro-life bill: it protects children and aims to prevent unwanted pregnancies. Even Sen. Sam Brownback*, a very, very pro-life senator, not only voted for the Senate version of this bill, but he apparently worked very hard to get it passed, so important was it to his vision of a Culture of Life.
It looks to me like they derailed this important, necessary, moral bill out of sheer orneriness; non-cooperation for its own sake, and the consequences be damned.
*"God's Senator" --- many of whose policy positions I abhor, but whom I at least respect for being consistently pro-life, and having "pro-life" mean more than just "anti-abortion." He has written, sponsored and supported lots of humanitarian-aid legislation, and he's often willing to cross party lines to get that sort of thing done. I've voted for him as a Senator before for that reason, but after this session he's leaving the Senate to become Governor of Kansas. I do not think that will go well, at all.
Labels: feminism, law, politics, reproductive rights
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Partial transcript of a podcast by two progressive political bloggers that criticizes President Obama's leadership style, which the podcast hosts believe is weak. The podcast, titled "Hey Obama, Get Your Head Out of Your Asperger's!" spends a lot of time drawing a picture of Barack Obama as a "high-functioning Asperger's" autistic, who is fixated on governing according to his own ideas of what the Presidency is supposed to be, even at the expense of governing well, or of doing any of the things the people who voted for him want him to do. Besides producing this transcript, I also critique the Obama-as-Aspie metaphor, and quote another autistic blogger's (Leah Jane) criticism that I particularly endorse.
Leah Jane at The Quixotic Autistic linked to this Professional Left podcast from a couple of weeks ago, titled "Hey Obama, Get Your Head Out of Your Asperger's!"
The podcast couches some actually very good criticism of Barack Obama's approach to being President in some really offensive stereotyping of autistic people (similar to the instances of Disagreeing by Diagnosing I've chronicled earlier on this blog). Leah Jane transcribed and paraphrased a little bit of the relevant part of the podcast (which is very long --- almost the whole first half of the forty-minute recording), but invited other people to transcribe more of it, so I figured I'd do that.
The participants in this exchange are progressive bloggers Driftglass and Blue Gal:
Driftglass: ... I'm very disappointed in my president right now.
Blue Gal: Yep. I actually woke up this morning and had a revelation about Barack Obama that I want to share with you.
Driftglass: Ooh! Pray tell, pray tell.
Blue Gal: I haven't even put this in the podcast notes, because I want it to be fresh.
Driftglass: Well, hold on, let me "man up" so I can handle it!
Blue Gal: (Laughs)
Driftglass: Let me put on my "man pants," as the new parlance for bracing myself ---I'm girding my loins.
Blue Gal: Girding your loins. There ya go.
Driftglass: Ready, gird! Okay, go.
Blue Gal: You and I both know --- and I actually did Photoshops this week of Obama as Spock --- and you and I both know, and lots of people have said that basically, Obama is sort of on that high-functioning Asperger's end of the spectrum, of not being emotional, of being very rational about things rather than getting mad, and that's very frustrating to a lot of us.
Driftglass: Yes.
Blue Gal: But along with that --- and also, full disclosure: Driftglass and I are very familiar with what it feels like to be on the Asperger's end of the spectrum; I think I can speak for both of us in that regard, may I?
Driftglass: That's a fair statement.
Blue Gal: We've talked about that before.
Driftglass: Yes, that's a reasonable ---
Blue Gal: Obsessive interests, you know, being able to ignore everything else to the point of a fault, and so forth. But one of the things that people like us, at that end of the spectrum, often do, is focus on one little detail --- again, to the fault of forgetting the big picture.
Blue Gal: --- and I really think that the Constitutional scholar Barack Obama has this little seed in his mind that the Presidency is supposed to be weak, Constitutionally speaking, in relation to the Congress, in terms of starting legislation, and so forth. He's decided that he's going to return, he's going to change the way Washington works, and what he means by that is he's going to go back to a time when the Presidency and the Congress and the courts were part of this balancing act --- you know, the three branches ---
Driftglass: (cuts in) Pre-Imperial.
Blue Gal: Pre-Imperial presidency. So I'm thinking this morning in my kitchen about, "Well, when was it that we sort of got this imperial presidency?" and I realized, "Oh, my God, FDR!"
Driftglass: Yeah?
Blue Gal: And, so, doing this is antithetical to the New Deal! You know? It really is!
Driftglass: It is. It is.
Blue Gal: And that's why we're all having such a collective freakout, like "Revenge of the Nerds," when the nerd gets elected to the presidency of the student council, and, instead of sitting down and taking over and representing the rest of us nerds, and doing what we want him to do, he sits down and takes out the bylaws, and says (speaks in nasal voice) "Well, ya know, we really have to go by the bylaws and the bylaws say that everyone gets a vote and we all have to work together on a consensus."
Driftglass: Uh-huh.
Blue Gal: And we sit there and we're like, "But wait! We elected you President because we don't want the Alpha Betas to have a voice in this! They're jock assholes! They're not gonna come up with anything that's gonna even resemble a reasonable answer to any of the problems we have." (nasal voice) "No, but the bylaws say we have to do it this way." (resumes her normal voice) And the collective freakout from the progressive base, is, "Oh my God! He's going by the bylaws! Stop it! Stop it! Stop him now! We want you to be an imperial President. We want you to be strong."
