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Mr Blair on Inequality
by Brian · 9 April, 2002
The Sunday Times on 7 April recalled Tony Blair’s words at the beginning of his second term: "As a nation we are wasting too much of the talents of too many of the people. Our mission … must be this: to break down the barriers that hold people back, to create real upward mobility, a society that is open and genuinely based on merit and the equal worth of all." Unfortunately, the last six words of this passage are in bleak conflict with the rest of it: the sabre-toothed meritocracy which he is shamelessly advocating ("real upward mobility… genuinely based on merit") flatly denies "the equal worth of all", sending the weak and vulnerable to the wall. The "equality of opportunity" which is here by implication sanctified as society’s guiding principle is a deeply Tory concept, unless accompanied by a firm commitment to equality of outcomes: far too revolutionary a concept, alas, for New Labour. Of course no-one, even the most Utopian, advocates total equality of wealth and income for all; but if there’s to be any justice and humanity in the way society is ordered – real respect for "the equal worth of all" – it’s essential that the state should intervene actively in the economy to minimise the gross inequalities which ‘equality of opportunity’, market forces, flexibility in the labour market, and the rest of the capitalist shibboleths automatically produce. According to the Sunday Times Rich List published on7 April, Britain’s richest person, the Duke of Westminster, is worth some £4.7 billion, while the eleven individuals who bring up the rear in 740th place boast a mere £51 million each. Envy is no doubt a deplorable emotion, but those of our fellow-citizens who have to get by on the minimum wage, and who agonise over whether to lash out on a leg of lamb for themselves and the kids once in a while, might be forgiven for wondering what justice there is when a few hundred people enjoy wealth on such an unimaginable scale while others of "equal worth" spend their lives worrying about the weekly supermarket bill. New Labour’s commitment not to raise income tax rates – much the simplest and fairest instrument available for redistributing wealth – is incomprehensible and unforgivable.
dgdfgdfg says:
[This comment contained a possible libel and has been deleted]
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Janine speaks up as June goes quiet in another cheery hour of The Handmaid's Tale
Allison Shoemaker
Tonight is the finale for multiple shows, so say goodbye to President Kiefer Sutherland
Alex McLevy
The Handmaid's Tale pits Offred against June in an unsurprisingly upsetting hour
For Our Consideration
This season, The Handmaid’s Tale is making the connection between Gilead and present-day America explicit
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The Handmaid's Tale can't outjog the past
Hulu takes a look around, renews The Handmaid's Tale for a third season
Katie Rife
Colony escapes L.A. for a new kind of alien resistance in the season 3 premiere
The Handmaid’s Tale isn’t the only battle over women’s bodies on Hulu
Danette Chavez
What to watch, play, listen to, and read this weekend
On The Late Show, Ann Dowd is the anti-Aunt Lydia in her delightful first-ever late-night appearance
Dennis Perkins
This woman’s work: The A.V. Club weighs in on the intense Handmaid’s Tale season-two premiere
Here's how The Handmaid's Tale created its hellish "Colonies"
The Handmaid's Tale continues its transformation into The Handmaid Tales
The Handmaid’s Tale showrunner Bruce Miller says they're aware of the show's mishandling of race
Baraka Kaseko
and Marah Eakin
The Handmaid's Tale returns with a shock to the system
Welcome back to the dystopian nightmare of The Handmaid's Tale
The creators of The Handmaid’s Tale love that the handmaids costume has become a feminist statement
The Handmaid’s Tale season 2 remains as difficult to watch as it is to resist
We would like to formally state that Handmaid's Tale-inspired lingerie is a bad idea
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Home » Games » ESA President Defends Loot Boxes and Warns Against Government Intervention
ESA President Defends Loot Boxes and Warns Against Government Intervention
Posted by Madeline Ricchiuto May 29, 2018 Comment
The president of the Entertainment Software Association (ESA), Michael Gallagher, has defended the practice of offering loot boxes in video games during his address at the Nordic games Conference. According to GamesIndustry.biz, Gallagher warned that efforts to regulate them as a form of gambling “challenges our industry’s freedom to innovate, and impairs our ability to continuously test new business models, which drive creativity and engagement with our audience.”
Gallagher’s statements echo the ESA’s continued stance on loot boxes, insisting that they do not constitute a form of gambling. The Association has also offered responses to Hawaii’s continued attempts to regulate the sale of lot boxes.
Gallagher asserts that monetization mechanisms similar to loot boxes have existed in video games for a long tome, something of which he says individuals and agencies seeking to regulate them are often unaware. He reiterated the opinion expressed by multiple game publishers and the ESA itself, arguing that loot boxes cannot be considered gambling because they always deliver something for the players money.
“When you look at the definitions of gambling throughout the world, and how this is done and how it’s regulated in places like Las Vegas and the US, it’s quite different to the mechanism with loot boxes in games,” he said. “That conclusion has been reached—in other words, that this game mechanic is not gambling—by the Entertainment Software Ratings Board in the US, by New Zealand’s gambling authority, and by the UK’s gambling authority.”
In essence, loot boxes are less like a slot machine and more like a sticker dispenser. You remember the ones, insert four quarters and you’d get a set of stickers from one of several options. Loot boxes work in pretty much the same way, just with more computerized randomness.
Gallagher went on to insist that game developers and publishers must continue to self-regulate the sale of loot boxes, rather than resort to legislation. He pointed to the ESRB’s quick adoption of the “In-Game Purchases” label as proof that self-regulation is the best way to go.
“We can’t go to the lowest common denominator of government around the world, and make that the standard the rest of the world has to live by, and limit the trajectory of the industry,” Gallagher told GamesIndustry.biz. “That’s not the best approach. Instead, we believe it’s best to be clear about the facts, and make sure those carry the day around the world, so we drive an outcome that best extends the [games industry’s] frontiers and looks after the interests of gamers.”
About Madeline Ricchiuto
Madeline Ricchiuto is a gamer, comics enthusiast, bad horror movie connoisseur, writer and generally sarcastic human. She also really likes cats and is now Head Games Writer at Bleeding Cool.
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(Last Updated May 29, 2018 11:50 am )
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ResearchUnite says: ‘1000s of workers are being denied toilet dignity’ in the workplace
Unite the trade union is demanding that employers take action to ensure that workers are granted toilet dignity in the workplace.
Content Team8 months ago4 min
The union, which represents workers in Britain and Ireland with members across all sectors of the economy, believes that tens of thousands of workers in the UK either are not provided with decent toilets or have undue, unnecessary or officious restrictions placed on them when they attempt to use the facilities provided.
Workers denied toilet dignity
Unite is highlighting the problems experienced by workers today (19 November) as it is World Toilet Day. It believes that certain sectors are worse than others: including banking, bus driving, construction, finance, lorry driving, warehousing and agriculture.
Unite’s worse-case examples such as bank workers being required to urinate in a bucket, no female toilets being provided on construction sites and bus drivers not being allowed a break for over five hours at a time.
Unite also finds that women, in particular, are denied toilet dignity, especially when they are on their period. In response to this, Unite launched a period dignity campaign in September and the campaign is now being extended to sectors such as construction and passenger transport where there are additional challenges.
Damaging to health
Having to continually hold on to use a toilet has wide-ranging health implications which include: urinary tract infections, damage to the bladder and the bowel and can cause toxins to build up in the body.
Although much of the emphasis on this day is about providing clean toilets in the developing world, Unite believes that a spotlight needs to be shone on the problems experienced by many UK workers on a daily basis.
Employers have a clear duty to provide decent toilets and washing facilities as part of the Welfare (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992, with separate regulations applying to the construction industry. The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) administers these regulations and while it has the power to take legal action this rarely occurs.
Simply disgraceful
Unite assistant general secretary Gail Cartmail said: “It is simply disgraceful that in 2018 tens of thousands of UK workers are denied toilet dignity at work.
“The examples that Unite has revealed are simply staggering and it is clearly deeply humiliating for the workers who are being denied toilet dignity.
“Employers have got absolutely no excuse for ensuring toilet dignity and if they fail to do so they should be prosecuted by the HSE. Unite will not be passive on this issue if workers are denied toilet dignity we will name and shame the guilty parties.”
Enjoyed this article? Find more articles on workplace health here.
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Sample records for alkali metal salt
Salts of alkali metal anions and process of preparing same
Dye, James L.; Ceraso, Joseph M.; Tehan, Frederick J.; Lok, Mei Tak
Compounds of alkali metal anion salts of alkali metal cations in bicyclic polyoxadiamines are disclosed. The salts are prepared by contacting an excess of alkali metal with an alkali metal dissolving solution consisting of a bicyclic polyoxadiamine in a suitable solvent, and recovered by precipitation. The salts have a gold-color crystalline appearance and are stable in a vacuum at -10.degree. C. and below.
Process to separate alkali metal salts from alkali metal reacted hydrocarbons
Gordon, John Howard; Alvare, Javier; Larsen, Dennis; Killpack, Jeff
A process to facilitate gravimetric separation of alkali metal salts, such as alkali metal sulfides and polysulfides, from alkali metal reacted hydrocarbons. The disclosed process is part of a method of upgrading a hydrocarbon feedstock by removing heteroatoms and/or one or more heavy metals from the hydrocarbon feedstock composition. This method reacts the oil feedstock with an alkali metal and an upgradant hydrocarbon. The alkali metal reacts with a portion of the heteroatoms and/or one or more heavy metals to form an inorganic phase containing alkali metal salts and reduced heavy metals, and an upgraded hydrocarbon feedstock. The inorganic phase may be gravimetrically separated from the upgraded hydrocarbon feedstock after mixing at a temperature between about 350.degree. C. to 400.degree. C. for a time period between about 15 minutes and 2 hours.
40 CFR 721.4660 - Alcohol, alkali metal salt.
... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Alcohol, alkali metal salt. 721.4660 Section 721.4660 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT SIGNIFICANT NEW USES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES Significant New Uses for Specific Chemical Substances § 721.4660 Alcohol, alkali metal sal...
40 CFR 721.5452 - Alkali metal salt of halogenated organoborate (generic).
... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Alkali metal salt of halogenated... Specific Chemical Substances § 721.5452 Alkali metal salt of halogenated organoborate (generic). (a... generically as alkali metal salt of halogenated organoborate (PMN P-00-0638) is subject to reporting under...
40 CFR 721.5985 - Fatty alkyl phosphate, alkali metal salt (generic).
... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Fatty alkyl phosphate, alkali metal... Specific Chemical Substances § 721.5985 Fatty alkyl phosphate, alkali metal salt (generic). (a) Chemical... as a fatty alkyl phosphate, alkali metal salt (PMN P-99-0385) is subject to reporting under this...
40 CFR 721.4663 - Fluorinated carboxylic acid alkali metal salts.
... Specific Chemical Substances § 721.4663 Fluorinated carboxylic acid alkali metal salts. (a) Chemical... fluorinated carboxylic acid alkali metal salts (PMNs P-95-979/980/981) are subject to reporting under this... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Fluorinated carboxylic acid alkali...
40 CFR 721.10098 - Disubstituted benzoic acid, alkali metal salt (generic).
... New Uses for Specific Chemical Substances § 721.10098 Disubstituted benzoic acid, alkali metal salt... identified generically as disubstituted benzoic acid, alkali metal salt (PMN P-03-643) is subject to... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Disubstituted benzoic acid, alkali...
40 CFR 721.10097 - Disubstituted benzenesulfonic acid, alkali metal salt (generic).
... chemical substance identified generically as disubstituted benzenesulfonic acid, alkali metal salt (PMN P... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Disubstituted benzenesulfonic acid, alkali metal salt (generic). 721.10097 Section 721.10097 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...
Enhancing Skin Permeation of Biphenylacetic Acid (BPA) Using Salt Formation with Organic and Alkali Metal Bases
PAWAR, Vijay; NAIK, Prashant; GIRIDHAR, Rajani; YADAV, Mange Ram
In the present study, a series of organic and alkali metal salts of biphenylacetic acid (BPA) have been prepared and evaluated in vitro for percutaneous drug delivery. The physicochemical properties of BPA salts were determined using solubility measurements, DSC, and IR. The DSC thermogram and FTIR spectra confirmed the salt formation with organic and alkali metal bases. Among the series, salts with organic amines (ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanol-amine, and diethylamine) had lowered ...
Process for the recovery of alkali metal salts from aqueous solutions thereof
Vitner, J.
In an integrated process for the recovery of alkakli metal phenates and carboxylates from aqueous solutions thereof, the aqueous solution is spray dried and the drying gas stream is contacted with an aqueous alkali metal salt solution which dissolves the particles of the alkali metal salt that were entrained in the drying gas stream. The salt-free inert gas stream is then dried, heated, and returned to the spray dryer
Enhancing Skin Permeation of Biphenylacetic Acid (BPA) Using Salt Formation with Organic and Alkali Metal Bases.
In the present study, a series of organic and alkali metal salts of biphenylacetic acid (BPA) have been prepared and evaluated in vitro for percutaneous drug delivery. The physicochemical properties of BPA salts were determined using solubility measurements, DSC, and IR. The DSC thermogram and FTIR spectra confirmed the salt formation with organic and alkali metal bases. Among the series, salts with organic amines (ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, and diethylamine) had lowered melting points while the alkali metal salt (sodium) had a higher melting point than BPA. The in vitro study showed that salt formation improves the physicochemical properties of BPA, leading to improved permeability through the skin. Amongst all the prepared salts, ethanolamine salt (1b) showed 7.2- and 5.4-fold higher skin permeation than the parent drug at pH 7.4 and 5.0, respectively, using rat skin.
Alkali metal ion battery with bimetallic electrode
Boysen, Dane A; Bradwell, David J; Jiang, Kai; Kim, Hojong; Ortiz, Luis A; Sadoway, Donald R; Tomaszowska, Alina A; Wei, Weifeng; Wang, Kangli
Electrochemical cells having molten electrodes having an alkali metal provide receipt and delivery of power by transporting atoms of the alkali metal between electrode environments of disparate chemical potentials through an electrochemical pathway comprising a salt of the alkali metal. The chemical potential of the alkali metal is decreased when combined with one or more non-alkali metals, thus producing a voltage between an electrode comprising the molten the alkali metal and the electrode comprising the combined alkali/non-alkali metals.
Oxygen production by molten alkali metal salts using multiple absorption-desorption cycles
Cassano, Anthony A.
A continuous chemical air separation is performed wherein oxygen is recovered with a molten alkali metal salt oxygen acceptor in a series of absorption zones which are connected to a plurality of desorption zones operated in separate parallel cycles with the absorption zones. A greater recovery of high pressure oxygen is achieved at reduced power requirements and capital costs.
Cassano, A.A.
A continuous chemical air separation is performed wherein oxygen is recovered with a molten alkali metal salt oxygen acceptor in a series of absorption zones which are connected to a plurality of desorption zones operated in separate parallel cycles with the absorption zones. A greater recovery of high pressure oxygen is achieved at reduced power requirements and capital costs. 3 figs.
Ionic structure of solutions of alkali metals and molten salts
Chabrier, G.; Senatore, G.; Tosi, M.P.
Neutron diffraction patterns from K-KCl and Rb-RbBr liquid solutions at various compositions are examined in an ionic-mixture model which neglects screening and aggregation due to the metallic electrons. The main feature of the observed diffraction patterns for wave number k above roughly 1A -1 are accounted for by the model. The approach to the metal-rich end of the phase diagram is analyzed in detail from different viewpoints in the K-KCl system. Short-range correlations of the potassium ions are described in this region by a metallic radius deduced from properties of the pure liquid metal, but a simple expanded-metal model must be supplemented by the assumption that considerable disorder is introduced in its structure by the halogen ions. Features of short-range ordering in the salt-rich region that are implied by a shoulder on the high-k side of the main peak in the diffraction pattern are also commented upon. (author)
Alkali metal bismuth(III) chloride double salts
Kelly, Andrew W. [Department of Chemistry, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187 (United States); Nicholas, Aaron; Ahern, John C. [Department of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469 (United States); Chan, Benny [Department of Chemistry, College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ 08628-0718 (United States); Patterson, Howard H. [Department of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469 (United States); Pike, Robert D., E-mail: rdpike@wm.edu [Department of Chemistry, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187 (United States)
near 295, 340, and 380 nm and a broad emission near 440 nm. - Graphical abstract: The double salts Na2BiCl5·5H2O, K7Bi3Cl16, Rb3BiCl6·0.5H2O, Cs3BiCl6, and Cs3Bi2Cl9 were formed by co-crystallization of MCl (M = Na, K, Rb, Cs) with BiOCl in aqueous HCl. The crystal structures and solid state luminescence are reported. - Highlights: • New double salt phases are reported for NaCl/BiCl{sub 3}, KCl/BiCl{sub 3}, RbCl/BiCl{sub 3}, and CsCl/BiCl{sub 3}. • A variety of alkali chloride:bismuth chloride ratios are reported. • Chloride bridging produces oligomeric and/or polymeric bismuth chloride chains in several cases. • Convenient bulk synthesis from BiOCl is reported. • Four of the five reported double salts exhibit photoluminescence as a result of charge transfer.
Electrodeposition of alkali and alkali-earth metals on liquid lead cathodes in molten salts
Caravaca, C.; De Cordoba, G.
Pyrochemical processing of spent nuclear fuel leads to the dissolution as chlorides of fission products (FPs) that have to be removed in order to recycle the salt. Precipitation technique have been tested for the removal of these FPs in the LiCl-KCl, salt selected as reference, with different results. Salt decontamination from lanthanides can be easily achieved as solid precipitates of oxychlorides or single phosphates; however, for the alkaline and alkaline-earth metals this technique is not suitable. Within the EUROPART project (VI FP of the EC), a new route that consist of the electrodeposition of these FP on a liquid lead cathode (LLC) has been considered, including the Li and K constituting the electrolyte. First results obtained with Sr and Cs are presented herein. Although according to the thermodynamic potential values, the electrodeposition order on LLC is Ba, Sr, Li, K and Cs, during our experiments it was not possible to distinguish the electrochemical signals corresponding to the individual elements. (authors)
Caravaca, C.; De Cordoba, G. [CIEMAT/DE/DFN/URAA. Avda. Complutense, 22. 28040 Madrid (Spain)
In situ formation of coal gasification catalysts from low cost alkali metal salts
Wood, Bernard J.; Brittain, Robert D.; Sancier, Kenneth M.
A carbonaceous material, such as crushed coal, is admixed or impregnated with an inexpensive alkali metal compound, such as sodium chloride, and then pretreated with a stream containing steam at a temperature of 350.degree. to 650.degree. C. to enhance the catalytic activity of the mixture in a subsequent gasification of the mixture. The treatment may result in the transformation of the alkali metal compound into another, more catalytically active, form.
Tuning aromaticity in trigonal alkaline earth metal clusters and their alkali metal salts.
Jiménez-Halla, J Oscar C; Matito, Eduard; Blancafort, LluÃs; Robles, Juvencio; Solà , Miquel
In this work, we analyze the geometry and electronic structure of the [X(n)M(3)](n-2) species (M = Be, Mg, and Ca; X = Li, Na, and K; n = 0, 1, and 2), with special emphasis on the electron delocalization properties and aromaticity of the cyclo-[M(3)](2-) unit. The cyclo-[M(3)](2-) ring is held together through a three-center two-electron bond of sigma-character. Interestingly, the interaction of these small clusters with alkali metals stabilizes the cyclo-[M(3)](2-) ring and leads to a change from sigma-aromaticity in the bound state of the cyclo-[M(3)](2-) to pi-aromaticity in the XM(3) (-) and X(2)M(3) metallic clusters. Our results also show that the aromaticity of the cyclo-[M(3)](2-) unit in the X(2)M(3) metallic clusters depends on the nature of X and M. Moreover, we explored the possibility for tuning the aromaticity by simply moving X perpendicularly to the center of the M(3) ring. The Na(2)Mg(3), Li(2)Mg(3), and X(2)Ca(3) clusters undergo drastic aromaticity alterations when changing the distance from X to the center of the M(3) ring, whereas X(2)Be(3) and K(2)Mg(3) keep its aromaticity relatively constant along this process. (c) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Correction: A binary catalyst system of a cationic Ru-CNC pincer complex with an alkali metal salt for selective hydroboration of carbon dioxide.
Ng, Chee Koon; Wu, Jie; Hor, T S Andy; Luo, He-Kuan
Correction for 'A binary catalyst system of a cationic Ru-CNC pincer complex with an alkali metal salt for selective hydroboration of carbon dioxide' by Chee Koon Ng et al., Chem. Commun., 2016, 52, 11842-11845.
Alkali metal hydride formation
The present invention relates to a method of producing alkali metal hydrides by absorbing hydrogen gas under pressure into a mixture of lower alkyl mono amines and alkali metal alkyl amides selected from sodium and potassium amides formed from said amines. The present invention also includes purification of a mixture of the amines and amides which contain impurities, such as is used as a catalytic exchange liquid in the enrichment of deuterium, involving the formation of the alkali metal hydride
Study of absorption spectra for alkali and alkaline earth metal salts in flameless atomic absorption spectrometry using a carbon tube atomizer
Yasuda, Seiji; Kakiyama, Hitoo
Absorption spectra of various salts such as alkali metal salts, alkaline earth dichlorides, and ammonium halides were investigated and absorptions of some molecular species produced in the carbon tube were identified. The aqueous solution (20 μl) containing 1.0 mg/ml of each salt was placed in the carbon tube atomizer and heated in a similar manner to usual flameless atomic absorption method. D 2 -lamp was used as a continuous light source and argon gas was employed as an inert sheath gas. The spectra were obtained over the range of wavelength 200 to 350 nm. When alkali halides were feeded, the absorption spectra agreed with those of alkali halide vapors. Therefore, in such cases vapors of the alkali halides were probably produced by the sublimation or vaporization in the atomizer. The spectra of alkali perchlorates were considered to be those of alkali chlorides produced by the pyrolysis of the perchlorates in the atomizer. The absorptions of alkaline earth chlorides below 250 nm were probably due to their gaseous states. Sulfur dioxide was found to be produced by the pyrolysis of alkali sulfates, bisulfates and sulfites in the atomizer, Alkali phosphates and pyrophosphates gave almost identical spectra below 300 nm. Gamma band spectrum of nitrogen monoxide was observed from 200 to 240 nm during ashing at bout 330 0 C for alkali nitrates and nitrites. Ammonia vapor was produced from ammonium halides during drying at about 170 0 C. Although the absorptions of alkali carbonates and hydroxides were almost undetectable, the same spectra as those of alkali halides were observed by the addition of ammonium halides to the solutions of alkali compounds. This shows that alkali halides are produced in the atomizer by the addition of halide ions. (auth.)
Electrical resistivities and solvation enthalpies for solutions of salts in liquid alkali metals
Hubberstey, P.; Dadd, A.T.
An empirical correlation is shown to exist between the resistivity coefficients drho/dc for solutes in liquid alkali metals and the corresponding solvation enthalpies Usub(solvn) of the neutral gaseous solute species. Qualitative arguments based on an electrostatic solvation model in which the negative solute atom is surrounded by a solvation sphere of positive solvent ion cores are used to show that both parameters are dependent on the charge density of the solute atom and hence on the extent of charge transfer from solvent to solute. Thus as the charge density of the solute increases, the solvation enthalpy increases regularly and the resistivity coefficients pass through a maximum to give the observed approximately parabolic drho/dc versus Usub(solvn) relationship. (Auth.)
Cation and anion dependence of stable geometries and stabilization energies of alkali metal cation complexes with FSA(-), FTA(-), and TFSA(-) anions: relationship with physicochemical properties of molten salts.
Tsuzuki, Seiji; Kubota, Keigo; Matsumoto, Hajime
Stable geometries and stabilization energies (Eform) of the alkali metal complexes with bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide, (fluorosulfonyl)(trifluoromethylslufonyl)amide and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide (FSA(-), FTA(-) and TFSA(-)) were studied by ab initio molecular orbital calculations. The FSA(-) complexes prefer the bidentate structures in which two oxygen atoms of two SO2 groups have contact with the metal cation. The FTA(-) and TFSA(-) complexes with Li(+) and Na(+) prefer the bidentate structures, while the FTA(-) and TFSA(-) complexes with Cs(+) prefer tridentate structures in which the metal cation has contact with two oxygen atoms of an SO2 group and one oxygen atom of another SO2 group. The two structures are nearly isoenergetic in the FTA(-) and TFSA(-) complexes with K(+) and Rb(+). The magnitude of Eform depends on the alkali metal cation significantly. The Eform calculated for the most stable TFSA(-) complexes with Li(+), Na(+), K(+), Rb(+) and Cs(+) cations at the MP2/6-311G** level are -137.2, -110.5, -101.1, -89.6, and -84.1 kcal/mol, respectively. The viscosity and ionic conductivity of the alkali TFSA molten salts have strong correlation with the magnitude of the attraction. The viscosity increases and the ionic conductivity decreases with the increase of the attraction. The melting points of the alkali TFSA and alkali BETA molten salts also have correlation with the magnitude of the Eform, which strongly suggests that the magnitude of the attraction play important roles in determining the melting points of these molten salts. The anion dependence of the Eform calculated for the complexes is small (less than 2.9 kcal/mol). This shows that the magnitude of the attraction is not the cause of the low melting points of alkali FTA molten salts compared with those of corresponding alkali TFSA molten salts. The electrostatic interactions are the major source of the attraction in the complexes. The electrostatic energies for the most stable TFSA
Methods of recovering alkali metals
Krumhansl, James L; Rigali, Mark J
Approaches for alkali metal extraction, sequestration and recovery are described. For example, a method of recovering alkali metals includes providing a CST or CST-like (e.g., small pore zeolite) material. The alkali metal species is scavenged from the liquid mixture by the CST or CST-like material. The alkali metal species is extracted from the CST or CST-like material.
Method for the safe disposal of alkali metal
Johnson, T.R.
Alkali metals such as those employed in liquid metal coolant systems can be safely reacted to form hydroxides by first dissolving the alkali metal in relatively inert metals such as lead or bismuth. The alloy thus formed is contacted with a molten salt including the alkali metal hydroxide and possibly the alkali metal carbonate in the presence of oxygen. This oxidizes the alkali metal to an oxide which is soluble within the molten salt. The salt is separated and contacted with steam or steam--CO 2 mixture to convert the alkali metal oxide to the hydroxide. These reactions can be conducted with minimal hydrogen evolution and with the heat of reaction distributed between the several reaction steps. 5 claims, 1 figure
A binary catalyst system of a cationic Ru-CNC pincer complex with an alkali metal salt for selective hydroboration of carbon dioxide.
Binary catalyst systems comprising a cationic Ru-CNC pincer complex and an alkali metal salt were developed for selective hydroboration of CO 2 utilizing pinacolborane at r.t. and 1 atm CO 2 , with the combination of [Ru(CNC Bn )(CO) 2 (H)][PF 6 ] and KOCO 2 t Bu producing formoxyborane in 76% yield. A bicyclic catalytic mechanism was proposed and discussed.
Use of alkali metal salts to prepare high purity single-walled carbon nanotube solutions and thin films
Ashour, Rakan F.
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) display interesting electronic and optical properties desired for many advanced thin film applications, such as transparent conductive electrodes or thin-film transistors. Large-scale production of SWCNTs generally results in polydispersed mixtures of nanotube structures. Since SWCNT electronic character (conducting or semiconducting nature) depends on the nanotube structure, application performance is being held back by this inability to discretely control SWCNT synthesis. Although a number of post-production techniques are able to separate SWCNTs based on electronic character, diameter, or chirality, most still suffer from the disadvantage of high costs of materials, equipment, or labor intensity to be relevant for large-scale production. On the other hand, chromatographic separation has emerged as a method that is compatible with large scale separation of metallic and semiconducting SWCNTs. In this work, SWCNTs, in an aqueous surfactant suspension of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), are separated by their electronic character using a gel chromatography process. Metallic SWCNTs (m-SWCNTs) are collected as initial fractions since they show minimum interaction with the gel medium, whereas, semiconducting SWCNTs (sc- SWCNTs) remain adsorbed to the gel. The process of sc-SWCNT retention in the gel is found to be driven by the packing density of SDS around the SWCNTs. Through a series of separation experiments, it is shown that sc-SWCNTs can be eluted from the gel simply by disturbing the configuration of the SDS/SWCNT micellar structure. This is achieved by either introducing a solution containing a co-surfactant, such as sodium cholate (SC), or solutions of alkali metal ionic salts. Analysis of SWCNT suspensions by optical absorption provides insights into the effect of changing the metal ion (M+ = Li+, Na+, and K+) in the eluting solution. Salts with smaller metal ions (e.g. Li+) require higher concentrations to achieve
Alkali metal hafnium oxide scintillators
Bourret-Courchesne, Edith; Derenzo, Stephen E.; Taylor, Scott Edward
The present invention provides for a composition comprising an inorganic scintillator comprising an alkali metal hafnate, optionally cerium-doped, having the formula A2HfO3:Ce; wherein A is an alkali metal having a valence of 1, such as Li or Na; and the molar percent of cerium is 0% to 100%. The alkali metal hafnate are scintillators and produce a bright luminescence upon irradiation by a suitable radiation.
Purification of alkali metal nitrates
Fiorucci, Louis C.; Gregory, Kevin M.
A process is disclosed for removing heavy metal contaminants from impure alkali metal nitrates containing them. The process comprises mixing the impure nitrates with sufficient water to form a concentrated aqueous solution of the impure nitrates, adjusting the pH of the resulting solution to within the range of between about 2 and about 7, adding sufficient reducing agent to react with heavy metal contaminants within said solution, adjusting the pH of the solution containing reducing agent to effect precipitation of heavy metal impurities and separating the solid impurities from the resulting purified aqueous solution of alkali metal nitrates. The resulting purified solution of alkali metal nitrates may be heated to evaporate water therefrom to produce purified molten alkali metal nitrate suitable for use as a heat transfer medium. If desired, the purified molten form may be granulated and cooled to form discrete solid particles of alkali metal nitrates.
Upgrading platform using alkali metals
Gordon, John Howard
A process for removing sulfur, nitrogen or metals from an oil feedstock (such as heavy oil, bitumen, shale oil, etc.) The method involves reacting the oil feedstock with an alkali metal and a radical capping substance. The alkali metal reacts with the metal, sulfur or nitrogen content to form one or more inorganic products and the radical capping substance reacts with the carbon and hydrogen content to form a hydrocarbon phase. The inorganic products may then be separated out from the hydrocarbon phase.
Alkali metal and alkali earth metal gadolinium halide scintillators
Bourret-Courchesne, Edith; Derenzo, Stephen E.; Parms, Shameka; Porter-Chapman, Yetta D.; Wiggins, Latoria K.
The present invention provides for a composition comprising an inorganic scintillator comprising a gadolinium halide, optionally cerium-doped, having the formula A.sub.nGdX.sub.m:Ce; wherein A is nothing, an alkali metal, such as Li or Na, or an alkali earth metal, such as Ba; X is F, Br, Cl, or I; n is an integer from 1 to 2; m is an integer from 4 to 7; and the molar percent of cerium is 0% to 100%. The gadolinium halides or alkali earth metal gadolinium halides are scintillators and produce a bright luminescence upon irradiation by a suitable radiation.
Method for intercalating alkali metal ions into carbon electrodes
Doeff, Marca M.; Ma, Yanping; Visco, Steven J.; DeJonghe, Lutgard
A low cost, relatively flexible, carbon electrode for use in a secondary battery is described. A method is provided for producing same, including intercalating alkali metal salts such as sodium and lithium into carbon.
The Study of Anti-/Pro-Oxidant, Lipophilic, Microbial and Spectroscopic Properties of New Alkali Metal Salts of 5-O-Caffeoylquinic Acid
Monika Kalinowska
Full Text Available Lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and caesium salts of 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (chlorogenic acid, 5-CQA were synthesized and described by FT-IR (infrared spectroscopy, FT-Raman (Raman spectroscopy, UV (UV absorption spectroscopy, 1H (400.15 MHz, 13C (100.63 MHz NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The quantum–chemical calculations at the B3LYP/6-311++G** level were done in order to obtain the optimal structures, IR spectra, NBO (natural bond orbital atomic charges, HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital and LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital orbitals and chemical reactivity parameters for 5-CQA and Li, Na and K 5-CQAs (chlorogenates. The DPPH (α, α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power assays were used for the preliminary estimation of the antioxidant properties of alkali metal chlorogenates and chlorogenic acid. In the DPPH assay the EC50 parameter were equal to 7.39 μM for 5-CQA and was in the range of 4.50–5.89 μM for salts. The FRAP values for two different concentrations (5 and 2.5 μM of the studied compounds were respectively 114.22 and 72.53 μM Fe2+ for 5-CQA, whereas for salts they were 106.92–141.13 and 78.93–132.00 μM Fe2+. The 5-CQA and its alkali metal salts possess higher antioxidant properties than commonly applied antioxidants (BHA, BHT, l-ascorbic acid. The pro-oxidant action of these compounds on trolox oxidation was studied in the range of their concentration 0.05–0.35 μM. The lipophilicity (logkw of chlorogenates and chlorogenic acid was determined by RP-HPLC (reverse phase—high performance liquid chromatography using five different columns (C8, PHE (phenyl, CN (cyano, C18, IAM (immobilized artificial membrane. The compounds were screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against E. coli, Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus pyogenes and antifungal activity against Candida sp. The 5-CQA possessed lower antibacterial (minimal inhibitory
40 CFR 721.5278 - Substituted naphthalenesulfonic acid, alkali salt.
..., alkali salt. 721.5278 Section 721.5278 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... Specific Chemical Substances § 721.5278 Substituted naphthalenesulfonic acid, alkali salt. (a) Chemical... as a substituted naphthalenesulfonic acid, alkali salt (PMN P-95-85) is subject to reporting under...
40 CFR 721.8900 - Substituted halogenated pyridinol, alkali salt.
..., alkali salt. 721.8900 Section 721.8900 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... Specific Chemical Substances § 721.8900 Substituted halogenated pyridinol, alkali salt. (a) Chemical... as substituted halogenated pyridinols, alkali salts (PMNs P-88-1271 and P-88-1272) are subject to...
Process for the disposal of alkali metals
Lewis, L.C.
The invention describes a method of disposing of alkali metals by forming a solid waste for storage. The method comprises preparing an aqueous disposal solution of at least 55 weight percent alkali metal hydroxide, heating the alkali metal to melting temperature to form a feed solution, and spraying the molten feed solution into the disposal solution. The alkali metal reacts with the water in the disposal solution in a controlled reaction which produces alkali metal hydroxide, hydrogen and heat and thereby forms a solution of alkali metal hydroxides. Water is added to the solution in amounts sufficient to maintain the concentration of alkali metal hydroxides in the solution at 70 to 90 weight percent, and to maintain the temperature of the solution at about the boiling point. Removing and cooling the alkali metal hydroxide solution thereby forms a solid waste for storage. The method is particularly applicable to radioactive alkali metal reactor coolant. (auth)
Alkali metals and group IIA metals
Fenton, D.E.
This chapter on the coordination complexes of the alkali metals of group IIA starts with a historical perspective of their chemistry, from simple monodentate ligands, metal-β-diketonates to the macrocyclic polyethers which act as ligands to the alkali and akaline earth metals. Other macrocyclic ligands include quarterenes, calixarenes, porphyrins, phthalocyanines and chlorophylls. A section on the naturally occurring ionophores and carboxylic ionophores is included. (UK)
Method of making alkali metal hydrides
Pecharsky, Vitalij K.; Gupta, Shalabh; Pruski, Marek; Hlova, Ihor; Castle, Andra
A method is provided for making alkali metal hydrides by mechanochemically reacting alkali metal and hydrogen gas under mild temperature (e.g room temperature) and hydrogen pressure conditions without the need for catalyst, solvent, and intentional heating or cooling.
Titanium metal obtention by fused salts electrolysis
Perillo, P.M.; Ares, Osvaldo; Botbol, Jose.
Potassium fluorotitanate dissolved in fused sodium chloride or potassium chloride may be electrolyzed under an inert gas atmosphere. Solid electrolysis products are formed on the cathode which contains titanium metal, sodium chloride, lower fluorotitanates and small quantities of alkali metal fluorotitanate. The extraction of titanium from the electrolysis products may be carried out by aqueous leaching (removal of chloride salts of alkali metals and a certain amount of fluorotitanates). Titanium metal obtained is relatively pure. (Author)
Properties of solvated electrons, alkali anions and other species in metal solutions and kinetics of cation and electron exchange reactions. Final report
Dye, J.L.
The properties of solutions of alkali metals in amine solvents were studied by optical, ETR, NMR and electrochemical methods. Complexation of the alkali cations by crown ethers and cryptands permitted the preparation of concentrated solutions of alkali metals in amine and ether solvents. Extensive alkali metal NMR studies of the exchange of M + with crown-ethers and cryptands and of the alkali metal anion, M - , were made. The first crystalline salt of an alkali metal anion, Na + Cryptand [2.2.2]Na - was synthesized and characterized and led to the preparation of other alkali metal anion salts. This research provided the foundation for continuing studies of crystalline alkalide salts
Alkali metal and alkali metal hydroxide intercalates of the layered transition metal disulfides
Kanzaki, Y.; Konuma, M.; Matsumoto, O.
The intercalation reaction of some layered transition metal disulfides with alkali metals, alkali metal hydroxides, and tetraalkylammonium hydroxides were investigated. The alkali metal intercalates were prepared in the respective metal-hexamethylphosphoric triamide solutions in vaccuo, and the hydroxide intercalates in aqueous hydroxide solutions. According to the intercalation reaction, the c-lattice parameter was increased, and the increase indicated the expansion of the interlayer distance. In the case of alkali metal intercalates, the expansion of the interlayer distance increased continuously, corresponding to the atomic radius of the alkali metal. On the other hand, the hydroxide intercalates showed discrete expansion corresponding to the effective ionic radius of the intercalated cation. All intercalates of TaS 2 amd NbS 2 were superconductors. The expansion of the interlayer distance tended to increase the superconducting transition temperature in the intercalates of TaS 2 and vice versa in those of NbS 2 . (orig.)
The chemistry of the liquid alkali metals
Addison, C.C.
A study of liquid alkali metals. It encourages comparison with molecular solvents in chapter covering the nature and reactivity of dissolved species, solvation, solubility and electrical conductivity of solutions. It demonstrates lab techniques unique to liquid alkali metals. It discusses large-scale applications from storage batteries to sodium-cooled reactors and future fusion reactors, and associated technological problems. Contents: Some Basic Physical and Chemical Properties; Manipulation of the Liquids; The Chemistry of Purification Methods; Species Formed by Dissolved Elements; Solubilities and Analytical Methods; Alkali Metal Mixtures; Solvation in Liquid Metal; Reactions Between Liquid Alkali Metals and Water; Reactions of Nitrogen with Lithium and the Group II Metals in Liquid Sodium; The Formation, Dissociation and Stability of Heteronuclear Polyatomic Anions; Reactions of the Liquid Alkali Metals and Their Alloys with Simple Alipatic Hydrocarbons; Reactions of the Liquid Alkali Metals with Some Halogen Compounds; Hydrogen, Oxygen and Carbon Meters; Surface Chemistry and Wetting; Corrosion of Transition Metals by the Liquid Alkali Metals; Modern Applications of the Liquid Alkali Metals
Study of water nature in some crystallohydrates of pentasubstituted alkali metal salts of borotungstic acid using thermochemical method
Kosmodem'yanskaya, G.V.; Sadykova, M.M.; Spitsyn, V.I.
Kinetics of the dehydration process has been studied and heat of dehydration has been determined for salts 2.5Li 2 O x 0.5B 2 O 3 x 12.0WO 3 x 28.5H 2 O; 2.5Na 2 Ox0.5B 2 O 3 x 12.0WO 3 x 17.5H 2 O; 2.5K 2 O x 0.5B 2 O 3 x12.0WO 3 x 16.5H 2 O; 2.5Cs 2 O x 0.5B 2 O 3 x 12.0WO 3 x6.7H 2 O. Dehydration has been conducted in vacuum at 25-50 deg C. The study of the dehydration process has been performed thermochemically in a differential calorimeter. It has been shown that heat of dehydration depends on the nature of the cation. Lithium salt with a cation of a small radius has the highest heat of dehydration (6.4+-0.2 kcal/mol H 2 O). Cesium salt is dehydrated almost completely. A considerable part of water in crystallohydrates has a salting character. Kinetics of the dehydration process is described by the equation of the monomolecular reaction
Ion conducting fluoropolymer carbonates for alkali metal ion batteries
DeSimone, Joseph M.; Pandya, Ashish; Wong, Dominica; Balsara, Nitash P.; Thelen, Jacob; Devaux, Didier
Liquid or solid electrolyte compositions are described that comprise a homogeneous solvent system and an alkali metal salt dissolved in said solvent system. The solvent system may comprise a fluoropolymer, having one or two terminal carbonate groups covalently coupled thereto. Batteries containing such electrolyte compositions are also described.
Large quantities of alkali metals may be safely reacted for ultimate disposal by contact with a hot concentrated caustic solution. The alkali metals react with water in the caustic solution in a controlled reaction while steam dilutes the hydrogen formed by the reaction to a safe level. 6 claims
Method of handling radioactive alkali metal waste
Wolson, R.D.; McPheeters, C.C.
Radioactive alkali metal is mixed with particulate silica in a rotary drum reactor in which the alkali metal is converted to the monoxide during rotation of the reactor to produce particulate silica coated with the alkali metal monoxide suitable as a feed material to make a glass for storing radioactive material. Silica particles, the majority of which pass through a 95 mesh screen or preferably through a 200 mesh screen, are employed in this process, and the preferred weight ratio of silica to alkali metal is 7 to 1 in order to produce a feed material for the final glass product having a silica to alkali metal monoxide ratio of about 5 to 1.
Mcpheeters, C.C.; Wolson, R.D.
Radioactive alkali metal is mixed with particulate silica in a rotary drum reactor in which the alkali metal is converted to the monoxide during rotation of the reactor to produce particulate silica coated with the alkali metal monoxide suitable as a feed material to make a glass for storing radioactive material. Silica particles, the majority of which pass through a 95 mesh screen or preferably through a 200 mesh screen, are employed in this process, and the preferred weight ratio of silica to alkali metal is 7 to 1 in order to produce a feed material for the final glass product having a silica to alkali metal monoxide ratio of about 5 to 1
Comparative metabolic responses and adaptive strategies of wheat (Triticum aestivum) to salt and alkali stress.
Guo, Rui; Yang, Zongze; Li, Feng; Yan, Changrong; Zhong, Xiuli; Liu, Qi; Xia, Xu; Li, Haoru; Zhao, Long
It is well known that salinization (high-pH) has been considered as a major environmental threat to agricultural systems. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences between salt stress and alkali stress in metabolic profiles and nutrient accumulation of wheat; these parameters were also evaluated to determine the physiological adaptive mechanisms by which wheat tolerates alkali stress. The harmful effect of alkali stress on the growth and photosynthesis of wheat were stronger than those of salt stress. High-pH of alkali stress induced the most of phosphate and metal ions to precipitate; as a result, the availability of nutrients significantly declined. Under alkali stress, Ca sharply increased in roots, however, it decreased under salt stress. In addition, we detected the 75 metabolites that were different among the treatments according to GC-MS analysis, including organic acids, amino acids, sugars/polyols and others. The metabolic data showed salt stress and alkali stress caused different metabolic shifts; alkali stress has a stronger injurious effect on the distribution and accumulation of metabolites than salt stress. These outcomes correspond to specific detrimental effects of a highly pH environment. Ca had a significant positive correlation with alkali tolerates, and increasing Ca concentration can immediately trigger SOS Na exclusion system and reduce the Na injury. Salt stress caused metabolic shifts toward gluconeogenesis with increased sugars to avoid osmotic stress; energy in roots and active synthesis in leaves were needed by wheat to develop salt tolerance. Alkali stress (at high pH) significantly inhibited photosynthetic rate; thus, sugar production was reduced, N metabolism was limited, amino acid production was reduced, and glycolysis was inhibited.
Alkali metal for ultraviolet band-pass filter
Mardesich, Nick (Inventor); Fraschetti, George A. (Inventor); Mccann, Timothy A. (Inventor); Mayall, Sherwood D. (Inventor); Dunn, Donald E. (Inventor); Trauger, John T. (Inventor)
An alkali metal filter having a layer of metallic bismuth deposited onto the alkali metal is provided. The metallic bismuth acts to stabilize the surface of the alkali metal to prevent substantial surface migration from occurring on the alkali metal, which may degrade optical characteristics of the filter. To this end, a layer of metallic bismuth is deposited by vapor deposition over the alkali metal to a depth of approximately 5 to 10 A. A complete alkali metal filter is described along with a method for fabricating the alkali metal filter.
Synthesis of carbides of refractory metals in salt melts
Ilyushchenko, N.G.; Anfinogenov, A.I.; Chebykin, V.V.; Chernov, Ya.B.; Shurov, N.I.; Ryaposov, Yu.A.; Dobrynin, A.I.; Gorshkov, A.V.; Chub, A.V.
The ion-electron melts, obtained through dissolving the alkali and alkali-earth metals in the molten chlorides above the chloride melting temperature, were used for manufacturing the high-melting metal carbides as the transport melt. The lithium, calcium and magnesium chlorides and the mixture of the lithium chloride with the potassium or calcium chloride were used from the alkali or alkali-earth metals. The metallic lithium, calcium, magnesium or the calcium-magnesium mixtures were used as the alkali or alkali-earth metals. The carbon black or sugar was used as carbon. It is shown, that lithium, magnesium or calcium in the molten salts transfer the carbon on the niobium, tantalum, titanium, forming the carbides of the above metals. The high-melting metal carbides are obtained both from the metal pure powders and from the oxides and chlorides [ru
SEPARATION OF METAL SALTS BY ADSORPTION
Gruen, D.M.
It has been found that certain metal salts, particularly the halides of iron, cobalt, nickel, and the actinide metals, arc readily absorbed on aluminum oxide, while certain other salts, particularly rare earth metal halides, are not so absorbed. Use is made of this discovery to separate uranium from the rare earths. The metal salts are first dissolved in a molten mixture of alkali metal nitrates, e.g., the eutectic mixture of lithium nitrate and potassium nitrate, and then the molten salt solution is contacted with alumina, either by slurrying or by passing the salt solution through an absorption tower. The process is particularly valuable for the separation of actinides from lanthanum-group rare earths.
Corrosion and compatibility in liquid alkali metals
The literature dealing with liquid alkali metal corrosion of vanadium and its alloys is reviewed in the following subsections. Attention is given to both lithium and sodium data. Preceding this review, a brief outline of the current state of understanding of liquid metal corrosion mechanisms is provided
A procedure for preparing alkali metal hydrides
Lemieux, R.U.; Sanford, C.E.; Prescott, J.F.
A plain low cost, procedure for the continuous, low temperature preparation of sodium or potassium hydrides using cheap reagents is presented. Said invention is especially concerned with a process of purifying of a catalytic exchange liquid used for deuterium enrichment, in which an alkali metal hydride is produced as intermediate product. The procedure for producing the sodium and potassium hydrides consists in causing high pressure hydrogen to be absorbed by a mixture of at least a lower monoalkylamine and an alkylamide of an alkali metal from at least one of said amines [fr
Liquid alkali metals and alkali-based alloys as electron-ion plasmas
Tosi, M.P.
The article reviews the theory of thermodynamic and structural properties of liquid alkali metals and alkali-based alloys, within the framework of linear screening theory for the electron-ion interactions. (author)
40 CFR 721.4740 - Alkali metal nitrites.
... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Alkali metal nitrites. 721.4740... Substances § 721.4740 Alkali metal nitrites. (a) Chemical substances and significant new use subject to reporting. (1) The category of chemical substances which are nitrites of the alkali metals (Group IA in the...
40 CFR 721.1878 - Alkali metal alkyl borohydride (generic).
... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Alkali metal alkyl borohydride... Specific Chemical Substances § 721.1878 Alkali metal alkyl borohydride (generic). (a) Chemical substance... alkali metal alkyl borohydride (PMN P-00-1089) is subject to reporting under this section for the...
Alkali metals in fungi of forest soil
Vinichuk, M.; Taylor, A.; Rosen, K.; Nikolova, I.; Johanson, K.J.
The high affinity of forest soil fungi for alkali metals such as potassium, rubidium, caesium as well as radiocaesium is shown and discussed. Good positive correlation was found between K: Rb concentration ratios in soil and in fungi, when correlation between K: Cs concentration ratios was less pronounced. (LN)
Thermal investigation of alkali metal hexacyanoruthenate (2)
Okorskaya, A.P.; Sergeeva, A.N.; Pavlenko, L.I.; Semenishin, D.I.
Thermal stability of Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs hexacyanoruthenates has been investigated. It has been established, that thermal decomposition of complexes depends upon outer spherical cations; complex compound stability decreasing with the rize of cation ionization potential. According to their thermal stability, alkali metal hexacyanoruthenates can be placed in the following row: Li < Na < K < Rb < Cs. Decomposition of Na, Rb and Cs complexes is accompanied by formation of thermally stable cyanides of these metals
Complexes in polyvalent metal - Alkali halide melts
Akdeniz, Z.; Tosi, M.P.
Experimental evidence is available in the literature on the local coordination of divalent and trivalent metal ions by halogens in some 140 liquid mixtures of their halides with alkali halides. After brief reference to classification criteria for main types of local coordination, we focus on statistical mechanical models that we are developing for Al-alkali halide mixtures. Specifically, we discuss theoretically the equilibrium between (AlF 6 ) 3- and (AlF 4 ) - complexes in mixtures of AlF 3 and NaF as a function of composition in the NaF-rich region, the effect of the alkali counterion on this equilibrium, the possible role of (AlF 5 ) 2- as an intermediate species in molten cryolite, and the origin of the different complexing behaviours of Al-alkali fluorides and chlorides. We also present a theoretical scenario for processes of structure breaking and electron localization in molten cryolite under addition of sodium metal. (author). 26 refs, 2 tabs
40 CFR 721.2565 - Alkylated sulfonated diphenyl oxide, alkali and amine salts.
..., alkali and amine salts. 721.2565 Section 721.2565 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... New Uses for Specific Chemical Substances § 721.2565 Alkylated sulfonated diphenyl oxide, alkali and... substances identified as alkylated sulfonated diphenyl oxide, alkali salt (PMN P-93-352) and alkylated...
Alkali Metal Heat Pipe Life Issues
Reid, Robert S.
One approach to fission power system design uses alkali metal heat pipes for the core primary heat-transfer system. Heat pipes may also be used as radiator elements or auxiliary thermal control elements. This synopsis characterizes long-life core heat pipes. References are included where information that is more detailed can be found. Specifics shown here are for demonstration purposes and do not necessarily reflect current Nasa Project Prometheus point designs. (author)
Alkali metal protective garment and composite material
Ballif, III, John L.; Yuan, Wei W.
A protective garment and composite material providing satisfactory heat resistance and physical protection for articles and personnel exposed to hot molten alkali metals, such as sodium. Physical protection is provided by a continuous layer of nickel foil. Heat resistance is provided by an underlying backing layer of thermal insulation. Overlying outer layers of fireproof woven ceramic fibers are used to protect the foil during storage and handling.
Ion conducting polymers and polymer blends for alkali metal ion batteries
DeSimone, Joseph M.; Pandya, Ashish; Wong, Dominica; Vitale, Alessandra
Electrolyte compositions for batteries such as lithium ion and lithium air batteries are described. In some embodiments the compositions are liquid compositions comprising (a) a homogeneous solvent system, said solvent system comprising a perfluropolyether (PFPE) and polyethylene oxide (PEO); and (b) an alkali metal salt dissolved in said solvent system. In other embodiments the compositions are solid electrolyte compositions comprising: (a) a solid polymer, said polymer comprising a crosslinked product of a crosslinkable perfluropolyether (PFPE) and a crosslinkable polyethylene oxide (PEO); and (b) an alkali metal ion salt dissolved in said polymer. Batteries containing such compositions as electrolytes are also described.
Metal induced gap states at alkali halide/metal interface
Kiguchi, Manabu; Yoshikawa, Genki; Ikeda, Susumu; Saiki, Koichiro
The electronic state of a KCl/Cu(0 0 1) interface was investigated using the Cl K-edge near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS). A pre-peak observed on the bulk edge onset of thin KCl films has a similar feature to the peak at a LiCl/Cu(0 0 1) interface, which originates from the metal induced gap state (MIGS). The present result indicates that the MIGS is formed universally at alkali halide/metal interfaces. The decay length of MIGS to an insulator differs from each other, mainly due to the difference in the band gap energy of alkali halide
Density functional study of ferromagnetism in alkali metal thin films
thickness uniform jellium model (UJM), and it is argued that within LSDA or GGA, alkali metal thin films cannot be claimed to have an FM ground state. Relevance of these results to the experiments on transition metal-doped alkali metal thin films ...
Interaction of alkali metal nitrates with calcium carbonate and kyanite
Protsyuk, A.P.; Malakhov, A.I.; Karabanov, V.P.; Lebedeva, L.P.
Thermographic, thermodynamic and X-ray phase studies have been made into the interaction of alkali metal nitrates with calcium carbonate and kyanite. Examined among other things was the effect of water vapor and carbon dioxide on the interaction between alkali metal nitrates and kyanite. The chemical mechanism of the occurring processes has been established. The interaction with calcium carbonates results in the formation of alkali metal carbonates and calcium oxide with liberation of nitrogen oxide and oxygen. The products of the interaction with kyanite are shown to be identical with the compounds forming when alkali metal carbonates are used
Coprecipitation of alkali metal ions with calcium carbonate
Okumura, Minoru; Kitano, Yasushi
The coprecipitation of alkali metal ions Li + , Na + , K + and Rb + with calcium carbonate has been studied experimentally and the following results have been obtained: (1) Alkali metal ions are more easily coprecipitated with aragonite than with calcite. (2) The relationship between the amounts of alkali metal ions coprecipitated with aragonite and their ionic radii shows a parabolic curve with a peak located at Na + which has approximately the same ionic radius as Ca 2+ . (3) However, the amounts of alkali metal ions coprecipitated with calcite decrease with increasing ionic radius of alkali metals. (4) Our results support the hypothesis that (a) alkali metals are in interstitial positions in the crystal structure of calcite and do not substitute for Ca 2+ in the lattice, but (b) in aragonite, alkali metals substitute for Ca 2+ in the crystal structure. (5) Magnesium ions in the parent solution increase the amounts of alkali metal ions (Li + , Na + , K + and Rb + ) coprecipitated with calcite but decrease those with aragonite. (6) Sodium-bearing aragonite decreases the incorporation of other alkali metal ions (Li + , K + and Rb + ) into the aragonite. (author)
Vibrations of alkali metal overlayers on metal surfaces
Rusina, G G; Eremeev, S V; Borisova, S D; Echenique, P M; Chulkov, E V; Benedek, G
We review the current progress in the understanding of vibrations of alkalis adsorbed on metal surfaces. The analysis of alkali vibrations was made on the basis of available theoretical and experimental results. We also include in this discussion our recent calculations of vibrations in K/Pt(111) and Li(Na)/Cu(001) systems. The dependence of alkali adlayer localized modes on atomic mass, adsorption position and coverage as well as the dependence of vertical vibration frequency on the substrate orientation is discussed. The square root of atomic mass dependence of the vertical vibration energy has been confirmed by using computational data for alkalis on the Al(111) and Cu(001) substrates. We have confirmed that in a wide range of submonolayer coverages the stretch mode energy remains nearly constant while the energy of in-plane polarized modes increases with the increase of alkali coverage. It was shown that the spectrum of both stretch and in-plane vibrations can be very sensitive to the adsorption position of alkali atoms and substrate orientation
Cathode architectures for alkali metal / oxygen batteries
Visco, Steven J; Nimon, Vitaliy; De Jonghe, Lutgard C; Volfkovich, Yury; Bograchev, Daniil
Electrochemical energy storage devices, such as alkali metal-oxygen battery cells (e.g., non-aqueous lithium-air cells), have a cathode architecture with a porous structure and pore composition that is tailored to improve cell performance, especially as it pertains to one or more of the discharge/charge rate, cycle life, and delivered ampere-hour capacity. A porous cathode architecture having a pore volume that is derived from pores of varying radii wherein the pore size distribution is tailored as a function of the architecture thickness is one way to achieve one or more of the aforementioned cell performance improvements.
Ionic conductivity of polymer gels deriving from alkali metal ionic liquids and negatively charged polyelectrolytes
Ogihara, Wataru; Sun Jiazeng; Forsyth, Maria; MacFarlane, Douglas R.; Yoshizawa, Masahiro; Ohno, Hiroyuki
We have prepared polymer gel electrolytes with alkali metal ionic liquids (AMILs) that inherently contain alkali metal ions. The AMIL consisted of sulfate anion, imidazolium cation, and alkali metal cation. AMILs were mixed directly with poly(3-sulfopropyl acrylate) lithium salt or poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid) lithium salt to form polymer gels. The ionic conductivity of these gels decreased with increasing polymer fraction, as in general ionic liquid/polymer mixed systems. At low polymer concentrations, these gels displayed excellent ionic conductivity of 10 -4 to 10 -3 S cm -1 at room temperature. Gelation was found to cause little change in the 7 Li diffusion coefficient of the ionic liquid, as measured by pulse-field-gradient NMR. These data strongly suggest that the lithium cation migrates in successive pathways provided by the ionic liquids
Physiological Evaluation of Alkali-Salt Tolerance of Thirty Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum Lines.
Guofu Hu
Full Text Available Soil salt-alkalization is a major limiting factor for crop production in many regions. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L. is a warm-season C4 perennial rhizomatous bunchgrass and a target lignocellulosic biofuel species. The objective of this study was to evaluate relative alkali-salt tolerance among 30 switchgrass lines. Tillers of each switchgrass line were transplanted into pots filled with fine sand. Two months after transplanting, plants at E5 developmental stage were grown in either half strength Hoagland's nutrient solution with 0 mM Na+ (control or half strength Hoagland's nutrient solution with 150 mM Na+ and pH of 9.5 (alkali-salt stress treatment for 20 d. Alkali-salt stress damaged cell membranes [higher electrolyte leakage (EL], reduced leaf relative water content (RWC, net photosynthetic rate (Pn, stomatal conductance (gs, and transpiration rate (Tr. An alkali-salt stress tolerance trait index (ASTTI for each parameter was calculated based on the ratio of the value under alkali-salt stress and the value under non-stress conditions for each parameter of each line. Relative alkali-salt tolerance was determined based on principal components analysis and cluster analysis of the physiological parameters and their ASTTI values. Significant differences in alkali-salt stress tolerance were found among the 30 lines. Lowland lines TEM-SEC, Alamo, TEM-SLC and Kanlow were classified as alkali-salt tolerant. In contrast, three lowland lines (AM-314/MS-155, BN-13645-64 and two upland lines (Caddo and Blackwell-1 were classified as alkali-salt sensitive. The results suggest wide variations exist in alkali-salt stress tolerance among the 30 switchgrass lines. The approach of using a combination of principal components and cluster analysis of the physiological parameters and related ASTTI is feasible for evaluating alkali-salt tolerance in switchgrass.
Physiological Evaluation of Alkali-Salt Tolerance of Thirty Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) Lines.
Hu, Guofu; Liu, Yiming; Zhang, Xunzhong; Yao, Fengjiao; Huang, Yan; Ervin, Erik H; Zhao, Bingyu
Soil salt-alkalization is a major limiting factor for crop production in many regions. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a warm-season C4 perennial rhizomatous bunchgrass and a target lignocellulosic biofuel species. The objective of this study was to evaluate relative alkali-salt tolerance among 30 switchgrass lines. Tillers of each switchgrass line were transplanted into pots filled with fine sand. Two months after transplanting, plants at E5 developmental stage were grown in either half strength Hoagland's nutrient solution with 0 mM Na+ (control) or half strength Hoagland's nutrient solution with 150 mM Na+ and pH of 9.5 (alkali-salt stress treatment) for 20 d. Alkali-salt stress damaged cell membranes [higher electrolyte leakage (EL)], reduced leaf relative water content (RWC), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), and transpiration rate (Tr). An alkali-salt stress tolerance trait index (ASTTI) for each parameter was calculated based on the ratio of the value under alkali-salt stress and the value under non-stress conditions for each parameter of each line. Relative alkali-salt tolerance was determined based on principal components analysis and cluster analysis of the physiological parameters and their ASTTI values. Significant differences in alkali-salt stress tolerance were found among the 30 lines. Lowland lines TEM-SEC, Alamo, TEM-SLC and Kanlow were classified as alkali-salt tolerant. In contrast, three lowland lines (AM-314/MS-155, BN-13645-64) and two upland lines (Caddo and Blackwell-1) were classified as alkali-salt sensitive. The results suggest wide variations exist in alkali-salt stress tolerance among the 30 switchgrass lines. The approach of using a combination of principal components and cluster analysis of the physiological parameters and related ASTTI is feasible for evaluating alkali-salt tolerance in switchgrass.
Electron spin resonance study of electron localization and dynamics in metal-molten salt solutions: comparison of M-MX and Ln-LnX sub 3 melts (M alkali metal, Ln = rare earth metal, X = halogen)
Terakado, O; Freyland, W
We have studied the electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra in liquid K-KCl and M-(NaCl/KCl) sub e sub u sub t mixtures at different concentrations in salt-rich melts approaching the metal-nonmetal transition region. In both systems F-centre-like characteristics are found. Strongly exchange narrowed signals clearly indicate that fast electron exchange occurs on the picosecond timescale. In contrast, the ESR spectra of a (NdCl sub 2)(NdCl sub 3)-(LiCl/KCl) sub e sub u sub t melt are characterized by a large line width of the order of 10 sup 2 mT which decreases with increasing temperature. In this case, the g-factor and correlation time are consistent with the model of intervalence charge transfer, which is supported by recent conductivity and optical measurements. The different transport mechanisms will be discussed.
IRMPD Action Spectroscopy of Alkali Metal Cation-Cytosine Complexes: Effects of Alkali Metal Cation Size on Gas Phase Conformation
Yang, B.; Wu, R.R.; Polfer, N.C.; Berden, G.; Oomens, J.; Rodgers, M.T.
The gas-phase structures of alkali metal cation-cytosine complexes generated by electrospray ionization are probed via infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) action spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. IRMPD action spectra of five alkali metal cation-cytosine complexes exhibit both
Saturated vapor pressure over molten mixtures of GaCl3 and alkali metal chlorides
Salyulev, A.B.; Smolenskij, V.V.; Moskalenko, N.I.
Volatilities of GaCl 3 and alkali metal chlorides over diluted (up to 3 mol %) solutions of GaCl 3 in LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, and CsCl were measured at 1100 K by dynamic and indirect static methods. Chemical composition of saturated vapor over the mixed melts was determined. Partial pressures of the components were calculated. Their values depend essentially on specific alkali metal cation and on concentration of GaCl 3 ; their variation permits altering parameters of GaCl 3 distillation from the salt melt in a wide range [ru
Existence of hexachlorocerates (4) of alkali metals
Kiselev, Yu.M.; Filatov, I.Yu.; Popov, A.I.; Goryachenkova, S.A.; Martynenko, L.I.; Spitsyn, V.I. (Moskovskij Gosudarstvennyj Univ. (USSR))
A possibility has been studied to prepare alkali metal hexachlorocerates (4) of the composition M/sub 2/CeCl/sub 6/ (M=Li, Na, K, Rb) according to the reaction 2MX + fH/sub 2/CeCl/sub 6/'' ..-->.. 2HX + M/sub 2/CeCl/sub 6/ (X=Cl/sup -/, NO/sub 3//sup -/). Using X-ray phase analysis and low-temperature hTA it has been shown, that under experimental conditions (-65 deg C) the rubidium-cerium chlorocomplex is formed, in which Ce is present in the form of Ce(4). The complex is unstable at approximately 20 deg C and under the effect of moisture gets hydrolyzed with the formation of Ce(3) derivatives. Isomorphism of Rb and Cs hexachlorocerates (4) is established. According to the data of the low-temperature DTA, the authors failed to prepare Li, Na, K hexachlorocerates (4).
A simple alkali-metal and noble gas ion source for SIMS equipments with mass separation of the primary ions
Duesterhoeft, H.; Pippig, R.
An alkali-metal ion source working without a store of alkali-metals is described. The alkali-metal ions are produced by evaporation of alkali salts and ionization in a low-voltage arc discharge stabilized with a noble gas plasma or in the case of small alkali-metal ion currents on the base of the well known thermic ionization at a hot tungsten wire. The source is very simple in construction and produces a stable ion current of 0.3 μA for more than 100 h. It is possible to change the ion species in a short time. This source is applicable to all SIMS equipments using mass separation for primary ions. (author)
Alkali metal-refractory metal biphase electrode for AMTEC
Williams, Roger M. (Inventor); Bankston, Clyde P. (Inventor); Cole, Terry (Inventor); Khanna, Satish K. (Inventor); Jeffries-Nakamura, Barbara (Inventor); Wheeler, Bob L. (Inventor)
An electrode having increased output with slower degradation is formed of a film applied to a beta-alumina solid electrolyte (BASE). The film comprises a refractory first metal M.sup.1 such as a platinum group metal, suitably platinum or rhodium, capable of forming a liquid or a strong surface adsorption phase with sodium at the operating temperature of an alkali metal thermoelectric converter (AMTEC) and a second refractory metal insoluble in sodium or the NaM.sup.1 liquid phase such as a Group IVB, VB or VIB metal, suitably tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum or niobium. The liquid phase or surface film provides fast transport through the electrode while the insoluble refractory metal provides a structural matrix for the electrode during operation. A trilayer structure that is stable and not subject to deadhesion comprises a first, thin layer of tungsten, an intermediate co-deposited layer of tungsten-platinum and a thin surface layer of platinum.
Charge transfer in gold--alkali-metal systems
Watson, R.E.; Weinert, M.
Based on conventional electronegativity arguments, gold--alkali-metal compounds are expected to be among the most ''ionic'' of metallic compounds. The concepts of ionicity and charge transfer are difficult to quantify. However, the changes in bonding in the 50/50 Au--alkali-metal systems between the elemental metals and the compounds are so severe that observations can readily be made concerning their character. The results, as obtained from self-consistent electronic-structure calculations, lead to the apparently odd observation that the electron density at the alkali-metal sites in the compound increases significantly and this involves high l componennts in the charge density. This increase, however, can be attributed to Au-like orbitals spatially overlapping the alkali-metal sites. In a chemical sense, it is reasonable to consider the alkali-metal transferring charge to these Au orbitals. While normally the difference in heats of formation between muffin-tin and full-potential calculations for transition-metal--transition-metal and transition-metal--main-group (e.g., Al) compounds having high site symmetry are small, for the gold--alkali-metal systems, the changes in bonding in the compounds cause differences of ∼0.5 eV/atom between the two classes of potential. Any serious estimate of the electronic structure in these systems must account for these aspherical bonding charges. The origin of the semiconducting behavior of the heavy-alkali-metal Au compounds is shown to arise from a combination of the Au-Au separations and the ionic character of the compounds; the light-alkali-metal Au compounds, with their smaller Au-Au separations, do not have a semiconducting gap. Core-level shifts and isomer shifts are also briefly discussed
Controlled in-situ dissolution of an alkali metal
Jones, Jeffrey Donald; Dooley, Kirk John; Tolman, David Donald
A method for the controllable dissolution of one or more alkali metals from a vessel containing a one or more alkali metals and/or one or more partially passivated alkali metals. The vessel preferably comprising a sodium, NaK or other alkali metal-cooled nuclear reactor that has been used. The alkali metal, preferably sodium, potassium or a combination thereof, in the vessel is exposed to a treatment liquid, preferably an acidic liquid, more preferably citric acid. Preferably, the treatment liquid is maintained in continuous motion relative to any surface of unreacted alkali metal with which the treatment liquid is in contact. The treatment liquid is preferably pumped into the vessel containing the one or more alkali metals and the resulting fluid is extracted and optionally further processed. Preferably, the resulting off-gases are processed by an off-gas treatment system and the resulting liquids are processed by a liquid disposal system. In one preferred embodiment, an inert gas is pumped into the vessel along with the treatment liquid.
Metal analyses of ash derived alkalis from banana and plantain ...
The objective of this work was to determine the metal content of plantain and banana peels ash derived alkali and the possibility of using it as alternate and cheap source of alkali in soap industry. This was done by ashing the peels and dissolving it in de-ionised water to achieve the corresponding hydroxides with pH above ...
Assessment of alkali metal coolants for the ITER blanket
Natesan, K.; Reed, C.B.; Mattas, R.F.
The blanket system is one of the most important components of a fusion reactor because it has a major impact on both the economics and safety of fusion energy. The primary functions of the blanket in a deuterium/tritium-fueled fusion reactor are to convert the fusion energy into sensible heat and to breed tritium for the fuel cycle. The Blanket Comparison and Selection Study, conducted earlier, described the overall comparative performance of different blanket concepts, including liquid metal, molten salt, water, and helium. This paper will discuss the ITER requirements for a self-cooled blanket concept with liquid lithium and for indirectly cooled concepts that use other alkali metals such as NaK. The paper will address the thermodynamics of interactions between the liquid metals (i.e., lithium and NaK) and structural materials (e.g., V-base alloys), together with associated corrosion/compatibility issues. Available experimental data will be used to assess the long-term performance of the first wall in a liquid metal environment
Recent materials compatibility studies in refractory metal-alkali metal systems for space power applications.
Harrison, R. W.; Hoffman, E. E.; Davies, R. L.
Advanced Rankine and other proposed space power systems utilize refractory metals in contact with both single-phase and two-phase alkali metals at elevated temperatures. A number of recent compatibility experiments are described which emphasize the excellent compatibility of refractory metals with the alkali metals, lithium, sodium, and potassium, under a variety of environmental conditions. The alkali metal compatibilities of tantalum-, columbium-, molybdenum-, and tungsten-base alloys are discussed.
The 4843 Alkali Metal Storage Facility Closure Plan
The 4843 AMSF has been used primarily to provide a centralized building to receive and store dangerous and mixed alkali metal waste, including sodium and lithium, which has been generated at the Fast Flux Test Facility and at various other Hanford Site operations that used alkali metals. Most of the dangerous and mixed alkali metal waste received consists of retired equipment from liquid sodium processes. The unit continues to store material. In general, only solid alkali metal waste that is water reactive is stored at the 4843 AMSF. The 4843 AMSF will be closed in a manner consistent with Ecology guidelines and regulations (WAC 173-303-610). The general closure procedure is detailed as follows
Ternary alkali-metal and transition metal or metalloid acetylides as alkali-metal intercalation electrodes for batteries
Nemeth, Karoly; Srajer, George; Harkay, Katherine C; Terdik, Joseph Z
Novel intercalation electrode materials including ternary acetylides of chemical formula: A.sub.nMC.sub.2 where A is alkali or alkaline-earth element; M is transition metal or metalloid element; C.sub.2 is reference to the acetylide ion; n is an integer that is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 when A is alkali element and 0, 1, or 2 when A is alkaline-earth element. The alkali elements are Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Rubidium (Rb), Cesium (Cs) and Francium (Fr). The alkaline-earth elements are Berilium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba), and Radium (Ra). M is a transition metal that is any element in groups 3 through 12 inclusive on the Periodic Table of Elements (elements 21 (Sc) to element 30 (Zn)). In another exemplary embodiment, M is a metalloid element.
Two-phase alkali-metal experiments in reduced gravity
Antoniak, Z.I.
Future space missions envision the use of large nuclear reactors utilizing either a single or a two-phase alkali-metal working fluid. The design and analysis of such reactors require state-of-the-art computer codes that can properly treat alkali-metal flow and heat transfer in a reduced-gravity environment. A literature search of relevant experiments in reduced gravity is reported on here, and reveals a paucity of data for such correlations. The few ongoing experiments in reduced gravity are noted. General plans are put forth for the reduced-gravity experiments which will have to be performed, at NASA facilities, with benign fluids. A similar situation exists regarding two-phase alkali-metal flow and heat transfer, even in normal gravity. Existing data are conflicting and indequate for the task of modeling a space reactor using a two-phase alkali-metal coolant. The major features of past experiments are described here. Data from the reduced-gravity experiments with innocuous fluids are to be combined with normal gravity data from the two-phase alkali-metal experiments. Analyses undertaken here give every expectation that the correlations developed from this data base will provide a valid representation of alkali-metal heat transfer and pressure drop in reduced gravity
The nonmetal-metal transition in solutions of metals in molten salts
Solutions of metals in molten salts present a rich phenomenology: localization of electrons in disordered ionic media, activated electron transport increasing with metal concentration towards a nonmetal-metal (NM-M) transition, and liquid-liquid phase separation. A brief review of progress in the study of these systems is given in this article, with main focus on the NM-M transition. After recalling the known NM-M behaviour of the component elements in the case of expanded fluid alkali metals and mercury and of solid halogens under pressure, the article focuses on liquid metal - molten salt solutions and traces the different NM-M behaviours of the alkalis in their halides and of metals added to polyvalent metal halides. (author). 51 refs, 2 figs
On-chip fabrication of alkali-metal vapor cells utilizing an alkali-metal source tablet
Tsujimoto, K; Hirai, Y; Sugano, K; Tsuchiya, T; Tabata, O; Ban, K; Mizutani, N
We describe a novel on-chip microfabrication technique for the alkali-metal vapor cell of an optically pumped atomic magnetometer (OPAM), utilizing an alkali-metal source tablet (AMST). The newly proposed AMST is a millimeter-sized piece of porous alumina whose considerable surface area holds deposited alkali-metal chloride (KCl) and barium azide (BaN 6 ), source materials that effectively produce alkali-metal vapor at less than 400 °C. Our experiments indicated that the most effective pore size of the AMST is between 60 and 170 µm. The thickness of an insulating glass spacer holding the AMST was designed to confine generated alkali metal to the interior of the vapor cell during its production, and an integrated silicon heater was designed to seal the device using a glass frit, melted at an optimum temperature range of 460–490 °C that was determined by finite element method thermal simulation. The proposed design and AMST were used to successfully fabricate a K cell that was then operated as an OPAM with a measured sensitivity of 50 pT. These results demonstrate that the proposed concept for on-chip microfabrication of alkali-metal vapor cells may lead to effective replacement of conventional glassworking approaches. (paper)
Upgrading of petroleum oil feedstocks using alkali metals and hydrocarbons
A method of upgrading an oil feedstock by removing heteroatoms and/or one or more heavy metals from the oil feedstock composition. This method reacts the oil feedstock with an alkali metal and an upgradant hydrocarbon. The alkali metal reacts with a portion of the heteroatoms and/or one or more heavy metals to form an inorganic phase separable from the organic oil feedstock material. The upgradant hydrocarbon bonds to the oil feedstock material and increases the number of carbon atoms in the product. This increase in the number of carbon atoms of the product increases the energy value of the resulting oil feedstock.
Device for removing alkali metal residues from heat exchanger
Matal, O.
The main parts of the facility consists of a condensing vessel and a vacuum pump unit interconnected via a vacuum pipe. The heat exchanger is heated to a temperature at which the alkali metal residues evaporate. Metal vapors are collected in the condensing vessel where they condense. The removal of the alkali metal residues from the heat exchanger pipes allows thorough inspection of the pipe inside during scheduled nuclear power plant shutdowns. The facility can be used especially with reverse steam generators. (E.S.). 1 fig
Exploration of the catalytic use of alkali metal bases
Bao, Wei
This PhD thesis project was concerned with the use of alkali metal amide Brønsted bases and alkali metal alkoxide Lewis bases in (asymmetric) catalysis. The first chapter deals with formal allylic C(sp3)–H bond activation of aromatic and functionalized alkenes for subsequent C–C and C–H bond formations. The second chapter is focused on C(sp3)–Si bond activation of fluorinated pro-nucleophiles in view of C–C bond formations. In the first chapter, a screening of various metal amides...
Maternal exposure to alkali, alkali earth, transition and other metals: Concentrations and predictors of exposure
Hinwood, A.L.; Stasinska, A.; Callan, A.C.; Heyworth, J.; Ramalingam, M.; Boyce, M.; McCafferty, P.; Odland, J.Ø.
Most studies of metals exposure focus on the heavy metals. There are many other metals (the transition, alkali and alkaline earth metals in particular) in common use in electronics, defense industries, emitted via combustion and which are naturally present in the environment, that have received limited attention in terms of human exposure. We analysed samples of whole blood (172), urine (173) and drinking water (172) for antimony, beryllium, bismuth, cesium, gallium, rubidium, silver, strontium, thallium, thorium and vanadium using ICPMS. In general most metals concentrations were low and below the analytical limit of detection with some high concentrations observed. Few factors examined in regression models were shown to influence biological metals concentrations and explained little of the variation. Further study is required to establish the source of metals exposures at the high end of the ranges of concentrations measured and the potential for any adverse health impacts in children. - This study has demonstrated exposure to alkali, alkali earth and transition metals in pregnant women with factors such as breastfeeding, fish oil use and diet affecting exposures
THE DISTRIBUTION OF COMMERCIAL CROWN ETHER DC18C6 AND THE EXTRACTION STUDY OF ALKALI AND EARTH ALKALI METALS
Bambang Rusdiarso
Full Text Available Distribution of A and B isomers of crown-ether DC18C6 on their organic and water phases (chloride, nitrate and sulphocyanide salts and extraction of alkali and earth alkali metals has been studied. In LiCl 0.1 M environment, lithium extraction could be ignored. The presence of extracted potassium metal may affect the crown ether DC18C6 distribution albeit only a little. In KNO3 0.1 M environment, the distribution coefficient values (d were 6.1 and 10.3 for A and B isomers, respectively ; while in KCl 0.1 M environment the values were 4.9 and 11.8, respectively. In KSCN 0.1 M, d values for A and B isomers were 40.4 and 36.6, respectively, which were higher than the value obtained from both KNO3 and KCl 0.1 M environments. Caesium metal extraction using DC18C6 occurred weakly, up to only 5%. Strontium extraction using DC18C6 achieved better yield than the caesium extraction. The percentage of extraction increased under organic solvent according to the following: toluene (4% < chloroform (28% < TBP (35%.  Keywords: distribution, crown-ether DC18C6, extraction.
Survival probability in small angle scattering of low energy alkali ions from alkali covered metal surfaces
Neskovic, N.; Ciric, D.; Perovic, B.
The survival probability in small angle scattering of low energy alkali ions from alkali covered metal surfaces is considered. The model is based on the momentum approximation. The projectiles are K + ions and the target is the (001)Ni+K surface. The incident energy is 100 eV and the incident angle 5 0 . The interaction potential of the projectile and the target consists of the Born-Mayer, the dipole and the image charge potentials. The transition probability function corresponds to the resonant electron transition to the 4s projectile energy level. (orig.)
Neuropsychiatric manifestations of alkali metal deficiency and excess
Yung, C.Y.
The alkali metals from the Group IA of the periodic table (lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium and francium) are reviewed. The neuropsychiatric aspects of alkali metal deficiencies and excesses (intoxications) are described. Emphasis was placed on lithium due to its clinical uses. The signs and symptoms of these conditions are characterized by features of an organic brain syndrome with delirium and encephalopathy prevailing. There are no clinically distinctive features that could be reliably used for diagnoses. Sodium and potassium are two essential alkali metals in man. Lithium is used as therapeutic agent in bipolar affective disorders. Rubidium has been investigated for its antidepressant effect in a group of psychiatric disorders. Cesium is under laboratory investigation for its role in carcinogenesis and in depressive illness. Very little is known of francium due to its great instability for experimental study.
Long-range interactions among three alkali-metal atoms
Marinescu, M.; Starace, A.F.
The long-range asymptotic form of the interaction potential surface for three neutral alkali-metal atoms in their ground states may be expressed as an expansion in inverse powers of inter-nuclear distances. The first leading powers are proportional to the dispersion coefficients for pairwise atomic interactions. They are followed by a term responsible for a three body dipole interaction. The authors results consist in evaluation of the three body dipole interaction coefficient between three alkali-metal atoms. The generalization to long-range n atom interaction terms will be discussed qualitatively
Heat transfer characteristics of alkali metals flowing across tube banks
Sugiyama, K.; Ishiguro, R.; Kojima, Y.; Kanaoka, H.