Driftglass: He's an originalist. He's a Constitutional originalist; the first branch of government is the Congress.
Blue Gal: Yeah! And they're the ones that originate legislation.
Driftglass: Yeah, absolutely true.
Blue Gal: And, as someone who came fresh out of the Senate --- you know, was really in the Senate for a very short time --- and being the Constitutional scholar that he is --- but the other thing about this "Aspie" thing, this Asperger's thing, is, two things: One is, I think Barack Obama really has faith in America, and thinks
that America can survive anything. We survived Reagan. But I think he really has fundamental faith in America to survive anything, and so it's perfectly okay for him to conduct this experiment, and I really think he's conducting an experiment now, in his head. Let's go ahead and really do this Constitutional thing of letting the Congress have more power.
Driftglass: Yeah.
Blue Gal: And I think he realizes that, the people he's dealing with, they're Republicans, you know?
Driftglass: Yes. Well, there's the fly in the ointment, isn't it?
Blue Gal: Yeah! The fly in the ointment is, they want to destroy him. And he doesn't care because he's gonna conduct this little experiment in Constitutional originalism --- it's almost ironic in terms of the Tea Party always talking about defending the original Constitution, which to them means "we only have white men for President" ---
Driftglass: The Second Amendment, the Tenth Amendment, and nothing else.
Blue Gal: --- but the real Constitutional originalist is Barack Obama.
Driftglass: That's a very interesting revelation.
Blue Gal: And it's intellectualizing it like that that distracts me from wanting to (bleep) Congressional offices, damn it!
Driftglass: Okay, you'll have to, uh ---
Blue Gal: I think I'll have to edit that out.
(Both laugh).
Blue Gal: It's a joke! It's a joke. I'm kidding, I'm kidding.
Driftglass: Send them a very firm letter.
Blue Gal: I'm going to send a very firm letter, too!
Driftglass: Well, I can understand that point of view. I can respect that point of view. You raise a very interesting point, that he is conducting his presidency as a mediator among the branches of government, and as a modest, confirm-or-deny kind of person, but [one] who doesn't originate. And that is what the Constitution generally says a President should be.
Blue Gal: We're so not used to this, because, when I teach middle-school U.S. history, it's all about who was President. You start there, with U.S. history.
Driftglass: Of course.
Blue Gal: "Okay, when FDR was President, this, this, this and this happened." You don't start with, "The great Congresspeople of 1945, how brave they were!" You know? You don't go there! That's not how we think of history.
Driftglass: So he's essentially gone to the House basement and pulled out this 200-year-old machine, and said, "I'm going to oil it up and get it running again and make it run the way it was originally intended to run." That's a very interesting theory, and I think that we could spend probably the rest of the podcast talking about it.
Blue Gal: I think so. Yeah.
Driftglass: But if I'm that guy, then Step One is, I stop torturing people.
Blue Gal: Yeah. Yeah.
Driftglass: Step Two, I close down secret prisons. If you really ---
Blue Gal: And that's it. I think that's where he fails his own experiment.
Driftglass: He does.
Blue Gal: Because, there are areas --- particularly during the Bush administration --- where presidential power just exploded.
Driftglass: And he wants to hang onto that.
Blue Gal: He wants to hang onto that! You can't have it both ways.
I do think there might be something to Blue Gal's notion that Barack Obama, the Constitutional scholar, might be deliberately not being as strong a leader as he could be because he believes the Presidency *should* be weak. Of course, there is a conflict there with his keeping in force all the totalitarian measures his predecessor adopted after 9/11, using a vague Terrorist Threat to justify all manner of surveillance-state excesses --- and Driftglass and Blue Gal catch that inconsistency, and acknowledge it. They make some other criticisms of Obama's leadership style that I think carry a lot of weight, like his persistence in believing that the extremists who've largely taken over control of the Republican Party (in what I think of as a two-stage process that began with the anti-Clinton Republican Revolution of 1994, which gave us Newt Gingrich, and has culminated with the current anti-Obama backlash) will move even one nanometer to the left in order to compromise with him --- even if he moves a mile to the right first, as a gesture of good faith. Driftglass also makes a good point that Obama is not only President, he is also leader of the Democratic Party, and he is abandoning this second responsibility. I also appreciated their discussion of the long historical roots* of the "imperial Presidency" that they suspect Obama of wanting (if not quite wholeheartedly) to abdicate.
But this "oh, the President is an Aspie, that's why he's so 1) emotionless, 2) naive and 3) stubbornly committed to principle at the expense of realpolitik" thing, that's the part I didn't find particularly helpful or illuminating.
I thought Leah Jane put her finger on the biggest thing that's wrong with this use of autism-as-metaphor:
[W]hen the American people were at an all time euphoria about Obama, he was compared to Spock, and Superman, and other idols of nerd culture, but the "A" word never came up. Now, progressives are finding a few walloping things wrong with his decisionmaking and snubbing of progressives, and now it's so convenient to label him with autism or some other "disorder" or invisible disability. Disability need not apply to people when they're doing what you think is right, but the moment you find fault with them, disabilities begin to be thrown about, and always the negative stereotypical traits are thrown in too. Never would it be suggested (at least while he is alive, see Einstein and Newton) that Obama has Asperger Syndrome for an exceptional trait which makes him a fine leader. Always focus on what makes them different, not good. Same for Narcissistic Personality, or Psychopathic Personality, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, or now, Asperger Syndrome. Yay. Or just happily labeling anyone who disagrees with you as part of the Loonie Left, or a Wingnut, or a Right Wing Nutjob, having "Nazi Tourettes," having some type of ADD or ADHD, or a Crazy [insert noun], or Republitard.
How delightful to know that the mentally and intellectually disabled are so disposable.
I remember this, too: during the campaign and shortly after he became President, people would use words like "cerebral," "rational" (or "hyper-rational," if you're fond of superlatives), "intellectual," "professorial," or talk about his desire to transcend partisanship, or dirty politics, or whatever; the image was of a guy who practically embodied Reason and Idealism and Moderation in All Things. And we did not use a psychiatric diagnosis to convey this image; we used mere adjectives. Now that some commentators see these same traits as flaws --- as impediments to his being an effective President --- they describe them in psychiatric terms. What were character traits or habits are now symptoms.
Using metaphors like that --- comparing some trait, or philosophical stance, or policy position, in a politician to a DSM diagnosis --- does two things. First, it marginalizes and delegitimizes the person you're talking about, since whatever they say can (and usually is) just be used as further evidence of their incapacity; and second, it feeds the stigma against people with that particular diagnosis. There's already a stereotype that autistic people are never leaders, never politicians, because of our total lack of social skills; if "autistic" or "Aspie" become common insults for a leader who is seen to be ineffective, the stereotype becomes stronger (and also, more specific to political leadership). Young autistic people trying to find something they're good at and want to do with their lives might assume they can't go into politics (even if they might want to, or have an aptitude for it**), or people in a position to hire, say, campaign workers might choose not to hire anyone who says they're autistic, or who looks autistic, because they've gotten the idea that autistic people don't belong in politics.
*I wonder if, based on some things I've read at Arthur Silber's blog (start with this nine-part series on "Dominion Over the World" and follow links to his other writings on the history of American imperialism, if you've got lots of time and an intense interest in this matter), if this overpowered executive branch might not be even older than they seem to think it is --- if maybe it didn't start with Woodrow Wilson (or earlier --- you wouldn't call Teddy Roosevelt a passive, retiring, conciliatory sort of leader, would you?) rather than Franklin D. Roosevelt. Wilson was also a very active, aggressive President who embroiled the nation in bloody, imperialistic wars that it had no need to fight (in Mexico, Haiti, Cuba, Nicaragua, Panama, the Dominican Republic, and Russia, according to Wikipedia; he also ultimately made the choice to involve the U.S. in World War I). But Wilson in particular seems to have done a lot of the thing that I had previously thought started with the Gulf of Tonkin resolution that kicked off U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War: using executive power to declare war without ever formally declaring war, which the Constitution allows only Congress to do.
**Which some of us do!
Posted by Lindsay at 10:58 AM 7 comments: Links to this post
Labels: diagnostic categories, double standards, functioning labels, history, metaphor, politics
The Systemizing Quotient
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: In this post, I look at individual questions on Simon Baron-Cohen's Systemizing Quotient (SQ) and list all the factors I think they depend on. I notice a pattern among many of the questions requiring, not just having a certain cognitive style, but also possessing certain training, skill sets and interests --- usually training, skills and interests that are gendered masculine in Anglo-American culture.
Now that I've got a fairly detailed explanation of what "systemizing" is supposed to mean, I'd like to look at the way Simon Baron-Cohen and his colleagues at the Autism Research Centre have decided to measure it.
According to this article, the Systemizing Quotient is a self-report questionnaire that asks you to agree or disagree (either weakly or strongly) that a given statement describes you. The kinds of things you get asked about are mostly instances of systemizing behaviors or preferences in everyday life:
Initially, we had planned to devise the SQ so that it would tap into each of the domain-specific systems described above [i.e., natural systems, abstract systems, social systems, organizable systems, motoric systems and technical systems, of which examples of each are given and discussed in my earlier post]. However, this proved to be problematical because individuals who were well rounded but not necessarily good systemizers would end up scoring highly, whereas those who were highly systematic but only interested in one domain would receive a low score. Thus, we decided, instead, to use examples from everyday life in which systemizing could be used to varying degrees. The assumption is that a strong systemizer would be drawn to use their systemizing skills across the range of examples more often than a poor systemizer, and would consequently score higher on the SQ.
Okay! So, we're not testing your knowledge of, or interest in, various systemizing-heavy subjects --- no, this test is all about choices you make every day, and whether they show you to have systematic, rational, orderly and inquisitive habits of mind*.
If they're examples from everyday life, that should eliminate biases favoring 1) men and 2) more educated people, right?
Well, let's see what kind of examples he uses:
I am fascinated by how machines work.
When I buy an appliance, I do not read the instruction manual very carefully.
If I had a collection (e.g. CDs, coins, stamps), it would be highly organized.
I am not very meticulous when I carry out DIY.
When I lend someone money, I expect them to pay me back exactly what they owe me.