For the purpose of getting heat transfer coefficients of alkali metals flowing across tube banks at an acceptable level, we propose to use an inviscid-irrotational flow model, which is based on our flow visualization experiment. We show that the heat transfer coefficients obtained for the condition where only the test rod is heated in tube banks considerably differ from those obtained for the condition where all the rods are heated, because of interference between thick thermal boundary layers of alkali metals. We also confirm that the analytical values obtained by this flow model are in a reasonable agreement with experimental values. (author)
Recent progress in rechargeable alkali metalâair batteries
Xin Zhang; Xin-Gai Wang; Zhaojun Xie; Zhen Zhou
Rechargeable alkali metalâair batteries are considered as the most promising candidate for the power source of electric vehicles (EVs) due to their high energy density. However, the practical application of metalâair batteries is still challenging. In the past decade, many strategies have been purposed and explored, which promoted the development of metalâair batteries. The reaction mechanisms have been gradually clarified and catalysts have been rationally designed for air cathodes. In this ...
Synthesis and structural characterization of alkali metal arsinoamides.
Chen, Xiao; Gamer, Michael T; Roesky, Peter W
The aminoarsane Mes 2 AsN(H)Ph was prepared from Mes 2 AsCl and aniline in good yields. Deprotonation of Mes 2 AsN(H)Ph with suitable alkali metal bases resulted in the corresponding alkali metal derivatives. Thus, reaction of Mes 2 AsN(H)Ph with nBuLi, NaN(SiMe 3 ) 2 , or KH gave the metal complexes [(Mes 2 AsNPh){Li(OEt 2 ) 2 }], [(Mes 2 AsNPh){Na(OEt 2 )}] 2 , and [(Mes 2 AsNPh){K(THF)}] 2 . These are the first metal complexes ligated by an arsinoamide. All solid-state structures were established by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The lithium compounds form a monomer in the solid-state, whereas the sodium and the potassium derivatives are dimers. In the dimeric compounds intra- and intermolecular π-interaction of the aromatic rings with the metal atoms is observed.
The influence of chlorine on the fate and activity of alkali metals during the gasification of wood
Struis, R; Scala, C von; Schuler, A; Stucki, S [Paul Scherrer Inst. (PSI), Villigen (Switzerland)
Chlorine clearly inhibits the CO{sub 2}-gasification reaction of charcoal at 800{sup o}C. From this and other observations the picture emerges that the reduction in the gasification reactivity of the charcoal is intimately related to the deactivation of the catalytically active alkali metals residing in the wood due to the formation of the chloride salt. It is argued that the heavy metal chlorides will likely transfer the chlorine to the indigenous alkali metals during the pyrolysis stage of the wood. The fate of the thus formed alkali metal chlorides can then be either their removal from the sample (evaporation), or, when present at the gasification stage, re-activation (i.e., de-chlorination) under our gasification conditions. (author) 3 figs., 4 refs.
Interaction of calcium oxide with molten alkali metal chlorides
Volkovich, A.V.; Zhuravlev, V.I.; Ermakov, D.S.; Magurina, M.V.
Calcium oxide solubility in molten lithium, sodium, potassium, cesium chlorides and their binary mixtures is determined in a temperature range of 973-1173 K by the method of isothermal saturation. Mechanisms of calcium oxide interaction with molten alkali metal chlorides are proposed
Structure of liquid alkali metals as electron-ion plasmas
Chaturvedi, D.K.; Senatore, G.; Tosi, M.P.
The static structure factor of liquid alkali metals near freezing, and its dependence on temperature and pressure, are evaluated in an electron-ion plasma model from an accurate theoretical determination of the structure factor of the one-component classical plasma and electron-screening theory. Very good agreement is obtained with the available experimental data. (author)
Structural properties of low-density liquid alkali metals
The static structure factors of liquid alkali metals have been modelled at temperatures close to their melting points and a few higher temperatures using the reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) method. The positions of 5000 atoms in a box, with full periodicity, were altered until the experimental diffraction data of the structure factor ...
Momentum densities and Compton profiles of alkali-metal atoms
Abstract. It is assumed that the dynamics of valence electrons of alkali-metal atoms can be well accounted for by a quantum-defect theoretic model while the core electrons may be supposed to move in a self-consistent field. This model is used to study the momentum properties of atoms from. 3Li to 37Rb. The numerical ...
A study on optical properties of poly (ethylene oxide) based polymer electrolyte with different alkali metal iodides
Rao, B. Narasimha; Suvarna, R. Padma
Polymer electrolytes were prepared by adding poly (ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether (PEGDME), TiO2 (nano filler), different alkali metal iodide salts RI (R+=Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+) and I2 into Acetonitrile gelated with Poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO). Optical properties of poly (ethylene oxide) based polymer electrolytes were studied by FTIR, UV-Vis spectroscopic techniques. FTIR spectrum reveals that the alkali metal cations were coordinated to ether oxygen of PEO. The optical absorption studies were made in the wavelength range 200-800 nm. It is observed that the optical absorption increases with increase in the radius of alkali metal cation. The optical band gap for allowed direct transitions was evaluated using Urbach-edges method. The optical properties such as optical band gap, refractive index and extinction coefficient were determined. The studied polymer materials are useful for solar cells, super capacitors, fuel cells, gas sensors etc.
Alkali Metal Coolants. Proceedings of the Symposium on Alkali Metal Coolants - Corrosion Studies and System Operating Experience
Proceedings of a Symposium organized by the IAEA and held in Vienna, 28 November - 2 December 1966. The meeting was attended by 107 participants from 16 countries and two international organizations. Contents: Review papers (2 papers); Corrosion of steels and metal alloys (6 papers); Mass transfer in alkali metal systems, behaviour of carbon (5 papers); Effects of sodium environment on mechanical properties of materials (3 papers); Effect of water leakage into sodium systems (2 papers); Design-and operation of testing apparatus (6 papers); Control, measurements and removal of impurities (13 papers); Corrosion by other alkali metals: NaK, K, Li, Cs (6 papers); Behaviour of fission products (3 papers). Each paper is in its original language (32 English, 6 French and 8 Russian) and is preceded by an abstract in English and one in the original language if this is not English. Discussions are in English. (author)
Chemical compatibility of structural materials in alkali metals
Natesan, K.; Rink, D.L.; Haglund, R.
The objectives of this task are to (a) evaluate the chemical compatibility of structural alloys such as V-5 wt.%Cr-5 wt.%Ti alloy and Type 316 stainless steel for application in liquid alkali metals such as lithium and sodium-78 wt.% potassium (NaK) at temperatures in the range that are of interest for International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER); (b) evaluate the transfer of nonmetallic elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and hydrogen between structural materials and liquid metals; and (c) evaluate the effects of such transfers on the mechanical and microstructural characteristics of the materials for long-term service in liquid-metal-environments
Electrolytic method to make alkali alcoholates using ion conducting alkali electrolyte/separator
Joshi, Ashok V [Salt Lake City, UT; Balagopal, Shekar [Sandy, UT; Pendelton, Justin [Salt Lake City, UT
Alkali alcoholates, also called alkali alkoxides, are produced from alkali metal salt solutions and alcohol using a three-compartment electrolytic cell. The electrolytic cell includes an anolyte compartment configured with an anode, a buffer compartment, and a catholyte compartment configured with a cathode. An alkali ion conducting solid electrolyte configured to selectively transport alkali ions is positioned between the anolyte compartment and the buffer compartment. An alkali ion permeable separator is positioned between the buffer compartment and the catholyte compartment. The catholyte solution may include an alkali alcoholate and alcohol. The anolyte solution may include at least one alkali salt. The buffer compartment solution may include a soluble alkali salt and an alkali alcoholate in alcohol.
Chlorination of uranium oxides in melts of alkali metal chlorides and their mixtures
Vorobej, M.P.; Bevz, A.S.; Skiba, O.V.
Chlorination of UO 2 , U 3 O 8 , and UO 3 in melts of chlorides of alkali metals and of their mixtures has been studied by thermogravimetric, X-ray phase, and spectrophotometric methods. The thermogravimetric method has been proposed for evaluating the state of uranylcation in the melt; the effect of the composition of the oxide being chlorinated and of the salt-solvent on the composition of the chlorination products has been studied. The effect of the composition of the chlorination products on the stoichiometry of the electrolytic uranium dioxide has been shown
Polarizabilities and hyperpolarizabilities of the alkali metal atoms
Fuentealba, P. (Chile Univ., Santiago (Chile). Departamento de Fisica and Centro de Mecanica Cuantica Aplicada (CMCA)); Reyes, O. (Chile Univ., Santiago (Chile). Dept. de Fisica)
The electric static dipole polarizability [alpha], quadrupole polarizability C, dipole-quadrupole polarizability B, and the second dipole hyperpolarizability [gamma] have been calculated for the alkali metal atoms in the ground state. The results are based on a pseudopotential which is able to incorporate the very important core-valence correlation effect through a core polarization potential, and, in an empirical way, the main relativistic effects. The calculated properties compare very well with more elaborated calculations for the Li atom, excepting the second hyperpolarizability [gamma]. For the other atoms, there is neither theoretical nor experimental information about most of the higher polarizabilities. Hence, the results of this paper should be seen as a first attempt to give a complete account of the series expansion of the interaction energy of an alkali metal atom and a static electric field. (author).
Fuentealba, P.; Reyes, O.
The electric static dipole polarizability α, quadrupole polarizability C, dipole-quadrupole polarizability B, and the second dipole hyperpolarizability γ have been calculated for the alkali metal atoms in the ground state. The results are based on a pseudopotential which is able to incorporate the very important core-valence correlation effect through a core polarization potential, and, in an empirical way, the main relativistic effects. The calculated properties compare very well with more elaborated calculations for the Li atom, excepting the second hyperpolarizability γ. For the other atoms, there is neither theoretical nor experimental information about most of the higher polarizabilities. Hence, the results of this paper should be seen as a first attempt to give a complete account of the series expansion of the interaction energy of an alkali metal atom and a static electric field. (author)
Alkali and heavy metals emissions of the PCFB-process
Kuivalainen, R.; Eriksson, T.; Koskinen, J.; Lehtonen, P.
Pressurized Circulating Fluidized Bed (PCFB) combustion technology has been developed by A. Ahlstrom Corporation since 1986. As a part of the development, a 10 MV PCFB Test Facility was constructed at Hans Ahlstrom Laboratory in Karhula, Finland in 1989. The Test Facility has been used for performance testing with different coal types through the years 1990-1994 for obtaining data for design and commercialization of the high-efficiency low-emission PCFB combustion technology. The project Y44 'Alkali and heavy metal emissions of the PCFB-process' is part of national LIEKKI 2 research program and it continues the work started under alkali measurement project Y33 in 1994. The objective of the project is to measure vapor phase alkali and heavy metal concentrations in the PCFB flue gas after high-temperature high-pressure particulate filter and to investigate the effects of process conditions and sorbents on alkali release. The measured Na concentrations were between 0,03 and 0,21 ppm(w). The results of K were between 0,01 and 0,08 ppm(w). The accuracy of the results is about +-50 percent at this concentration range. The scatter of the data covers the effects of different process variables on the alkali emission. The measured emissions at 800-850 deg C are at the same order of magnitude as the guideline emission limits given by gas turbine manufacturers for flue gas at 1000-1200 deg C. The measurements and development of the analyses methods are planned to be continued during PCFB test runs in autumn 1995 in cooperation with laboratories of VTT Energy and Tampere University of Technology. (author)
Burner rig alkali salt corrosion of several high temperature alloys
Deadmore, D. L.; Lowell, C. E.
The hot corrosion of five alloys was studied in cyclic tests in a Mach 0.3 burner rig into whose combustion chamber various aqueous salt solutions were injected. Three nickel-based alloys, a cobalt-base alloy, and an iron-base alloy were studied at temperatures of 700, 800, 900, and 1000 C with various salt concentrations and compositions. The relative resistance of the alloys to hot corrosion attack was found to vary with temperature and both concentration and composition of the injected salt solution. Results indicate that the corrosion of these alloys is a function of both the presence of salt condensed as a liquid on the surface and of the composition of the gas phases present.
It is assumed that the dynamics of valence electrons of alkali-metal atoms can be well accounted for by a quantum-defect theoretic model while the core electrons may be supposed to move in a self-consistent �eld. This model is used to study the momentum properties of atoms from 3Li to 37Rb. The numerical results ...
Inner-shell excitation of alkali-metal atoms
Tiwary, S.N.
Inner-shell excitation of alkali-metal atoms, which leads to auto-ionization, is reviewed. The validity of quantum mechanical approximation is analyzed and the importance of exchange and correlation is demonstrated. Basic difficulties in making accurate calculations for inner-shell excitation process are discussed. Suggestions are made for further study of inner-shell process in atoms and ions. (author). 26 refs, 4 figs, 1 tab
Thermal Coefficient of Redox Potential of Alkali Metals
Fukuzumi, Yuya; Hinuma, Yoyo; Moritomo, Yutaka
The thermal coefficient (α) of redox potential (V) is a significant physical quantity that converts the thermal energy into electric energy. In this short note, we carefully determined α of alkali metals (A = Li and Na) against electrolyte solution. The obtained α is much larger than that expected from the specific heat (CpA) of solid A and depends on electrolyte solution. These observations indicate that the solvent has significant effect on α.
Collective excitations in deformed alkali metal clusters
Lipparini, E.; Stringari, S.; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Povo
A theoretical study of collective excitations in deformed metal clusters is presented. Sum rules are used to study the splittings of the dipole surface plasma resonance originating from the cluster deformation. The vibrating potential model is developed and used to predict the occurrence of a low lying collective mode of orbital magnetic nature. (orig.)
Metal-mediated aminocatalysis provides mild conditions: Enantioselective Michael addition mediated by primary amino catalysts and alkali-metal ions
Matthias Leven
Full Text Available Four catalysts based on new amides of chiral 1,2-diamines and 2-sulfobenzoic acid have been developed. The alkali-metal salts of these betaine-like amides are able to form imines with enones, which are activated by Lewis acid interaction for nucleophilic attack by 4-hydroxycoumarin. The addition of 4-hydroxycoumarin to enones gives ee’s up to 83% and almost quantitative yields in many cases. This novel type of catalysis provides an effective alternative to conventional primary amino catalysis were strong acid additives are essential components.
Dissolution of metallic uranium in alkalis
Mondino, Angel V.; Wilkinson, Maria V.; Manzini, Alberto C.
The dissolution of U metallic foils has been studied in the framework of the development of an improved 99 Mo-production process. The best conditions for the dissolution of uranium foils of approximately 150 μm are the following: a) NaClO concentrations of 0.20 and 0.23 M with NaOH of 0.27 and 0.31 M respectively; b) temperature of the solution, 70 C degrees; c) volume of the solution, 15 ml / cm 2 of uranium foil; d) dissolution time, 30 minutes. (author)
Effect of alkali metal content of carbon on retention of iodine at high temperatures
Evans, A.G.
Activated carbon for filters in reactor confinement systems is intentionally impregnated with iodine salts to enhance the removal of radioiodine from air streams containing organic iodides. When a variety of commercial impregnated carbons were evaluated for iodine retention at elevated temperatures (4 hours at 180 0 C), wide variations in iodine penetration were observed. The alkali metal and iodine content of carbon samples was determined by neutron activation analysis, and a strong correlation was shown between the atom ratio of iodine to alkali metals in the carbons and the high-temperature retention performance. Carbons containing excess alkali (especially potassium) have iodine penetration values 10 to 100 times lower than carbons containing excess iodine. Both low I/K ratios and high pH values were shown essential to high efficiency iodine retention; therefore, conversion of elemental iodine to ionic iodine is the basic reaction mechanism. The natural high K + content and high pH coconut carbons make coconut the preferred natural base material for nuclear air cleaning applications. Studies show, however, that treatment of low potassium carbons with a mixture of KOH and I 2 may produce a product equal to or better than I 2 -impregnated coconut carbons at a lower cost. (U.S.)
Highly reproducible alkali metal doping system for organic crystals through enhanced diffusion of alkali metal by secondary thermal activation.
Lee, Jinho; Park, Chibeom; Song, Intek; Koo, Jin Young; Yoon, Taekyung; Kim, Jun Sung; Choi, Hee Cheul
In this paper, we report an efficient alkali metal doping system for organic single crystals. Our system employs an enhanced diffusion method for the introduction of alkali metal into organic single crystals by controlling the sample temperature to induce secondary thermal activation. Using this system, we achieved intercalation of potassium into picene single crystals with closed packed crystal structures. Using optical microscopy and Raman spectroscopy, we confirmed that the resulting samples were uniformly doped and became K 2 picene single crystal, while only parts of the crystal are doped and transformed into K 2 picene without secondary thermal activation. Moreover, using a customized electrical measurement system, the insulator-to-semiconductor transition of picene single crystals upon doping was confirmed by in situ electrical conductivity and ex situ temperature-dependent resistivity measurements. X-ray diffraction studies showed that potassium atoms were intercalated between molecular layers of picene, and doped samples did not show any KH- nor KOH-related peaks, indicating that picene molecules are retained without structural decomposition. During recent decades, tremendous efforts have been exerted to develop high-performance organic semiconductors and superconductors, whereas as little attention has been devoted to doped organic crystals. Our method will enable efficient alkali metal doping of organic crystals and will be a resource for future systematic studies on the electrical property changes of these organic crystals upon doping.
Construction of thermionic alkali-ion sources
Ul Haq, F.
A simple technique is described by which singly charged alkali ions of K, Na, Li, Rb and Cs are produced by heating ultra-pure chemical salts of different alkali metals on tungsten filaments without employing a temperature measuring device. The character of alkali-ion currents at different heating powers and the remarkably constant ion emission current for prolonged periods are discussed. (author)
Metal Production by Molten Salt Electrolysis
Grjotheim, K.; Kvande, H.; Qingfeng, Li
Chemistry and electrochemistry of molten salts are reviewed. Technological aspects of electrolytic production of aluminium, magnesium, and other metals are comprehensively surveyed.......Chemistry and electrochemistry of molten salts are reviewed. Technological aspects of electrolytic production of aluminium, magnesium, and other metals are comprehensively surveyed....
Method for preparation of melts of alkali metal chlorides with highly volatile polyvalent metal chlorides
Salyulev, A.B.; Kudyakov, V.Ya.
A method for production of alkali metal (Cs, Rb, K) chloride melts with highly volatile polyvalent metal chlorides is suggested. The method consists, in saturation of alkali metal chlorides, preheated to the melting point, by volatile component vapours (titanium tetrachloride, molybdenum or tantalum pentachloride) in proportion, corresponding to the composition reguired. The saturation is realized in an evacuated vessel with two heating areas for 1-1.5 h. After gradual levelling of temperature in both areas the product is rapidly cooled. 1 fig.; 1 tab
Corrosion resistance of metals and alloys in molten alkalies
Zarubitskij, O.G.; Dmitruk, B.F.; Minets, L.A.
Literature data on the corrosion of non-ferrous and noble metals, iron and steels in the molten alkalis and mixtures of their base are presented. It is shown that zirconium, niobium and tantalum are characterized by high corrosion stability in the molten NaOH. Additions of NaOH and KOH to the alkali chloride melts result in a 1000 time decrease of zirconium corrosion rate at 850 deg. The data testify to the characteristic passivating properties of OH - ions; Mo and W do not possess an ability to selfpassivation in hydroxide melts. Corrosion resistance of carbon and chromium-nickel steels in hydroxide melts depends considerably on the temperature, electrolyte composition and atmosphere over them. At the temperatures up to 600 deg C chromium-nickel steel is corrosion resistant in the molten alkali only in the inert atmosphere. Corrosion rate of chromium-nickel alloy is the lower the less chromium and the more nickel it contains. For the small installations the 4Kh18N25S2 and Kh23N28M3D3T steels can be recommended
Nuclear alkali metal Rankine power systems for space applications
Moyers, J.C.; Holcomb, R.S.
Nucler power systems utilizing alkali metal Rankine power conversion cycles offer the potential for high efficiency, lightweight space power plants. Conceptual design studies are being carried out for both direct and indirect cycle systems for steady state space power applications. A computational model has been developed for calculating the performance, size, and weight of these systems over a wide range of design parameters. The model is described briefly and results from parametric design studies, with descriptions of typical point designs, are presented in this paper
Temperatures and enthalpies of melting of alkali-metal perrhenates
Lukas, W.; Gaune-Escard, M.
Melting temperatures and enthalpies of melting were determined for alkali-metal perrhenates by differential enthalpic analysis using a high-temperature Calvet microcalorimeter. The following values were obtained: for LiReO 4 : 692 K and 24.9 kJ.mol -1 ; for NaReO 4 : 693 K and 33 kJ.mol -1 ; for KReO 4 : 828 K and 36 kJ.mol -1 ; for RbReO 4 : 878 K and 34 kJ.mol -1 ; for CsReO 4 : 893 K and 34 kJ.mol -1 . (author)
Integrated oil production and upgrading using molten alkali metal
A method that combines the oil retorting process (or other process needed to obtain/extract heavy oil or bitumen) with the process for upgrading these materials using sodium or other alkali metals. Specifically, the shale gas or other gases that are obtained from the retorting/extraction process may be introduced into the upgrading reactor and used to upgrade the oil feedstock. Also, the solid materials obtained from the reactor may be used as a fuel source, thereby providing the heat necessary for the retorting/extraction process. Other forms of integration are also disclosed.
Separation of alkali metals by extraction chromatography using polyethers
Smulek, W.; Lada, W.
Separation of alkali metals by means of acyclic polyether 1,13 bis(8-chinolinyl)1, 4, 7, 10, 13 pentaoxatridecane (CPOD) and cyclic polyether dibenzo-18-crown-6 (DBC) using extraction chromatography is described. Solutions of NaSCN were used as eluting agents. The separation ability of the polyether columns strongly depends on pH and temperature. The following radioisotopes were used in the experiments: Na-22, K-42, Rb-86 and Cs-137. The radionuclide purity of the tracers was examined by γ-ray spectrometry using a Ge(Li) detector and a multichannel γ-ray spectrometer. (T.I.)
Conductometric determination of solvation numbers of alkali metal cations
Fialkov, Yu.Ya.; Gorbachev, V.Yu.; Chumak, V.L.
Theories describing the interrelation of ion mobility with their effective radii in solutions are considered. Possibility of using these theories for determination the solvation numbers n s of some ions is estimated. According to conductometric data values of n s are calculated for alkali metal ions in propylene carbonate. The data obtained are compared with solvation numbers determined with the use of entropies of ions solvation. Change of n s values within temperature range 273.15-323.15 K is considered. Using literature data the effect of crystallographic radii of cations and medium permittivity on the the values of solvation numbers of cations are analyzed. (author)
Nuclear power systems utilizing alkali metal Rankine power conversion cycles offer the potential for high efficiency, lightweight space power plants. Conceptual design studies are being carried out for both direct and indirect cycle systems for steady state space power applications. A computational model has been developed for calculating the performance, size, and weight of these systems over a wide range of design parameters. The model is described briefly and results from parametric design studies, with descriptions of typical point designs, are presented in this paper
The removal of alkali metals from hot gas
Orjala, M.; Haukka, P. (Valtion Teknillinen Tutkimuskeskus, Jyvaeskylae (Finland). Polttoaine- ja Polttotekniikan Lab.)
In investigations in progress at the Fuel and Combustion Laboratory of the Technical Research Centre of Finland, we have been studying in co-operation with A. Ahlstrom Boiler Works, the removal of alkali metals from flue gases of ash-rich fuel with a dense suspension particle cooler. The applications of the particle cooler can be found in combined cycles and in industrial gas cleaning and heat recovery. We have also developed a general mathematical model of heat and mass transfer as well as chemical and physical reactions in multiphase systems.
[On-line analysis and mass concentration characters of the alkali metal ions of PM10 in Beijing].
Zhang, Kai; Wang, Yue-Si; Wen, Tian-Xue; Liu, Guang-Ren; Hu, Bo; Zhao, Ya-Nan
The mass concentration characters and the sources of water-soluble alkali metal ions in PM10 in 2004 and 2005 in Beijing were analyzed by using the system of rapid collection of particles. The result showed that the average concentration of Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ was 0.5-1.4, 0.5-2.5, 0.1-0.5 and 0.6-5.8 microg/m3, respectively. The highest and lowest concentration appeared in different seasons for the alkali metal ions, which was related to the quality and source. The concentration of alkali metal ions was no difference between the heating period and no heating period, which meant the heating was not the main source. Sea salt and soil were the important sources of Na+. The source of K+ came from biomass burning and vegetation. Soil was the large source of Mg2+ and Ca2+. The alkali metal ions appeared different daily variation in different seasons. Precipitation could decrease the concentration of Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+, which was 10%-70%, 20%-80%, 10%-77%, 5%-80% respectively.
The solvent extraction of alkali metal ions with β-diketones
Munakata, Megumu; Niina, Syozo; Shimoji, Noboru
This work was undertaken to investigate effects of solvent and chelating-agent on the solvent extraction of alkali metal ions by seven β-diketones, acetylacetone (Acac), benzoylacetone (BzA), dipivaloylmethane (DPM), dibenzoylmethane (DBM), thenoyltrifluoloacetone (TTA), benzoyltrifluoroacetone (BFA) and hexafluoroacetylacetone (HFA), and to separate lithium from alkali metals. The extraction of alkali metals increase with increasing donor power of the solvent: i.e., benzene Na>K>Rb>Cs, which is also the order in which the adduct formation of these β-diketone chelates with donor solvents increase. The adduct formations between β-diketone chelates of alkali metals and donor solvents markedly enhance the solubilities of the chelates in solvents and, consequently, the extractabilities of alkali metals with β-diketones. Lithium was extracted with TTA in ether at such a low base concentration that sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium were hardly extracted, and this enabled to separate lithium from other metals by the use of rubidium hydroxide (0.02 M). An attempt has been made to isolate alkali metal β-diketone chelates and some chelates have been obtained as crystals. The infrared absorption bands arising from C=O and C.=C of TTA shift to lower frequencies in the alkali metal chelates with TTA, and consequently, β-diketones is suggested to coordinate to alkali metal as a bidentate ligand. (JPN)
Pair potentials and structure factors of liquid alkali metals
Kumaravadivel, R.; Tosi, M.P.
Measured structure factors of liquid alkali metals are examined in the framework of screened-pair-potentials theory. Information on the main attractive well in the effective pair potential is obtained from the structural data by an approximate method stemming from an optimized random phase treatment of the indirect ion-ion attraction. The results are compared with a variety of theoretical pair potentials in the cases of sodium and potassium, after a test of the method against computer simulation data on a model for rubidium. Results for the other alkali metals are also given and discussed. The small-angle scattering region is then examined in considerable detail, with special attention to the possibility of a linear term in a series expansion of the structure factor at very small momentum transfer. Although sensitivity to both the bare electron-ion coupling and the local field factor in the screening function is demonstrated and analyzed, no linear term of the magnitude reported in recent X-ray diffraction experiments is found in the present theoretical framework. (author)
3718-F Alkali Metal Treatment and Storage Facility Closure Plan
The Hanford Site, located northwest of the city of Richland, Washington, houses reactors, chemical-separation systems, and related facilities used for the production of special nuclear materials, as well as for activities associated with nuclear energy development. The 300 Area of the Hanford Site contains reactor fuel manufacturing facilities and several research and development laboratories. The 3718-F Alkali Metal Treatment and Storage Facility (3718-F Facility), located in the 300 Area, was used to store and treat alkali metal wastes. Therefore, it is subject to the regulatory requirements for the storage and treatment of dangerous wastes. Closure will be conducted pursuant to the requirements of the Washington Administrative Code (WAC) 173-303-610 (Ecology 1989) and 40 CFR 270.1. Closure also will satisfy the thermal treatment facility closure requirements of 40 CFR 265.381. This closure plan presents a description of the 3718-F Facility, the history of wastes managed, and the approach that will be followed to close the facility. Only hazardous constituents derived from 3718-F Facility operations will be addressed
Evaluation of alkali bromide salts for potential pyrochemical applications
Tripathy, P.K.; Gutknecht, T.Y.; Herrmann, S.D.; Fredrickson, G.L.; Lister, T.E.
Transient techniques were employed to study the electrochemical behavior, reduction mechanism and transport properties of REBr 3 (RE - La, Nd and Gd) in pure LiBr, LiBr-KBr (eutectic) and LiBr-KBr-CsBr (eutectic) melts. Gd(III) showed a reversible single step soluble-insoluble exchange phenomenon in LiBr melt at 973 K. Although La (III), Nd(III) and Gd(III) ions showed reversible behavior in eutectic LiBr-KBr melts, these ions showed a combination of temperature dependent reversible and pseudo-reversible behavior. While both La(III) and Gd(III) showed one step reduction, the reduction of Nd(III) was observed to be a two step process. La metal could be electrodeposited from the ternary electrolyte at a temperature of 673 K. Various electrochemical measurements suggest that both binary and ternary bromide melts can potentially be used to electro-deposit high purity RE metals at comparatively lower operating temperatures. (authors)
Prabhat K. Tripathy; Steven D. Herrmann; Guy L. Fredrickson; Tedd E. Lister; Toni Y. Gutknecht
Transient techniques were employed to study the electrochemical behavior, reduction mechanism and transport properties of REBr3 (RE - La, Nd and Gd) in pure LiBr, LiBr-KBr (eutectic) and LiBr-KBr-CsBr (eutectic) melts. Gd(III) showed a reversible single step soluble-insoluble exchange phenomenon in LiBr melt at 973K. Although La (III), Nd(III) and Gd(III) ions showed reversible behavior in eutectic LiBr-KBr melts, these ions showed a combination of temperature dependent reversible and pseudo-reversible behavior. While both La(III) and Gd(III) showed one step reduction, the reduction of Nd(III) was observed to be a two step process. La metal could be electrodeposited from the ternary electrolyte at a temperature of 673K. Various electrochemical measurements suggest that both binary and ternary bromide melts can potentially be used to electrodeposit high purity RE metals at comparatively lower operating temperatures.
Fate of alkali and trace metals in biomass gasification
Salo, K.; Mojtahedi, W.
The fate of alkali metals (Na, K) and eleven toxic trace elements (Hg, Cd, Be, Se, Sb, As, Pb, Zn, Cr, Co, Ni) in biomass gasification have been extensively investigated in Finland in the past ten years. The former due to the gas turbine requirements and the latter to comply with environmental regulations. In this paper the results of several experimental studies to measure Na and K in the vapor phase after the gas cooler of a simplified (air-blown) Integrated Gasification Combined-Cycle (IGCC) system are reported. Also, trace element emissions from an IGCC plant using alfalfa as the feedstock are discussed and the concentration of a few toxic trace metals in the vapor phase in the gasifier product gas are reported. (author)
Freezing of liquid alkali metals as screened ionic plasmas
Badirkhan, Z.; Rovere, M.; Tosi, M.P.
The relationship between Wigner crystallization of the classical ionic plasma and the liquid-solid transition of alkali metals is examined within the density wave theory of freezing. Freezing of the classical plasma on a rigid neutralizing background into the bcc structure is first re-evaluated, in view of recent progress in the determination of its thermodynamic functions by simulation and of the known difficulties of the theory relating to the order parameter at the (200) star of reciprocal lattice vectors. Freezing into the fcc structure is also considered in this context and found to be unfavoured. On allowing for long-wavelength deformability of the background, the ensuing appearance of a volume change on freezing into the bcc structure is accompanied by reduced stability of the fluid phase and by an increase in the entropy of melting. Freezing of alkali metals into the bcc structure is next evaluated, taking their ionic pair structure as that of an ionic plasma reference fluid screened by conduction electrons and asking that the correct ionic coupling strength at liquid-solid coexistence should be approximately reproduced. The ensuring values of the volume and entropy changes across the phase transition, as estimated from the theory by two alternative routes, are in reasonable agreement with experiment. The order parameters of the phase transition, excepting the (200) one, conform rather closely to a Gaussian behaviour and yield a Lindemann ratio in reasonable agreement with the empirical value for melting of bcc crystals. It is suggested that ionic ordering at the (200) star in the metal may be (i) assisted by medium range ordering in the conduction electrons, as indicated by differences in X-ray and neutron diffraction intensities from the liquid, and/or (ii) quite small in the hot bcc solid. Such a possible premelting behaviour of bcc metals should be worth testing experimentally by diffraction. (author). 48 refs, 1 fig., 1 tab
50 years of superbases made from organolithium compounds and heavier alkali metal alkoxides
Lochmann, LubomÃr; Janata, Miroslav
Ro�. 12, �. 5 (2014), s. 537-548 ISSN 1895-1066 R&D Projects: GA ČR GAP106/12/0844 Institutional support: RVO:61389013 Keywords : superbases * heavier alkali metal compounds * lithium -heavier alkali metal interchange Subject RIV: CD - Macromolecular Chemistry Impact factor: 1.329, year: 2013
Steam Gasification of Sawdust Biochar Influenced by Chemical Speciation of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metallic Species
Dongdong Feng
Full Text Available The effect of chemical speciation (H2O/NH4Ac/HCl-soluble and insoluble of alkali and alkaline earth metallic species on the steam gasification of sawdust biochar was investigated in a lab-scale, fixed-bed reactor, with the method of chemical fractionation analysis. The changes in biochar structures and the evolution of biochar reactivity are discussed, with a focus on the contributions of the chemical speciation of alkali and alkaline earth metallic species (AAEMs on the steam gasification of biochar. The results indicate that H2O/NH4Ac/HCl-soluble AAEMs have a significant effect on biochar gasification rates. The release of K occurs mainly in the form of inorganic salts and hydrated ions, while that of Ca occurs mainly as organic ones. The sp3-rich or sp2-sp3 structures and different chemical-speciation AAEMs function together as the preferred active sites during steam gasification. H2O/HCl-soluble AAEMs could promote the transformation of biochar surface functional groups, from ether/alkene C-O-C to carboxylate COO− in biochar, while they may both be improved by NH4Ac-soluble AAEMs. H2O-soluble AAEMs play a crucial catalytic role in biochar reactivity. The effect of NH4Ac-soluble AAEMs is mainly concentrated in the high-conversion stage (biochar conversion >30%, while that of HCl-soluble AAEMs is reflected in the whole activity-testing stage.
Over-expression of a novel JAZ family gene from Glycine soja, increases salt and alkali stress tolerance.
Zhu, Dan; Cai, Hua; Luo, Xiao; Bai, Xi; Deyholos, Michael K; Chen, Qin; Chen, Chao; Ji, Wei; Zhu, Yanming
Salt and alkali stress are two of the main environmental factors limiting crop production. Recent discoveries show that the JAZ family encodes plant-specific genes involved in jasmonate signaling. However, there is only limited information about this gene family in abiotic stress response, and in wild soybean (Glycine soja), which is a species noted for its tolerance to alkali and salinity. Here, we isolated and characterized a novel JAZ family gene, GsJAZ2, from G. soja. Transcript abundance of GsJAZ2 increased following exposure to salt, alkali, cold and drought. Over-expression of GsJAZ2 in Arabidopsis resulted in enhanced plant tolerance to salt and alkali stress. The expression levels of some alkali stress response and stress-inducible marker genes were significantly higher in the GsJAZ2 overexpression lines as compared to wild-type plants. Subcellular localization studies using a GFP fusion protein showed that GsJAZ2 was localized to the nucleus. These results suggest that the newly isolated wild soybean GsJAZ2 is a positive regulator of plant salt and alkali stress tolerance. Crown Copyright © 2012. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
An alternative picture of alkali-metal-mediated metallation: cleave and capture chemistry.
Mulvey, Robert E
This perspective article takes an alternative look at alkali-metal-mediated chemistry (exchange of a relatively inert C-H bond for a more reactive C-metal bond by a multicomponent reagent usually containing an alkali metal and a less electropositive metal such as magnesium or zinc). It pictures that the cleavage of selected C-H bonds can be accompanied by the capturing of the generated anion by the multi (Lewis acid)-(Lewis base) character of the residue of the bimetallic base. In this way small atoms or molecules (hydrides, oxygen-based anions) as well as sensitive organic anions (of substituted aromatic compounds, ethers or alkenes) can be captured. Cleave and capture reactions which occur in special positions on the organic substrate are also included.
A study of fluid alkali metals in the critical region
Balasubramanian, R.
On the basis of the generalised van der Waals equation of state, Riedel's thermodynamic similarity parameter, a measure of the temperature dependence of vapour pressure in the critical region is determined for caesium, rubidium and potassium. This generalised equation differs from the known van der Waals equation of state by the modified expression for molecular pressure. The results of determination of Riedel's thermodynamic similarity parameter of caesium, rubidium and potassium are in good agreement with experimental data. Moreover, the given generalised van der Waals equation of state yields a better fit with experimental data on Riedel's thermodynamic similarity parameter for fluid alkali metals when compared with other correlations such as Van Ness and Abbott equation, Pitzer expansion, Pitzer acentric factor correlation, modified Rackett technique, Lee-Kesler vapour pressure relation and Clausius-Clayperon equation
Effective interionic pair potentials in liquid alkali metals
Kumaravadivel, R.
Information on the effective pair potential of liquid alkali metals is obtained from liquid structure factor data by the combination of two approximate methods in the theory of liquids. One method stems from treating the indirect ion-ion interaction in the optimised random phase approximation (ORPA) and the other uses the modified hypernetted chain (MHNC) equation. It is shown that, in the region of the main attractive well, the effective pair potential is bracketed by the results obtained from these two methods. The MHNC inversion scheme does not fare well in providing information on the potential in the region of interionic distance in the tail of the interionic potential. A cross-over from the hard-sphere bridge function to the mean spherical approximation (MSA) bridge function for the long range behaviour of the bridge term in the MHNC equation does not provide appreciable improvement. (author)
Since 1987, Westinghouse Hanford Company has been a major contractor to the U.S. Department of Energy-Richland Operations Office and has served as co-operator of the 3718-F Alkali Metal Treatment and Storage Facility, the waste management unit addressed in this closure plan. The closure plan consists of a Part A Dangerous waste Permit Application and a RCRA Closure Plan. An explanation of the Part A Revision (Revision 1) submitted with this document is provided at the beginning of the Part A section. The closure plan consists of 9 chapters and 5 appendices. The chapters cover: introduction; facility description; process information; waste characteristics; groundwater; closure strategy and performance standards; closure activities; postclosure; and references
Studying thermal dehydration of double nickel alkali metal pyrophosphates
Bykanova, T.A.; Lavrov, A.V.; AN SSSR, Moscow. Inst. Obshchej i Neorganicheskoj Khimii)
The methods of thermogravimetry, paper chromatography, infrared spectroscopy and X-ray phase analysis were used in studying the process of thermal dehydration of pyrophosphates of the M 2 Ni 3 (P 2 O 7 ) 2 xnH 2 O type (where n=6, 10; M=Na, K, Rb, Cs, NH 4 ). The dehydration of Cs 2 Ni 3 (P 2 O 7 ) 2 x10H 2 O proceeds in a single stage (endothermal effect at 210 deg C). The exothermal effects at 730 and 690 deg C correspond to the crystallization of the amorphous dehydration products. It has been established that binary pyrophosphates of nickel with alkali metals decompose when heated into Ni 3 (PO 4 ) 2 +MPO 4
Balasubramanian, R. [Department of Physics, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode 638 052, Tamil Nadu (India)]. E-mail: drrbala@yahoo.com
On the basis of the generalised van der Waals equation of state, Riedel's thermodynamic similarity parameter, a measure of the temperature dependence of vapour pressure in the critical region is determined for caesium, rubidium and potassium. This generalised equation differs from the known van der Waals equation of state by the modified expression for molecular pressure. The results of determination of Riedel's thermodynamic similarity parameter of caesium, rubidium and potassium are in good agreement with experimental data. Moreover, the given generalised van der Waals equation of state yields a better fit with experimental data on Riedel's thermodynamic similarity parameter for fluid alkali metals when compared with other correlations such as Van Ness and Abbott equation, Pitzer expansion, Pitzer acentric factor correlation, modified Rackett technique, Lee-Kesler vapour pressure relation and Clausius-Clayperon equation.
Since 1987, Westinghouse Hanford Company has been a major contractor to the U.S. Department of Energy-Richland Operations Office and has served as co-operator of the 3718-F Alkali Metal Treatment and Storage Facility, the waste management unit addressed in this closure plan. The closure plan consists of a Part A Dangerous waste Permit Application and a RCRA Closure Plan. An explanation of the Part A Revision (Revision 1) submitted with this document is provided at the beginning of the Part A section. The closure plan consists of 9 chapters and 5 appendices. The chapters cover: introduction; facility description; process information; waste characteristics; groundwater; closure strategy and performance standards; closure activities; postclosure; and references.
Density dependence of the diffusion coefficient of alkali metals
Adebayo, G.A.; Anusionwu, B.C.; Njah, A.N.; Mathew, B.; Fabamise, O.A.T.
The effect of density on transport coefficients of liquid Li, Na and K at high temperatures using the method of Molecular Dynamics simulation has been studied. Simulation of these liquid alkali metals were carried out with 800 particles in simulation boxes with periodic boundary conditions imposed. In order to test the reliability of the interatomic potential used in the calculations, experimental data on the structural properties were compared with calculated results. The calculations showed a linear relationship between the density and the diffusion coefficient in all the systems investigated except in lithium, where, due to the small size of the atom, standard molecular dynamics simulation method may not be appropriate for calculating the properties of interest. (author)
Surface free energy of alkali and transition metal nanoparticles
Aqra, Fathi; Ayyad, Ahmed
Graphical abstract: Size dependent surface free energy of spherical, cubic and disk Au nanoparticles. - Highlights: • A model to account for the surface free energy of metallic nanoparticles is described. • The model requires only the cohesive energy of the nanoparticle. • The surface free energy of a number of metallic nanoparticles has been calculated, and the obtained values agree well with existing data. • Surface energy falls down very fast when the number of atoms is less than hundred. • The model is applicable to any metallic nanoparticle. - Abstract: This paper addresses an interesting issue on the surface free energy of metallic nanoparticles as compared to the bulk material. Starting from a previously reported equation, a theoretical model, that involves a specific term for calculating the cohesive energy of nanoparticle, is established in a view to describe the behavior of surface free energy of metallic nanoparticles (using different shapes of particle: sphere, cube and disc). The results indicate that the behavior of surface energy is very appropriate for spherical nanoparticle, and thus, it is the most realistic shape of a nanoparticle. The surface energy of copper, silver, gold, platinum, tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, paladium and alkali metallic nanoparticles is only prominent in the nanoscale size, and it decreases with the decrease of nanoparticle size. Thus, the surface free energy plays a more important role in determining the properties of nanoparticles than in bulk materials. It differs from shape to another, and falls down as the number of atoms (nanoparticle size) decreases. In the case of spherical nanoparticles, the onset of the sharp decrease in surface energy is observed at about 110 atom. A decrease of 16% and 45% in surface energy is found by moving from bulk to 110 atom and from bulk to 5 atom, respectively. The predictions are consistent with the reported data
Over-expression of a novel JAZ family gene from Glycine soja, increases salt and alkali stress tolerance
Zhu, Dan; Cai, Hua; Luo, Xiao; Bai, Xi; Deyholos, Michael K.; Chen, Qin; Chen, Chao; Ji, Wei; Zhu, Yanming
Highlights: â–º We isolated and characterized a novel JAZ family gene, GsJAZ2, from Glycine soja. â–º Overexpression of GsJAZ2 enhanced plant tolerance to salt and alkali stress. â–º The transcriptions of stress marker genes were higher in GsJAZ2 overexpression lines. â–º GsJAZ2 was localized to nucleus. -- Abstract: Salt and alkali stress are two of the main environmental factors limiting crop production. Recent discoveries show that the JAZ family encodes plant-specific genes involved in jasmonate signaling. However, there is only limited information about this gene family in abiotic stress response, and in wild soybean (Glycine soja), which is a species noted for its tolerance to alkali and salinity. Here, we isolated and characterized a novel JAZ family gene, GsJAZ2, from G. soja. Transcript abundance of GsJAZ2 increased following exposure to salt, alkali, cold and drought. Over-expression of GsJAZ2 in Arabidopsis resulted in enhanced plant tolerance to salt and alkali stress. The expression levels of some alkali stress response and stress-inducible marker genes were significantly higher in the GsJAZ2 overexpression lines as compared to wild-type plants. Subcellular localization studies using a GFP fusion protein showed that GsJAZ2 was localized to the nucleus. These results suggest that the newly isolated wild soybean GsJAZ2 is a positive regulator of plant salt and alkali stress tolerance.
Mechanisms and kinetics of electrodeposition of alkali metals on solid and liquid mercury electrodes
Lu, Wenzhe.
Electroreduction of alkali metal ions at mercury is an important area in electrochemistry related to the battery industry. In this work, four major topics were considered: alkali metal/mercury interactions; electrosorption of alkali metal ions on solid mercury; electroreduction of alkali metal/crown ether complexes; and ammonium amalgam formation. The formation of alkali metal-mercury intermetallic compounds was studied on liquid and frozen thin layer mercury electrodes. The stoichiometry of the compounds produced under these conditions was determined using cyclic voltammetry. As expected, formation of a new phase was preceded by nucleation phenomena, which were particularly easy to monitor at solid Hg electrodes. The nucleation kinetics were studied using the chronoamperometric method. At very low temperatures, when the mobility of mercury atoms was restricted, the electrosorption of alkali metal ions on solid mercury electrodes was noted. Subsequent study allowed determination of the electrosorption parameters. The free energy of electrosorption is discussed in terms of interactions between alkali metals and mercury. The effect of crown ethers on the kinetics of alkali metal ion reduction was studied at both standard size and ultramicro-mercury electrodes in nonaqueous solutions using ultrafast cyclic voltammetry and ac voltammetry. The usefulness of ultrafast cyclic voltammetry with ultramicroelectrodes in measurements of the kinetics of amalgam formation was verified in a brief study of cadmium ion reduction. The mechanism of the complex reduction at mercury was analyzed based on the free energy changes before and after the activation state. In addition, the stoichiometry and formation constants of the crown ether/alkali metal complexes were determined using cyclic voltammetry. The mechanism of electroreduction of ammonium ions at mercury electrodes in non-aqueous media was analyzed.
Tuning the electronic structure of graphene through alkali metal and halogen atom intercalation
Ahmad, Sohail; Miró, Pere; Audiffred, Martha; Heine, Thomas
The deposition, intercalation and co-intercalation of heavy alkali metals and light halogens atoms in graphene mono- and bilayers have been studied using first principles density-functional calculations. Both the deposition and the intercalation of alkali metals gives rise to n-type doping due to the formation of M+-C- pairs. The co-intercalation of a 1:1 ratio of alkali metals and halogens derives into the formation of ionic pairs among the intercalated species, unaltering the electronic structure of the layered material.
Method and composition for testing for the presence of an alkali metal
Guon, J.
A method and composition for detecting the presence of an alkali metal on the surface of a body such as a metal plate, tank, pipe or the like is provided. The method comprises contacting the surface with a thin film of a liquid composition comprising a light-colored pigment, an acid-base indicator, and a nonionic wetting agent dispersed in a liquid carrier comprising a minor amount of water and a major amount of an organic solvent selected from the group consisting of the lower aliphatic alcohols, ketones and ethers. Any alkali metal present on the surface in elemental form or as an alkali metal hydroxide or alkali metal carbonate will react with the acid-base indicator to produce a contrasting color change in the thin film, which is readily discernible by visual observation or automatic techniques
The alkali and alkaline earth metal doped ZnO nanotubes: DFT studies
Peyghan, Ali Ahmadi; Noei, Maziar
Doping of several alkali and alkaline earth metals into sidewall of an armchair ZnO nanotube has been investigated by employing the density functional theory in terms of energetic, geometric, and electronic properties. It has been found that doping processes of the alkali and alkaline metals are endothermic and exothermic, respectively. Based on the results, contrary to the alkaline metal doping, the electronic properties of the tube are much more sensitive to alkali metal doping so that it is transformed from intrinsic semiconductor with HOMO–LUMO energy gap of 3.77 eV to an extrinsic semiconductor with the energy gap of ∼1.11–1.95 eV. The doping of alkali and alkaline metals increases and decreases the work function of the tube, respectively, which may influence the electron emission from the tube surface
Screen-printed electrode for alkali-metal thermoelectric converter
Hashimoto, T.; Shibata, K.; Tsuchida, K.; Kato, A. (Kyushu Univ., Fukuoka (Japan). Faculty of Engineering)
An alkali-metal thermoelectric converter (AMTEC) is a device for the direct conversion of thermal to electric energy. An AMTEC contains sodium as working fluid and is divided into a high-temperature region (900-1300 K) and a low-temperature region (400-800 K) by [beta]''-alumina solid electrolyte. A high-performance electrode for an AMTEC must have good electrical conductivity, make a strong physical bond with low contact resistance to [beta]''-alumina, be highly permeable to sodium vapour, resist corrosion by sodium and have a low rate of evaporation at the operating temperature of the AMTEC. We have previously investigated the interaction of nitrides and carbides of some transition-metals (groups IV, V and VI) with [beta],[beta]''-alumina or liquid sodium (about 700degC) with the objective of finding a better electrode material for an AMTEC. The results showed that TiN, TiC, NbN and NbC were good candidates for AMTEC electrodes. We also showed that porous TiN film with low resistance can be prepared by the screen-printing method. In the present work the porous NbN film was prepared by the screen-printing method and the performance as the electrode of an AMTEC was examined. For comparison, the performance of TiN and Mo electrodes prepared by the screen-printing method was also examined. (author).
Electron core ionization in compressed alkali metal cesium
Degtyareva, V. F.
Elements of groups I and II in the periodic table have valence electrons of s-type and are usually considered as simple metals. Crystal structures of these elements at ambient pressure are close-packed and high-symmetry of bcc and fcc-types, defined by electrostatic (Madelung) energy. Diverse structures were found under high pressure with decrease of the coordination number, packing fraction and symmetry. Formation of complex structures can be understood within the model of Fermi sphere-Brillouin zone interactions and supported by Hume-Rothery arguments. With the volume decrease there is a gain of band structure energy accompanied by a formation of many-faced Brillouin zone polyhedra. Under compression to less than a half of the initial volume the interatomic distances become close to or smaller than the ionic radius which should lead to the electron core ionization. At strong compression it is necessary to assume that for alkali metals the valence electron band overlaps with the upper core electrons, which increases the valence electron count under compression.
Effect of charging on silicene with alkali metal atom adsorption
Li, Manman; Li, Zhongyao; Gong, Shi-Jing
Based on first-principles calculations, we studied the effects of charging on the structure, binding energy and electronic properties of silicene with alkali metal (AM) atom (Li, Na or K) adsorption. In AMSi2, electron doping enlarges the lattice constant of silicene, while the influence of hole doping is non-monotonic. In AMSi8, the lattice constant increases/decreases almost linearly with the increase in electron/hole doping. In addition, the AM-Si vertical distance can be greatly enlarged by excessive hole doping in both AMSi2 and AMSi8 systems. When the hole doping is as large as  +e per unit cell, both AMSi2 and AMSi8 can be transformed from metal to semiconductor. However, the binding energy would be negative in the AM+ Si2 semiconductor. It suggests AM+ Si2 is unstable in this case. In addition, the electron doping and the AM-Si vertical distance would greatly influence the band gap of silicene in LiSi8 and NaSi8, while the band gap in KSi8 is relatively stable. Therefore, KSi8 may be a more practicable material in nanotechnology.
Fluconazole affects the alkali-metal-cation homeostasis and susceptibility to cationic toxic compounds of Candida glabrata.
Elicharova, Hana; Sychrova, Hana
Candida glabrata is a salt-tolerant and fluconazole (FLC)-resistant yeast species. Here, we analyse the contribution of plasma-membrane alkali-metal-cation exporters, a cation/proton antiporter and a cation ATPase to cation homeostasis and the maintenance of membrane potential (ΔΨ). Using a series of single and double mutants lacking CNH1 and/or ENA1 genes we show that the inability to export potassium and toxic alkali-metal cations leads to a slight hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane of C. glabrata cells; this hyperpolarization drives more cations into the cells and affects cation homeostasis. Surprisingly, a much higher hyperpolarization of C. glabrata plasma membrane was produced by incubating cells with subinhibitory concentrations of FLC. FLC treatment resulted in a substantially increased sensitivity of cells to various cationic drugs and toxic cations that are driven into the cell by negative-inside plasma-membrane potential. The effect of the combination of FLC plus cationic drug treatment was enhanced by the malfunction of alkali-metal-cation transporters that contribute to the regulation of membrane potential and cation homeostasis. In summary, we show that the combination of subinhibitory concentrations of FLC and cationic drugs strongly affects the growth of C. glabrata cells. © 2014 The Authors.
(abstract) Experimental and Modeling Studies of the Exchange Current at the Alkali Beta'-Alumina/Porous Electrode/Alkali Metal Vapor Three Phase Boundary
Williams, R. M.; Jeffries-Nakamura, B.; Ryan, M. A.; Underwood, M. L.; O'Connor, D.; Kikkert, S.
The microscopic mechanism of the alkali ion-electron recombination reaction at the three phase boundary zone formed by a porous metal electrode in the alkali vapor on the surface of an alkali beta'-alumina solid electrolyte (BASE) ceramic has been studied by comparison of the expected rates for the three simplest reaction mechanisms with known temperature dependent rate data; and the physical parameters of typical porous metal electrode/BASE/alkali metal vapor reaction zones. The three simplest reactions are tunneling of electrons from the alkali coated electrode to a surface bound alkali metal ion; emission of an electron from the electrode with subsequent capture by a surface bound alkali metal ion; and thermal emission of an alkali cation from the BASE and its capture on the porous metal electrode surface where it may recombine with an electron. Only the first reaction adequately accounts for both the high observed rate and its temperature dependence. New results include crude modeling of simple, one step, three phase, solid/solid/gas electrochemical reaction.
Is Electronegativity a Useful Descriptor for the 'Pseudo-Alkali-Metal' NH4?
Whiteside, Alexander; Xantheas, Sotiris S.; Gutowski, Maciej S.
Molecular ions in the form of 'pseudo-atoms' are common structural motifs in chemistry, with properties that are transferrable between different compounds. We have determined the electronegativity of the 'pseudo-alkali metal' ammonium (NH4) and evaluated its reliability as a descriptor in comparison to the electronegativities of the alkali metals. The computed properties of its binary complexes with astatine and of selected borohydrides confirm the similarity of NH4 to the alkali metal atoms, although the electronegativity of NH4 is relatively large in comparison to its cationic radius. We paid particular attention to the molecular properties of ammonium (angular anisotropy, geometric relaxation, and reactivity), which can cause deviations from the behaviour expected of a conceptual 'true alkali metal' with this electronegativity. These deviations allow for the discrimination of effects associated with the polyatomic nature of NH4.
Chemistry and physics at liquid alkali metal/solid metal interfaces
Barker, M.G.
This paper describes the chemistry of processes which take place at the interface between liquid alkali metals and solid metal surfaces. A brief review of wetting data for liquid sodium is given and the significance of critical wetting temperatures discussed on the basis of an oxide-film reduction mechanism. The reactions of metal oxides with liquid metals are outlined and a correlation with wetting data established. The transfer of dissolved species from the liquid metal across the interface to form solid phases on the solid metal surface is well recognised. The principal features of such processes are described and a simple thermodynamic explanation is outlined. The reverse process, the removal of solid material into solution, is also considered. (author)
Solution enthalpies of alkali metal halides in water and heavy water mixtures with dimethyl sulfoxide
Egorov, G.I.
Solution enthalpies of CsF, LiCl, NaI, CsI and some other halides of alkali metals and tetrabutylammonium have been measured by the method of calorimetry. Standard solution enthalpies of all alkali metals (except rubidium) halides in water and heavy water mixtures with dimethylsulfoxide at 298.15 K have been calculated. Isotopic effects in solvation enthalpy of the electrolytes mentioned in aqueous solutions of dimethylsulfoxide have been discussed. 29 refs., 2 figs., 4 tabs
Volume dependence of the melting temperature for alkali metals with Debye's model
Soma, T.; Kagaya, H.M.; Nishigaki, M.
Using the volume dependence of the Grueneisen constant at higher temperatures, the volume effect on the melting temperature of alkali metals is studied by Lindeman's melting law and Debye's model. The obtained melting curve increases as a function of the compressed volume and shows the maximum of the melting point at the characteristic volume. The resultant data are qualitatively in agreement with the observed tendency for alkali metals. (author)
Wigner Distribution Functions as a Tool for Studying Gas Phase Alkali Metal Plus Noble Gas Collisions
WIGNER DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS AS A TOOL FOR STUDYING GAS PHASE ALKALI METAL PLUS NOBLE GAS COLLISIONS THESIS Keith A. Wyman, Second Lieutenant, USAF...the U.S. Government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. AFIT-ENP-14-M-39 WIGNER DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS AS A TOOL FOR...APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED AFIT-ENP-14-M-39 WIGNER DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS AS A TOOL FOR STUDYING GAS PHASE ALKALI METAL PLUS
An assessment of the melting, boiling, and critical point data of the alkali metals
Ohse, R.W.; Babelot, J.-F.; Magill, J.
The paper reviews the measured melting, boiling and critical point data of alkali metals. A survey of the static heat generation methods for density and pressure-volume-temperature measurements is given. Measured data on the melting and boiling temperatures of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and caesium are summarised. Also measured critical point data for the same five alkali metals are presented, and discussed. (U.K.)
Long-range interactions between excited helium and alkali-metal atoms
KAUST Repository
Zhang, J.-Y.; Schwingenschlö gl, Udo; Shi, T.-Y.; Tang, L.-Y.; Yan, Z.-C.
–5% in the coefficient C6, and 1–10% in the coefficients C8 and C10. The dispersion coefficients Cn for the interaction of He(2 1,3S) and He(2 1,3P) with the ground-state alkali-metal atoms and for the interaction of He(2 1,3S) with the alkali-metal atoms in their first
Plasma assisted measurements of alkali metal concentrations in pressurized combustion processes
Hernberg, R.; Haeyrinen, V.
The plasma assisted method for continuous measurement of alkali metal concentrations in product gas flows of pressurized energy processes will be tested and applied at the 1.6 MW PFBC/G facility at Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands. Measurements will be performed during 1995 and 1996 at different stages of the research programme. The results are expected to give information about the influence of different process conditions on the generation of alkali metal vapours, the comparison of different methods for alkali measurement and the specific performance of our system. The project belongs to the Joule II extension program under contract JOU2-CT93-0431. (author)
Reaction of cerium dioxide with alkali metal alkoxides
Sato, Nobuaki; Fujino, Takeo
The gas-solid reaction process using volatile alkali metal alkoxides has many advantages in producing the uranates (plutonates) which are expected to improve the dissolution behavior of the fuel into nitric acid. In this work, the reactions of CeO 2 , which was used as a non-radioactive stand-in of PuO 2 , with MOBu t (M = Li, K) under several conditions were examined. In the case of the M y Ce 1-y O 2-x synthesized by an aqueous method, the lattice parameter was slightly increased with increasing M concentration, y, up to 0.20. When the LiOBu t vapor reacted with CeO 2 , a new fluorite phase having a = 5.4935 A, y = 0.044, x = 0.30 was formed over 973 K. A similar compound (a = 5.4797 A, y = 0.035, x = 0.22) was observed by the reaction of CeO 2 with KOBu t . (author)
Structural and energetic characteristics of alkali metal hexachlorouranates (5)
Kudryashov, V.L.; Suglobova, I.G.; Chirkst, D.Eh.
Structure types and lattice parameters of alkali metal hexachlorouranates (5) have been determined by indicating the X-ray diffraction patterns of polycrystals. α-NaVCl 6 has a cubic structure of the Csub(s)PFsub(6) type; β-NaVCl 6 -trigonal lattice of the LiSbF 6 type; KVCl 6 and RbVCl 6 crystallize in the RbPaF 6 structure type; CsVCl 6 is isomorphous to CsPF 6 . Enthalpy values of hexachlorouranates (5) dissolution in 0.5% FeCl 3 solution and in 2% HCl have been measured and the standard enthalpy values of their formation have been calculated. The energies of crystal lattices and of the uranium-uranium-chlorine bonds have been calculated. When uranium coordination number is 6 the energy of the uranium-chlorine bond is 99.6+-0.5; when this number is 8 the energy equals 101.9+-0.5 kcal/mol
Removal of oxides from alkali metal melts by reductive titration to electrical resistance-change end points
Tsang, Floris Y.
Alkali metal oxides dissolved in alkali metal melts are reduced with soluble metals which are converted to insoluble oxides. The end points of the reduction is detected as an increase in electrical resistance across an alkali metal ion-conductive membrane interposed between the oxide-containing melt and a material capable of accepting the alkali metal ions from the membrane when a difference in electrical potential, of the appropriate polarity, is established across it. The resistance increase results from blocking of the membrane face by ions of the excess reductant metal, to which the membrane is essentially non-conductive.
Alkali Metal Variation and Twisting of the FeNNFe Core in Bridging Diiron Dinitrogen Complexes.
McWilliams, Sean F; Rodgers, Kenton R; Lukat-Rodgers, Gudrun; Mercado, Brandon Q; Grubel, Katarzyna; Holland, Patrick L
Alkali metal cations can interact with Fe-N2 complexes, potentially enhancing back-bonding or influencing the geometry of the iron atom. These influences are relevant to large-scale N2 reduction by iron, such as in the FeMoco of nitrogenase and the alkali-promoted Haber-Bosch process. However, to our knowledge there have been no systematic studies of a large range of alkali metals regarding their influence on transition metal-dinitrogen complexes. In this work, we varied the alkali metal in [alkali cation]2[LFeNNFeL] complexes (L = bulky β-diketiminate ligand) through the size range from Na(+) to K(+), Rb(+), and Cs(+). The FeNNFe cores have similar Fe-N and N-N distances and N-N stretching frequencies despite the drastic change in alkali metal cation size. The two diketiminates twist relative to one another, with larger dihedral angles accommodating the larger cations. In order to explain why the twisting has so little influence on the core, we performed density functional theory calculations on a simplified LFeNNFeL model, which show that the two metals surprisingly do not compete for back-bonding to the same π* orbital of N2, even when the ligand planes are parallel. This diiron system can tolerate distortion of the ligand planes through compensating orbital energy changes, and thus, a range of ligand orientations can give very similar energies.
Rhizomes Help the Forage Grass Leymus chinensis to Adapt to the Salt and Alkali Stresses
Li, Xiaoyu; Wang, Junfeng; Lin, Jixiang; Wang, Ying; Mu, Chunsheng
Leymus chinensis has extensive ecological adaptability and can grow well in saline-alkaline soils. The knowledge about tolerance mechanisms of L. chinensis could be base for utilization of saline-alkaline soils and grassland restoration and rebuilding. Two neutral salts (NaCl : Na2SO4 = 9 : 1) and two alkaline salts (NaHCO3 : Na2CO3 = 9 : 1) with concentration of 0, 100, and 200 mmol/L were used to treat potted 35-day-old seedlings with rhizome growth, respectively. After 10 days, the biomass and number of daughter shoots all decreased, with more reduction in alkali than in salt stress. The rhizome biomass reduced more than other organs. The number of daughter shoots from rhizome was more than from tillers. Under both stresses, Na+ contents increased more in rhizome than in other organs; the reduction of K+ content was more in underground than aerial tissue. Anion ions or organic acids were absorbed to neutralize cations. Na+ content in stem and leaf increased markedly in high alkalinity (200 mmol/L), with accumulation of soluble sugar and organic acids sharply. Rhizomes help L. chinensis to adapt to saline and low alkaline stresses by transferring Na+. However, rhizomes lost the ability to prevent Na+ transport to aerial organs under high alkalinity, which led to severe growth inhibition of L. chinensis. PMID:25121110
On the origin of alkali metals in Europa exosphere
Ozgurel, Ozge; Pauzat, Françoise; Ellinger, Yves; Markovits, Alexis; Mousis, Olivier; LCT, LAM
At a time when Europa is considered as a plausible habitat for the development of an early form of life, of particular concern is the origin of neutral sodium and potassium atoms already detected in its exosphere (together with magnesium though in smaller abundance), since these atoms are known to be crucial for building the necessary bricks of prebiotic species. However their origin and history are still poorly understood. The most likely sources could be exogenous and result from the contamination produced by Io's intense volcanism and/or by meteoritic bombardment. These sources could also be endogenous if these volatile elements originate directly from Europa's icy mantle. Here we explore the possibility that neutral sodium and potassium atoms were delivered to the satellite's surface via the upwelling of ices formed in contact with the hidden ocean. These metallic elements would have been transferred as ions to the ocean at early epochs after Europa's formation, by direct contact of water with the rocky core. During Europa's subsequent cooling, the icy layers formed at the top of the ocean would have kept trapped the sodium and potassium, allowing their future progression to the surface and final identification in the exosphere of the satellite. To support this scenario, we have used chemistry numerical models based on first principle periodic density functional theory (DFT). These models are shown to be well adapted to the description of compact ice and are capable to describe the trapping and neutralization of the initial ions in the ice matrix. The process is found relevant for all the elements considered, alkali metals like Na and K, as well as for Mg and probably for Ca, their respective abundances depending essentially of their solubility and chemical capabilities to blend with water ices.
DFT study of the interaction between DOTA chelator and competitive alkali metal ions.
Frimpong, E; Skelton, A A; Honarparvar, B
1, 4, 7, 10-tetraazacyclododecane-1, 4, 7, 10-tetracetic acid (DOTA) is an important chelator for radiolabeling of pharmaceuticals. The ability of alkali metals found in the body to complex with DOTA and compete with radio metal ions can alter the radiolabeling process. Non-covalent interactions between DOTA complexed with alkali metals Li + , Na + , K + and Rb + , are investigated with density functional theory using B3LYP and ωB97XD functionals. Conformational possibilities of DOTA were explored with a varying number of carboxylic pendant arms of DOTA in close proximity to the ions. It is found that the case in which four arms of DOTA are interacting with ions is more stable than other conformations. The objective of this study is to explore the electronic structure properties upon complexation of alkali metals Li + Na + , K + and Rb + with a DOTA chelator. Interaction energies, relaxation energies, entropies, Gibbs free energies and enthalpies show that the stability of DOTA, complexed with alkali metals decreases down the group of the periodic table. Implicit water solvation affects the complexation of DOTA-ions leading to decreases in the stability of the complexes. NBO analysis through the natural population charges and the second order perturbation theory, revealed a charge transfer between DOTA and alkali metals. Conceptual DFT-based properties such as HOMO/LUMO energies, ΔE HOMO-LUMO and chemical hardness and softness indicated a decrease in the chemical stability of DOTA-alkali metal complexes down the alkali metal series. This study serves as a guide to researchers in the field of organometallic chelators, particularly, radiopharmaceuticals in finding the efficient optimal match between chelators and various metal ions. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Magnetic properties of free alkali and transition metal clusters
Heer, W. de; Milani, P.; Chatelain, A.
The Stern-Gerlach deflections of small alkali clusters (N<6) and iron clusters (10< N<500) show that the paramagnetic alkali clusters always have a nondeflecting component, while the iron clusters always deflect in the high field direction. Both of these effects appear to be related to spin relaxation however in the case of alkali clusters it is shown that they are in fact caused by avoided level crossing in the Zeeman diagram. For alkali clusters the relatively weak couplings cause reduced magnetic moments where levels cross. For iron clusters however the total spin is strongly coupled to the molecular framework. Consequently this coupling is responsible for avoided level crossing which ultimately cause the total energy of the cluster to decrease with increasing magnetic field so that the iron clusters will deflect in one direction when introduced in an inhomogeneous magnetic field. Experiment and theory are discussed for both cases. (orig.)
Review of alkali metal and refractory alloy compatibility for Rankine cycle applications
DiStefano, J.R.
The principal corrosion mechanisms in refractory metal-alkali systems are dissolution, mass transfer, and impurity reactions. In general, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, and tungsten have low solubilities in the alkali metals, even to very high temperatures, and static corrosion studies have verified that the systems are basically compatible. Loop studies with niobium and tantalum based alloys do not indicate any serious problems due to temperature gradient mass transfer. Above 1000 K, dissimilar metal mass transfer is noted between the refractory metals and iron or nickel based alloys. The most serious corrosion problems encountered are related to impurity reactions associated with oxygen
Infrared multiple photon dissociation action spectroscopy of alkali metal cation-cyclen complexes: Effects of alkali metal cation size on gas-phase conformation
Austin, C.A.; Chen, Y.; Kaczan, C.M.; Berden, G.; Oomens, J.; Rodgers, M.T.
The gas-phase structures of alkali metal cationized complexes of cyclen (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane) are examined via infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) action spectroscopy and electronic structure theory calculations. The measured IRMPD action spectra of four M+(cyclen) complexes are
Hydrothermal synthesis of ultralong and single-crystalline Cd(OH)2 nanowires using alkali salts as mineralizers.
Tang, Bo; Zhuo, Linhai; Ge, Jiechao; Niu, Jinye; Shi, Zhiqiang
Ultralong and single-crystalline Cd(OH)(2) nanowires were fabricated by a hydrothermal method using alkali salts as mineralizers. The morphology and size of the final products strongly depend on the effects of the alkali salts (e.g., KCl, KNO(3), and K(2)SO(4) or NaCl, NaNO(3), and Na(2)SO(4)). When the salt is absent, only nanoparticles are observed in TEM images of the products. The 1D nanostructure growth method presented herein offers an excellent tool for the design of other advanced materials with anisotropic properties. In addition, the Cd(OH)(2) nanowires might act as a template or precursor that is potentially converted into 1D cadmium oxide through dehydration or into 1D nanostructures of other functional materials (e.g., CdS, CdSe).
Promotion Effect of Alkali Metal Hydroxides on Polymer-Stabilized Pd Nanoparticles for Selective Hydrogenation of C–C Triple Bonds in Alkynols
Nikoshvili, Linda Zh.; Bykov, Alexey V.; Khudyakova, Tatiana E.; Lagrange, Thomas; Héroguel, Florent; Luterbacher, Jeremy S.; Matveeva, Valentina G.; Sulman, Esther M.; Dyson, Paul J.; Kiwi-Minsker, Lioubov
Postimpregnation of Pd nanoparticles (NPs) stabilized within hyper-cross-linked polystyrene with sodium or potassium hydroxides of optimal concentration was found to significantly increase the catalytic activity for the partial hydrogenation of the C–C triple bond in 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol at ambient hydrogen pressure. The alkali metal hydroxide accelerates the transformation of the residual Pd(II) salt into Pd(0) NPs and diminishes the reaction induction period. In addition, the selectivity t...
Thorium valency in molten alkali halides in equilibrium with metallic thorium
Smirnov, M.V.; Kudyakov, V.Ya.
Metallic thorium is shown to corrode in molten alkali halides even in the absence of external oxidizing agents, alkali cations acting as oxidizing agents. Its corrosion rate grows in the series of alkali chlorides from LiCl to CsCl at constant temperature. Substituting halide anions for one another exerts a smaller influence, the rate rising slightly in going from chlorides to bromides and iodides, having the same alkali cations. Thorium valency is determined coulometrically, the metal being dissolved anodically in molten alkali halides and their mixtures. In fluoride melts it is equal to 4 but in chloride, bromide and iodide ones, as a rule, it has non-integral values between 4 and 2 which diminish as the temperature is raised, as the thorium concentration is lowered, as the radii of alkali cations decrease and those of halide anions increase. The emf of cells Th/N ThHlsub(n) + (1-N) MHl/MHl/C, Hlsub(2(g)) where Hl is Cl, Br or I, M is Li, Na, K, Cs or Na + K, and N < 0.05, is measured as a function of concentration at several temperatures. Expressions are obtained for its concentration dependence. The emf grows in the series of alkali chlorides from LiCl to CsCl, other conditions being equal. (author)
Uranium metal production by molten salt electrolysis
Takasawa, Yutaka
Atomic vapor laser isotope separation (AVLIS) is a promising uranium enrichment technology in the next generation. Electrolytic reduction of uranium oxides into uranium metal is proposed for the preparation of uranium metal as a feed material for AVLIS plant. Considering economical performance, continuos process concept and minimizing the amount of radioactive waste, an electrolytic process for producing uranium metal directly from uranium oxides will offer potential advantages over the existing commercial process. Studies of uranium metal by electrolysis in fluoride salts (BaF 2 -LiF-UF 4 (74-11-15 w/o) at 1150-1200degC, using both a laboratory scale apparatus and an engineering scale one, and continuous casting of uranium metal were carried out in order to decide the optimum operating conditions and the design of the industrial electrolytic cells. (author)
Coordination chemistry insights into the role of alkali metal promoters in dinitrogen reduction.
Connor, Gannon P; Holland, Patrick L
The Haber-Bosch process is a major contributor to fixed nitrogen that supports the world's nutritional needs and is one of the largest-scale industrial processes known. It has also served as a testing ground for chemists' understanding of surface chemistry. Thus, it is significant that the most thoroughly developed catalysts for N 2 reduction use potassium as an electronic promoter. In this review, we discuss the literature on alkali metal cations as promoters for N 2 reduction, in the context of the growing knowledge about cooperative interactions between N 2 , transition metals, and alkali metals in coordination compounds. Because the structures and properties are easier to characterize in these compounds, they give useful information on alkali metal interactions with N 2 . Here, we review a variety of interactions, with emphasis on recent work on iron complexes by the authors. Finally, we draw conclusions about the nature of these interactions and areas for future research.
Separation of alkali and alkaline earth metals by polyethers using extraction chromatography
Smulek, W.; Lada, W.A.
The separation of alkali and alkaline earth metals by means of an acyclic polyether, 1,13-bis(8-chinolinyl)-1, 4, 7, 10, 13-pentaoxatridecane (CPOD), and cyclic polyethers, benzo-15-crown-5 (BC), dibenzo-18-crown-6 (DBC) and dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6 (DCHC), using extraction chromatography has been studied. The alkali metals can be effectively separated using SCN - as the accompanying ion. For alkaline earth metals, the best results were obtained with ClO 4 - ions. Different elution sequences for these groups were observed using chloroform and/meen=/ sitylene as diluents for the polyethers. (author)
Molybdenum/alkali metal/ethylene glycol complexes useful as epoxidation catalysts
Marquis, E.T.; Sanderson, J.R.; Keating, K.P.
This patent describes a clear, storage stable solution of a molybdenum/alkali metal/ethylene glycol complex in ethylene glycol made by the process comprising: reacting at an elevated temperature between about 25 0 and 150 0 C a solid ammonium molybdate or a hydrate thereof and a solid alkali metal molybdate or a hydrate thereof with ethylene glycol, such that the ratio of moles of ethylene glycol to total gram atoms of molybdenum in the molybdates ranges from about 7:10 to 10:1, and the ratio of gram atoms of molybdenum in the ammonium molybdate or hydrate thereof to gram atoms of molybdenum in the alkali metal molybdate is from about 1:1 to about 20:1 to thereby provide a reaction product composed of a solution of an alkali metal-containing complex of molybdenum, alkali metal and ethylene glycol and by-products, including water, in the ethylene glycol and subsequently stripping the solution at a reduced pressure to remove from about 5 to about 25% of the reaction product, as distillate, to thereby provide a storage stable solution of the complex in the ethylene glycol having a molybdenum content of about 6 wt. % to about 20 wt. %, a water concentration of about 0.1 wt. % to about 6 wt. % and an acid number of more than about 60
Alkali and heavy metal emissions of the PCFB-process; Alkali- ja raskasmetallipaeaestoet PCFB-prosessista
Kuivalainen, R; Eriksson, T; Lehtonen, P [Foster Wheeler Energia Oy, Karhula (Finland)
Pressurized Circulating Fluidized Bed (PCFB) combustion technology has been developed in Karhula R and D Center since 1986. As part of the development, 10 MW PCFB test facility was built in 1989. The test facility has been used for performance testing with different coal types through the years 1990-1995 in order to gain data for design and commercialization of the high-efficiency low-emission PCFB combustion technology. The main object of the project was to measure vapor phase Na and K concentrations in the PCFB flue gas after hot gas filter and investigate the effects of process conditions and sorbents on alkali release. The measurements were performed using plasma assisted method of TUT Laboratory of Plasma Technology and wet absorption method of VTT Energy. The measurements were carried out during three test campaigns at PCFB Test Facility in Karhula. In autumn 1995 both VTT and TUT methods were used. The measurements of the following test period in spring 1996 were performed by VTT, and during the last test segment in autumn 1996 TUT method was in use. During the last test period, the TUT instrument was used as semi-continuous (3 values/minute) alkali analyzer for part of the time. The measured Na concentrations were below 30 ppb(w) in all measured data points. The results of K were below 10 ppb(w). The accuracies of the both methods are about +50 % at this concentration range. The scatter of the data covers the effects of different process variables on the alkali emission. The measured emissions are at the same order of magnitude as the guideline emission limits estimated by gas turbine manufacturers
Alkali Metal Backup Cooling for Stirling Systems - Experimental Results
Schwendeman, Carl; Tarau, Calin; Anderson, William G.; Cornell, Peggy A.
In a Stirling Radioisotope Power System (RPS), heat must be continuously removed from the General Purpose Heat Source (GPHS) modules to maintain the modules and surrounding insulation at acceptable temperatures. The Stirling convertor normally provides this cooling. If the Stirling convertor stops in the current system, the insulation is designed to spoil, preventing damage to the GPHS at the cost of an early termination of the mission. An alkali-metal Variable Conductance Heat Pipe (VCHP) can be used to passively allow multiple stops and restarts of the Stirling convertor. In a previous NASA SBIR Program, Advanced Cooling Technologies, Inc. (ACT) developed a series of sodium VCHPs as backup cooling systems for Stirling RPS. The operation of these VCHPs was demonstrated using Stirling heater head simulators and GPHS simulators. In the most recent effort, a sodium VCHP with a stainless steel envelope was designed, fabricated and tested at NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) with a Stirling convertor for two concepts; one for the Advanced Stirling Radioisotope Generator (ASRG) back up cooling system and one for the Long-lived Venus Lander thermal management system. The VCHP is designed to activate and remove heat from the stopped convertor at a 19 degC temperature increase from the nominal vapor temperature. The 19 degC temperature increase from nominal is low enough to avoid risking standard ASRG operation and spoiling of the Multi-Layer Insulation (MLI). In addition, the same backup cooling system can be applied to the Stirling convertor used for the refrigeration system of the Long-lived Venus Lander. The VCHP will allow the refrigeration system to: 1) rest during transit at a lower temperature than nominal; 2) pre-cool the modules to an even lower temperature before the entry in Venus atmosphere; 3) work at nominal temperature on Venus surface; 4) briefly stop multiple times on the Venus surface to allow scientific measurements. This paper presents the experimental
Superconductivity and electrical resistivity in alkali metal doped ...
We consider a two-peak model for the phonon density of states to investigate the nature of electron pairing mechanism for superconducting state in fullerides. We first study the intercage interactions between the adjacent C60 cages and expansion of lattice due to the intercalation of alkali atoms based on the spring model to ...
Experimental (FT-IR, FT-Raman, 1H, 13C NMR) and theoretical study of alkali metal 2-aminobenzoates
Samsonowicz, M.; Świsłocka, R.; Regulska, E.; Lewandowski, W.
The influence of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium on the electronic system of the 2-aminobenzoic acid was studied by the methods of molecular spectroscopy. The vibrational (FT-IR, FT-Raman) and NMR ( 1H and 13C) spectra for 2-aminobenzoic acid and its alkali metal salts were recorded. The assignment of vibrational spectra was done on the basis of literature data, theoretical calculations and our previous experience. Characteristic shifts of bands and changes in intensities of bands along the metal series were observed. The changes of chemical shifts of protons ( 1H NMR) and carbons ( 13C NMR) in the series of studied alkali metal 2-aminobenzoates were observed too. Optimized geometrical structures of studied compounds were calculated by B3LYP method using 6-311++G ∗∗ basis set. Geometric aromaticity indices, dipole moments and energies were also calculated. The theoretical wavenumbers and intensities of IR and Raman spectra were obtained. The calculated parameters were compared to experimental characteristic of studied compounds.
Energy loss spectroscopy study of Si(111)--alkali metal interfaces at low temperatures
Avci, R.