These seem pretty straightforward to me, and not necessarily dependent on one having a particular background or skill set. (A possible exception might be the instruction-manual one, which assumes one has the literacy, direction-following ability and diagram-reading skill necessary to understand most instruction manuals). The fascination by how machines work --- and many of its sister questions, like curiosity about how furniture/buildings were made, or how mountains were formed, or how wireless communication works --- indicates both a certain level of pure intellectual curiosity, and also a focus on particular kinds of questions: being more interested in how than, say, when or why or who.
The other questions --- about reading instructions carefully, having one's records alphabetized or keeping track of debts --- seem to be asking about diligence, or conscientiousness; not sure to what extent this trait overlaps with "systemizing," which seems to be an intellectual process rather than a personality trait. I guess if you are driven to understand and create systems, order in your personal life might be preferable to chaos, but there's also the trope of the absentminded professor, who might be able to come up with an equation describing just about any phenomenon you asked hir about, but who is also very disorganized and flighty. So I am not quite convinced that orderliness or conscientiousness has much to do with one's ability to make sense out of complex systems.
When I look at a building, I am curious about the precise way it was constructed.
When I look at a piece of furniture, I do not notice the details of how it was constructed.
When I listen to a piece of music, I always notice the way it's structured.
When I look at a painting, I do not usually think about the technique involved in making it.
These are also asking about attention to detail, and trying to break things down in your mind to see how they work and how they're put together --- plain intellectual curiosity, but on a practical level --- but it seems to me that they assume you have a certain kind of training or life experience that would make such details of construction, technique or composition intelligible to you.
Like, I might notice all sorts of tiny details about a chair, or a table, or a house --- such that I'd be able to draw it from memory after seeing it a few times --- for instance, I may notice the wood grain in different parts of a chair being oriented in different directions, but because I have no training in carpentry, this tells me little to nothing about how the chair was made. Some such details may well be invisible to me because I do not know to look for them.
Similarly, someone who's never painted might notice brushstrokes on a painting, but might not even know that's what they are, let alone whatever they might tell a connoisseur of art about what the artist did to make them look that way.
When I read the newspaper, I am drawn to tables of information, such as football league scores or stock market indices.
This one kind of depends on whether you care about sports or the stock market, doesn't it? They've also got a question like this about election results, but if you're also indifferent to politics, you must not be a very strong systemizer, I guess.
(Also, I have a bright and shiny No-Prize for the person who can tell me what gender people who care about sports scores and stock market indices are likeliest to be!)
I can easily visualize how the motorways in my region link up.
I find it difficult to learn my way around a new city.
I find it difficult to read and understand maps.
When travelling by train, I often wonder exactly how the rail networks are coordinated.
I am interested in knowing the path a river takes from its source to the sea.
While all of these certainly deal with systematic thinking, they also require you to be very good at visual and spatial thinking. (Two possible exception might be the train one and the river one, which only ask you to be *curious* about the layout of the rail network or river system, not to have a keen mental grasp of it --- but even there it assumes you've got the habit of making mental maps of things, which requires you to be halfway decent at map-reading and keeping track of the relative location of different things in space).
Is spatial cognition a part of systemizing? I don't know! None of the articles I've read on E-S theory addresses that explicitly. It's certainly possible to think systematically about one's position in space --- anticipating the trajectory of a moving target is a systematic process; you can even use math to do it! --- but I don't know if being good at manipulating maps, or 3-D representations of objects, or other spatial representations in your head is necessary for systematic thinking in general. They seem to bear about as much relation to each other, in my mind, as algebra and geometry. You can *use* algebra to solve some geometry problems, but being a poor geometer doesn't doom you to algebraic illiteracy. Indeed, many people are good at one but not the other.
In maths, I am intrigued by the rules and patterns governing numbers.
If there was a problem with the electrical wiring in my house, I'd be able to fix it myself.
When I learn a language, I become intrigued by its grammatical rules.
When I read something, I always notice whether it is grammatically correct.
When I'm in a plane, I do not think about the aerodynamics.
Okay, now all of these strike me as requiring quite a lot of prior training --- formal or informal. The most obvious one to me is the electrical-wiring one: yes, being able to solve problems like that by yourself does display impressive systemizing skills, but no matter how good a systemizer you are, if you have no training as an electrician you're probably not going to attempt that! Similarly, math --- especially math advanced enough for you to admire its beauty, and begin noticing rules and patterns (which for me didn't really happen until calculus) --- is a notoriously abstract subject, and while there are people who can grasp even complex mathematical concepts intuitively, without training, most people need to be taught that stuff. It's the same with grammar. We might *use* grammar unconsciously and spontaneously --- that's what Steven Pinker argues in his book The Language Instinct --- but we have to be taught to understand it. "Correct" grammar especially (something Pinker actually doesn't think exists) comes only from formal education.
Besides drawing on separate skill sets (whether arguably innate, like spatial cognition, or acquired, like mathematical ability, understanding of cars or computers, carpentry or electrical wiring), a lot of the examples in the Systemizing Quotient depict (stereo)typically masculine interests or pursuits.
I've already mentioned the tables of sports scores or stock-market indices, but even many of the examples of wondering "How does it work?" or "How was it put together?" skew masculine as well. Carpentry, for instance, is a skill much more likely to be possessed by men.
Some examples, from off the top of my head, of some very similar questions based in stereotypically feminine hobbies:
When I see a piece of beaded jewelry in a store, I try to visualize how it was made.
I can usually picture the steps it took to manufacture a given article of clothing.
When I go shopping for beads, I already have a design and color scheme in mind.
My outfits and makeup are usually highly color-coordinated.
When I'm cooking, if I find out partway through a recipe that I don't have one of the ingredients the recipe calls for, I can usually substitute something I have that will serve the same purpose as whatever I'm missing.
(Baron-Cohen does use a couple more typically feminine examples in the SQ: there's a question about cooking, and the painting one might be feminine and might be gender-neutral; I'm not sure about the gender ratio of people who dabble in painting).
Another thing that seems a bit stereotypical is this:
If I were buying a car, I would want to obtain specific information about its engine capacity.
Even putting aside the genderedness of interest in, and knowledge of, cars in modern American pop culture, the specific thing a good systemizer is supposed to ask about --- engine capacity --- seems to me to tap into culturally masculine values, like placing a premium on owning a high-performance vehicle even if you have no reason for needing a car with a particularly powerful engine. Why is it engine capacity that determines systemizing and not, say, fuel efficiency?
*Here is an interactive web form of the SQ, which I invite y'all to take and post your results in comments, along with your thoughts on whether the test gave an accurate picture of how "systematic" you are.
Labels: gender, mind, Simon Baron-Cohen
Fetal Testosterone and Autistic Traits - Part III: Empathy
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: This post looks at two studies by Simon Baron-Cohen's group dealing with the effects of testosterone on the development of empathy. Both of the studies' subjects come from a cohort of children whose mothers underwent amniocentesis and agreed to have their amniotic fluid hormone levels tested. The first study I discuss looks for a relationship between amniotic testosterone and performance on two psychological tests that are supposed to measure empathy: a children's version of the Empathy Quotient and a children's version of the Reading the Mind in the Eyes test. The other study involved having the children watch a short animated film and describe what they saw in it, with researchers keeping track of what kind of words the children used --- did they tend to speak of the animated shapes in human terms, as having thoughts, intentions, and feelings?
Girls did indeed tend to speak more readily of the animated shapes as if they were thinking, feeling characters in a story, though for the most part this trait did not have any relation to amniotic testosterone levels. Girls also scored higher on the Empathy Quotient, but their scores likewise bore no relation to prenatal testosterone. (There was such a relationship for boys, however). Only the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test results showed the expected negative correlation with amniotic testosterone, and that test failed to show the expected sex difference in favor of girls.
Empathy --- or the lack thereof --- is crucial to Simon Baron-Cohen's conception of autism, and also to his conception of the "essential difference" between the sexes.
In this 2006 paper published in Social Neuroscience (full text here), a group of researchers affiliated with Cambridge University looked for a relationship between children's scores on two measures of empathy, the Reading the Mind in the Eyes test and a children's version of the Empathy Quotient (EQ-C), and the amount of testosterone that was present in their mothers' amniotic fluid.
The two tests were given in separate experiments, to different groups of children whose mothers all underwent amniocentesis in the Cambridge region of the U.K. between June of 1996 and June of 1999; at the time of testing, the children were all between six and nine years old. The EQ study involved 193 children --- 100 boys and 93 girls --- and had those children's parents fill out the questionnaire about the children, rather than having the children take the test themselves. Three outliers --- one boy and two girls --- were left out of the statistical analysis, leaving 99 boys and 91 girls.
(Figure 1, in Chapman et al., 2006 --- scatter plot showing the distribution of boys' and girls' scores on the children's Empathy Quotient in relation to the amount of testosterone, expressed in nanomoles per liter, present in their mothers' amniotic fluid)
There were significant sex differences in EQ-C scores; the boys' average score was 32.62 (out of a possible 58), while the girls' was 39.12. That's a difference of a little less than a standard deviation (roughly), with effect size d = 0.76. Fetal-testosterone levels correlated significantly with EQ-C scores when both sexes' data was analyzed together, and also in the within-sex analysis for boys; for girls, however, there was no relation between fetal testosterone and EQ-C score.
Due to the very close relationship between two of the variables being looked at --- amniotic testosterone level and sex (which in this study were correlated with r = -0.65) --- the researchers did further analysis to try and isolate the effect of each one:
A combined sex analysis showed there to be a significant negative correlation between fT level and performance on the EQ-C: r(193) = -.28, p < .01. However, there was also a significant difference between girls' and boys' EQ-C scores. Within-sex analyses revealed that there was a significant correlation between fT and EQ-C scores for the boys: r(99) = -.35, p ≤ .01, but not for the girls. The fact that a correlation is observed between fT and EQ-C for the boys may in part be due to a larger variation in fT levels for boys (0.10-2.05 nmol/L) compared to girls in this study (0.05-0.85 nmol/L). We investigated the influence of fT and sex on EQ-C scores by running a stepwise analysis, which revealed a main effect of sex, but not fT in the final model. The strong correlation between sex and fT means that fT cannot be ruled out as a factor in producing the observed sex difference, but it is clear that the sex difference is larger than that which would be predicted by fT alone.