Studies are made at approx.150 K under ultrahigh vacuum conditions on a wide range of alkali metal coverages on Si(111)-7 x 7. Negative second-derivative backscattered electron energy loss spectroscopy is used with 100 eV primary electrons. The interaction of the alkali metals with the silicon substrate goes through two stages as a function of alkali coverage: In the initial coverages, for less than approx.0.3 monolayer of alkali atoms, the basic reaction is that of charge transfer from the alkali atoms to the Si surface with a loss peak at approx.3.3 eV associated with the charge transfer states. The second stage of reaction: starting after the depletion of all the Si surface states: falls in a coverage range between approx.0.3 and approx.1 monolayer, in which the formation of a metallic layer with a coverage-dependent loss feature at about 2 eV is observed. At still higher coverages, multiple surface and bulk plasmon excitations and their combinations are dominant. In the overall scattering processes most of the parallel momentum (approx.3 A -1 ) is transferred to the sample during the elastic backscattering from the surface, and all the losses are essentially attributed to the forward inelastic scattering before and/or after the elastic process takes place near the metal/Si interface
A brief history of residual alkali metal destruction development in the UK
Fletcher, Brian
The reactors at Dounreay are being decommissioned and there is a need to remove all the residual alkali metal before they can be dismantled. When the Prototype Fast Reactor was shut down work was started to remove the bulk sodium and development of the Water Vapour Nitrogen (WVN) process for the destruction of the residual alkali metal commenced. This development has been ongoing to the present day. Trials began with small amounts of sodium and NaK before moving to larger scale experiments. The development raised a number of issues. As knowledge was built up, the development was expanded to deal with NaK pools in the DFR. Differences in the behaviour of NaK and sodium led to various different processes being developed. This paper presents a brief history of the alkali metal destruction process development within the UK and highlights some of the lessons learnt for future application during reactor decommissioning (authors)
Influence of alkali metal hydroxides on corrosion of Zr-based alloys
Jeong, Y.H.; Ruhmann, H.; Garzarolli, F.
In this study the influence of group-1 alkali hydroxides on different zirconium based alloys has been evaluated. The experiments have been carried out in small stainless steel autoclaves at 350 deg. C in pressurized 17 MPa water, with in low (0.32 mmol), medium (4.3 mmol) and high (31.5 mmol) equimolar concentrations of Li-, Na-, K-, Rb- and Cs-Hydroxides. Two types of alloys have been investigated: Zr-Sn-(Transition metal) and Zr-Sn-Nb-(Transition metal). The corrosion behaviour was evaluated from weight gain measurements. From the experiments the cation could be identified as the responsible species for zirconium alloy corrosion in alkalized water. The radius of the cation governs the corrosion behaviour in the pre accelerated region of zircaloy corrosion. Incorporating of alkali cations into the zirconium oxide lattice is probably the mechanism which allows the corrosion enhancement for Li and Na and the significantly lower effect for the other bases. Nb containing alloys show lower corrosion resistance than alloys from the Zr-Sn-TRM system in all alkali solutions. Both types of alloys corrode significantly more in LiOH and NaOH than in the other alkali environments. Lowest corrosive aggressiveness has been found for CsOH followed by KOH. Concluding from the corrosion behaviour in the different alkali environments and taking into account the tendency to promote accelerate corrosion, CsOH and KOH are possible alternate alkalis for PWR application. (author). 17 refs, 15 figs, 5 tabs
Jeong, Y H [Korea Atomic Energy Research Inst., Dae Jun (Korea, Republic of); Ruhmann, H; Garzarolli, F [Siemens-KWU, Power Generation Group, Erlangen (Germany)
In this study the influence of group-1 alkali hydroxides on different zirconium based alloys has been evaluated. The experiments have been carried out in small stainless steel autoclaves at 350 deg. C in pressurized 17 MPa water, with in low (0.32 mmol), medium (4.3 mmol) and high (31.5 mmol) equimolar concentrations of Li-, Na-, K-, Rb- and Cs-Hydroxides. Two types of alloys have been investigated: Zr-Sn-(Transition metal) and Zr-Sn-Nb-(Transition metal). The corrosion behaviour was evaluated from weight gain measurements. From the experiments the cation could be identified as the responsible species for zirconium alloy corrosion in alkalized water. The radius of the cation governs the corrosion behaviour in the pre accelerated region of zircaloy corrosion. Incorporating of alkali cations into the zirconium oxide lattice is probably the mechanism which allows the corrosion enhancement for Li and Na and the significantly lower effect for the other bases. Nb containing alloys show lower corrosion resistance than alloys from the Zr-Sn-TRM system in all alkali solutions. Both types of alloys corrode significantly more in LiOH and NaOH than in the other alkali environments. Lowest corrosive aggressiveness has been found for CsOH followed by KOH. Concluding from the corrosion behaviour in the different alkali environments and taking into account the tendency to promote accelerate corrosion, CsOH and KOH are possible alternate alkalis for PWR application. (author). 17 refs, 15 figs, 5 tabs.
Influence of alkali metal hydroxides on corrosion of Zr-base alloys
Jeong, Yong Hwan
The influence of group-1 alkali hydroxides on different Zr-based alloys have been carried out in static autoclaves at 350 deg C in pressurized water, conditioned in low(0.32 mmol), medium(4.3 mmol) and high(31.5 mmol) equimolar concentration of Li-, Na-, K-, Rb- and Cs-hydroxide. Two types of alloys have been investigated: Zr-Sn-(TRM, Transition metal) and Zr-Sn-Nb-(TRM, Transition metal). From the experiments the cation could be identified as the responsible species for corrosion of Zr alloy in alkalized water. The radius of the cation governs the accelerated corrosion in the pre-transition region of Zr alloy. Incorporation of alkali cation into the zirconium oxide lattice is probably the mechanism which allows the corrosion enhancement for Li and Na and the significant lower effect for the other bases. Nb containing alloys showed lower corrosion resistance than Zr-Sn-TRM alloys in all alkali solutions. Both types of alloys were corroded significantly more in LiOH and NaOH than in the other alkali environments. Lowest corrosive aggressiveness has been found for CsOH followed by KOH. Concluding from the corrosion behavior in the different alkali environments and taking into account the tendency to accelerate the corrosion of Zr alloys, CsOH and KOH are possible alternate alkali for PWR (Pressurized Water Reactor) application. (author)
Structural Diversity in Alkali Metal and Alkali Metal Magnesiate Chemistry of the Bulky 2,6-Diisopropyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)anilino Ligand.
Fuentes, M �ngeles; Zabala, Andoni; Kennedy, Alan R; Mulvey, Robert E
Bulky amido ligands are precious in s-block chemistry, since they can implant complementary strong basic and weak nucleophilic properties within compounds. Recent work has shown the pivotal importance of the base structure with enhancement of basicity and extraordinary regioselectivities possible for cyclic alkali metal magnesiates containing mixed n-butyl/amido ligand sets. This work advances alkali metal and alkali metal magnesiate chemistry of the bulky arylsilyl amido ligand [N(SiMe 3 )(Dipp)] - (Dipp=2,6-iPr 2 -C 6 H 3 ). Infinite chain structures of the parent sodium and potassium amides are disclosed, adding to the few known crystallographically characterised unsolvated s-block metal amides. Solvation by N,N,N',N'',N''-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) or N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) gives molecular variants of the lithium and sodium amides; whereas for potassium, PMDETA gives a molecular structure, TMEDA affords a novel, hemi-solvated infinite chain. Crystal structures of the first magnesiate examples of this amide in [MMg{N(SiMe 3 )(Dipp)} 2 (μ-nBu)] ∞ (M=Na or K) are also revealed, though these breakdown to their homometallic components in donor solvents as revealed through NMR and DOSY studies. © 2016 The Authors. Published by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
Evaluation of complexing agents and column temperature in ion chromatographic separation of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and transition metals ion
Kelkar, Anoop; Pandey, Ashish; Name, Anil B.; Das, D.K.; Behere, P.G.; Mohd Afzal
The aim of ion chromatography method development is the resolution of all metal ions of interests. Resolution can be improved by changing the selectivity. Selectivity in chromatography can be altered by changes in mobile phase (eg eluent type, eluent strength) or through changes in stationary phase. Temperature has been used in altering the selectivity of particularly in reversed phase liquid chromatography and ion exchange chromatography. Present paper describe the retention behaviour of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and transition metal ions on a silica based carboxylate function group containing analyte column. Alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and transition metal ions were detected by ion conductivity and UV-VIS detectors respectively
In Situ Measurement of Alkali Metals in an MSW Incinerator Using a Spontaneous Emission Spectrum
Weijie Yan
Full Text Available This paper presents experimental investigations of the in situ diagnosis of the alkali metals in the municipal solid waste (MSW flame of an industrial grade incinerator using flame emission spectroscopy. The spectral radiation intensities of the MSW flame were obtained using a spectrometer. A linear polynomial fitting method is proposed to uncouple the continuous spectrum and the characteristic line. Based on spectra processing and a non-gray emissivity model, the flame temperature, emissivity, and intensities of the emission of alkali metals were calculated by means of measuring the spectral radiation intensities of the MSW flame. Experimental results indicate that the MSW flame contains alkali metals, including Na, K, and even Rb, and it demonstrates non-gray characteristics in a wavelength range from 500 nm to 900 nm. Peak intensities of the emission of the alkali metals were found to increase when the primary air was high, and the measured temperature varied in the same way as the primary air. The temperature and peak intensities of the lines of emission of the alkali metals may be used to adjust the primary airflow and to manage the feeding of the MSW to control the alkali metals in the MSW flame. It was found that the peak intensity of the K emission line had a linear relationship with the peak intensity of the Na emission line; this correlation may be attributed to their similar physicochemical characteristics in the MSW. The variation trend of the emissivity of the MSW flame and the oxygen content in the flue gas were almost opposite because the increased oxygen content suppressed soot formation and decreased soot emissivity. These results prove that the flame emission spectroscopy technique is feasible for monitoring combustion in the MSW incinerator in situ.
Ternary Amides Containing Transition Metals for Hydrogen Storage: A Case Study with Alkali Metal Amidozincates.
Cao, Hujun; Richter, Theresia M M; Pistidda, Claudio; Chaudhary, Anna-Lisa; Santoru, Antonio; Gizer, Gökhan; Niewa, Rainer; Chen, Ping; Klassen, Thomas; Dornheim, Martin
The alkali metal amidozincates Li4 [Zn(NH2)4](NH2)2 and K2[Zn(NH2)4] were, to the best of our knowledge, studied for the first time as hydrogen storage media. Compared with the LiNH2-2 LiH system, both Li4 [Zn(NH2)4](NH2)2-12 LiH and K2[Zn(NH2)4]-8 LiH systems showed improved rehydrogenation performance, especially K2[Zn(NH2)4]-8 LiH, which can be fully hydrogenated within 30 s at approximately 230 °C. The absorption properties are stable upon cycling. This work shows that ternary amides containing transition metals have great potential as hydrogen storage materials. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Thermochemistry of uranium(VI), arsenic, and alkali metal triple oxides
Karyakin, N.V.; Chernorukov, G.N.
The standard enthalpies of reactions of stoichiometric mixtures of potassium dyhydrogen orthoarsenate, uranium(VI) oxide, alkali metal nitrates, and of mixtures of triple oxides with the general formula M I AsUO 6 (M I =Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs) and potassium nitrate with aqueous solution of hydrofluoric acid were determined an an adiabatic calorimeter at 298.15 K. The standard enthalpies of formation of uranium(VI), arsenic, and alkali metal triple oxides at 298.15 K were calculated form the data obtained. 8 refs., 1 tab
Spin-rotation interaction of alkali-metal endash He-atom pairs
Walker, T.G.; Thywissen, J.H.; Happer, W.
A treatment of the spin-rotation coupling between alkali-metal atoms and He atoms is presented. Rotational distortions are accounted for in the wave function using a Coriolis interaction in the rotating frame. The expectation value of the spin-orbit interaction gives values of the spin-rotation coupling that explain previous experimental results. For spin-exchange optical pumping, the results suggest that lighter alkali-metal atoms would be preferred spin-exchange partners, other factors being equal. copyright 1997 The American Physical Society
Boric acid solubility in the presence of alkali metal nitrides
Skvortsov, V G; Tsekhanskij, R S; Molodkin, A K; Sadetdinov, Sh V [Chuvashskij Gosudarstvennyj Univ., Cheboksary (USSR); Universitet Druzhby Narodov, Moscow (USSR))
Methods of solubility and refractometry at 25 deg C have been applied to state that systems boric acid-lithium (sodium, potassium) nitrite-water are simple eutonic type systems. Nitrites salt in the acid and their lyotropic effect increases from lithium salt to potassium salt. The disclosed succession in change of the effect is determined by the character of cation hydration in the medium the acidic reaction of which is conditioned by boric acid polymerization and partial oxidation of nitrite ion into nitrate ion. Boric acid is salted out from solutions containing lithium and sodium cations with increase of nitrate ion.
Skvortsov, V.G.; Tsekhanskij, R.S.; Molodkin, A.K.; Sadetdinov, Sh.V.
Methods of solubility and refractometry at 25 deg C have been applied to state that systems boric acid-lithium (sodiUm, potassium) nitrite-water are simple eutonic type systems. Nitrites salt in the acid and their lyotropic effect increases from lithium salt to potassium salt. The disclosed succession in change of the effect is determined by the character of cation hydration in the medium the acidic reaction of which is conditioned by boric acid polymerization and partial oxidation of nitrite ion into nitrate ion Boric acid is salted out form solutions containing lithium and sodium cations with increase of nitrate ion
Density functional theory based screening of ternary alkali-transition metal borohydrides: A computational material design project
Hummelshøj, Jens Strabo; Landis, David; Voss, Johannes
We present a computational screening study of ternary metal borohydrides for reversible hydrogen storage based on density functional theory. We investigate the stability and decomposition of alloys containing 1 alkali metal atom, Li, Na, or K (M1); and 1 alkali, alkaline earth or 3d/4d transition...
Solubility of some phenolic compounds in aqueous alkali metal nitrate solutions from (293.15 to 318.15) K
Noubigh, Adel [Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des materiaux, IPEST, BP51, 2070 La MARSA (Tunisia)], E-mail: Adel.anoubigh@ipest.rnu.tn; Cherif, Mourad [IPEIEM, Universite de Tunis-El Manar, BP244. 2096. El Manar II (Tunisia); Provost, Elise [Laboratoire Chimie et procedes, ENSTA, 32 Rue de Boulevard Victor, 75739 Paris, Cedex 15 (France); Abderrabba, Manef [Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des materiaux, IPEST, BP51, 2070 La MARSA (Tunisia)
This paper is continuation of the study concerning the solubility-temperature dependence data for some phenolic compounds (PhC), contained in olive mill wastewater (OMWW), in two nitrate salts (KNO{sub 3} and NaNO{sub 3}) aqueous solutions. The solubilities of PhC were determined in the temperature ranging from (293.15 to 318.15) K. It has been observed that the solubility, in aqueous nitrate solutions, increases with increasing temperature. Results showed that alkali metal nitrate has a salting-out effect on the solubility of PhC. The effect of the anion of the electrolyte on the solubility of PhC is observed by comparing these results with values reported in the previous papers for the effect of LiCl, NaCl and KCl. For each cation, the solubilites of the phenolic compounds are higher with nitrate anion than with chloride anion. Results were interpreted in terms of the salt hydration shells and the ability of the solute to form hydrogen-bond with water. The solubility data were accurately correlated by a semi empirical equation. The standard molar Gibbs free energies of transfer of PhC ({delta}{sub tr}G{sup 0}) from pure water to aqueous solutions of the nitrate salts have been calculated from the solubility data. The decrease in solubility is correlated to the positive {delta}{sub tr}G{sup 0} value which is mainly of enthalpic origin.
Secondary cell with orthorhombic alkali metal/manganese oxide phase active cathode material
Doeff, Marca M.; Peng, Marcus Y.; Ma, Yanping; Visco, Steven J.; DeJonghe, Lutgard C.
An alkali metal manganese oxide secondary cell is disclosed which can provide a high rate of discharge, good cycling capabilities, good stability of the cathode material, high specific energy (energy per unit of weight) and high energy density (energy per unit volume). The active material in the anode is an alkali metal and the active material in the cathode comprises an orthorhombic alkali metal manganese oxide which undergoes intercalation and deintercalation without a change in phase, resulting in a substantially linear change in voltage with change in the state of charge of the cell. The active material in the cathode is an orthorhombic structure having the formula M.sub.x Z.sub.y Mn.sub.(1-y) O.sub.2, where M is an alkali metal; Z is a metal capable of substituting for manganese in the orthorhombic structure such as iron, cobalt or titanium; x ranges from about 0.2 in the fully charged state to about 0.75 in the fully discharged state, and y ranges from 0 to 60 atomic %. Preferably, the cell is constructed with a solid electrolyte, but a liquid or gelatinous electrolyte may also be used in the cell.
Graphite-based detectors of alkali metals for nuclear power plants
Kalandarishvili, A.G.; Kuchukhidze, V.A.; Sordiya, T.D.; Shartava, Sh.Sh.; Stepennov, B.S.
The coolants most commonly used in today's fast reactors are alkali metals or their alloys. A major problem in nuclear plant design is leakproofing of the liquid-metal cooling system, and many leak detection methods and safety specifications have been developed as a result. Whatever the safety standards adopted for nuclear plants in different countries, they all rely on the basic fact that control of the contamination and radiation hazards involved requires reliable monitoring equipment. Results are presented of trials with some leak detectors for the alkali-metal circuits of nuclear reactors. The principal component affecting the detector performance is the sensing element. In the detectors graphite was employed, whose laminar structure enables it to absorb efficiently alkali-metal vapors at high temperatures (320--500 K). This produces a continuous series of alkali-metal-graphite solid solutions with distinct electrical, thermal, and other physical properties. The principle of operation of the detectors resides in the characteristic reactions of the metal-graphite system. One detector type uses the change of electrical conductivity of the graphite-film sensor when it is exposed to alkali-metal vapor. In order to minimize the effect of temperature on the resistance the authors prepared composite layers of graphite intercalated with a donor impurity (cesium or barium), and a graphite-nickel material. The addition of a small percentage of cesium, barium, or nickel produces a material whose temperature coefficient of resistance is nearly zero. Used as a sensing element, such a material can eliminate the need for thermostatic control of the detector
Thermodynamic and kinetic analysis of solid-phase interaction of alkali metal carbonates with arsenic pentoxide
Pashinkin, A.S.; Buketov, E.A.; Isabaeva, S.M.; Kasenov, B.K.
The thermodynamic analysis of solid-phase reactions of alkali metal carbonates with arsenic pentoxide showing the possibility of formation of all arsenates at a higher than the room temperature is performed. Energetically most advantageous is formation of meta-arsenates. It is shown that temperature increase favours the reaction process. By Gibbs standard energy decrease the reactions form the Li>Na>K>Rb>Cs series. On the base of calculation data linear dependence of Gibbs standard energy in reactions on the atomic number of alkali metalis established. By the continuous weighing method the kinetics of interaction of alkali metal carbonates with arsenic pentoxide under isothermal conditions in the 450-500 deg C range is studied. Studies is the dependence of apparent energy of interaction of carbonates wih As 2 0 5 an atomic parameters of al
Selectivity in stripping of alkali-metal cations from crown ether carboxylate complexes
Bartsch, R.A.; Walkowiak, W.; Robison, T.W.
To probe the effect of structural variations within the ionophore upon the efficiency and selectivity of solvent extraction, a variety of crown ether carboxylic acids and phosphonic acid monoesters have been synthesized. In other studies the influence of the organic diluent upon extraction efficiency and selectivity has been probed for such proton-ionizable crown ethers. In the present investigation, attention is focused upon selectivity in the stripping step. Although the efficiency of metal ion stripping is often examined in solvent extraction studies, the selectivity of competitive metal ion release under different conditions is much less frequently considered. In this study, competitive stripping of metal ions from chloroform solutions of five-alkali-metal crown ether carboxylates by varying concentrations of aqueous hydrochloric acid is examined. Alkali metals used were Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs
Thermochemistry of the complex oxides of uranium, vanadium, and alkali metals
Karyakin, N.V.; Chernorukov, N.G.; Suleimanov, E.V.; Kharyushina, E.A.
The standard enthalpies of the formation at T 298.15 K of complex oxides of uranium(VI), vanadium(V) and alkali metals with the general formula M 1 VUO 6 where M 1 = Na, K, Rb, and Cs, were calculated from the results of calorimetric experiments and from published data. 8 refs., 1 tab
Neutron scattering investigation of layer-bending modes in alkali-metal--graphite intercalation compounds
Zabel, H.; Kamitakahara, W.A.; Nicklow, R.M.
Phonon dispersion curves for low-frequency transverse modes propagating in the basal plane have been measured in the alkali-metal--graphite intercalation compounds KC 8 , CsC 8 , KC 24 , and RbC 24 by means of neutron spectroscopy. The acoustic branches show an almost quadratic dispersion relation at small q, characteristic of strongly layered materials. The optical branches of stage-1 compounds can be classified as either graphitelike branches showing dispersion, or as almost dispersionless alkali-metal-like modes. Macroscopic shear constants C 44 and layer-bending moduli have been obtained for the intercalation compounds by analyzing the data in terms of a simple semicontinuum model. In stage-2 compounds, a dramatic softening of the shear constant by about a factor of 8 compared with pure graphite has been observed. Low-temperature results on KC 24 indicate the opening of a frequency gap near the alkali-metal Brillouin-zone boundary, possibly due to the formation of the alkali-metal superstructure
Analysis of the Alkali Metal Diatomic Spectra; Using molecular beams and ultracold molecules
Kim, Jin-Tae
This ebook illustrates the complementarity of molecular beam (MB) spectra and ultracold molecule (UM) spectra in unraveling the complex electronic spectra of diatomic alkali metal molecules, using KRb as a prime example. Researchers interested in molecular spectroscopy, whether physicist, chemist, or engineer, may find this ebook helpful and may be able to apply similar ideas to their molecules of interest.
Use of polysulfides of alkali and alkaline-earth metals to obtain highly dispersed sulfur
Massalimov, I.A.; Vikhareva, I.N.; Kireeva, M.S.
Possibilities of obtaining polysulfides of alkali and alkaline earth metals (M is Na, K, Ca, Sr, Ba) in aqueous solutions were considered. The composition of the polysulfides and their concentration in solutions were found. The efficiencies of application of highly dispersed sulfur, produced from calcium polysulfide, and colloid sulfur as a fungicide were compared [ru
Zhang, J.-Y.
The dispersion coefficients for the long-range interaction of the first four excited states of He, i.e., He(2 1,3S) and He(2 1,3P), with the low-lying states of the alkali-metal atoms Li, Na, K, and Rb are calculated by summing over the reduced matrix elements of the multipole transition operators. For the interaction between He and Li the uncertainty of the calculations is 0.1–0.5%. For interactions with other alkali-metal atoms the uncertainty is 1–3% in the coefficient C5, 1–5% in the coefficient C6, and 1–10% in the coefficients C8 and C10. The dispersion coefficients Cn for the interaction of He(2 1,3S) and He(2 1,3P) with the ground-state alkali-metal atoms and for the interaction of He(2 1,3S) with the alkali-metal atoms in their first 2P states are presented in this Brief Report. The coefficients for other pairs of atomic states are listed in the Supplemental Material.
Theoretical evaluation on selective adsorption characteristics of alkali metal-based sorbents for gaseous oxidized mercury.
Tang, Hongjian; Duan, Yufeng; Zhu, Chun; Cai, Tianyi; Li, Chunfeng; Cai, Liang
Alkali metal-based sorbents are potential for oxidized mercury (Hg 2+ ) selective adsorption but show hardly effect to elemental mercury (Hg 0 ) in flue gas. Density functional theory (DFT) was employed to investigate the Hg 0 and HgCl 2 adsorption mechanism over alkali metal-based sorbents, including calcium oxide (CaO), magnesium oxide (MgO), potassium chloride (KCl) and sodium chloride (NaCl). Hg 0 was found to weakly interact with CaO (001), MgO (001), KCl (001) and NaCl (001) surfaces while HgCl 2 was effectively adsorbed on top-O and top-Cl sites. Charge transfer and bond population were calculated to discuss the covalency and ionicity of HgCl 2 bonding with the adsorption sites. The partial density of states (PDOS) analysis manifests that HgCl 2 strongly interacts with surface sites through the orbital hybridizations between Hg and top O or Cl. Frontier molecular orbital (FMO) energy and Mulliken electronegativity are introduced as the quantitative criteria to evaluate the reactivity of mercury species and alkali metal-based sorbents. HgCl 2 is identified as a Lewis acid and more reactive than Hg 0 . The Lewis basicity of the four alkali metal-based sorbents is predicted as the increasing order: NaClÂ
Ohse, R.W.; Babelot, J.F.; Magill, J.
The measured melting, boiling and critical point data of the alkali metals are reviewed. Emphasis has been given to the assessment of the critical point data. The main experimental techniques for measurements in the critical region are described. The selected data are given. Best estimates of the critical constants of lithium are given. (author)
Electric conductivity of alkali metal vapors in the region of critical point
Likal'ter, A.A.
A behaviour of alkali metal conductivity in the vicinity of a critical point has been analyzed on the base of deVeloped representations on a vapor state. A phenomenological conductivity theory has been developed, which is in a good agreement with experimental data obtained
Alkali Metal Cation Affinities of Anionic Main Group-Element Hydrides Across the Periodic Table
Boughlala, Zakaria; Fonseca Guerra, Célia; Bickelhaupt, F. Matthias
We have carried out an extensive exploration of gas-phase alkali metal cation affinities (AMCA) of archetypal anionic bases across the periodic system using relativistic density functional theory at ZORA-BP86/QZ4P//ZORA-BP86/TZ2P. AMCA values of all bases were computed for the lithium, sodium,
Van der Waals coefficients for alkali metal clusters and their size
In this paper we employ the hydrodynamic formulation of time-dependent density functional theory to obtain the van der Waals coefficients 6 and 8 of alkali metal clusters of various sizes including very large clusters. Such calculations become computationally very demanding in the orbital-based Kohn-Sham formalism, ...
Ultrafast electron dynamics at alkali/ice structures adsorbed on a metal surface
Meyer, Michael
The goal of this work is to study the interaction between excess electrons in water ice structures adsorbed on metal surfaces and other charged or neutral species, like alkali ions, or chemically reactive molecules, like chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), respectively. The excess electrons in the ice can interact with the ions directly or indirectly via the hydrogen bonded water molecules. In both cases the presence of the alkali influences the population, localization, and lifetime of electronic states of excess electrons in the ice adlayer. These properties are of great relevance when considering the highly reactive character of the excess electrons, which can mediate chemical reactions by dissociative electron attachment (DEA). The influence of alkali adsorption on electron solvation and transfer dynamics in ice structures is investigated for two types of adsorption configurations using femtosecond time-resolved two-photon photoelectron spectroscopy. In the first system alkali atoms are coadsorbed on top of a wetting amorphous ice film adsorbed on Cu(111). At temperatures between 60 and 100 K alkali adsorption leads to the formation of positively charged alkali ions at the ice/vacuum interface. The interaction between the alkali ions at the surface and the dipole moments of the surrounding water molecules results in a reorientation of the water molecules. As a consequence new electron trapping sites, i.e. at local potential minima, are formed. Photoinjection of excess electrons into these alkali-ion covered amorphous ice layers, results in the trapping of a solvated electron at an alkali-ion/water complex. In contrast to solvation in pure amorphous ice films, where the electrons are located in the bulk of the ice layer, solvated electrons at alkali-ion/water complexes are located at the ice/vacuum interface. They exhibit lifetimes of several picoseconds and show a fast energetic stabilization. With ongoing solvation, i.e. pump-probe time delay, the electron transfer is
Saturated vapor pressure over molten mixtures of GaCl{sub 3} and alkali metal chlorides; Davlenie nasyshchennykh parov rasplavlennykh smesej CaCl{sub 3} s khloridami shchelochnykh metallov
Salyulev, A B; Smolenskij, V V; Moskalenko, N I [UrO RAN, Inst. Vysokotemperaturnoj Ehlektrokhimii, Elaterinburg (Russian Federation)
Volatilities of GaCl{sub 3} and alkali metal chlorides over diluted (up to 3 mol %) solutions of GaCl{sub 3} in LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, and CsCl were measured at 1100 K by dynamic and indirect static methods. Chemical composition of saturated vapor over the mixed melts was determined. Partial pressures of the components were calculated. Their values depend essentially on specific alkali metal cation and on concentration of GaCl{sub 3}; their variation permits altering parameters of GaCl{sub 3} distillation from the salt melt in a wide range.
In situ spectroscopy and spectroelectrochemistry of uranium in high-temperature alkali chloride molten salts.
Polovov, Ilya B; Volkovich, Vladimir A; Charnock, John M; Kralj, Brett; Lewin, Robert G; Kinoshita, Hajime; May, Iain; Sharrad, Clint A
Soluble uranium chloride species, in the oxidation states of III+, IV+, V+, and VI+, have been chemically generated in high-temperature alkali chloride melts. These reactions were monitored by in situ electronic absorption spectroscopy. In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy of uranium(VI) in a molten LiCl-KCl eutectic was used to determine the immediate coordination environment about the uranium. The dominant species in the melt was [UO 2Cl 4] (2-). Further analysis of the extended X-ray absorption fine structure data and Raman spectroscopy of the melts quenched back to room temperature indicated the possibility of ordering beyond the first coordination sphere of [UO 2Cl 4] (2-). The electrolytic generation of uranium(III) in a molten LiCl-KCl eutectic was also investigated. Anodic dissolution of uranium metal was found to be more efficient at producing uranium(III) in high-temperature melts than the cathodic reduction of uranium(IV). These high-temperature electrolytic processes were studied by in situ electronic absorption spectroelectrochemistry, and we have also developed in situ X-ray absorption spectroelectrochemistry techniques to probe both the uranium oxidation state and the uranium coordination environment in these melts.
Model for H-, D- production by hydrogen backscattering from alkali and alkali/transition-metal surfaces
Hiskes, J.R.; Schneider, P.J.
A model for H - , D - production by energetic particles reflecting from metal surfaces is discussed. The model employs the energy and angular distribution data derived from the Marlowe code. The model is applied to particles incident normally upon Cs, Ni, and Cs/Ni surfaces
Low temperature wetting and cleanup of alkali metal-advanced electrical machine systems
Gass, W.R.; Witkowski, R.E.; Burrow, G.C.
Advanced homopolar electrical machines employing high electrical current density, liquid metal sliprings for current transfer utilize NaK/sub 78/ (78 w/o potassium, 22 w/o sodium) for the conducting fluid. Experiments have been performed to improve alkali metal/oxide clean-up procedures. Studies have also confirmed chemical and materials compatibility between barium doped NaK/sub 78/ and typical machine structural materials. 4 refs
Recovery of metal chlorides from their complexes by molten salt displacement
McLaughlin, D.F.; Stoltz, R.A.
This patent describes a process for recovering zirconium or hafnium chloride from a complex of zirconium or hafnium tetrachloride and phosphorus oxychloride. The process comprising: introducing liquid complex of zirconium or hafnium tetrachloride and phosphorus oxychloride into an upper portion of a feed column containing zirconium or hafnium tetrachloride vapor and phosphorus oxychloride vapor. The liquid complex absorbing zirconium or hafnium tetrachloride vapor and producing a bottoms liquid and also producing a phosphorus oxychloride vapor stripped of zirconium or hafnium tetrachloride; introducing the bottoms liquid into a molten salt containing displacement reactor, the reactor containing molten salt comprising at least 30 mole percent lithium chloride and at least 30 mole percent of at least one other alkali metal chloride, the reactor being heated to 30-450 0 C to displace phosphorus oxychloride from the complex and product zirconium or hafnium tetrachloride vapor and phosphorus oxychloride vapor and zirconium or hafnium tetrachloride-containing molten salt; introducing the zirconium or hafnium tetrachloride vapor and the phosphorus oxychloride vapor into the feed column below the point of introduction of the liquid stream; introducing the zirconium or hafnium tetrachloride containing-molten salt into a recovery vessel where zirconium or hafnium tetrachloride is removed from the molten salt to produce zirconium or hafnium tetrachloride product and zirconium or hafnium chloride-depleted molten salt; and recycling the zirconium or hafnium tetachloride-depleted molten salt to the displacement reactor
Adsorption of alkali and alkaline-earth metal atoms on stanene: A first-principles study
Kadioglu, Yelda; Ersan, Fatih [Department of Physics, Adnan Menderes University, 09100 Aydın (Turkey); Gökoğlu, Gökhan [Department of Physics, Karabük University, 78050 Karabük (Turkey); Aktürk, Olcay Üzengi [Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Adnan Menderes University, 09100 Aydın (Turkey); Nanotechnology Application and Research Center, Adnan Menderes University, 09100 Aydın (Turkey); Aktürk, Ethem, E-mail: ethem.akturk@adu.edu.tr [Department of Physics, Adnan Menderes University, 09100 Aydın (Turkey); Nanotechnology Application and Research Center, Adnan Menderes University, 09100 Aydın (Turkey)
This paper presents a study on the adsorption of alkali and alkaline-earth metal atoms on single-layer stanene with different levels of coverage using first-principles plane wave calculations within spin-polarized density functional theory. The most favorable adsorption site for alkali atoms (Li, Na, K) were found to be the hollow site similar to other group IV single-layers, but the case of alkaline-earths on stanene is different from silicene and germanene. Whereas Mg and Ca are bound to stanene at hollow site, the bridge site is found to be energetically favorable for Be adatom. All adsorbed atoms are positively charged due to the charge transfer from adatom to stanene single-layer. The semimetallic bare stanene become metallic except for Be adsorption. The Beryllium adsorption give rise to non-magnetic semiconducting ground state. Our results illustrate that stanene has a reactive and functionalizable surface similar to graphene or silicene. - Highlights: • Alkali and alkaline-earth metal atoms form stronger bonds with stanene compared to other group IV monolayers. • Semi-metallic stanene becomes nonmagnetic metal for Li, Na, K, Mg, and Ca atoms adsorption. • Semi-metallic stanene becomes nonmagnetic semiconductor with 94 meV band gap for Be atom adsorption.
Compression-Driven Enhancement of Electronic Correlations in Simple Alkali Metals
Fabbris, Gilberto; Lim, Jinhyuk; Veiga, Larissa; Haskel, Daniel; Schilling, James
Alkali metals are the best realization of the nearly free electron model. This scenario appears to change dramatically as the alkalis are subjected to extreme pressure, leading to unexpected properties such as the departure from metallic behavior in Li and Na, and the occurrence of remarkable low-symmetry crystal structures in all alkalis. Although the mechanism behind these phase transitions is currently under debate, these are believed to be electronically driven. In this study the high-pressure electronic and structural ground state of Rb and Cs was investigated through low temperature XANES and XRD measurements combined with ab initio calculations. The results indicate that the pressure-induced localization of the conduction band triggers a Peierls-like mechanism, inducing the low symmetry phases. This localization process is evident by the pressure-driven increase in the number of d electrons, which takes place through strong spd hybridization. These experimental results indicate that compression turns the heavy alkali metals into strongly correlated electron systems. Work at Argonne was supported by DOE No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. Research at Washington University was supported by NSF DMR-1104742 and CDAC/DOE/NNSA DE-FC52-08NA28554.
Electronic and structural ground state of heavy alkali metals at high pressure
Fabbris, G.; Lim, J.; Veiga, L. S. I.; Haskel, D.; Schilling, J. S.
Alkali metals display unexpected properties at high pressure, including emergence of low-symmetry crystal structures, which appear to occur due to enhanced electronic correlations among the otherwise nearly free conduction electrons. We investigate the high-pressure electronic and structural ground state of K, Rb, and Cs using x-ray absorption spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction measurements together with a b i n i t i o theoretical calculations. The sequence of phase transitions under pressure observed at low temperature is similar in all three heavy alkalis except for the absence of the o C 84 phase in Cs. Both the experimental and theoretical results point to pressure-enhanced localization of the valence electrons characterized by pseudogap formation near the Fermi level and strong s p d hybridization. Although the crystal structures predicted to host magnetic order in K are not observed, the localization process appears to drive these alkalis closer to a strongly correlated electron state.
ESR investigation of alkali metal complexes of galvinoxyl-labeled benzo-15-crown-5 in frozen solution
Mukai, Kazuo; Iida, Nobuhito; Ishizu, Kazuhiko
A stable galvinoxyl derivative (1) of benzo-15-crown-5 was prepared and the complex formation between the spin labeled crown ether 1 and the alkali metal and ammonium salts was studied by the ESR technique. Existence of the (2:1) complex of 1 with potassium, rubidium, and ammonium salts was confirmed by the observation of the triplet ESR spectra in ethanol rigid matrix at 77K. Essentially the same g- and D-tensor values are observed for all the (2:1) complexes, indicating similar conformation of the ligand mole cule 1. The zero-field splitting parameters (D and E) are calculated on the basis of the spin distribution of 1 and the assumed molecular structures for the (2:1) complex. By comparing the observed D and E parameters with the calculated ones, the structure of the (2:1) complex in ethanol rigid matrix is discussed. On the other hand, the sodium complexes of 1 show a slightly asymmetric single line, suggesting the (1:1) complex formation btween 1 and the sodium salts. No anions (SCN - , Br - , and I - ) have any appreciable effect on the ESR spectra of both the (2:1) and (1:1) complexes. (author)
Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Ternary and Quaternary Alkali Metal Thiophosphates
Alahmary, Fatimah S.
The ongoing development of nonlinear optical (NLO) crystals such as coherent mid-IR sources focuses on various classes of materials such as ternary and quaternary metal chalcophosphates. In case of thiophosphates, the connection between PS4-tetrahedral building blocks and metals gives rise to a broad structural variety where approximately one third of all known ternary (A/P/S) and quaternary (A/M/P/S) (A = alkali metal, M = metal) structures are acentric and potential nonlinear optical materials. The molten alkali metal polychalcophosphate fluxes are a well-established method for the synthesis of new ternary and quaternary thiophosphate and selenophosphate compounds. It has been a wide field of study and investigation through the last two decades. Here, the flux method is used for the synthesis of new quaternary phases containing Rb, Ag, P and S. Four new alkali metal thiophosphates, Rb4P2S10, RbAg5(PS4), Rb2AgPS4 and Rb3Ag9(PS4)4, have been synthesized successfully from high purity elements and binary starting materials. The new compounds were characterized by single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS), Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). These compounds show interesting structural variety and physical properties. The crystal structures feature 3D anionic framework built up of PS4 tetrahedral units and charge balanced by Ag and alkali metal cations. All prepared compounds are semiconductors with band gap between 2.3 eV to 2.6 eV and most of them are thermally stable up to 600ºC.
Structural and Magnetic Diversity in Alkali-Metal Manganate Chemistry: Evaluating Donor and Alkali-Metal Effects in Co-complexation Processes.
Uzelac, Marina; Borilovic, Ivana; Amores, Marco; Cadenbach, Thomas; Kennedy, Alan R; AromÃ, Guillem; Hevia, Eva
By exploring co-complexation reactions between the manganese alkyl Mn(CH2SiMe3)2 and the heavier alkali-metal alkyls M(CH2SiMe3) (M=Na, K) in a benzene/hexane solvent mixture and in some cases adding Lewis donors (bidentate TMEDA, 1,4-dioxane, and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2] octane (DABCO)) has produced a new family of alkali-metal tris(alkyl) manganates. The influences that the alkali metal and the donor solvent impose on the structures and magnetic properties of these ates have been assessed by a combination of X-ray, SQUID magnetization measurements, and EPR spectroscopy. These studies uncover a diverse structural chemistry ranging from discrete monomers [(TMEDA)2 MMn(CH2SiMe3)3] (M=Na, 3; M=K, 4) to dimers [{KMn(CH2SiMe3)3 ⋅C6 H6}2] (2) and [{NaMn(CH2SiMe3)3}2 (dioxane)7] (5); and to more complex supramolecular networks [{NaMn(CH2SiMe3)3}∞] (1) and [{Na2Mn2 (CH2SiMe3)6 (DABCO)2}∞] (7)). Interestingly, the identity of the alkali metal exerts a significant effect in the reactions of 1 and 2 with 1,4-dioxane, as 1 produces coordination adduct 5, while 2 forms heteroleptic [{(dioxane)6K2Mn2 (CH2SiMe3)4(O(CH2)2OCH=CH2)2}∞] (6) containing two alkoxide-vinyl anions resulting from α-metalation and ring opening of dioxane. Compounds 6 and 7, containing two spin carriers, exhibit antiferromagnetic coupling of their S=5/2 moments with varying intensity depending on the nature of the exchange pathways. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Crystalline insoluble acid salts of tetravalent metals
Alberti, G.; Bernasconi, M.G.; Casciola, M.; Costantino, U.
Several titration curves of crystalline acid salts of tetravalent metals show an evident decrease in the pH of the supernatant solution with an increasing addition of metal hydroxide. This phenomenon, very unusual for common organic ion-exchangers, seems to be quite general for inorganic ion-exchangers with layered structure of α-type. In order to throw light on this phenomenon, a detailed investigation was carried out on the titration curves of α-Zr(HPO 4 ) 2 .H 2 O with various metal hydroxides, particularly KOH. To obtain the presence of a distinct minimum in the titration curve, three conditions seem to be necessary: (1) high activation energy for H + /Msup(Z+) exchange (which, in turn, depends on the relative size of Msup(Z+) and size of the windows connecting the cavities), (2) formation of solid solution having high M-content and (3) formation of a phase, with a large inter-layer distance, in the external parts of the crystals. This last point is particularly important since the enlargement of the external part of the crystals lowers the activation energy for the exchange of large cations. Thus, once started, the exchange can take place at lower pH' values. (author)
High-pressure phase transition of alkali metal-transition metal deuteride Li2PdD2
Yao, Yansun; Stavrou, Elissaios; Goncharov, Alexander F.; Majumdar, Arnab; Wang, Hui; Prakapenka, Vitali B.; Epshteyn, Albert; Purdy, Andrew P.
A combined theoretical and experimental study of lithium palladium deuteride (Li2PdD2) subjected to pressures up to 50 GPa reveals one structural phase transition near 10 GPa, detected by synchrotron powder x-ray diffraction, and metadynamics simulations. The ambient-pressure tetragonal phase of Li2PdD2 transforms into a monoclinic C2/m phase that is distinct from all known structures of alkali metal-transition metal hydrides/deuterides. The structure of the high-pressure phase was characterized using ab initio computational techniques and from refinement of the powder x-ray diffraction data. In the high-pressure phase, the PdD2 complexes lose molecular integrity and are fused to extended [PdD2]∞ chains. The discovered phase transition and new structure are relevant to the possible hydrogen storage application of Li2PdD2 and alkali metal-transition metal hydrides in general.
On the influence and role of alkali metals on supported and unsupported activated hydrotalcites for CO2 sorption
Meis, N.N.A.H.; Bitter, J.H.; de Jong, K.P.
To increase the CO2 capture capacity of hydrotalcites, the influence of alkali (K, Na) metal carbonate loading of activated supported and unsupported hydrotalcites (HTact) on their CO2 capture properties was investigated. The alkali-loaded supported hydrotalcites adsorb at 523 K, depending on the
Electrolytic reduction of Lithium chloride from mixtures with Alkali and Alkali earth metal salts
Park, B. H.; Lim, J. S.; Lee, C. S. [Korea Univ., Seoul (Korea, Republic of)
Electrolytic reduction of lithium chloride in lithium/lithium chloride system was experimentally studied. The electrolytic cell was made of alumina in which graphite anode and stainless steel cathode were used. Cell and electrodes were placed in a glove box. Current was measured against the linearly varying applied potential. Preliminary results were presented. (author). 9 refs., 4 figs.
Catalytic Upgrading of Biomass-Derived Furfuryl Alcohol to Butyl Levulinate Biofuel over Common Metal Salts
Lincai Peng
Full Text Available Levulinate ester has been identified as a promising renewable fuel additive and platform chemical. Here, the use of a wide range of common metal salts as acid catalysts for catalytic upgrading of biomass-derived furfuryl alcohol to butyl levulinate was explored by conventional heating. Both alkali and alkaline earth metal chlorides did not lead effectively to the conversion of furfuryl alcohol, while several transition metal chlorides (CrCl3, FeCl3, and CuCl2 and AlCl3 exhibited catalytic activity for the synthesis of butyl levulinate. For their sulfates (Cr(III, Fe(III, Cu(II, and Al(III, the catalytic activity was low. The reaction performance was correlated with the Brønsted acidity of the reaction system derived from the hydrolysis/alcoholysis of cations, but was more dependent on the Lewis acidity from the metal salts. Among these investigated metal salts, CuCl2 was found to be uniquely effective, leading to the conversion of furfuryl alcohol to butyl levulinate with an optimized yield of 95%. Moreover, CuCl2 could be recovered efficiently from the resulting reaction mixture and remained with almost unchanged catalytic activity in multiple recycling runs.
Distributions of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and halogens in cabbage leaves
Tsukada, Hirofumi; Takeda, Akira; Hasegawa, Hidenao
The distributions of stable elements in plant components provide useful information for understanding the behavior of radionuclides in plants. An entire cabbage plant sample was collected from an experimental field, and the distributions of alkali metals (K, Rb and Cs), alkaline earth metals (Ca, Sr and Ba) and halogens (Cl and I) were determined for cabbage leaves at different positions. The concentration of Cs in outer (older) cabbage leaves was higher than that in inner (younger) leaves, but the distributions of K and Rb concentrations were relatively similar in cabbage leaves, independent of leaf positions. The concentration of Sr in older cabbage leaves was one order of magnitude higher than that in younger leaves. The distributions of Ca, Ba and Sr concentrations in the plant followed a similar pattern. The concentrations of halogens were also very rich in the outer leaves. The percentage distributions of Cs, Sr, Cl and I in the inedible (extreme outer) leaves were 77, 91, 93 and 96% of the total content in the leaf part, respectively. These results show that the inedible plant components are important for understanding the transfer of the radioactive Cs, Sr Cl and I in soil-plant systems. (author)
Alkali-crown ether complexes at metal surfaces
Thontasen, Nicha; Deng, Zhitao; Rauschenbach, Stephan [Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart (Germany); Levita, Giacomo [University of Trieste, Trieste (Italy); Malinowski, Nikola [Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart (Germany); Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia (Bulgaria); Kern, Klaus [Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart (Germany); EPFL, Lausanne (Switzerland)
Crown ethers are polycyclic ethers which, in solution, selectively bind cations depending on the size of the ring cavity. The study of a single host-guest complex is highly desirable in order to reveal the characteristics of these specific interactions at the atomic scale. Such detailed investigation is possible at the surface where high resolution imaging tools like scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) can be applied. Here, electrospray ion beam deposition (ES-IBD) is employed for the deposition of Dibenzo-24-crown-8 (DB24C8)-H{sup +}, -Na{sup +} and -Cs{sup +} complexes on a solid surface in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV). Where other deposition techniques have not been successful, this deposition technique combines the advantages of solution based preparation of the complex ions with a highly clean and controlled deposition in UHV. Single molecular structures and the cation-binding of DB24C8 at the surface are studied in situ by STM and MALDI-MS (matrix assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry). The internal structure of the complex, i.e. ring and cavity, is observable only when alkali cations are incorporated. The BD24C8-H{sup +} complex in contrast appears as a compact feature. This result is in good agreement with theoretical models based on density functional theory calculations.
Development and testing of on-line analytical instrumentation for alkali and heavy metal release in pressurised conversion processes
Hernberg, R; Haeyrinen, V; Oikari, R [Tampere Univ. of Technology (Finland)
The purpose of the project is to demonstrate in industrial conditions and further develop the continuous alkali measurement method plasma excited alkali resonance line spectroscopy (PEARLS) developed at Tampere University of Technology (TUT). The demonstration takes place in joint measuring campaigns, where two other continuous alkali measurement methods, ELIF and surface ionisation, are being simultaneously demonstrated. A modification of PEARLS will also be developed for the continuous measurement of heavy metal concentrations. A market study of continuous measuring techniques for alkali and heavy metals is further part of the project. The method will be demonstrated in two pressurised fluidised bed combustion facilities. One of these is the 10 MW PCFB of Foster Wheeler Energia Oy in Karhula. The second one is yet to be decided. The first measuring campaign is scheduled for the spring of 1997 in Karhula. In 1996 the group at TUT participated in the performance of a market study regarding continuous measuring techniques for alkali and heavy metal concentrations. A draft report was submitted to and approved by the EC. Development work on PEARLS in 1996 has centered around the construction of a calibration device for alkali measurements. The device can be used by all three measuring techniques in the project to check readings against a known alkali concentration at controlled and known conditions. In 1996 PEARLS was applied for alkali measurement at several pressurised combustion installations of laboratory and industrial pilot scale
Release of alkali salts and coal volatiles affecting internal components in fluidized bed combustion systems
Arias del Campo, E.
Full Text Available In spite of the potential advantages of atmospheric fluidized bed systems, experience has proved that, under certain environments and operating conditions, a given material employed for internal components could lead to catastrophic events. In this study, an attempt is made to establish material selection and operational criteria that optimize performance and availability based on theoretical considerations of the bed hydrodynamics, thermodynamics and combustion process. The theoretical results may indicate that, for high-volatile coals with particle diameters (dc of 1-3 mm and sand particle size (ds of 0.674 mm, a considerable proportion of alkali chlorides may be transferred into the freeboard region of fluidized bed combustors as vapor phase, at bed temperatures (Tb < 840 °C, excess air (XSA ≤ 20 %, static bed height (Hs ≤ 0.2 m and fluidizing velocity (Uo < 1 m/s. Under these operating conditions, a high alkali deposition may be expected to occur in heat exchange tubes located above the bed. Conversely, when the combustors operate at Tb > 890 °C and XSA > 30 %, a high oxidation rate of the in-bed tubes may be present. Nevertheless, for these higher Tb values and XSA < 10 %, corrosion attack of metallic components, via sulfidation, would occur since the excessive gas-phase combustion within the bed induced a local oxygen depletion.
A pesar de las ventajas potenciales de los sistemas atmosféricos de lecho fluidizado, la experiencia ha demostrado que, bajo ciertas atmósferas y condiciones de operación, un material que se emplea como componente interno podrÃa experimentar una falla y conducir a eventos catastróficos. En este estudio, se intenta establecer un criterio tanto operativo como de selección del material que permita optimizar su disponibilidad y funcionalidad basados en consideraciones teóricas de la hidrodinámica del lecho, la termodin
Methane coupling reaction in an oxy-steam stream through an OH radical pathway by using supported alkali metal catalysts
Liang, Yin; Li, Zhikao; Nourdine, Mohamed; Shahid, Salman; Takanabe, Kazuhiro
A universal reaction mechanism involved in the oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) is demonstrated under oxy-steam conditions using alkali-metal-based catalysts. Rigorous kinetic measurements indicated a reaction mechanism that is consistent with OH
Investigation of the atom-atom and structural relaxation in liquid alkali metals by means of the memory function formalism
Blagoveshchenskii, N. M.; Novikov, A. G.; Savostin, V. V.
An attempt is made to systematize the data on the relaxation characteristics of liquid alkali metals (Li, Na, and K), which were investigated based on neutron-scattering data with the application of the two-time memory function formalism.
Emission Channeling Studies of the Lattice Site of Oversized Alkali Atoms Implanted in Metals
% IS340 \\\\ \\\\ As alkali atoms have the largest atomic radius of all elements, the determination of their lattice configuration following implantation into metals forms a critical test for the various models predicting the lattice site of implanted impurity atoms. The site determination of these large atoms will especially be a crucial check for the most recent model that relates the substitutional fraction of oversized elements to their solution enthalpy. Recent exploratory $^{213}$Fr and $^{221}$Fr $\\alpha$-emission channeling experiments at ISOLDE-CERN and hyperfine interaction measurements on Fr implanted in Fe gave an indication for anomalously large substitutional fractions. To investigate further the behaviour of Fr and other alkali atoms like Cs and Rb thoroughly, more on-line emission channeling experiments are needed. We propose a number of shifts for each element, where the temperature of the implanted metals will be varied between 50$^\\circ$ and 700$^\\circ$~K. Temperature dependent measurements wi...
Hydration number of alkali metal ions determined by insertion in a conducting polymer
Skaarup, Steen
of all other water molecules whose properties are still influenced significantly by the cation. Knowing the hydration number is important when considering, for instance, the transport of Na+ and K+ in biological cell membranes, since their different behavior may depend on the details of ion hydration....... The solvation of alkali metal ions has been discussed for many years without a clear consensus. This work presents a systematic study of the hydration numbers of the 5 alkali metal ions, using the electrochemical insertion of the ions in a conducting polymer (polypyrrole containing the large immobile anion DBS...... direct calculation of the number of M+ ions entering the film, and therefore the inserted M+ mass. The mass of the water molecules is calculated as a difference. The results yield the following primary hydration numbers: Li+: 5.5-5.6; Na+: 4.0-4.1; K+: 2.0-2.5; Rb+: 0.6-1.2; Cs+: ~0. The most important...
Determination of membrane hydration numbers of alkali metal ions by insertion in a conducting polymer
Skaarup, Steen; Junaid Mohamed Jafeen, Mohamed; Careem, M.A.
, and a secondary (or outer) solvation shell, consisting of all other water molecules whose properties are still influenced significantly by the cation. Knowing the hydration number is important when considering, for instance, the transport of Na+ and K+ in biological cell membranes, since their different behavior...... may depend on the details of ion hydration. Although the solvation of alkali metal ions in aqueous solution has been discussed for many years, there is still no clear consensus. Part of the discrepancy is simply that different methods measure over different time scales, and therefore do...... not necessarily define the same hydration shell. This work presents a systematic study of one special variant of the hydration numbers of the 5 alkali metal ions, using the electrochemical insertion of the ions in a conducting polymer (polypyrrole containing the large immobile anion DBS-). The technique...
Recyclable hydrogen storage system composed of ammonia and alkali metal hydride
Yamamoto, Hikaru [Department of Quantum Matter, AdSM, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8530 (Japan); Miyaoka, Hiroki; Hino, Satoshi [Institute for Advanced Materials Research, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8530 (Japan); Nakanishi, Haruyuki [Higashi-Fuji Technical Center, Toyota Motor Corporation, 1200 Misyuku, Susono, Shizuoka 410-1193 (Japan); Ichikawa, Takayuki; Kojima, Yoshitsugu [Department of Quantum Matter, AdSM, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8530 (Japan); Institute for Advanced Materials Research, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8530 (Japan)
Ammonia (NH{sub 3}) reacts with alkali metal hydrides MH (M = Li, Na, and K) in an exothermic reaction to release hydrogen (H{sub 2}) at room temperature, resulting that alkali metal amides (MNH{sub 2}) which are formed as by-products. In this work, hydrogen desorption properties of these systems and the condition for the recycle from MNH{sub 2} back to MH were investigated systematically. For the hydrogen desorption reaction, the reactivities of MH with NH{sub 3} were better following the atomic number of M on the periodic table, Li < Na < K. It was confirmed that the hydrogen absorption reaction of all the systems proceeded under 0.5 MPa of H{sub 2} flow condition below 300 C. (author)
Emission spectra of alkali-metal (K,Na,Li)-He exciplexes in cold helium gas
Enomoto, K.; Hirano, K.; Kumakura, M.; Takahashi, Y.; Yabuzaki, T.
We have observed emission spectra of excimers and exciplexes composed of a light alkali-metal atom in the first excited state and 4 He atoms [K*He n (n=1-6), Na * He n (n=1-4), and Li * He n (n=1,2)] in cryogenic He gas (the temperature 2 K -1 . Differently from exciplexes with heavier alkali-metal atoms, the spectra for the different number of He atoms were well separated, so that their assignment could be made experimentally. Comparing with the spectra of K * He n , we found that the infrared emission spectrum of the K atom excited in liquid He was from K*He 6 . To confirm the assignment, we have also carried out ab initio calculation of adiabatic potential curves and peak positions of the emission spectra of the exciplexes
X-ray Compton scattering experiments for fluid alkali metals at high temperatures and pressures
Matsuda, K., E-mail: kazuhiro-matsuda@scphys.kyoto-u.ac.jp; Fukumaru, T.; Kimura, K.; Yao, M. [Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502 (Japan); Tamura, K. [Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502 (Japan); Katoh, M. [A.L.M.T. Corp., Iwasekoshi-Machi 2, Toyama 931-8543 (Japan); Kajihara, Y.; Inui, M. [Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521 (Japan); Itou, M.; Sakurai, Y. [Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, SPring-8, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198 (Japan)
We have developed a high-pressure vessel and a cell for x-ray Compton scattering measurements of fluid alkali metals. Measurements have been successfully carried out for alkali metal rubidium at elevated temperatures and pressures using synchrotron radiation at SPring-8. The width of Compton profiles (CPs) of fluid rubidium becomes narrow with decreasing fluid density, which indicates that the CPs sensitively detect the effect of reduction in the valence electron density. At the request of all authors of the paper, and with the agreement of the Proceedings Editor, an updated version of this article was published on 10 September 2015. The original article supplied to AIP Publishing was not the final version and contained PDF conversion errors in Formulas (1) and (2). The errors have been corrected in the updated and re-published article.
Equation of state for thermodynamic properties of pure and mixtures liquid alkali metals
Mousazadeh, M.H.; Faramarzi, E.; Maleki, Z.
We developed an equation of state based on statistical-mechanical perturbation theory for pure and mixtures alkali metals. Thermodynamic properties were calculated by the equation of state, based on the perturbed-chain statistical associating fluid theory (PC-SAFT). The model uses two parameters for a monatomic system, segment size, σ, and segment energy, ε. In this work, we calculate the saturation and compressed liquid density, heat capacity at constant pressure and constant volume, isobaric expansion coefficient, for which accurate experimental data exist in the literatures. Results on the density of binary and ternary alkali metal alloys of Cs-K, Na-K, Na-K-Cs, at temperatures from the freezing point up to several hundred degrees above the boiling point are presented. The calculated results are in good agreement with experimental data.
Active-alkali metal promoted reductive desulfurization of dibenzothiophene and its hindered analogues
Pittalis, Mario; Azzena, Ugo Gavino; Carraro, Massimo; Pisano, Luisa
Reductive desulfurisation of organic compounds is of importance both in organic synthesis and in industry. Benzo- and dibenzothiophenes are between the most abundant sulphur containing impurities in crude oils, and their desulfurization is a mandatory issue in the production of non polluting fuels. Following our interest in the development of efficient alkali metal-mediated synthetic procedures and alternative protocols for the chemical transformation of widespread environmental contaminants ...
Development of processes for the production of solar grade silicon from halides and alkali metals
Dickson, C. R.; Gould, R. K.
High temperature reactions of silicon halides with alkali metals for the production of solar grade silicon in volume at low cost were studied. Experiments were performed to evaluate product separation and collection processes, measure heat release parameters for scaling purposes, determine the effects of reactants and/or products on materials of reactor construction, and make preliminary engineering and economic analyses of a scaled-up process.
Thermodynamic characteristics of viscous flow activation in aqueous solutions of alkali metal iodides
Renskij, I.A.; Rudnitskaya, A.A.; Fialkov, Yu.A.
The Gibbs activation energy of the viscous flow of the alkali metal iodides aqueous solutions MI (M = Li, Na, K, Cs) and from its temperature dependence - the enthalpy and entropy of this process are calculated by the Eyring modified equation. The kinetic compensation effects, related to the viscous flow of the unbound water and to the ion-hydrate complexes are established. The relative contribution of the enthalpy and entropy constituents for these solution components is analyzed [ru
Effect of alkali metal cations on anodic dissolution of gold in cyanide solutions. Potentiodynamic measurement
Bek, R.Yu.; Rogozhnikov, N.A.; Kosolapov, G.V.
It is shown that gold dissolution rate in cyanic solutions in Li + , Na + , K + , Cs + cation series increases basically and decreases under cation concentration increasing. Cation effect on current value is caused by cations drawing in dense layer. A model of dense part of double layer with two Helmholtz planes (anion and cation) is suggested. Effect of nature and concentration of alkali metal cations on gold dissolution rate is explained on the base of the model [ru
The mechanism of diffusion and ionic transport of alkali metal ions in the particles of tin(IV) antimonate
El-Naggar, I.M.; El-Absy, M.A.; Aly, S.I.; Atomic Energy Establishment, Cairo
The kinetics of exchange Li + , Na + , K + and Cs + ions of tin(IV) antimonate with H + form was studied under particle-diffusion-control conditions at different temperatures. The value of activation energy, diffusion coefficient and entropy of activation increase with the ionic mobilities and radii, and decrease with the hydration energy of the alkali metal ions. On the basis of the kinetic parameters, the exchange of alkali metal ions occurs in the unhydrated form. (author). 29 refs.; 4 figs.; 2 tabs
Orbital magnetism and dynamics in alkali metal clusters
Nesterenko, V.O.; Kleinig, W.; Souza Cruz, FF. de; Marinelli, J.R.
Two remarkable orbital magnetic resonances, M1 scissor mode and M2 twist mode, are predicted in deformed and spherical metal clusters, respectively. We show that these resonances provide a valuable information about many cluster properties (quadrupole deformation, magnetic susceptibility, single-particle spectrum, etc.)
Solvation Effect on Complexation of Alkali Metal Cations by a Calix[4]arene Ketone Derivative.
Požar, Josip; Nikšić-Franjić, Ivana; Cvetnić, Marija; Leko, Katarina; Cindro, Nikola; Pi�uljan, Katarina; Borilović, Ivana; Frkanec, Leo; Tomišić, Vladislav
The medium effect on the complexation of alkali metal cations with a calix[4]arene ketone derivative (L) was systematically examined in methanol, ethanol, N-methylformamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and acetonitrile. In all solvents the binding of Na + cation by L was rather efficient, whereas the complexation of other alkali metal cations was observed only in methanol and acetonitrile. Complexation reactions were enthalpically controlled, while ligand dissolution was endothermic in all cases. A notable influence of the solvent on NaL + complex stability could be mainly attributed to the differences in complexation entropies. The higher NaL + stability in comparison to complexes with other alkali metal cations in acetonitrile was predominantly due to a more favorable complexation enthalpy. The 1 H NMR investigations revealed a relatively low affinity of the calixarene sodium complex for inclusion of the solvent molecule in the calixarene hydrophobic cavity, with the exception of acetonitrile. Differences in complex stabilities in the explored solvents, apart from N,N-dimethylformamide and acetonitrile, could be mostly explained by taking into account solely the cation and complex solvation. A considerable solvent effect on the complexation equilibria was proven to be due to an interesting interplay between the transfer enthalpies and entropies of the reactants and the complexes formed.
A review of flexible lithium-sulfur and analogous alkali metal-chalcogen rechargeable batteries.
Peng, Hong-Jie; Huang, Jia-Qi; Zhang, Qiang
Flexible energy storage systems are imperative for emerging flexible devices that are revolutionizing our life. Lithium-ion batteries, the current main power sources, are gradually approaching their theoretical limitation in terms of energy density. Therefore, alternative battery chemistries are urgently required for next-generation flexible power sources with high energy densities, low cost, and inherent safety. Flexible lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries and analogous flexible alkali metal-chalcogen batteries are of paramount interest owing to their high energy densities endowed by multielectron chemistry. In this review, we summarized the recent progress of flexible Li-S and analogous batteries. A brief introduction to flexible energy storage systems and general Li-S batteries has been provided first. Progress in flexible materials for flexible Li-S batteries are reviewed subsequently, with a detailed classification of flexible sulfur cathodes as those based on carbonaceous (e.g., carbon nanotubes, graphene, and carbonized polymers) and composite (polymers and inorganics) materials and an overview of flexible lithium anodes and flexible solid-state electrolytes. Advancements in other flexible alkali metal-chalcogen batteries are then introduced. In the next part, we emphasize the importance of cell packaging and flexibility evaluation, and two special flexible battery prototypes of foldable and cable-type Li-S batteries are highlighted. In the end, existing challenges and future development of flexible Li-S and analogous alkali metal-chalcogen batteries are summarized and prospected.
Tin-containing silicates: Alkali salts improve methyl lactate yield from sugars
Tolborg, Søren; Sádaba, Irantzu; Osmundsen, Christian Mårup
This study focuses on increasing the selectivity to methyl lactate from sugars using stannosilicates as heterogeneous catalyst. All group I ions are found to have a promoting effect on the resulting methyl lactate yield. Besides, the alkali ions can be added both during the preparation of the cat......This study focuses on increasing the selectivity to methyl lactate from sugars using stannosilicates as heterogeneous catalyst. All group I ions are found to have a promoting effect on the resulting methyl lactate yield. Besides, the alkali ions can be added both during the preparation...
Re-evaluation of the thermodynamic activity quantities in aqueous alkali metal nitrate solutions at T = 298.15 K
Partanen, Jaakko I., E-mail: jpartane@lut.f [Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Technology, Lappeenranta University of Technology, P.O. Box 20, FIN-53851 Lappeenranta (Finland)
The Hueckel equation used in this study to correlate the experimental activities of dilute alkali metal nitrate solutions up to a molality of about 1.5 mol . kg{sup -1} contains two parameters being dependent on the electrolyte: B [that is related closely to the ion-size parameter (a*) in the Debye-Hueckel equation] and b{sub 1} (this parameter is the coefficient of the linear term with respect to the molality and this coefficient is related to hydration numbers of the ions of the electrolyte). In more concentrated solutions up to a molality of 7 mol . kg{sup -1}, an extended Hueckel equation was used, and it contains additionally a quadratic term with respect to the molality and the coefficient of this term is parameter b{sub 2}. All parameter values for the Hueckel equations of LiNO{sub 3}, NaNO{sub 3}, and KNO{sub 3} were determined from the isopiestic data measured by Robinson for solutions of these salts against KCl solutions [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 57 (1935) 1165]. In these estimations, the Hueckel parameters determined recently for KCl solutions [J. Chem. Eng. Data 54 (2009) 208] were used. The Hueckel parameters for RbNO{sub 3} and CsNO{sub 3} were determined from the reported osmotic coefficients of Robinson [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 59 (1937) 84]. The resulting parameter values were tested with the vapour pressure and isopiestic data existing in the literature for alkali metal nitrate solutions. These data support well the recommended Hueckel parameters up to a molality of 7.0 mol . kg{sup -1} for LiNO{sub 3} and NaNO{sub 3}, up to 4.5 mol . kg{sup -1} for RbNO{sub 3}, up to 3.5 mol . kg{sup -1} for KNO{sub 3}, and up to 1.4 mol . kg{sup -1} for CsNO{sub 3} solutions. Reliable activity and osmotic coefficients of alkali metal nitrate solutions can, therefore, be calculated by using the new Hueckel equations, and they have been tabulated at rounded molalities. The activity and osmotic coefficients obtained from these equations were compared to the values suggested by
Sol-gel processing with inorganic metal salt precursors
Hu, Zhong-Cheng
Methods for sol-gel processing that generally involve mixing together an inorganic metal salt, water, and a water miscible alcohol or other organic solvent, at room temperature with a macromolecular dispersant material, such as hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) added. The resulting homogenous solution is incubated at a desired temperature and time to result in a desired product. The methods enable production of high quality sols and gels at lower temperatures than standard methods. The methods enable production of nanosize sols from inorganic metal salts. The methods offer sol-gel processing from inorganic metal salts.
On catalysis of the initial period of methylcyclohexane oxidation by salts of nontransition metals
Smirnov, P.A.; Syroezhko, A.M.; Potekhin, V.M.
The purpose of the present work was to study the influence of salts formed by alkali and alkaline-earth metals with aliphatic acids on chain initiation during the initial period of methylcyclohexane oxidation by air. The oxidation was carried out in an autoclave under 10 kg/cm 2 pressure in the temperature range 120-150 0 C, at catalyst concentrations in the range 0.0-2.36.10 -2 M. The inhibitor concentration was varied in the range 0.0-9.5.10 -4 M. Sodium, cesium, barium lithium and calcium stearates and sodium pelargonate (Pe) were used as catalysts. It was found that salts formed by nontransition metals with aliphatic acids having acid radicals with 9-16 carbon atoms are active catalysts of chain initiation. The catalytic activity of the salts increases with the ionic radius of the cation in the series LiSt 2 2 < CsSt. Radical formation is a first-order process with respect to the catalyst and is due to the polar group of the salt
The non-pair forces and phonon dispersion in heavy alkali metals
Aradhana, Km.; Rathore, R.P.S.
Two types of non-pair forces, one from the Born-Mayer and the other from the Morse potential, are derived to discuss the response of electrons in heavy alkali metals, i.e., rubidium and cesium. The potentials are added to the two-body potential of Morse to account also for the ion-ion interactions. The potentials so obtained are employed to predict the phonon dispersion relations in bcc metals, which are also compared with recent precise neutron scattering data. (author). 1 fig, 3 tabs., 24 refs
Note: A 3D-printed alkali metal dispenser
Norrgard, E. B.; Barker, D. S.; Fedchak, J. A.; Klimov, N.; Scherschligt, J.; Eckel, S.
We demonstrate and characterize a source of Li atoms made from direct metal laser sintered titanium. The source's outgassing rate is measured to be 5(2) × 10-7 Pa L s-1 at a temperature T = 330 °C, which optimizes the number of atoms loaded into a magneto-optical trap. The source loads ≈107 7Li atoms in the trap in ≈1 s. The loaded source weighs 700 mg and is suitable for a number of deployable sensors based on cold atoms.
Density dependent atomic motion in a liquid alkali metal
Pilgrim, W.-C.; Hosokawa, S.; Morkel, C.
Inelastic X-ray and neutron scattering results obtained from liquid sodium and rubidium are presented. They cover the entire liquid range between melting and liquid vapour critical point. At high densities the dynamics of the liquid metal is characterized by collective excitations. The corresponding dispersion relations indicate the existence of surprisingly stable next neighbouring shells leading to an increase of the propagation speed for the collective modes. Below 2� crit. the dynamics changes from collective to localized indicating the existence of molecular aggregates. This interpretation is in accord with a simple model where the properties of a Rb- and a Rb 2 - lattice are calculated using density functional theory. (orig.)
An analysis of the plasma impurity influx from alkali-metal coatings for fusion reactor applications
DeWald, A.B.; Davidson, J.N.; Krauss, A.R.; Gruen, D.M.
Recently, it has been proposed that alkali-metal covered surfaces be applied to magnetic fusion devices as a means of controlling plasma impurity contamination and shielding the substrate from erosion. Monolayer films of alkali metals have been shown to sputter primarily as ions under particle bombardment. Thus, it is thought that a sheath potential and/or magnetic fields encountered by a sputtered ion will return the ion to the surface without entering the plasma. In this paper, we investigate the net wall impurity influx associated with coatings which exhibit substantial secondary ion emission compared with those which sputter only as neutral atoms. Included in the analysis are sputtered substrate atoms. These are sometimes found to be a significant fraction of the total sputtering yield for low-Z alkali monolayers and affect the overall performance of such coatings. Estimates of the impurity influx made in the neighborhood of a sheath potential show that secondary-ion emitting coatings are effective as a means of inhibiting plasma impurity contamination and wall erosion. (orig.)
Analysis of the plasma impurity influx from alkali-metal coatings for fusion-reactor applications
Recently, it has been proposed that alkali-metal covered surfaces be applied to magnetic fusion devices as a means of controlling plasma impurity contamination and shielding the substrate from erosion. Monolayer films of alkali metals have been shown to sputter primarily as ions under particle bombardment. Thus, it is thought that a sheath potential and/or magnetic fields encountered by a sputtered ion will return the ion to the surface without entering the plasma. In this paper, we investigate the net wall impurity influx associated with coatings which exhibit substantial secondary ion emission as compared to those which sputter only as neutral atoms. Included in the analysis are sputtered substrate atoms. These are sometimes found to be a significant fraction of the total sputtering yield for low-Z alkali monolayers and affect the overall performance of such coatings. Estimates of the impurity influx made in the neighborhood of a sheath potential show that secondary-ion emitting coatings are effective as a means of inhibiting plasma impurity contamination and wall erosion
Designable ultra-smooth ultra-thin solid-electrolyte interphases of three alkali metal anodes.
Gu, Yu; Wang, Wei-Wei; Li, Yi-Juan; Wu, Qi-Hui; Tang, Shuai; Yan, Jia-Wei; Zheng, Ming-Sen; Wu, De-Yin; Fan, Chun-Hai; Hu, Wei-Qiang; Chen, Zhao-Bin; Fang, Yuan; Zhang, Qing-Hong; Dong, Quan-Feng; Mao, Bing-Wei
Dendrite growth of alkali metal anodes limited their lifetime for charge/discharge cycling. Here, we report near-perfect anodes of lithium, sodium, and potassium metals achieved by electrochemical polishing, which removes microscopic defects and creates ultra-smooth ultra-thin solid-electrolyte interphase layers at metal surfaces for providing a homogeneous environment. Precise characterizations by AFM force probing with corroborative in-depth XPS profile analysis reveal that the ultra-smooth ultra-thin solid-electrolyte interphase can be designed to have alternating inorganic-rich and organic-rich/mixed multi-layered structure, which offers mechanical property of coupled rigidity and elasticity. The polished metal anodes exhibit significantly enhanced cycling stability, specifically the lithium anodes can cycle for over 200 times at a real current density of 2 mA cm -2 with 100% depth of discharge. Our work illustrates that an ultra-smooth ultra-thin solid-electrolyte interphase may be robust enough to suppress dendrite growth and thus serve as an initial layer for further improved protection of alkali metal anodes.
First-principles simulations on the new hybrid phases of germanene with alkali metal atoms coverage
Yuan, Jianmei [Hunan Key Laboratory for Computation and Simulation in Science and Engineering, School of Mathematics and Computational Science, Xiangtan University, Hunan 411105 (China); Tang, Chan; Zhong, Jianxin [Hunan Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Energy Materials and Devices, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xiangtan University, Hunan 411105 (China); Mao, Yuliang, E-mail: ylmao@xtu.edu.cn [Hunan Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Energy Materials and Devices, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xiangtan University, Hunan 411105 (China)
Graphical abstract: - Highlights: • The predicted new phase of complete lithiated germanene is more favorable to form than germanane. • Besides ionic interactions, covalent component in some extent leads the complete lithiated germanene into a semiconductor. • 2D phases of Ge{sub 2}X{sub 1} (X = Li, Na, K) are metallic with weak polarization. • Half-lithiated germanene exhibits local magnetic moments on the Ge atoms neighbored with Li adatoms. - Abstract: We present first-principles calculations of a new type hybrid phases composed by buckled germanene with saturated or half-saturated alkali metal atoms adsorption. Our energetics and electronic structure analysis suggests that adsorbed alkali metal atoms (Li, Na, K) can be used as covered adatoms to synthesize germanene-based new phases in two dimensional. The predicted new phases of Ge{sub 2}X{sub 2} and Ge{sub 2}X{sub 1} (X = Li, Na, K) relative to the single germanene sheet could exist at room temperature. The formation energy of Ge{sub 2}Li{sub 2} configuration obtained from complete lithiation is even more favorable than that of germanane. Charge transfer is significant between the alkali metal atoms and Ge, indicating the ionic interactions between them. Furthermore, our charge density analysis indicates that covalent component in some extent exists in Ge{sub 2}X{sub 2} and Ge{sub 2}X{sub 1} (X = Li, Na, K) 2D phases, which even leads the complete lithiated germanene into a semiconductor with an energy gap of 0.14 eV. We report that 2D phases of Ge{sub 2}X{sub 1} (X = Li, Na, K) are metallic with weak polarization on the Fermi level and in unoccupied states. It is found that half-lithiated germanene exhibits local magnetic moments of 0.48 μ{sub B} on the Ge atoms neighbored with Li adatoms.
Determination of toxic metals in salt deposits in Bormanda, Nigeria ...
3,12,13,14,15,16 . Chromium and Arsenic were not detected in any salt sample. Generally, the results of this study revealed the occurrence of some toxic metals in association with the soil salt deposits. Therefore, it is important to undertake Hazard Analysis and Critical Control. Point (HACCP) studies to identify and integrate.
Corrosion-electrochemical behavior of metals in alkali solutions
Levin, V.A.; Levina, E.Eh.
Results of an investigation into corrosion-electrochemical behaviour of 12Kh18N10T, 10Kh17N13M2T, 08Kh21N6M2T and 15Kh25T steels, 06KhN28MDT and KhN78T alloys as well as NP-2 nickel in sodium, potassium and lithium hydroxide solutions at 95-180 deg C temperatures are considered. It is ascertained, that anode polarization curves of all metals irrespective of hydroxide nature, concentration, temperature, presence of chloride and chlorate additions, are of identic character. The movement of anode polarization curves in the direction of lower current of hydroxide type in NaOH-KOH-LiOH series, temperature and solution concentration reduction at other equal terms. 12 refs.; 6 figs
Conductivities of poly(ethylene oxide)-alkali salts with aromatic and heterocyclic anions
Voss, J P [Dept. of Engineering Materials, Univ. of Sheffield (United Kingdom); Batty, S V [Dept. of Engineering Materials, Univ. of Sheffield (United Kingdom); Patel, J P [Dept. of Engineering Materials, Univ. of Sheffield (United Kingdom); Wright, P V [Dept. of Engineering Materials, Univ. of Sheffield (United Kingdom)
Complexes of PEO with the sodium salts of imidazole, benzimidazole, 2-methylbenzimidazole, 4-phenylphenol and a mesogenic ester of benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid have been prepared. The latter forms a mixed organised phase with its uncharged analogue. Highest conductivities (ca. 5x10[sup -4] cm[sup -1] at 100 C) are observed with the sodium salt of benzimidazole; the corresponding complex with the lithium salt has a lower conductivity (5x10[sup -5] S cm[sup -1]). (orig.)
Post-harvest processing methods for reduction of silica and alkali metals in wheat straw.
Thompson, David N; Shaw, Peter G; Lacey, Jeffrey A
Silica and alkali metals in wheat straw limit its use for bioenergy and gasification. Slag deposits occur via the eutectic melting of SiO2 with K2O, trapping chlorides at surfaces and causing corrosion. A minimum melting point of 950 degrees C is desirable, corresponding to an SiO2:K2O weight ratio of about 3:1. Mild chemical treatments were used to reduce Si, K, and Cl, while varying temperature, concentration, % solids, and time. Dilute acid was more effective at removing K and Cl, while dilute alkali was more effective for Si. Reduction of minerals in this manner may prove economical for increasing utilization of the straw for combustion or gasification.
Post-Harvest Processing Methods for Reduction of Silica and Alkali Metals in Wheat Straw
Thompson, David Neal; Lacey, Jeffrey Alan; Shaw, Peter Gordon
Silica and alkali metals in wheat straw limit its use for bioenergy and gasification. Slag deposits occur via the eutectic melting of SiO2 with K2O, trapping chlorides at surfaces and causing corrosion. A minimum melting point of 950°C is desirable, corresponding to SiO2:K2O of about 3:1. Mild chemical treatments were used to reduce Si, K, and Cl, while varying temperature, concentration, %-solids, and time. Dilute acid was more effective at removing K and Cl, while dilute alkali was more effective for Si. Reduction of minerals in this manner may prove economical for increasing utilization of the straw for combustion or gasification.
Plutonium and americium separation from salts
Hagan, P.G.; Miner, F.J.
Salts or materials containing plutonium and americium are dissolved in hydrochloric acid, heated, and contacted with an alkali metal carbonate solution to precipitate plutonium and americium carbonates which are thereafter readily separable from the solution
Interactions of nucleobases with alkali earth metal cations--electrospray ionization mass spectrometric study.
Frańska, Magdalena
Interactions of nucleobases with alkali earth metal cations have been studied by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Nucleobases containing at least one oxygen atom form stable complexes with alkali earth metal cations. This phenomenon can be explained on the grounds of the well known theory of hard and soft acids and bases. Uracil and thymine make complexes only when in their deprotonoted forms. The cations of great radii (Sr(2+), Ba(2+)) are more prone to form complexes of stoichiometry 1:1 with uracil and thymine than the cations of small radii (Mg(2+), Ca(2+)). On the other hand, Mg(2+) forms complexes of stoichiometry 2:1 and 3:2 with uracil and thymine. Gas-phase stabilities of the 1:1 complexes are higher for the cations of small radii, in contrast to the solution stabilities. For cytosine and 9- methylhypoxantine the 1:1 complexes of their deprotonated forms are observed at higher cone voltage as a result of HCl molecule loss from the complexes containing the counter ion (Cl(-)). In solution, more stable complexes are formed with metal cations of low radii. Gas-phase stability of the complexes formed by deprotonated 9- methyl-hypoxantine increases with increasing metal cation radius.
Discriminating Properties of Alkali Metal Ions Towards the Constituents of Proteins and Nucleic Acids. Conclusions from Gas-Phase and Theoretical Studies.
Rodgers, Mary T; Armentrout, Peter B
Quantitative insight into the structures and thermodynamics of alkali metal cations interacting with biological molecules can be obtained from studies in the gas phase combined with theoretical work. In this chapter, the fundamentals of the experimental and theoretical techniques are first summarized and results for such work on complexes of alkali metal cations with amino acids, small peptides, and nucleobases are reviewed. Periodic trends in how these interactions vary as the alkali metal cations get heavier are highlighted.
MgAl2O4 spinel refractory as containment liner for high-temperature alkali salt containing environments
Peascoe-Meisner, Roberta A [Knoxville, TN; Keiser, James R [Oak Ridge, TN; Hemric, James G [Knoxville, TN; Hubbard, Camden R [Oak Ridge, TN; Gorog, J Peter [Kent, WA; Gupta, Amul [Jamestown, NY
A method includes containing a high-temperature alkali salt containing environment using a refractory containment liner containing MgAl.sub.2O.sub.4 spinel. A method, includes forming a refractory brick containing MgAl.sub.2O.sub.4 spinel having an exterior chill zone defined by substantially columnar crystallization and an interior zone defined by substantially equiaxed crystallization; and removing at least a portion of the exterior chill zone from the refractory brick containing MgAl.sub.2O.sub.4 spinel by scalping the refractory brick containing MgAl.sub.2O.sub.4 spinel to define at least one outer surface having an area of substantially equiaxed crystallization. A product of manufacture includes a refractory brick containing MgAl.sub.2O.sub.4 spinel including an interior zone defined by substantially equiaxed crystallization; and at least one outer surface having an area of substantially equiaxed crystallization.
Molten salt/metal extractions for recovery of transuranic elements
Chow, L.S.; Basco, J.K.; Ackerman, J.P.; Johnson, T.R.
The integral fast reactor (EFR) is an advanced reactor concept that incorporates metallic driver and blanket fuels, an inherently safe, liquid-sodium-cooled, pool-type, reactor design, and on-site pyrochemical reprocessing (including electrorefining) of spent fuels and wastes. This paper describes a pyrochemical method that is being developed at Argonne National Laboratory to recover transuranic elements from the EFR electrorefiner process salt. The method uses multistage extractions between molten chloride salts and cadmium metal at high temperatures. The chemical basis of the salt extraction method, the test equipment, and a test plan are discussed
Effects of metal salt catalysts on yeast cell growth in ethanol conversion
Chung-Yun Hse; Yin Lin
The effects of the addition of metal salts and metal salt-catalyzed hydrolyzates on yeast cell growth in ethanol fermentation were investigated. Four yeast strains (Saccharomyces cerevisiae WT1, Saccharomyces cerevisiae MT81, Candida sp. 1779, and Klumaromyces fragilis), four metal salts (CuCl2, FeCl3, AgNO3, and I2), two metal salt-catalyzed hydrolyzates (...
Chemical perspectives on alkali and earth alkaline nitrate and nitrite salts for concentrated solar power applications
Cordaro, Joseph G. [Sandia National Labsoratories, Livermore, CA (United States)
Molten salts have been widely considered as the leading candidate heat transfer fluids (HTF) used in high temperature, concentrated solar power plants. Specifically, nitrate and nitrite based salts have been investigated as a HTF and even deployed in pilot plants generating up to 19.9 MW of electricity at operating temperatures above 500 C. New plant designs requiring higher operating temperatures for better efficiencies are pushing the stability limit of HTF. This paper presents an overview of the thermophysical properties of nitrate and nitrite salts and discusses thermodynamic and kinetic stability limitations as they relate to concentrated solar power generation. (orig.)
Alkali and heavy metal emissions of the PCFB-process; Alkalipaeaestoet PCFB-prosessissa
Kuivalainen, R.; Eriksson, T.; Lehtonen, P. [Foster Wheeler Energia Oy, Karhula (Finland)
Pressurized Circulating Fluidized Bed (PCFB) combustion technology has been developed in Karhula R and D Center since 1986. As a part of the development, 10 MW PCFB Test Facility was built in 1989. The Test Facility has been used for performance testing with different coal types through the years 1990-1995 in order to gain data for design and commercialization of the high-efficiency low-emission PCFB combustion technology. The project Y44 `Alkali and heavy metal emissions of the PCFB-process` was part of national LIEKKI 2 research program. The main object of the project was to measure vapor phase Na and K concentrations in the PCFB flue gas after hot gas filter and investigate the effects of process conditions and sorbents on alkali release. The measurements were performed using plasma assisted method by TUT Laboratory of Plasma Technology and wet absorption method of VTT Energy. The measured Na concentrations were below 30 ppb(w) in all measured data points. The results of K were below 10 ppb(w). The accuracies of the both methods are about + 50 % at this concentration range. The scatter of the data covers the effects of different process variables on the alkali emission. The measured emissions are at the same order of magnitude as the guideline emission limits estimated by gas turbine manufacturers. The measurements and development of the analyses methods are planned to be continued during PCFB test runs in spring 1996 for example within Joule II research program. (author)
Studies on indigenous ion exchange resins: alkali metal ions-hydrogen ion exchange equilibria
Shankar, S.; Kumar, Surender; Venkataramani, B.
With a view to select a suitable ion exchange resin for the removal of radionuclides (such as cesium, strontium etc.) from low level radioactive effluents, alkali metal ion -H' exchanges on nine indigenous gel- and macroporous-type and nuclear grade resins have been studied at a total ionic strength of 0.1 mol dm .3 (in the case ofCs' -H' exchange it was 0.05 mol dm .3 ). The expected theoretical capacities were not attained by all the resins for the alkali metal ions. The water content (moles/equiv.) of the fully swollen resins for different alkali metal ionic forms do not follow the usual sequence of greater the tendency of the cation to hydrate the higher the water uptake, but a reverse trend. The ion exchange isotherms (plots of equivalent fractions of the ion in resin phase, N M1 to that in solution, N M ) were not satisfactory and sorption of cations, for most of the resins, was possible only when the acidity of the solution was lowered. The variations of the selectivity coefficient, K, with N M show that the resins are highly cross linked and the selectivity sequence: Cs + >K + >Na + >Li + , obtained for all the resins indicate that hydrated ions were involved in the exchange process. However, the increase in the selectivity was not accompanied by the release of water, but unusual uptake of water, during the exchange process. The characteristics of macroporous resins were not significantly different from those of the gel-type resins. The results are discussed in terms of heterogeneity in the polymer net work, improper sulphonation process resulting in the formation of functional groups at inaccessible sites with weak acidic character and the overall lack of control in the preparation of different resins. (author)
Crown Ether Complexes of Alkali-Metal Chlorides from SO2.
Reuter, Kirsten; Rudel, Stefan S; Buchner, Magnus R; Kraus, Florian; von Hänisch, Carsten
The structures of alkali-metal chloride SO 2 solvates (Li-Cs) in conjunction with 12-crown-4 or 1,2-disila-12-crown-4 show strong discrepancies, despite the structural similarity of the ligands. Both types of crown ethers form 1:1 complexes with LiCl to give [Li(1,2-disila-12-crown-4)(SO 2 Cl)] (1) and [Li(12-crown-4)Cl]⋅4 SO 2 (2). However, 1,2-disila-12-crown-4 proved unable to coordinate cations too large for the cavity diameter, for example, by the formation of sandwich-type complexes. As a result, 12-crown-4 reacts exclusively with the heavier alkali-metal chlorides NaCl, KCl and RbCl. Compounds [Na(12-crown-4) 2 ]Cl⋅4 SO 2 (3) and [M(12-crown-4) 2 (SO 2 )]Cl⋅4 SO 2 (4: M=K; 5: M=Rb) all showed S-coordination to the chloride ions through four SO 2 molecules. Compounds 4 and 5 additionally exhibit the first crystallographically confirmed non-bridging O,O'-coordination mode of SO 2 . Unexpectedly, the disila-crown ether supports the dissolution of RbCl and CsCl in the solvent and gives the homoleptic SO 2 -solvated alkali-metal chlorides [MCl⋅3 SO 2 ] (6: M=Rb; 7: M=Cs), which incorporate bridging μ-O,O'-coordinating moieties and the unprecedented side-on O,O'-coordination mode. All compounds were characterised by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crown ether complexes were additionally studied by using NMR spectroscopy, and the presence of SO 2 at ambient temperature was revealed by IR spectroscopy of the neat compounds. © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Thermochemical ablation therapy of VX2 tumor using a permeable oil-packed liquid alkali metal.
Ziyi Guo
Full Text Available Alkali metal appears to be a promising tool in thermochemical ablation, but, it requires additional data on safety is required. The objective of this study was to explore the effectiveness of permeable oil-packed liquid alkali metal in the thermochemical ablation of tumors.Permeable oil-packed sodium-potassium (NaK was prepared using ultrasonic mixing of different ratios of metal to oil. The thermal effect of the mixture during ablation of muscle tissue ex vivo was evaluated using the Fluke Ti400 Thermal Imager. The thermochemical effect of the NaK-oil mixture on VX2 tumors was evaluated by performing perfusion CT scans both before and after treatment in 10 VX2 rabbit model tumors. VX2 tumors were harvested from two rabbits immediately after treatment to assess their viability using trypan blue and hematoxylin and eosin (H.E. staining.The injection of the NaK-oil mixture resulted in significantly higher heat in the ablation areas. The permeable oil controlled the rate of heat released during the NaK reaction with water in the living tissue. Perfusion computed tomography and its parameter map confirmed that the NaK-oil mixture had curative effects on VX2 tumors. Both trypan blue and H.E. staining showed partial necrosis of the VX2 tumors.The NaK-oil mixture may be used successfully to ablate tumor tissue in vivo. With reference to the controlled thermal and chemical lethal injury to tumors, using a liquid alkali in ablation is potentially an effective and safe method to treat malignant tumors.
Electronic nature of zwitterionic alkali metal methanides, silanides and germanides - a combined experimental and computational approach.
Li, H; Aquino, A J A; Cordes, D B; Hase, W L; Krempner, C
Zwitterionic group 14 complexes of the alkali metals of formula [C(SiMe 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OMe) 3 M], (M- 1 ), [Si(SiMe 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OMe) 3 M], (M- 2 ), [Ge(SiMe 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OMe) 3 M], (M- 3 ), where M = Li, Na or K, have been prepared, structurally characterized and their electronic nature was investigated by computational methods. Zwitterions M- 2 and M- 3 were synthesized via reactions of [Si(SiMe 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OMe) 4 ] ( 2 ) and [Ge(SiMe 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OMe) 4 ] ( 3 ) with MOBu t (M = Li, Na or K), resp., in almost quantitative yields, while M- 1 were prepared from deprotonation of [HC(SiMe 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OMe) 3 ] ( 1 ) with LiBu t , NaCH 2 Ph and KCH 2 Ph, resp. X-ray crystallographic studies and DFT calculations in the gas-phase, including calculations of the NPA charges confirm the zwitterionic nature of these compounds, with the alkali metal cations being rigidly locked and charge separated from the anion by the internal OCH 2 CH 2 OMe donor groups. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis and the second order perturbation theory analysis of the NBOs reveal significant hyperconjugative interactions in M- 1 -M- 3 , primarily between the lone pair and the antibonding Si-O orbitals, the extent of which decreases in the order M- 1 > M- 2 > M- 3 . The experimental basicities and the calculated gas-phase basicities of M- 1 -M- 3 reveal the zwitterionic alkali metal methanides M- 1 to be significantly stronger bases than the analogous silanides M- 2 and germanium M- 3 .
Evaluation of Ce3+ and alkali metal ions Co-doped LiSrAlF6 crystalline scintillators
Wakahara, Shingo; Yanagida, Takayuki; Fujimoto, Yutaka; Yokota, Yuui; Pejchal, Jan; Kurosawa, Shunsuke; Suzuki, Shotaro; Kawaguchi, Noriaki; Fukuda, Kentaro; Yoshikawa, Akira
High scintillation efficiency of Eu-doped LiSrAlF 6 (LiSAF) and LiCaAlF 6 (LiCAF) codoped with alkali metal ions has been reported in our recent studies. Thus in this paper, we demonstrated the scintillation properties of 1% Ce-doped LiSAF crystals with 1% alkali metal ions co-doping to increase the light yield and understand the scintillation mechanism. The crystals showed intense emission band corresponding to the 5d-4f transition of Ce 3+ , and their light yields under thermal neutron excitation were higher than that of the Ce only doped crystal. Especially, the light yield of Ce–Na co-doped crystal exceeded about two times that of Ce only doped one. -- Highlights: ► Ce-doped and alkali metal co-doped LiSAF crystals were grown by μ-PD method. ► Alkali metal co-doped crystals showed higher light yield than Ce only doped crystal. ► Decay time of alkali metal co-doped LiSAF were longer than that of Ce only doped one
Effect of particle size on thermal decomposition of alkali metal picrates
Liu, Rui; Zhang, Tonglai, E-mail: ztlbit@bit.edu.cn; Yang, Li; Zhou, Zunning
Graphical abstract: The smaller-sized picrate has greater gas emission than do its larger counterpart. The small size effect reduces the thermal decomposition activation energy, accelerates the reaction rate, and promotes the reaction activity. - Highlights: • Picrates were prepared into three micron sizes by microemulsion synthesis. • Thermal decomposition kinetics and thermodynamics were studied by DPTA and DSC. • Smaller-sized picrate has higher activity and faster reaction rate. • Particle size effect on thermal decomposition kinetics and thermodynamics was revealed. - Abstract: Three alkali metal picrates, KPA, RbPA and CsPA, were prepared into three micron sizes by microemulsion synthesis, and their thermal decomposition behaviors were investigated by DPTA at different temperatures and by DSC at different heating rates. The smaller-sized picrate has greater gas emission and smaller kinetic and thermodynamic parameters than do its larger counterpart. It can be attributed to the decreasing particle size which leads to the high surface energy, the fast mass and heat transfer, and the increasing active sites on the reaction interface. The small size effect and surface effect cause the autocatalysis which reduces the activation energy and promotes the reaction activity. The particle size does not affect the reaction mechanism. However, the picrates with different central alkali metals exhibit different reaction mechanisms even though they are of the same size. This is because the central metal determines the bond energy and consequently affects the stability of picrate.
Liu, Rui; Zhang, Tonglai; Yang, Li; Zhou, Zunning
Graphical abstract: The smaller-sized picrate has greater gas emission than do its larger counterpart. The small size effect reduces the thermal decomposition activation energy, accelerates the reaction rate, and promotes the reaction activity. - Highlights: • Picrates were prepared into three micron sizes by microemulsion synthesis. • Thermal decomposition kinetics and thermodynamics were studied by DPTA and DSC. • Smaller-sized picrate has higher activity and faster reaction rate. • Particle size effect on thermal decomposition kinetics and thermodynamics was revealed. - Abstract: Three alkali metal picrates, KPA, RbPA and CsPA, were prepared into three micron sizes by microemulsion synthesis, and their thermal decomposition behaviors were investigated by DPTA at different temperatures and by DSC at different heating rates. The smaller-sized picrate has greater gas emission and smaller kinetic and thermodynamic parameters than do its larger counterpart. It can be attributed to the decreasing particle size which leads to the high surface energy, the fast mass and heat transfer, and the increasing active sites on the reaction interface. The small size effect and surface effect cause the autocatalysis which reduces the activation energy and promotes the reaction activity. The particle size does not affect the reaction mechanism. However, the picrates with different central alkali metals exhibit different reaction mechanisms even though they are of the same size. This is because the central metal determines the bond energy and consequently affects the stability of picrate
Thermodynamics and structure of liquid alkali metals from the charged-hard-sphere reference fluid
Lai, S.K.; Akinlade, O.; Tosi, M.P.
The evaluation of thermodynamic properties of liquid alkali metals is re-examined in the approach based on the Gibbs-Bogoliubov inequality and using the fluid of charged hard spheres in the mean spherical approximation as reference system, with a view to achieving consistency with the liquid structure factor. The perturbative variational calculation of the Helmholtz free energy is based on an ab initio and highly reliable nonlocal pseudopotential. Only limited improvement is found in the calculated thermodynamic functions, even when full advantage is taken of the two variational parameters inherent in this approach. The role of thermodynamic self-consistency between the equations of state of the reference fluid derived from the routes of the internal energy and of the virial theorem is then discussed, using previous results by Hoye and Stell. An approximate evaluation of the corresponding contribution to the free energy of liquid alkali metals yields appreciable improvements in both the thermodynamic functions and the liquid structure factor. It thus appears that an accurate treatment of thermodynamic self-consistency in the charged-hard-sphere system may help to resolve some of the difficulties that are commonly met in the evaluation of thermodynamic and structural properties of liquid metals. (author). 55 refs, 4 figs, 4 tabs
Synthesis and adsorption investigations of zeolites MCM-22 and MCM-49 modified by alkali metal cations
Pawlesa, Justyna; Zukal, ArnoÅ¡t; ÄŒejka, JiÅ™Ã
Ro�. 13, 3-4 (2007), s. 257-265 ISSN 0929-5607 Grant - others:DeSSANS(XE) SES6-CT-2005-020133; INDENS(XE) MRTN-CT-2004-005503 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z40400503 Source of funding: R - rámcový projekt EK ; R - rámcový projekt EK Keywords : MCM-22 zeolite * MCM-49 zeolite * alkali metal cation exchange * N2 and CO2 adsorption Subject RIV: CF - Physical ; Theoretical Chemistry Impact factor: 0.880, year: 2007
s-wave elastic scattering of antihydrogen off atomic alkali-metal targets
Sinha, Prabal K.; Ghosh, A. S.
We have investigated the s-wave elastic scattering of antihydrogen atoms off atomic alkali-metal targets (Li, Na, K, and Rb) at thermal energies (10 -16 -10 -4 a.u.) using an atomic orbital expansion technique. The elastic cross sections of these systems at thermal energies are found to be very high compared to H-H and H-He systems. The theoretical models employed in this study are so chosen to consider long-range forces dynamically in the calculation. The mechanism of cooling suggests that Li may be considered to be a good candidate as a buffer gas for enhanced cooling of antihydrogen atoms to ultracold temperature
Dansyl - Substituted Aza Crown Ethers: Complexation with Alkali, Alkaline Earth Metal Ions and Ammonium
Deiab, Shihab; Archibong, Edikan; Tasheva, Donka; Mochona, Bereket; Gangapuram, Madhavi; Redda, Kinfe
The present study investigates the binding properties of four dansyl substituted aza-crown ethers with alkali, alkaline earth metal ions and ammonium. The influence of the solvent polarity and protonation on the photophysical properties of the compounds was studied by UV/Vis and fluorescence methods. The host species caused only slight changes on the absorption spectra of the ligands. The fluorescence changes were more pronounced and concentration dependent thus allowing to calculate the binding constants of the process. The most stable complex under our working conditions was the one between Ba2+ and DNS18C6. PMID:21738561
High-performance ion-exchange chromatography of alkali metals with conductivity detection
Ahmad, M.; Khan, A.R.
High-performance ion-exchange chromatography of alkali metal and ammonium ions was studied using a conductivity meter as detector. Elution with 0.003 N mitric acid gave excellent resolution. Sensitivity levels, for a 200 micro litre injection, vary from 5 ppm for potassium to 0.1 ppm for lithium. A method to decrease retention times by reducing the exchange capacity of the cation exchange column used by loading it with calciumions, without affecting the resolation, has been described. Application of the method to water, soil and uranium dioxide samples has been demonstrated. (author)
Behavior of Alkali Metals and Ash in a Low-Temperature Circulating Fluidized Bed (LTCFB) Gasifier
Narayan, Vikas; Jensen, Peter Arendt; Henriksen, Ulrik Birk
W and a 6 MW LTCFBgasifier. Of the total fuel ash entering the system, the largest fraction (40−50%) was retained in the secondary cyclone bottoms,while a lower amount (8−10%) was released as dust in the exit gas. Most of the alkali and alkaline earth metals were retained inthe solid ash, along with Si...... by the particle size and the cut size ofthe primary and secondary cyclones. A model accounting for the ash collection by the plant cyclones was shown to predict theproduct gas ash particle release reasonably well....
Nonmetal-metal transition in metal–molten-salt solutions
Silvestrelli, P.-L.; Alavi, A.; Parrinello, M.; Frenkel, D.
The method of ab initio molecular dynamics, based on finite-temperature density-functional theory, is used to study the nonmetal-metal transition in two different metal–molten-salt solutions, Kx(KCl)1-x and Nax(NaBr)1-x. As the excess metal concentration is increased the electronic density becomes
Coprecipitation of rare earths in systems of three heterovalent ions with sulfates of alkali and alkaline-earth metals
Bobrik, V.M.
Co-precipitation of rare earth elements (REE) in milligram amounts (3x10 -3 -3x10 -1 M) with alkali earth (AEE) sulfates in presence of alkali metal ions has been studied, the AEE:REE ratios between the co-precipitator and a REE (up to 50:1) the latter can be co-precipitated quantitatively in presence of corresponding alkali metals linked with the AEE in the Periodic table by a diagonal, i.e. in presence of sodium in co-precipitation with calcium sulfate, potassium with strontium sulfate and rubidium with barium sulfate. Co-precipitation with sulfates of sodium and calcium occurs at temperatures above 85 deg C and presumably involves calcium semihydrate. In presence of an alkali metal REE co-precipitation with AEE becomes isomorphic, i.e. at different AEE:REE ratios the co-precipitation coefficient remains constant. In presence of corresponding alkali metals the decrease in effectiveness of co-precipitation with AEE in the La-Lu series is more pronounced
Effect of metal salts in the optical properties of polydiacetylenes
Diaz-Ponce, J.A.; Morales-Saavedra, O.G.; Beristain-Manterola, M.F.; Hernandez-Alcantara, J.M.; Ogawa, T.
Films of polydiacetylene (PDA)-containing polyesters with metal salts of Zn, Eu and Gd were prepared. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) absorption and photoluminescent (PL) spectra indicated that the presence of the metal salts induced a small shift of their maxima to higher and lower energies, respectively. PDAs films with an ester group in allylic position to the conjugated system presented two emission bands. The higher energy emission band was assigned to carbonyl emission and the lower energy emission band to self-trapped excitons (STE). Indeed, the inclusion of metal salts incremented the intensity relation between the higher and lower emission energy bands. On the other hand, Raman spectroscopy measurements performed in PDAs films derived of pentyn-1-ol indicated that the metal salts induced a slight statistical shift in the triple and double bond signals to higher energies. In this way, the intensity variations and band shifts detected by Raman, UV-VIS and PL spectroscopies showed that the presence of metal salts could have a remarkable influence on the energy levels of these PDAs. Nonlinear optical (NLO) third harmonic generation (THG) measurements were performed in order to verify this affirmation as well as the cubic NLO performance of these materials
Molybdenum cell for x-ray diffraction measurements of fluid alkali metals at high temperatures and high pressures
Matsuda, Kazuhiro; Tamura, Kozaburo; Katoh, Masahiro; Inui, Masanori
We have developed a sample cell for x-ray diffraction measurements of fluid alkali metals at high temperatures and high pressures. All parts of the cell are made of molybdenum which is resistant to the chemical corrosion of alkali metals. Single crystalline molybdenum disks electrolytically thinned down to 40 μm were used as the walls of the cell through which x rays pass. The crystal orientation of the disks was controlled in order to reduce the background from the cell. All parts of the cell were assembled and brazed together using a high-temperature Ru-Mo alloy. Energy dispersive x-ray diffraction measurements have been successfully carried out for fluid rubidium up to 1973 K and 16.2 MPa. The obtained S(Q) demonstrates the applicability of the molybdenum cell to x-ray diffraction measurements of fluid alkali metals at high temperatures and high pressures.
A numerical study of spin-dependent organization of alkali-metal atomic clusters using density-functional method
Liu Xuan; Ito, Haruhiko; Torikai, Eiko
We calculate the different geometric isomers of spin clusters composed of a small number of alkali-metal atoms using the UB3LYP density-functional method. The electron density distribution of clusters changes according to the value of total spin. Steric structures as well as planar structures arise when the number of atoms increases. The lowest spin state is the most stable and Li n , Na n , K n , Rb n , and Cs n with n = 2–8 can be formed in higher spin states. In the highest spin state, the preparation of clusters depends on the kind and the number of constituent atoms. The interaction energy between alkali-metal atoms and rare-gas atoms is smaller than the binding energy of spin clusters. Consequently, it is possible to self-organize the alkali-metal-atom clusters on a non-wetting substrate coated with rare-gas atoms.
Alkali metal control over N-N cleavage in iron complexes.
Grubel, Katarzyna; Brennessel, William W; Mercado, Brandon Q; Holland, Patrick L
Though N2 cleavage on K-promoted Fe surfaces is important in the large-scale Haber-Bosch process, there is still ambiguity about the number of Fe atoms involved during the N-N cleaving step and the interactions responsible for the promoting ability of K. This work explores a molecular Fe system for N2 reduction, particularly focusing on the differences in the results obtained using different alkali metals as reductants (Na, K, Rb, Cs). The products of these reactions feature new types of Fe-N2 and Fe-nitride cores. Surprisingly, adding more equivalents of reductant to the system gives a product in which the N-N bond is not cleaved, indicating that the reducing power is not the most important factor that determines the extent of N2 activation. On the other hand, the results suggest that the size of the alkali metal cation can control the number of Fe atoms that can approach N2, which in turn controls the ability to achieve N2 cleavage. The accumulated results indicate that cleaving the triple N-N bond to nitrides is facilitated by simultaneous approach of least three low-valent Fe atoms to a single molecule of N2.
Neutral glycoconjugated amide-based calix[4]arenes: complexation of alkali metal cations in water.
Cindro, Nikola; Požar, Josip; Barišić, Dajana; Bregović, Nikola; Pi�uljan, Katarina; Tomaš, Renato; Frkanec, Leo; Tomišić, Vladislav
Cation complexation in water presents a unique challenge in calixarene chemistry, mostly due to the fact that a vast majority of calixarene-based cation receptors is not soluble in water or their solubility has been achieved by introducing functionalities capable of (de)protonation. Such an approach inevitably involves the presence of counterions which compete with target cations for the calixarene binding site, and also rather often requires the use of ion-containing buffer solutions in order to control the pH. Herein we devised a new strategy towards the solution of this problem, based on introducing carbohydrate units at the lower or upper rim of calix[4]arenes which comprise efficient cation binding sites. In this context, we prepared neutral, water-soluble receptors with secondary or tertiary amide coordinating groups, and studied their complexation with alkali metal cations in aqueous and methanol (for the comparison purpose) solutions. Complexation thermodynamics was quantitatively characterized by UV spectrometry and isothermal titration calorimetry, revealing that one of the prepared tertiary amide derivatives is capable of remarkably efficient (log K ≈ 5) and selective binding of sodium cations among alkali metal cations in water. Given the ease of the synthetic procedure used, and thus the variety of accessible analogues, this study can serve as a platform for the development of reagents for diverse purposes in aqueous media.
Higher-order Cn dispersion coefficients for the alkali-metal atoms
Mitroy, J.; Bromley, M.W.J.
The van der Waals coefficients, from C 11 through to C 16 resulting from second-, third-, and fourth-order perturbation theory are estimated for the alkali-metal (Li, Na, K, and Rb) atoms. The dispersion coefficients are also computed for all possible combinations of the alkali-metal atoms and hydrogen. The parameters are determined from sum rules after diagonalizing a semiempirical fixed core Hamiltonian in a large basis. Comparisons of the radial dependence of the C n /r n potentials give guidance as to the radial regions in which the various higher-order terms can be neglected. It is seen that including terms up to C 10 /r 10 results in a dispersion interaction that is accurate to better than 1% whenever the inter-nuclear spacing is larger than 20a 0 . This level of accuracy is mainly achieved due to the fortuitous cancellation between the repulsive (C 11 ,C 13 ,C 15 ) and attractive (C 12 ,C 14 ,C 16 ) dispersion forces
Structure factor of liquid alkali metals using a classical-plasma reference system
Pastore, G.; Tosi, M. P.
This paper presents calculations of the liquid structure factor of the alkali metals near freezing, starting from the classical plasma of bare ions as reference liquid. The indirect ion-ion interaction arising from electronic screening is treated by an optimized random phase approximation (ORPA), imposing physical requirements as in the original ORPA scheme developed by Weeks, Chandler and Andersen for liquids with strongly repulsive core potentials. A comparison of the results with computer simulation data for a model of liquid rubidium shows that the present approach overcomes the well-known difficulties met in applying to these metals the standard ORPA based on a reference liquid of neutral hard spheres. The optimization scheme is also shown to be equivalent to a reduction of the range of the indirect interaction in momentum space, as proposed empirically in an earlier work. Comparison with experiment for the other alkalis shows that a good overall representation of the data can be obtained for sodium, potassium and cesium, but not for lithium, when one uses a very simple form of the electron-ion potential adjusted to the liquid compressibility. The small-angle scattering region is finally examined more carefully in the light of recent data of Waseda, with a view to possible refinements of the pseudopotential model.
3718-F Alkali Metal Treatment and Storage Facility Closure Plan. Revision 1
The Hanford Site, located northwest of the city of Richland, Washington, houses reactors, chemical-separation systems, and related facilities used for the production of special nuclear materials, as well as for activities associated with nuclear energy development. The 300 Area of the Hanford Site contains reactor fuel manufacturing facilities and several research and development laboratories. The 3718-F Alkali Metal Treatment and Storage Facility (3718-F Facility), located in the 300 Area, was used to store and treat alkali metal wastes. Therefore, it is subject to the regulatory requirements for the storage and treatment of dangerous wastes. Closure will be conducted pursuant to the requirements of the Washington Administrative Code (WAC) 173-303-610 (Ecology 1989) and 40 CFR 270.1. Closure also will satisfy the thermal treatment facility closure requirements of 40 CFR 265.381. This closure plan presents a description of the 3718-F Facility, the history of wastes managed, and the approach that will be followed to close the facility. Only hazardous constituents derived from 3718-F Facility operations will be addressed.
The role of oxygen in porous molybdenum electrodes for the alkali metal thermoelectric converter
Williams, R.M.; Nagasubramanian, G.; Khanna, S.K.; Bankston, C.P.; Thakoor, A.P.; Cole, T.
The alkali metal thermoelectric converter is a direct energy conversion device, utilizing a high alkali metal activity gradient to generate electrical power. Its operation is based on the unique ion conductive properties of beta''-alumina solid electrolyte. The major barrier to application of this device is identification of an electrode which can maintain optimum power densities for operation times of >10,000h. Thin, porous molybdenum electrodes have shown the best performance characteristics, but show a variety of time dependent phenomena, including eventual degradation to power densities 3-5 times lower than initial values. Several Na-Mo-O compounds, including Na/sub 2/MoO/sub 4/ and Na/sub 2/Mo/sub 3/O/sub 6/, are formed during AMTEC operation. These compounds may be responsible for enhanced Na transport through Mo electrodes via sodium ion conduction, and eventual performance degradation due to their volatilization and decomposition. No decomposition of beta''-alumina has been observed under simulated AMTEC operating conditions up to 1373 K. In this paper, we present a model for chemical reactions occurring in porous molybdenum electrodes. The model is based on thermochemical and kinetic data, known sodium-molybdenum-oxygen chemistry, x-ray diffraction analysis of molybdenum and molybdenum oxide electrodes, and the electrochemical behavior of the cell
Metallic materials corrosion problems in molten salt reactors
Chauvin, G.; Dixmier, J.; Jarny, P.
The USA forecastings concerning the molten salt reactors are reviewed (mixtures of fluorides containing the fuel, operating between 560 and 700 0 C). Corrosion problems are important in these reactors. The effects of certain characteristic factors on corrosion are analyzed: humidity and metallic impurities in the salts, temperature gradients, speed of circulation of salts, tellurium from fission products, coupling. In the molten fluorides and experimental conditions, the materials with high Ni content are particularly corrosion resistant alloys (hastelloy N). The corrosion of this material is about 2.6 mg.cm -2 at 700 0 C [fr
New bonding configuration on Si(111) and Ge(111) surfaces induced by the adsorption of alkali metals
Lottermoser, L.; Landemark, E.; Smilgies, D.M.
The structure of the (3×1) reconstructions of the Si(111) and Ge(111) surfaces induced by adsorption of alkali metals has been determined on the basis of surface x-ray diffraction and low-energy electron diffraction measurements and density functional theory. The (3×1) surface results primarily f...... from the substrate reconstruction and shows a new bonding configuration consisting of consecutive fivefold and sixfold Si (Ge) rings in 〈11̅ 0〉 projection separated by channels containing the alkali metal atoms. © 1998 The American Physical Society...
Melt cationic and anionic composition effect on titanium group metal corrosion in halogenides of alkali earths
Tkhaj, V.; Kovalik, O.Yu.; Dikunov, Yu.G.; P'yankova, S.P.
A study was made on interaction of titanium group metals with melts of chlorides and chloride-fluorides of alkaline earth metals and magnesium. It was revealed that the rate of metal corrosion increased from BaCl 2 2 2 2 in chloride series. It is explained by amplification of oxidation activity of salt cation in the series: Ba 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ . It was also determined that corrosion rate of titanium exceeded the one of zirconium and hafnium, became reducing power of titanium was the highest in the given group
Determination and evaluation of the thermophysical properties of an alkali carbonate eutectic molten salt.
An, Xuehui; Cheng, Jinhui; Zhang, Peng; Tang, Zhongfeng; Wang, Jianqiang
The thermal physical properties of Li2CO3-Na2CO3-K2CO3 eutectic molten salt were comprehensively investigated. It was found that the liquid salt can remain stable up to 658 °C (the onset temperature of decomposition) by thermal analysis, and so the investigations on its thermal physical parameters were undertaken from room temperature to 658 °C. The density was determined using a self-developed device, with an uncertainty of ±0.00712 g cm(-3). A cooling curve was obtained from the instrument, giving the liquidus temperature. For the first time, we report the obtainment of the thermal diffusivity using a laser flash method based on a special crucible design and establishment of a specific sample preparation method. Furthermore, the specific heat capacity was also obtained by use of DSC, and combined with thermal diffusivity and density, was used to calculate the thermal conductivity. We additionally built a rotating viscometer with high precision in order to determine the molten salt viscosity. All of these parameters play an important part in the energy storage and transfer calculation and safety evaluation for a system.
Cotton fabrics with UV blocking properties through metal salts deposition
Emam, Hossam E.; Bechtold, Thomas
Graphical abstract: - Highlights: • Introducing metal salt based UV-blocking properties into cotton fabric. • A quite simple technique used to produce wash resistant UV-absorbers using different Cu-, Zn- and Ti-salts. • Good UPF was obtained after treatment with Cu and Ti salts, and ranged between 11.6 and 14. • The efficiency of the deposited metal oxides is compared on molar basis. - Abstract: Exposure to sunlight is important for human health as this increases the resistance to diverse pathogens, but the higher doses cause skin problems and diseases. Hence, wearing of sunlight protective fabrics displays a good solution for people working in open atmosphere. The current study offered quite simple and technically feasible ways to prepare good UV protection fabrics based on cotton. Metal salts including Zn, Cu and Ti were immobilized into cotton and oxidized cotton fabrics by using pad-dry-cure technique. Metal contents on fabrics were determined by AAS; the highest metal content was recorded for Cu-fabric and it was 360.6 mmol/kg after treatment of oxidized cotton with 0.5 M of copper nitrate. Ti contents on fabrics were ranged between 168.0 and 200.8 mmol/kg and it showed the lowest release as only 38.1–46.4% leached out fabrics after five laundry washings. Metal containing deposits were specified by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. UV-transmission radiation over treated fabrics was measured and ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) was calculated. UPF was enhanced after treatment with Cu and Ti salts to be 11.6 and 14, respectively. After five washings, the amount of metal (Cu or Ti) retained indicates acceptable laundering durability.
Residual salts separation from metal reduced electrolytically in a LiCl-Li2O molten salt
Hur, Jin Mok; Oh, Seung Chul; Hong, Sun Seok; Seo, Chung Seok; Park, Seong Won
The PWR spent oxide fuel can be reduced electrolytically in a hot molten salt for the conditioning and the preparation of a metallic fuel. Then the metal product is smelted into an ingot to be treated in the post process. Incidentally, the residual salt which originated from the molten salt and spent fuel elements should be separated from the metal product during the smelting. In this work, we constructed a surrogate material system to simulate the salt separation from the reduced spent fuel and studied the vaporization behaviors of the salts
Compatibility tests between molten salts and metal materials (2)
Shiina, Yasuaki
Latent heat storage technology using molten salts can reduce temperature fluctuations of heat transfer fluid by latent heat for middle and high temperature regions. This enables us to operate several heat utilization systems in cascade connected to High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactors (HTGRs) from high to low temperature range by setting the latent heat storage system after a heat utilization system to reduce thermal load after the heat utilization systems. This latent heat technology is expected to be used for effective use of heat such as equalization of electric load between night and daytime. In the application of the latent heat technology, compatibility between molten salts and metal materials is very important because molten salts are corrosive, and heat transfer pipes and vessels will contact with the molten salts. It will be necessary to prevail the latent heat storage technique that normal metal materials can be used for the pipes and vessels. However, a few studies have been reported of compatibility between molten salts and metals in middle and high temperature ranges. In this study, four molten salts, range of the melting temperature from 490degC to 800degC, are selected and five metals, high temperature and corrosion resistance steels of Alloy600, HastelloyB2, HastelloyC276, SUS310S and pure Nickel are selected for the test with the consideration of metal composition. Test was performed in an electric furnace by setting the molten salts and the metals in melting pots in an atmosphere of nitrogen. Results revealed excellent corrosion resistance of pure Nickel and comparatively low corrosion resistance of nickel base alloys such as Alloy600 and Hastelloys against Li 2 CO 3 . Corrosion resistance of SUS310S was about same as nickel based alloys. Therefore, if some amount of corrosion is permitted, SUS310S would be one of the candidate alloys for structure materials. These results will be used as reference data to select metals in latent heat technology
James C. McGroddy Prize Talk: Superconductivity in alkali-metal doped Carbon-60
Hebard, Arthur
Carbon sixty (C60), which was first identified in 1985 in laser desorption experiments, is unquestionably an arrestingly beautiful molecule. The high symmetry of the 12 pentagonal and 20 hexagonal faces symmetrically arrayed in a soccer-ball like structure invites special attention and continues to stimulate animated speculation. The availability in 1990 of macroscopic amounts of purified C60 derived from carbon-arc produced soot allowed the growth and characterization of both bulk and thin-film samples. Crystalline C60 is a molecular solid held together by weak van der Waals forces. The fcc structure has a 74% packing fraction thus allowing ample opportunity (26% available volume) for the intercalation of foreign atoms into the interstitial spaces of the three dimensional host. This opportunity catalyzed much of the collaborative work amongst chemists, physicists and materials scientists at Bell Laboratories, and resulted in the discovery of superconductivity in alkali-metal doped C60 with transition temperatures (Tc) in the mid-30-kelvin range. In this talk I will review how the successes of this initial team effort stimulated a worldwide collaboration between experimentalists and theorists to understand the promise and potential of an entirely new class of superconductors containing only two elements, carbon and an intercalated alkali metal. Although the cuprates still hold the record for the highest Tc, there are still open scientific questions about the mechanism that gives rise to such unexpectedly high Tc's in the non-oxide carbon-based superconductors. The doped fullerenes have unusual attributes (e.g., narrow electronic bands, high disorder, anomalous energy scales, and a tantalizing proximity to a metal-insulator Mott transition), which challenge conventional thinking and at the same time provide useful insights into new directions for finding even higher Tc materials. The final chapter of the `soot to superconductivity' story has yet to be written.
Semiempirical calculation of van der Waals coefficients for alkali-metal and alkaline-earth-metal atoms
The van der Waals coefficients, C 6 , C 8 , and C 10 for the alkali-metal (Li, Na, K, and Rb) and alkaline-earth-metal (Be, Mg, Ca, and Sr) atoms are estimated by a combination of ab initio and semiempirical methods. Polarizabilities and atom-wall coefficients are given as a diagnostic check, and the lowest order nonadiabatic dispersion coefficient, D 8 and the three-body coefficient, C 9 are also presented. The dispersion coefficients are in agreement with the available relativistic many-body perturbation theory calculations. The contribution from the core was included by using constrained sum rules involving the core polarizability and Hartree-Fock expectation values to estimate the f-value distribution
Dispersion coefficients for H and He interactions with alkali-metal and alkaline-earth-metal atoms
The van der Waals coefficients C 6 , C 8 , and C 10 for H and He interactions with the alkali-metal (Li, Na, K, and Rb) and alkaline-earth-metal (Be, Mg, Ca, and Sr) atoms are determined from oscillator strength sum rules. The oscillator strengths were computed using a combination of ab initio and semiempirical methods. The dispersion parameters generally agree with close to exact variational calculations for Li-H and Li-He at the 0.1% level of accuracy. For larger systems, there is agreement with relativistic many-body perturbation theory estimates of C 6 at the 1% level. These validations for selected systems attest to the reliability of the present dispersion parameters. About half the present parameters lie within the recommended bounds of the Standard and Certain compilation [J. Chem. Phys. 83, 3002 (1985)
Investigation of anti-Relaxation coatings for alkali-metal vapor cells using surface science techniques
Seltzer, S. J.; Michalak, D. J.; Donaldson, M. H.; Balabas, M. V.; Barber, S. K.; Bernasek, S. L.; Bouchiat, M.-A.; Hexemer, A.; Hibberd, A. M.; Jackson Kimball, D. F.; Jaye, C.; Karaulanov, T.; Narducci, F. A.; Rangwala, S. A.; Robinson, H. G.; Shmakov, A. K.; Voronov, D. L.; Yashchuk, V. V.; Pines, A.; Budker, D.
Many technologies based on cells containing alkali-metal atomic vapor benefit from the use of antirelaxation surface coatings in order to preserve atomic spin polarization. In particular, paraffin has been used for this purpose for several decades and has been demonstrated to allow an atom to experience up to 10?000 collisions with the walls of its container without depolarizing, but the details of its operation remain poorly understood. We apply modern surface and bulk techniques to the study of paraffin coatings in order to characterize the properties that enable the effective preservation of alkali spin polarization. These methods include Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, atomic force microscopy, near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. We also compare the light-induced atomic desorption yields of several different paraffin materials. Experimental results include the determination that crystallinity of the coating material is unnecessary, and the detection of C=C double bonds present within a particular class of effective paraffin coatings. Further study should lead to the development of more robust paraffin antirelaxation coatings, as well as the design and synthesis of new classes of coating materials.
Alkali Metal Cation Affinities of Anionic Main Group-Element Hydrides Across the Periodic Table.
Boughlala, Zakaria; Fonseca Guerra, Célia; Bickelhaupt, F Matthias
We have carried out an extensive exploration of gas-phase alkali metal cation affinities (AMCA) of archetypal anionic bases across the periodic system using relativistic density functional theory at ZORA-BP86/QZ4P//ZORA-BP86/TZ2P. AMCA values of all bases were computed for the lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium cations and compared with the corresponding proton affinities (PA). One purpose of this work is to provide an intrinsically consistent set of values of the 298 K AMCAs of all anionic (XH n-1 - ) constituted by main group-element hydrides of groups 14-17 along the periods 2-6. In particular, we wish to establish the trend in affinity for a cation as the latter varies from proton to, and along, the alkali cations. Our main purpose is to understand these trends in terms of the underlying bonding mechanism using Kohn-Sham molecular orbital theory together with a quantitative bond energy decomposition analyses (EDA). © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Measurement of emittance of metal interface in molten salt
Araki, N.; Makino, A.; Nakamura, Y.
A new technique for measuring the total normal emittance of a metal in a semi-transparent liquid has been proposed and this technique has been applied to measure the emittance of stainless steel (SUS304), nickel, and gold in molten potassium nitrate KNO 3 . These emittance data are indispensable to analyzing the radiative heat transfer between a metal and a semitransparent liquid, such as a molten salt
[Physiological characteristics of Pinus densiflora var. zhangwuensis and Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica seedlings on sandy lands under salt-alkali stresses].
Meng, Peng; Li, Yu-Ling; Zhang, Bai-xi
For the popularization of Pinus densiflora var. zhangwuensis, a new afforestation tree species on the desertified and salinized-alkalized lands in Northern China, and to evaluate the salinity-alkalinity tolerance of the tree species and to better understand the tolerance mechanisms, a pot experiment with 4-year old P. densiflora var. zhangwuensis and P. sylvestris var. mongolica was conducted to study their seedlings growth and physiological and biochemical indices under the effects of three types salt (NaCl, Na2CO3, and NaHCO3 ) stresses and of alkali (NaOH) stress. Under the salt-alkali stresses, the injury level of P. densiflora var. zhangwuensis was lower, and the root tolerance index was higher. The leaf catalase (CAT) activity increased significantly by 22. 6 times at the most, as compared with the control; the leaf malondialdehyde (MDA) content had no significant increase; the leaf chlorophyll (Chl) content had a smaller decrement; and the leaf water content (LWC) increased slightly. P. sylvestris var. mongolica responded differently to the salt-alkali stresses. Its leaf CAT activity had less change, MDA content increased significantly, Chl content had significant decrease, and LWC decreased slightly. It was suggested that P. densi-flora var. zhangwuensis had a greater salinity-alkalinity tolerance than P. sylvestris var. mongolica. The higher iron concentration in P. densiflora var. zhangwuensis needles enhanced the CAT activity and Chl content, whereas the higher concentrations of zinc and copper were associated with the stronger salinity-alkalinity tolerance.
The role of alkali metal cations in the stabilization of guanine quadruplexes: why K(+) is the best.
Zaccaria, F; Paragi, G; Fonseca Guerra, C
The alkali metal ion affinity of guanine quadruplexes has been studied using dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT-D). We have done computational investigations in aqueous solution that mimics artificial supramolecular conditions where guanine bases assemble into stacked quartets as well as biological environments in which telomeric quadruplexes are formed. In both cases, an alkali metal cation is needed to assist self-assembly. Our quantum chemical computations on these supramolecular systems are able to reproduce the experimental order of affinity of the guanine quadruplexes for the cations Li(+), Na(+), K(+), Rb(+), and Cs(+). The strongest binding is computed between the potassium cation and the quadruplex as it occurs in nature. The desolvation and the size of alkali metal cations are thought to be responsible for the order of affinity. Until now, the relative importance of these two factors has remained unclear and debated. By assessing the quantum chemical 'size' of the cation, determining the amount of deformation of the quadruplex needed to accommodate the cation and through the energy decomposition analysis (EDA) of the interaction energy between the cation and the guanines, we reveal that the desolvation and size of the alkali metal cation are both almost equally responsible for the order of affinity.
Study of defectiveness in orthosilicates of alkali earth metals by the method of radiospectroscopy
Bikbau, M.Ya.; Akramov, R.
With a view to investigating the defectiveness of the orthosilicates of alkali-earth metals, the spectra of the electronic paramagnetic resonance of γ-irradiated orthosilicates of Be, Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba have been examined. The spectra are obtained at 77 and 298 K. The maximum concentration and stability of paramagnetic centers is observed on the defects of the crystalline-optical structure of orthosilicates of Sr and Ba, as well as of β-Ca 2 SiO 4 . This is attributed to a great defectiveness of those compounds. On the basis of an analysis of the possible nature of electron and hole paramagnetic centers that are formed in the compounds examined by means of γ-irradiation, it has been suggested to form the electron centers of [M 2+ ]sub(n)sup(e) type. The formation of hole centers has been shown in aluminium used as addition
Gradients of electric fields and effective charges in alkali metal permanganates on NMR data
Tarasov, V.P.; Kirakosyan, G.A.; Meladze, M.A.; German, K.Eh.
Pulse method of 55 Mn, 39 K, 87 Rb, 133 Cs NMR in 7.04 T field was used to study polycrystal permanganates of alkali metals KMnO 4 , RbMnO 4 , CsMnO 4 in 100-440 K range. Qaudrupole bond constants, parameters of tensor asymmetry of electric field gradient (EFG) and isotropic values of chemical shifts were determined in result of analysis of resonance line shape. Cation positions in RbMnO 4 and CsMnO 4 are characterized by two nonequivalent states with 1:1 occupation. Effective charges on oxygen and manganese atoms were calculated in the framework of point charge model, using structural data and experimental EFG values on cation nuclei
The extraction of alkali metal picrates with dibenzo-18-crown-6
Sadakane, Akira; Toei, Kyoji; Iwachido, Tadashi.
The distribution of alkali metal picrate complexes of macrocyclic polyether (dibenzo-18-crown-6) between water and benzene was investigated. The polyether-cation complexes were found to be of a 1:1 stoichiometry. The formation of 2:1 complexes was recognized for Rb and Cs in a large excess of the polyether. The extractability of complex cation-picrate ion-pairs decreases in this sequence: K>Rb>Cs>Na>Li. The values of the extraction constants (log Ksub(ex)) were determined to be 4.65, 3.75, and 3.07 for K, Rb, and Cs compounds respectively. The thermodynamic quantities for the extraction process were calculated from the change in the extraction constants with the temperature. The extraction reactions are all exothermic, accompanied by an entropy decrease. (auth.)
The alkali metal thermoelectric converter /AMTEC/ - A new direct energy conversion technology for aerospace power
Bankston, C. P.; Cole, T.; Jones, R.; Ewell, R.
A thermally regenerative electrochemical device for the direct conversion of heat to electrical energy, the alkali metal thermoelectric converter (AMTEC), is characterized by potential efficiencies on the order of 15-40% and possesses no moving parts, making it a candidate for space power system applications. Device conversion efficiency is projected on the basis of experimental voltage vs current curves exhibiting power densities of 0.7 W/sq cm and measured electrode efficiencies of up to 40%. Preliminary radiative heat transfer measurements presented may be used in an investigation of methods for the reduction of AMTEC parasitic radiation losses. AMTEC assumes heat input and rejection temperatures of 900-1300 K and 400-800 K, respectively. The working fluid is liquid sodium, and the porous electrode employed is of molybdenum.
Solubility and solvation of alkali metal perchlorates, tetramethyl and tetraethylammonium in aqua-ketone solvents
Kireev, A.A.; Pak, T.G.; Bezuglyj, V.D.
The KClO 4 , RbClO 4 , CsClO 4 , (CH 3 ) 4 NClO 4 , (C 2 H 5 ) 4 NClO 4 solubility in water and water-acetone, water-methylethylketone mixtures is determined through the method of isothermal saturation at 298.15 K. Dissociation constants of alkali metals perchlorates in acetone and its 90% mixtures (by volume) are determined conductometrically. Solubility products and standard energies of the Gibbs transfer of the studied electrolytes from water into water-acetone and water-methylethylketone solvents. It is established that the Gibbs standard energies of Na + , K + , Rb + and Cs + cations transfer from water to water-ketone solvents are close to each other. It is shown that the effect of acetone and methylethylketone on solvation of the studied electrolytes is practically similar
Separation of hafnium from zirconium in their tetrachloride solution in molten alkali metal chlorides
Salyulev, A B; Kudyakov, V Ya; Smirnov, M V; Moskalenko, N I [AN SSSR, Sverdlovsk. Inst. Ehlektrokhimii
The coefficient of HfCl/sub 4/ and ZrCl/sub 4/ separation in the process of vapour sublimation from their solutions in molten NaCl, KCl, CsCl, NaCl-KCl and NaCl-CsCl equimolar mixtures is found to vary in the series from approximately 1.10 to approximately 1.22 and practically not to depend on the temperature (in the 600-910 deg) range and concentration (2-25 mol.% ZrCl/sub 4/+HfCl/sub 4/). HfCl/sub 4/ and ZrCl/sub 4/ are shown to form almost perfect solutions with each other, which in their turn form imperfect solutions with molten alkali metal chlorides, with the strength of hafnium complex chloride anions increasing higher than that of zirconium in the series from NaCl to CsCl.
Salyulev, A.B.; Kudyakov, V.Ya.; Smirnov, M.V.; Moskalenko, N.I.
The coefficient of HfCl 4 and ZrCl 4 separation in the process of vapour sublimation from their solutions in molten NaCl, KCl, CsCl, NaCl-KCl and NaCl-CsCl equimolar mixtures is found to vary in the series from approximately 1.10 to approximately 1.22 and practically not to depend on the temperature (in the 600-910 deg) range and concentration (2-25 mol.% ZrCl 4 +HfCl 4 ). HfCl 4 and ZrCl 4 are shown to form almost perfect solutions with each other, which in their turn form imperfect solutions with molten alkali metal chlorides, with the strength of hafnium complex chloride anions increasing higher than that of zirconium in the series from NaCl to CsCl
Thermal behavior of heat-pipe-assisted alkali-metal thermoelectric converters
Lee, Ji-Su; Lee, Wook-Hyun; Chi, Ri-Guang; Chung, Won-Sik; Lee, Kye-Bock; Rhi, Seok-Ho; Jeong, Seon-Yong; Park, Jong-Chan
The alkali-metal thermal-to-electric converter (AMTEC) changes thermal energy directly into electrical energy using alkali metals, such as sodium and potassium, as the working fluid. The AMTEC system primarily consists of beta-alumina solid electrolyte (BASE) tubes, low and high-pressure chambers, an evaporator, and a condenser and work through continuous sodium circulation, similar to conventional heat pipes. When the sodium ions pass through the BASE tubes with ion conductivity, this ion transfer generates electricity. The efficiency of the AMTEC directly depends on the temperature difference between the top and bottom of the system. The optimum design of components of the AMTEC, including the condenser, evaporator, BASE tubes, and artery wick, can improve power output and efficiency. Here, a radiation shield was installed in the low-pressure chamber of the AMTEC and was investigated experimentally and numerically to determine an optimum design for preventing radiation heat loss through the condenser and the wall of AMTEC container. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was carried out to decide the optimum size of the low-pressure chamber. The most suitable height and diameter of the chamber were 270 mm and 180 mm, respectively, with eight BASE tubes, which were 150 mm high, 25 mm in diameter, and 105 mm in concentric diameter. Increasing the temperature ratio ( T Cond /T B ) led to high power output. The minimum dimensionless value (0.4611) for temperature ( T Cond /T B ) appeared when the radiation shield was made of 500-mesh nickel. Simulation results for the best position and shape for the radiation shield, revealed that maximum power was generated when a stainless steel shield was installed in between the BASE tubes and condenser.
Interaction of the model alkyltrimethylammonium ions with alkali halide salts: an explicit water molecular dynamics study
M. Druchok
Full Text Available We present an explicit water molecular dynamics simulation of dilute solutions of model alkyltrimethylammonium surfactant ions (number of methylene groups in the tail is 3, 5, 8, 10, and 12 in mixture with NaF, NaCl, NaBr, and NaI salts, respectively. The SPC/E model is used to describe water molecules. Results of the simulation at 298 K are presented in form of the radial distribution functions between nitrogen and carbon atoms of CH2 groups on the alkyltrimethylammonium ion, and the counterion species in the solution. The running coordination numbers between carbon atoms of surfactants and counterions are also calculated. We show that I- counterion exhibits the highest, and F- the lowest affinity to "bind" to the model surfactants. The results are discussed in view of the available experimental and simulation data for this and similar solutions.
Melting of Uranium Metal Powders with Residual Salts
Jin-Mok Hur; Dae-Seung Kang; Chung-Seok Seo
The Advanced Spent Fuel Conditioning Process (ACP) of the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute focuses on the conditioning of Pressurized Water Reactor spent oxide nuclear fuel. After the oxide reduction step of the ACP, the resultant metal powders containing ∼ 30 wt% residual LiCl-Li 2 O should be melted for a consolidation of the fine metal powders. In this study, we investigated the melting behaviors of uranium metal powders considering the effects of a LiCl-Li 2 O residual salt. (authors)
Hydrogen generation using silicon nanoparticles and their mixtures with alkali metal hydrides
Patki, Gauri Dilip
mole of Si. We compare our silicon nanoparticles (˜10nm diameter) with commercial silicon nanopowder (rate upon decreasing the particle size to 10 nm was even greater than would be expected based upon the increase in surface area. While specific surface area increased by a factor of 6 in going from rate increased by a factor of 150. However, in all cases, silicon requires a base (e.g. NaOH, KOH, hydrazine) to catalyze its reaction with water. Metal hydrides are also promising hydrogen storage materials. The optimum metal hydride would possess high hydrogen storage density at moderate temperature and pressure, release hydrogen safely and controllably, and be stable in air. Alkali metal hydrides have high hydrogen storage density, but exhibit high uncontrollable reactivity with water. In an attempt to control this explosive nature while maintaining high storage capacity, we mixed our silicon nanoparticles with the hydrides. This has dual benefits: (1) the hydride- water reaction produces the alkali hydroxide needed for base-catalyzed silicon oxidation, and (2) dilution with 10nm coating by, the silicon may temper the reactivity of the hydride, making the process more controllable. Initially, we analyzed hydrolysis of pure alkali metal hydrides and alkaline earth metal hydrides. Lithium hydride has particularly high hydrogen gravimetric density, along with faster reaction kinetics than sodium hydride or magnesium hydride. On analysis of hydrogen production we found higher hydrogen yield from the silicon nanoparticle—metal hydride mixture than from pure hydride hydrolysis. The silicon-hydride mixtures using our 10nm silicon nanoparticles produced high hydrogen yield, exceeding the theoretical yield. Some evidence of slowing of the hydride reaction rate upon addition of silicon nanoparticles was observed.
First-principles study of the alkali earth metal atoms adsorption on graphene
Sun, Minglei [School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, Jiangsu (China); Tang, Wencheng, E-mail: 101000185@seu.edu.cn [School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, Jiangsu (China); Ren, Qingqiang [State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan (China); Wang, Sake [Department of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu (China); JinYu [School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, Jiangsu (China); Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallic Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, Jiangsu (China); Du, Yanhui [School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, Jiangsu (China); Zhang, Yajun [Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang (China)
Graphical abstract: - Highlights: • The adsorption of Be and Mg adatoms on graphene is physisorption. • Ca, Sr, and Ba adatoms bond ionically to graphene and the most stable adsorption site for them is hollow site. • The zero band gap semiconductor graphene becomes metallic and magnetic after the adsorption of Ca, Sr, and Ba adatoms. - Abstract: Geometries, electronic structures, and magnetic properties for alkali earth metal atoms absorbed graphene have been studied by first-principle calculations. For Be and Mg atoms, the interactions between the adatom and graphene are weak van der Waals interactions. In comparison, Ca, Sr and Ba atoms adsorption on graphene exhibits strong ionic bonding with graphene. We found that these atoms bond to graphene at the hollow site with a significant binding energy and large electron transfer. It is intriguing that these adatoms may induce important changes in both the electronic and magnetic properties of graphene. Semimetal graphene becomes metallic and magnetic due to n-type doping. Detailed analysis shows that the s orbitals of these adatoms should be responsible for the arising of the magnetic moment. We believe that our results are suitable for experimental exploration and useful for graphene-based nanoelectronic and data storage.
Sun, Minglei; Tang, Wencheng; Ren, Qingqiang; Wang, Sake; JinYu; Du, Yanhui; Zhang, Yajun
The potential for using slags activated with near neutral salts as immobilisation matrices for nuclear wastes containing reactive metals
Bai, Y.; Collier, N. C.; Milestone, N. B.; Yang, C. H.
The UK currently uses composite blends of Portland cement and other inorganic cementitious material such as blastfurnace slag and pulverised fuel ash to encapsulate or immobilise intermediate and low level radioactive wastes. Typically levels up 9:1 blast furnace slag:Portland cement or 4:1 pulverised fuel ash:Portland cement are used. Whilst these systems offer many advantages, their high pH causes corrosion of various metallic intermediate level radioactive wastes. To address this issue, lower pH/weakly alkaline cementitious systems have to be explored. While the blast furnace slag:Portland cement system is referred to as a composite cement system, the underlying reaction is actually an indirect activation of the slag hydration by the calcium hydroxide generated by the cement hydration, and by the alkali ions and gypsum present in the cement. However, the slag also can be activated directly with activators, creating a system known as alkali-activated slag. Whilst these activators used are usually strongly alkaline, weakly alkaline and near neutral salts can also be used. In this paper, the potential for using weakly alkaline and near neutral salts to activate slag in this manner is reviewed and discussed, with particular emphasis placed on the immobilisation of reactive metallic nuclear wastes.
Optical absorption of dilute solutions of metals in molten salts
Senatore, G.; Parrinello, M.; Tosi, M.P. (Trieste Univ. (Italy). Ist. di Fisica Teorica; Gruppo Nazionale di Struttura dell material del CNR, Trieste (Italy); International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste (Italy))
The theory of liquid structure for fluids of charged hard spheres is applied to an evaluation of the F-centre model for valence electrons in metal-molten salt solutions at high dilution. Minimization of the free energy yields the groundstate radius of the elctron bubble and hence the optical excitation energy in a Franck-Condon transition, the shift and broadening of the transition due to fluctuations in the bubble radius, the volume of mixing, and the activity of the salt in the solution.
Effect of alkali metal ions on the pyrrole and pyridine π-electron systems in pyrrole-2-carboxylate and pyridine-2-carboxylate molecules: FT-IR, FT-Raman, NMR and theoretical studies
Świderski, G.; Wojtulewski, S.; Kalinowska, M.; Świsłocka, R.; Lewandowski, W.
The FT-IR, FT-Raman and 1H and 13C NMR spectra of pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid (PCA) and lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and caesium pyrrole-2-carboxylates were recorded, assigned and compared in the Li → Na → K → Rb → Cs salt series. The effect of alkali metal ions on the electronic system of ligands was discussed. The obtained results were compared with previously reported ones for pyridine-2-carboxylic acid and alkali metal pyridine-2-carboxylates. Calculations for pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid and Li, Na, K pyrrole-2-carboxylates in B3LYP/6-311++G ** level and Møller-Plesset method in MP2/6-311++G ** level were made. Bond lengths, angles and dipole moments as well as aromaticity indices (HOMA, EN, GEO, I 6) for the optimized structures of pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid (PCA) and lithium, sodium, potassium pyrrole-2-carboxylates were also calculated. The degree of perturbation of the aromatic system of ligand under the influence of metals in the Li → Cs series was investigated with the use of statistical methods (linear correlation), calculated aromaticity indices and Mulliken, NBO and ChelpG population analysis method. Additionally, the Bader theory (AIM) was applied to setting the characteristic of the bond critical points what confirmed the influence of alkali metals on the pyrrole ring.
Study on corrosion of metal materials in nitrate molten salts
Zhai, Wei; Yang, Bo; Li, Maodong; Li, Shiping; Xin, Mingliang; Zhang, Shuanghong; Huang, Guojia
High temperature molten salts as a heat transfer heat storage medium has been more widely used in the field of concentrated solar thermal power generation. In the thermal heat storage system, metal material stability and performance at high temperatures are of one major limitation in increasing this operating temperature. In this paper, study on corrosion of 321H, 304, 316L, P91 metal materials in modified solar two molten salts. The corrosion kinetics of 304, 316L, 321H, P91 metal material in the modified solar two molten salts at 450°C, 500°C is also investigated. Under the same condition it was found that 304, 321H corroded at a rate of 40% less than P91. Spallation of corrosion products was observed on P91 steel, while no obvious observed on other kinds of stainless steel. Corrosion rates of 304, 321H, and 316L slowly increased with temperature. Oxidation mechanisms little varied with temperature. Corrosion products of metal materials observed at 450°C, 500°C were primarily Fe oxide and Fe, Cr oxide.
Application of molten salts in pyrochemical processing of reactive metals
Mishra, B.; Olson, D.L.; Averill, W.A.
Various mixes of chloride and fluoride salts are used as the media for conducting pyrochemical processes in the production and purification of reactive metals. These processes generate a significant amount of contaminated waste that has to be treated for recycling or disposal. Molten calcium chloride based salt systems have been used in this work to electrolytically regenerate calcium metal from calcium oxide for the in situ reduction of reactive metal oxides. The recovery of calcium is characterized by the process efficiency to overcome back reactions in the electrowinning cell. A thermodynamic analysis, based on fundamental rate theory, has been performed to understand the process parameters controlling the metal deposition, rate, behavior of the ceramic anode-sheath and influence of the back-reactions. It has been observed that the deposition of calcium is dependent on the ionic diffusion through the sheath. It has also been evidenced that the recovered calcium is completely lost through the back-reactions in the absence of a sheath. A practical scenario has also been presented where the electrowon metal can be used in situ as a reductant to reduce another reactive metal oxide
Determination of a various ions such as alkali metals in leaves, stems, roots and seeds of the radish and their distribution
Fujino, Osamu; Matsui, Masakazu.
Determination, uptake and distribution of various ions such as alkali metals in three different parts (leaf, stem and root) and seeds of radish (Kaiware daikon) were examined using flame emission spectrometry and ICP-AES. In order to examine the influence of concentration alkali metal ion concentration in the radish culture solution on the uptake and distribution of these metals, the radish was grown at pH 5.6 in solutions containing alkali metal chloride at concentrations ranging from 10 -5 to 10 -1 mol dm -3 . When the radish were grown in culture solution with alkali metal ions of low concentrations (10 -5 and 10 -4 mol dm -3 ), Na, K, Rb and trace Li were detected in leaves, stems and roots while Cs was scarcely detected. However, the contents of Na, K, Li in these organs were the same as those in radish cultivated in pure water. An increase of Rb uptake was observed with an increased Rb concentration. In the case of high concentrations (10 -3 and 10 -2 mol dm -3 ) of alkali metals in culture solution, the all alkali ions uptake of all alkali ions suddenly accelerated. Moreover, at concentrations higher than 0.1 mol dm -3 , the radish germinated poorly and did not completely mature. (author)
Joining and Performance of Alkali Metal Thermal-to-electric Converter (AMTEC)
Suh, Min-Soo; Lee, Wook-Hyun; Woo, Sang-Kuk [Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon (Korea, Republic of)
The alkali-Metal Thermal-to-electric Converter (AMTEC) is one of the promising static energy conversion technologies for the direct conversion of thermal energy to electrical energy. The advantages over a conventional energy converter are its high theoretical conversion efficiency of 40% and power density of 500 W/kg. The working principle of an AMTEC battery is the electrochemical reaction of the sodium through an ion conducting electrolyte. Sodium ion pass through the hot side of the beta�-alumina solid electrolyte (BASE) primarily as a result of the pressure difference. This pressure difference across the BASE has a significant effect on the overall performance of the AMTEC system. In order to build the high pressure difference across the BASE, hermeticity is required for each joined components for high temperature range of 900°C. The AMTEC battery was manufactured by utilizing robust joining technology of BASE/insulator/metal flange interfaces of the system for both structural and electrical stability. The electrical potential difference between the anode and cathode sides, where the electrons emitted from sodium ionization and recombined into sodium, was characterized as the open-circuit voltage. The efforts of technological improvement were concentrated on a high-power output and conversion efficiency. This paper discusses about the joining and performance of the AMTEC systems.
The impact of alkali metal halide electron donor complexes in the photocatalytic degradation of pentachlorophenol
Khuzwayo, Z., E-mail: zack.khuzwayo@up.ac.za; Chirwa, E.M.N
Highlights: • Facilitation of photocatalysis using simple metal-halides as VB hole scavengers. • Recombination prevention by coupled valence and conduction band approaches. • Determination of anions critical levels beyond which process retardation occurs. • Determination of the photocatalytic process rate of reaction kinetics. - Abstract: The performance of photocatalytic oxidation of chemical pollutants is subjected to the presence of anion complexes in natural waters. This study investigated the influence of alkali metal (Na{sup +} (sodium), K{sup +} (potassium)) halides (Cl{sup −} (chloride), Br{sup −} (bromide), F{sup −} (fluoride)) as inorganic ion sources in the photocatalytic degradation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in batch systems. It was found that the exclusive presence of halides in the absence of an electron acceptor adequately facilitated the photocatalyst process below critical levels of anion populations, where beyond the critical point the process was significantly hindered. Below the determined critical point, the performance in some cases near matches that of the facilitation of the photocatalytic process by exclusive oxygen, acting as an electron scavenger. The coupling of halide ions and oxygenation presented significantly improved photo-oxidation of PCP, this was confirmed by the inclusion of formic acid as a comparative electron donor. The Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic expression was used to calculate the performance rate kinetics. The probable impact of the halide anions was discussed with regards to the process of electron hole pair recombination prevention.
Study of complex amalgams containing alkali metals by method of broken thermometric titration
Filippova, L.M.; Zebreva, A.I.; Espenbetov, A.A.
Complex potassium-cadmium and sodium-cadmium amalgams containing different amounts of the alkali metal nad cadmium have been studied by thermometric titration with mercury. The experiments have been carried out in argon atmosphere at 25 deg C. As evidenced by the titration of sodium-cadmium amalgams, in the range of concentrations studied (Csub(Na)=0.71-2.95, Csub(Cd)=4.38-6.45 g-at/lHg) no solid phase is formed in them. Potassium-cadmium amalgams where the metals content is no higher than their individual solubility in mercury, display, when being mercury-titrated, negative heat effects due to solid phase formation. An estimation is made of the solid phase composition, its solubility in mercury and the heat of dissolution. The solid phase appearing in complex K-Cd amalgams is likely to contain K and Cd in a ratio 1:1 its conventional solubility product is 5.4 g-at/l Hg, and the heat of dissolution in mercury at 25 deg is -21 +-4 kJ/g-at
Potential-modulated intercalation of alkali cations into metal hexacyanoferrate coated electrodes. 1998 annual progress report
Schwartz, D.T.
'This program is studying potential-driven cation intercalation and deintercalation in metal hexacyanoferrate compounds, with the eventual goal of creating materials with high selectivity for cesium separations and long cycle lifetimes. The separation of radiocesium from other benign cations has important implications for the cost of processing a variety of cesium contaminated DOE wasteforms. This report summarizes results after nine months of work. Much of the initial efforts have been directed towards quantitatively characterizing the selectivity of nickel hexacyanoferrate derivatized electrodes for intercalating cesium preferentially over other alkali metal cations. Using energy dispersive xray spectroscopy (ex-situ, but non-destructive) and ICP analysis (ex-situ and destructive), the authors have demonstrated that the nickel hexacyanoferrate lattice has a strong preference for intercalated cesium over sodium. For example, when ions are reversibly loaded into a nickel hexacyanoferrate thin film from a solution containing 0.9999 M Na + and 0.0001 M Cs + , the film intercalates 40% as much Cs + as when loaded from pure 1 M Cs + containing electrolyte (all electrolytes use nitrates as the common anion). The authors have also shown that, contrary to the common assumptions found in the literature, a significant fraction of the thin film is not active initially. A new near infrared laser has been purchased and is being added to the Raman spectroscopy facilities to allow in-situ studies of the intercalation processes.'
Special features of the formation of high-conductivity phases of halides of alkali metals at superhigh pressures
Babushkin, A.N.; Babushkina, G.V.
The halides of alkali metals are the simplest crystals with the ionic nature of chemical bonds and are used widely as modelling materials in high-pressure physics. As a result of previous theoretical and experimental (optical, structural, electro-physical and shock-waves) investigations it was shown that these materials may be characterised by the overlapping of the valency and conduction bands and by the formation of groups of free charge carriers at pressures of the megabaric level. However, the authors know of no data on the direct investigations of the electrophysical properties of the halides of alkali metals at such high static pressures. The end of this investigation was to examine the temperature dependences of the electrical conductivity and thermal EMF of halides of alkali metals AX (A = Na, K, Rb, Cs, X = Cl, Br, I) in a wide temperature range at pressures from 10 to 50 GPa in order to reveal the general leisure since governing the change of their electronic structures, in particular, the transition to the state with the activation-type or metallic conductivity
Validation of ion chromatography for the determination of transition metal ions along with alkali, alkaline earth metal elements for uranium oxide fuel
Kelkar, Anoop; Prakash, Amrit; Afzal, Mohd.; Panakkal, J.P.
The present report describes the use of Ion chromatography (IC) methods with spectrophotometric and direct conductivity detection for the determination of transition metal elements and alkali alkaline earth metal ions in UO 2 pellets. Transmet analytical column and Metrosep- cation 1-2 column were used for the separation of transition metal elements and alkali and alkaline earth metal elements respectively. Oxalic acid and mixture of pyridine 2,6-dicarboxylic acid (PDCA), Na 2 SO 4 and NaCl were used as mobile phase for the separation of transition metal ions and monitored after post - column reaction with 4,2-pyridylazo resorcinol (PAR) at 520nm spectrophotometrically. In the determination of alkali and alkaline earth metal ions the interference of transition metals are removed by complexing them with PDCA. Mixture of tartaric acid and PDCA employed in the separation of alkali and alkaline earth metal ions and monitored on direct conductivity detector. Mobile phase composition was optimised for the base line separation. Calibration plots of Fe 3+ , Cu 2+ , Ni 2+ , Co 2+ , Cd 2+ , Mn 2+ , Li + , Na + , K + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ and Sr 2+ were linear over a wide dynamic range with regression coefficient better than 0.999. Detection limit of above ions were between 5-30ppb. To prevent the overloading of the cation exchange column, uranium matrix was removed from UO 2 sample by solvent extraction with 30% TBP - TOPO/CCl 4 . Ten sintered UO2 pellets of same lot were analysed and R.S.D. ±10% was obtained. These methods were validated by analysis of ILCE standards of UO 2 . (author)
Ground state of the polar alkali-metal-atom-strontium molecules: Potential energy curve and permanent dipole moment
Guerout, R.; Aymar, M.; Dulieu, O.
In this study, we investigate the structure of the polar alkali-metal-atom-strontium diatomic molecules as possible candidates for the realization of samples of ultracold polar molecular species not yet investigated experimentally. Using a quantum chemistry approach based on effective core potentials and core polarization potentials, we model these systems as effective three-valence-electron systems, allowing for calculation of electronic properties with full configuration interaction. The potential curve and the permanent dipole moment of the 2 Σ + ground state are determined as functions of the internuclear distance for LiSr, NaSr, KSr, RbSr, and CsSr molecules. These molecules are found to exhibit a significant permanent dipole moment, though smaller than those of the alkali-metal-atom-Rb molecules.
Poly(vinyl chloride) membrane alkali metal ion-selective electrodes based on crystalline synthetic zeolite of the Faujasite type
Aghai, H.; Giahi, M.; Arvand Barmehi, M.
Potentiometric electrodes based on the incorporation of zeolite particle in to poly (vinyl chloride) (pvc) membranes are described. The electrodes characteristics are evaluated regarding the response towards alkali ions. Pvc membranes plasticised with dibutyl phthalate and without lipophilic additives (co-exchanger) were used throughout this study. The electrode exhibits a Nernst ion response over the alkali metal cations concentration a range of 1.0x10 - 4 - 1.0 x 10 1 M with a slop of 57.0 ± 0.9 mV per decade of concentration a working ph range (3.0- 9.0) and a fast response time (≤15 c). The selective coefficients for cesium ion as test species with respect to alkaline earth, ammonium and some heavy metal ions were determined. Zeolite-PVC electrodes were applied to the determination of ionic surfactant
Alkali metals effect on the diffusion mobility of fluorine base of GaF3 and IF3
Bakhvalov, S.G.; Livshits, A.I.; Shubin, A.A.; Petrova, E.M.
The structure of fluoride glasses on the basis of GaF 3 and InF 3 is studied. The glass lattice bond, i.e. its uniformity or nonuniformity, was analyzed through introduction of alkali metal (LiF, NaF, RbF, CsF) into the composition of fluoride glasses. The consecutive replacement of a modification by alkali metal fluorides made it possible to establish the nonuniformity of the glass-forming lattice by studying through the NMR 19 F method. It may be confirmed by comparing the fluorine ions dynamic behavior in the glasses, based on the indium and gallium trifluorides, that the glass fluorine subsystem on the In basis is more mobile [ru
Amperometric Ion-Selective Electrode for Alkali Metal Cations Based on a Room-Temperature Ionic Liquid Membrane
Langmaier, Jan; Trojánek, AntonÃn; Samec, ZdenÄ›k
Ro�. 21, 17-18 (2009), s. 1977-1983 ISSN 1040-0397 R&D Projects: GA MŠk ME08098; GA AV ČR IAA400400704 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z40400503 Keywords : room-temperature ionic liquid * alkali metals * Crown ether * cyclic voltammetry * amperometric ion-selective elkectrode Subject RIV: CG - Electrochemistry Impact factor: 2.630, year: 2009
Preparation of Cyclic Urethanes from Amino Alcohols and Carbon Dioxide Using Ionic Liquid Catalysts with Alkali Metal Promoters
Masahiko Arai; Hisanori Senboku; Hiroshi Kanamaru; Shin-ichiro Fujita
Several ionic liquids were applied as catalysts for the synthesis of cyclic urethanes from amino alcohols and pressurized CO2 in the presence of alkali metal compounds as promoters. A comparative study was made for the catalytic performance using different ionic liquids, substrates, promoters, and pressures. The optimum catalytic system was BMIM-Br promoted by K2CO3, which, for 1-amino-2-propanol, produced cyclic urethane in 40% yield with a smaller yield of substituted cyclic ...
Alkali Metal Ion Complexes with Phosphates, Nucleotides, Amino Acids, and Related Ligands of Biological Relevance. Their Properties in Solution.
Crea, Francesco; De Stefano, Concetta; Foti, Claudia; Lando, Gabriele; Milea, Demetrio; Sammartano, Silvio
Alkali metal ions play very important roles in all biological systems, some of them are essential for life. Their concentration depends on several physiological factors and is very variable. For example, sodium concentrations in human fluids vary from quite low (e.g., 8.2 mmol dm(-3) in mature maternal milk) to high values (0.14 mol dm(-3) in blood plasma). While many data on the concentration of Na(+) and K(+) in various fluids are available, the information on other alkali metal cations is scarce. Since many vital functions depend on the network of interactions occurring in various biofluids, this chapter reviews their complex formation with phosphates, nucleotides, amino acids, and related ligands of biological relevance. Literature data on this topic are quite rare if compared to other cations. Generally, the stability of alkali metal ion complexes of organic and inorganic ligands is rather low (usually log K  Na(+) > K(+) > Rb(+) > Cs(+). For example, for citrate it is: log K ML = 0.88, 0.80, 0.48, 0.38, and 0.13 at 25 °C and infinite dilution. Some considerations are made on the main aspects related to the difficulties in the determination of weak complexes. The importance of the alkali metal ion complexes was also studied in the light of modelling natural fluids and in the use of these cations as probes for different processes. Some empirical relationships are proposed for the dependence of the stability constants of Na(+) complexes on the ligand charge, as well as for correlations among log K values of NaL, KL or LiL species (L = generic ligand).
Research Investigation Directed Toward Extending the Useful Range of the Electromagnetic Spectrum. [atomic spectra and electronic structure of alkali metals
Hartmann, S. R.; Happer, W.
The report discusses completed and proposed research in atomic and molecular physics conducted at the Columbia Radiation Laboratory from July 1972 to June 1973. Central topics described include the atomic spectra and electronic structure of alkali metals and helium, molecular microwave spectroscopy, the resonance physics of photon echoes in some solid state systems (including Raman echoes, superradiance, and two photon absorption), and liquid helium superfluidity.
Effect of thermal annealing on the redistribution of alkali metals in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells on glass substrate
Kamikawa, Yukiko; Nishinaga, Jiro; Ishizuka, Shogo; Tayagaki, Takeshi; Guthrey, Harvey; Shibata, Hajime; Matsubara, Koji; Niki, Shigeru
The precise control of alkali-metal concentrations in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells via post deposition treatment (PDT) has recently attracted attention. When PDT is performed at an elevated temperature, an accompanying annealing effect is expected. Here, we investigate how thermal annealing affects the redistribution of alkali metals in CIGS solar cells on glass substrates and the properties of the solar cells. In addition, we investigate the origin of non-homogeneous alkali-metal depth profiles that are typical of CIGS grown using a three-stage process. In particular, we use secondary-ion mass spectrometry measurements of the ion concentration as a function of distance from the CIGS surface to investigate the impact of thermal annealing on the distribution of alkali metals (Na, Ka, and Rb) and constituent elements (Ga and In) in the CIGS absorbers. We find that the depth profiles of the alkali metals strongly reflect the density of sites that tend to accommodate alkali metals, i.e., vacancies. Annealing at elevated temperature caused a redistribution of the alkali metals. The thermal-diffusion kinetics of alkali metals depends strongly on the species involved. We introduced low flux potassium fluoride (KF) to study a side effect of KF-PDT, i.e., Na removal from CIGS, separately from its predominant effects such as surface modification. When sufficient amounts of Na are supplied from the soda lime glass via annealing at an elevated temperature, the negative effect was not apparent. Conversely, when the Na supply was not sufficient, it caused a deterioration of the photovoltaic properties.
Guthrey, Harvey L [National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States); Kamikawa, Yukiko [National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); Nishinaga, Jiro [National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); Ishizuka, Shogo [National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); Tayagaki, Takeshi [National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); Shibata, Hajime [National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); Matsubara, Koji [National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); Niki, Shigeru [National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
Catalytic Conversion of Dihydroxyacetone to Lactic Acid Using Metal Salts in Water
Rasrendra, Carolus B.; Fachri, Boy A.; Makertihartha, I. Gusti B. N.; Adisasmito, Sanggono; Heeres, Hero J.