I can think of something that might be at work here, that would explain a wider gap between the sexes than differences in amniotic testosterone levels would account for: remember that the metric used to measure empathy in this (quasi-)experiment, the Empathy Quotient, isn't a direct assessment of a skill but rather asks you to agree or disagree that various general statements (like "I can easily tell if someone else wants to enter a conversation" or "It is hard for me to see why some things upset people so much") describe you. Also remember that, in this instance, the person answering the questions isn't answering them about hirself, but is answering them for hir children. Both of those aspects of the EQ-C allow for quite a bit of subjective wiggle room --- even when you are answering questions about yourself, if the questions are fairly general in nature (like "Are you a 'people person'?" or "Are you good at math?"), the same person might answer them differently at different times or in response to different cues. (One of these cues, as Cordelia Fine persuasively argues in Delusions of Gender, is the checkbox at the top of many standardized tests --- including the EQ and SQ --- that asks you to specify whether you are male or female).
The "Mind in the Eyes Test" experiment involved a much smaller study population: 39 boys and 37 girls, from the same cohort of six-to-nine-year-old children as the participants in the EQ-C study. The test involves looking at a series of pairs of eyes and choosing (from four available words) the word that best describes what the owner of those eyes is feeling.
Here are some of the eyes:
The children's mean scores didn't really differ between the sexes --- 15.23 (out of 28 possible) for boys versus 16.29 for girls, with standard deviations of 3.50 for boys and 3.29 for girls --- but, looking at the graph, I get the impression that, although the score distributions for each sex are pretty much right on top of each other, there seem to be more low scorers among the boys than among the girls.
(Figure 2, in Chapman et al., 2006 --- scatter plot showing the distribution of boys' and girls' scores on the children's version of the Mind in the Eyes Test in relation to levels of testosterone present in amniotic fluid)
Weirdly, although no sex differences were found, the researchers did see a relationship between amniotic testosterone levels and Mind in the Eyes test scores. This relationship held true within each sex, as well as in the combined-sex analysis. The correlation was somewhat weaker for the girls, though: r = -0.29, as opposed to the boys' r = -0.42 and both sexes' r = -0.43.
There was also another variable that correlated significantly (r = 0.29) with performance on this test: the age of the child. That just makes sense --- children's verbal fluency, degree of insight and social intelligence all improve as they develop. (They also measured the children's IQs, and found no relationship between verbal IQ and test scores, though. So that aspect of development seems not to be implicated in this study).
Another study (full text here) published that year in Hormones and Behavior --- by many of the same researchers who worked on the one I already described --- looked for a relationship between amniotic testosterone and a different, somewhat whimsical, measure of empathy: they looked for the proportion of words relating to mental states that children used to describe the movements and interactions of cartoon shapes in a short, wordless film.
Here's a description of the short films the children (25 boys and 14 girls, all four years old) were shown:
Computer-presented animations were provided by Fulvia Castelli and were used in the studies by Abell et al. (2000) and Castelli et al. (2000). The animations showed one large red and one small blue triangle moving around a screen which contained a rectangular enclosure. One animation (random) showed the triangles moving about purposelessly (bouncing off the sides) and not interacting with each other (this was chosen from a possible set of 4). Two animations were designed to convey ToM (these were taken from a possible set of 6). One film showed the big triangle coaxing the little one out of the enclosure (see Fig. 1). One showed the little triangle hiding behind a door and surprising the big triangle. Sequences lasted 34 to 45 s each. Children watched the film once and were then asked what was happening. They were then asked to describe the film as it was playing (to reduce the memory burden). For the random film, only these initial descriptions were recorded. For the ToM films, after the first descriptions were given, children were asked a series of questions designed to elicit more information and to encourage them to view the sequence in human terms. ... The children's narratives were tape-recorded and then transcribed.
Later, researchers who hadn't participated in the interviews read through the transcripts and counted the number of "mental-state terms" (words describing thoughts, plans, wishes, motives, etc.), "affective-state terms" (words describing feelings), "intentional propositions" (phrases describing the animated shapes as characters doing things), and "neutral propositions" (phrases that just describe how the shapes are moving, or what they look like, without any attempt to turn them into characters in a story) that appeared.
Because an earlier study found that autistic children were less likely than typically developing children to ascribe mental states to similar animated triangles, the authors of this study (Rebecca Knickmeyer, Simon Baron-Cohen, Peter Raggatt, Kevin Taylor and Gerald Hackett) predicted 1) that the girls in this study would use more mental- and affective-state terms than the boys, and 2) that, within each sex, the concentration of testosterone found in each child's mother's amniotic fluid would vary inversely with that child's use of mentalizing language.
While they pretty much found the sex differences they expected to find (the girls used significantly more affective-state terms than the boys did (d = 0.82), while the boys used significantly more neutral propositions than the girls did (d = 0.63), and there was a trend that just barely missed the cutoff for statistical significance (d = 0.62) for the girls to use more intentional propositions), their results were more ambiguous in their support (or nonsupport) of the proposed link with fetal testosterone exposure.
Two of the outcome variables, mental-state terms and affective-state terms, showed no relationship to amniotic testosterone levels whatsoever; two others, intentional propositions and neutral propositions, showed a significant relationship* to testosterone when all the subjects' data were analyzed together, but that relationship failed to show up in the within-sex analyses**, which suggests that the relationship observed for the pooled data might just be an artifact of the sex differences I described in the last paragraph.
These data, along with the data from the first study I described in this post, provide only incomplete, ambiguous support for the idea that testosterone exposure during development suppresses a person's ability to imagine another person's mental state.