We herein present a study on the application of homogeneous catalysts in the form of metal salts on the conversion of trioses, such as dihydroxyacetone (DHA), and glyceraldehyde (GLY) to lactic acid (LA) in water. A wide range of metal salts (26 in total) were examined. Al(III) salts were identified
Liu Xuan, E-mail: liu.x.ad@m.titech.ac.jp; Ito, Haruhiko [Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology (Japan); Torikai, Eiko [Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi (Japan)
We calculate the different geometric isomers of spin clusters composed of a small number of alkali-metal atoms using the UB3LYP density-functional method. The electron density distribution of clusters changes according to the value of total spin. Steric structures as well as planar structures arise when the number of atoms increases. The lowest spin state is the most stable and Li{sub n}, Na{sub n}, K{sub n}, Rb{sub n}, and Cs{sub n} with n = 2-8 can be formed in higher spin states. In the highest spin state, the preparation of clusters depends on the kind and the number of constituent atoms. The interaction energy between alkali-metal atoms and rare-gas atoms is smaller than the binding energy of spin clusters. Consequently, it is possible to self-organize the alkali-metal-atom clusters on a non-wetting substrate coated with rare-gas atoms.
Element specificity of ortho-positronium annihilation for alkali-metal loaded SiO2 glasses.
Sato, K; Hatta, T
Momentum distributions associated with ortho-positronium (o-Ps) pick-off annihilation photon are often influenced by light elements, as, e.g., carbon, oxygen, and fluorine. This phenomenon, so-called element specificity of o-Ps pick-off annihilation, has been utilized for studying the elemental environment around the open spaces. To gain an insight into the element specificity of o-Ps pick-off annihilation, the chemical shift of oxygen 1s binding energy and the momentum distributions associated with o-Ps pick-off annihilation were systematically investigated for alkali-metal loaded SiO2 glasses by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and positron-age-momentum correlation spectroscopy, respectively. Alkali metals introduced into the open spaces surrounded by oxygen atoms cause charge transfer from alkali metals to oxygen atoms, leading to the lower chemical shift for the oxygen 1s binding energy. The momentum distribution of o-Ps localized into the open spaces is found to be closely correlated with the oxygen 1s chemical shift. This correlation with the deepest 1s energy level evidences that the element specificity of o-Ps originates from pick-off annihilation with orbital electrons, i.e., dominantly with oxygen 2p valence electrons and s electrons with lower probability.
Biodiesel production using alkali earth metal oxides catalysts synthesized by sol-gel method
Majid Mohadesi
Full Text Available Biodiesel fuel is considered as an alternative to diesel fuel. This fuel is produced through transesterification reactions of vegetable oils or animal fat by alcohols in the presence of different catalysts. Recent studies on this process have shown that, basic heterogeneous catalysts have a higher performance than other catalysts. In this study different alkali earth metal oxides (CaO, MgO and BaO doped SiO2 were used as catalyst for the biodiesel production process. These catalysts were synthesis by using the sol-gel method. A transesterification reaction was studied after 8h by mixing corn oil, methanol (methanol to oil molar ratio of 16:1, and 6 wt. % catalyst (based on oil at 60oC and 600rpm. Catalyst loading was studied for different catalysts ranging in amounts from 40, 60 to 80%. The purity and yield of the produced biodiesel for 60% CaO/SiO2 was higher than other catalysts and at 97.3% and 82.1%, respectively.
Alkali Metal Modification of Silica Gel-Based Stationary Phase in Gas Chromatography
Ashraf Yehia El-Naggar
Full Text Available Modification of the precipitated silica gel was done by treatment with alkali metal (NaCl before and after calcination. The silica surfaces before and after modification were confirmed by infrared spectroscopy in order to observe the strength and abundance of the acidic surface OH group bands which play an important role in the adsorption properties of polar and nonpolar solutes. The surface-modified silica gels were tested as GC solid stationary phases in terms of the separation efficiency for various groups of non-polar and polar solutes. Also, thermodynamic parameters (ΔH, ΔG, and ΔS were determined using n-hexane as a probe in order to show the adsorbate-adsorbent interaction. It was observed that the non-polar solutes could be separated Independent on the reactivity and porosity of the silica surfaces. The efficiency of the surface-modified silica gels to separate the aromatic hydrocarbons seemed to be strongly influenced by the density of the surface hydroxyls.
The characterisation of vapour-phase alkali metal-tellurium-oxygen species
Gomme, R.A.; Ogden, J.S.; Bowsher, B.R.
Detailed assessments of hypothetical severe accidents in light water reactors require the identification of the chemical forms of the radionuclides in order to determine their transport characteristics. Caesium and tellurium are important volatile fission products in accident scenarios. This report describes detailed studies to characterise the chemical species that vaporise from heated mixtures of various alkali metal-tellurium-oxygen systems. The molecular species were characterised by a combination of quadrupole mass spectrometry and matrix isolation-infrared spectroscopy undertaken in conjunction with experiments involving oxygen-18 substitution. The resulting spectra were interpreted in terms of a vapour-phase molecule with the stoichiometry M 2 TeO 3 (M = K,Rb,Cs) for M/Te molecular ratios of ∼ 2, and polymeric species for ratios < 2. This work has demonstrated the stability of caesium tellurite. The formation of this relatively low-volatility, water-soluble species could significantly modify the transport and release of caesium and tellurium. The data presented in this report should allow more comprehensive thermodynamic calculations to be undertaken that assist in the quantification of fission product behaviour during severe reactor accidents. (author)
Cobalt(2) and nickel(2) tris-acetylacetonates with alkali metal cations in outer sphere
Steblyanko, A.Yu.; Grigor'ev, A.N.; Martynenko, L.I.
Anhydrous tris-acetylacetonates of Co(2) and Ni(2) with alkali metal cations in outer sphere were synthesized and investigated by different physicochemical methods. Chemical analysis and IR-spectroscopy show, that complex composition corresponds to the formula Eh[MA 3 ] (where Eh + - Li + , Na + , K + , Rb + , Cs + ; M - Co(2), Ni(2); A - - acetyacetonate-ion). Eh[MA 3 ] heating in vacuum leads to transition of volatile Co(2) and Ni(2) acetylacetonates to gaseous phase. The data of photoelectron spectroscopy and vacuum sublimation show, that Li[MA 3 ] is transformed to gaseous phase congruently and only partially dissociates to EhA and MA 2 . Li[MA 3 ] and Cs[MA 3 ] are characterized by the lowest thermal stability at atmospheric pressure. Low stability of Li[MA 3 ] is related with detachment of one of A - radical from [MA 3 ] complex anion by Li + cation under conditions, when LiA and Li[MA 3 ] are volatile. 11 refs.; 2 figs.; 3 tabs
The influence of alkali metal impurities on the uranium dioxide hydrofluorination reaction
Ponelis, A.A.
The effect alkali metal impurities (sodium and potassium) in the uranium dioxide (UO 2 ) feed material have on the conversion to uraniumtetrafluoride (UF 4 ) was examined. A direct correlation exists between impurity level and sintering with concomitant reduced conversion. The sintering mechanism is attributable to decreased specific surface area. The typical 'die-off' of reaction or conversion can be explained in terms of increased particle growth rather than an arbitray zero porosity function. Hydrofluorination temperatures varied from 250 to 650 degrees C using pellets varying in size from 0.42 mm to 10 mm. Scanning electron microscope photographs show clearly the particle or grain growth in the pellet as well as the increased size with impurity level. A new dimensionless constant, N KP , is defined to facilitate explanation of the reaction as a function of pellet radius. N KP is defined as the ratio of pellet diffusion resistance to particle diffusion resistance of the reacting HF gas. At high values of this number (N KP >40) the conversion is limited to the outer periphery of the pellet while at low values (N KP KP at higher reaction temperatures which means that the particle diffusion resistance increases with increasing impurity level and results in easier sintering of these materials. 53 refs., 206 figs., 94 tabs
Alkali Metal Cation versus Proton and Methyl Cation Affinities: Structure and Bonding Mechanism.
We have analyzed the structure and bonding of gas-phase Cl-X and [HCl-X](+) complexes for X(+)= H(+), CH3 (+), Li(+), and Na(+), using relativistic density functional theory (DFT). We wish to establish a quantitative trend in affinities of the anionic and neutral Lewis bases Cl(-) and HCl for the various cations. The Cl-X bond becomes longer and weaker along X(+) = H(+), CH3 (+), Li(+), and Na(+). Our main purpose is to understand the heterolytic bonding mechanism behind the intrinsic (i.e., in the absence of solvent) alkali metal cation affinities (AMCA) and how this compares with and differs from those of the proton affinity (PA) and methyl cation affinity (MCA). Our analyses are based on Kohn-Sham molecular orbital (KS-MO) theory in combination with a quantitative energy decomposition analysis (EDA) that pinpoints the importance of the different features in the bonding mechanism. Orbital overlap appears to play an important role in determining the trend in cation affinities.
Recent advances in Alkali Metal Thermoelectric Converter (AMTEC) electrode performance and modeling. [for space power systems
Bankston, C. P.; Williams, R. M.; Jeffries-Nakamura, B.; Loveland, M. E.; Underwood, M. L.
The Alkali Metal Thermoelectric Converter (AMTEC) is a direct energy conversion device, utilizing a high sodium vapor pressure or activity ratio across a beta-double prime-alumina solid electrolyte (BASE). This paper describes progress on the remaining scientific issue which must be resolved to demonstrate AMTEC feasibility for space power systems: a stable, high power density electrode. Two electrode systems have recently been discovered at JPL that now have the potential to meet space power requirements. One of these is a very thin sputtered molybdenum film, less than 0.5 micron thick, with overlying current collection grids. This electrode has experimentally demonstrated stable performance at 0.4-0.5 W/sq cm for hundreds of hours. Recent modeling results show that at least 0.7 W/sq cm can be achieved. The model of electrode performance now includes all loss mechanisms, including charge transfer resistances at the electrode/electrolyte interface. A second electrode composition, cosputtered platinum/tungsten, has demonstrated 0.8 W/sq cm for 160 hours. Systems studies show that a stable electrode performance of 0.6 W/sq cm will enable high efficiency space power systems.
Oxygen redox chemistry without excess alkali-metal ions in Na2/3[Mg0.28Mn0.72]O2.
Maitra, Urmimala; House, Robert A; Somerville, James W; Tapia-Ruiz, Nuria; Lozano, Juan G; Guerrini, Niccoló; Hao, Rong; Luo, Kun; Jin, Liyu; Pérez-Osorio, Miguel A; Massel, Felix; Pickup, David M; Ramos, Silvia; Lu, Xingye; McNally, Daniel E; Chadwick, Alan V; Giustino, Feliciano; Schmitt, Thorsten; Duda, Laurent C; Roberts, Matthew R; Bruce, Peter G
The search for improved energy-storage materials has revealed Li- and Na-rich intercalation compounds as promising high-capacity cathodes. They exhibit capacities in excess of what would be expected from alkali-ion removal/reinsertion and charge compensation by transition-metal (TM) ions. The additional capacity is provided through charge compensation by oxygen redox chemistry and some oxygen loss. It has been reported previously that oxygen redox occurs in O 2p orbitals that interact with alkali ions in the TM and alkali-ion layers (that is, oxygen redox occurs in compounds containing Li + -O(2p)-Li + interactions). Na 2/3 [Mg 0.28 Mn 0.72 ]O 2 exhibits an excess capacity and here we show that this is caused by oxygen redox, even though Mg 2+ resides in the TM layers rather than alkali-metal (AM) ions, which demonstrates that excess AM ions are not required to activate oxygen redox. We also show that, unlike the alkali-rich compounds, Na 2/3 [Mg 0.28 Mn 0.72 ]O 2 does not lose oxygen. The extraction of alkali ions from the alkali and TM layers in the alkali-rich compounds results in severely underbonded oxygen, which promotes oxygen loss, whereas Mg 2+ remains in Na 2/3 [Mg 0.28 Mn 0.72 ]O 2 , which stabilizes oxygen.
Design and Test of Advanced Thermal Simulators for an Alkali Metal-Cooled Reactor Simulator
Garber, Anne E.; Dickens, Ricky E.
The Early Flight Fission Test Facility (EFF-TF) at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) has as one of its primary missions the development and testing of fission reactor simulators for space applications. A key component in these simulated reactors is the thermal simulator, designed to closely mimic the form and function of a nuclear fuel pin using electric heating. Continuing effort has been made to design simple, robust, inexpensive thermal simulators that closely match the steady-state and transient performance of a nuclear fuel pin. A series of these simulators have been designed, developed, fabricated and tested individually and in a number of simulated reactor systems at the EFF-TF. The purpose of the thermal simulators developed under the Fission Surface Power (FSP) task is to ensure that non-nuclear testing can be performed at sufficiently high fidelity to allow a cost-effective qualification and acceptance strategy to be used. Prototype thermal simulator design is founded on the baseline Fission Surface Power reactor design. Recent efforts have been focused on the design, fabrication and test of a prototype thermal simulator appropriate for use in the Technology Demonstration Unit (TDU). While designing the thermal simulators described in this paper, effort were made to improve the axial power profile matching of the thermal simulators. Simultaneously, a search was conducted for graphite materials with higher resistivities than had been employed in the past. The combination of these two efforts resulted in the creation of thermal simulators with power capacities of 2300-3300 W per unit. Six of these elements were installed in a simulated core and tested in the alkali metal-cooled Fission Surface Power Primary Test Circuit (FSP-PTC) at a variety of liquid metal flow rates and temperatures. This paper documents the design of the thermal simulators, test program, and test results.
Effects of alkali and alkaline earth metals on nitrogen release during temperature programmed pyrolysis of coal
Ohtsuka, Y.; Wu, Z.; Furimsky, E. [Tohoku University, Sendai (Japan). Inst. for Chemical Reaction Science
The paper reports that the formation of HCN, NH{sub 3} and N{sub 2} during fixed-bed pyrolysis at 10 K min{sup -1} has been studied using coal samples after partial demineralization followed by addition of metal hydroxides from aqueous systems. Without additives, NH{sub 3} is the predominant product at {le} 700{degree}C, showing the two peaks in the formation rate profile, whereas N{sub 2} is the only product at {ge} 800{degree}C. The presence of NaOH, KOH and Ca(OH){sub 2} promotes considerable NH{sub 3} formation between 450 and 600{degree}C, but in contrast suppresses HCN formation in this region. The Ca shows the largest effect on both the promotion and suppression. It is likely that the NH{sub 3} increased by Ca addition arises partly from HCN, but mainly from secondary reactions of tar-N. These hydroxides affect N{sub 2} formation in quite different manners: the Na decreases the rate between 700 and 950{degree}C, and the K changes it less significantly than the Na, but the Ca remarkably increases the rate in a low temperature region of 550-700{degree}C. These different features are discussed in terms of solid-phase reactions of alkali metal carbonates with char-N and secondary decomposition reactions of tar-N on CaO particles. As a result, total conversion of coal-N to HCN, NH{sub 3} and N{sub 2} up to 1000{degree}C increases in the sequence of Na {lt} none {lt} K {lt} Ca. 40 refs., 10 figs., 2 tabs.
Conductivity Measurements of Alkali Metal Thiocyanates in Water-Methanol Mixtures; Mizu-metanoru kongoyoubai ni okeru arukari kinzoku chioshiansan`en no denki dendodo sokutei
Kubota, Eiji.; Horimoto, Sanaki. [Shinshu University, Nagano (Japan). Faculty of Science
The counductivity of several alkali nmetal thiocyanates in water-methanol mixtures was measured at 25degreeC. the data were analyzed using Lee-Wheaton theory for symmetrical electroyers to cbtain ion association constant, K{sub A}, limiting molar sonductivity, {Lambda}{sub 0}, and limiting ionic molar conductivity, lamnda{sub 0}{+-}. In all the solvent systems, calculated{lambda}{sub 0}{sup +} values of the alkali metal ions increase in the order L{sub i}{sup +}alkali metal ions and thiocyanate ion showed a minimum when the molar fraction of methanol was ca.0.4. The changes in {lambda}{sub 0}{+-} of these alkali metal ions and thiocyanate ion with the molar fraction of methanol agree with change in the viscosity of the solvent or the heat of mixing of wateer-methanol mixtures. These alkali metal thiocyanates from little or no ion aggregated in water and water-methanol mixtures. These alkali metal thiocyanates K{sub A}=15-24 dm{sup 3} mol{sub -1} in methanol. (author)
Tunable electronic and magnetic properties in germanene by alkali, alkaline-earth, group III and 3d transition metal atom adsorption.
Li, Sheng-shi; Zhang, Chang-wen; Ji, Wei-xiao; Li, Feng; Wang, Pei-ji; Hu, Shu-jun; Yan, Shi-shen; Liu, Yu-shen
We performed first-principles calculations to study the adsorption characteristics of alkali, alkali-earth, group III, and 3d transition-metal (TM) adatoms on germanene. We find that the adsorption of alkali or alkali-earth adatoms on germanene has minimal effects on geometry of germanene. The significant charge transfer from alkali adatoms to germanene leads to metallization of germanene, whereas alkali-earth adatom adsorption, whose interaction is a mixture of ionic and covalent, results in semiconducting behavior with an energy gap of 17-29 meV. For group III adatoms, they also bind germanene with mixed covalent and ionic bonding character. Adsorption characteristics of the transition metals (TMs) are rather complicated, though all TM adsorptions on germanene exhibit strong covalent bonding with germanene. The main contributions to the strong bonding are from the hybridization between the TM 3d and Ge pz orbitals. Depending on the induced-TM type, the adsorbed systems can exhibit metallic, half-metallic, or semiconducting behavior. Also, the variation trends of the dipole moment and work function with the adsorption energy across the different adatoms are discussed. These findings may provide a potential avenue to design new germanene-based devices in nanoelectronics.
Lethal action of soluble metallic salts on fishes
Carpenter, K E
A study of pollution of Welsh rivers by lead-mine effluents revealed the fact that fishes were killed by the action of soluble salts of lead, which proved lethal at concentrations so low as pb i : 3,000,000. A physiological investigation of the action of lead-salts revealed the following facts: the action does not correspond to the normal toxic type. The graph of survival-times in different concentrations closely follows the equation: K = i/t log i/conc. The speed of the reaction is dependent upon the total quantity of metallic ion present, as well as upon the actual concentrations. The speed of the reaction varies in inverse relation to the size and weight of fishes employed. The most marked symptom is the formation of a film over gills and skin, by interaction of the metallic ion with a mucus-constituent. Death by suffocation is the final result. Where insufficient lead ion is present, the film is shed off, and complete recovery takes place. The speed of the reaction varies in direct relation to the temperature. Chemical analysis of residues shows that no trace of metallic ion penetrates into the body itself. The action is thus held to be purely external in process, chemical in type, and mechanical in effect; i.e., it is not a toxic action in the ordinary sense of the term. The action of soluble salts of zinc, iron, copper, cadmium, and mercury is shown to follow the same law as that of lead. Attention is directed to the economic importance of the facts, in connection with the pollution of rivers.
Dilute acid/metal salt hydrolysis of lignocellulosics
Nguyen, Quang A.; Tucker, Melvin P.
A modified dilute acid method of hydrolyzing the cellulose and hemicellulose in lignocellulosic material under conditions to obtain higher overall fermentable sugar yields than is obtainable using dilute acid alone, comprising: impregnating a lignocellulosic feedstock with a mixture of an amount of aqueous solution of a dilute acid catalyst and a metal salt catalyst sufficient to provide higher overall fermentable sugar yields than is obtainable when hydrolyzing with dilute acid alone; loading the impregnated lignocellulosic feedstock into a reactor and heating for a sufficient period of time to hydrolyze substantially all of the hemicellulose and greater than 45% of the cellulose to water soluble sugars; and recovering the water soluble sugars.
Effect of metallic Si addition on polymerization degree of in situ foamed alkali-aluminosilicates
Medri, V.; Papa, E.; DÄ›deÄ�ek, JiÅ™Ã; Jirglová, Hana; Benito, P.; Vaccari, A.; Landi, E.
Ro�. 39, �. 7 (2013), s. 7657-7668 ISSN 0272-8842 Institutional support: RVO:61388955 Keywords : B. porosity * alkali-bonded ceramics * geopolymerization Subject RIV: CF - Physical ; Theoretical Chemistry Impact factor: 2.086, year: 2013
40 CFR 721.2098 - Aliphatic polycarboxylic acid metal salt (generic).
... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Aliphatic polycarboxylic acid metal... Specific Chemical Substances § 721.2098 Aliphatic polycarboxylic acid metal salt (generic). (a) Chemical... as an aliphatic polycarboxylic acid metal salt (PMN P-01-7) is subject to reporting under this...
Hydrogen production coupled to nuclear waste treatment: the safe treatment of alkali metals through a well-demonstrated process
Rahier, A.; Mesrobian, G.
In 1992, the United Nations emphasised the urgent need to act against the perpetuation of disparities between and within nations, the worsening of poverty, hunger, ill health and illiteracy and the continuing deterioration of ecosystems on which we depend for our well-being. In this framework, taking into account the preservation of both worldwide energy resources and ecosystems, the use of nuclear energy to produce clean energy carriers, such as hydrogen, is undoubtedly advisable. However, coping fully with the Agenda 21 statements requires defining adequate treatment processes for nuclear wastes. This paper discusses the possible use of a well-demonstrated process to convert radioactively contaminated alkali metals into sodium hydroxide while producing hydrogen. We conclude that a synergy between Chlor-Alkali specialists and nuclear specialists may help find an acceptable solution for radioactively contaminated sodium waste. (author)
Influence of N-O chemistry on the excitation of alkali metals by a non-transferred DC plasma jet
Haeyrinen, Ville; Oikari, Risto; Hernberg, Rolf
Excitation of Na(3p) and K(4p) states by a high velocity non-transferred direct current plasma jet was studied. A turbulent nitrogen plasma jet was discharged into an atmosphere consisting of nitrogen and oxygen, laden with trace amounts of alkali. The line reversal temperatures of Na and K depend on the molar fraction of oxygen and may deviate considerably from the gas temperature. The reaction pressure was 0.1 MPa. The measured line reversal temperatures were reproduced by a simple chemical model. At temperatures near 2000 K non-equilibrium is caused by association of nitrogen atoms by the Zeldovich mechanism, which affects the vibrational temperature of nitrogen molecules. Near 1000 K excitation may also take place due to a chemiluminescent mechanism between alkali metals and ozone
Thermal Emission of Alkali Metal Ions from Al30-Pillared Montmorillonite Studied by Mass Spectrometric Method.
Motalov, V B; Karasev, N S; Ovchinnikov, N L; Butman, M F
The thermal emission of alkali metal ions from Al 30 -pillared montmorillonite in comparison with its natural form was studied by mass spectrometry in the temperature range 770-930 K. The measurements were carried out on a magnetic mass spectrometer MI-1201. For natural montmorillonite, the densities of the emission currents ( j ) decrease in the mass spectrum in the following sequence (T = 805 K, A/cm 2 ): K + (4.55 · 10 -14 ), Cs + (9.72 · 10 -15 ), Rb + (1.13 · 10 -15 ), Na + (1.75 · 10 -16 ), Li + (3.37 · 10 -17 ). For Al 30 -pillared montmorillonite, thermionic emission undergoes temperature-time changes. In the low-temperature section of the investigated range (770-805 K), the value of j increases substantially for all ions in comparison with natural montmorillonite (T = 805 K, A/cm 2 ): Cs + (6.47 · 10 -13 ), K + (9.44 · 10 -14 ), Na + (3.34 · 10 -15 ), Rb + (1.77 · 10 -15 ), and Li + (4.59 · 10 -16 ). A reversible anomaly is observed in the temperature range 805-832 K: with increasing temperature, the value of j of alkaline ions falls abruptly. This effect increases with increasing ionic radius of M + . After a long heating-up period, this anomaly disappears and the ln j - 1/ T dependence acquires a classical linear form. The results are interpreted from the point of view of the dependence of the efficiency of thermionic emission on the phase transformations of pillars.
Thermal Emission of Alkali Metal Ions from Al30-Pillared Montmorillonite Studied by Mass Spectrometric Method
V. B. Motalov
Full Text Available The thermal emission of alkali metal ions from Al30-pillared montmorillonite in comparison with its natural form was studied by mass spectrometry in the temperature range 770–930 K. The measurements were carried out on a magnetic mass spectrometer MI-1201. For natural montmorillonite, the densities of the emission currents (j decrease in the mass spectrum in the following sequence (T = 805 K, A/cm2: K+ (4.55 · 10−14, Cs+ (9.72 · 10−15, Rb+ (1.13 · 10−15, Na+ (1.75 · 10−16, Li+ (3.37 · 10−17. For Al30-pillared montmorillonite, thermionic emission undergoes temperature-time changes. In the low-temperature section of the investigated range (770–805 K, the value of j increases substantially for all ions in comparison with natural montmorillonite (T = 805 K, A/cm2: Cs+ (6.47 · 10−13, K+ (9.44 · 10−14, Na+ (3.34 · 10−15, Rb+ (1.77 · 10−15, and Li+ (4.59 · 10−16. A reversible anomaly is observed in the temperature range 805–832 K: with increasing temperature, the value of j of alkaline ions falls abruptly. This effect increases with increasing ionic radius of M+. After a long heating-up period, this anomaly disappears and the lnj-1/T dependence acquires a classical linear form. The results are interpreted from the point of view of the dependence of the efficiency of thermionic emission on the phase transformations of pillars.
Aging of trivalent metal hydroxide/oxide gels in divalent metal salt ...
3' gels do not form LDHs on aging in any of the divalent metal salts. In general, conditions .... values of I pH and II pH for all the systems investigated in this paper are given in ... spectra were obtained using a Nicolet Model Impact. 400D FTIRÂ ...
Spontaneous grafting of diazonium salts: chemical mechanism on metallic surfaces.
Mesnage, Alice; Lefèvre, Xavier; Jégou, Pascale; Deniau, Guy; Palacin, Serge
The spontaneous reaction of diazonium salts on various substrates has been widely employed since it consists of a simple immersion of the substrate in the diazonium salt solution. As electrochemical processes involving the same diazonium salts, the spontaneous grafting is assumed to give covalently poly(phenylene)-like bonded films. Resistance to solvents and to ultrasonication is commonly accepted as indirect proof of the existence of a covalent bond. However, the most relevant attempts to demonstrate a metal-C interface bond have been obtained by an XPS investigation of spontaneously grafted films on copper. Similarly, our experiments give evidence of such a bond in spontaneously grafted films on nickel substrates in acetonitrile. In the case of gold substrates, the formation of a spontaneous film was unexpected but reported in the literature in parallel to our observations. Even if no interfacial bond was observed, formation of the films was explained by grafting of aryl cations or radicals on the surface arising from dediazoniation, the film growing later by azo coupling, radical addition, or cationic addition on the grafted phenyl layer. Nevertheless, none of these mechanisms fits our experimental results showing the presence of an Au-N bond. In this work, we present a fine spectroscopic analysis of the coatings obtained on gold and nickel substrates that allow us to propose a chemical structure of such films, in particular, their interface with the substrates. After testing the most probable mechanisms, we have concluded in favor of the involvement of two complementary mechanisms which are the direct reaction of diazonium salts with the gold surface that accounts for the observed Au-N interfacial bonds as well as the formation of aryl cations able to graft on the substrate through Au-C linkages.
Theoretical investigation on the alkali-metal doped BN fullerene as a material for hydrogen storage
Venkataramanan, Natarajan Sathiyamoorthy; Belosludov, Rodion Vladimirovich; Note, Ryunosuke; Sahara, Ryoji; Mizuseki, Hiroshi; Kawazoe, Yoshiyuki
Graphical abstract: First-principles calculations have been used to investigate hydrogen adsorption on alkali atom doped B 36 N 36 clusters. Adsorption of alkali atoms involves a charge transfer process, creating positively-charged alkali atoms and this polarizes the H 2 molecules and increases their binding energy. The maximum hydrogen storage capacity of Li doped BN fullerene is 8.9 wt.% in which 60 hydrogen atoms were chemisorbed and 12 H 2 were adsorbed in molecular form. - Abstract: First-principles calculations have been used to investigate hydrogen adsorption on alkali atom doped B 36 N 36 clusters. The alkali atom adsorption takes place near the six tetragonal bridge sites available on the cage, thereby avoiding the notorious clustering problem. Adsorption of alkali atoms involves a charge transfer process, creating positively charged alkali atoms and this polarizes the H 2 molecules thereby, increasing their binding energy. Li atom has been found to adsorb up to three hydrogen molecules with an average binding energy of 0.189 eV. The fully doped Li 6 B 36 N 36 cluster has been found to hold up to 18 hydrogen molecules with the average binding energy of 0.146 eV. This corresponds to a gravimetric density of hydrogen storage of 3.7 wt.%. Chemisorption on the Li 6 B 36 N 36 has been found to be an exothermic reaction, in which 60 hydrogen atoms chemisorbed with an average chemisorption energy of -2.13 eV. Thus, the maximum hydrogen storage capacity of Li doped BN fullerene is 8.9 wt.% in which 60 hydrogen atoms were chemisorbed and 12 hydrogen molecules were adsorbed in molecular form.
Mixed insoluble acidic salts of tetravalent metals Pt. 5
Shakshooki, S.K.; Dehair, A.; Elmismary, Y.; Haraga, S.; Benfaid, N.; Benhamed, A.; Maiof, A.; Szirtes, L.
Solid ZrOCl 2 x8H 2 O was added in a slow stream to a solution of phosphoric acid or to a solution of TiCl 4 in phosphoric acid to obtain granules of amorphous Zr(HPO 4 ) 2 xnH 2 O or Zr x Ti (1-x) (HPO 4 ) 2 xnH-2O (where x=0.95-0.80). It was found that the particle size of the resulting materials is very similar to that of ZrOCl 2 x8H 2 O, in such a way that it may be controlled indirectly. These materials are suitable for ion-exchange column operations. The relatively high gamma radiation doses of 60 Co source did not alter its exchange properties. pH-titrations were performed by an automatic titrimeter and the exchange capacities of alkali metal ions were determined by isotopic tracer technique. Other characterizations were made by usual chemical analysis and thermography. (author) 20 refs.; 4 figs
Association of alkali and alkaline earth metal cations with radical-anions of 9-fluorenone and 9.10-anthraquinone in dimethyl formamide medium
Karpinets, A.P.; Bezuglyj, V.D.; Svetlichnaya, T.M.
The polarographic method is used to estimate the stability of associates formed in dimethyl formamide by the products of one-electron reduction of 9-fluorenone and 9.10-anthraquinone with cations of alkali and alkali earth metals. It is shown that the strength of 9-fluorenone and 9.10-anthraquinone radical anion associates studied increases with cation charge increase and decrease of its crystallographic radius
Molten salt oxidation of ion-exchange resins doped with toxic metals and radioactive metal surrogates
Yang, Hee-Chul; Cho, Yong-Jun; Yoo, Jae-Hyung; Kim, Joon-Hyung; Eun, Hee-Chul
Ion-exchange resins doped with toxic metals and radioactive metal surrogates were test-burned in a bench-scale molten salt oxidation (MSO) reactor system. The purposes of this study are to confirm the destruction performance of the two-stage MSO reactor system for the organic ion-exchange resin and to obtain an understanding of the behavior of the fixed toxic metals and the sulfur in the cationic exchange resins. The destruction of the organics is very efficient in the primary reactor. The primarily destroyed products such as carbon monoxide are completely oxidized in the secondary MSO reactor. The overall collection of the sulfur and metals in the two-stage MSO reactor system appeared to be very efficient. Over 99.5% of all the fixed toxic metals (lead and cadmium) and radioactive metal surrogates (cesium, cobalt, strontium) remained in the MSO reactor bottom. Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations and the XRD patterns of the spent salt samples revealed that the collected metals existed in the form of each of their carbonates or oxides, which are non-volatile species at the MSO system operating conditions. (author)
Alkali-Metal-Ion-Functionalized Graphene Oxide as a Superior Anode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries.
Wan, Fang; Li, Yu-Han; Liu, Dai-Huo; Guo, Jin-Zhi; Sun, Hai-Zhu; Zhang, Jing-Ping; Wu, Xing-Long
Although graphene oxide (GO) has large interlayer spacing, it is still inappropriate to use it as an anode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) because of the existence of H-bonding between the layers and ultralow electrical conductivity which impedes the Na(+) and e(-) transformation. To solve these issues, chemical, thermal, and electrochemical procedures are traditionally employed to reduce GO nanosheets. However, these strategies are still unscalable, consume high amounts of energy, and are expensive for practical application. Here, for the first time, we describe the superior Na storage of unreduced GO by a simple and scalable alkali-metal-ion (Li(+) , Na(+) , K(+) )-functionalized process. The various alkali metals ions, connecting with the oxygen on GO, have played different effects on morphology, porosity, degree of disorder, and electrical conductivity, which are crucial for Na-storage capabilities. Electrochemical tests demonstrated that sodium-ion-functionalized GO (GNa) has shown outstanding Na-storage performance in terms of excellent rate capability and long-term cycle life (110 mAh g(-1) after 600 cycles at 1 A g(-1) ) owing to its high BET area, appropriate mesopore, high degree of disorder, and improved electrical conductivity. Theoretical calculations were performed using the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) to further study the Na-storage capabilities of functionalized GO. These calculations have indicated that the Na-O bond has the lowest binding energy, which is beneficial to insertion/extraction of the sodium ion, hence the GNa has shown the best Na-storage properties among all comparatives functionalized by other alkali metal ions. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Liang, Yin
A universal reaction mechanism involved in the oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) is demonstrated under oxy-steam conditions using alkali-metal-based catalysts. Rigorous kinetic measurements indicated a reaction mechanism that is consistent with OH radical formation from a H 2O-O2 reaction followed by C-H activation in CH 4 with an OH radical. Thus, the presence of water enhances both the CH4 conversion rate and the C2 selectivity. This OH radical pathway that is selective for the OCM was observed for the catalyst without Mn, which suggests clearly that Mn is not the essential component in a selective OCM catalyst. The experiments with different catalyst compositions revealed that the OH.-mediated pathway proceeded in the presence of catalysts with different alkali metals (Na, K) and different oxo anions (W, Mo). This difference in catalytic activity for OH radical generation accounts for the different OCM selectivities. As a result, a high C2 yield is achievable by using Na2WO4/SiO2, which catalyzes the OH.-mediated pathway selectively. Make it methane: A universal reaction mechanism involved in the oxidative coupling of methane is demonstrated under oxy-stream conditions by using alkali-metal-based catalysts. Rigorous kinetic measurements indicated a reaction mechanism that is consistent with OH radical formation from an H2O-O2 reaction, followed by C-H activation in CH4 with an OH radical. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Plasma assisted measurements of alkali metal concentrations in pressurised combustion processes
Hernberg, R; Haeyrinen, V [Tampere Univ. of Technology (Finland)
In this project the continuous alkali measurement method plasma excited alkali resonance line spectroscopy (PEARLS) was developed, tested and demonstrated in pressurised combustion facilities. The PEARLS method has been developed at Tampere University of Technology (TUT). During 1994-1996 the PEARLS method was developed from the laboratory level to an industrial prototype. The alkali measuring instrument has been tested and used for regular measurements in four different pressurised combustion installations ranging up to industrial pilot scale. The installations are: (1) a pressurised entrained flow reactor (PEFR) at VTT Energy in Jyvaeskylae, Finland (2) a pressurised fluidised bed combustion facility, called FRED, at DMT in Essen, Germany. (3) a 10 MW pressurised circulating fluidised bed combustion pilot plant at Foster Wheeler Energia Oy in Karhula, Finland (4) PFBC Research Facility at ABB Carbon in Finspaang, Sweden
Third order nonlinear optical properties and optical limiting behavior of alkali metal complexes of p-nitrophenol
Thangaraj, M.; Vinitha, G.; Sabari Girisun, T. C.; Anandan, P.; Ravi, G.
Optical nonlinearity of metal complexes of p-nitrophenolate (M=Li, Na and K) in ethanol is studied by using a continuous wave (cw) diode pumped Nd:YAG laser (532 nm, 50 mW). The predominant mechanism of observed nonlinearity is thermal in origin. The nonlinear refractive index and the nonlinear absorption coefficient of the samples were found to be in the order of 10-8 cm2/W and 10-3 cm/W respectively. Magnitude of third-order optical parameters varies according to the choice of alkali metal chosen for metal complex formation of p-nitrophenolate. The third-order nonlinear susceptibility was found to be in the order of 10-6 esu. The observed saturable absorption and the self-defocusing effect were used to demonstrate the optical limiting action at 532 nm by using the same cw laser beam.
From simple rings to one-dimensional channels with calix[8]arenes, water clusters, and alkali metal ions
Bergougnant, Rémi D.; Robin, Adeline Y.; Fromm, Katharina M.
The macrocycle 4-tert-butylcalix[8]arene (L) was reacted with alkali metal carbonates (Li₂CO₃, Na₂CO₃, K₂CO₃, Rb₂CO₃, and Cs₂CO₃) at the interface of a biphasic THF/water system. Needle-like crystals with a general formula [Ax(4-tert-butylcalix[8]arene-xH)(THF)y(H₂O)z] (with A=Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, x=1, 2, y=4, 5, 8, and z=6, 7) were thereby obtained. The solid state structures were investigated by X-ray diffraction of single crystals and by TGA measurements. They do not appear to be maintained ...
Mass-spectrometric study of ion clustering in alkali-metal hydroxide vapor: cluster-ion energy and structural characteristics
Kudin, L.S.; Butman, M.F.; Krasnov, K.S.
Various positive and negative ions have been recorded in the equilibrium vapors from alkali-metal hydroxides: M/sup +/-/, OH - , O - , MO - , MOH - , and X/sup +/-/ (MOH)/sub n/, where X = M/sup +/-/, OH - , n = 1-6. The equilibrium constants have been measured for X/sup +/-/(MOH)/sub n/ = x/sup +/-/ + nMOH(k), n = 1-3, and the enthalpies of reaction have been determined, from which the enthalpies of formation and dissociation energies of X/sup +/-/ (MOH)/sub n/ have been calculated. The relative stabilities of the ions in the series from Na to Cs are examined
First principles study the effects of alkali metal and chorine adatoms on the opposite surface of graphene
Xinxiang, Song; Guang, Yuan; Meifeng, Dong; Mimura, Hidenori; Chun, Li; Mang, Niu
Study of the adsorption properties of graphene has great significance for expanding its application. So far, few studies have analyzed the effects of adatoms on opposite sides of graphene. We use density functional theory to report the effects of chlorine and alkali metal adatoms on the other side of graphene. Although there is an obvious charge transfer between the adatom and graphene, the interaction between the adatoms is shielded by the large π bonds of graphene and therefore the effects of the adatom on the other side of graphene are very weak.
A theoretical study of the structure and thermochemical properties of alkali metal fluoroplumbates MPbF3.
Boltalin, A I; Korenev, Yu M; Sipachev, V A
Molecular constants of MPbF3 (M=Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs) were calculated theoretically at the MP2(full) and B3LYP levels with the SDD (Pb, K, Rb, and Cs) and cc-aug-pVQZ (F, Li, and Na) basis sets to determine the thermochemical characteristics of the substances. Satisfactory agreement with experiment was obtained, including the unexpected nonmonotonic dependence of substance dissociation energies on the alkali metal atomic number. The bond lengths of the theoretical CsPbF3 model were substantially elongated compared with experimental estimates, likely because of errors in both theoretical calculations and electron diffraction data processing.
Residual Salt Separation from the Metal Products Reduced in a LiCl-Li2O Molten Salt
Hur, Jin Mok; Hong, Sun Seok; Kang, Dae Seung; Jeong, Meong Soo; Seo, Chung Seok
The electrochemical reduction of spent nuclear fuel in a LiCl-Li 2 O molten salt for the conditioning of spent nuclear fuel requires the separation of the residual salts from a reduced metal product after the reduction process. Considering the behavior of spent nuclear fuel during the electrochemical reduction process, a surrogate material matrix was constructed and inactive tests on a salt separation were carried out to produce the data required for the active tests. Fresh uranium metal prepared from the electrochemical reduction of U 3 O 8 powder was used as the surrogates of the spent nuclear fuel components which might be metallized by the electrochemical reduction process. LiCl, Li 2 O, Y 2 O 3 and SrCl 2 were selected as the components of the residual salts. Interactions between the salts and their influence on the separation of the residual salts were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG). Eutectic melting of LiCl-Li 2 O and LiCl-SrCl 2 led to a melting point which was lower than that of a LiCl molten salt was observed. Residual salts were separated by a vaporization method. Co-vaporization of LiCl-Li 2 O and LiCl-SrCl 2 was achieved below temperatures which could make the uranium metal oxidation by Li 2 O possible. The salt vaporization rates at 950 .deg. C were measured as follows: LiCl-8 wt% Li 2 O > LiCl > LiCl-8 wt% SrCl 2 > SrCl 2
Residual Salt Separation from the Metal Products Reduced in a LiCl-Li{sub 2}O Molten Salt
The electrochemical reduction of spent nuclear fuel in a LiCl-Li{sub 2}O molten salt for the conditioning of spent nuclear fuel requires the separation of the residual salts from a reduced metal product after the reduction process. Considering the behavior of spent nuclear fuel during the electrochemical reduction process, a surrogate material matrix was constructed and inactive tests on a salt separation were carried out to produce the data required for the active tests. Fresh uranium metal prepared from the electrochemical reduction of U{sub 3}O{sub 8} powder was used as the surrogates of the spent nuclear fuel components which might be metallized by the electrochemical reduction process. LiCl, Li{sub 2}O, Y{sub 2}O{sub 3} and SrCl{sub 2} were selected as the components of the residual salts. Interactions between the salts and their influence on the separation of the residual salts were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG). Eutectic melting of LiCl-Li{sub 2}O and LiCl-SrCl{sub 2} led to a melting point which was lower than that of a LiCl molten salt was observed. Residual salts were separated by a vaporization method. Co-vaporization of LiCl-Li{sub 2}O and LiCl-SrCl{sub 2} was achieved below temperatures which could make the uranium metal oxidation by Li{sub 2}O possible. The salt vaporization rates at 950 .deg. C were measured as follows: LiCl-8 wt% Li{sub 2}O > LiCl > LiCl-8 wt% SrCl{sub 2} > SrCl{sub 2}.
Influence of alkali metal oxides and alkaline earth metal oxides on the mitigation of stress corrosion cracking in CANDU fuel sheathing
Metzler, J.; Ferrier, G.A.; Farahani, M.; Chan, P.K.; Corcoran, E.C., E-mail: Joseph.Metzler@rmc.ca [Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON (Canada)
Stress corrosion cracking (SCC)can cause failures of CANDU Zircaloy-4 fuel sheathing. The process occurs when a corrosive element (i.e.,iodine) interacts with a susceptible material that is under sufficient strain at a high temperature. Currently, there is an ongoing effort to improve SCC mitigation strategies for future iterations of CANDU reactors. A potential mechanism for SCC mitigation involves utilizing alkali metal oxides and alkaline earth metal oxides that will sequester corrosive iodine while actively repairing a protective oxide layer on the sheath. SCC tests performed with sodium oxide (Na{sub 2}O) and calcium oxide (CaO) have shown to decrease significantly the sheath degradation. (author)
Similarities and differences of alkali metal chlorides applied in organic light-emitting diodes
Lü, Zhaoyue; Deng, Zhenbo; Hou, Ying; Xu, Haisheng
The similarities and differences of alkali metal chlorides (sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), rubidium chloride (RbCl) and cesium chloride (CsCl)) applied in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are investigated. The behavior is similar for the OLEDs with these four chlorides as electron injection layer (EIL). Their maximum luminance and efficiency at 100 mA/cm 2 are within the ranges of 18 550 ± 600 (cd/m 2 ) with an error of 3.23% and 4.09 ± 0.15 (cd/A) within an error of 3.67%, respectively. The similar performance is due to almost identical electron injection barrier for NaCl, KCl, RbCl and CsCl as EIL. Interestingly, the properties are different for devices with chlorides inserted inside tris (8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum at the position of 20 nm away from aluminum cathode, labeled as NaCl-, KCl-, RbCl- and CsCl- devices. The relation of luminance is CsCl- > RbCl- = KCl- > NaCl-, where “>� and “=� mean “better than� and “the same as�, respectively. And the device efficiencies are decreased from CsCl to NaCl. That is, the sort order of the efficiencies is CsCl- > RbCl- > KCl- > NaCl-. The mechanism is explained by tunneling model in terms of various energy gaps estimated by optical electronegativity of NaCl, KCl, RbCl and CsCl. - Highlights: ► Effects of NaCl, KCl, RbCl and CsCl in organic light-emitting diodes are compared. ► The similar performance is due to almost identical electron injection barrier. ► The different behavior of chlorides inside Alq 3 is explained by tunneling model. ► The different behavior is attributed to various energy gaps of different chlorides. ► The efficiency of device with chlorides inside Alq 3 is decreased from CsCl to NaCl.
Characterization of alkali-metal and alkaline-earth nitrates by vibrational spectroscopy
MartÃnez, S.
Full Text Available Infrared spectra of sodium and potassium alkaline-metal nitrates and magnesium and calcium alkali-earth nitrates in solid phase had been recorded in order to assign the fundamental bands. The influence of the dispersal médium (alkaline halide, employed in the solid sample preparation have been discussed. The quantitative measurements of the band in ten sities at 1387 cm-1 (present in the I.R. spectra of the four nitrates in KBr médium allowed us to determine the Lambert-Beer law slopes for each compound. These values are differents (bearing in mind experimental random errors, so we have could to affirm the nonexistence of solid solution between the nitrate and the alkaline halide médium. The L-B law obtained by us can be used for the Identification differentiation and quantitative analysis of these nitrates in solid phase, even if they are present in a very low concentration.
Se ha realizado la asignación de los espectros infrarrojo (IR de los nitratos alcalinos, sódico y potásico, y de los alcalinotérreos, magnésico y cálcico, en estado sólido. Se ha visto la influencia del medio dispersante (haluro alcalino, utilizado en la preparación de la muestra sólida. El estudio cuantitativo de la absorbencia de la banda a 1.387 cm-1 (presente en los espectros IR de los cuatro nitratos en medio KBr permite determinar las pendientes de la Ley de Lambert-Beer Se comprueba que dichas pendientes son diferentes lo que conduce a poder afirmar que no se produce disolución sólida entre el KBr y el nitrato alcalino o alcalinotérreo. La determinación de la ley de Lambert-Beer permite la identificación y el análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo por espectroscopia IR de estos nitratos cuando están presentes en bajas concentraciones en muestras sólidas.
40 CFR 721.4668 - Hydrated alkaline earth metal salts of metalloid oxyanions.
... metalloid oxyanions. 721.4668 Section 721.4668 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... Specific Chemical Substances § 721.4668 Hydrated alkaline earth metal salts of metalloid oxyanions. (a... hydrated alkaline earth metal salts of metalloid oxyanions (PMN P-94-1557) is subject to reporting under...
Alkali metal and ammonium chlorides in water and heavy water (binary systems)
Cohen-Adad, R
This volume surveys the data available in the literature for solid-fluid solubility equilibria plus selected solid-liquid-vapour equilibria, for binary systems containing alkali and ammonium chlorides in water or heavy water. Solubilities covered are lithium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, rubidium chloride, caesium chloride and ammonium chloride in water and heavy water.
Hernberg, R.; Haeyrinen, V. [Tampere Univ. of Technology (Finland). Dept. of Physics
The plasma assisted method for continuous measurement of alkali concentrations in product gas flows of pressurized energy processes will be tested and applied at the 1.6 MW PFBC/G facility at Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands. During the reporting period the alkali measuring device has been tested under pressurized conditions at VTT Energy, DMT, Foster-Wheeler Energia and ABB Carbon. Measurements in Delft will be performed during 1996 after installation of the hot gas filter. The original plan for measurements in Delft has been postponed due to schedule delays in Delft. The results are expected to give information about the influence of different process conditions on the generation of alkali vapours, the comparison of different methods for alkali measurement and the specific performance of our system. This will be the first test of the plasma assisted measurement method in a gasification process. The project belongs to the Joule II extension program under contract JOU2-CT93-0431. (author)
Heavy Metals in Salt and Water Samples from Maharloo Lake and their Comparison with Metal Concentrations in Samples from Sirjan, Lar, and Firoozabad Salt Mines
Farahnaz Sabet
Full Text Available Maharloo Lake is one of the most important water ecosystems in Iran, which is nowadays exposed to multiple risks and threats due to poor water management, salt extraction, and heavy metal pollution. In this study, the concentrations of such heavy metals as chromium, copper, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, and lead in both water and salt samples collected from areas in the north and south of the lake were determined by atomic absorption (AA-670G after the samples had been digested. Results showed that metal concentrations in the salt samples taken from both the northern and southern areas had identical mean values in the order of Cr> Cu> As> Cd> Pb. An almost similar pattern was detected in metal concentrations in water samples taken from the same areas but with a slight difference in the way they were ordered (Cr> Cu> As> Pb> Cd. It was found that both water and salt samples collected from the northern areas had higher metal concentrations, except for that of Pb which was slightly lower. Comparison of the mean values of metal concentrations in the Salt Lake and those of Sirjan, Lar, and Firoozabad salt mines revealed that copper, cadmium, and lead had their highest concentrations in the Salt Lake while arsenic and chromium recorded their highest values in samples taken from Lar and Firoozabad salt mines, respectively. Based on these findings, it may be concluded that the increased metal concentrations observed in samples from both northern and southern areas of the lake are due to the sewage and effluents from urban, industrial, and hospital sources in Shiraz disposed into the lake as well as such other human activities as farming in the areas around the lake, especially in the northern stretches. These observations call for preventive measures to avoid further water quality degradation in the area.
A simple one-step synthesis of ZnS nanoparticles via salt-alkali-composited-mediated method and investigation on their comparative photocatalytic activity
Xiang, Donghu; Zhu, Yabo; He, Zhanjun; Liu, Zhangsheng; Luo, Jin
Graphical abstract: The TEM image shows that the as-synthesized ZnS particle size was estimated to be about 40 nm and this newly synthesized ZnS nanoparticles can be as a promising photocatalytic degradation material for the organic pollutant removal. Display Omitted Highlights: ► ZnS nanoparticles with cubic phase have been successfully synthesized via salt-alkali-composited-mediated method (SACM) for the first time and this method has not been found so far. ► Its band gap (E g ) is a little bigger than commercial ZnS particle mainly due to quantum size effect. ► The as-synthesized ZnS nanoparticles show much more efficient photocatalytic degradation on methyl orange than commercial ZnS powder. -- Abstract: ZnS nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized via salt-alkali-composited-mediated method (SACM) for the first time, using a mixture of LiNO 3 and LiOH (LiNO 3 /LiOH = 60.7:39.3) as a reaction solvent, sodium sulfide and zinc nitrate as reactants at temperature of 210 °C for 24 h in the absence of organic dispersant or capping agents. X-ray diffraction, environment scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that the as-synthesized products were well crystallized and belonged to nano-scale. Their UV–vis absorption spectrum demonstrated a band gap of 3.6406 eV corresponding to the absorption edge of 340 nm. The experimental result of photocatalytic degradation on methyl orange by the nano-ZnS showed much better photocatalysis than that by the commercial ZnS powder under the irradiation of ultraviolet light and visible light, respectively.
C-N Bond Activation and Ring Opening of a Saturated N-Heterocyclic Carbene by Lateral Alkali-Metal-Mediated Metalation.
Hernán-Gómez, Alberto; Kennedy, Alan R; Hevia, Eva
Combining alkali-metal-mediated metalation (AMMM) and N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) chemistry, a novel C-N bond activation and ring-opening process is described for these increasingly important NHC molecules, which are generally considered robust ancillary ligands. Here, mechanistic investigations on reactions of saturated NHC SIMes (SIMes=[:C{N(2,4,6-Me 3 C 6 H 2 )CH 2 } 2 ]) with Group 1 alkyl bases suggest this destructive process is triggered by lateral metalation of the carbene. Exploiting co-complexation and trans-metal-trapping strategies with lower polarity organometallic reagents (Mg(CH 2 SiMe 3 ) 2 and Al(TMP)iBu 2 ), key intermediates in this process have been isolated and structurally defined. © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Alkali metal cation selectivity of [17]ketonand in methanol: free energy perturbation and molecular dynamics simulation studies
Hwang, Sun Gu; Chung, Doo Soo; Jang, Yun Hee; Ryu, Gean Ha
Free energy perturbation and molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to investigate the relative binding affinities of [1 7 ]ketonand (1) toward alkali metal cations in methanol. The binding affinities of 1 toward the alkali metal cations were calculated to be in the order Li + >Na + >K + >Rb + >Cs + , whereas our recent theoretically predicted and experimentally observed binding affinities for [1 8 ]starand (2) were in the order K + >Rb + >Cs + >Na + >Li + . The extremely different affinities of 1 and 2 toward smaller cations, Li + and Na + , were explained in terms of the differences in their ability to change the conformation to accommodate cations of different sizes. The carbonyl groups constituting the central cavity of 1 can reorganize to form a cavity with the optimal M + -O distance, even for the smallest Li + , without imposing serious strain on 1. The highest affinity of 1 for Li + was predominantly due to the highest Coulombic attraction between the smallest Li + and the carbonyl oxygens of 1
Alkali metals in addition to acidic pH activate the EvgS histidine kinase sensor in Escherichia coli.
Eguchi, Yoko; Utsumi, Ryutaro
Two-component signal transduction systems (TCSs) in bacteria perceive environmental stress and transmit the information via phosphorelay to adjust multiple cellular functions for adaptation. The EvgS/EvgA system is a TCS that confers acid resistance to Escherichia coli cells. Activation of the EvgS sensor initiates a cascade of transcription factors, EvgA, YdeO, and GadE, which induce the expression of a large group of acid resistance genes. We searched for signals activating EvgS and found that a high concentration of alkali metals (Na(+), K(+)) in addition to low pH was essential for the activation. EvgS is a histidine kinase, with a large periplasmic sensor region consisting of two tandem PBPb (bacterial periplasmic solute-binding protein) domains at its N terminus. The periplasmic sensor region of EvgS was necessary for EvgS activation, and Leu152, located within the first PBPb domain, was involved in the activation. Furthermore, chimeras of EvgS and PhoQ histidine kinases suggested that alkali metals were perceived at the periplasmic sensor region, whereas the cytoplasmic linker domain, connecting the transmembrane region and the histidine kinase domain, was required for low-pH perception. Copyright © 2014, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
Effects of alkali metal cations on phospho-enzyme levels and [3H] ouabain binding to (Na+ + K+)-ATPase.
Han, C S; Tobin, T; Akera, T; Brody, T M
The effects of several alkali metal cations on the relationship between steady state phospho-enzyme levels and initial velocity and equilibrium levels of [3H]-ouabain binding to (Na+ + K+)-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase EC 3.6.1.3.) were examined. Only Na+ increased both phospho-enzyme and [3H] ouabain binding levels above those observed in the presence of Mg2+ alone. While Na+ stimulated phosphorylation with an apparent Km of about 1 mM, its stimulation of [3H] ouabain binding was biphasic, the lower Km for stimulation corresponding to the Km for formation of phospho-enzyme. Among the other alkali metal cations, potassium, rubidium and lithium were at least eight times more effect in reducing phospho-enzyme levels than in reducing [3H] ouabain binding. This discrepancy is not due to the stability of the enzyme-ouabain complex, nor to any action on the rates of formation or dissociation of the enzyme-ouabain complex. The data thus suggest that [3H] ouabain interacts with the K+, Rb+ or Li+ -enzyme complexes. For Li+, this hypothesis is further supported by the observation that Li+ can cirectly increase the equilibrium level of [3H] ouabain binding to this enzyme under certain conditions.
The effect of coal sulfur on the behavior of alkali metals during co-firing biomass and coal
Tianhua Yang; Xingping Kai; Yang Sun; Yeguang He; Rundong Li [Shenyang Aerospace University, Liaoning (China). Liaoning Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Institute of Clean Energy and Environmental Engineering
Biomass contains high amounts of volatile alkali metals and chlorine, which can cause deposition, corrosion and agglomeration during combustion. Meanwhile coal contains a certain amount of sulfur that produces serious environmental pollution following combustion. To investigate the effects of sulfur on the migration of alkali metals during biomass and coal co-combustion, thermodynamic equilibrium calculations were applied and experiments were performed in a laboratory scale reactor combining with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and other analytical approaches. The results indicate that inorganic sulfur FeS{sub 2} addition significantly enhanced the formation of potassium sulfate when the S/K molar ratio was less than 2. Meanwhile increasing FeS{sub 2} dosage reduced the formation of KCl(g) and KOH(g) and increased the release of HCl(g). In addition potassium sulfate can react with silica and aluminum to form potassium aluminosilicates and release HCl at the S/K molar ratio above 4. 18 refs., 9 figs., 1 tab.
Quantum Chemical and FTIR Spectroscopic Studies on the Linkage Isomerism of Carbon Monoxide in Alkali-Metal-Exchanged Zeolites: A Review of Current Research
E. Garrone; A. A. Tsyganenko; G. Turnes Palomino; C. Otero Areán
Abstract: When adsorbed (at a low temperature) on alkali-metal-exchanged zeolites, CO forms both M(CO)+ and M(OC)+ carbonyl species with the extra-framework alkali-metal cation of the zeolite. Both quantum chemical and experimental results show that C-bondend adducts are characterized by a C−O stretching IR band at a frequency higher than that of 2143 cm-1 for free CO, while for O-bonded adducts this IR band appears below 2143 cm-1. The cation-CO interaction energy is higher for M(CO)+ t...
Non-isovalent alkali metal ''substitution'' in YBa2Cu3O7-y granular ceramics
Cloots, R.; Liege Univ.; Rulmont, A.; Pekala, M.; Liege Univ.; Laval, J.Y.; Bougrine, H.; Liege Univ.; Ausloos, M.
The aim of this paper is to study the influence of non-isovalent ''doping'' in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-y in particular on its synthesis conditions and on the resistive properties both with and without a magnetic field. We concentrate on the study of possible alkali ions (Na, K, Cs) ''substitution'' at the barium sites. A low temperature sintering process is used in order to induce a reactive liquid phase. The final chemical composition is discussed as a function of the amount of the liquid phase. No alkali ion is substituted. Carbonate layers are present. However, this (lack of) ''substitution'' leads to induced vacancies and improved electrical transport properties which are as good as in highly pure materials. For conciseness the case of Na ''substitution'' only is illustrated. The use of such data in order to probe the microstructure is emphasized. (orig.)
Release and sorption of alkali metals in coal fired combined cycle power systems; Freisetzung und Einbindung von Alkalimetallverbindungen in kohlebefeuerten Kombikraftwerken
Mueller, Michael
Coal fired combined cycle power systems will be a sufficient way to increase the efficiency of coal combustion. However, combined cycle power systems require a reliable hot gas cleanup. Especially alkali metals, such as sodium and potassium, can lead to hot corrosion of the gas turbine blading if they condensate as sulphates. The actual work deals with the release and sorption of alkali metals in coal fired combined cycle power systems. The influence of coal composition, temperature and pressure on the release of alkali species in coal combustion was investigated and the relevant release mechanisms identified. Alumosilicate sorbents have been found that reduce the alkali concentration in the hot flue gas of the Circulating Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion 2{sup nd} Generation (CPFBC 2{sup nd} Gen.) at 750 C to values sufficient for use in a gas turbine. Accordingly, alumosilicate sorbents working at 1400 C have been found for the Pressurized Pulverized Coal Combustion (PPCC). The sorption mechanisms have been identified. Thermodynamic calculations were performed to upscale the results of the laboratory experiments to conditions prevailing in power systems. According to these calculations, there is no risk of hot corrosion in both processes. Furthermore, thermodynamic calculations were performed to investigate the behaviour of alkali metals in an IGCC with integrated hot gas cleanup and H{sub 2} membrane for CO{sub 2} sequestration. (orig.)
PRODUCTION OF PLUTONIUM METAL
Lyon, W.L.; Moore, R.H.
A process is given for producing plutonium metal by the reduction of plutonium chloride, dissolved in alkali metal chloride plus or minus aluminum chloride, with magnesium or a magnesium-aluminum alloy at between 700 and 800 deg C and separating the plutonium or plutonium-aluminum alloy formed from the salt.
Effect of Seed Priming on Growth and Some Physiological Characteristics of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L. under salinity Stress Condition caused by Alkali Salts
H. Bekhrad
Full Text Available Introduction Sesame (Sesamun indicum L. is an important oil seed crop. Its seed has excellent nutritional value with a high and unique protein composition, making it a perfect food. Salinity is a serious problem in many regions of the world including Iran. Salinity stress is one of the widespread environmental constraints affecting crop productivity. Salinity generally induces osmotic stress and causes direct ion injury by disrupting ion homeostasis and the ion balance within plant cells (25. Seed priming is one of the ways to reduce negative effects of salt which is used for increasing germination percentage and seed resistance in salty zones. Seed priming is a pre-germination treatment that provides a moisture level sufficient to start pre-germination metabolic processes. It entails the partial germination of seeds by soaking them in water (or in a solution of salts for specified period of time, and then re-dry them just before radicle emerges (24. Priming stimulates many of the metabolic processes involved with the early phases of germination. Given that part of the germination processes have been initiated, seedlings from primed seed grow faster, grow more vigorously, and perform better in adverse conditions (24. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of salinity stress caused by alkali salts on growth and some physiologic characteristics of sesame. Materials and Methods This study was conducted in a greenhouse in Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan as factorial arrangement in randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental factors included priming (control (unprimed, hydropriming, halopriming with NaCl and NaHCO3 and level of salinity with sodium bicarbonate salt (Zero, 15, 30 and 45 mM. Seeds were planted in pots filled with perlite and cocopite (1:1. The pots were irrigated with a nutrient solution (with half strength Hoagland's solution. After the fourth true leaves appeared, salinty stress in
Metallic conductivity in a disordered charge-transfer salt derived from cis-BET-TTF
Rovira, C. [Inst. de Ciencia de Materials de Barcelona (CSIC) (Spain); Tarres, J. [Inst. de Ciencia de Materials de Barcelona (CSIC) (Spain); Ribera, E. [Inst. de Ciencia de Materials de Barcelona (CSIC) (Spain); Veciana, J. [Inst. de Ciencia de Materials de Barcelona (CSIC) (Spain); Canadell, E. [Inst. de Ciencia de Materials de Barcelona (CSIC) (Spain); Molins, E. [Inst. de Ciencia de Materials de Barcelona (CSIC) (Spain); Mas, M. [Inst. de Ciencia de Materials de Barcelona (CSIC) (Spain); Laukhin, V. [Inst. de Ciencia de Materials de Barcelona (CSIC) (Spain)]|[Rossijskaya Akademiya Nauk, Chernogolovka (Russian Federation). Inst. Khimicheskoj Fiziki; Doublet, M.L. [Lab. de Structure et Dynamique (CNRS), Univ. de Montpellier 2 (France); Cowan, D.O. [Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD (United States). Dept. of Chemistry; Yang, S. [Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD (United States). Dept. of Chemistry
The first example of a metallic charge-transfer salt derived from cis-bis(ethylenethio)-tetrathiafulvalene (BET-TTF) is reported. (BET-TTF){sub 2}SCN and (BET-TTF)SCN salts were obtained by electrocrystallization starting from trans-BET-TTF. X-ray crystal structure of the mixed-valence salt revealed that trans-cis isomerization occurs upon one electron oxidation. In spite of the structural disorder in both BET-TTF and the counterion, 2:1 salt is metallic down to 60 K and then resistance increases slowly down to 4 K. (orig.)
Controlled temperature expansion in oxygen production by molten alkali metal salts
Erickson, Donald C.
A continuous process is set forth for the production of oxygen from an oxygen containing gas stream, such as air, by contacting a feed gas stream with a molten solution of an oxygen acceptor to oxidize the acceptor and cyclically regenerating the oxidized acceptor by releasing oxygen from the acceptor wherein the oxygen-depleted gas stream from the contact zone is treated sequentially to temperature reduction by heat exchange against the feed stream so as to condense out entrained oxygen acceptor for recycle to the process, combustion of the gas stream with fuel to elevate its temperature and expansion of the combusted high temperature gas stream in a turbine to recover power.
Ionic diffusion and proton transfer in aqueous solutions of alkali metal salts
Cassone, Giuseppe; Creazzo, F.; Giaquinta, P.V.; Å poner, JiÅ™Ã; Saija, F.
Ro�. 19, �. 31 (2017), s. 20420-20429 ISSN 1463-9076 Institutional support: RVO:68081707 Keywords : initio molecular-dynamics * density-functional theory * electric-fields * liquid water Subject RIV: CF - Physical ; Theoretical Chemistry OBOR OECD: Physical chemistry Impact factor: 4.123, year: 2016
A Quantitative Tunneling/Desorption Model for the Exchange Current at the Porous Electrode/Beta - Alumina/Alkali Metal Gas Three Phase Zone at 700-1300K
Williams, R. M.; Ryan, M. A.; Saipetch, C.; LeDuc, H. G.
The exchange current observed at porous metal electrodes on sodium or potassium beta -alumina solid electrolytes in alkali metal vapor is quantitatively modeled with a multi-step process with good agreement with experimental results.
An alkali-metal ion extracted layered compound as a template for a metastable phase synthesis in a low-temperature solid-state reaction: preparation of brookite from K0.8Ti1.73Li0.27O4.
Ozawa, Tadashi C; Sasaki, Takayoshi
We have designed a new approach to synthesize brookite, i.e., to extract alkali-metal ions from K(0.8)Ti(1.73)Li(0.27)O(4) (KTLO) and to apply simultaneous heat treatment to the remaining lepidocrocite-type layers of TiO(6) octahedra. For the alkali-metal ion extraction and the simultaneous heat treatment, KTLO was heated at 400 degrees C with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in flowing Ar. PTFE has been found to be an effective agent to extract strongly electropositive alkali-metal ions from KTLO because of the strong electronegativity of F as its component. The product of this reaction consists of a mixture of brookite, K(2)CO(3), LiF, and PTFE derivatives, indicating the complete extraction of K(+) and Li(+) from KTLO and formation of brookite from the lepidocrocite-type layer of TiO(6) octahedra as a template. This brookite has a partial replacement of O(2-) with F(-) and/or slight oxygen deficiency; thus, its color is light-bluish gray. Fully oxidized brookite formation and complete decomposition of PTFE derivatives have been achieved by further heating in flowing air, and coproduced alkali-metal salts have been removed by washing in water. Powder X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and chemical analysis results have confirmed that the final brookite product treated at 600 degrees C is single phase, and it is white. The method to extract alkali-metal ions from a crystalline material using PTFE is drastically different from the common methods such as soft-chemical and electrochemical reactions. It is likely that this new synthetic approach is applicable to other layered systems to prepare a diverse family of compounds, including novel metastable ones.
Equilibrium electrode U(4)-U and redox U(4)-U(3) potentials in molten alkali metal chlorides medium
Smirnov, M V; Kudyakov, V Ya; Komarov, V E; Salyulev, A B [AN SSSR, Sverdlovsk. Inst. Ehlektrokhimii
Conditional standard electrode potentials of uranium are determined for diluted solutions of its tetrachloride in alkali metal chloride melts (LiCl, NaCl, NaCl-KCl, KCl, RbCl and CsCl) when using U(4) ion activity coefficient values experimentally found by the tensimetric method. These potentials shift to the electronegative side at the temperature decrease and alkali cation radius increase rsub(Msup(+)) according to the empiric ratio E*U(4)-U= -3.06+6.87x10/sup -4/ T-(1.67-10/sup -4/T-0.44) 1/rsub(Msup(+)) +-0.01. The temperature dependences of formal conditional redox potentials of the U(4)-U(3) system for above melted chlorides are estimated. The E*U(4)-U(3) value also becomes more electronegative in the series LiCl, NaCl, NaCl-KCl, KCl, RbCl and CsCl. This alternation is satisfactorily described by the empiric expression E*U(4)-U(3)= -1.74+1.74x10/sup -4/T-(0.71x10/sup -4/T-0.20) 1rsub(Msup(+)) +-0.05. The calculated values Eu*(4)-U(3) are compared with those directly measured for the NaCl-KCl equimolar mixture and 3LiCl-2KCl eutectic mixture. A satisfactory confirmity has been observed.
Smirnov, M.V.; Kudyakov, V.Ya.; Komarov, V.E.; Salyulev, A.B.
Conditional standard electrode potentials of uranium are determined for diluted solutions of its tetrachloride in alkali metal chloride melts (LiCl, NaCl, NaCl-KCl, KCl, RbCl and CsCl) when using U(4) ion activity coefficient values experimentally found by the tensimetric method. These potentials shift to the electronegative side at the temperature decrease and alkali cation radius increase rsub(Msup(+)) according to the empiric ratio E*U(4)-U= -3.06+6.87x10 -4 T-(1.67-10 -4 T-0.44) 1/rsub(Msup(+)) +-0.01. The temperature dependences of formal conditional redox potentials of the U(4)-U(3) system for above melted chlorides are estimated. The E*U(4)-U(3) value also becomes more electronegative in the series LiCl, NaCl, NaCl-KCl, KCl, RbCl and CsCl. This alternation is satisfactorily described by the empiric expression E*U(4)-U(3)= -1.74+1.74x10 -4 T-(0.71x10 -4 T-0.20) 1rsub(Msup(+)) +-0.05. The calculated values Eu*(4)-U(3) are compared with those directly measured for the NaCl-KCl equimolar mixture and 3LiCl-2KCl eutectic mixture. A satisfactory confirmity has been observed
Influence of alkali metal cations/type of activator on the structure of alkali-activated fly ash - ATR-FTIR studies
Król, M.; Rożek, P.; Chlebda, D.; Mozgawa, W.
Coal fly ash as a secondary aluminosiliceous raw material that is commonly used in the so-called geopolymerization process has been activated with different alkali hydroxides solutions: LiOH, NaOH and KOH. Changes in the aluminosilicate structure of the material during alkali-activation have been analyzed in detail on the basis of ATR/FT-IR spectra. These changes mainly affect both the integral intensity and FWHM of bands in the range of 1200-950 cm-1, however dehydration and carbonation process can be also analyzed based on obtaining results.
Grain Yield, Dry Weight and Phosphorus Accumulation and Translocation in Two Rice (Oryza sativa L. Varieties as Affected by Salt-Alkali and Phosphorus
Zhijie Tian
Full Text Available Salt-alkali is the main threat to global crop production. The functioning of phosphorus (P in alleviating damage to crops from saline-alkaline stress may be dependent on the variety of crop but there is little published research on the topic. This pot experiment was conducted to study if P has any effect on rice (Oryza sativa L. yield, dry matter and P accumulation and translocation in salt-alkaline soils. Plant dry weight and P content at heading and harvest stages of two contrasting saline-alkaline tolerant (Dongdao-4 and sensitive (Tongyu-315 rice varieties were examined under two saline-alkaline (light versus severe soils and five P supplements (P0, P50, P100, P150 and P200 kg ha−1. The results were: in light saline-alkaline soil, the optimal P levels were found for P150 for Dongdao-4 and for P100 for Tongyu-315 with the greatest grain dry weight and P content. Two rice varieties obtained relatively higher dry weight and P accumulation and translocation in P0. In severe saline-alkaline soil, however, dry weight and P accumulation and translocation, 1000-grain weight, seed-setting rate and grain yield significantly decreased, but effectively increased with P application for Dongdao-4. Tongyu-315 showed lower sensitivity to P nutrition. Thus, a more tolerant variety could have a stronger capacity to absorb and translocate P for grain filling, especially in severe salt-alkaline soils. This should be helpful for consideration in rice breeding and deciding a reasonable P application in saline-alkaline soil.
The electrodeposition and rare earths reduction in the molten salt actinides recovery systems using liquid metal
Shim, J-B.; Lee, J-H.; Kwon, S-W.; Ahn, B-G.; Woo, M-S.; Lee, B-J.; Kim, E-H.; Park, H-S.; Yoo, J-H.
A pyrochemical partitioning system uses liquid metals such as cadmium and bismuth in order to recover the actinide metals from a molten salt mixture containing rare earth fission product metals. The liquid metals play roles as a cathode in the electrowinning or an extracting phase in the reductive extraction operation. The product resulting from the above operations is metal-cadmium or-bismuth alloy, which should contain the rare earth element amounts as low as possible for a transmutation purpose. In this study, the electrodeposition behaviours of uranium and lanthanide elements such as La, Ce and Nd were investigated for solid molybdenum and liquid cadmium electrodes in a molten LiCl-KCl eutectic salt. Electrochemical methods used are a cyclic voltammetry (CV) and a chronopotentiometry for monitoring the salt phase and recovering the metals, respectively. The CV graphs for monitoring the oxidizing agent CdCl 2 in the salt phase were obtained. These show a time dependently disappearance of the oxidizing agent corresponding to the formation of UCl 3 by inserting the uranium metal into the salt. Also, a sequential oxidation technique which is added at a controlled amount of the oxidizing agents into the salt phase was applied. It was found that this method is feasible for the selective reduction of the rare earths content in liquid metal alloys. (author)
Ion association thermodynamics of alkali metal tetraphenylborates in the mixed solvent propylenecarbonate-1,2-dimethoxyethane
Fialkov, Yu.Ya.; Gorbachev, V.Yu.
Polythermal dependences of constants of ion association of (Li + -Cs + )BPh 4 salts in mixed solvent differ significantly in permittivity. Thermodynamic characteristics of this process are calculated and their relation with solvation processes is analyzed. (author)
Sub-Shot-Noise Magnetometry with a Correlated Spin-Relaxation Dominated Alkali-Metal Vapor
Kominis, I. K.
Spin noise sets fundamental limits to the precision of measurements using spin-polarized atomic vapors, such as performed with sensitive atomic magnetometers. Spin squeezing offers the possibility to extend the measurement precision beyond the standard quantum limit of uncorrelated atoms. Contrary to current understanding, we show that, even in the presence of spin relaxation, spin squeezing can lead to a significant reduction of spin noise, and hence an increase in magnetometric sensitivity, for a long measurement time. This is the case when correlated spin relaxation due to binary alkali-atom collisions dominates independently acting decoherence processes, a situation realized in thermal high atom-density magnetometers and clocks
Complexing properties of some carbamoylmethylphosphine oxides and methylenediphosphine dioxides with respect to alkali metal cations and the effect of abnormal aryl strengthening
Evreinov, V.I.; Safronova, Z.V.; Yarkevich, A.N.; Kharitonov, A.V.; Bondarenko, N.A.; Tsvetkov, E.N.
By the method of conductometry in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran at 25 Deg C stability constants of alkali metal (M = Li, Na, K) cation complexes with certain phosphinoxides have been determined. Abnormal aryl strengthening is first of all pronounced in the cation complexes with tetraphenyldiphosphine dioxide [ru
Finite-field evaluation of the Lennard-Jones atom-wall interaction constant C3 for alkali-metal atoms
Johnson, W.R.; Dzuba, V.A.; Safronova, U.I.; Safronova, M.S.
A finite-field scaling method is applied to evaluate the Lennard-Jones interaction constant C 3 for alkali-metal atoms. The calculations are based on the relativistic single-double approximation in which single and double excitations of Dirac-Hartree-Fock wave functions are included to all orders in perturbation theory
Development of processes for the production of solar grade silicon from halides and alkali metals, phase 1 and phase 2
Dickson, C. R.; Gould, R. K.; Felder, W.
High temperature reactions of silicon halides with alkali metals for the production of solar grade silicon are described. Product separation and collection processes were evaluated, measure heat release parameters for scaling purposes and effects of reactants and/or products on materials of reactor construction were determined, and preliminary engineering and economic analysis of a scaled up process were made. The feasibility of the basic process to make and collect silicon was demonstrated. The jet impaction/separation process was demonstrated to be a purification process. The rate at which gas phase species from silicon particle precursors, the time required for silane decomposition to produce particles, and the competing rate of growth of silicon seed particles injected into a decomposing silane environment were determined. The extent of silane decomposition as a function of residence time, temperature, and pressure was measured by infrared absorption spectroscopy. A simplistic model is presented to explain the growth of silicon in a decomposing silane enviroment.
Measuring the spin polarization of alkali-metal atoms using nuclear magnetic resonance frequency shifts of noble gases
X. H. Liu
Full Text Available We report a novel method of measuring the spin polarization of alkali-metal atoms by detecting the NMR frequency shifts of noble gases. We calculated the profile of 87Rb D1 line absorption cross sections. We then measured the absorption profile of the sample cell, from which we calculated the 87Rb number densities at different temperatures. Then we measured the frequency shifts resulted from the spin polarization of the 87Rb atoms and calculated its polarization degrees at different temperatures. The behavior of frequency shifts versus temperature in experiment was consistent with theoretical calculation, which may be used as compensative signal for the NMRG closed-loop control system.
Investigation of holmium(5) complexing in hydrofluoric acid solutions in the presence of alkali metal and ammonium fluorides
Tsikaeva, D.V.; Agulyanskij, A.I.; Balabanov, Yu.I.; Kuznetsov, V.Ya.; Kalinnikov, V.T.
Method of vibrational spectroscopy is used to study niobium-containing solutions of hydrofluoric acid in the presence of alkali metal and ammonium fluorides. It is shown that NbF 6 - and NbOF 5 2- ions co-exists in solutions, therewith, additions shift equilibrium to the second complex side. Methods of IR spectroscopy, roentgenometry, crystal optics and chemical analysis are used to identify precipitated from solutions solid phases. Three new phases, which composition by chemical analysis corresponds to M 3 Nb 2 OF 11 , where M=NH 4 , K, Rb, are detected. Their roentgenometric data displayed in tetragonal crystal system with a and c parameters equalling 15,710 and 7,744; 14,877 and 7,697; 15,511 and 7,785 A respectively, are presented
Thermogravimetric method of estimation of uranyl cation state in melts of alkali metal chlorides and their mixtures
Vorobej, M.P.; Desyatnik, V.N.
The thermogravimetric method was used to study the chloridizing of uranium oxides in molten media. The study of the uranium oxide chloridizing served as a basis for evaluating comparatively, using the DTA method, the uranyl-cation state in a melt. Using the alkali metals as example, it was shown that the decomposition of the frozen uranium oxychlorides proceeds with the formation of intermediate chlorouranates. The final product of the thermolysis are uranates Me 2 U 2 O 7 (Me-Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs). The time and the conditions of the change of uranium oxides to the oxyanion [UO 2 Cl 4 ] 2- were determined as a function of the chloridizing agent. The method can be employed for evaluating uranyl-ions in molten media where they are used as electrolytes in the extraction of uranium dioxide
Purification and characterization of an extracellular, thermo-alkali-stable, metal tolerant laccase from Bacillus tequilensis SN4.
Sonica Sondhi
Full Text Available A novel extracellular thermo-alkali-stable laccase from Bacillus tequilensis SN4 (SN4LAC was purified to homogeneity. The laccase was a monomeric protein of molecular weight 32 KDa. UV-visible spectrum and peptide mass fingerprinting results showed that SN4LAC is a multicopper oxidase. Laccase was active in broad range of phenolic and non-phenolic substrates. Catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km showed that 2, 6-dimethoxyphenol was most efficiently oxidized by the enzyme. The enzyme was inhibited by conventional inhibitors of laccase like sodium azide, cysteine, dithiothreitol and β-mercaptoethanol. SN4LAC was found to be highly thermostable, having temperature optimum at 85°C and could retain more than 80% activity at 70°C for 24 h. The optimum pH of activity for 2, 6-dimethoxyphenol, 2, 2'-azino bis[3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate], syringaldazine and guaiacol was 8.0, 5.5, 6.5 and 8.0 respectively. Enzyme was alkali-stable as it retained more than 75% activity at pH 9.0 for 24 h. Activity of the enzyme was significantly enhanced by Cu2+, Co2+, SDS and CTAB, while it was stable in the presence of halides, most of the other metal ions and surfactants. The extracellular nature and stability of SN4LAC in extreme conditions such as high temperature, pH, heavy metals, halides and detergents makes it a highly suitable candidate for biotechnological and industrial applications.
Defect formation and desorption of metal atoms from alkali halide crystals under low energy electron bombardment studied by optical absorption and mass spectroscopy
Seifert, N.R.
This work presents an extensive investigation of electronically induced desorption of ground-state alkali atoms from alkali halides and for the first time correlates directly the desorption with the stability and spatial distribution of the defects formed during bombardment. The electron impact results in the formation of stable F-centers and F-center clusters in the bulk of the crystals. In striking contrast a significant metallization of the surface is observed. Even at temperatures as low as 90 deg C the metallization is achieved within the time resolution of our detection system, which can only be explained by the rapid diffusion of hot holes. Superimposed to the fast and short diffusion of hot holes is the slow F-center diffusion. Measuring the distribution of defects with low energy ion sputtering techniques indicates that at least in the case of LiF the observed diffusion constant of F-centers agrees with values derived by using methods different from that applied here. At low temperatures the formation of F-center clusters and metal on the surface dominates. Colloid formation clearly requires higher temperatures (typically around 200 deg C). This is a strong evidence that efficient F-center diffusion is necessary for the formation of metallic particles (colloids) in the bulk of the crystals. Desorption of alkali atoms from alkali halides at temperatures around room temperature is due to weakly bound alkali atoms. For elevated temperatures the stability of the metallic clusters in the bulk of the crystals (i.e. colloids) are the rate limiting process. (author)
Effect of electrolyte sorbed by nonion-exchange mechanism on the state and diffusive mobility of water and alkali metal ions in perfluorinated sulfocationic membranes from NMR data
Volkov, V.I.; Sidorenkova, E.A.; Korochkova, S.A.; Novikov, N.A.; Sokol'skaya, I.B.; Timashev, S.F.
On the basis of data of high-resolution NMR on 1 H nuclei of water, 23 Na and 133 Cs, of counterions Na + and Ca + the influence of nonionexchange sorved alkalis and metal chlorides on the state and diffusive mobility of the counterions was studied. It is shown that the type of co-ion can affect considerably the translational diffusion of metal ions
[A novel gene (Aa-accA ) encoding acetyl-CoA carboxyltransferase alpha-subunit of Alkalimonas amylolytica N10 enhances salt and alkali tolerance of Escherichia coli and tobacco BY-2 cells].
Xian, Mingjie; Zhai, Lei; Zhong, Naiqin; Ma, Yiwei; Xue, Yanfen; Ma, Yanhe
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) catalyzes the first step of fatty acid synthesis. In most bacteria, ACC is composed of four subunits encoded by accA, accB, accC, and accD. Of them, accA encodes acetyl-CoA carboxyltransferase alpha-subunit. Our prior work on proteomics of Alkalimonas amylolytica N10 showed that the expression of the Aa-accA has a remarkable response to salt and alkali stress. This research aimed to find out the Aa-accA gene contributing to salt and alkali tolerance. The Aa-accA was amplified by PCR from A. amylolytica N10 and expressed in E. coli K12 host. The effects of Aa-accA expression on the growth of transgenic strains were examined under different NaCl concentration and pH conditions. Transgenic tobacco BY-2 cells harboring Aa-accA were also generated via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The viability of BY-2 cells was determined with FDA staining method after salt and alkali shock. The Aa-accA gene product has 318 amino acids and is homologous to the carboxyl transferase domain of acyl-CoA carboxylases. It showed 76% identity with AccA (acetyl-CoA carboxylase carboxyltransferase subunit alpha) from E. coli. Compared to the wild-type strains, transgenic E. coli K12 strain containing Aa-accA showed remarkable growth superiority when grown in increased NaCl concentrations and pH levels. The final cell density of the transgenic strains was 2.6 and 3.5 times higher than that of the control type when they were cultivated in LB medium containing 6% (W/V) NaCl and at pH 9, respectively. Complementary expression of Aa-accA in an accA-depletion E. coli can recover the tolerance of K12 delta accA to salt and alkali stresses to some extent. Similar to the transgenic E. coli, transgenic tobacco BY-2 cells showed higher percentages of viability compared to the wild BY-2 cells under the salt or alkali stress condition. We found that Aa-accA from A. amylolytica N10 overexpression enhances the tolerance of both transgenic E. coli and tobacco BY-2 cells to
Direct reduction of uranium dioxide and few other metal oxides to corresponding metals by high temperature molten salt electrolysis
Mohandas, K.S.
Molten salt based electro-reduction processes, capable of directly converting solid metal oxides to metals with minimum intermediate steps, are being studied worldwide. Production of metals apart, the process assumes importance in nuclear technology in the context of pyrochemical reprocessing of spent oxide fuels, for it serves as an intermediate step to convert spent oxide fuel to a metal alloy, which in turn can be processed by molten salt electro-refining method to gain the actinides present in it. In the context of future metal fuel fast reactor programme, the electrochemical process was studied for conversion of solid UO_2 to U metal in LiCl-1wt.% Li_2O melt at 650 °C with platinum anode at the Metal Processing Studies Section, PMPD, IGCAR. A brief overview of the work is presented in the paper
Synthesis of racemic 2-deutero-3-fluoro-alanine and its salts, and intermediates therefor
The racemates of 2-deutero-3-fluoro-alanine and its salts are prepared by reductive amination of 3-fluoro-pyruvic acid, its hydrate or salts thereof, via the intermediate 2-imino-3-fluoro propionic acid salt, using alkali metal borodeuterides as reducing agents. The racemates thus obtained are valuable in the production of the corresponding 2-deutero-3-fluoro-D-alanine, and its pharmacologically acceptable salts, and derivatives thereof, which are potent antibacterial agents
Activation energy of tracer-diffusion of manganese ions (Mn2+) in alkali metal chloride solutions
Borhade, A.V.
The activation energy of the tracer diffusion of Mn 2+ ions in alkali chloride solutions (0.1M) has been determined in agar gel medium (1-2.5%) over the temperature range of 25 - 45 deg C. The decrease in the value of the Arrhenius parameters, E and D 0 , with gel percentage is explained on the basis of the transition state theory. Further, the activation energy as a function of electrolyte concentration is also investigated using 1% agar gel in the temperature range of 25 - 45 deg C. In both the cases, the activation energies are determined by the least square fitting of the diffusion coefficient data obtained at various temperatures through the Arrhenius plots. (author)
Difference in substrate specificity divides the yeast alkali-metal-cation/H(+) antiporters into two subfamilies
Kinclová, Olga; Potier, S.; Sychrová, Hana
Ro�. 148, Pt. 4 (2002), s. 1225-1232 ISSN 1350-0872 R&D Projects: GA AV ČR IAA5011005; GA ČR GA204/01/0272 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z5011922 Keywords : Na(+) efflux * K(+) efflux * salt tolerance Subject RIV: EB - Genetics ; Molecular Biology Impact factor: 2.897, year: 2002
Formation of oxide layers on aluminum, niobium, and tantalum in molten alkali metal carbonates
Nikitina, E. V.; Kazakovtseva, N. A.
The electrochemical synthesis of niobium, tantalum, and aluminum oxide nanolayers is studied in the melt of lithium, sodium, and potassium carbonates with various additives to a salt phase in an oxidizing atmosphere at a temperature of 773 and 873 K. A scheme is proposed for high-temperature anion local activation of the process.
Latent energy storage with salt and metal mixtures for solar dynamic applications
Crane, R. A.; Konstantinou, K. S.
This paper examines three design alternatives for the development of a solar dynamic heat receiver as applied to power systems operating in low earth orbit. These include a base line design used for comparison in ongoing NASA studies, a system incorporating a salt energy storage system with the salt dispersed within a metal mesh and a hybrid system incorporating both a molten salt and molten metal for energy storage. Based on a typical low earth orbit condition, designs are developed and compared to determine the effect of resultant conductivity, heat capacity and heat of fusion on system size, weight, temperature gradients, cycle turbine inlet temperature and material utilization.
[Characteristics of 'salt island' and 'fertile island' for Tamarix chinensis and soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus ecological stoichiometry in saline-alkali land].
Zhang, Li-hua; Chen, Xiao-bing
To clarify the nutrient characteristics of 'salt island' and 'fertile island' effects in saline-alkali soil, the native Tamarix chinensis of the Yellow River Delta (YRD) was selected to measure its soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (N), total phosphorus (P) and their stoichiometry characteristics at different soil depths. The results showed that soil pH and EC increased with the increasing soil depth. Soil EC and P in the 0-20 cm layer decreased and increased from canopied area to interspace, respectively. SOC, N, N/P and C/P in the 20-40 cm soil layer decreased, and C/N increased from the shrub center to interspace. SOC and N contents between island and interspace both decreased but P content decreased firstly and then increased with the increasing soil depth. Soil pH correlated positively with EC. In addition, pH and EC correlated negatively with C, N, P contents and their ecological stoichiometry.
Enhanced brightness of organic light-emitting diodes based on Mg:Ag cathode using alkali metal chlorides as an electron injection layer
Zou Ye; Deng Zhenbo; Xu Denghui; Lü Zhaoyue; Yin Yuehong; Du Hailiang; Chen Zheng; Wang Yongsheng
Different thicknesses of cesium chloride (CsCl) and various alkali metal chlorides were inserted into organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) as electron injection layers (EILs). The basic structure of OLED is indium tin oxide (ITO)/N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis(1-napthyl-phenyl)-1.1′-biphenyl-4.4′-diamine (NPB)/tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq 3 )/Mg:Ag/Ag. The electroluminescent (EL) performance curves show that both the brightness and efficiency of the OLEDs can be obviously enhanced by using a thin alkali metal chloride layer as an EIL. The electron injection barrier height between the Alq 3 layer and Mg:Ag cathode is reduced by inserting a thin alkali metal chloride as an EIL, which results in enhanced electron injection and electron current. Therefore, a better balance of hole and electron currents at the emissive interface is achieved and consequently the brightness and efficiency of OLEDs are improved. - Highlights: ► Alkaline metal chlorides were used as electron injection layers in organic light-emitting diodes based on Mg:Ag cathode. ► Brightness and efficiency of OLEDs with alkaline metal chlorides as electron injection layers were all greatly enhanced. ► The Improved OLED performance was attributed to the possible interfacial chemical reaction. ► Electron-only devices are fabricated to demonstrate the electron injection enhancement.
Soluble salts: their incidence on the protection of metallic structures by paint coatings
Morcillo, M.
The presence of soluble salts at the metal/paint interface is known to have a detrimental effect on the integrity of most paint systems. Though this is a long-standing problem, it has recently come to receive greater attention from the protective coatings industry. In the paper the following points are reviewed: degradation mechanisms of the metal/paint system, the role of the metallic substrate, the nature, origin and detection os soluble salts, expected levels of soluble salts in practice, critical thresholds of soluble salts and risk levels for premature failures, role of the type and thickness of paint systems and exposure conditions, and prevention measures. The author presents an overview of the subject, making reference to the related research that has been carried out by him and his co-workers over the last 16 years. (Author) 58 refs
Wetting of a Charged Surface of Glassy Carbon by Molten Alkali-Metal Chlorides
Stepanov, V. P.
Values of the contact angle of wetting of a surface of glassy carbon by molten chlorides of lithium, sodium, potassium, and cesium are measured by the meniscus weight method to determine the common factors of wettability of solid surfaces by ionic melts upon a change in the salt phase composition and a jump in electric potential. It is found that with a potential shift in the positive direction the shape of the curve of the contact angle's dependence on the potential varies upon substitution of one salt by another: the angle of wetting shrinks monotonously in lithium chloride but remains constant in molten cesium chloride. This phenomenon is explained by the hypothesis that the nature of the halide anion adsorption on the positively charged surface of an electrode is chemical and not electrostatic. It is shown that the adsorption process is accompanied by charge transfer through the interface, with covalent bonding between the adsorbent and adsorbate.
Some metallic materials and fluoride salts for high temperature applications
Hosnedl, P.; Hron, M.; Matal, O.
There has been a special Ni base alloy MONICR for high temperature applications in fluoride salt environments developed in the framework of the complex R and D program for the Molten Salt Reactor (MSR) - SPHINX (SPent Hot fuel Incinerator by Neutron fluX) concept development in the Czech Republic. Selected results of MONICR alloy tests and results of semi products fabrication from this alloy are discussed in the paper. The results of the structural materials tests are applied on semi-products and for the design of the testing devices as the autoclave in loop arrangement for high temperature fluoride salts applications. Material properties other Ni base alloys are compared to those of MONICR. Corrosion test results of the alloy A686 in the LiF - NaF - ZrF 4 molten salt are provided and compared to the measured values of the polarizing resistance. (author)
Alkali metal cation complexation and solvent interactions by robust chromium(III) fluoride complexes
Birk, T.; Magnussen, M.J.; Piligkos, Stergios
)] have been synthesized from mer-[CrF3(py)(3)] and shown to precipitate sodium salts from solution, of which 3[CrF3(Me(3-)tacn)]center dot 2Na(Bph(4)).solv and 6[CrF3(terpy)]center dot 4Na(Bph(4)).solv have been crystallographically characterized. In these clusters, the neutral fluoride complexes bring...
Corrosion-electrochemical behavior of zirconium in molten alkali metal carbonates
Nikitina, E. V.
The corrosion and electrochemical characteristics of zirconium during its interaction with molten lithium, sodium, and potassium carbonates containing from 1 to 5 wt % additives to the salt phase are studied in a temperature range of 500-800°C using gravimetry, corrosion potential measurement, and anodic polarization. The substances decreasing the corrosion losses due to the strengthening and thickening of an oxide film (lithium, sodium, potassium hydroxides) are used as passivators. Sodium chloride, fluoride, and sulfate serve as corrosion stimulators (activators).
Thermal expansion of NZP-family alkali-metal (Na, K) zirconium phosphates
Orlova, A.I.; Kemenov, D.V.; Pet'kov, V.I.; Samojlov, S.G.; Kazantsev, G.N.
By means of high-temperature X-ray diffraction one investigated into thermal expansion of alkali-zirconium phosphates crystallizing in NaZr 2 (PO 4 ) 3 structure type within 20-700 deg C temperature range. One synthesized phosphates of A x Zr 2.25-0.25x (PO 4 ) 3 type two series where A-Na (x = 0.5; 1.0; 2.0; 3.0; 4.0; 5.0) and K (x = 1.0; 3.0; 5.0). One calculated for them a and c parameters of the elementary cells and α a and α c linear expansion temperature coefficients. Anisotropy of thermal expansion the maximum one for AZr 2 (PO 4 ) 3 and Na 5 Zr(PO 4 ) 3 phosphates was determined. K 5 Zr(PO 4 ) 3 compound was characterized by the minimum thermal expansion at the near-zero anisotropy of Na 5 Zr(PO 4 ) 3 [ru
Clustering of nucleosides in the presence of alkali metals: Biologically relevant quartets of guanosine, deoxyguanosine and uridine observed by ESI-MS/MS.
Aggerholm, Tenna; Nanita, Sergio C; Koch, Kim J; Cooks, R Graham
Electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectra of nucleosides, recorded in the presence of alkali metals, display alkali metal ion-bound quartets and other clusters that may have implications for understanding non-covalent interactions in DNA and RNA. The tetramers of guanosine and deoxyguanosine and also their metaclusters (clusters of clusters), cationized by alkali metals, were observed as unusually abundant magic number clusters. The observation of these species in the gas phase parallels previous condensed-phase studies, which show that guanine derivatives can form quartets and metaclusters of quartets in solution in the presence of metal cations. This parallel behavior and also internal evidence suggest that bonding in the guanosine tetramers involves the bases rather than the sugar units. The nucleobases thymine and uracil are known to form magic number pentameric adducts with K+, Cs+ and NH4+ in the gas phase. In sharp contrast, we now show that the nucleosides uridine and deoxythymidine do not form the pentameric clusters characteristic of the corresponding bases. More subtle effects of the sugars are evident in the fact that adenosine and cytidine form numerous higher order clusters with alkali metals, whereas deoxyadenosine and deoxycytidine show no clustering. It is suggested that hydrogen bonding between the bases in the tetramers of dG and rG are the dominant interactions in the clusters, hence changing the ribose group to deoxyribose (and vice versa) generally has little effect. However, the additional hydroxyl group of RNA nucleosides enhances the non-selective formation of higher-order aggregates for adenosine and cytidine and results in the lack of highly stable magic number clusters. Some clusters are the result of aggregation in the course of ionization (ESI) whereas others appear to be intrinsic to the solution being examined. Copyright 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Origin of low sodium capacity in graphite and generally weak substrate binding of Na and Mg among alkali and alkaline earth metals.
Liu, Yuanyue; Merinov, Boris V; Goddard, William A
It is well known that graphite has a low capacity for Na but a high capacity for other alkali metals. The growing interest in alternative cation batteries beyond Li makes it particularly important to elucidate the origin of this behavior, which is not well understood. In examining this question, we find a quite general phenomenon: among the alkali and alkaline earth metals, Na and Mg generally have the weakest chemical binding to a given substrate, compared with the other elements in the same column of the periodic table. We demonstrate this with quantum mechanics calculations for a wide range of substrate materials (not limited to C) covering a variety of structures and chemical compositions. The phenomenon arises from the competition between trends in the ionization energy and the ion-substrate coupling, down the columns of the periodic table. Consequently, the cathodic voltage for Na and Mg is expected to be lower than those for other metals in the same column. This generality provides a basis for analyzing the binding of alkali and alkaline earth metal atoms over a broad range of systems.
The ongoing development of nonlinear optical (NLO) crystals such as coherent mid-IR sources focuses on various classes of materials such as ternary and quaternary metal chalcophosphates. In case of thiophosphates, the connection between PS4
ALKALI RESISTANT CATALYST
The present invention concerns the selective removal of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from gasses. In particular, the invention concerns a process, a catalyst and the use of a catalyst for the selective removal of nitrogen oxides in the presence of ammonia from gases containing a significant amount...... of alkali metal and/or alkali-earth compounds which process comprises using a catalyst combined of (i) a formed porous superacidic support, said superacidic support having an Hammett acidity stronger than Ho=-12, and (ii) a metal oxide catalytic component deposited on said superacidic support selected from...
[Sources of error in the European Pharmacopoeia assay of halide salts of organic bases by titration with alkali].
Kószeginé, S H; Ráfliné, R Z; Paál, T; Török, I
A short overview has been given by the authors on the titrimetric assay methods of halide salts of organic bases in the pharmacopoeias of greatest importance. The alternative procedures introduced by the European Pharmacopoeia Commission some years ago to replace the non-aqueous titration with perchloric acid in the presence of mercuric acetate have also been presented and evaluated. The authors investigated the limits of applicability and the sources of systematic errors (bias) of the strongly preferred titration with sodium hydroxide in an alcoholic medium. To assess the bias due to the differences between the results calculated from the two inflexion points of the titration curves and the two real endpoints corresponding to the strong and weak acids, respectively, the mathematical analysis of the titration curve function was carried out. This bias, generally negligible when the pH change near the endpoint of the titration is more than 1 unit, is the function of the concentration, the apparent pK of the analyte and the ionic product of water (ethanol) in the alcohol-water mixtures. Using the validation data gained for the method with the titration of ephedrine hydrochloride the authors analysed the impact of carbon dioxide in the titration medium on the additive and proportional systematic errors of the method. The newly introduced standardisation procedure of the European Pharmacopoeia for the sodium hydroxide titrant to decrease the systematic errors caused by carbon dioxide has also been evaluated.
Alkali-treated titanium selectively regulating biological behaviors of bacteria, cancer cells and mesenchymal stem cells.
Li, Jinhua; Wang, Guifang; Wang, Donghui; Wu, Qianju; Jiang, Xinquan; Liu, Xuanyong
Many attentions have been paid to the beneficial effect of alkali-treated titanium to bioactivity and osteogenic activity, but few to the other biological effect. In this work, hierarchical micro/nanopore films were prepared on titanium surface by acid etching and alkali treatment and their biological effects on bacteria, cancer cells and mesenchymal stem cells were investigated. Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-negative Escherichia coli, and human cholangiocarcinoma cell line RBE were used to investigate whether alkali-treated titanium can influence behaviors of bacteria and cancer cells. Responses of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) to alkali-treated titanium were also subsequently investigated. The alkali-treated titanium can potently reduce bacterial adhesion, inhibit RBE and BMMSCs proliferation, while can better promote BMMSCs osteogenesis and angiogenesis than acid-etched titanium. The bacteriostatic ability of the alkali-treated titanium is proposed to result from the joint effect of micro/nanotopography and local pH increase at bacterium/material interface due to the hydrolysis of alkali (earth) metal titanate salts. The inhibitory action of cell proliferation is thought to be the effect of local pH increase at cell/material interface which causes the alkalosis of cells. This alkalosis model reported in this work will help to understand the biologic behaviors of various cells on alkali-treated titanium surface and design the intended biomedical applications. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
PROCESSING OF URANIUM-METAL-CONTAINING FUEL ELEMENTS
Moore, R.H.
A process is given for recovering uranium from neutronbombarded uranium- aluminum alloys. The alloy is dissolved in an aluminum halide--alkali metal halide mixture in which the halide is a mixture of chloride and bromide, the aluminum halide is present in about stoichiometric quantity as to uranium and fission products and the alkali metal halide in a predominant quantity; the uranium- and electropositive fission-products-containing salt phase is separated from the electronegative-containing metal phase; more aluminum halide is added to the salt phase to obtain equimolarity as to the alkali metal halide; adding an excess of aluminum metal whereby uranium metal is formed and alloyed with the excess aluminum; and separating the uranium-aluminum alloy from the fission- productscontaining salt phase. (AEC)
Density functional study of isoguanine tetrad and pentad sandwich complexes with alkali metal ions.
Meyer, Michael; Steinke, Thomas; Sühnel, Jürgen
Isoguanine tetraplexes and pentaplexes contain two or more stacked polyads with intercalating metal ions. We report here the results of a density functional study of sandwiched isoguanine tetrad and pentad complexes consisting of two polyads with Na(+), K(+) and Rb(+) ions at the B3LYP level. In comparison to single polyad metal ion complexes, there is a trend towards increased non-planarity of the polyads in the sandwich complexes. In general, the pentad sandwiches have relatively planar polyad structures, whereas the tetrad complexes contain highly non-planar polyad building blocks. As in other sandwich complexes and in metal ion complexes with single polyads, the metal ion-base interaction energy plays an essential role. In iG sandwich structures, this interaction energy is slightly larger than in the corresponding guanine sandwich complexes. Because the base-base interaction energy is even more increased in passing from guanine to isoguanine, the isoguanine sandwiches are thus far the only examples where the base-base interaction energy is larger than the base-metal ion interaction energy. Stacking interactions have been studied in smaller models consisting of two bases, retaining the geometry from the complete complex structures. From the data obtained at the B3LYP and BH&H levels and with Møller-Plesset perturbation theory, one can conclude that the B3LYP method overestimates the repulsion in stacked base dimers. For the complexes studied in this work, this is only of minor importance because the direct inter-tetrad or inter-pentad interaction is supplemented by a strong metal ion-base interaction. Using a microsolvation model, the metal ion preference K(+) approximately Rb(+) > Na(+) is found for tetrad complexes. On the other hand, for pentads the ordering is Rb(+) > K(+) > Na(+). In the latter case experimental data are available that agree with this prediction.
Adsorption of alkali, alkaline-earth, simple and 3d transition metal, and nonmetal atoms on monolayer MoS2
X. D. Li
Full Text Available Single adsorption of different atoms on pristine two-dimensional monolayer MoS2 have been systematically investigated by using density functional calculations with van der Waals correction. The adatoms cover alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, main group metal, 3d-transition metals, coinage metal and nonmetal atoms. Depending on the adatom type, metallic, semimetallic or semiconducting behavior can be found in direct bandgap monolayer MoS2. Additionally, local or long-range magnetic moments of two-dimensional MoS2 sheet can also attained through the adsorption. The detailed atomic-scale knowledge of single adsorption on MoS2 monolayer is important not only for the sake of a theoretical understanding, but also device level deposition technological application.
Adsorption of alkali, alkaline-earth, simple and 3d transition metal, and nonmetal atoms on monolayer MoS{sub 2}
Li, X. D.; Fang, Y. M.; Wu, S. Q., E-mail: zzhu@xmu.edu.cn, E-mail: wsq@xmu.edu.cn [Department of Physics and Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005 (China); Zhu, Z. Z., E-mail: zzhu@xmu.edu.cn, E-mail: wsq@xmu.edu.cn [Department of Physics and Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005 (China); Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Xiamen 361005 (China)
Single adsorption of different atoms on pristine two-dimensional monolayer MoS{sub 2} have been systematically investigated by using density functional calculations with van der Waals correction. The adatoms cover alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, main group metal, 3d-transition metals, coinage metal and nonmetal atoms. Depending on the adatom type, metallic, semimetallic or semiconducting behavior can be found in direct bandgap monolayer MoS{sub 2}. Additionally, local or long-range magnetic moments of two-dimensional MoS{sub 2} sheet can also attained through the adsorption. The detailed atomic-scale knowledge of single adsorption on MoS{sub 2} monolayer is important not only for the sake of a theoretical understanding, but also device level deposition technological application.
Synthesis and crystal structure of alkali metal diamido dioxosilicates M2SiO2(NH2)2 with M corresponds to K, Rb and Cs
Jacobs, H.; Mengis, H.
SiO 2 - α-quartz - reacts with alkali metal amides MNH 2 (M corresponds to K, Rb, and Cs) in molar ratios from 1:2 to 1:10 at 450 C ≤ T ≤ 600 C and P(NH 3 ) = 6 kbar in autoclaves to diamidodioxosilicates M[SiO 2 (NH 2 ) 2 ]. Crystals of the colourless compounds which hydrolyze rapidly were investigated by X-ray methods. (orig.)
Rice Na+/H+- antiporter Nhx1 partially complements the alkali-metal-cation sensitivity of yeast strains lacking three sodium transporters
Kinclová-Zimmermannová, Olga; Flegelová, Hana; Sychrová, Hana
Ro�. 49, �. 5 (2004), s. 519-525 ISSN 0015-5632 R&D Projects: GA ČR GA204/02/1240; GA AV ČR IAA5011407 Grant - others:EU(XE) QLK3-CT-2001-00533 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z5011922 Keywords : alkali metal cations * Na/H antiporter * yeast Subject RIV: EB - Genetics ; Molecular Biology Impact factor: 1.034, year: 2004
Ageing behaviour of unary hydroxides in trivalent metal salt solutions
LDH)-like phases on ageing in solutions of Al or Cr salts. This reaction is similar to acid leaching and proceeds by a dissolution–reprecipitation mechanism offering a simple method of LDH synthesis, with implications for the accepted theories of ...
Solid state syntheses and interconversion of new metal salts and ...
... dehydrochlorinated via thermal or mechanochemical methods to obtain the coordination compounds [MCl2(H2biim)]. X-ray single crystal structure determination, powder diffraction (XRDP), thermogravimetric and elemental analyses were used in the preliminary characterization of the new salts and the derived materials.
Optimized random phase approximation for the structure of liquid alkali metals as electron-ion plasmas
Senatore, G.; Tosi, M.P.; Trieste Univ.
The purpose of this letter is to stress that the way towards an unconventional optimized-random-phase-approximation (ORPA) approach to the structure of liquid metals is indicated, and in fact already a good first-order solution for such an approach is provided
Roles of Staphylococcus aureus Mnh1 and Mnh2 Antiporters in Salt Tolerance, Alkali Tolerance, and Pathogenesis.
Vaish, Manisha; Price-Whelan, Alexa; Reyes-Robles, Tamara; Liu, Jun; Jereen, Amyeo; Christie, Stephanie; Alonzo, Francis; Benson, Meredith A; Torres, Victor J; Krulwich, Terry A
Staphylococcus aureus has three types of cation/proton antiporters. The type 3 family includes two m ultisubunit N a + / H + (Mnh) antiporters, Mnh1 and Mnh2. These antiporters are clusters of seven hydrophobic membrane-bound protein subunits. Mnh antiporters play important roles in maintaining cytoplasmic pH in prokaryotes, enabling their survival under extreme environmental stress. In this study, we investigated the physiological roles and catalytic properties of Mnh1 and Mnh2 in S. aureus Both Mnh1 and Mnh2 were cloned separately into a pGEM3Z+ vector in the antiporter-deficient KNabc Escherichia coli strain. The catalytic properties of the antiporters were measured in everted (inside out) vesicles. The Mnh1 antiporter exhibited a significant exchange of Na + /H + cations at pH 7.5. Mnh2 showed a significant exchange of both Na + /H + and K + /H + cations, especially at pH 8.5. Under elevated salt conditions, deletion of the mnhA1 gene resulted in a significant reduction in the growth rate of S. aureus in the range of pH 7.5 to 9. Deletion of mnhA2 had similar effects but mainly in the range of pH 8.5 to 9.5. Double deletion of mnhA1 and mnhA2 led to a severe reduction in the S. aureus growth rate mainly at pH values above 8.5. The effects of functional losses of both antiporters in S. aureus were also assessed via their support of virulence in a mouse in vivo infection model. Deletion of the mnhA1 gene led to a major loss of S. aureus virulence in mice, while deletion of mnh2 led to no change in virulence. IMPORTANCE This study focuses on the catalytic properties and physiological roles of Mnh1 and Mnh2 cation/proton antiporters in S. aureus and their contributions under different stress conditions. The Mnh1 antiporter was found to have catalytic activity for Na + /H + antiport, and it plays a significant role in maintaining halotolerance at pH 7.5 while the Mnh2 antiporter has catalytic antiporter activities for Na + /H + and K + /H + that have roles in both
Exchange reactions in the systems of alkali metal, silver and thallium, sulfates, niobates and tantalates
Belyaev, I.N.; Lupejko, T.G.; Nalbandyan, V.B.; Abanina, E.V.
Investigated are exchange interactions in diagonal cross sections of twenty triple mutual systems with A and A' cations and SO 4 and MO 3 anions where A and A'-Li, Na, K, Ag, Tl, M-Nb, Ta using the methods of X-ray phase, chemical and differential thermal analyses. Exchange reaction between crystal complex oxide and melted salt are effective synthesis method. These reactions in particular permitted to obtain pure AgNbO 3 , AgTaO 3 and their solid solutions at temperatures hundreds degrees lower than in displacement reactions. Equilibrium samples of AMO 3 -A'MO 3 systems, continuous or discontinuous solid solutions, compounds (except NaMO 3 -KMO 3 , and also LiTaO 3 -KTaO 3 ) are formed in exchange reactions when there is sulfate shortage. Thus, exchange reactions can be applied for solid solution synthesis, and also for phase diagram study
Ab Initio Study of Chemical Reactions of Cold SrF and CaF Molecules with Alkali-Metal and Alkaline-Earth-Metal Atoms: The Implications for Sympathetic Cooling.
Kosicki, Maciej Bartosz; Kędziera, Dariusz; Żuchowski, Piotr Szymon
We investigate the energetics of the atom exchange reaction in the SrF + alkali-metal atom and CaF + alkali-metal atom systems. Such reactions are possible only for collisions of SrF and CaF with the lithium atoms, while they are energetically forbidden for other alkali-metal atoms. Specifically, we focus on SrF interacting with Li, Rb, and Sr atoms and use ab initio methods to demonstrate that the SrF + Li and SrF + Sr reactions are barrierless. We present potential energy surfaces for the interaction of the SrF molecule with the Li, Rb, and Sr atoms in their energetically lowest-lying electronic spin states. The obtained potential energy surfaces are deep and exhibit profound interaction anisotropies. We predict that the collisions of SrF molecules in the rotational or Zeeman excited states most likely have a strong inelastic character. We discuss the prospects for the sympathetic cooling of SrF and CaF molecules using ultracold alkali-metal atoms.
The effects of soluble salts at the metal/paint interface: advances in knowledge
Fuente, Daniel de la; Chico, Belén; Morcillo, Manuel
The presence of soluble salts (particularly sulphates and chlorides) at the metal/paint interface is known to have a detrimental effect on the integrity of most paint systems. Though this is a long-standing problem, it has recently come to receive greater attention from the protective coatings industry. International Standards Organization (ISO) has for some time been trying to develop a standard about guidance levels for water-soluble salt contamination before the application of paints and r...
E. Garrone
Full Text Available Abstract: When adsorbed (at a low temperature on alkali-metal-exchanged zeolites, CO forms both M(CO+ and M(OC+ carbonyl species with the extra-framework alkali-metal cation of the zeolite. Both quantum chemical and experimental results show that C-bondend adducts are characterized by a C−O stretching IR band at a frequency higher than that of 2143 cm-1 for free CO, while for O-bonded adducts this IR band appears below 2143 cm-1. The cation-CO interaction energy is higher for M(CO+ than for M(OC+ carbonyls, although the corresponding difference decreases substantially when going from Li+ to Cs+. By means of variable-temperature FTIR spectroscopy, this energy difference was determined for several alkali-metal cations, and the existence of a thermal equilibrium between M(CO+ and M(OC+ species was established. The current state of research in this field is reviewed here, with a view to gain more insight into the thermal isomerization process.
Cleavage reactions of the complex ions derived from self-complementary deoxydinucleotides and alkali-metal ions using positive ion electrospray ionization with tandem mass spectrometry.
Xiang, Yun; Abliz, Zeper; Takayama, Mitsuo
The dissociation reactions of the adduct ions derived from the four self-complementary deoxydinucleotides, d(ApT), d(TpA), d(CpG), d(GpC), and alkali-metal ions were studied in detail by positive ion electrospray ionization multiple-stage mass spectrometry (ESI-MS(n)). For the [M + H](+) ions of the four deoxydinucleotides, elimination of 5'-terminus base or loss of both of 5'-terminus base and a deoxyribose were the major dissociation pathway. The ESI-MS(n) spectra showed that Li(+), Na(+), and Cs(+) bind to deoxydinucleotides mainly by substituting the H(+) of phosphate group, and these alkali-metal ions preferred to bind to pyrimidine bases rather than purine bases. For a given deoxydinucleotide, the dissociation pathway of [M + K](+) ions differed clearly from that of [M + Li](+), [M + Na](+), and [M + Cs](+) ions. Some interesting and characteristic cleavage reactions were observed in the product-ion spectra of [M + K](+) ions, including direct elimination of deoxyribose and HPO(3) from molecular ions. The fragmentation behavior of the [M + K](+) and [M + W](+) (W = Li, Na, Cs) adduct ions depend upon the sequence of bases, the interaction between alkali-metal ions and nucleobases, and the steric hindrance caused by bases.
Fates and roles of alkali and alkaline earth metal species during the pyrolysis and gasification of a Victorian lignite
Mody, D.; Wu, H.; Li, C. [Monash University, Vic. (Australia). CRC for Clean Power from Lignite, Dept. of Chemical Engineering
The transformation of alkali and alkaline earth metal (AAEM) species in a Victorian lignite during the pyrolysis and subsequent gasification in CO{sub 2} was studied in a novel quartz fluidised-bed reactor. Lignite samples prepared by physically adding NaCl and ion-exchanging Na{sup +} and Ca{sup ++} into the lignite were used to investigate the effects of chemical forms and valency of the AAEM species in the substrate lignite on their transformation during pyrolysis and gasification. Carboxyl-bound Na was found to be less volatile than Na present as NaCl, but more volatile than carboxyl-bound Ca during pyrolysis at temperatures between 400 and 900{sup o}C. However, the carboxyl-bound Na was volatilised to a much greater extent than the carboxyl-bound Ca in the same lignite during pyrolysis. It was seen that the loading of NaCl into the lignite did not significantly affect the char reactivity in the fluidised-bed reactor at 900{sup o}C.
Hydrogen storage property of alkali and alkaline-earth metal atoms decorated C24 fullerene: A DFT study
Zhang, Yafei; Cheng, Xinlu
The hydrogen storage behavior of alkali and alkaline-earth metal (AM = Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca) atoms decorated C24 fullerene was investigated by using density functional theory (DFT) study. Our results indicate that the AM atoms prefer to adsorb atop the center of tetragon of C24 fullerene with the largest binding energy than other possible adsorption sites. Moreover, the hydrogen storage gravimetric density of 24H2/6Li/C24, 24H2/6Na/C24 and 36H2/6Ca/C24 configurations reaches up to 12.7 wt%, 10.1 wt% and 12 wt%, higher than the year 2020 target from the US department of energy (DOE). Also, the average adsorption energies of H2 molecules of the 24H2/6Li/C24, 24H2/6Na/C24 and 36H2/6Ca/C24 configurations are -0.198 eV/H2, -0.164 eV/H2 and -0.138 eV/H2, locate the desirable range under the physical adsorption at near ambient conditions. These findings will have important implications on designing new hydrogen storage materials in the future.
Modification of the method of polarized orbitals for electron--alkali-metal scattering: Application to e-Li
Bhatia, A.K.; Temkin, A.; Silver, A.; Sullivan, E.C.
The method of polarized orbitals is modified to treat low-energy scattering of electrons from highly polarizable systems, specifically alkali-metal atoms. The modification is carried out in the particular context of the e-Li system, but the procedure is general; it consists of modifying the polarized orbital, so that when used in the otherwise orthodox form of the method, it gives (i) the correct electron affinity of the negative ion (in this case Li - ), (ii) the proper (i.e., Levinson-Swan) number of nodes of the associated zero-energy scattering orbital, and (iii) the correct polarizability. A procedure is devised whereby the scattering length can be calculated from the (known) electron affinity without solving the bound-state equation. Using this procedure we adduce a 1 S scattering length of 8.69a 0 . (The 3 S scattering length is -9.22a 0 .) The above modifications can also be carried out in the (lesser) exchange adiabatic approximation. However, they lead to qualitatively incorrect 3 S phase shifts. The modified polarized-orbital phase shifts are qualitatively similar to close-coupling and elaborate variational calculations. Quantitative differences from the latter calculations, however, remain; they are manifested most noticeably in the very-low-energy total and differential spin-flip cross sections
Performance and impedance studies of thin, porous molybdenum and tungsten electrodes for the alkali metal thermoelectric converter
Wheeler, B. L.; Williams, R. M.; Jeffries-Nakamura, B.; Lamb, J. L.; Loveland, M. E.; Bankston, C. P.; Cole, T.
Columnar, porous, magnetron-sputtered molybdenum and tungsten films show optimum performance as alkali metal thermoelectric converter electrodes at thicknesses less than 1.0 micron when used with molybdenum or nickel current collector grids. Power densities of 0.40 W/sq cm for 0.5-micron molybdenum films at 1200 K and 0.35 W/sq cm for 0.5-micron tungsten films at 1180 K were obtained at electrode maturity after 40-90 h. Sheet resistances of magnetron sputter deposited films on sodium beta-double-prime-alumina solid electrolyte (BASE) substrates were found to increase very steeply as thickness is decreased below about 0.3-double-prime 0.4-micron. The ac impedance data for these electrodes have been interpreted in terms of contributions from the bulk BASE and the porous electrode/BASE interface. Voltage profiles of operating electrodes show that the total electrode area, of electrodes with thickness less than 2.0 microns, is not utilized efficiently unless a fairly fine (about 1 x 1 mm) current collector grid is employed.
Study of electrochemical behaviour of tantalum in molten alkali metal chlorides
Bajmakov, A.N.; Ezrokhina, A.M.; Sashinina, O.A.; Shkol'nikov, S.N.
Equilibrium potentials of metallic tantalum in the melt TaCl 5 +KCl-NaCl are studied. Are average degree of tantalum ion oxidation, which are in equilibrium with metallic tantalum, is determined. Anodic behaviour of tantalum in equimolar mixture of potassium and sodium chlorides with Ta and F ion additions is considered. An average degree of oxidation of Ta ions, which transfer into the melt, depending on current density, is determined. It is established that tantalum is dissolved in the regime of diffusional kinetics. It is shown that tantalum corrodes in equimolar mixture of potassium and sodiUm chlorides, at that, corrosion rate increases with introdUction of Ta and F ions into solution. The corrosion is of electrochemical nature and it proceeds in the regime of diffusional kinetics
X-ray and neutron diffraction studies of some liquid alkali metals and alloys
Huijben, M.J.
Experimental techniques and correction procedures have been searched for, which allow a reliable and accurate determination of the structure factors of simple liquid metals, particularly in the small-angle region. A study of binary alloys was carried out and showed that clustering of like atoms (a tendency to phase separation) occurs, indicating special structural aspects. The densities of Na-K, Na-Cs, K-Rb alloys were also measured. (C.F.)
The Effect of Salts in Promoting Specific and Competitive Interactions between Zinc Finger Proteins and Metals
Li, Gongyu; Yuan, Siming; Zheng, Shihui; Chen, Yuting; Zheng, Zhen; Liu, Yangzhong; Huang, Guangming
Specific protein-metal interactions (PMIs) fulfill essential functions in cells and organic bodies, and activation of these functions in vivo are mostly modulated by the complex environmental factors, including pH value, small biomolecules, and salts. Specifically, the role of salts in promoting specific PMIs and their competition among various metals has remained untapped mainly due to the difficulty to distinguish nonspecific PMIs from specific PMIs by classic spectroscopic techniques. Herein, we report Hofmeister salts differentially promote the specific PMIs by combining nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry and spectroscopic techniques (fluorescence measurement and circular dichroism). Furthermore, to explore the influence of salts in competitive binding between metalloproteins and various metals, we designed a series of competitive experiments and applied to a well-defined model system, the competitive binding of zinc (II) and arsenic (III) to holo-promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML). These experiments not only provided new insights at the molecular scale as complementary to previous NMR and spectroscopic results, but also deduced the relative binding ability between zinc finger proteins and metals at the molecular scale, which avoids the mass spectrometric titration-based determination of binding constants that is frequently affected and often degraded by variable solution conditions including salt contents. [Figure not available: see fulltext.
Halophyte vegetation influences in salt marsh retention capacity for heavy metals
Reboreda, Rosa; Cacador, Isabel
We analysed concentrations of Cu, Cd and Pb in above and belowground tissues of the halophyte species Halimione portulacoides and Spartina maritima, as well as in sediments and pore water between the roots in a Tagus estuary salt marsh (Portugal). From these results we calculated the pools of metals in the compartments mentioned above. Relative percentages of accumulation in each pool were also determined. Our aim was to determine how the type of vegetation in the salt marsh affects overall metal retention capacity of the system. It was concluded that areas colonised by H. portulacoides are potential sources of Cu, Cd and Pb to the marsh ecosystem, whereas areas colonised by S. maritima are more effective sinks at least for Cu and Cd. Consequently, S. maritima seems to contribute more effectively to the stabilisation of metals in salt marsh sediments, reducing their availability to the estuarine system. - The type of vegetal cover can affect the overall retention capacity of a salt marsh as well as the functioning of the salt marsh as a sink or source of metals to the estuarine system
Electroless metal plating of plastics
Krause, L.J.
Process for plating main group metals on aromatic polymers is carried out by the use of a nonaqueous solution of a salt of an alkali metal in a positive valence state and a main group metal in a negative valence state with contact between the solution and polymer providing a redox reaction causing the deposition of the main group metal and the reduction of the polymer. Products from the process exhibit useful decorative and electrical properties.
Participation of Taxifolin in the Protection of Soya Seeds from the Effects of Heavy Metal Salts
V.A. Kuznetsova
Full Text Available A correlation was revealed between the specific activity of peroxidases and their multiple forms during the germination of soya seeds (Glycine max (L. Merrill in the presence of heavy metal salts. It was shown that lead and cadmium sulfates cause emergence of new forms of the enzyme with high electrophoretic mobility, which indicates that the identified enzyme forms are involved in the molecular mechanism of adaptation to oxidative stress. Addition of taxifolin (dihydroquercetin, a bioflavonoid antioxidant, to the salts of heavy metals caused decrease in the specific activity of peroxidases and favored emergence of new forms of the enzyme, which were absent in the control samples.
Interaction of Fe-Al-Cr-C with the melt of an alkali metal carbonate
The interaction of an Fe-Al-Cr-C (29.5 wt % Fe, 29.35 wt % Cr, 2.56 wt % C, 38.59 wt % Al) alloy with the melt of a lithium, sodium, or potassium carbonate containing 1-5 wt % addition to a salt phase is studied by gravimetry and measuring the corrosion potential and anode polarization curves in the temperature range 500-600°C. As passivators, the substances that decrease the corrosion losses due to hardening and thickening of an oxide film (lithium, sodium, potassium hydroxides) are used. As corrosion stimulators (activators), sodium chloride, fluoride, and sulfate are used. The coalloying of iron with chromium and aluminum results in high corrosion resistance against both frontal (continuous) and local (pitting, intercrystalline) corrosion as a result of formation of chemically resistant and high-adhesion oxide layers with their participation. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals gamma aluminum oxide, spinel (alumochromite) traces, and lithium aluminate at the surface.
Vanadium oxide based cpd. useful as a cathode active material - is used in lithium or alkali metal batteries to prolong life cycles
A mixt. of metallic iron particles and vanadium pentoxide contg. V in its pentavalent state in a liq. is reacted to convert at least some of the pentavalent V to its tetravalent state and form a gel. The liq. phase is then sepd. from the oxide based gel to obtain a solid material(I) comprising Fe......, V and oxygen where at least some of the V is in the tetravalent state. USE-(I) is a cathode active material in electric current producing storage cells. ADVANTAGE-Use of (I) in Li or alkali metal batteries gives prolonged life cycles.Storage cells using (I) have improved capacity during charge...
Lanthanide Single-Molecule Magnets Framed by Alkali Metals & Magnetic and Spectroscopic Studies of 3d Transition Metal Complexes
Konstantatos, Andreas
-molecule magnets (SMMs). Starting from the archetype SMM Mn12 we present the details of the mechanisms governing the relaxation of the magnetization of these systems. In Chapter 2 we present our work on the coordination chemistry of lanthanides with a new Schiff-base ligand, H3L [(E)-3-((2-hydroxyphenyl...... complexes of M3+ or M2+ metal ions (M: 3d transition metal) with the preference to either approximate octahedral or trigonal prismatic coordination geometry. A detailed magnetic characterization for most of the complexes is presented where a trinuclear Co2+ cluster stands out for its pronounced SMM...
Reaction of vanadocene and its monochloride with salts of nitrogen-containing heterocycles
Gordetsov, A.S.; Pereshein, V.V.; Lyatyaeva, V.N.; Mar'in, V.P.; Rukevich, OS.; Zakharova, E.S.
The reaction of bis(eta 5 -cyclopentadienyl) vanadium (Cp 2 V) and its monochloride with diallyl isocyanurates of Ag and alkali metals and with Ag salt of succinimide is used for preparing almost inaccessible Cp 2 V-substituted nitrogen-containing heterocycles. The reactions have been performed in toluene in an evacuated ampoule at room temperature and at 120-130 deg C in case of diallyl isocyanurates of alkali metals. Reaction yields element analysis data, DTA, IR spectra and ESR spectra. Cp 2 V easily reduces Ag from its salts with nitrogen-containing heterocycles oxidizing with production of V(3) sandwich derivatives In exchange reactions of Cp 2 VCl with diallyl isocyanurate salts of alkali metals and silver Cp 2 V-diallyl isocyanurate with an oxo-structure is prosduced as well. The produced AgCl subsequently oxidizers Cp 2 VCl up to Cp 2 VCl 2
This work investigates strategies to mitigate stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in Zircaloy-4 sheathing materials. The CANLUB coatings currently used in CANDU reactors contain both alkali metal and alkaline earth metal impurities, which can exist as oxides (e.g., Na{sub 2}O and CaO). It is believed that when the corrosive fission product iodine reacts with these oxides, the iodine can be sequestered through the formation of an iodide (e.g.,NaI and CaI{sub 2}). The subsequent O{sub 2} release may repair cracks in the protective ZrO{sub 2} layer on the sheathing, shielding the Zircaloy-4 sheathing from further corrosive fission product attack. For this investigation, O{sub 2} gas, Na{sub 2}O, and CaO were separately introduced into an environment wherein slotted Zircaloy-4 rings endure mechanical stresses in iodine vapour at high temperatures. Controlled additions of O{sub 2} gas created a slight reduction in the corrosive attack on Zircaloy-4 sheathing, while the inclusion of Na{sub 2}O and CaO lead to greater reductions. (author)
Preparation of low valent technetium metal-metal bonded species via solvothermal reduction of pertechnetate salts
Kerlin, W.M.; Poineau, F.; Forster, P.M.; Czerwinski, K.R.; Sattelberger, A.P.
A new one-step solvothermal synthesis route for reduction of pertechnetate salts to low valent technetium metal-metal bonded dimers will be presented. The reaction of potassium pertechnetate with glacial acetic acid plus either halo acids or halo salts under in-situ hydrogen production by sodium borohydride at various temperatures yields multiple products consisting of tetraacetate Tc-Tc (II,III) and Tc-Tc (III,III) paddle wheel dimers. Solid products isolated and analyzed via Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction (SC-XRD) in these reactions consist of polymeric chains Tc 2 +5 core: Tc 2 (μ-O 2 CCH 3 ) 4 (O 2 CCH 3 ), Tc 2 (μ-O 2 CCH 3 ) 4 Cl, Tc 2 (μ-O 2 CCH 3 ) 4 Br, Tc 2 (μ-O 2 CCH 3 ) 4 I, molecular Tc 2 +5 core: Tc 2 (μ-O 2 CCH 3 ) 3 Cl 2 (H 2 O) 2 ·H 2 O, K[Tc 2 (μ-O 2 CCH 3 ) 4 Br 2 ], and molecular Tc 2 +6 core: Tc 2 (μ-O 2 CCH 3 ) 4 Cl 2 , Tc 2 (μ-O 2 CCH 3 ) 4 Br 2 . Of the compounds listed, four are newly discovered using the one-step technique and two more additions to crystal database. Additional spectroscopic (X-ray Absorbance Fine Structure, UV-Vis, and FT-IR) characterization of the new compounds will be shown and used to propose a mechanism. Analysis of the mother liquor of each reaction by UV-Vis and formation of crystals over time due to oxidation of solutions affords a possible insight into mechanism of the Tc 2 +5 to Tc 2 +6 core formation. The oxidation states of Tc-Tc dimers formed is also dependent on temperature and pH of the starting solutions and will be explained in extensive detail. These one step reactions of reducing Tc(VII) to low valent technetium provides high yield intermediates for potential waste forms, use in nuclear fuel cycle separations, and radiopharmaceuticals. (author)
Optical Detection of Sodium Salts of Fluoride, Acetate and ...
Optical Detection of Sodium Salts of Fluoride, Acetate and Phosphate by a Diacylhydrazine. Ligand via the Formation of a Colour Alkali Metal Complex. Purnandhu Bose, Ranjan Dutta, I. Ravikumar and Pradyut Ghosh. ∗. Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja ...
Optical detection of sodium salts of fluoride, acetate and phosphate
Optical detection of sodium salts of fluoride, acetate and phosphate by a diacylhydrazine ligand by the formation of a colour alkali metal complex. Purnandhu Bose Ranjan Dutta I ... Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India ...
Interaction of Cu(+) with cytosine and formation of i-motif-like C-M(+)-C complexes: alkali versus coinage metals.
Gao, Juehan; Berden, Giel; Rodgers, M T; Oomens, Jos
The Watson-Crick structure of DNA is among the most well-known molecular structures of our time. However, alternative base-pairing motifs are also known to occur, often depending on base sequence, pH, or the presence of cations. Pairing of cytosine (C) bases induced by the sharing of a single proton (C-H(+)-C) may give rise to the so-called i-motif, which occurs primarily in expanded trinucleotide repeats and the telomeric region of DNA, particularly at low pH. At physiological pH, silver cations were recently found to stabilize C dimers in a C-Ag(+)-C structure analogous to the hemiprotonated C-dimer. Here we use infrared ion spectroscopy in combination with density functional theory calculations at the B3LYP/6-311G+(2df,2p) level to show that copper in the 1+ oxidation state induces an analogous formation of C-Cu(+)-C structures. In contrast to protons and these transition metal ions, alkali metal ions induce a different dimer structure, where each ligand coordinates the alkali metal ion in a bidentate fashion in which the N3 and O2 atoms of both cytosine ligands coordinate to the metal ion, sacrificing hydrogen-bonding interactions between the ligands for improved chelation of the metal cation.
Alkali metal – yttrium borohydrides: The link between coordination of small and large rare-earth
Sadikin, Yolanda; Stare, Katarina; Schouwink, Pascal; Brix Ley, Morten; Jensen, Torben R.; Meden, Anton; Černý, Radovan
The system Li–A–Y–BH 4 (A=K, Rb, Cs) is found to contain five new compounds and four further ones known from previous work on the homoleptic borohydrides. Crystal structures have been solved and refined from synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction, thermal stability of new compounds have been investigated and ionic conductivity measured for selected samples. Significant coordination flexibility for Y 3+ is revealed, which allows the formation of both octahedral frameworks and tetrahedral complex anions with the tetrahydroborate anion BH 4 both as a linker and terminal ligand. Bi- and trimetallic cubic double-perovskites c-A 3 Y(BH 4 ) 6 or c-A 2 LiY(BH 4 ) 6 (A=Rb, Cs) form in all the investigated systems, with the exception of the Li–K–Y system. The compounds with the stoichiometry AY(BH 4 ) 4 crystallize in all investigated systems with a great variety of structure types which find their analog amongst metal oxides. In-situ formation of a new borohydride – closo-borane is observed during decomposition of all double perovskites. - Graphical abstract: The system Li–A–Y–BH 4 (A=K, Rb, Cs) is found to contain five novel compounds and four further ones previously reported. Significant coordination flexibility of Y 3+ is revealed, which can be employed to form both octahedral frameworks and tetrahedral complex anions, very different structural topologies. Versatility is also manifested in three different simultaneously occurring coordination modes of borohydrides for one metal cation, as proposed by DFT optimization of the monoclinic KY(BH 4 ) 4 structural model observed by powder diffraction. - Highlights: • The system Li-A-Y-BH 4 (A=K, Rb, Cs) contains nine compounds in total. • Y 3+ forms octahedral frameworks and tetrahedral complex anions. • Bi- and trimetallic double-perovskites crystallize in most systems. • Various AY(BH 4 ) 4 crystallize with structure types analogous to metal oxides. • Double-perovskites decompose and form a novel
Sadikin, Yolanda [Department of Quantum Matter Physics, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 24, CH-1211 Geneva (Switzerland); Stare, Katarina [Department of Quantum Matter Physics, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 24, CH-1211 Geneva (Switzerland); Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Aškerjeva 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana (Slovenia); Schouwink, Pascal [Department of Quantum Matter Physics, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 24, CH-1211 Geneva (Switzerland); Brix Ley, Morten; Jensen, Torben R. [Center for Materials Crystallography (CMC), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Århus C (Denmark); Meden, Anton [Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Aškerjeva 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana (Slovenia); Černý, Radovan, E-mail: radovan.cerny@unige.ch [Department of Quantum Matter Physics, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 24, CH-1211 Geneva (Switzerland)
The system Li–A–Y–BH{sub 4} (A=K, Rb, Cs) is found to contain five new compounds and four further ones known from previous work on the homoleptic borohydrides. Crystal structures have been solved and refined from synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction, thermal stability of new compounds have been investigated and ionic conductivity measured for selected samples. Significant coordination flexibility for Y{sup 3+} is revealed, which allows the formation of both octahedral frameworks and tetrahedral complex anions with the tetrahydroborate anion BH{sub 4} both as a linker and terminal ligand. Bi- and trimetallic cubic double-perovskites c-A{sub 3}Y(BH{sub 4}){sub 6} or c-A{sub 2}LiY(BH{sub 4}){sub 6} (A=Rb, Cs) form in all the investigated systems, with the exception of the Li–K–Y system. The compounds with the stoichiometry AY(BH{sub 4}){sub 4} crystallize in all investigated systems with a great variety of structure types which find their analog amongst metal oxides. In-situ formation of a new borohydride – closo-borane is observed during decomposition of all double perovskites. - Graphical abstract: The system Li–A–Y–BH{sub 4} (A=K, Rb, Cs) is found to contain five novel compounds and four further ones previously reported. Significant coordination flexibility of Y{sup 3+} is revealed, which can be employed to form both octahedral frameworks and tetrahedral complex anions, very different structural topologies. Versatility is also manifested in three different simultaneously occurring coordination modes of borohydrides for one metal cation, as proposed by DFT optimization of the monoclinic KY(BH{sub 4}){sub 4} structural model observed by powder diffraction. - Highlights: • The system Li-A-Y-BH{sub 4} (A=K, Rb, Cs) contains nine compounds in total. • Y{sup 3+} forms octahedral frameworks and tetrahedral complex anions. • Bi- and trimetallic double-perovskites crystallize in most systems. • Various AY(BH{sub 4}){sub 4} crystallize with
FUSED SALT METHOD FOR COATING URANIUM WITH A METAL
Eubank, L.D.
A method is presented for coating uranium with a less active metal such as Cr, Ni, or Cu comprising immersing the U in a substantially anhydrous molten solution of a halide of these less active metals in a ternary chloride composition which consists of selected percentages of KCl, NaCl and another chloride such as LiCl or CaCl/sub 2/.
An experimental study of charge exchange process in the energy range 1-30 keV during the passage of alkali metal ions and atoms through cesium and potassium vapour
Wittchow, F.
An experimental study is presented of the charge exchange processes in the energy range of about 1-30 keV during the passage of positive alkali ions and alkali atoms through potassium and cesium vapour. The experimental set-up designed for this experiment includes a thermionic source for positive alkali ions with an acceleration stage, a first charge exchange cell to produce fast alkali atoms, a second charge exchange cell with a surface ionisation detector to determine the alkali metal vapor target thickness and a detection system with electrostatic bending of the charged secondary species. The maximum negative ion yield has been determined for the collision systems Li + + K, Na + + K, K + + K, and Rb + + K, and for another eleven systems the charge transfer cross-sections have been measured too. (orig./GG) [de
Removal of toxic and alkali/alkaline earth metals during co-thermal treatment of two types of MSWI fly ashes in China.
Yu, Jie; Qiao, Yu; Jin, Limei; Ma, Chuan; Paterson, Nigel; Sun, Lushi
This study aims to vaporize heavy metals and alkali/alkaline earth metals from two different types of fly ashes by thermal treatment method. Fly ash from a fluidized bed incinerator (HK fly ash) was mixed with one from a grate incinerator (HS fly ash) in various proportions and thermally treated under different temperatures. The melting of HS fly ash was avoided when treated with HK fly ash. Alkali/alkaline earth metals in HS fly ash served as Cl-donors to promote the vaporization of heavy metals during thermal treatment. With temperature increasing from 800 to 900°C, significant amounts of Cl, Na and K were vaporized. Up to 1000°C in air, less than 3% of Cl and Na and less than 5% of K were retained in ash. Under all conditions, Cd can be vaporized effectively. The vaporization of Pb was mildly improved when treated with HS fly ash, while the effect became less pronounced above 900°C. Alkali/alkaline earth metals can promote Cu vaporization by forming copper chlorides. Comparatively, Zn vaporization was low and only slightly improved by HS fly ash. The low vaporization of Zn could be caused by the formation of Zn2SiO4, ZnFe2O4 and ZnAl2O4. Under all conditions, less than 20% of Cr was vaporized. In a reductive atmosphere, the vaporization of Cd and Pb were as high as that in oxidative atmosphere. However, the vaporization of Zn was accelerated and that of Cu was hindered because the formation of Zn2SiO4, ZnFe2O4 and ZnAl2O4 and copper chloride was depressed in reductive atmosphere. Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Complex formation during dissolution of metal oxides in molten alkali carbonates
Li, Qingfeng; Borup, Flemming; Petrushina, Irina
Dissolution of metal oxides in molten carbonates relates directly to the stability of materials for electrodes and construction of molten carbonate fuel cells. In the present work the solubilities of PbO, NiO, Fe2O3,and Bi2O3 in molten Li/K carbonates have been measured at 650 degrees C under...... carbon dioxide atmosphere. It is found that the solubilities of NiO and PbO decrease while those of Fe2O3 and Bi2O3 remain approximately constant as the lithium mole fraction increases from 0.43 to 0.62 in the melt. At a fixed composition of the melt, NiO and PbO display both acidic and basic dissolution...
The Synthesis and Characterization of Ionic Liquids for Alkali-Metal Batteries and a Novel Electrolyte for Non-Humidified Fuel Cells
Tucker, Telpriore G.
This thesis focused on physicochemical and electrochemical projects directed towards two electrolyte types: 1) class of ionic liquids serving as electrolytes in the catholyte for alkali-metal ion conduction in batteries and 2) gel membrane for proton conduction in fuel cells; where overall aims were encouraged by the U.S. Department of Energy. Large-scale, sodium-ion batteries are seen as global solutions to providing undisrupted electricity from sustainable, but power-fluctuating, energy production in the near future. Foreseen ideal advantages are lower cost without sacrifice of desired high-energy densities relative to present lithium-ion and lead-acid battery systems. Na/NiCl2 (ZEBRA) and Na/S battery chemistries, suffer from high operation temperature (>300ºC) and safety concerns following major fires consequent of fuel mixing after cell-separator rupturing. Initial interest was utilizing low-melting organic ionic liquid, [EMI+][AlCl 4-], with well-known molten salt, NaAlCl4, to create a low-to-moderate operating temperature version of ZEBRA batteries; which have been subject of prior sodium battery research spanning decades. Isothermal conductivities of these electrolytes revealed a fundamental kinetic problem arisen from "alkali cation-trapping effect" yet relived by heat-ramping >140ºC. Battery testing based on [EMI+][FeCl4 -] with NaAlCl4 functioned exceptional (range 150-180ºC) at an impressive energy efficiency >96%. Newly prepared inorganic ionic liquid, [PBr4+][Al2Br7-]:NaAl2Br 7, melted at 94ºC. NaAl2Br7 exhibited super-ionic conductivity 10-1.75 Scm-1 at 62ºC ensued by solid-state rotator phase transition. Also improved thermal stability when tested to 265ºC and less expensive chemical synthesis. [PBr4 +][Al2Br7-] demonstrated remarkable, ionic decoupling in the liquid-state due to incomplete bromide-ion transfer depicted in NMR measurements. Fuel cells are electrochemical devices generating electrical energy reacting hydrogen/oxygen gases
Alloying in an Intercalation Host: Metal Titanium Niobates as Anodes for Rechargeable Alkali-Ion Batteries.
Das, Suman; Swain, Diptikanta; Araujo, Rafael B; Shi, Songxin; Ahuja, Rajeev; Row, Tayur N Guru; Bhattacharyya, Aninda J
We discuss here a unique flexible non-carbonaceous layered host, namely, metal titanium niobates (M-Ti-niobate, M: Al 3+ , Pb 2+ , Sb 3+ , Ba 2+ , Mg 2+ ), which can synergistically store both lithium ions and sodium ions via a simultaneous intercalation and alloying mechanisms. M-Ti-niobate is formed by ion exchange of the K + ions, which are specifically located inside galleries between the layers formed by edge and corner sharing TiO 6 and NbO 6 octahedral units in the sol-gel synthesized potassium titanium niobate (KTiNbO 5 ). Drastic volume changes (approximately 300-400 %) typically associated with an alloying mechanism of storage are completely tackled chemically by the unique chemical composition and structure of the M-Ti-niobates. The free space between the adjustable Ti/Nb octahedral layers easily accommodates the volume changes. Due to the presence of an optimum amount of multivalent alloying metal ions (50-75 % of total K + ) in the M-Ti-niobate, an efficient alloying reaction takes place directly with ions and completely eliminates any form of mechanical degradation of the electroactive particles. The M-Ti-niobate can be cycled over a wide voltage range (as low as 0.01 V) and displays remarkably stable Li + and Na + ion cyclability (>2 Li + /Na + per formula unit) for widely varying current densities over few hundreds to thousands of successive cycles. The simultaneous intercalation and alloying storage mechanisms is also studied within the density functional theory (DFT) framework. DFT expectedly shows a very small variation in the volume of Al-titanium niobate following lithium alloying. Moreover, the theoretical investigations also conclusively support the occurrence of the alloying process of Li ions with the Al ions along with the intercalation process during discharge. The M-Ti-niobates studied here demonstrate a paradigm shift in chemical design of electrodes and will pave the way for the development of a multitude of improved electrodes
On salting in effect of the second group metal rhodanides on aqueous-amine solutions
Krupatkin, I.L.; Ostrovskaya, E.M.; Vorob'eva, L.D.; Kamyshnikova, G.V.
The ''salting in'' effect of rhodanides of Group 2 metals (magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium) on aqueous-amine solutions (water-aniline, and water-o-toluidine systems) is studied. The solubility in these systems has been determined by the isothermal method at 25 deg C. Compositions of the co-existing liquid phases have been determined by refractometry. The phase diagrams of water-aniline-rhodanide of magnesium, calcium and strontium systems have the same qualitative view. These rhodanides ''salt in'' the water-aniline system so strongly that the systems are completely homogenized. According to the decreasing homogenization effect on the water-aniline and water-o-toluidine systems the salts may be arranged into the following series Mg(NCS) 2 >Ca(NCS) 2 >Sr(NCS) 2 >Ba(NCS) 2 . The ''salting in'. effect is weaker in the water-o-toluidine system rather than in the water-aniline one
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PC Games > Hidden Object Games > The Heritage
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The year is 1916. To escape from war, and protect your daughter, you must go to your Grandfather's haunted old manor! The local inhabitants of a nearby village tell stories about the ghosts and the terrible things inside the mansion, but you have no choice! Explore the old house as you discover The Heritage of your family and uncover incredible secrets in this fun and immersive Hidden Object game.
Spooky atmosphere
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Discover ancient secrets!
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Midnight Castle
The Heritage is rated 2.2 out of 5 by 9.
Rated 3 out of 5 by MeowMixFTW from Decently fun, but overall unsatisfying This game is one that you'll pick up and finish in a couple hours without much effort necessary. The puzzles are so simple that it's almost... refreshing, compared to the complexity of most puzzles now. The gameplay's straightforward and simple, but it does get pretty repetitive, as the game never really changes. It's just fragment after fragment after fragment, with the occasional puzzle tossed in. I don't think I need to go into much detail with storyline/mechanics, as most other reviewers already have, but I will say this: the storyline is interesting, but it's so vague that it leaves you feeling frustrated and a little confused. So much is implied, but not fully explained, and the ending left me somewhat confused. There's something to be said for the "found memoir" style of storytelling, but this game just doesn't pull it off with the precision necessary, as there are no supporting details in gameplay that would clarify a lot of the plot's holes. However, the memories unlocked actually feel like someone's diary, which is very rare in these games. The game is by no means impressive, but it is quick and easy, and what they attempted to make would have been pretty neat. I can't bring myself to give it a lower rating, but I'm not going to recommend it either.
Rated 3 out of 5 by FishyFemale from Worth playing the demo but maybe not more than that I knew what I was getting myself into when I decided to get this game so I didn't pay full price for it, but there are still things I liked about it. Overall, the game has some glaring flaws that should have been fixed before it was sent out so quality control was lacking there. The story is disjointed at times so it doesn't flow well in parts but is very reminiscent of Ravenhearst in its disturbing content. The story is sad and tragic with an ending that is vague at best, and it is the only place in the entire game that had a voiceover. You need to listen closely to hear what's being said because the story is wrapped up in a way which may be unsatisfactory for some players with questions still begging to be answered. A sequel seems to be suggested at the end but I doubt that one will be in the works anytime soon. I liked the old style look to the graphics. Not as in 'old school' looking, but where the drawings of the locations are not clearly defined with borders. It looked sort of like impressionist art with pastel colors being used for some of the rooms. I liked how different it looked from most other games I've played and I enjoyed the gameplay more because of it. The gameplay itself is similar to The Sultan's Labyrinth-A Royal Sacrifice in that you're looking for fragmented objects scattered across multiple locations and then using the complete items on something else in the various scenes. It's a refreshing diversion from the usual word lists or silhouettes that we've gotten used to and I had a lot of fun with it. The puzzles were of the usual kind like sliders, jigsaws, and matching pairs and were easy enough to do although the skip was always available and filled quickly. The one major flaw of the game is in one of the puzzles, where the instructions given is for a previous puzzle you've already completed. How this got by the game testers is beyond me but maybe no one actually tested the game before it got sent out. Not good for the developers! The music was appropriately moody and accompanied the downbeat nature of the story. Alas, with the few good things I liked about the game, I cannot recommend it to anyone as it is. The quality just isn't up to par in many ways. Also, the length is very short even with its twenty chapters. Expert players will find no challenge at all and intermediates will most likely think the same way. It might be okay for the beginner if the bugs were worked out beforehand, but I never advise anyone to just take my word for it. I think all games deserve to be tried out and this one has some promise for those interested enough to try it. I like period pieces and that's what got me curious enough to demo it. The items are time appropriate and look nice. Other than that, there's not much there to play more than once. It may be worth a free coupon if you have one that's expiring soon.
Rated 3 out of 5 by ellekbee from Choose wisely OK fishies, you must be careful choosing this game. It has some dark moments, and sad story line. Not sure everyone will enjoy this game. I did enjoy the game, however, I usually choose different games anyway. Hints were quick, puzzles were good. Characters were likeable/hateable....you choose. You will follow the lives of several people and unravel a mystery. This game has beautiful graphics, butterflies were everywhere. Diary included in this game, as well as locket. If challenge is what you want, some areas were very clever. Good luck. I am gonna recommend this game, for the few population who like this sort of game.
Rated 3 out of 5 by Little_Joe1 from average FROG "The Heritage" is a classical fragmented object game in which you search for fragments of objects which you have to place to uncover "memory moments" which tell you the story. The game has only one level of difficulty. You often have to place the found objects in order to find more fragments, and for this you often switch scenes. The idea behind this is quite good and fun, and the story is interesting. My major criticism with this game are the graphics: They are often not clear enough to make out any details clearly, which reduces the fun factor. The music can be repetetive at times. The game is not too challenging - most fragments are easy to spot (the only difficulty there, as mentioned, the graphics) and the mini-games are easy and skippable. The "hint" button only works for fragments, not for knowing where to place which object. Average FROG, I'm not sure I would recommend it for buying.
Rated 2 out of 5 by GottaBeMe2 from Sad, Depressing Old School Game Gosh, what a horribly depressing story. And the ending was abrupt. I think I know what happened, but I'm really not sure. You start out as someone going to your grandfather's old mansion but then you remember these "memories" that aren't yours. Or are they? I never really know where I fit into the story the whole time I'm playing. This is an odd, old school game from 7 or 8 years ago. Graphics are grainy and the hidden object scenes are fragmented. You bop between two scenes finding pieces of objects to put together and use. Once that's done, you are given a "memory" to put into a locket. Then you solve a puzzle and then it's more of the same throughout the entire game. Very repetitious and it gets rather boring fast. The puzzles in between are fairly easy but you can skip them if you want. The story just gets sadder as it goes along, and I found it worse than Ravenhearst. Wouldn't recommend this one.
Rated 2 out of 5 by Zerotix from Fell flat and half of that. Drawn in by the timeline of 1916, since I am interested in that time period, I tried the entire hour long trial. In that time I managed to get half way through chapter 12, and I am assuming near the end of the game. The scenery is relatively nice and the puzzles are fun, but not even slightly challenging. There's no challenge mode either so I can't make the game any harder. The storyline is shaky. While you're staying at your Grandfather's manor, they never mention this in the game. In the game you are just going through a mansion and heading through, finding diary entries between a family. The story seemed rushed and completely unstable. One second it goes one way, then it abruptly changes, and not in a pleasingly 'twisted' way. More like, the makers of the game didn't actually think through the story as they were putting it into the game. Again, I got through twelve very short chapters in the hour and would've got through more if I hadn't have had some problems with the puzzles. They weren't hard, but sometimes the puzzles would be complete and wouldn't register as finished, so I'd have to wait and 'skip' the puzzle instead. A few bugs, a half written storyline, and not much else. The demo can be played at will, but I wouldn't recommend purchasing the game unless you know exactly what you are getting into.
Rated 2 out of 5 by Laflamme from Rather short "Ravenhearst" game as FROG Review based on finished game. Actually there is not much to say about it. If you've played the original Ravenhearst you know the story, only that it's told three times over. At times the story is a bit creepy, but the end did not make much sense to me. I like FROGs, so there is a lot of fragmented stuff to find. As usual, finding objects that feel out of place is not very tricky, some objects are cleverly hidden though, sometimes on the edge of the screen, where you tend not to look. Anyway, in this game sometimes it's not that complicated finding the fragment, but rather where to place the finished object. Minigames are varied, but very easy throughout the game. Bottom Line: Only recommended if you are desperately trying to find another FROG.
Rated 1 out of 5 by Spookys_Mom from Love Frogs but not this one! What a horrible boring game. I love Frogs and was excited to see this was one. My excitement only lasted until I had played a couple of boards. The objects are easy. The story non-exsistent. Graphis poor. Please do not waste your money on this one.
Rated 1 out of 5 by sacrificialvirgi from Dismal The story is nonexistant. What there is of it is sketchy at best and didn't make much sense. I can't believe I paid for this. Graphics are murky. The fragments are obvious. The joy factor is nil. Don't waste your money; there are so many good games out there.
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The year is 1916. To escape from war and protect your daughter you must go to your Grandfather's haunted old manor!
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Current page: THE HISTORY
Passion for the Territory
The Conti Bossi Fedrigotti family has lived at Rovereto in Trentino for almost 600 years, and has made wine for more than 300 of them.
Passion for the land and the characteristic wines that express the aromas and perfumes of the Dolomites, was passed down the family from the first vintage in 1697 to the great innovation of 1961, when Count Federico created Fojaneghe, the first Bordeaux blend in Italy. This inheritance, deriving from the aristocratic tradition of winemaking in Trentino, has been promoted the world over by Masi’s expertise. In fact, Tenuta Conti Bossi Fedrigotti became one the historic Venetian estates under the umbrella of the Masi Group in 2007.
The Conti Bossi Fedrigotti
The first member of the Bossi Fedrigotti family to come to Trentino was Nicolò, perhaps a refugee from the turbulent Duchy of Milan, who settled in Sacco, today a district of Rovereto, in 1434. In the following two centuries, the family made its money from river transportation. The property began to grow in the last decades of the seventeenth century with the purchase of “a piece of land in Fojaneghe" and the first vintage was in 1697. In the 1700s the agricultural estate grew to is maximum size of 250ha. Vinification was ever more important, as shown by a permit signed by Empress Maria Theresa giving Count Pietro Modesto permission to sell his wines throughout the Empire. Palazzo Bossi Fedrigotti was built in Rovereto between 1780 and 1790 and winery activities were transferred to Maso San Giorgio, the current company headquarters.
Napoleon stayed in the family palazzo in 1796, but the Napoleonic era itself brought profound economic crisis and the family estates gradually shrank until an enterprising female family member, Luigia, acting as regent for Count’s grandsons, restarted production and sales.
In the 1950s, Federico Bossi Fedrigotti understood that change had to come. It was he who created the first “Bordeaux blend” in Italy in 1961, which, when it became successful, was baptised with the name "Fojaneghe".
Since 2007, Tenuta Conti Bossi Fedrigotti has been one of the historic château properties of the Venetian territories under the umbrella of the Masi Group.
A Noble Tradition from Trentino
CONTE FEDERICO
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Andrew Benintendi Calls His Shot Against Teammate Brian Johnson (VIDEO)
Andrew Benintendi has only played 34 games as a Major League Baseball player, but the 22 year-old is already a fan-favorite in Boston.
It didn’t take long for him to prove his worth last season after being called up to the bigs in early August. At just 21 years old, he was able to post a .295/.359/.476 slashline during his two months with the team. Of his 31 hits, 14 were for extra bases. Not to mention he made some incredible catches in the outfield.
According to Lou Merloni, Benny arrived at Spring Training with the look of someone who is ready to take his game to another level. His new number 16 wasn’t the only thing that looked different about him:
Benintendi no longer looks like a "kid". A lot stronger, thicker than last year
— Lou Merloni (@LouMerloni) February 19, 2017
If you don’t believe Lou, just ask Red Sox pitcher Brian Johnson. Benintendi promised Johnson that he would take him deep in live BP on Sunday, and he did just that.
Via MassLive:
Andrew Benintendi and Brian Johnson went out to lunch together Friday and Benintendi delivered a simple message: I’m going to face you. I’m taking you deep.
“Oh, yeah, he told me he was going to,” Johnson told MassLive.com here at the JetBlue Park complex Sunday.
“I was like, ‘Well, what if I put it in your back?’ joking around with him,” Johnson said. “He knows I’m not going to do that.”
Johnson didn’t drill Benintendi, but Benintendi did drill his pitch out of the park:
Sure, it’s only batting practice. But when a guy tells you he’s going to hit a home run off you, there’s no way you let him. Make no mistake about it, Brian Johnson was trying to get Benintendi out. Instead, Benintendi gave us a little preview of what we can expect from him in his first full season.
Photo Credit: Matt Stone/Boston Herald via Boston Herald
Tags: Andrew Benintendi, Boston Red Sox, Boston's Big Four, Brian Johnson, Lou Merloni, MLB, Spring Training
Previous Ranking Boston’s 10 Championships Since The Turn Of The Century
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Harvard Poll: Plurality of Young 2020 Voters Oppose U.S. Nation-Building
Delil Souleiman/AFP via Getty Images
A plurality of young, likely 2020 presidential election voters oppose the United States nation-building and toppling foreign governments around the world, a new Harvard poll reveals.
The latest Harvard Insitute of Politics (IOP) Youth polls finds that the noninterventionist, “America First” platform embraced by President Trump during the 2016 presidential election remains popular with young likely voters.
For likely 2020 voters between 18 and 29-years-old, nearly four-in-ten said they opposed the idea that the U.S. should use its military to topple foreign dictators and promote democracy globally. Meanwhile, less than 25 percent of young likely 2020 voters said they supported nation-building policies like those previously carried out in Iraq and Libya by the Bush and Obama administrations.
Across party lines, young voters are more likely than not to oppose foreign interventionism. Among young Republicans, about 34 percent said they opposed such policies, while 30 percent said they agreed with nation-building.
Similarly, 35 percent of young Democrats and 32 percent of young swing voters said they opposed nation-building, interventionist policies, while small minorities in each demographic group disagreed.
A plurality of young likely 2020 voters also agree with Trump that foreign countries should be paying more for receiving military protection from the U.S. Overall, about 40 percent of likely 2020 voters between 18 and 29-years-old said they agreed that foreign countries should pay more for U.S. military protection. Only 20 percent disagreed.
Trump’s call for other countries to pay more for U.S. military protection has majority support from young Republican voters — 56 percent of whom agree and only 25 percent of whom disagree.
Overseas, U.S. wars in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Pakistan have left up to 507,000 people dead and more than 60,000 American soldiers killed or wounded. In Iraq, alone, there have been nearly 300,000 deaths since the War on Terror started between 2001 and 2003. About $6 trillion in American taxpayer money has been spent waging wars in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria since 2001.
John Binder is a reporter for Breitbart News. Follow him on Twitter at @JxhnBinder.
2020 ElectionNational SecurityPolitics2020 presidential electionAfghanistan warBernie SandersBushforeign policyHarvardHillary ClintonIraq WarLibyanation-buildingObamapollPresident TrumpSyriayoung voters
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A Student's Summary: Kymera Body Boards
By: David Durkee - 11th Grader at Forest Hills Central & Kent Career / Technical Center,
Ten years and no sales to speak of should have been a dead giveaway as to the outcome for Jason Woods, a “wantrepreneur” as he would later come to be called by Mark Cuban. Jason entered the tank seeking $250,000 for a 20% stake in his product, the Kymera Body Board. Presented to the Sharks as the world’s first electric jet-propelled body board, the Kymera Body Board combines the lightweight portability of a board and the excitement of a jet ski to revolutionize the water-sport industry. Unfortunately for Jason, the Sharks disagreed with him outright and the value he put on his business of $1.25 million.
Jason has spent the last 10 years of his life trying to perfect the Kymera Body Board, but hasn’t seemed to find the time to actually produce sales. With a speed of approximately 15 miles per hour, which Jason claims “feels a lot faster when you’re that close to the water”, and a very short usage period of 30-60 minutes at full charge, any wave of excitement that the Shark’s still harbored quickly sank when they learned the Board carried a retail price point of $2,800.
The sharks saw through this mediocre business idea almost immediately. Mark was often seen laughing his disapproval throughout the pitch, and was the first Shark to take a bite out of Jason’s idea. Although some might see Mark’s words as harsh, ultimately, he felt Jason was avoiding his questions. Lori was the next Shark to cast aside the idea, although her rejection was much less astringent than Mark’s. Before dropping out, she left Jason with some words of Shark Tank wisdom and encouraged him to keep charging ahead with his idea. Daymond was relatively quiet during Jason’s pitch, but soon joined the school of disinterested Sharks. Daymond’s last words were not filled with encouragement, voicing his opinion that the presentation of Kymera Body Board’s was “the worst pitch I’ve ever seen”. Finally, John Paul DeJoria and Kevin O’Leary dropped out, simply saying they’d rather not invest in a business with such an outrageous valuation, especially when there was no revenue to show for it.
At some point an entrepreneur must be willing to venture out beyond his comfort zone and provide the market an opportunity to prove the concept right or wrong. I really hope that Jason Woods learned a lesson in the Tank, not only from exiting the tank empty handed, but exiting out of his comfort zone with denial, drowning in frustration.
Overall Performance: Presentation: 5/50. Strategy: 5/25. Product: 15/25.
Jeff Hopkins November 9, 2013 1 Comment
@ Schulzies
Jeff Hopkins November 10, 2013
Better Life: The Deals on the Floor
Jeff Hopkins November 6, 2013
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Comparison of case...