Both studies also fail to make the case that the link with testosterone exposure is strong enough to stand on its own, rather than simply being another indicator of sex differences, which may have any number of biological, psychological, social or cultural causes. Is testosterone driving this sex difference, or merely reflecting it?
*They tested for this relationship in two ways: first, they just looked for Pearson correlations (r) between all the variables they had measured; next, they used hierarchical regression analyses to try to isolate the contributions of individual variables --- to test each one to see how well it predicts how much of each type of language any given child's description will contain. Only one of the Pearson correlations --- that between testosterone and use of intentional propositions --- was significant, at r = -0.43. The other kind of significant relationship Knickmeyer and colleagues are talking about is one that produces a significant F change when it is included in their statistical model. Fetal testosterone produced such a change for both intentional and neutral propositions.
**Neither sex showed such a relationship when use of intentional propositions was the outcome variable of interest; when they looked at neutral propositions, there was a significant relationship to amniotic testosterone levels among the boys, but not among the girls.
Chapman, E., Baron-Cohen, S., Auyeung, B., Knickmeyer, R., Taylor, K., & Hackett, G. (2006). Fetal testosterone and empathy: Evidence from the Empathy Quotient (EQ) and the "Reading the Mind in the Eyes" Test Social Neuroscience, 1 (2), 135-148 DOI: 10.1080/17470910600992239
KNICKMEYER, R., BARONCOHEN, S., RAGGATT, P., TAYLOR, K., & HACKETT, G. (2006). Fetal testosterone and empathy Hormones and Behavior, 49 (3), 282-292 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2005.08.010
Labels: empathy, graphs, hormones, journal article, Simon Baron-Cohen
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You are at:Home»Afghanistan»Photo gallery: Medevaced Marines stay tough in Afghanistan
Photo gallery: Medevaced Marines stay tough in Afghanistan
By Dan Lamothe on June 13, 2011 Afghanistan, Infantry, Sangin
Lance Cpl. Blas Trevino shouts out as he is rescued onto a medevac helicopter from the U.S. Army's Task Force Lift "Dust Off", Charlie Company, 1-214 Aviation Regiment, after sustaining a gunshot wound in the stomach on Saturday near Sangin, Afghanistan. (AP Photo/Anja Niedringhaus)
Security is improving in many parts of Afghanistan, but Marines still face danger every day. I’m not exactly breaking any ground with that statement for the Marines, friends and families who read this blog, but it’s still worth observing in poignant ways when possible.
The Associated Press released a series of photographs over the weekend of Marines being medically evacuated from in and around Sangin, Afghanistan. Their photographer was embedded with the Army’s Task Force Lift “Dust Off,” Charlie Company, and braved enemy fire that hit the helicopter during one of the evacuations.
What follows are images of Lance Cpl. Blas Trevino and Lance Cpl. David Richvaslky of 1st Battalion, 5th Marines, out of Camp Pendleton, Calif. They’re photos are tough to look at, but show the care wounded Marines receive on the battlefield. The helicopter crew needed to attempt landing twice to evacuate Trevino from a hot landing zone, and took five rounds in the aircraft’s tail, the AP reported.
I wrestled a bit with how to appropriately publish these images. Much like with Cpl. Jorge Villarreal, it seemed like the only fair thing to do was publish them respectfully. There’s no gore here, but the emotions on these Marines’ faces say it all.
Arlington at 150 — Celebrating America’s Heroes
Loree on June 13, 2011 9:52 pm
Nice work, yes, respectfully done and so moving.
PMM Dee on June 13, 2011 10:32 pm
Very good job…again…with your sensitivity regarding wanting to post the photos in a respectful manner.
Prayers for an uncomplicated recovery LCpl Trevino and LCpl Richvalsky
Pingback: Slideshow « Semper Gumby Adventures
Celeste Strelow on June 16, 2011 1:33 pm
God is watching over you.
Dave McFall on June 18, 2011 10:00 pm
As a former Marine and someone who has a son attached to 1/5 your pics are difficult to watch. Our prayers go out to these men and their families for a speedy recovery. Thank you for being so respectful. Semper Fi
jamie on June 22, 2011 1:17 pm
My Son-in-Law is in the first two pictures, although hard to look at I am glad to get a glimpse of him
Doc on June 24, 2011 12:23 am
Take care my brother. We will see you soon!
Trudy McCoy on August 28, 2011 3:09 pm
Tom Thompson on September 10, 2011 11:26 pm
My son was with B 1/5 and wounded on 5/22/11. Lance Cpl Trevino was one of the guys who helped carry him to the CH-47 while they were under fire. Found that out recently. Our prayers go out to Trevino and his family for his quick recovery. My son is still recovering, having just had his last surgery several weeks ago. Semper Fi!
24TH MEU commander fired following Walmart theft charge
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82°, Fair
Foundation House Ministries gets new facility
By CHRISTY ARMSTRONG
Foundation House Ministries, a local organization which helps women facing unplanned pregnancies, recently got a new house. Much of what the organization does revolves around running a maternity …
BOARD MEMBERS and guests mingle in the main living room of Foundation House Ministries' new house during a recent invitation-only event.
Banner photo, CHRISTY ARMSTRONG
PRIVATE BEDROOMS like this are included in The Long House, Foundation House Ministries' new house. Executive Director Suzanne Burns said the new house "tripled" the number of women the organization can house at a time.