Comparison of case fatality in south Asian and white patients after acute myocardial infarction: observational study
BMJ 1996; 312 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.312.7042.1330 (Published 25 May 1996) Cite this as: BMJ 1996;312:1330
Paul Wilkinson, lecturera,
Jeremy Sayer, research registrarb,
Koorithottumkal Laji, research senior house officerc,
Christopher Grundy, research fellowa,
Bradley Marchant, research fellowb,
Peter Kopelman, consultant physicianc,
Adam D Timmis, consultant cardiologistb
a Environmental Epidemiology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT
b Department of Cardiology, London Chest Hospital, London
c Departments of Cardiology and Diabetes, Newham General Hospital, London
Correspondence to: Dr Wilkinson.
Accepted 29 February 1996
Objective: To compare mortality in south Asian (Indian, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi) and white patients in the six months after hospital admission for acute myocardial infarction.
Design: Observational study.
Setting: District general hospital in east London.
Patients: 149 south Asian and 313 white patients aged <65 years admitted to the coronary care unit with acute myocardial infarction from 1 December 1988 to 31 December 1992.
Main outcome measure: All cause mortality in the first six months after myocardial infarction.
Results: The admission rate in the south Asians was estimated to be 2.04 times that in the white patients. Most aspects of treatment were similar in the two groups, except that a higher proportion of the south Asians received thrombolytic drugs (81.2% v 73.8%). After adjustment for age, sex, previous myocardial infarction, and treatment with thrombolysis or aspirin, or both, the south Asians had a poorer survival over the six months from myocardial infarction (hazard ratio 2.02 (95% confidence interval 1.14 to 3.56), P=0.018), but a substantially higher proportion were diabetic (38% v 11%, P<0.001), and additional adjustment for diabetes removed much of their excess risk (adjusted hazard ratio 1.26 (0.68 to 2.33), P=0.47).
Conclusion: South Asian patients had a higher risk of admission with myocardial infarction and a higher risk of death over the ensuing six months than the white patients. The higher case fatality among the south Asians, largely attributable to diabetes, may contribute to the increased risk of death from coronary heart disease in south Asians living in Britain.
This study shows that south Asians have high mortality in the first six months after a heart attack
This may contribute to the high standardised mortality ratios for coronary disease in south Asians living in the Britain
Diabetes may be an important contributor to this excess risk
The high prevalence of diabetes and relatively poor prognosis after myocardial infarction in south Asian patients are important to consider in clinical management
The prevalence of and mortality from coronary heart disease is higher for south Asians (Indians, Pakistanis, and Bangladeshis) living in Britain than for white people.1 2 3 In 1979-83 the standardised mortality ratio for coronary heart disease in south Asians living in England and Wales was 136 in men and 146 in women, and, in contrast with other racial groups, south Asians showed an appreciable increase in coronary mortality (6% in men and 13% in women) between 1970-2 and 1979-83.3 Their susceptibility to coronary disease has been difficult to explain in terms of the three major reversible risk factors—cigarette smoking, hypercholesterolaemia, and hypertension2 4 5—and consensus is growing that insulin resistance and its metabolic consequences may be important.6 7 8
The increased risk of coronary death in south Asians is generally assumed to reflect their higher prevalence of disease compared with the white population, but it is not known whether differences in case fatality after acute myocardial infarction contribute to the increased risk. We report a comparison of mortality in the six months after myocardial infarction of white and south Asian patients admitted to the coronary care unit of a district general hospital in east London.
The study was based in Newham General Hospital, the only acute district general hospital in Newham borough (fig 1). In the 1991 census, the population of the London Borough of Newham was recorded as 212 170, of whom 22.8% were south Asian. The study population comprised all 149 (32.3%) south Asian and 313 (67.7%) white patients aged <65 years admitted with acute myocardial infarction to the hospital's coronary care unit from 1 December 1988 to 31 December 1992. We excluded 12 patients of other racial groups. If a patient was admitted twice during the study period, we used only data relating to the first admission in our analysis.
Percentage of south Asians aged 40-64 years in wards in Greater London (area around Newham General Hospital is boxed) and in London Borough of Newham. The numbers of admissions with acute myocardial infarction are shown in the detailed map. Admission rates were calculated for the 21 wards outlined by the continuous thick line (ED-LINE and Crown copyright)
During the study period it was hospital policy to admit all patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction to the coronary care unit. The diagnosis of myocardial infarction was based on any two of the following three criteria: typical chest pain, >0.1 mV ST elevation in at least one standard or two precordial leads, and a rise in serum creatine kinase concentration to more than 400 IU/l (upper limit of reference range 200 IU/l).
Baseline data—including clinical and smoking history, examination findings, electrocardiographic data, cardiac enzyme concentrations, chest radiography findings, and details of treatment—were collected prospectively by a clinician and entered on to a specially designed database.9 We recorded racial group in all patients from their response to a direct question. We recorded a diagnosis of diabetes if the patient needed insulin, oral hypoglycaemic drugs, or dietary sugar restriction. We recorded left ventricular failure if the patient needed diuretics and had symptoms of breathlessness accompanied by the physical findings of basal crepitations or a third heart sound, or both. Results from chest radiography, echocardiography, or special investigations were not needed for the diagnosis of left ventricular failure. We did not record the blood cholesterol concentrations.
We recorded clinical outcome during admission prospectively when possible and otherwise by review of case notes. We obtained data on inpatient survival for all 462 patients used in this analysis. We obtained data on follow up after discharge by a postal questionnaire to the patients whose data on six month follow up were not available from outpatient notes or from inpatient notes after readmission to the coronary care unit. The patients who failed to respond to the questionnaire were, when possible, contacted by telephone. Details of readmissions were obtained from the case records of the relevant hospital. We obtained details of out of hospital deaths from general practitioners. The main purpose of follow up for this study was to define all cause mortality in the first six months after infarction. Last available follow up was a month or less from infarction for 13 patients; three months or less for 21 patients; and six months or less for 46 patients.
We calculated admission rates only for the electoral wards which, from the distribution of cases and the location of hospitals, seemed to be served predominantly by Newham General Hospital. We calculated the admission rates, stratified by five year age group and sex, using data from the 1991 census (the ward of residence of each case being identified from the postcode of residence). From these we calculated a summary rate ratio for the 40-64 year age group using Mantel-Haenszel methods.10 This is only an approximate estimate because our method of classifying race did not precisely correspond with that used in the 1991 census and because the recording of cases may still have been incomplete for some wards.
Survival was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method11 and survival probabilities expressed as percentages with 95% confidence intervals. Survival curves were compared by the log rank test. Multivariate predictors of survival were based on a proportional hazards model,12 with tests of improvement in model fit based on the likelihood ratio. The assumption of proportional hazards was examined by inspecting log cumulative hazard curves and testing for improvement in the model with the inclusion of log time interaction terms. The distribution of discrete variables between groups was compared by the χ2 test, and continuous variables (age and time to admission) were compared by Wilcoxon's rank sum test.
PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS AND TREATMENT
Table 1 shows the patients' characteristics and treatment by racial group. Over 80% of the patients of both groups were men. The south Asians were younger; a greater proportion of them did not smoke (had never smoked or were former smokers), and a substantially greater proportion were diabetic (38.3% v 10.9%). The time from onset of pain to admission to the accident and emergency department was similar for both groups, but a slightly greater proportion of the south Asian patients received thrombolytic drugs (81.2% v 73.8%). In other respects treatment was similar, particularly with regard to the proportion of each group discharged taking aspirin and β blockers. Infarction showed a non-significant tendency to be more severe in the south Asian patients, as judged by the proportion of patients who developed left ventricular failure. No differences were found, however, between the groups in ST elevation and in Q wave development.
Patients' characteristics and treatment by racial group. Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise
STANDARDISED ADMISSION RATIO
Two wards (one with four admissions and one with seven) in the northwest corner of Newham borough seemed to be on the border of the catchment area for the hospital and were excluded from the analysis of admission rates (fig 1). In the remaining 22 wards the age and sex adjusted admission rate in the south Asians was 2.04 (95% confidence interval 1.63 to 2.54) times that in the white patients.
Survival probabilities in the south Asian and the white patients were, respectively, 89.2% (82.9% to 93.2%) and 92.6% (89.1% to 95.0%) at 30 days, and 84.8% (77.9% to 89.8%) and 89.9% (85.9% to 92.8%) at six months (log rank χ2 = 2.38, P = 0.12) (fig 2). Table 2 shows the hazard ratios—that is, the relative risks. After adjustment for age, sex, previous infarction, and treatment with thrombolysis or aspirin, or both, the south Asians had a significantly higher mortality over the six months from infarction. Additional adjustment for diabetes removed much of their excess risk. Inclusion of left ventricular failure in the model produced no further reduction in the hazard ratio.
Kaplan-Meier survival curves (all cause mortality) for south Asian and white patients
Hazard ratios (all cause mortality) for south Asian patients compared with white patients
We have found no previous reports of increased case fatality in south Asian patients with acute myocardial infarction. It has generally been assumed that the higher prevalence of coronary heart disease in south Asians in Britain than in the white population accounts for their greater risk of myocardial infarction and higher coronary mortality.1 2 3 In our analysis the admission rate for myocardial infarction was around twice as high for the south Asians as for the white patients, though this estimate is imprecise because of the difficulty of defining the catchment population and because of potential differences between our study and the census in the definition of racial groups. Nevertheless, it suggests an appreciably higher risk of myocardial infarction that accords with experience elsewhere in London and other parts of Britain.13 14 15 16 17 18
Our data also suggest, however, that south Asians have a higher mortality than white people in the first six months after infarction. This contrasts with a recent, smaller study from Birmingham that suggested no significant difference in survival over a four year period after myocardial infarction.19 We do not have information, however, on case fatality before admission, and the risk of sudden cardiac death is known to be highest in the first few hours after coronary occlusion. Our results relate therefore only to patients who survived long enough to reach hospital.
If the case fatality of south Asian patients is higher than that of white patients it is important to identify potential causes amenable to modification. Our data provide no evidence of different management strategies that might disadvantage south Asian patients. A slightly higher proportion of the south Asians than the white patients were treated with thrombolytic drugs, and they did not present significantly later, when thrombolysis is known to be less beneficial.20 21 As for secondary prevention, although similar proportions of patients in both groups were discharged taking aspirin and β blockers, we had no information about the adequacy of advice on lifestyle, particularly with regard to its delivery and its comprehension. Nevertheless, significantly fewer south Asian patients were smokers at the time of admission, and continued cigarette smoking after discharge from hospital is therefore unlikely to have contributed importantly to the higher case fatality rate in this group.
The most likely explanation is the high prevalence of diabetes in south Asians. South Asians in Britain are known to be prone to non-insulin dependent diabetes, which, together with hyperinsulinaemia, hypertri-glyceridaemia, reduced plasma concentration of high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and hypertension, seems to be a manifestation of insulin resistance.7 22 23 Diabetes is a major independent predictor of morbidity and mortality in acute myocardial infarction, probably through its associations with pre-existing left ventricular dysfunction and diffuse and rapidly progressive coronary atherosclerosis.24 We found that adjusting for diabetes in the survival analysis was sufficient to remove much of the apparent excess risk in south Asians.
In conclusion, south Asians were overrepresented in our coronary care unit relative to their numbers in the catchment population. This is consistent with national data showing an increased risk of coronary heart disease in this racial group. Compared with white patients, they also had a higher case fatality in the first six months after admission for acute myocardial infarction, which seems to be largely attributable to their higher prevalence of diabetes. This may contribute to the high mortality from coronary heart disease in south Asians living in Britain.
The work was based on data provided with the support of the Economic and Social Research Council and used boundary material which is copyright of the Crown and ED-LINE.
Funding BM was supported by a grant from the British Heart Foundation.
Conflict of interest None.
Balarajan R,
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Paul Wilkinson, Jeremy Sayer, Koorithottumkal Laji, Christopher Grundy, Bradley Marchant, Peter Kopelman et al
Wilkinson Paul, Sayer Jeremy, Laji Koorithottumkal, Grundy Christopher, Marchant Bradley, Kopelman Peter et al. Comparison of case fatality in south Asian and white patients after acute myocardial infarction: observational study BMJ 1996; 312 :1330
Articles by Paul Wilkinson
Articles by Jeremy Sayer
Articles by Koorithottumkal Laji
Articles by Christopher Grundy
Articles by Bradley Marchant
Articles by Peter Kopelman
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New Release & Pre-Order
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Beautiful and talented Geeta, a prostitute, has three suitors. One is Lakhan Singh, a dacoit with a heart of gold, who saved her life, loves her and will do anything for her. The second is Police Inspector Amar Verma, who loves her with all his heart, and will do anything for her. And the third is Sher Singh, a dacoit, who loots, plunders, and has his way with women. When he sees Geeta he falls head over heels in love with her, and wants her - by hook or by crook. And he will make sure that no one will get in his way. Watch how the three battle each other, leaving the final decision to Geeta to chose who she will spend the rest of her life with.
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In the month of May, the ROSARY will be prayed every day 20 minutes before the Evening Mass.
There is a box at the back of the church to raise funds for the victims of the strong earthquake that hit ECUADOR on Saturday 16th April. This collection is in support of those most affected by the disaster. Details to follow soon.
SOLEMNITY OF OUR HOLY FATHER SAINT PHILIP
On Thursday 26th May will be the Solemnity of Our Holy Father Saint Philip Neri. At 6:30pm a Solemn Pontifical Mass will be celebrated by H.E. George Cardinal Pell, Prefect of the Holy See’s Secretariat for the Economy. Monday 23rd and Tuesday 24th at 6:30pm: Devotions to St Philip and Benediction. Wednesday 25th at 5:30pm: Solemn First Solemn Vespers, Pontifical Benediction and Devotions to St Philip.
The annual ORATORY GARDEN PARTY this year will be on Saturday 25th June – save the date.
EVENINGS OF FAITH
The Faith Movement is organising a series of talks on “The Sacraments: Sunshine for the Soul” in London. One of these upcoming talks will be given in St Wilfrid’s Hall at the Oratory, at 7:30pm, including pizza and wine. On Tuesday 17th May Joanna Bogle will speak on “Confirmation: How to retain our young people?”
DIOCESAN PILGRIMAGE TO WALSINGHAM ON 9TH JULY
Join Cardinal Vincent Nichols on the diocesan pilgrimage to Walsingham, England’s Nazareth, on Saturday 9th July. With the theme of “Mary, the Mother of Mercy”, the day will include an outdoor Mass, procession with the statue of Our Lady of Walsingham and banners along the Holy Mile, prayers and Benediction in the Priory grounds. The Deanery of Kensington & Chelsea is organising a group led by Fr Vincent Coyne, OSM from the Servite Parish in Fulham Road. A coach will leave from outside the Oratory at 7am and from Our Lady of Victories in Kensington High Street at 7.15am. The coach will leave Walsingham at 4pm. The price for the return ticket will be £20. Bring a picnic lunch. To book a place, contact Fr Michael Lang at the Oratory House or on michaellang@rcdow.org.uk.
(see also here)
The Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy has begun with Pope Francis opening the Holy Door in St Peter’s Basilica on 8th December. More information about events during the year, Holy Doors and the Indulgence is available on http://rcdow.org.uk/year-of-mercy/. Our Cardinal Archbishop wishes that throughout the Year of Mercy the customary “Hail Mary” in the Sunday bidding prayers be replaced by the “Hail, Holy Queen”, in which we entrust ourselves to Our Lady as “Mother of mercy”:
Hail, holy Queen, Mother of mercy, hail, our life, our sweetness and our hope. To thee do we cry, poor banished children of Eve: to thee do we send up our sighs, mourning and weeping in this vale of tears. Turn then, most gracious Advocate, thine eyes of mercy toward us, and after this our exile, show unto us the blessed fruit of thy womb, Jesus, O clement, O loving, O sweet Virgin Mary!
ORATORY BOOKSHOP & REPOSITORY
The Oratory Bookshop & Repository is now open again after a re-fit and re-stock. Over the coming months more new stock will be added but here are a few new books:
Fr Michael Lang: Signs of the Holy One: Liturgy, Ritual, and the Expression of the Sacred - £12.99
Fr Jonathan Robinson: In No Strange Land (On St Philip Neri) - £13
Michael Hodges: Churches of London (Anglican & Catholic) - £25
Serena Fass: The Magi - £25 (£5 donation to ACN on each book sold)
The Gregorian Missal – A new edition incorporating the New English Texts - £25
Guaranteed opening times (for the moment):
Sunday 10.45–1.15pm, 3.15pm–5.25pm. Tuesday–Friday 3.15pm-5.45pm.
The Oratory has so far raised almost £50,000 for Aid to the Church in Need to help persecuted Christians. The crisis in the Middle East is ongoing, so please continue to be generous.
If you are struggling to come to terms with a recent – or not so recent – bereavement and would like to talk to someone, please get in touch with the Friends of the Oratory (friends@oratoryfriends.org), where professional support is available.
DONATE VIA YOUR MOBILE PHONE
SIMPLY TEXT “PARISH ORATO” TO THE NUMBER 70800
There is a new way of making a donation to the Oratory Parish via your mobile phone. You can now text £5 as an offering to help us with our many pastoral and charitable activities, and for the upkeep of our church. Simply type: “Parish”, then space, then “ORATO”, and send the text message to the number 70800. £5 will be added to your mobile phone bill, as a donation that will go directly to the Oratory Parish. This is authorised by the Diocese of Westminster. You will not receive unsolicited calls or spam texts. You are in complete control of when to donate. There is nothing to sign-up for or log into. The Oratory Parish receives 97 pence for every pound donated, which is good stewardship. The Diocese of Westminster is sponsoring this programme in all 215 parishes across the Diocese, so there is no cost to us. If you have any questions, contact the Oratory House, or the Diocese at 020 7798 9375.
SACRA LITURGIA UK CONFERENCE
The full conference programme for Sacra Liturgia UK, London, 5th to 8th July 2016 has now been published on the conference website. Part-time registrations are now open. It is possible to register for the opening afternoon (which includes Cardinal Robert Sarah’s opening address and the concert of sacred music with the L.O.S. Schola Cantorum following it) or for any of the three whole days of the conference (there are no half-day or individual presentation registrations). Ordinary and student part-time registrations are possible. To register follow the instructions on the registration page.
SUMMER ACCOMMODATION IN LONDON
Allen Hall Seminary in Chelsea offers comfortable rooms in central London in July and August. Beautiful gardens and chapel. Rooms from £50 per night (including breakfast). Website. Email. Telephone: 020 7349 5600 (option 0).
SPIRIT IN THE CITY FESTIVAL
A Catholic festival in the West End of London from 1st to 4th June 2016. Join the programme of prayer, talks, celebrations in Notre Dame de France and the all day festival in Leicester Square gardens on Saturday. For details visit: www.spiritinthecity.org or phone 020 7440 2663. Full programme on www.bit.ly/SitCfest2016.
Diocesan Pilgrimage to Lourdes: Adult (18+) parishioners are invited to join the Diocesan Pilgrimage to Lourdes as a St Frai Helper. Some of the sick pilgrims in most need of support and medical care stay in a hospital-like building called the Accueil St Frai in the centre of Lourdes. It is well equipped for their care and they are looked after by a team of doctors, nurses and volunteer St Frai Helpers. Working in the St Frai is an opportunity to give our care and company to the pilgrims. If you are interested, contact Nick Leonard or Laura Simmonds at nickleonard507@gmail.com or laurasimmonds@ymail.com.
Matrimony: A calling to forgive! Retrouvaille offers a welcoming and loving space to couples who have been living with the misery of a failing marriage. Retrouvaille offers hope: hope that it is not too late, hope of a different and better marriage. Retrouvaille helps couples to show each other mercy through the opportunities it provides to listen, to forgive, to be reconciled and to move into their futures believing that God loves them and with His help and their efforts, their marriages can be healed and restored. Retrouvaille provides help for marriage problems/difficulties/crises. www.retrouvaille.org.uk Phone or text 0788 7296983 or 0797 3380443.
Scripture from Scratch series of talks: Biblical Models of Discipleship. Vaughan House, 46 Francis Street, SW1P 1QN, 7.00-8.30pm. 11th June: 10.00am – 2.00pm Retreat Day by Brian Purfield. Please book your place at livingfaith@rcdow.org.uk. If you do not have an access to the internet, please call at 020 7931 6078 and leave your name, contact phone and the date(s). Suggested donation £4. All talks are audio recorded and uploaded on rcdow.org.uk at a later date.
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It only takes a minute - Take That make brief visit to Wendover for 'surprise' filming
Take That filming outside The Flower Gallery in Wendover
Dan Pullinger
Three members of Take That were seen filming in Wendover High Street yesterday (Wednesday) but the exact reason remains a mystery.
Gary Barlow, Howard Donald and Mark Owen were seen in the High Street along with a film crew at around 10am.
Take That filming in Wendover
Contrary to reports elsewhere, the Herald has spoken to the BBC Press Office who said that filming was not taking place for The One Show.
A local business owner told the paper: "I believe they surprised somebody at the Flower Gallery."
We approached the Flower Gallery who said they organised the camera crew and added that they could not say anymore about it until the New Year.
A worker at Rumseys Chocolaterie told us: "We got a letter earlier in the week saying that the High Street is going to be closed for 15 minutes on Wednesday morning but it didn’t explain why.
"Yesterday we saw lots of highway road workers around but when we asked what is going on they all just replied “Just a little project not big “ which sounded even more suspicious!
"Then around 10am we spotted cameramen setting up by the flower shop.
"One of the cameramen told me they were filming a Suzuki commercial."
Take That are performing at stadiummk in nearby Milton Keynes on May 23 2019 as part of their 'Greatest Hits' tour and tickets are on sale now.
If you have any more information about Take That's visit call the newsdesk on 01296 619786.
Photos courtesy of Fiona Faber.
Council furious with developers who caused traffic misery in Aylesbury
Police report theft from ambulance attending emergency in Aylesbury
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As one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world, Oman has transformed in just five decades from an underdeveloped Bedouin country to a modern state. Today, the Sultanate in the south-east of the Arabian Peninsula is considered the safest country in the Middle East and, as such, is becoming an ever more attractive destination for business and leisure travel. In order to keep pace with the rapid growth that this has brought about, the Gulf State is investing billions in expanding its airport infrastructure.
The largest and most significant project is the reconstruction of Muscat International Airport, designed by Danish architects COWI/LARSEN. In operation since 1972, it experienced the third-largest increase in passenger numbers worldwide in the period 2012 - 2016 according to figures from the International Air Transport Association (IATA). The reconstruction was performed to the latest technical standards and combines great convenience with high-class aesthetics. Metal fabric from GKD - Gebr. Kufferath AG (GKD) makes a considerable contribution to the understated elegance of the passenger terminal: it gives a virtuoso display of the full range of its design possibilities in twelve different applications. Fascinating ceiling and wall solutions, room dividers, and large-scale transparent media façades from the MEDIAMESH® family are setting new standards for contemporary airport design.
Oman borders with Yemen in the south, Saudi Arabia in the west, and the United Arab Emirates in the northwest. Its coastline is almost 2,000 kilometers long with picture-perfect beaches reminiscent of the Caribbean and a fascinating underwater world. Combined with its spectacular mountain and desert landscapes far from the tourist hoards this makes the country an inside tip for those seeking a relaxing vacation and adventurers alike. Oman pairs this extraordinary diversity of landscapes with authenticity and discreet luxury. You won't find the gigantomania of the Emirates here: there are neither skyscrapers nor artificial natural wonders vying for attention.
Instead, oriental souks and an architecture that calmly reflects the evolved culture of the country enable you to experience the Orient as if in a fairytale. The country draws its special charm from a natural interplay between the flair of Arabian Nights and cosmopolitan modernism.
Just 30 kilometers west of the capital, Muscat, lies the largest and most heavily frequented airport in the Sultanate. As the air traffic hub for Oman, it serves 55 international destinations on the Gulf, in the Middle East, Europe, and the Far East. Its 1.8 billion USD expansion is the largest infrastructure project in the history of the Sultanate. A second runway and a new control tower - as a requirement for serving wide-bodied aircraft like the A380 - marked the start of construction in 2014. The opening of the new passenger terminal planned for March 20, 2018 is the response to the increase in passenger volume, which is growing by ten percent every year. 14 million passengers were counted in 2017, 16.5 million are expected in 2018, and 20 million in 2020. For them, the new airport offers an ultramodern infrastructure spanning a total area of 335,000 square meters with a 12,000-square-meter duty-free area and 8,000 parking spaces. 86 check-in desks - 30 for departures and 56 for arrivals, 29 air bridges, 40 arrival and departure gates, 29 lounges, ten luggage carousels, 149 elevators, various restaurants and cafés, and a hotel with 90 beds make the airport a high-throughput gateway to the world. Architecturally, the building consists of three wings arranged in a row, each with three floors. It is characterized by an elegant lightweight roof with exposed steel construction and the consistently implemented concept of inviting openness and transparency. Light, natural colors, lots of glass, steel, and marble, and discreet golden accents create a high-class atmosphere with no overt showiness. Its modern interior with subtle Omani overtones succeeds in melding tradition and future.
Grid ceilings reinvented
GKD metal fabric plays a key role in its design. Various ceiling solutions (suspended or as grid constructions), wall hangings and room dividers made from Lamelle fabric, and three large, transparent media façades shape the feel of the space in all parts of the building. A total of 5,865 square meters of stainless steel fabric were used. A suspended ceiling above the car rental area conveys an initial impression of the extraordinarily versatile design potential of the woven texture as soon as you step into the arrivals level of Muscat International Airport. 60 panels, each around one meter wide and two meters long, form a grid ceiling whose shimmering elegance is highlighted by downlights integrated into the fabric. Aluminum frames hold the pretensioned panels, which were also riveted to a central rod in order to ensure that the tension is maintained. The client opted for the same system in the third wing, where 200 square meters of this grid ceiling mark the transitions to both the north and south piers. The immigration counters mark another optical highlight in the central wing with their projecting roofs made from stainless steel fabric. 52 panels - tensioned in frames in a tightly packed arrangement - cover the desks here over 465 square meters, creating a representative welcome area. Light strips in the joints give rhythm to the canopy and, together with diffuse reflection from the indirect lighting, make the fabric appear different from every angle.
Spectacularly canopied moving walkways and escalators The largest and most spectacular use of fabric in the new airport awaits passengers in the three piers. Over 3,210 square meters of a custom fabric developed specially for Muscat make for a very special spatial experience here. 210 fabric elements shimmering in a soft gold tone form semitransparent modern baldachins above the moving walkways flanked by large palm trees. Connected to the formative steel construction fitted with downlights, the curved elements arch above travelers like a protective roof on their long journey through the pier.
Originally the client had considered the delicate GKD bronze fabric Mandarin for this construction. However, as this was not suitable for this application in terms of both stability and color accuracy - bronze forms a patina under the influence of humidity - GKD developed a new Lamelle fabric with a similar look. Aluminum weft wires coated a bronze color in a continuous process and natural-finish stainless steel warp wires combine fine optics with low weight and the required robustness. As such, the steel construction above the panels shines through the delicate membrane and gives the fabric the feel of a leafy canopy shot through with veins. This effect is underlined by a light strip running down the middle, the branches of which distribute their mild light diffusely. In every pier, 70 of these bronze colored panels gently reflect light and movements, making the way to or from the airplane a fascinating experience. No less impressive are the canopies of the six escalators from the arrivals to the departures level and on to the hotel. Four panels made of stainless steel fabric, each almost 13 meters long and up to 1.25 meters wide, follow their course in a giant curve along the entire length. Hung freely with 240-millimeter-wide joints, they cleverly conceal the technical installations and stage the escalator journeys as a glamorous event through refined reflections.
Decorative and safe wall design
In the retail area in the third wing, GKD stainless steel fabric provides decorative highlights in the form of large-scale wall-hangings. 20 panels, each six meters high and three meters wide, were mounted vertically in front of a high glass parapet like oversized wall paintings. Their metallic shimmer lends the glass balustrade an elegant air without impairing its transparency. Their optical counterpart can be found on the opposite side in the form of a further twelve panels in front of a white wall - each of them
7.5 meters high and 3.35 meters wide. Ten panels with a total area of 160 square meters flank each side of a large mixed-media screen. Suspended between the floor and ceiling one-and-a-half meters in front of the hotel windows, they filter the hotel guests' view of the artificial gardens like a fine veil. In the oversize baggage claim area, the attractive fabric also demonstrates its functional properties in quite an impressive way:
ceiling-high room dividers with integrated sliding doors form a security area with restricted access. As an elegant partition, however, they provide an unencumbered view of the goods arriving on the baggage belt at all times.
Understated light reflections also transform this application into a high-quality eyecatcher.
Transparent media façades combined in new ways The blanket use of the GKD metal fabric is crowned by three gigantic transparent media façade systems in the second and third wings. In baggage claim on the arrivals level, a 15-meter-wide and 4.10-meter-high MEDIAMESH® screen impressively displays what it can do. Produced from Tigris stainless steel fabric with integrated LED profiles, all eyes are drawn to this gigantic platform for advertising and entertainment. Its visually seamless construction consisting of five panels guarantees brilliant image quality around the clock with a total of
44,000 SMD pixels (Surface Mounted Devices). Each of these pixels consists of two square SMD LEDs. In addition to the high playing quality and optical lightness of the screen, it was also the transparency in particular that spoke in favor of this patented system from GKD. The giant display affords visitors in the pick-up and catering area behind it an unencumbered view of the baggage claim area - without them seeing what is playing. Another two transparent media façades await passengers at passport control, where an 8.50-meter-high and 15-meter-wide ILLUMESH® screen illuminates the wall between the two rear wings. What is special about this transparent media system are the rows of LEDs mounted horizontally in special holders in front of the fabric. The play of colors that they project onto the round stainless steel wires is reflected as a three-dimensional hologram effect. This creates a fascinating illumination that transforms the wall into a huge work of art with ever-changing color compositions. In front of the gateway to the retail area, the third transparent media façade unites both systems in an enormous mixed-media screen. 14.3 meters high and 27 meters wide, it is comprised of nine panels. Four of them, the two outer panels on each side, are made from ILLUMESH®. The five central panels combine ten meters of ILLUMESH® in the top section with 4.3 meters of MEDIAMESH® in the lower section. The effect of this first-time realization of a mixed-media screen is impressive: in a richly colored frame of ILLUMESH® fabric, the 15-meter-wide MEDIAMESH® really draws attention to the advertising and entertainment clips. Like all MEDIAMESH® systems, this, too, impresses through its high-grade aesthetics, delicate transparency, and concealed wiring. To ensure maximum ease of maintenance and spare-part efficiency for the media façades, GKD selected the same rows of LEDs for all three displays, regardless of the system. GKD was in charge of the planning, development of the substructure, and assembly of all three screens - a truly herculean task as the limited space and load-bearing capacities of the ceilings did not permit the use of a crane. What's more, fastening the screens to the prestressed concrete ceilings required special solutions everywhere, as drill holes were not an option for static reasons. For the ILLUMESH® screen, GKD therefore developed special adapter pieces to fasten it to existing anchors. For the MEDIAMESH® display, the mesh experts were able to use existing girders on an upper story to which they fixed the screen with a special attachment system.
After almost ten years of planning and construction for the airport, the result speaks for itself: in terms of design, passenger handling efficiency, and recreation quality, the new passenger terminal of Muscat International Airport is exemplary in many respects for pioneering airport architecture.
The solutions made from GKD metal fabric that were used here provide virtually boundless inspiration for realizing such architecture - functional versatility at its best.
GKD – GEBR. KUFFERATH AG
Metallweberstraße 46 Düren North Rhine-Westphalia D-52353
Fax: +49 (0) 2421 / 803-227
Tel: +49 (0) 2421 / 803-0 www.gkd.de
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Meet Our Heroes
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Special Forces Florida Veteran Shares His Story
The family of Army MSG George Vera, a Purple Heart, Silver Star and Bronze Star (4x) recipient who was injured in Afghanistan, shares his story.
Building Homes for Heroes® is strongly committed to rebuilding lives and supporting the brave men and women who were injured while serving the country during the time of the wars in Iraq or Afghanistan. The organization builds or modifies homes, and gifts them, mortgage-free, to veterans and their families. It’s our honor to support the men and women who have loyally and courageously served our country.
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Empirical quest for Dolphy's vibe
You’d think that the classic Blue Note jazz of the early 1960s – Eric Dolphy and all that – would have become exhausted as a source of inspiration for young jazz musicians.
And then a young band comes along and changes that view completely.
Empirical have made some pretty substantial waves since they first pinned jazz ears back in 2007 when their first album won a clutch of awards.
They include Album of the Year from both Jazzwise and Mojo magazines.
That one had both a retro, Blue Note feel and yet also sounded fresh and new.
Since then they have lost trumpeter Jay Phelps and pianist Kit Downes, but have acquired vibes player Lewis Wright.
Their second album, Out ‘n’ In, is about to be released on the Naim label, and on the back of that they have embarked on a nationwide tour, setting down in Birmingham’s CBSO Centre on Friday.
With this alto (Nathaniel Facey), vibes (Wright), bass (Tom Farmer) and drums (Shaney Forbes) line-up, ears were bound to turn towards the 1960s work of Dolphy and vibes player Bobby Hutcherson and the classic Out To Lunch album Dolphy made in 1964.
There are two tracks by Dolphy on the album, and a lot of originals inspired by him.
And the band has also been listening to cutting-edge New York pianist Vijay Iyer and taking inspiration from his tricky timing and oblique approach to modern jazz.
I’ve been lucky enough to have had a white label copy for the past few weeks and it really is an outstanding CD.
Hear how music can be rooted in the tradition of 45 years ago and still sound like the sound of tomorrow. These guys are seriously cool.
This Birmingham Jazz gig starts at 8pm on Friday and tickets are available on 0121 767 4050 or via thsh.co.uk Before then, let’s hear it for the local boys.
On Tuesday the Morgan Brothers (Huw on alto sax and Chris on tenor sax) with Lee Blackmore on guitar Colin Somervell on bass and John Randall on drums are at the Jam House in the Jewellery Quarter. Entrance is free, the music starts at about 9.30pm and the vibe is very much that of an authentic jazz club.
The Morgans have a background in Birmingham Conservatoire but have been gigging this quintet for a while and really paid their dues around the region.
This is another Birmingham Jazz gig, and you can find out more about the organization and what’s in store through a busy autumn at birminghamjazz.co.uk
Friday evening’s free Rush Hour Blues session offers ex-South African singer Esther Miller and her band. Her latest album is called A Place In The Sunlight, which augurs well for a warm late summer evening. The band starts at 5.30pm and goes on until 7pm.
peterbacon@mac.com thejazzbreakfast.wordpress.com
East MidlandsRevealed: The man behind Nottingham firm Ryley Wealth ManagementGet to know the man behind the firm
Yorkshire & HumberSeafood sector career concerns aired in WestminsterAll Party Parliamentary Group delves into recruitment and retention
Yorkshire & HumberHousebuilder returns 'home' with 96-plot developmentChartdale-buyer Linden Homes returns to Grimsby after six year exile
Yorkshire & HumberFisheries Minister tells EU migrants that Britain remains open for workRobert Goodwill flags up 'leave to remain' option ahead of a potential no-deal Brexit
Yorkshire & HumberYoung's Seafood buy-out blessed by the man who made it a UK leaderWynne Griffiths CBE enjoyed his most productive years with new owner CapVest
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Glynn Purnell to open second restaurant in Birmingham
Michelin-star chef Glynn Purnell is to open a second restaurant in Birmingham.
Purnell is just weeks away from opening The Asquith as an “ambitious, neighbourhood restaurant” specialising in French-inspired cuisine in Edgbaston.
Purnell will be revisiting the scene of earlier culinary triumphs with The Asquith. The listed building in Montague Road, Edgbaston, was formerly Jessicas, where the chef, a protégé of Andreas Antona, first won a Michelin star in 2005 before going solo with Purnell’s in 2007.
Jessicas became Pascal’s and was run by Frenchman Pascal Cluny, garnering critical praise, including a bib gourmand from the Michelin Guide. The restaurant’s landlord, Tony Gayden, said the property’s lease was being transferred to Purnell.
Purnell believes The Asquith will fill a gap in the Birmingham dining scene for “good, solid cooking”.
The 34-cover restaurant will offer a three-course set lunch for £20 and a £34 three-course à la carte for lunch and dinner service. The chef said the food will be “French dominated with a Purnell’s twist” and The Asquith will be open Wednesday through to Sunday lunch.
Crucially, Purnell will not be cooking at The Asquith and is appointing a head chef to take charge of the Edgbaston kitchen.
He stressed he will continue to cook at the flagship Purnell’s in Cornwall Street, where he harbours ambitions of gaining a second Michelin star. “You will see me at The Asquith having lunch on a Sunday,” he said.
Purnell insisted he will be responsible for devising and writing the menus at The Asquith. The restaurant manager will be Julie Tonsgaard, who is promoted from her current post at the Cornwall Street restaurant.
Interestingly, none of the kitchen brigade at Purnell’s will be transferring to the new restaurant, which the chef hopes will be a showcase for Birmingham’s young catering and hospitality talent.
* For more on this story, plus our Food Critic Richard McComb's view what the new restaurants will offer and how they will fare, see this week's Birmingham Post.
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Privacy advocates are slamming Facebook for its shady transparency policy
Cale Guthrie Weissman
REUTERS/Brian Snyder
The way Facebook handles government requests for data is coming under fire from privacy advocacy groups.
In a new blog post titled "Why Facebook Failed Our Censorship Test," the Electronic Frontier Foundation takes aim at the social network's track record when it comes to content restriction. More specifically, the EFF claims that Facebook has never fully explained why it has restricted access to some of its pages.
The EFF explains that Facebook gives explanations for some content restriction in its 'Government Request Report,' but "if you click over the United States, Facebook's home country, you'll find that the 'content restriction' category is conspicuously missing."
And, according to the EFF, this doesn't mean that Facebook didn't restrict content in the US. On the contrary, the blog post points out known instances where Facebook censored content within the US:
We know for a fact that Facebook processed 74 requests for the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation alone in 2014. Between California and the state of South Carolina, we also know Facebook processed more than 700 takedown requests over the last four years. We could file public records requests in all 50 states to learn more, but since Facebook's system allowed prisons to file these requests without creating a paper trail, only Facebook knows how many requests it has complied with nationwide. We believe it may reach into thousands.
The ultimate point is that though Facebook does have a report attempting to divulge what government requests have been made with its users data, the company isn't disclosing everything.
Competitors like Google and Twitter, the EFF notes, are much better at disclosing when they receive any government requests.
This is all part of the EFF's annual reports called "Who Has Your Back?, which grades the largest tech companies on how they handle government requests for user data. Criteria include the companies' data disclosing practices, whether they inform users about government data demands, and other facets that illuminate what they do when faced with a government request.
Facebook isn't the only company the EFF is calling out. WhatsApp, for instance, is also being lambasted for its lackluster transparency efforts (of course, Facebook does own WhatsApp). Service providers like AT&T and Verizon also had low marks.
Facebook, for its part, scores relatively well on other criteria. But the EFF still has higher hopes for the social behemoth.
The blog post concluded, "We urge Facebook to publish the data and show U.S. government agencies that censorship shouldn't happen in the dark."
SEE ALSO: Some big groups have pulled out of meetings about facial recognition technology
NOW WATCH: 5 clever iPhone tricks only power users know about
More: Facebook Censorship EFF
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'AHS,' What's Your Beef With Hillary Clinton?
By Kelsea Stahler
Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images News/Getty Images
FX's American Horror Story: Coven has taken some interesting stances in its first nine episodes. First, there was a momentary and somewhat prudish approach to sex, the confusing presence of "reformed" (and then reverted) Madame LaLaurie, and the scathing take-down of Generation Y. Now the series takes aim at none other than former Secretary of State and beacon of feminist hope Hillary Clinton and we have to ask: What is your beef with Mrs. Clinton, AHS?
The insult in question comes as Cordelia (Sarah Paulson), fresh off of Fiona (Jessica Lange) disowning her for marrying a witch hunter, explodes at her "aunt" Myrtle (Frances Conroy), who's trying to shake her out of her doldrums. Myrtle eventually tries to sympathize as a fellow victim of Fiona's oppressive presence. "Living in Fiona's shadow is a challenge. What are your options when your mother is Hillary Clinton?" she muses.
Minutes later we learn that Fiona is not only (mostly) heartless, brutal, and selfish — she's also quite literally soulless. She is a living witch functioning without a soul and while I'm not sure what science has to say about this, in layman's terms Fiona's basically a notch down from fire-breathing demon. And how, exactly, does that make her equivalent to Clinton?
Perhaps the writers simply meant that Fiona, as the Supreme, is the leader of the Coven, just as Hillary Clinton is a leader in politics. Sure. But why not reference someone like Margaret Thatcher, who wasn't soulless either, but was met with a level of disdain and resistance — much like Fiona — during her time as Prime Minister of England? Why let Clinton be the real world equivalent of a woman so selfish, she's willing to kill every one of the young witches she's supposed to protect in order to maintain power and youth?
Either the series' stance on Clinton is similar to that of folks who'd call her direct, authoritative (and awesome) smack down during the Benghazi hearings a "meltdown" — outspoken women in positions of power are often dealt the "bitch" card where praise should be paid instead — or the series has far too much regard for its anti-heroine Fiona.
They've taken every bit of humanity from her — she has no soul and while she purports to protect the Coven, she'll murder any member of that Coven who stands in the way of her remaining in power — yet, in the final moments of Wednesday's episode "Hillary Clinton" is found weeping in a quiet, sympathetic moment, touched only by the sweet sounds of Stevie Nicks.
With that, it seems the Clinton reference was a function of Fiona-love rather than Clinton-hate, which is better, but not ideal. Still, we can deal with more sloppy writing and character infatuation from the writers on a Ryan Murphy show; it's encountering more Hillary Haters that's unbearable.
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If You're Attracted to Men With Beards, There May Be Some Science Behind It
By Lucia Peters
Well, here’s an interesting little tidbit: According to some new research into how women feel about facial hair on men, we aren't necessarily attracted to beards or clean-shaven faces for the way they look. What matters is how rare either type of facial hair is in the population at any given time — the rarer it is, the more attractive it is. So all you hipsters out there sporting the full face of fuzz? Your ubiquity may lead to your downfall. We have reached "peak beard."
A new study by the University of New South Whales examining “negative frequency dependent selection” — or, the idea that things become more attractive the rarer they are — unearthed the phenomenon. We’ve previously seen this sort of behavior in other animals; noted Dr. Bethany Brookshire, who was unconnected with the study, to Newsworks, “Female guppies will select males whose patterns are rare.” As a result, scientists became curious about whether it happens in humans, too. The answer? It most certainly does.
University of New South Whales researcher Robert Brooks and his team selected 1,453 bisexual or heterosexual women and 2013 heterosexual men to participate in an online study. Each subject was shown 36 images of male faces, with the first 24 images being used to condition the subject: They were either shown only bearded men, only clean-shaven men, or a mixture of the two. Then, the research team asked the subjects to rank the next 12 images they were shown by how attractive they found them. Women who were shown images of 24 bearded faces to start preferred beardless men, whereas if they were initially shown 24 clean-shaven faces or a mixture of the two types, they preferred bearded men.
It appears, then, that there’s a science to trendiness: Once something like a hairstyle or item of clothing becomes so ubiquitous that it’s declared a trend, its attractiveness — or rather, the attractiveness of those sporting it — drops. However, Bethany Brookshire says it’s worth noting that in the case of the beards, the key is that they became more attractive. Neither beards nor clean-shaven faces became the most attractive due to rarity. Nice to know that our personal preferences are still… y’know, our personal preferences.
What else can we draw from this conclusion? That’s something we’re still working on. Brooks and his team, who have already shown that beardedness signals virility, are currently cooking up a follow-up study. ”We still don’t really know the primary function of the beard,” Robert Brooks told the Guardian Australia. “Some women are attracted to it, some are repelled. It is a clear sign of manliness, it makes men look older and more aggressive. How much women like that depends, in a way, on how overtly masculine they like their men.” As such, the new study, which will be larger than the one the just completed, will examine the link between facial hair and masculinity.
In conclusion: Sorry, bearded guys. It looks like your facial hair has become so common that it’s falling out of style. But hey, who says you have to follow trends, anyway? Just do you, man. Just do you.
Oh, and for anyone who thinks searching for beards on Flickr is a good idea:
Consider yourselves warned.
Image: Fotolia; Igmur
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Home / Content Marketing Blog / Content Marketing / LinkedIn surges in profitability
In Content Marketing
LinkedIn surges in profitability
LinkedIn has recorded a third quarter earnings jump over $2.3 billion, with revenue jumping over 80 per cent to $252 million. This is a remarkable turnaround considering that the company recorded revenue of $139.5 million, a loss of $1.6 million.
LinkedIn has a particularly niche market, which appeals to professionals looking to profile their training, experience and aspirations within the job market.
Their revenue from different segments, including Talent Solutions, Marketing Solutions and their Premium Solutions segments, was worth over $250 million. Their costs were up by 82 per cent but their revenue more than covered for it.
Their latest share price was $115, up nearly eight per cent.
Facebook by comparison has had drops in share price, trading at $21.14 on Wednesday (October 31) which is down over 40 per cent from the $42 value when it was floated back in May.
Since then the business has battled doubt that it could sustain revenue.
Reuters has reported that employees have been given permission to sell their shares in the company if they wish to do so. That's a combined 230 million shares with a total value of over $5 billion to enter the marketplace.
Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg has committed to retaining his shares until 2013, while a board member and an early investor Peter Thiel sold a large portion of his own back in August.
Social media marketing on Facebook has been accelerated with the company saying last week, it had increased its mobile advertising quicker than expected, generating $150 million for the third quarter.
The floating of the social media giant on the New York Stock Exchange was done so with much fanfare and Facebook was the only company to be launched with a value of more than $100 billion.
Posted by Tim Wright
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Updates on CDC’s Polio Eradication Efforts
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Archived: This Page Is No Longer Being Updated
This website is archived for historical purposes and is no longer being maintained or updated.
CDC Continues to Support the Global Polio Eradication Effort
The eradication of polio is an important priority for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). We are closer than we have ever been to eradicating polio and it is critical that we take advantage of this opportunity.
On December 2, 2011, CDC Director Thomas R. Frieden, MD, MPH, activated CDC’s Emergency Operations Center (EOC) to strengthen the agency’s partnership engagement through the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI)External, which is committed to completing the eradication of polio. On December 14, 2011, Dr. Frieden enlisted the support of the entire CDC community to become active participants in an intensified effort to eradicate polio worldwide.
CDC’s Involvement
In the final push toward global polio eradication, CDC continues its close collaboration with partners, including the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Rotary International, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to ensure a coordinated global and country-level response.
CDC polio eradication activities and staff have moved into the EOC operational structure to ensure maximum use of CDC resources to support polio eradication, and to scale up timely technical expertise and support for polio-infected countries and for countries at risk of polio outbreaks, in coordination with GPEI partners.
Since December 2, 2011, approximately 572 workers have supported CDC’s polio eradication efforts in the EOC and in the field. Of these, 195 workers have completed 1,159 field deployments worldwide
Activation of the EOC has provided enhanced capacity for CDC’s STOP Transmission of Polio (STOP) program, which trains public health volunteers in the United States and globally to improve polio surveillance and help plan, implement, and evaluate vaccination campaigns. Since December 2, 2011, 742 individuals have been deployed on 1,748 assignments to work with the STOP program in 59 countries, including Chad, Haiti, and Kenya.
In addition, the EOC has provided enhanced capacity to scale up in-country technical expertise and support for – polio surveillance, planning, implementation, and monitoring of polio vaccination campaigns – strengthening routine immunization, strengthening management and accountability.
A few additional examples of CDC polio eradication activities include:
An in-depth review of priority countries’ polio eradication plans to assess program gaps and training needs, and elaboration of plans for CDC’s engagement in those countries.
Publication of several joint World Health Organization Weekly Epidemiologic Record/CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports (MMWR) highlighting polio eradication progress related to Nigeria, Afghanistan and Pakistan, risk assessment for polio outbreaks, possible eradication of wild poliovirus type 3, polio-free certification in SEARO, and progress towards worldwide eradication.
Collaboration with GPEI partners on detailed country-plans for expanded technical and management support, including assistance with outbreak responses, surveillance reviews, vaccination campaign planning and monitoring, and data management.
The development of indicators for monitoring polio vaccination campaign performance in the areas of planning, implementation, and evaluation
Review of WHO proposed outbreak response protocols for all polio-affected and at risk countries.
The Global Push toward the Finish Line
Polio incidence has dropped more than 99 percent since the launch of global polio eradication efforts in 1988. In 2018, 29 wild polio virus cases were reported- 8 in Pakistan, 21 in Afghanistan, and 0 in Nigeria. On May 5, 2014, after receiving advice from an Emergency Committee of independent experts and in order to protect progress toward eradication, former WHO Director-General Margaret Chan declared the international spread of wild poliovirus a “public health emergency of international concern” (PHEIC) and issued Temporary Recommendations under the International Health Regulations (2005) to prevent further spread of the disease. In 2018, the PHEIC remains in place under the current WHO Director-General Tedros Ghebreyesus.
It is therefore imperative that we make this final push toward eradication one of our highest priorities. As former CDC Director Dr. Frieden has stated, “If we fail to get over the finish line, we will need to continue expensive control measures for the indefinite future…,More importantly, without eradication, a resurgence of polio could paralyze more than 200,000 children worldwide every year within a decade.” Now is the time, we must not fail.
Page last reviewed: February 29, 2016 (archived document)
Content source: Global Health
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Extraordinary Home of the Week: The Elrod House in Palm Springs
“Give me what you think I should have on this lot,” said interior designer Arthur Elrod to architect John Lautner in 1968 as you walked the parcel perched on the northern tip of Southridge in Palm Springs. From that moment on, Lautner harnessed all creative control of the project, executing a vision that defied the conventions of his contemporaries. Prior to construction, the mid-century modern architect excavated down eight feet to expose the very bedrock that proved to play an integral role in the home’s design.
Known today as the Elrod House, the hallmark property has more than stood the test of time—it has surpassed it, praised for its relationship to the nature and sense of drama. An unsuspecting entrance opens to reveal a 60-foot-wide, circular living room with a conical dome fanning out in nine petals between nine clearstories angled up to bring in light. Retractable curved glass walls open the living room and indoor-outdoor pool to panoramic views of Mt. San Jacinto, Mt. San Gorgonio, the full sweep of the valley below and mountain ranges beyond. The roof is designed to shield the home from the intense desert sun.
“Organic shapes, monumental construction and world-class design create an extraordinary experience of space that Lautner himself described as ‘timeless architecture’,” said listing REALTOR® John Nelson, who listed the property with Nelson-Moe Properties partner REALTOR® Cat Moe. “The property is an architectural masterpiece and meticulously incorporates many of Lautner’s trademark features such as maximizing the blend between the site and home, and seamless flow connecting indoor and outdoor spaces.”
A statement in its own right, the Elrod House has also gained notoriety as the winter lair of billionaire Willard Whyte in the 1971 Bond film, Diamonds are Forever. The living room and infinity-edge pool were both the stage for the epic battle scene that took place between a coolly-suited agent 007 (Sean Connery) and the bikini donning Bambi and Thumper. This was the beginning of Hollywood’s love affair with Lautner’s futuristic masterpieces, as many have been featured in major productions including Iron Man, Die Hard, and Charlie’s Angels to name a few.
2175 Southridge Drive is offered at $8,000,000 by John Nelson and Cat Moe of Coldwell Banker Residential Brokerage, Palm Springs.
By Lauren Gega|2016-10-13T17:07:46-07:00June 15, 2016|Architecture, California Living, Celebrity Homes, Home of the Week, Livable Luxury, Palm Springs|0 Comments
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Canterbury Junior Thespians Shine at State Festival
In only its second year of existence, the Canterbury Middle School Junior Thespian Troupe 89393 had an amazing performance at the 2018 Junior State Thespian Festival in Orlando, with every single student earning a medal.
"We were so successful at Districts with 18 Superior awards, as well as Critics' Choice/Best in Room awards in monologues and duet acting, that we had to make some tough decisions heading into state," explains Director of Fine & Performing Arts, Dr. WIlliam Eyerly. "We are only able to take 12 of our Superior events to State, including eight Performance events and four technical events," added Junior Thespian Co-director, Joe Comperchio.
In the end, twenty students in grades six through eight were selected to head to State competition in Orlando. After opening ceremonies and a show on Thursday evening, the students spent Friday in a variety of workshops that included Acting on Camera, Improvisation, and even Stage Combat! Saturday, all twelve of Canterbury's events performed at the packed Orange County Convention Center. A panel of judges in each category adjudicates the pieces as Poor, Fair, Good, Excellent, or Superior. Medals are given only to students who earn Excellent or Superior ratings. Amazingly, all 12 of Canterbury's pieces scored Excellent or Superior with all twenty students bringing home medals! The results are as follows:
In Monologues, Emily B. ’22 ("Neet Teen") and Annabel C. ’22 ("Chatterbox") each earned SUPERIOR medals for their performances. Both girls also received perfect scores from at least one judge.
In Solo Musical Theatre, Lucy C. ’24 earned an EXCELLENT medal for her performance of "Home" from "Beauty and the Beast", just missing a Superior by one point! We know this sixth-grader will be back next year!
In Duet Musical Theatre, the duo of Lauren L .’23 and Julian V. ’23 sang and danced their way to EXCELLENT medals with a charming performance that was well reviewed by the judges.
In Duet Acting, the teams of Amaya E. ’24 and Michaela F. ’24, as well as Mack F. ’23 and Jersey H. ’23, took home EXCELLENT medals for their comedy scenes that both scored just short of Superior.
Meanwhile, the duet scene "Report Card" featuring Jack B. ’23 and Jake Z. ’23 earned SUPERIOR medals with a stellar performance that captivated the judges.
In Ensemble Acting, "The Escape" featuring Ian P .’22, Josh D. ’23, Jasmine S. ’23, and Kayla G. ’23 earned laughs and high marks from the judges resulting in EXCELLENT medals for the team.
The tech events kicked off with Maddie C. ’23 and Zach M. ’23 presenting their original script in the Scene Writing category. The judges were impressed and rewarded them with EXCELLENT medals.
Next up in Set Design, Katie R. ’24 showed off her detailed woodland set design for Shakespeare's "As You Like It" while Nadia M .’24 presented her meticulous and realistic set of Professor Higgins’ study from the play "Pygmalion". Both were rewarded for their hard work with EXCELLENT medals.
Finally, capping off an incredibly successful day for the troupe, Ezri M. ’23 presented her original Makeup Design for the play "The Miracle Worker". The judges loved her organized presentation and the extra addition of a journal with notes and photos of her designs. Her extra work paid off and she was awarded a SUPERIOR medal.
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BEST-SPORTS-HANDICAPPING-SERVICE
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Share Best-Sports-Handicapping-Service's Picks Page with Others
VIEW / PURCHASE PICKS FROM BEST-SPORTS-HANDICAPPING-SERVICE
Did not find any picks for the given sport (All Sports) or timeframe (Last 1460-Days).
Total Win Picks
TotalWinPicks.com
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Coach Al Picks
CoachAlPicks.cappertek.com
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(Brooklyn DiMartino/Mass Appeal)
The Story of South Dallas in the Cover Art of Nas’ New Album
Brentin Mock
A photo of five young black boys holds the story of drugs, racial segregation, and despair in South Dallas.
The cover art for the new Nas album Nasir, released today, is a throwback to the image he used for his classic 1994 debut album Illmatic, featuring his own boyhood portrait transposed against a backdrop of the infamous Queensbridge housing projects he grew up in.
Throughout his long career, Nas has invested himself in training a justice-minded lens on the various ills of society: For the Nasir cover, he uses a photo that shows five black youth standing small in front of a brick wall, some facing it while some face the camera, all with their hands raised high. Two of the kids are holding guns—maybe toy, maybe not—while one is holding up a robot. Not one of them looks older than ten years, but they all seem to have learned the position that police officers regularly and historically have commanded black people to assume: up against the wall. In the top right corner hangs a “NO TRESPASSING” sign that also reads “no drinking, loitering, or standing on these premises.”
The Kids Are Our Future. NASIR out everywhere tomorrow! Executive Produced by @kanyewest #NASIR pic.twitter.com/gpRUBT7FPU
— Nasir Jones (@Nas) June 14, 2018
The photo was taken by photographer Mary Ellen Mark for a news feature in the November 1988 issue of Texas Monthly magazine. The article, “The War Zone,” is a field report from a neighborhood in Dallas where the crack drug trade had taken hold. It was the kind of story that became standard among magazine and alt-weekly journalists in the 1980s, styled after Barry Michael Cooper’s seminal 1986 SPIN magazine feature on the birth of a crack-cocaine nation, in New York City. Less than two years later, the crack epidemic had metastasized well beyond the Big Apple, devouring cities in places as distant as Texas. Journalist Jim Atkinson ventured into the fog of this new drug war zone in Dallas to explain how it got this far for his Texas Monthly piece.
However, like most news stories of the crack era, few fair explanations were offered. The “war zone” Atkinson wrote about is one of the “South Dallas” districts of the city that was historically segregated for black and poor families. The story details how the communities have fallen into hopelessness and disrepair, and ponders—as one police officer says in the piece—whether “poverty creates drugs” or “it’s the drugs that create poverty.” The people addicted to crack are referred to as “candy faces,” and there’s a meaty police-constructed narrative about how Jamaican and Cuban drug dealers came in and besieged the neighborhood by turning its residents into crack pushers, users, or abusers, when not killing them off.
“But the siege wasn't complete until the Dallas economy busted, sending the neighborhood even more deeply into despair,” reads the story—this one sentence serving as the only try at providing any semblance of a socio-economic context for why this civic tragedy was unfolding. Today, journalists examine and interrogate the “opioid crisis” rampaging through white suburbs and Appalachia, going to great lengths to humanize the faces of the victims, to explicate the economic malaise that drove them to heroin and pills, and to indict the structural market forces dictated by the pharmaceutical industry that made it all possible.
Reading the 1988 “War Zone” article, one might only take away that crack just kinda happened to this part of town and the people were defenseless against the plague. You would never know that African Americans were trapped in “South Dallas” for decades because they weren’t allowed to live anywhere else. Those who did get a little money and try to move to another neighborhood were house-bombed, car-bombed, and fire-bombed back into the southern traps of the city, where poverty and racial despair were contained. There is an entire policy war happening right now within the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development around affirmatively furthering fair housing—de-clustering subsidized housing so that it’s not packed in historically segregated zones— that began with a lawsuit filed from Dallas.
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The photos taken by Mary Ellen Mark for “War Zone” tell a different story than the words on the page. The black youth in most of her images are not “candy-faced” and “zombie-eyed,” as Atkinson wrote. Rather, their faces beam with pride while wearing birthday cone hats, while donning stylish bootleg-name brand shirts, and while embracing loved ones. These images capture dignity as defined by the subjects and in their own elements, much like the work of contemporary photographer Deana Lawson. Nas’ use of Mark’s image acts as a homage to that much more authentic lens on the inner-city landscape.
@brentinmock
Brentin Mock is a staff writer at CityLab. He was previously the justice editor at Grist.
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By Alex Southey
CityMash.com - This week, a hotel opens in Vancouver that is devoted entirely to the comfort of dogs! For many dog owners, the thought of leaving their best friend in a kennel is just plain sad, so two Vancouverites created a simple business that allows dogs to have the time of their lives when their owners can’t look after them for a little while!
The business is called GoFetch, and it’s being called the Airbnb for man’s best friend! It’s easy to setup a stay, and it’s a lot cheaper than other private dog-sitters, or paying all kinds of travel and pet fees in typical hotels.
According to GoFetch co-owner Willson Cross, the accommodation comes “at an average cost of $30 per night,” which is a steal when compared to the thought of traveling without your companion, or paying the exorbitant fees to get your dog into a standard hotel. Finally, a place that flips the system on its head.
“It’s cheaper than the average price for kennels — pets are getting one-on-one care. They’re not in cages, they’re with real humans,” He added.
What/who is your dogs bff?! ?? Rosko’s is this little pig that we actually bought 10 of, so it could be easily replaced without anyone noticing ? #roskoandpiggyforever #welovedogs #GoFetchADog
A photo posted by GoFetch (@gofetchtoday) on Oct 12, 2016 at 7:24pm PDT
The website acts as a place where dog-sitters and dog-owners can meet and discuss all the details of what will make their dog’s stay as pleasant as possible for them.
Does this photo look familiar? GoFetch walkers will walk your doggo and get that lazy bones out of bed! ?????#humpday #welovedogs #GoFetchADog
A photo posted by GoFetch (@gofetchtoday) on Oct 19, 2016 at 7:20am PDT
Before allowing the dog-sitters, the website takes them through a vetting process to make sure the dog gets somebody who not only cares about animals, but who cares about the job — which doesn’t take into account the fact that it’s got to be one of the most fun jobs in the world: spend time with puppies for a night.
Take the time to check out the awesome website here. For any first-time bookers, it’s $20 off! How much better can it get for Vancouver’s dogs?
Written by Alex Southey
Born and currently living in Vancouver, British Columbia. I graduated from the University of British Columbia in 2015 and from the Vancouver Film School Screenwriting For Film and Television program in 2016. More articles by Alex Southey
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The Naam, a little eatery on West 4th in Kitsilano, is proof that healthy vegetarian food is not only delicious, but it can pack a restaurant! This joint is full for every meal of the day with diners often lining up outside to try and snag one of the small wooden tables. But it's worth...
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Spring is the perfect time to start something new. The cold winter has finally run its course and we can wake up out of our forced hibernation. No more snow (we hope)! And since most people try to get into new hobbies in January and end up dropping them by February, the classes and workshops...
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How To Win In Vancouver’s Competitive Rental Market
It's no surprise that everyone wants to live in Vancouver. We've got beautiful mountains, the beach on our doorsteps, lots of unique neighbourhoods and, generally speaking, pretty mild weather. But with all that interest in calling Vancouver home, it's hard to actually find...
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This winter 2017, Vancouver will see an onslaught of a few world-renowned fashion and clothing stores that will call Vancouver home. This is good news and bad news, but it’s mostly really, really, good news. These new additions to the Vancouver fashion scene are only bad news...
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Review: Brunch at Yolks
By Riana Ang-Canning - May. 08, 2017
Brunch has become an almost religious experience in Vancouver. You dress up, you go with your friends, you wait in long lines and you leave feeling incredibly satisfied with your morning. It's pretty hard to go wrong with brunch in this city. One place that is definitely doing...
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You are here: Home / Programs / World Climate
Climate Change Negotiations Game
Lead the World Climate Simulation
The World Climate Simulation is a role playing exercise of the UN climate change negotiations for groups. It is unique in that it uses an interactive computer model to rapidly analyze the results of the mock-negotiations during the event. All the materials and tools for World Climate are available for free and many are available in multiple languages. We encourage you to organize a World Climate Simulation yourself.
You can use the World Climate Simulation to build climate change awareness and enable people to experience some of the dynamics that emerge in the UN climate negotiations. The exercise is framed by current climate change science, using the interactive C-ROADS computer simulation which allows participants to find out how their proposed policies impact the global climate system in real-time.
Source: MIT Technology Review, Getting to 2°
How Does World Climate Work?
World Climate is a simplified international climate change negotiations meeting for large groups, typically 8-50 people (although it has been adapted for use in groups as large as 500). A facilitator leads the group, playing the role of a UN leader, while each participant plays the role of a delegate representing a specific nation, negotiating bloc, or, in some cases, an interest group. Everyone then works together in their respective roles to reach a global agreement that successfully keeps climate change well below 2˚C over preindustrial levels globally.
Lectures are boring. Try World Climate instead.
Simulation events vary in length, but most run 2-3 hours. Condensed versions have been run in as short as 45 minutes.
During the event participants must face the climate science, engage in the drama and tensions of global politics, test their ambitions against a climate-modeling tool used by actual climate negotiators, and then reflect on how the experience challenges their assumptions about climate action.
World Climate is suitable for, and has been used with, people from middle school to graduate school students, community and religious groups, executive leaders, scientists, and everyone in between.
1,240 events
608 facilitators
55,919 participants
Put your World Climate Simulation on the map!
Updated April 16, 2019 – click for full screen
Get started in planning a World Climate Simulation
Find the materials here.
Sign up for World Climate updates and stay posted on the latest announcements:
I accept having my information collected in accordance with the Climate Interactive Privacy Policy. (required)
Join an introductory webinar to learn more and ask questions:
Check out all our resources:
Facilitator Guide and Materials
Evaluating World Climate
Join the World Climate Community
Connect with experienced facilitators and others interested in bringing these events to new audiences around the world.
Then register your event!
And let us know about it so you can inspire others and contribute to the community’s learning. Click below to put your event on the map!
Register my World Climate event
As part of the World Climate Project, you’ll join a global network of facilitators bringing these events to new audiences around the world.
A study from Yale University found that 74% of Americans rarely, if ever, discuss climate change. These numbers are likely similar around the world and yet success on climate change requires countless actions from people worldwide and from all walks of life. Our approach to generating more conversation and action is to create a unique role playing experience where people put themselves in the shoes of world leaders making decisions on climate change. Participating in this experience has been transformative for many.
We’ve published research on the impact of this learning experience and found that it successfully increases people’s awareness of climate change and their motivation to take action.
Like climate change itself, the World Climate Simulation crosses disciplines, delivering insights into:
Policies and actions needed to address climate change;
The forces that influence national positions on a climate treaty;
Dynamics of the climate system (including relevant feedbacks, tipping points, and time delays);
What it will take to stay well below 2°C of global warming, or even 1.5°C;
Psychological responses to complex problems;
Systems thinking.
p style=”text-align: left;”>As this effort expands we are continuing to evaluate the learning outcomes and impact of this experience. Learn more about our research on the impacts of World Climate.
Who’s Using World Climate
Participants dive into a simulation in Costa Rica. Source: COPinMyCity
Thousands around the world have participated in the World Climate Exercise since its debut. Audiences have included: Nobel-prize winning scientists, a former US Secretary of State, university presidents, European Union policymakers, oil executives, the U.S. Forest Service, MIT Executive MBA students, and countless classrooms from high schools to universities. In 2015, it was featured at the White House at an event on climate change education. The international youth think tank CliMates even runs a campaign called COPinMyCity for young people around the world to lead World Climate in their communities and link efforts to advance international climate policy.
Feedback we’ve heard
“I can vouch for how enlightening, challenging, and oddly fun — racing to come up with a climate deal before the clock runs out — this role playing game is. If I were climate czar, it would be required of all high school students before they graduated . . . and incoming freshmen in college should have to do the energy game.”
– Mark McCaffrey, Programs and Policy Director, National Center for Science Education
“From an instructors perspective I found the support materials very helpful and brought to life a topic that I have taught previously to classes with high levels of interest but without such broad engagement – every student seemed switched on today.”
– Dr. John Broderick, Research Fellow, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Manchester
“World Climate gives a first hand experience to participants about how intense the real world climate change simulation is. It is amazing to see the participants dive into real character and play the role of country heads in such a genuine manner. As an Asia Regional Officer for Cop In MY City as well as World Climate Ambassador, I feel so curious every time when the pledges are entered into C- Roads and C- Learn to know what the future scenario be like in changing climate.”
– Bindu Bhandari, World Climate Ambassador, Nepal
“It was intriguing to see how the behaviours of the youth participants switched into ‘talking and acting’ as world leaders once the simulation game started. As a facilitator, I was amazed at the passion participants exhibited towards negotiating to arrive at a temperature below 2degC using C-ROADS. Reflecting on the event, it seems to me that young people understand climate better.”
-Joshua Amponsem, Green Africa Youth Organization Ghana
“The World Climate Exercise made the consequences of climate change feel more real to me, further fueling my motivation to address climate change.”
– Courtney James, UMass Lowell undergraduate
If you have developed any additional materials or variations on World Climate we would be delighted to hear about it. Please contact us.
The World Bank Blog
Climate Literacy and Energy Awareness Network (CLEAN)
Climate Interactive designed World Climate in partnership with Professor John Sterman at MIT. Ongoing work on the exercise is in collaboration with Dr. Juliette Rooney-Varga, Director of University of Massachusetts Lowell Climate Change Initiative, with support from the National Science Foundation. Other partners include:
Interested in partnering or supporting this effort? Contact us.
Facilitator Resources & Materials
Briefing Materials
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World Climate Media
World Climate Photos
World Climate Videos
Register a World Climate Event
Follow us @WorldClimate
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Office 365 migration
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Financial services set to follow law firms in adoption of enterprise and cognitive search
March 7, 2017 Cloud Essentials 0 Opinions 3 minutes Blog RAVN, SharePoint
Enterprise and cognitive search technology has been taking the legal industry by storm of late, largely due to its ability to dramatically increase the speed, accuracy and scope of traditionally labour-intensive processes like due diligence.
The competitive edge provided by these capabilities is such that few major law firms have been able to justify delaying their adoption of the technology – a trend that may well be expanding into other sectors like financial services very soon.
“Enterprise and cognitive search and the legal industry is an obvious fit,” says Chris Hathaway, Founder and Director of Cloud Essentials, “since it translates directly into how competitive and profitable a firm can be, and has a huge influence on traditionally time-intensive tasks.”
Hathaway cites a particular case where the predicted 8.5-year-long due diligence process was reduced to a mere 2 weeks using cognitive search technology.
“Given the choice, what client is going to choose a firm that’s going to take eight years to do what could be done in a matter of days,” he says, “particularly when you can avoid the risks of human error and inaccuracy at the same time?”
While the benefits of cognitive and enterprise search are more finessed for financial services, Hathaway believes the technology will soon be driving similar adoption trends in this industry.
“Enterprise search, in particular, is valuable for the financial services industry because of its ability to find, collate, and intelligently interpret data from across a whole network of disparate systems,” he explains. “That includes document management, SharePoint, CRMs, CMSs, billing and file shares from any number of connected networks.
“This can be particularly enlightening for institutions with sub-brands whose client bases may overlap,” he continues. “The ability to get a consolidated view of a customer profile across all his or her financial products within your entire organisation can be very powerful.”
Perhaps even more powerful, however, is the ability to find links between data and to suggest relevant content connected to a search that the user might never have thought to seek out.
“A tool like RAVN Connect Enterprise is far more than just a classic enterprise search platform,” says Hathaway. “It’s a flexible, adaptable and intelligent interface that is capable of interpreting search requests and prompting the user to traverse and refine search results, visually, from almost any starting point.”
It’s not only the inter-relationships of data that are taken into account, either. RAVN can also apply its search technology simultaneously to the human element of operations, showing an individual’s expertise in an area or connection to a project by assessing the data objects that have passed through their hands, or even referencing skills on external platforms like LinkedIn.
“This can be extremely valuable when putting together teams, or assigning responsibilities,” says Hathaway, “letting you leverage your workforce’s skills to maximum advantage.”
Access to these capabilities is likely to give many organisations a competitive advantage similar to that experienced by law firms already using the same technology. But is using this technology – for any industry – a realistic option in South Africa?
“These kinds of platforms used to be priced out of reach for all but the biggest players,” says Hathaway, “but RAVN has made things much more accessible for a wider range of businesses, including South Africa’s medium to large enterprises. Cloud Essentials is already in discussions around facilitating the adoption of RAVN by a number of highly-respected local companies, and we’ve had interest from financial and insurance services enterprises as well as local legal firms.”
With more DIY-friendly options in the works at RAVN, this market may be expanding even further in the near future.
“Invariably, there are some data science requirements in these projects. This adds to the cost for South Africans, because they’re paying international rates. With the new DIY options, however, local enterprises will be able to hire in-house data scientists, or outsource that functionality to an existing technology partner like Cloud Essentials.”
For more information on cognitive and enterprise search technology available, contact Cloud Essentials.
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Panasonic reportedly plans to pull plug on plasma TVs next year
Japanese electronics giant plans to exit the ailing market by the end of its fiscal year, sources tell Reuters.
Panasonic told CNET in March that its ZT60 could be the last plasma line the company developed. Sarah Tew/CNET
Panasonic's days in the plasma TV market appear to be numbered.
In a long-rumored move, the Japanese electronics giant is planning to exit the market by March 2014 when its current fiscal year comes to an end, sources familiar with the situation told Reuters. That Panasonic was contemplating a departure from the market was first reported by the Japan-based newspaper Nikkei in March, but this reported timetable is sooner than some analysts had expected.
CNET has contacted Panasonic for comment and will update this report when we learn more. The company told Reuters that it was still exploring its options for the unit and that no decision has been made on its fate.
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Although Panasonic's plasma TVs are considered among the best on the market, such a move might help the company repair its ailing operation, which is losing billions of dollars. In November 2012, Panasonic announced it would cut 10,000 jobs by the end of March 2013, just months after it laid off 36,000 employees in the previous fiscal year. Cutting its television operation could save it some much-needed cash and allow it to focus on other industries.
Panasonic previously had hinted that its retirement from the plasma business was nigh, telling CNET that its latest high-end plasma likely would be the last generation of plasma TV development the company would undertake.
Panasonic's exit would come as interest in plasma TVs continues to wane. Global shipments of plasma TVs declined 21 percent in 2012, compared with a 1 percent decline for LCD. That sharp fall follows years of market share decline for plasma, corresponding to the increasing dominance of LCD.
Tech Industry TVs
Discuss: Panasonic reportedly plans to pull plug on plasma TVs next year
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Watch this sand printing robot turn the beach into a notepad
And you were going to put a message in a bottle like a chump.
Claire Reilly
July 3, 2018 9:58 PM PDT
The writing's on the sand...
Ivan Miranda/YouTube
Next time you're stuck on a desert island, there's no need to scrawl your SOS in the sand with a stick -- get a robot to do it!
This sand drawing robot is the genius work of Ivan Miranda, a self-confessed "hyperactive YouTuber and creator" based in northern Spain, who has racked up an impressive collection of projects, including 3D-printed robots, hovercraft and even a tank.
The Sand Drawing Robot in action.
The robot is effectively a long bar that acts kind of like a printer, rolling across the beach and spelling out messages by making a series of dashes in the sand. A mechanical unit slides across the main metal bar and when it gets to the spot where it needs to draw, a little notch drops down and makes a stripe in the sand.
Look, let's not lie, the robot is slow (even Miranda preps himself for a long sit on the sand once it's set up) -- so it may not be the best option for getting a quick message to a plane flying over your desert island. But we wouldn't be surprised if this gadget was picked up next summer by surf companies and energy drink advertisers trying to brand the sand.
You can check out the rest of Miranda's 3D-printed and robotic creations on his website.
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Sci-Tech Culture Robots
Discuss: Watch this sand printing robot turn the beach into a notepad
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Bedrock Update Releases Today for Minecraft: Nintendo Switch Edition
News 6/21/2018 at 9:00 AM by Jason Love 0
Yabba-dabba-doooooh no, Creepers!
The Bedrock Update launches today for Minecraft: Nintendo Switch Edition, meaning you'll be able to play the game with friends on a variety of platforms, including Xbox One, Windows 10, and mobile devices (still no PlayStation 4). Additionally, as of today, the Switch version of the game is officially being switched over to the Minecraft moniker.
As a quick note on that last point, the Bedrock Update is free for all existing users of the Minecraft: Nintendo Switch Edition of the game and you'll notice the name change automatically. For anyone looking to buy the game new, whether digitally or via physical media, it'll just be listed as Minecraft.
Now, with that said, aside from adding the cross-platform play functionality, the Bedrock update will also allow Switch users to access the "Minecraft Marketplace," where you can purchase community-created skins, worlds, and textures using a new in-game currency, MINECOINS. Finally, in keeping with the whole "let's all play in the sandbox together" ideology of cross-platform-ism, achievements you earn/unlock on the Switch version of Minecraft will transfer over to other versions if you start playing on those platforms. It's worth noting that this seems tied to the Nintendo Online Service when it kicks off in September.
Minecraft is available on Xbox One, Windows 10, Android, iOS, and (now) Nintendo Switch.
minecraft nintendo switch edition
bedrock update
Next Minecraft: Switch Edition Update Will Let You Import Your Wii U World
Borderlands 2 Commander Lilith DLC Stream Recap
[E3 2019] - Animal Crossing: New Horizons Will Let You Build With Friends
"Night Of The Hangry Horde" Out Now For Overcooked! 2
[E3 2019] - Luigi's Mansion 3 Will Have A Few Different Co-Op Options
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Listen News About Press
ListenNewsAboutPress
What the Press is Saying
Just take a look at that sounds like section, will you? Emancipator, Bonobo, and Tycho are frickin’ legends in the downtempo electronic game, so when I compare a song to them you bet your bottoms it’s going to be pretty good.
— Jason Founder Indie Shuffle & Submit Hub
Common Tiger provides a chill change of pace here, it’s audio therapy at its best.
— Pop on and on
Common Tiger is the pseudonym of multi-instrumentalist and producer Matthew Mahoney and if you’re not already familiar with his wide genre-bending catalogue of work, now is the time!
— Ruralsounds.com
RuralSounds.Com
https://www.ruralsounds.com/blog/2019/common-tiger-inventory-of-the-night
https://www.indieshuffle.com/koresma-the-overlook-common-tiger-remix/
https://djbooth.net/features/2018-01-11-producer-refusing-payment-for-remix
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http://www.famemagazine.co.uk/common-tiger-dazzles-love-remix/
Majestic Casual
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCj0yFOP4QY
Pop On and On
http://poponandon.com/2017/03/27/premiere-filous-feat-jordan-leser-shaded-in-common-tiger-remix/
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https://www.prettyinnoise.de/roundhouse-love-10-songs-aus-den-tiefen-der-musikwelt-2.html
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Spotify Ultimate Indie, Spotify New Indie Mix, Apple Music Todays Chill Playlist, Filtr Study Vibes, New Music Friday Deutschland, KCRW (Radio), Sirius XM (Chill)…
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Jason Kenney criticizes federal judges on Trans Mountain pipeline case
Federal judges out of touch in Trans Mountain pipeline expansion case, says Kenney
Alberta’s Opposition Leader says the federal judges who overturned approval for the Trans Mountain pipeline expansion are out of touch with the real world.
“They keep moving the goalposts on what is required,” Jason Kenney, leader of the United Conservatives, said in Calgary Thursday. “This is what is creating massive investor uncertainty.
“I think (judges) sometimes they write these decisions in an academic bubble not realizing the real-world consequences.”
The Federal Court of Appeal overturned Ottawa’s approval of the pipeline, which would have doubled the line from Edmonton to the B.C. coast and tripled the amount of oil shipped to fetch a better price on overseas markets.
The panel of three judges cited lack of consultation with Indigenous groups and a failure to address the impact on marine traffic.
Kenney said the National Energy Board made it clear it did not have regulatory responsibility over marine traffic in its review of Trans Mountain.
Alberta Premier Rachel Notley was to comment later Thursday.
RELATED: Notley pulling Alberta out of federal climate plan after pipeline decision
Trudeau said on Twitter he spoke with Notley on Thursday and “reassured her that the federal government stands by the TMX expansion project and will ensure it moves forward in the right way.”
Kenney said Notley has not helped matters by prematurely celebrating the construction of the pipeline while imposing a carbon tax in the mistaken belief it would provide so-called “social licence” that would persuade environmental opponents to stand down.
Alberta Party Leader Stephen Mandel also said Notley was guilty of premature celebration after Trudeau’s government announced in May that it would buy Trans Mountain to ensure it got built.
“There was an incredible smugness about how this was going to go ahead,” said Mandel. “That just shows the naivete of what really happens in politics and nothing is for sure.”
Edmonton Mayor Don Iveson and his Calgary counterpart Naheed Nenshi said they were disappointed with the court’s decision.
“This pipeline is a critical piece of infrastructure for our nation and it will provide important benefits from coast to coast,” Nenshi said in a statement.
The Trans Mountain line has dominated Alberta politics in the last year and it, along with everything it represents — including Alberta’s carbon tax — is expected to overshadow all other issues in the spring election.
Notley has said Alberta’s commitment to environmental stewardship — expressed through its carbon tax, commitment to phase out coal-fired electricity along with other green initiatives — allowed Trudeau’s government to follow through on its commitment to get the line built.
To that end, the federal government bought the line for $4.5 billion when owner Kinder Morgan Canada wavered this spring.
The pipeline is also a financial lifeline for Notley’s government, which has been running multibillion-dollar deficits while avoiding introducing a sales tax or making significant cuts to the budget.
The province has budgeted for increased pipeline access to drive non-renewable resource revenue to more than double to $10.4 billion by 2024 to balance the budget.