THIS COZY KITCHEN is situated at the center of The Long House, Foundation House Ministries new house for homeless mothers. Residents can use it to prepare meals for themselves and their housemates.
A SECOND LIVING ROOM included in Foundation House Ministries' new house for homeless mothers-to-be provides something the last house didn't have — more space to relax.
SHARED ROOMS like this one in The Long House provide modest space for women are in the early stages of Foundation House Ministries' programming for pregnant women who find themselves with no place to go.
Posted Saturday, May 26, 2018 10:13 pm
Foundation House Ministries, a local organization which helps women facing unplanned pregnancies, recently got a new house.
Much of what the organization does revolves around running a maternity home in Bradley County to help those who are pregnant and homeless. Suzanne Burns, executive director of Foundation House Ministries, said the organization’s recent move to a new house “tripled” the number of women it can help at a time.
The Christian nonprofit was not actively house-hunting, but Burns said the recent move was evidence of “God’s good timing and favor on this organization.”
Burns was speaking at a church and mentioned Foundation House’s goal to expand the number of women it can house. Afterward, she was approached by a couple who had a house which might better suit the organization’s needs.
“It was just unbelievably perfect,” said Burns.
The organization was able to lease a house which has a well-equipped kitchen, multiple living areas and several “little cubbyhole rooms” which Burns says allow more women to have their own private spaces. The unique house was built by a family of missionaries who liked to have large family gatherings.
The new house — referred to as The Long House — boasts five regular bedrooms, as well as a room with bunk beds which can house up to four woman during an initial “assessment period.” The previous house just had three bedrooms, which Burns said limited the organization’s ability to grow.
“We knew this would allow us to work with more women and have the women living there now not feel they are being rushed out,” Burns said.
How long a woman stays in Foundation House Ministries’ residential program varies from woman to woman. Burns said staff try to make sure each new mother reaches a state of “sustainable stability” first, ensuring they are able to find work and cover the costs of things like food, rent and childcare.
Burns noted it can take at least a couple years for some to be in a good place financially after finding themselves as homeless single mothers. Among the organization’s future goals are to look at ways to provide transitional housing to women leaving The Long House.
However, Burns stressed the organization’s staff are excited about the addition of The Long House, because it furthers their mission of helping mothers provide good lives for their babies once they arrive.
“A baby is going to be raised in the manner the mother is equipped to provide,” Burns said. “We believe that the best way to help the child is to help the mother provide stability.”
The exact location of The Long House is kept secret in order to protect the clients. However, Burns said people can rest assured the house is serving its purpose as a home to single mothers trying to get on their feet.
The organization is currently inviting people to “sponsor” rooms in the new house for $500. These sponsors will have their names on signs marking each room, and the sponsorships will help provide sheets, pillows and other household items to help residents feel at home.
For more information on Foundation House Ministries or to donate, visit www.foundationhouseministries.org.
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March 11, 2011 / GO Brooklyn / Park Slope / Theater
Rabbit Hole’s ‘Frankenstein’ is still a sexy beast
By Meredith Deliso
Photo by Tonianne Flieg
Rabbit Hole Ensemble foregoes the familiar green giant in its female-driven retelling of Mary Shelley’s “Frankenstein,” called “Doctor Frankenstein’s Magical Creature.” It opens on March 17 with Emily Hartford as the monstrous beast (funny, she doesn’t look so scary to us).
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It’s alive — again!
The second part of Rabbit Hole Ensemble’s “Frankenstein” gender-bending triptych picks up where the Kensington theater company left off last fall, as “Doctor Frankenstein’s Magical Creature” comes to the Old First Reformed Church in Park Slope this month.
The piece, written by Stanton Wood, is part of a year-long exploration of Mary Shelley’s classic, starting with last fall’s “The Tragic Story of Dr. Frankenstein,” which told the story from the doctor’s point of view. In this new installment, which opens March 17, the point of view switches to the monster’s — which isn’t that different from how the book itself is also structured.
“I’m sort of amazed at how original ‘Frankenstein’ was — not just in subject, but in structure of narrative,” said director Edward Elefterion. “There’s a lot of different lenses that the story gets refracted through. I’m excited about the potential storytelling you could do with that fractured narrative.”
The production does have some poetic license with Shelley’s 19th-century classic, as it casts women in the traditionally male roles of the doctor and monster, making for a more maternal dynamic.
“The not-so-subtle change really wakes the material up,” said Elefterion. “When you have a woman creating it [the monster], it becomes very much a mother-daughter relationship and emotionally packed in a way that is not typical of Frankenstein’s story.”
If you’re late to the party and missed the ensemble’s first installment, don’t feel like you’re out of the loop, said Elefterion.
“It will be appreciated by people who saw the first one, as well as people who are coming to it fresh,” said Elefterion, who will run the two productions together for the third installment this fall. “It’s designed to be a play that stands alone.”
“Doctor Frankenstein’s Magical Creature” at the Old First Reformed Church [729 Carroll St. near Seventh Avenue in Park Slope, (800) 838-3006], March 17-April 2, Thursday-Saturday at 8 pm. Tickets $18, $15 for students and seniors. For info, visit www.rabbitholeensemble.com.
Red Hook: Positive charge: Formula E returns to Red Hook for third year
►Video: Homecrest looter on the loose
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