Political scientist Chaldeans Mensah said the ruling is a setback for the political fortunes of the NDP, which has been trailing the United Conservatives in opinion polls.
“This will certainly build into the narrative from the Conservatives that the idea of social licence, which was part of the NDP push on the issue, has not borne fruit,” said Mensah of MacEwan University in Edmonton.
RELATED: B.C. First Nations hail court’s quash of Kinder Morgan pipeline approval
Political scientist Duane Bratt said that while Notley cannot be faulted for the court decision, it’s still a political victory for Kenney.
“This is a major blow for Notley,” said Bratt, with Mount Royal University in Calgary.
He said Notley not only needs the pipeline, but needs substantial progress on it in time for the election campaign — something that now appears unlikely.
“Whether (the federal government) appeals to the Supreme Court or whether they simply do the modifications recommended by the Federal Court of Appeal, both of those take time,” said Bratt.
“And Notley’s out of time.”
B.C. mayoral candidate takes heat for old ‘nazi’ comment
Worst may almost be over for 2018 B.C. wildfire season
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Prison Population Nears 100,000 Mark in California
`Lock 'em up' mentality thrives; need for criminal-justice reforms cited
By Scott Armstrong Staff writer of The Christian Science Monitor
CALIFORNIA this week is expected to slam its prison doors on a historic but dubious statistic - its 100,000th person behind bars. That is 42,000 more prisoners than are in New York prisons. It is 40,000 more than in all federal penitentiaries combined. It is more than in any country in the Western world.
How the state copes with the most dramatic increase in prison population the nation has ever known is emblematic of a problem confronting lawmakers from coast to coast - one that will be a premier issue in the 1990s.
A decade of increased drug arrests, tougher sentencing laws, and other factors has filled most prison yards faster than concertina wire can be hooped. Now many states face an added dilemma: They don't have enough money to build new facilities - or operate the ones they have.
Alternatives to prisons
In Michigan, two prisons are being closed to help trim costs, and the state is reevaluating how many new ones it wants to build. In Massachusetts, a task force has recommended centralizing the criminal justice system, establishing uniform sentencing guidelines, and pursuing alternatives to incarceration to help ease overcrowding and cut costs.
Numerous states are looking at ``boot camps,'' house arrest, halfway houses, and other programs for nonviolent inmates to reconcile bulging cell populations with gaunt budgets.
``The budget crunch will encourage an increased look at community-based programs and other alternatives,'' says Donna Hunzeker, an analyst with the National Conference of State Legislatures. ``The problem is balancing that with the strong public desire to be safe from crime.''
Indeed, while states are looking at alternatives, there is no wholesale shift away from a tough attitude on crime. A ``lock'em up'' attitude remains dominant. Some $7.5 billion will be spent on new prisons at the state and local level over the next two years.
California may present the purest test of whether these seemingly disparate forces can be balanced. Its prison system, now at about 180 percent of capacity, is one of the most overcrowded.
The state over the next 16 months faces a budget deficit of historic proportions, most recently estimated at $12.6 billion. Although spending on corrections represents only 7 percent of the state budget, it has been the fastest-growing expenditure.
Yet much of the California public - and thus of the state's top politicians - doesn't want to back off being Alcatraz-tough on crime. Among Republican Gov. Pete Wilson's first initiatives in office was to urge that sentences for convicted rapists be increased. He has also proposed boosting the corrections department's budget next year, one of the few programs to receive a hike.
``For the immediate future, you are not going to let criminals roam the streets,'' says gubernatorial aide Franz Wisner. ``You are going to build prisons to be sure they pay their debt to society.''
In the 1980s, California's prison population quadrupled. The boom behind bars was spurred by several factors: an increase in drug arrests and drug-related crime; tougher sentencing; an unusually high rate of parole violators being returned to cells; overcrowding in local jails (Los Angeles County houses more prisoners than 45 states), which results in some inmates ending up in state institutions.
To accommodate the bulge, the state, led by then law-and-order Gov. George Deukmejian, launched the largest state prison construction program in US history. Nine new prisons have been built since the early 1980s, three more are under construction, and the money for another five has been authorized.
But despite all the bricks and bars, beds keep filling up. Roughly 200 new inmates enter the system each week. The California Department of Correction projects that by 1996 the state prison population will grow to 173,000. To meet this growth and bring overcrowding to a ``manageable'' level, CDC estimates 20 new institutions will have to be built beyond those now planned.
``We will never build our way out of this problem,'' says Grover Trask II, Riverside County district attorney, who headed up a blue ribbon panel on prisons last year. ``Even if we could find more money to build prisons and jails, we would fill them to capacity. The criminal justice system is not going to solve the crime problem.''
Changing parole
Modest alternatives are being considered, some of them suggested by the blue-ribbon panel. State Sen. Robert Presely is pushing legislation that would encourage housing nonviolent offenders in local communities, where they could have more access to drug rehabilitation, literacy training, and other programs. The Democratic chairman of a joint legislative committee on prison construction and operation argues this would be cheaper than locking them behind state bars and would improve their chances of not r eturning to crime.
Senator Presely and others are also looking for ways to keep cells from filling up with parole violators. Ideas here: do away with parole for certain low-level criminals; reduce parole time for others; set new parole standards.
Some believe the state needs a far more dramatic shift away from prison building to programs that emphasize rehabilitation, prevention, and sanctions short of incarceration. Barry Krisberg, president of the National Council on Crime and Deliquency in San Francisco, contends a decade of ``locking them up'' in California has not reduced the crime rate.
Others, however, argue it has kept the lid on crime. As Joe Sandoval, the CDC's secretary of youth and adult corrections, puts it: ``We have 100,000 people who aren't out there committing crimes.''
But what about the overcrowding? Mr. Sandoval admits the numbers are sobering. ``The top concern of people in this state continues to be crime. We're in a position of either having to raise the money to house them or laws are going to have to change.''
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Opinion Four ways to relieve overcrowded prisons
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Lab-grown testicles could one day help wounded soldiers have children as Pentagon funds research
US military funding research into lab-grown testicles for wounded soldiers
Hundreds of soldiers injured in Iraq were left unable to conceive children
Doctors used stem cells taken from soldiers to reconstruct intact testicles
By Amie Gordon For Mailonline
Published: 14:37 EDT, 9 January 2016 | Updated: 18:04 EDT, 9 January 2016
Doctors in America have created lab-grown testicles that could help soldiers who have sustained serious genital injuries on the battlefield to conceive children.
Hundreds of American soldiers wounded in Iraq alone sustained injuries that made it difficult, or impossible, for them to conceive children.
Now doctors involved in the Pentagon-backed research at the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine in North Carolina have used stem cells taken from soldiers to reconstruct intact testicles capable of creating sperm.
While British Army doctors have procedures in place to ensure soldiers injured in action can still have children, there is no such option available to American soldiers
British soldiers can have their sperm frozen prior to deployment and if a soldier sustains genital injuries, army doctors will automatically remove and preserve sperm from the damaged tissue to ensure the chance of having children - but no such option is available in the US Army.
However, there is a major obstacle in the research - the testicles produced in the lab are only the size of a pinhead.
Dr Anthony Atala, director at the institute, said research 'was still in the early stages'.
'Even though we do have these functional tissues right now, there are still many steps that need to happen before we put this into a patient,' he told technology website Motherboard.
'I learned so many years ago never to predict timelines because they never work out.'
The man with scissors in his head, the world's first penis... From treadmills used for punishment to rat poison and...
By using a few millimeters of damaged tissue, doctors can extract testicular stem cells which can then be used for growing a miniature testicle.
Inside the organ, immature sperm cells are created with the help of testosterone.
Still in its early stages, the research has been carried out by doctors at the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine in North Carolina (pictured)
The US Army issues two different kinds of protective gear to protect the groin - a synthetic underwear made of silk and a Kevlar plate, however soldiers often choose not to wear them because they claim it is ineffective against the force of an explosion.
'The future plans are to grow the testicular tissue, expand the cells and put it back into the patient,' added Dr Atala.
'But for a whole testicle, there is a very rich blood-vessel supply and that's the challenge.
'We can make them small, but we're working hard to make them larger.'
Although this wouldn't be the first advance in fertility technology using testicular stem cells, it would be the first time that doctors would use stem cells to create an entirely new and viable testicle which has the capability of conceiving a child without the need for IVF treatment.
motherboard.vice...
Lab-grown testicles could help wounded soldiers have children
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Body Morph Fitness members climb Spanish mountain to raise funds for Beatson Cancer Charity
Body Morph owner Kenneth Muir, who has previously fought cancer, organised the challenge for his cousin, Claire, who is currently fighting the disease.
Leona Greenan
Kenneth Muir presents the cheque to Ashley Doran of the Beatson Cancer Charity as councillors Kenny McCreary and Martin Hose look on.
Members of a Hamilton gym completed a Spanish challenge to raise funds for Beatson Cancer Charity.
The 12-strong team from Body Morph Fitness travelled to Spain and successfully climbed the 4000ft La Concha mountain in aid of the charity.
Incredibly, they set off on a 6am flight and returned home on the last flight to Glasgow that same day.
He said: “My cousin has recently undergone life-saving treatment at the Beatson.
“And, being a cancer survivor myself, I wanted to do something that had never been done before to raise money for the charity.
“We initially set a target of £10,000 and we were delighted to be able to hand over a cheque to the Beatson for £16,000 to go towards helping other patients facing cancer.”
Claire was diagnosed with ovarian cancer in 2016 after going to the hospital feeling extremely unwell. Following a CT scan, she was diagnosed and told that it was inoperable and incurable.
She was then referred to the Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre’s Gynaecology Oncology Clinic, where she felt things started to seem more positive. Claire has undergone three rounds of chemotherapy and surgery to remove the tumour and has recently completed a clinical trial.
Kenneth added: “The presentation event was attended by four members of the Beatson Charity along with the Body Morph team and councillors Kenny McCreary and Martin Hose – thanks to all who attended.”
Body Morph provides gentle movement classes at Beatson Cancer Charity’s Wellbeing Centre every Thursday at 11am.
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‘Kings Own’ has 350 new signature artisanal products
Kings Food Markets unveiled a new signature line of locally-sourced artisanal packaged food selections.
‘Kings Own’ has 350 new signature artisanal products Kings Food Markets unveiled a new signature line of locally-sourced artisanal packaged food selections. Check out this story on dailyrecord.com: http://dailyre.co/1UTckM3
SUSAN BLOOM, Correspondent Published 1:44 p.m. ET Sept. 15, 2015 | Updated 1:49 p.m. ET Sept. 15, 2015
A “Black Pearl” Scottish Salmon main dish is glazed with a pineapple jalapeño marinade and served with haricot vertes in a butter sauce using “Kings Own” signature products.(Photo: MARK R. SULLIVAN/STAFF PHOTOGRAPHER)Buy Photo
MILLBURN On Sept. 1, Parsippany-based Kings Food Markets unveiled a new signature line of locally-sourced artisanal packaged food selections.
The new “Kings Own” brand offers a wide selection of appetizers, entrées, condiments and confections that are quick, easy to prepare, as demonstrated during a “sneak preview” event at the chain’s kitchen studio in Short Hills section of Millburn Township.
“During our nearly 80-year history, we’ve always offered some form of ‘Kings Own’ products,” said Antonio Acosta, a private label manager at Kings, “but since last fall, we’ve rolled out new branding and a new approach to this line.”
Acosta said they listened very closely to their customers. “(We) understand that they want high-quality foods made with clean, simple ingredients that are free of added sugar, artificial colors and flavors, GMOs and other chemicals and high on organic practices and authenticity,” he said. “Through our ‘Kings Own’ line, we want to make great, organic food accessible to everyone and our own private label enables it to be that much more value-oriented.”
The new 'Kings Own' brand featured cook Maral Banks showcasing a variety of appetizers and desserts and leading a demonstration of a main dish, using signature products from the new line at King's Food Market in Short Hills store on Tuesday September 1, 2015 (Photo: MARK R. SULLIVAN/STAFF PHOTOGRAPHER)
Fresh, artisanal and organic
In the spirit of bringing fresh, artisanal, and organic products to its customers, “each product in the Kings Own line has been thoughtfully selected and we try to keep them as local and authentic as possible,” said Acosta, who noted that the Kings team regularly scours trade shows and other targeted local and industry events to identify high-quality producers of small-batch, artisanal product through whom to launch unique partnerships.
This has resulted in such exclusive Kings Own items as the store’s new ‘Rustic Garlic,’ ‘Tuscan Herb,’ and ‘Abruzzi Chili’ dipping oils created by a New York-based husband-and-wife chef team, as well as a line of marinades in such flavors as Pineapple Jalapeño, Carne Asada, Sweet Bourbon, Carolina Gold BBQ, Honey Buffalo, Cocktail Sauce, Tartar Sauce and Peppercorn Steak Sauce, created by a small-batch provider in Maine.
During the event’s live cooking demonstration, Kings’ product development chef Maral Banks sampled slices of the new Kings Own line of frozen, wood-fired, thin-crust Neapolitan pizzas, which are hand-rolled and imported from Italy, as well as portions of sustainable ‘Black Pearl’ Scottish Salmon glazed with Pineapple Jalapeño marinade and served with haricot vertes in a simple butter sauce, part of the new Kings Own line of fresh and easy-to-prepare side dishes (which also include such options as Mediterranean Potatoes, Cous Cous & Quinoa, Vegetable Medley, and Potatoes Au Gratin).
The new “Kings Own” brand featured cook Maral Banks puts the finishing touches on a main dish during a demonstration using signature products from the new line at King's Food Market in the Short Hills store on Sept. 1. (Photo: MARK R. SULLIVAN/STAFF PHOTOGRAPHER)
“These are convenient items that maintain their high quality,” Banks said.
For dessert, attendees indulged in samples of decadent new Kings Own ‘Blackout’ and “Manhattan’ cakes, which are part of the new Zaro’s Family Bakery collection.
“Where inspiration strikes”
From crackers to confections, honey to hummus, and more, Acosta noted that the new Kings Own line currently contains some 350 packaged items. “We’ll be adding another 100 items by October and hope to have 700+ items for customers to choose from in time,” he said.
These will soon include a line of signature coffees from a Maryland-based provider, with a seasonal ‘Pumpkin Spice’ flavor set to be rolled out this month, as well as a new line of 25 different organic grains, rices, and seeds as well as a variety of pasta sauces and cookies.
“We’re always on the lookout for interesting new items to offer, but it’s about finding the right provider, the right quality and the right packaging,” Acosta said of the phased launch.
Customers will recognize the new line’s packaging by its clean, white background, which allows actual imagery of the food to stand out, as well as a fresh ‘brush stroke’ style that embodies the chain’s mantra, “where inspiration strikes.”
Response to the new line has been very positive so far, according to Laura Wallace, a marketing manager at Kings.
To help promote the store’s refreshed brand and expanded new line of products, Kings will be giving away 175 boxes of Kings Own Italian-sourced organic pasta to the first 175 customers in each store on September 25.
The chain has 25 stores, two-thirds of which are located in Morris, Somerset, Hunterdon, Union and Essex counties.
“We’ll also be running a special ‘Buy Two, Give One’ event in conjunction with local food banks on September 11, as well as offering customers the opportunity to enter into a raffle for a Kings Own gift basket,” said Wallace.
“The genesis of this program is our customers,” Acosta said. “If it’s in a Kings package, people trust and believe in it and we’re passionate about and dedicated to creating inspirational culinary experiences. We created our own line of high-quality products because we feel we know our customers better than anyone else and that this line speaks to them directly.”
Kings Food Markets includes stores located in central and northern New Jersey, Long Island and Connecticut. For more information, call Kings at tel. 800-325-4647 or visit www.kingsfoodmarkets.com.
Seeking Morris County home chefs to profile. Email EAbreu@GannettNJ.com
Kings Food Markets
Boonton, 115 Hawkins Pl., tel. 973-257-4899
Chatham, 393 Main St., tel. 973-635-4400
Florham Park, 184 Columbia Tpk., tel. 973-360-1600
Gillette, 977 Valley Rd., tel. 908-580-5080
Mendham, 86 East Main St., tel. 973-543-4493
Morristown, 191 South St., tel. 973-898-4512
Bedminster, 450 Route 206N and Hills Dr., tel. 908-719-4960
Bernardsville, 100 Morristown Rd., tel. 908-204-4840
Warren, 64 Mountain Blvd., tel. 908-226-4988
Read or Share this story: http://dailyre.co/1UTckM3
Focusing on faith: Ramadan and the student-athlete
Anniversaries: Bruce Steiner & Helen Steiner
July 7, 2019, midnight
Engagements: Tommy Farrell & Sophie Lazicki
Engagements: Kendal Hand & Marc Freda
Weddings: Ryan Barnes & Courtney Courter
Engagements: Megan Kayser & Patrick Appello
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Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel (CD-Audio)
By Jesmyn Ward, Jr. Harrison, Kelvin (Read by), Chris Chalk (Read by), Rutina Wesley (Read by)
September 2017 Indie Next List
“Sing, Unburied, Sing is a dark and gorgeous song of love and heartbreak, haunting and tragic and disorienting in its timelessness. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill anchors Ward's tale to Mississippi today, which is almost indistinguishable from its notorious yesterday, a present and past (ironically) made more alive in the novel by ghosts and where everyone suffers from the cancers of buried sins. On Jojo's 13th birthday, while Mam is dying and Pop struggles to keep everyone safe, Leonie plans a road trip to the prison to pick up Michael, Jojo and baby Kayla's father. It's The Odyssey meets the Delta blues meets William Faulkner and Toni Morrison and some ineffable something that is Jesmyn Ward's own magic.”
— Sara Hinckley (E), Hudson Booksellers, Marietta, GA
WINNER of the NATIONAL BOOK AWARD and A NEW YORK TIMES TOP 10 BEST BOOK OF THE YEAR
A finalist for the Kirkus Prize, Andrew Carnegie Medal, Aspen Words Literary Prize, and a New York Times bestseller, this majestic, stirring, and widely praised novel from two-time National Book Award winner Jesmyn Ward, the story of a family on a journey through rural Mississippi, is a “tour de force” (O, the Oprah Magazine) and a timeless work of fiction that is destined to become a classic.
Jesmyn Ward’s historic second National Book Award–winner is “perfectly poised for the moment” (The New York Times), an intimate portrait of three generations of a family and an epic tale of hope and struggle. “Ward’s writing throbs with life, grief, and love… this book is the kind that makes you ache to return to it” (Buzzfeed).
Jojo is thirteen years old and trying to understand what it means to be a man. He doesn’t lack in fathers to study, chief among them his Black grandfather, Pop. But there are other men who complicate his understanding: his absent White father, Michael, who is being released from prison; his absent White grandfather, Big Joseph, who won’t acknowledge his existence; and the memories of his dead uncle, Given, who died as a teenager.
His mother, Leonie, is an inconsistent presence in his and his toddler sister’s lives. She is an imperfect mother in constant conflict with herself and those around her. She is Black and her children’s father is White. She wants to be a better mother but can’t put her children above her own needs, especially her drug use. Simultaneously tormented and comforted by visions of her dead brother, which only come to her when she’s high, Leonie is embattled in ways that reflect the brutal reality of her circumstances.
When the children’s father is released from prison, Leonie packs her kids and a friend into her car and drives north to the heart of Mississippi and Parchman Farm, the State Penitentiary. At Parchman, there is another thirteen-year-old boy, the ghost of a dead inmate who carries all of the ugly history of the South with him in his wandering. He too has something to teach Jojo about fathers and sons, about legacies, about violence, about love.
Rich with Ward’s distinctive, lyrical language, Sing, Unburied, Sing is a majestic and unforgettable family story and “an odyssey through rural Mississippi’s past and present” (The Philadelphia Inquirer).
Jesmyn Ward received her MFA from the University of Michigan and has received the MacArthur Genius Grant, a Stegner Fellowship, a John and Renee Grisham Writers Residency, and the Strauss Living Prize. She is the winner of two National Book Awards for Fiction for Sing, Unburied, Sing (2017) and Salvage the Bones (2011). She is also the author of the novel Where the Line Bleeds and the memoir Men We Reaped, which was a finalist for the National Book Critics Circle Award and won the Chicago Tribune Heartland Prize and the Media for a Just Society Award. She is currently an associate professor of creative writing at Tulane University and lives in Mississippi.
Fiction / African American
Fiction / Magical Realism
Kobo eBook (September 4th, 2017): $2.99
Paperback (May 8th, 2018): $17.00
Hardcover (September 5th, 2017): $26.00
Paperback, Large Print (May 29th, 2018): $16.00
CD-Audio (May 8th, 2018): $14.99
Library Binding, Large Print (January 3rd, 2018): $36.99
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press passes
Situated in Oakland along a San Francisco Bay estuary, Jack London Square is Oakland’s only publicly accessible mixed-use waterfront area and a well-known landmark since the mid 1800’s. With its rich history as the heart of Oakland’s Port operations, Jack London Square is a historic working waterfront and is one of the Bay Area’s premier recreational, dining and commercial districts. Jack London Square offers visitors, residents and commercial tenants an authentic, vibrant hub for outdoor recreation, events and dining. For more information on Jack London Square and its events, leasing opportunities and amenities, please visit www.jacklondonsquare.com.
For more information on Jack London Square, contact
Rachael Davison and Regina Merrill
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PEDALFEST RETURNS TO JACK LONDON SQUARE
Jack London Square and Bike East Bay announced the return of the 9th Annual Pedalfest taking place on Saturday, August 3 from 11 a.m.–5 p.m. Presented by Dolan Law Firm and Lyft, Pedalfest is a free celebration of bikes, cycling, food, and family. All proceeds benefit Bike East Bay, which promotes healthy, sustainable communities by making bicycling safe, fun, and accessible. Free bike valet will be available for all visitors!
For press release, click here
JACK LONDON SQUARE’S ANNUAL 4TH OF JULY BLOCK PARTY RETURNS WITH “INTERDEPENDENCE DAY” THEME
Jack London Square announced the return of its annual 4th of July Block Party on Thursday, July 4 from 11 a.m. to 6 p.m. This year’s event features an “Interdependence Day” theme and is produced in partnership with Oakhella, Youth Aid Non Profit, and Field of Verge Alliance.
90’S EXPERIENCE —AN INTERACTIVE MUSEUM CELEBRATING ALL THINGS 90’S—COMING TO JACK LONDON SQUARE JULY 2019
Jack London Square welcomes 90’s Experience—a multiroom interactive museum celebrating all things 90’s—making its debut on the Oakland waterfront in July 2019. Boo-ya! This 6,000 square foot immersive experience pays homage to the greatest hits of the 1990’s, bringing back everything from music, fashion, food, and pop culture.
JACK LONDON SQUARE WELCOMES THE RETURN OF OUTDOOR MOVIE SERIES WATERFRONT FLICKS
Jack London Square announced the return of Waterfront Flicks, a free outdoor movie series that takes place at sundown every other Thursday from June 27 through September 5 on the Jack London Square Ferry Lawn (10 Clay St., Oakland, CA). Movie screenings are free to attend and open to all ages, with food and drinks specials from Jack London Square merchants available for purchase. There will also be pre-film festivities including trivia and prize giveaways. Guests are encouraged to bring lawn chairs and blankets to enjoy the outdoor screenings.
Waterfront Flicks, Photo courtesy of Jack London Square
KNIFE FIGHT GAUNTLET COMES TO JACK LONDON SQUARE
Jack London Square announced today that it will host the third annual Knife Fight Gauntlet, a three-part cooking competition series presented by Eat Play Events & Catering, on Sunday May 26, Sunday, June 30, and Sunday, July 28 from 10 a.m.–2 p.m. on the Broadway Stage.
Knife Fight Gauntlet 2018 Winner Chef Lamont Perriman of Montperi Catering, Photo Courtesy of Patanisha Williams
Ahmad Muwwakkil and Chef Aaronette King and of Eat Play Events & Catering, Photo Courtesy of Patanisha Williams
JACK LONDON SQUARE ANNOUNCES THREE-PART WINE FESTIVAL SERIES
Jack London Square announced today that its popular spring, summer, and fall wine festivals will return this year after sold-out events in 2018! Located at the heart of the Urban Wine Trail, Jack London Square’s waterfront setting is an ideal location to sip, stroll, dine, and shop during these outdoor wine-tasting experiences.
INAUGURAL MUSH CONCERT SERIES COMES TO JACK LONDON SQUARE
Jack London Square will host the inaugural MUSH Concert Series on the Marina Lawn from 6:30–9 p.m. every other Thursday beginning May 9 and running through September 19, 2019. Presented by BFF.fm, a community radio station with the mission of championing the Bay Area music scene, the free festival will feature artists that represent the vibrant, eclectic, intersectional, and positive energy of Oakland, which is quickly becoming a hub of Bay Area indie music.
SECOND SATURDAY RETURNS TO JACK LONDON SQUARE FOR SECOND YEAR
Following a successful first season, Jack London Square announced today that Second Saturday will return to the Oakland waterfront beginning Saturday, April 13, 2019. The open-air market features artisan vendors, children’s activities, live entertainment, and a variety of food options from local vendors and favorite Oakland eateries.
JACK LONDON SQUARE CELEBRATES CONSTRUCTION OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS
Jack London Square celebrated the groundbreaking for construction of the new Jack London Square Apartment Building, anticipated to open in 2020. Located near the corner of Harrison Street and Embarcadero West, the eight-story residential development will include 333 units consisting of studios and one- and two-bedroom apartments, with the ground floor dedicated to retail. The apartment building’s architectural design takes full advantage of its waterfront location with a glass façade providing sweeping bay views, balconies, and landscaped courtyards. Community amenities include a fitness center, business center, bike storage, care facility, central vistas with firepits, and a rooftop terrace with views of the San Francisco Bay.
605 Market St., Ste. 500 | San Francisco, CA 94105 | Ph: 415-296-0677
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You are here: Home › Health Topics › Social/Family Issues › Suicide
Suicide is the tenth most common cause of death in the United States. People may consider suicide when they are hopeless and can’t see any other solution to their problems. Often it’s related to serious depression, alcohol or substance abuse, or a major stressful event.
People who have the highest risk of suicide are white men. But women and teens report more suicide attempts. If someone talks about suicide, you should take it seriously. Urge them to get help from their doctor or the emergency room, or call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK (8255). It is available 24/7.
Therapy and medicines can help most people who have suicidal thoughts. Treating mental illnesses and substance abuse can reduce the risk of suicide.
NIH: National Institute of Mental Health
A Journey toward Health and Hope: Your Handbook for Recovery after a Suicide Attempt Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
After an Attempt: A Guide for Taking Care of Your Family Member After Treatment in the Emergency Department Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
After an Attempt: A Guide for Taking Care of Yourself After Your Treatment in the Emergency Department Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
Are You Thinking about Suicide? How to Stay Safe and Find Treatment Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research
National Suicide Prevention Lifeline Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
Suicide and Suicidal Thoughts Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research
Suicide in America: Frequently Asked Questions National Institute of Mental Health
Suicide: A Major, Preventable Mental Health Problem National Institute of Mental Health
About Teen Suicide (For Parents) Nemours Foundation
My Friend Is Talking about Suicide Nemours Foundation
Suicide Nemours Foundation
African American Suicide American Association of Suicidology
Childhood Sexual Abuse and Suicide American Association of Suicidology
Depression and Suicide Risk American Association of Suicidology
Efavirenz and the Risk for Suicidal Behaviors American College of Physicians
FastStats: Self-Inflicted Injury/Suicide National Center for Health Statistics
Hispanic Suicide American Association of Suicidology
Most Individuals Receive Health Services a Year Before Suicide Death National Institute of Mental Health
Nocturnal Sleep Disturbances: Risk Factors for Suicide American Association of Suicidology
Suicidal Thoughts among Asians, Native Hawaiians, or Other Pacific Islanders Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
Suicidal Thoughts and Behavior among Adults: Results from the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
Suicide Facts at a Glance Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Suicide in the Military: Army-NIH Funded Study Points to Risk and Protective Factors National Institute of Mental Health
Youth Suicidal Behavior American Association of Suicidology
American Association of Suicidology American Association of Suicidology
Find Your Local NAMI NAMI
Mental Health Treatment Program Locator Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
National Institute of Mental Health National Institute of Mental Health
Psychologist Locator American Psychological Association
Suicide Awareness Voices of Education Suicide Awareness Voices of Education
Antidepressant Medications for Children and Adolescents: Information for Parents and Caregivers National Institute of Mental Health
Antidepressants for Children and Teens Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research
Surviving Your Child’s Suicide Compassionate Friends
Ten Things Parents Can Do to Prevent Suicide American Academy of Pediatrics
Which Kids Are at Highest Risk for Suicide? American Academy of Pediatrics
Children with Cushing Syndrome May Have Higher Suicide Risk National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
ER Screenings Could Help Prevent Suicide HealthDay
U.S. Suicide Rate Up 24 Percent Since 1999: CDC HealthDay
Study: Ex-NFL Players Aren’t At Greater Risk for Suicide HealthDay
States with More Gun Owners Have More Gun-Related Suicides: Study HealthDay
Predeployment Riskiest Time for Military Suicide Attempts HealthDay
Tough Economy, Alcohol Fuels Suicide Risk in Men HealthDay
Family Rejection Triples Risk for Suicide Attempts by Transgender People HealthDay
ER Docs Only Ask Half of Suicidal Patients about Guns, Study Shows HealthDay
ClinicalTrials.gov: Suicidal Ideation National Institutes of Health
ClinicalTrials.gov: Suicide National Institutes of Health
Prevention and Risk Factors
Coping with Suicidal Thoughts American Academy of Family Physicians
Having Trouble Coping? Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
Preventing Suicide Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Roles in Suicide Prevention Education Development Center, Inc.
Suicide Prevention Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance
Elderly Suicide American Association of Suicidology
End of Life: Suicide Grief Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research
Responding to a Suicide Emergency American College of Emergency Physicians
Surviving After Suicide American Association of Suicidology
Glossary of Suicide Prevention Terms Education Development Center, Inc.
Holiday Suicides: Fact or Myth? Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Suicide and Depression Suicide Awareness Voices of Education
Suicide and PTSD National Center for PTSD
NIH MedlinePlus Magazine
Preventing Suicides in the Military
Preventing Suicides: Who’s at Risk?
Young People and Suicide — The College Scene
Screening for Suicide Risk in Adolescents, Adults, and Older Adults in Primary Care U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
Suicide Warning Signs Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
Suicide: What to Do When Someone Is Suicidal Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research
Suicide Department of Health and Human Services, Office on Women’s Health
Suicide and suicidal behavior
Stomach Disorders
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US govt shutdown ends as Senate passes temporary bill
Congress put the US government back in business Monday by voting to end a three-day shutdown, as President Donald Trump claimed victory in his standoff with Democrats in Washington.
The House voted 266 to 150 to extend federal funding, hours after Senate Democrats dropped their opposition to the plan after winning Republican assurances of a vote on immigration in the coming weeks.
Trump signed the measure into law Monday night, and government operations would essentially return to normal on Tuesday.
“I know there’s great relief that this episode is coming to an end,” House Speaker Paul Ryan told colleagues. “But this is not a moment to pat ourselves on the back. Not even close.”
The stalemate consumed Washington for the better part of a week, as lawmakers and the White House feuded over immigration policy and the nation’s two main political parties exchanged bitter barbs before finally reaching a deal.
“I am pleased Democrats in Congress have come to their senses,” Trump said in a defiant statement, as lawmakers moved to get hundreds of thousands of federal government employees back to work.
Democrats decided to end the three-day shutdown after making progress with ruling Republicans toward securing the fate of hundreds of thousands of so-called “Dreamers” brought to America as children, many of them illegally.
With Democratic support, a bill keeping the government funded until February 8 easily passed the Senate, where different versions of the funding had languished for days.
Word of the compromise deal struck in Washington sent US stocks surging to new highs.
But the White House appeared in no mood for bipartisanship or magnanimity after a shutdown that overshadowed Trump’s first anniversary in office.
Trump moved to undercut Democrats, saying he would only accept a comprehensive immigration reform—one that notably addresses his demands for a border wall with Mexico as well as the fate of the “Dreamers.”
“We will make a long-term deal on immigration if, and only if, it is good for our country,” he said.
Top Senate Democrat Chuck Schumer earlier announced his party would vote with Republicans to end the shutdown, but in a sign of the poisoned politics of Washington he pilloried Trump in the process.
“The White House refused to engage in negotiations over the weekend. The great deal-making president sat on the sidelines,” Schumer said.
Trump spent the weekend stewing at the White House when he had planned to be among friends and family at his home in Mar-a-Lago, Florida for his anniversary bash.
And with the fundamental row on immigration and funding of Trump’s border wall unresolved, Republicans and Democrats may very well find themselves back in a similar stalemate come February 9.
Categories: NRI News
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Mandalaki's Birò O2 concept car is made from 80 per cent recycled plastics
Natashah Hitti | 9 May 2019 Leave a comment
Mandalaki Studio teamed up with Italian car company Estrima to design the "first" electric concept car made from 80 per cent recycled plastics.
The Birò O2 car was presented at the Rossana Orlandi Gallery during Milan design week, as part of the gallerist's Ro Plastic Prize that invited designers to develop new ways of recycling and reusing plastic.
According to its creators, the O2 model is an electric car made with a higher percentage of recycled plastic than any other vehicle on the market.
The O2 concept is based on the original Birò car – a fully electric vehicle designed for commuting in the city, which is compact enough to be parked in scooter spaces and features a removable battery.
Instead of the thick, high-density ABS plastic used for the main body of the original model, Mandalaki's Birò O2 gives waste plastics a new life by recycling them into a non-polluting vehicle.
"As a design studio, we are fascinated by the automotive world and, in general, by the world of performance," said Mandalaki designer Enrico De Lotto.
"We try to develop projects that can have a real impact on people's lives, and not just make things that are nice to look at – projects should be functional and solve needs."
"For this reason we started to work on the idea of electric mobility elevated at the maximum stage of sustainability, and thought that Birò could be the perfect partner to develop this concept because its model is extremely minimal," he continued.
"From here we began thinking about the elements of a car that we could do without, or that we could recycle," added De Lotto. "Less parts means less plastic, less things to produce, less weight to move, and so on."
After discovering the large amount of waste left by road maintenance, such as cones and signboards, Mandalaki began working with suppliers to see which of these elements they could recycle.
These plastic waste elements were ground into a fine powder and put through a rotational moulding process to form the structural parts of the vehicle, including the front and rear components and the rear hatch.
All other elements of the car, such as the seats, the tachometer, steering wheel and doors, have been produced from various types of non-recycled plastic, chiefly thermo-formed PVC.
Rossana Orlandi announces winners of Ro Plastic Prize for recycled products in Milan
The exterior recycled plastic panels boast a computer-generated pattern comprising blue flecks, inspired by the motion of the wind and ocean in a bid to represent "the vital flow of our planet".
The vehicle boasts a powerful electric engine that is able to reach a top speed of 65 kilometres per hour, and can travel 100 kilometres on each charge.
Mandalaki studio and Estrima aim to make the O2 model available on the market by June 2019, and are also working towards a car produced from 100 per cent recycled parts by the end of the next year.
The Birò O2 car was presented at the Rossana Orlandi Gallery during this year's Milan design week, where British designer Bethan Gray showed her collection of iridescent furniture clad in leftover materials from the seafood and farming industries.
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1.800.611.PAUL
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Young man arrested on drug charges after ‘texting’ car accident
Home | Blog | Car Accidents | Young man arrested on drug charges after ‘texting’ car accident
On behalf of Dickman Law Offices, P.S.C. posted in Criminal Defense on Wednesday, July 27, 2011
Marijuana is a controlled substance that many advocates believe has a low risk for dependency. A young man found himself in trouble with the law in Kentucky recently, after causing a collision in the attempt to send a text message while driving. On top of that, police officers found marijuana in the vehicle, and he is now facing drug charges.
The 20-year-old was arrested after colliding with another vehicle when he failed to yield to a vehicle that had the right of way. The arresting officer allegedly witnessed the young man texting when the accident occurred. When officers approached his vehicle, they could reportedly smell marijuana.
The young man admitted to the officers that he had been texting at the time of the crash. Also, he told police that he was arranging to meet someone in order to sell the marijuana he had in his possession. He was found to be holding 8 grams of the drug, and was planning to sell $60 worth. The man also told officers that he had smoked marijuana earlier in the day, but “not recent.”
It was later determined that he had two outstanding warrants for his arrest in Kentucky. He was charged with marijuana trafficking, texting while driving and first-degree endangerment.
Despite more accepting attitudes toward marijuana, the law still says it is illegal. While simply being in possession of a drug can have lesser consequences, if police believe you were intending to sell drugs, you could be facing serious penalties.
In some cases, however, police are overly anxious to catch someone committing a drug crime. If a police search of your home or vehicle was not legally executed, any evidence found during that search could be inadmissible in court. In these situations, it is very important to understand your rights. Speaking to a lawyer before talking to police may be a good decision.
Source: WLKY, “Police: Man Driving To Drug Deal Causes Crash While Texting,” Jay Ditzer, 12 July 2011
Posted in: Car Accidents, Criminal Defense, Drug Charges
« Covington, Kentucky Drug Round Up Suspects are Still Presumed Innocent
The ‘grass’ really wasn’t greener on the other side »
Fatal Motor Vehicle Accidents
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19 W. 11th Street, Covington, KY 41011 | Fax: (859) 491-7998 | Attorney website by Zola Creative
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Batfan Friday: Fighting with The Flash!
The streets of Gotham are dangerous, but Batman and his peeps always have you covered. Welcome back to Batfan Friday, our weekly roundup of all the latest happenings from the spires of Gotham to the depths of the Batcave. The Bat has had a busy week, so let’s break it down…
Gotham Girl’s insane plan continues in Batman #65 (written by Joshua Williamson and penciled by Guillem March). Batman struggles to get The Flash to work with him and form a plan, but shattered trust causes the Scarlet Speedster to impulsively go after Gotham Girl on his own. The reanimated corpse of her brother Gotham quickly burns out, causing a grief-stricken Gotham Girl to inject herself with a serum, powering her up for a final battle with Batman and The Flash! Let’s hope these two can put aside their differences long enough to win this one...
The Penguin has a job for Selina in Catwoman #8 (written by Joelle Jones and penciled by Fernando Blanco with Joelle Jones). Raina Creel and Penguin are both after the same mysterious artifact, and since Oswald has hired Selina to retrieve it, guess who gets it first? Whatever the object is, it seems to be tied to Mrs. Creel’s mysterious condition, but it doesn’t look like Selina will have a chance to learn more! When Catwoman gives the item to Penguin, he immediately turns on her. Poor Penguin, doesn’t he know that double-crossing Catwoman never goes well.
Ric Grayson ponders returning to the vigilante life in Nightwing #57 (written by Zack Kaplan and Scott Lobdell, penciled by Travis Moore). When Detective Sapienza asks Ric if he’ll continue to help his group of Nightwings if trouble arises in Bludhaven again, Grayson apprehensively accepts. It looks like Ric may be needed sooner than he thinks, because a woman calling herself the Joker’s Daughter has targeted Councilman Pollard, turning the politician into a human bomb! Could this be the return of the Teen Titan Duela Dent or someone new?
Secrets are revealed in Teen Titans #27 (written by Adam Glass and penciled by Bernard Chang). While the rest of the Teen Titans bond and get to know each other, Djinn makes a late-night visit to Robin who is still healing from his recent battle with the Red Hood. As Djinn heals Damian, she tells the Boy Wonder her secret history. Robin feels closer to her than ever and reveals his secret identity before going in for a kiss. Unfortunately, Robin’s romantic move is interrupted by the untimely arrival of Deathstroke! It looks like Slade is about to learn what happens when you get between a teenager and their first kiss!
The Legion of Doom has some unrest in their ranks in Justice League #18 (written by James Tynion IV and penciled by Pasqual Ferry). Brainiac attempts to trap Lex Luthor so he can take over his body, and by default the Legion of Doom. While he's in Luthor’s mind, Lex gives Brainiac a front row seat to his evil history and how he went up against Vandal Savage and his father Lionel. Hopefully these two villains will tear each other apart, saving the Justice League the work of having to do it themselves!
If you’re in the mood for some back issues, the entire "No Man’s Land" saga has just been added to our comics library! The storyline ran for a full year in all the Bat books, so you know it’ll be a nice cozy binge! "No Man’s Land" follows Batman and the citizens of Gotham after the government has shut the city down. The story partially inspired the 2012 film The Dark Knight Rises and is currently being adapted on Fox’s Gotham! If you’d rather read about the Gotham of the future, we’ve also added the first year of the 2016 Batman Beyond series, featuring the return of fan favorite Terry McGinnis!
Scott Snyder and Greg Capullo, the team behind "Court of the Owls" and other classic Batman stories, are teaming up again to tell another epic Dark Knight tale. The story is called Batman: Last Knight on Earth and will be released via DC’s Black Label on May 29th. The teaser image, featuring the Dark Knight walking the Earth with a severed Joker head, is enough to get any Batfan curious about the title.
Things got super uncomfortable for Bruce Wayne in the Gotham episode “Ace Chemicals”. Jeremiah Valeska wanted to recreate the day that Bruce’s parents died, and with the Mad Hatter's help and two people surgically altered to look like Thomas and Martha Wayne, he did a pretty convincing job. During Bruce and Jeremiah’s epic showdown, the madman fell into a vat of acid at Ace Chemicals. If you’re familiar with Batman lore then I think we all know who is going to emerge from that vat...
The Batwoman TV pilot has found its Jacob Kane! Dougray Scott will be playing the former army colonel whose daughter secretly fights crime as Batwoman. Jacob Kane first appeared in the classic "Elegy" storyline, in which he served as mission control for Batwoman’s war on crime. The Batwoman pilot will begin filming in Vancouver this March so stay tuned for more news...
DC’s partnership with Walmart continues! After the success of the DC Comics 100-Page Giants, Walmart is adding collectibles to their inventory of DC products. Starting this month, DC Collectibles will be releasing four-inch versions of the statues from its Batman: Black and White line priced at $5 for Walmart stores. This means that you can be a statue collector without breaking the bank. So the next time you head to Walmart for some grocery shopping, go ahead and make that impulse buy. It’s never too late to start that statue collection!
NEXT WEEK: Scarface makes his debut on TV’s Gotham! The Dark Knight and the Scarlet Speedster take on Gotham Girl in The Flash #65! The Joker is out to kill another Robin in Batman Beyond #29! Barbara Gordon must protect Gotham’s Congressional race in Batgirl #32! Batman learns who has been targeting his allies in Detective Comics #999! And the truth about the Sanctuary continues to unravel in Heroes in Crisis #6! So be sure to check back here next week for our handy guide to all of this goodness. Same Bat-time, same Bat-channel!
What was your favorite Batman news this week? Let us know in our Community!
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We Recap DOOM PATROL Episode 11: 5 Things We Learned From "Frances Patrol"
Rosie Knight
As we move ever closer to the end of the Doom Patrol's debut season, fans are learning more and more about the strangest team in the DC Universe. In "Frances Patrol," viewers are treated to some important character beats and big reveals, so here are the five most vital takeaways!
Sane Jane?
After the journey into Jane's mind and the Underground, this episode showcased just how that massive moment impacted Kay Chalis and her 64 personalities. As she ventures forward on her quest to find the Chief, Jane has taken back her role as the core persona, and in an unexpected turn of events is attempting to keep her other sides in their subterranean dwelling. It's the first time viewers have gotten to see Jane as a singular entity rather than a woman struggling to contain the multitudes that live within her.
This transformation comes at a good time too, as her fellow team members are falling apart. With Vic struggling with the very core of his being, Cliff and Rita looking for his daughter, and Larry lost in a dreamworld, Jane is the only one still focused on the task at hand. It's refreshing to see Jane take charge and flip the script on her role as a tormented victim. She even manages to have a heart-to-heart with Vic, who so desperately needs it. It'll be exciting to see where this thread goes, as Jane has her own reasons for finding the Chief, primarily to ask him just why he was planning to lock her away with the previous members of the Doom Patrol in the asylum...
I, Vic-Bot
Something unique that Doom Patrol has presented over this season is an existential exploration of the body horror of Vic Stone's situation. His terror at his transformation has been touched on in both comics and animated projects, but here Vic is really going through the trauma of being half-man and half-machine. After losing control of Grid in the last episode, he discovers through a quick dissection of his left arm that his body is changing, becoming more and more like the cybernetics that saved him.
There was something very Cronenbergian about Vic slicing open his own arm and digging around until he found the metal growing around his muscles and veins. In an attempt to stop the transformation, Cyborg removed Grid and headed out to help Jane alone. That might have been a miscalculation, though, as he eventually found himself in the grasp of Darren Jones and the Bureau of Normalcy in their notorious prison complex, the Ant Farm.
Robotman Vs. Swamp Gator
This one is self-explanatory, but it was a big moment for Cliff as he and Rita headed to the swamps of Florida to find his daughter. It turns out that the man who raised her--Cliff's former crew chief during his racing days--was eaten by an alligator called Frances (the very gator which gave this episode its name). After realizing the one thing his daughter wanted more than anything was the watch that her adopted father was wearing when Frances the Gator decided he was lunch, Cliff makes up his mind that retrieving the watch--which Clara inherited from Cliff and in turn gifted to her adopted father--is the true ticket to reconnecting with his estranged offspring.
Luckily for Clara, her biological dad is now a badass Robotman who's fully capable of battling a gator, which he does in a very impressive fashion. Cliff can't face his absent child, but he does leave her the watch as a gift, which apparently leads Clara to realize just who the mysterious robot wandered into her life actually might be.
Rita Is Here to Make Friends
Rita Farr's journey so far has been one of the most subdued but subtly complex. She's trying to make good after decades of delusion and selfishness, her own terrible behavior haunting her all the while. When Cliff first arrived at Doom Manor, neither Rita nor Larry had any interest in making friends or being heroes, but in this episode Rita is the one who saves the day.
Her ever-growing selflessness has been a large part of her arc; and as she encourages Cliff to communicate with her daughter, she finds herself making friends with locals, unashamedly being herself, eating a massive basket of chicken, and even using her real name. When her fellow Patroller convinces her to head into the swamp to find Frances the Gator and retrieve something, it's Rita who saves the day after Cliff fries his brain from stress. Finally, as the show enters its final episodes of the season, the woman who was Rita Farr is becoming the hero she truly can be.
Love Wins for Larry
Larry Trainor has long been struggling to come to terms with his past, his sexuality, and, most importantly, himself. During this exploration he's made a deeper connection with the Negative Spirit and the pair have come to some sort of understanding. As the Spirit was helping Cliff retrieve Jane from her own subconscious, it was revealed that Larry was in his very own dreamworld, revisiting his long-lost love, John. It turns out that these are more than dreams and the Negative Spirit has actually been connecting Larry psychically with the man that he loved.
In one of the most emotional moments so far, Larry finally made the leap and went to visit his old friend and lover who was now a dying retiree. The pair shared their lives and loves (or, in Larry's case, lack of them), and Larry finally got to apologize to John and tell him what he meant to him. It's a pivotal moment, as Larry realizes the Negative Spirit has been trying to help him all along, and their newly strengthened connection will likely play a major part in the fight against Mr. Nobody!
What was your favorite moment in this week's Doom Patrol? Let us know in our Community!
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School of Rock. New London Theatre, London ****
Published: Mon, 09/01/2017
Photograph: Tristram Kenton
Based on the 2003 film of the same title starring Jack Black, School of Rock tells the story of wannabe rock star Dewey Finn who, in a desperate attempt to make rent, poses as his flatmate Ned Shneebly, taking a supply teaching position at a prestigious private school. It's an uplifting tale showing the journey of a man-child reluctantly embracing adulthood and responsibility, whilst enabling a group of children to believe in their dreams. A class of wildly intelligent academic children form a rock band and begin a great adventure, and in the process both Finn and his pupils become confident and comfortable in their own skin. It's easy to see why Andrew Lloyd Webber found the story appealing and adapted it for stage, with the help of Julian Fellowes and Glenn Slater, including 14 new songs on top of the songs which feature in the film. Everyone knows the world loves the story of the underdog coming good and, having been a smash hit on Broadway, the production has hot-footed it across the pond to its new home; the New London Theatre.
At times the stage feels a little big for the production (the scenes which take place at Ned’s apartment especially), with the proscenium arch bearing down on the action; however in the classroom scenes and at the Battle of the Bands, JoAnn M Hunter’s dynamic choreography fills the space bringing the stage to life. Anna Louizos’ set is at its best when fused with Natasha Katz’s atmospheric lighting, especially in Act Two, culminating the final performance by the ‘School of Rock’. Having followed the story of Dewey and the children, the ending feels more like a stadium rock concert than your typical West End stage, allowing the audience to really engage with the children’s excitement having such a spectacular platform on which to showcase their talent.
The young actors are quite extraordinary in their skill, and truly do steal the show. The band’s music is all performed live, really putting the pressure on these youngsters to nail their parts, and nail it they do, in true rockstar style! James Lawson as Lawrence turns nerdy misfit into geek chic, while Tom Abisgold’s Zack showcases outstanding rock guitar skills, proving to be cooler than his teacher! Selma Hansen as Katie carried a solid baseline, with a guitar that appeared heavier than she was and Jude Harper-Wrobel’s Freddy, cementing the band with accuracy and rhythm on drums. It really is extraordinary what these young people achieve, especially when you consider throughout the show they are also creating character as well as dealing with the demands of dance and carrying the musical core of the piece. The adult members of the cast have a tough challenge every night, not only developing their variety of roles but also allowing the youngsters to shine. It's a job that's both disciplined and requires a balance of subtlety. The vivid characters they create are a credit to the performers who give generously to the execution of the plot.
David Fynn as Dewey fuses his defiance of ‘the man’ with the crushing insecurity and frustration of a man who hasn't made his mark in the world. In his energetic, child-like scenes, there's a lovely sense of the bond with his students, central to his personal journey; leading to more subtle scenes (in particular the roadhouse exchange with headmistress Ms Mullins) where we begin to understand that despite their differences, these central characters are by no means an impossible match. Florence Andrews takes the role of headmistress and delivers a suitably austere performance in the halls of her school. However in the aforementioned scene, in the moment where she returns to her youth in the haze of a Stevie Nick’s track, we see the vivacious personality underneath the restraints of her job.
“School of Rock” is a highly enjoyable night out. Whilst it is by no means a cerebral production, the heart-warming story and talent so evident on the stage, creates a delightfully positive atmosphere in which children and adults alike can let their hair down and rock out!
School of Rock London website
Stay informed - subscribe to receive updates, polls and other new stuff coming to Define Arts.
Cabaret, New Wimbledon Theatre *****
Seance, Darkfield. Summerhall Terrace. ****
Border Tales, Protein Dance. Summerhall. *****
Chats at the Fringe - Brennan Reece
Chats at the Fringe - Stuart Goldsmith
Pleasance Courtyard
Stuart Goldsmith
Joel Dommett
Uncorked Theatre
© Copyright 2018 Define Arts Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Attention, There is a Deer
By Franziska Niess / May 11, 2018
A sound signals the driver “wild is nearby”. The wildwarner app of the start-up Wuidi warns of wild boar and deer. We show how it works.
At dusk, the danger is especially high to hit wild. Photo: Fotolia
It was a blessing in disguise for the two students Alfons Weinzierl and Alexander Böckl in December of 2014: On the way back from university, a deer jumped in front of their car. The young men stayed unharmed, the car had a fender bender. And the deer? “It ran off immediately. However, we know now, that the animals die after such incidents most of the time”, Weinzierl explains to trans aktuell in an interview. That same night, the students from Lower Bavaria came up with a business idea: “We didn’t quite know what to do right after the incident and had to wait for the hunter in charge, for over an hour.” They don’t want other motorists to have that problem in the future.
Studying Digital Business Management, Weinzierl and Böckl have been fiddling about with digital business models, anyway. Therefor they had the idea for an app, which prevents wildlife related accidents and offers first aid advice if they occur. During their master’s degree studies, they developed concepts, worked together with the Bavarian ministry of the interior and Bavarian police and, in the end, were awarded the founder’s scholarship of the federal ministry of economy and energy. Together with programmer Jozo Lagetar, the three founders each received 2.500 Euro gross every month for one year and an additional 30.000 Euro for equipment.
The App Will Remain Free
Since June 2017, the app is available for iOS and Android, nationwide and free of charge. “It will remain free in the future”, Weinzierl promises. In the first year, the scholarship had helped, by now, the company, still consisting of only the three founders, were already in the black. “We finance on service contracts, further start-up promotions and, as everything is done digitally, we are not facing high ancillary costs.”
Attention Deer – Road signs are not enough to avoid accidents. Photo: Fotolia – Trueffelpix
To be in the blacks only one year after market launch is unusual for a start-up. However, Weinzierl (30), Böckl (30) and Lagetar (31) have discovered a market niche. Their company Wuidi, Wuid is the Bavarian word for wildlife, creamed off the German Mobility Award last year and were nominated for the Dekra Award in the category traffic safety, among others. For, according to Weinzierl, experience shows that: traffic signs warning of crossing deer are far from enough, these days. Therefor, Wuidi interlinks hunters and road users digitally. Hunters enter deer crossings on www.wuidi.com and may optionally leave their contact data, so in the case of an incident in their district, they can be at the location in an instant. According to Weinzierl, hunters then also use a gun to release the deer from its suffering after an accident, if necessary. “To this day, 800 districts have signed up”, Weinzierl explains. In the beginning, the focus was on Bavaria only, which, by now had changed, though. “The service is available in all of Germany.”
Around 30.000 Registered Road Users
The target group of road users were bigger: around 30.000 have already signed up. The app didn’t have to be open during the drive, but might as well run in the background. “This was important to us, so there would be no distractions.” If the driver arrives at an area of altered risk, an acoustic signal occurs, cautioning the driver to drive slowly, also depending on the date and time of day. The Wildwarner app may also be connected to the vehicle via Bluetooth. Essentially, the service is available for all roads.
“As most highways are fenced we concentrate on highly frequented country roads near forests.” The app’s main purpose is to prevent deer involving incidents. If an accident occurs, however, the Wildwarner app still helps. A to-do list tells you, what to do. The location is detected by GPS and the nearest police department and the district’s ranger are displayed for making contact. This happened about 20 times, last month. “Unfortunately, it’s hard to measure, how many accidents we prevent, though.”
Reflectors keep animals from crossing the road. Photo: Fotolia – Gerhard Seybert
Introduce the App in other Countrys
Yet, commendations from animal protectionists gave them a certain deal of approval. In the end, man trespassed the animals’ habitats. “In Germany, wildlife related accidents occur every two and a half minutes. More animals are killed on the roads than by hunting.” In most cases, the animals are the victims, while humans get off lightly. “Other than in Scandinavian countries: if an elk jumps in front of your windshield, often, nasty accidents happen.” Hence, Weinzierl sees potential in expanding the app to other countries. Specific requests have been made by Switzerland, Luxemburg, Austria and the Czech Republic.
The founder has another business idea for shipping companies. “On expos, we get positive feedback from truck drivers.” They could use a similar function like hunters do, entering deer crossing areas to the portal under www.wuidi.com.
Integration in Telematics System Possible
Beyond that, he has an integration of the app in the telematics system of trucks in mind. If a truck driver gets involved in a deer accident, the app reports the location to the dispatcher. To promote this idea, the three young men are currently looking for a company with an own fleet. “We don’t want to plan this theoretically, but test it in the field right from the start.” With their solid approach they have been successful so far: “We rather grow a little more slowly, but sustainably.”
The Wildwarner app is available for both iOS and Android since June 2017.
Warns of possible deer crossings during the drive and helps by GPS localization if an accident occurs.
Founders: Alfons Weinzierl, Alexander Böckl, Jozo Lagetar
Located in Geiselhöring (Bavaria)
Winner of the German Mobility Award 2017
How to Act in an Emergency
When encountering deer: be ready to break, switch off high beam, sound horn
If a collision is inevitable: tight grip on the steering wheel, break strongly, no evasive maneuvers
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How to Reduce Dangerous EMF Exposure
EMFs are more dangerous than you might think. How can you protect yourself?The dangers of Electro-Magnetic Fields — or “EMFs” — are now widely recognized as a serious 21st century health threat by the American Academy of Pediatrics, Consumer Reports, The Cleveland Clinic and independent researchers from Harvard, Columbia and Yale.
In 2015, more than 190 independent scientists from 39 countries even got together to warn the public that “EMFs are potentially harmful to all life.”
Get Your Greens without the Mess, Organifi Green Juice. Use code “goodhealth” at checkout to save 20%! - sponsor
All around the world, these countries are taking action to protect their citizens (especially children) against these abusive levels of EMF pollution.
The French, German and Spanish governments have even issued recommendations to ban WiFi from schools because of the developmental problems it could potentially cause in children.
Breathe easier with Molekule, the world’s first Molecular Air Purifier. Use code “goodhealth” at checkout to save $75! - sponsor
This might be because German research dating back from 2004 had found that just 24 hours of EMF exposure can induce more DNA damage than 1,600 chest x-rays.
If you live in a nation that isn't all that concerned about your safety, how can you protect yourself?
Nicolas Pineault, author of The Non-Tinfoil Guide to EMFs, joins Dr. Friedman to share easy and cheap solutions to reduce dangerous EMF exposure by 95 percent... none of which include living off the grid without electricity or shredding your phone to pieces.
Breathe easier with Molekule, the world’s first Molecular Air Purifier. Use code “goodhealth” at checkout to save $75!
Visit organifi.com and use discount code “goodhealth” to receive 20% off your order!!
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Lester Electricity Rates
Commercial Electricity in Lester
^ The average commercial electricity rate in Lester, AL is 10.49¢/kWh.[1]
Residential Electricity in Lester
^ The average residential electricity rate in Lester, AL is 10.48¢/kWh.[1]
Industrial Electricity in Lester
^ The average industrial electricity rate in Lester, AL is 7.07¢/kWh.[1]
Lester, AL Electricity Statistics
Commercial electricity rates in Lester
The average commercial electricity rate in Lester is 10.49¢/kWh.[1]
This average (commercial) electricity rate in Lester is 1.32% less than the Alabama average rate of 10.63¢/kWh.[2]
The average (commercial) electricity rate in Lester is 3.96% greater than the national average rate of 10.09¢/kWh. Commercial rates in the U.S. range from 6.86¢/kWh to 34.88¢/kWh.[2]
Residential electricity rates in Lester
The average residential electricity rate in Lester is 10.48¢/kWh.[1]
This average (residential) electricity rate in Lester is 8.07% less than the Alabama average rate of 11.4¢/kWh.[2]
The average (residential) electricity rate in Lester is 11.78% less than the national average rate of 11.88¢/kWh. Residential rates in the U.S. range from 8.37¢/kWh to 37.34¢/kWh.[2]
Industrial electricity rates in Lester
The average industrial electricity rate in Lester is 7.07¢/kWh.[1]
This average (industrial) electricity rate in Lester is 13.67% greater than the Alabama average rate of 6.22¢/kWh.[2]
The average (industrial) electricity rate in Lester is 6% greater than the national average rate of 6.67¢/kWh. Industrial rates in the U.S. range from 4.13¢/kWh to 30.82¢/kWh.[2]
Alabama Electricity Rates & Consumption
Commercial electricity in Alabama
Commercial electricity rates in AL [3]
The average commercial electricity rate in Alabama is 10.63¢/kWh, which ranks 14th in the nation and is 5.35% greater than the national average rate of 10.09¢/kWh.[3]
Commercial electricity consumption in AL [3]
Commercial electricity consumption in Alabama averages 5,083 kWh/month, which ranks 37th in the nation and is 18.52% less than the national average of 6,238 kWh/month.
Commercial electricity bills in AL [3]
The average monthly commercial electricity bill in Alabama is $541, which ranks 25th in the nation and is 13.99% less than the national average of $629.
Learn more about commercial electricity in Alabama
Residential electricity in Alabama
Residential electricity rates in Alabama [3]
The average residential electricity rate in Alabama is 11.4¢/kWh, which ranks 23rd in the nation and is
Residential electricity consumption in AL [3]
Residential electricity consumption in Alabama averages 1,187 kWh/month, which ranks 4th in the nation and is 31.45% greater than the national average of 903 kWh/month.
Residential electricity bills in AL [3]
The average monthly residential electricity bill in Alabama is $135, which ranks 2nd in the nation and is 26.17% greater than the national average of $107 per month.
Learn more about residential electricity in Alabama
Industrial electricity in Alabama
Industrial electricity rates in Alabama [3]
The average industrial electricity rate in Alabama is 6.22¢/kWh, which ranks 33rd in the nation and is 6.75% less than the national average rate of 6.67¢/kWh.
Industrial electricity consumption in AL [3]
Industrial electricity consumption in Alabama averages 392,382 kWh/month, which ranks 9th in the nation and is 249.85% greater than the national average of 112,158 kWh/month.
Industrial electricity bills in AL [3]
The average monthly industrial electricity bill in Alabama is $24,425, which ranks 9th in the nation and is 226.41% greater than the national average of $7,483.
Learn more about industrial electricity in Alabama
Household Income in Lester, AL
Lester, AL Income Breakdown [4]
Income Summary for Lester, AL
Electric bills: The average residential electricity bill in Alabama is about $135/month, ranking 2nd in the U.S. and 26.17% greater than the national average of $107.[5]
Income: Lester vs. Nation [4]
Additional information about Lester
About Lester
Lester is a town located in Limestone County in the state of Alabama, and has a population of approximately 111.[6]
More about Lester utilities
For more information about Lester electricity, or for additional resources regarding electricity & utilities in your state, visit the Energy Information Administration.
In the U.S., electricity plants use more than 900 million short tons of coal to produce electricity every year.
Additional Cities in AL
Aliceville
Childersburg
Emelle
Loachapoka
Pisgah
Red Level
Local Electricity Rates in Lester, AL
Are You Ready to Explore Solar Energy Options?
Take the first step toward powering your home with solar energy.
Learn about solar energy in your community, with no obligation.
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Industries Services Insights & Events People
About Us Offices Careers Alumni Network
| News January 29, 2019 |
Justin Kay Discusses Rosenbach Decision on “Chicago Tonight”
Chicago partner Justin Kay appeared on WTTW’s “Chicago Tonight” on January 29, 2019 for a live, on-air discussion about the Illinois Supreme Court’s recent decision in Rosenbach v. Six Flags Entertainment Corporation regarding the scope of the Illinois Biometric Information Privacy Act (BIPA). Justin outlined the basics of BIPA and biometrics generally, discussed what happened in Rosenbach and how it made its way up to the Illinois Supreme Court, and talked about the ramifications of the decision for businesses and consumers.
Watch the full interview.
Source: Chicago Tonight
Leave Drinker Biddle to Learn More
Justin O. Kay
DrinkerConnect
© 2019 Drinker Biddle & Reath LLP. All Rights Reserved. Lawyer Advertising.
Principal Office - One Logan Square, Ste. 2000, Philadelphia, PA 19103-6996
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Software and Security Updates are Done for the Nexus Player
Tim March 23, 2018 @timotato 16
The Nexus Player was launched in late 2014, which is basically three and a half years ago. This week, we’re getting confirmation from Google by way of Android Police that updates, both software and security, are officially done for Google’s streaming box.
We would be saddened by this news, but in reality, Google supported this box for quite some time. It continued to receive major OS updates as well as security updates, as it should’ve, but even with its pretty mid-range specs, it kept on going. The box originally launched with Lollipop, so the fact that it’s going to die with Oreo is quite honorable.
It’s now time to upgrade your Android TV box, folks. If you’re looking for a recommendation, I’d still suggest the SHIELD TV from NVIDIA.
// Android Police
Google's Files Go App Updated With File Search, Duplicate Spotting, and Backed Up Photo Removal
Samsung Investigating Galaxy S9, S9+ 'Dead Spot' Touchscreen Issue
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Rituxan
Generic Name: Rituximab
Class: Antineoplastic Agents
VA Class: AN900
Chemical Name: Disulfide with human-mouse monoclonal IDEC-C2B8 κ-chain immunoglobulin G 1 (human-mouse monoclonal IDEC-C2B8 γ1-chain anti-human antigen CD20) dimer
CAS Number: 174722-31-7
Medically reviewed by Drugs.com. Last updated on Jul 1, 2019.
Fatal Infusion-related Reactions
Severe, sometimes fatal infusion-related effects reported.1
Death has occurred within 24 hours of administration.1
Approximately 80% of fatal reactions have occurred with the first dose.1
Monitor patients carefully during infusions.1 If grade 3 or 4 infusion reactions occur, discontinue rituximab infusion and institute appropriate treatment.1 (See Infusion-related Effects under Cautions.)
Severe Mucocutaneous Reactions
Risk of severe, sometimes fatal, mucocutaneous reactions.1 (See Mucocutaneous Reactions under Cautions.)
HBV Reactivation
Reactivation of HBV infection (including fulminant hepatitis and hepatic failure), sometimes fatal, reported.56 57 59 60
Screen all patients for HBV infection prior to initiation of therapy.56 57 62 63
Discontinue rituximab and concomitant chemotherapy if HBV reactivation occurs.56 57 (See HBV Reactivation under Cautions.)
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)
Risk of potentially fatal PML, secondary to JC virus infection.1 (See Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy under Cautions.)
See also: Orencia
Antineoplastic agent; a chimeric human-murine anti-human antigen CD20 monoclonal antibody.1
Uses for Rituxan
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Used as monotherapy for treatment of relapsed or refractory low-grade or follicular, antigen CD20-positive, B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL).1 2 7 9 12
Treatment of previously untreated follicular, antigen CD20-positive, B-cell NHL; used in combination with chemotherapy.1 9 14 56
Used as monotherapy for treatment of nonprogressing (e.g., stable disease), low-grade, antigen CD20-positive, B-cell NHL following first-line treatment with CVP chemotherapy.1
Treatment of previously untreated diffuse large B-cell, antigen CD20-positive, NHL; used in combination with CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) or other anthracycline-based chemotherapy.1 9 14
Shown to offer benefit as maintenance therapy† in patients with relapsed or refractory indolent NHL following induction chemotherapy (with or without rituximab).29 30 31
Designated an orphan drug by FDA for the treatment of NHL.6
Used as a required component of a therapeutic regimen with ibritumomab tiuxetan (ibritumomab tiuxetan therapeutic regimen) for treatment of relapsed or refractory low-grade or follicular B-cell NHL, including follicular NHL that is refractory to rituximab therapy; also as part of the ibritumomab tiuxetan therapeutic regimen for consolidation treatment of newly diagnosed follicular NHL in patients who have achieved partial or complete response to first-line induction chemotherapy.18 55 Rituximab is used prior to ibritumomab to deplete peripheral B cells and to improve distribution of the radioimmunotherapeutic agent.1 18
Responses to rituximab have been observed in patients with recurrent aggressive antigen CD20-positive NHL†.9
Has been used in the treatment of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia)†.9
Use in combination with bendamustine† for treatment of previously untreated advanced-stage indolent NHL or for treatment of previously untreated advanced-stage mantle cell lymphoma† is a reasonable choice (accepted, with possible conditions); however, consider histologic subtype of NHL when selecting a combination chemotherapy regimen.10001 10018 10019
Use in combination with bendamustine† for treatment of relapsed or refractory indolent NHL or for treatment of relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma† is recommended (accepted).10002 10003 10020
Has been used in the treatment of relapsed or refractory hairy cell leukemia.†32
Used in combination with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide (FC) for treatment of previously untreated and previously treated antigen CD20-positive chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).1
Designated an orphan drug by FDA for the treatment of CLL.6
Prolonged progression-free survival observed in previously untreated and previously treated patients with CLL.38 39 However, no benefit of adding rituximab to fludarabine/cyclophosphamide observed in previously untreated patients ≥70 years of age or in previously treated patients ≥65 years of age. 1 51
Used in conjunction with methotrexate for treatment of moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in adults with disease that has shown an inadequate response to ≥1 tumor necrosis factor (TNF; TNF-α) blocking agents.1 Manufacturer states that use in patients who have not demonstrated an inadequate response to ≥1 TNF blocking agents is not recommended.1
Although efficacy has been demonstrated in clinical studies in patients with prior inadequate response to nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and in methotrexate-naive patients, manufacturer states that favorable risk-to-benefit ratio has not been established in these populations.1
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Has been used in adults with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP; also known as immune thrombocytopenic purpura)†.33 However, because efficacy compared with standard treatments cannot be determined (due to lack of controlled randomized studies), avoid indiscriminate use.33
Has been used in children with severe chronic ITP that is refractory to standard therapy†.34 However, because of low response rate (30–60%) and potentially serious adverse effects (including PML, some experts recommend use only in patients who have failed splenectomy.40
Has been used in combination with immune globulin IV in the treatment of refractory pemphigus vulgaris†.36
Rituxan Dosage and Administration
To minimize the risk of infusion-related events, premedication with acetaminophen and an antihistamine is recommended before each infusion.1 In patients receiving rituximab over 90 minutes, administer glucocorticoid component of the chemotherapy regimen prior to each rituximab infusion.56 64 (See Rate of Administration under Dosage and Administration.) Premedication with methylprednisolone 100 mg IV (or equivalent) is recommended 30 minutes prior to each infusion in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (given in conjunction with antihistamines and acetaminophen in clinical studies). 1 (See Infusion-related Effects under Cautions.)
Monitor patients during infusion; appropriate diagnostic and treatment facilities, including medications for the treatment of severe adverse reactions (e.g., infusion-related reactions, cardiac arrhythmias) must be readily available.56 (See Infusion-related Effects and also Cardiac Effects under Cautions.)
Prophylaxis against Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly Pneumocystis carinii) pneumonia (PCP) and herpes virus infection recommended in patients with CLL during treatment and for up to 12 months after completion of therapy.1
For solution and drug compatibility information, see Compatibility under Stability.
Administer by IV infusion;1 do not administer by rapid IV injection (e.g., IV push or bolus).1 11
Do not admix with other drugs or administer other drugs in the same IV line with rituximab infusion.1
Must be diluted prior to IV infusion.1 11
Use aseptic technique since drug product contains no preservative.1
Withdraw the appropriate dose of rituximab concentrate and dilute in an appropriate volume of 0.9% sodium chloride or 5% dextrose injection to yield a final rituximab concentration of 1–4 mg/mL;1 gently invert infusion bag several times to ensure complete mixing.1
Discard any unused solution remaining in the vial.1
Rate of Administration
Infuse initial dose at an initial rate of 50 mg/hour; if infusion-related events do not occur, infusion rate may be increased in increments of 50 mg/hour every 30 minutes to a maximum infusion rate of 400 mg/hour.1 11
If first infusion is tolerated well, administer subsequent infusions at an initial rate of 100 mg/hour; infusion rate may be increased in increments of 100 mg/hour every 30 minutes as tolerated to a maximum infusion rate of 400 mg/hour.1
Alternatively, an accelerated (90-minute) infusion may be used beginning with the second dose in patients with previously untreated follicular NHL or previously untreated diffuse large B-cell NHL who are receiving rituximab with a glucocorticoid-containing chemotherapy regimen if they tolerated the first dose (administered at the standard rate) without experiencing grade 3 or 4 infusion-related events.56 64 To administer dose over 90 minutes, administer 20% of total dose over 30 minutes and remaining 80% of dose over next 60 minutes.56 64 If infusion is tolerated, the same 90-minute infusion rate may be used for subsequent doses (through cycle 6 or 8).56 64
Do not administer over 90 minutes in patients with clinically important cardiovascular disease (i.e., uncontrolled hypertension, MI, unstable angina, NYHA class II or greater CHF, ventricular arrhythmia requiring medication within the past year, NYHA class II or greater peripheral vascular disease) or those with high circulating lymphocyte count (≥5000/mm3) before cycle 2.56 64 67
Decrease infusion rate or interrupt infusion if infusion-related events occur.1 Employ a slower infusion rate (i.e., at least 50% reduction in rate) when therapy is resumed following complete resolution of symptoms.1
Relapsed or Refractory Low-grade or Follicular, Antigen CD20-positive, B-cell NHL
375 mg/m2 once weekly for 4 weeks1 7 12 or 8 weeks.1 16
If disease subsequently progresses following response to previous rituximab therapy, administer an additional course of 375 mg/m2 once weekly for 4 weeks.1
Relapsed or Refractory Indolent NHL or Relapsed or Refractory Mantle Cell Lymphoma†
375 mg/m2 has been administered on day 1 of a 28-day cycle for a total of 4–6 cycles, in combination with bendamustine hydrochloride† (90 mg/m2 IV on days 2 and 3).10002 10003 An additional dose of rituximab has been administered one week prior to the first bendamustine-rituximab treatment cycle and repeated at 28 days following the last bendamustine-rituximab treatment cycle.10002 10003
Previously Untreated Follicular, Antigen CD20-Positive, B-Cell NHL
375 mg/m2 on day 1 of each chemotherapy cycle for up to 8 doses.1 56
Previously Untreated Advanced-stage Indolent NHL or Previously Untreated Advanced-stage Mantle Cell Lymphoma†
375 mg/m2 has been administered on day 1 of a 28-day cycle for up to 8 cycles, in combination with bendamustine hydrochloride† (90 mg/m2 IV on days 1 and 2).10001 10018
Nonprogressing, Low-Grade, Antigen CD20-Positive, B-Cell NHL
For patients with nonprogressing (including stable disease) who have received first-line therapy with 6–8 cycles of CVP chemotherapy, 375 mg/m2 once weekly for 4 weeks; repeat every 6 months for up to 16 doses.1
Previously Untreated Diffuse Large B-cell, Antigen CD20-positive, NHL
375 mg/m2 on day 1 of each chemotherapy cycle for up to 8 doses.1
Radioimmunotherapy with Rituximab and Ibritumomab
Step 1 (day 1): Administer rituximab 250 mg/m2.18
Step 2 (day 7, 8, or 9): Administer rituximab 250 mg/m2, followed (within 4 hours) by a therapeutic dose of yttrium Y 90 ibritumomab tiuxetan.1 18
Previously Untreated Antigen CD20-Positive CLL
Cycle 1: 375 mg/m2 on day 0 (one day prior to FC chemotherapy).1 38
Cycles 2–6: 500 mg/m2 on day 1 of each FC chemotherapy cycle; repeat every 28 days for up to 5 doses.1 38
Previously Treated Antigen CD20-Positive Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
1 g administered 2 weeks apart, on days 1 and 15 (for a total of 2 doses).1 May repeat course every 24 weeks or based on clinical response, but no sooner than every 16 weeks between courses.1
Therapy Interruptions or Discontinuance for Toxicity
Depending on the nature and severity of rituximab-related toxicities, slowing of the infusion rate, interruption of the infusion, or discontinuance of the drug may be required; provide appropriate treatment as indicated. 1 (See Cautions and see Rate of Administration under Dosage and Administration.)
Prescribing Limits
Maximum 8 infusions.1
Maximum 16 infusions.1
Maximum 6 cycles of therapy (i.e., 6 rituximab infusions recommended).1 38
Previously Treated Antigen CD20-Positive CLL
Course of rituximab and methotrexate should not be repeated sooner than every 16 weeks.1
No special population dosage recommendations at this time.1
Cautions for Rituxan
No known contraindications.1
Appropriate diagnostic and treatment facilities, including medications for the treatment of severe adverse reactions (e.g., infusion-related reactions, cardiac arrhythmias) must be readily available.54 56
Infusion-related Effects
Risk of severe and sometimes fatal infusion-related reactions (e.g., urticaria, hypotension, angioedema, hypoxia, bronchospasm, pulmonary infiltrates, acute respiratory distress syndrome, MI, VF, cardiogenic shock, anaphylactoid events).1 13 (See Fatal Infusion-related Reactions in Boxed Warning.)
Incidence of infusion reactions is highest with the first infusion and decreases with each subsequent infusion.1 Reactions usually occur between 30–120 minutes after starting infusion.1
If signs and symptoms of a severe infusion reaction occur, interrupt infusion and institute appropriate therapy (e.g., epinephrine, oxygen, bronchodilators, corticosteroids).1 Monitor closely until complete resolution occurs.13 When symptoms have completely resolved, consider resuming infusion at a slower infusion rate (i.e., at least 50% reduction in rate), depending on severity of reaction and required interventions.1
Close monitoring required in patients with preexisting cardiac and/or pulmonary conditions, patients with prior adverse cardiopulmonary events, and patients with high numbers of circulating malignant cells (≥25,000/mm3).1
In patients with NHL, infusion reactions consisting of fever, chills/rigors, nausea, pruritus, angioedema, hypotension, headache, bronchospasm, urticaria, rash, vomiting, myalgia, dizziness, or hypertension usually resolved with slowing or interruption of the infusion and administration of supportive care (e.g., diphenhydramine, acetaminophen, IV sodium chloride injection).1
Mucocutaneous Reactions
Severe and sometimes fatal mucocutaneous reactions, including paraneoplastic pemphigus,1 Stevens-Johnson syndrome,1 47 lichenoid dermatitis,1 vesiculobullous dermatitis,1 and toxic epidermal necrolysis,1 15 have been reported.15 Onset is variable but may occur as early as the first day of rituximab administration.56
Discontinue therapy if a severe mucocutaneous reaction occurs.1 15 Safety of administering additional courses of rituximab in patients who have experienced a mucocutaneous reaction has not been determined.1 15
Reactivation of HBV infection (including fulminant hepatitis, hepatic failure, and death) reported in patients receiving anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, including rituximab.1 19 56 57 58 59 60 65 66
Reactivation reported in patients with the following serologic markers: hepatitis B surface antigen-positive [HBsAg-positive]; HBsAg-negative and hepatitis B core antibody-positive [anti-HBc-positive]; or HBsAg-negative, anti-HBc-positive, and hepatitis B surface antibody-positive [anti-HBs-positive].56 57
FDA's review of 109 reports of fatal HBV-related acute liver injury in patients receiving rituximab or ofatumumab revealed highly variable onset of HBV reactivation (from 63 days after initiation of therapy to 12 months after last dose) and recent or concomitant use of other immunosuppressive agents in all 32 patients with documented (by seroconversion or serum HBV DNA) HBV reactivation.57 Longer intervals to HBV reactivation (up to 24 months after completion of rituximab therapy) also reported.56 58
Screen all patients for HBV infection prior to initiation of rituximab therapy.56 57 62 63 Consult hepatitis expert regarding monitoring and antiviral prophylaxis for patients with evidence of HBV infection (HBsAg-positive with any antibody status or HBsAg-negative and anti-HBc-positive).56 57 Monitor patients with evidence of current or prior HBV infection for clinical or laboratory manifestations of hepatitis or HBV reactivation during therapy and for several months thereafter.56 57 58
If HBV reactivation occurs, discontinue rituximab and any concomitant chemotherapy immediately and initiate appropriate treatment (e.g., antiviral therapy).56 57 Discontinue concomitant chemotherapy until control or resolution of HBV infection is achieved.56 57 Consult expert in managing HBV infection regarding resumption of rituximab once control of HBV reactivation has been achieved.56 Safety of resuming rituximab not known.56 57
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
PML (sometimes fatal) reported in patients with hematologic malignancies or autoimmune diseases (i.e., RA, systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE]†) receiving rituximab.1 35 42 43 46 Most patients with hematologic malignancies had received rituximab in combination with chemotherapy or as a component of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.1 35 Patients with autoimmune diseases had received prior or concurrent therapy with immunosuppressive agents or had possible risk factors for PML (e.g., prior chemotherapy and radiation therapy, long-standing lymphopenia); PML also reported in at least one patient with RA who had not received prior therapy with a TNF antagonist.1 41 PML caused by reactivation of JC virus (latent form present in up to 80% of healthy adults);43 may occur up to 12 months following discontinuance of rituximab.1 Usually causes death or severe disability; no known treatment, prevention, or cure.1 41 42 43
Inform patients of risk of PML prior to initiation of rituximab.1 42 43 Consider PML in any patient presenting with new neurologic manifestations.1 41 43 (See Advice to Patients.) Consider brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), lumbar puncture, and consultation with a neurologist as clinically indicated.1 41
If PML develops, discontinue rituximab and consider dosage reduction or discontinuance of any concomitant chemotherapy or immunosuppressive therapy.1 35 41
Other Warnings/Precautions
Potentially fatal tumor lysis syndrome (i.e., rapid reduction in tumor volume followed by acute renal failure, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hyperuricemia, or hyperphosphatemia) may occur within 12–24 hours of completion of the initial infusion.1
Increased risk in patients with a large tumor burden or a large number of circulating malignant cells (≥25,000/mm3); administer aggressive IV hydration and anti-hyperuricemic therapy in these patients.1
Closely monitor for development of tumor lysis syndrome, including manifestations of renal failure.1 If tumor lysis syndrome develops, institute appropriate medical treatment (e.g., correction of electrolyte abnormalities, monitoring of renal function and fluid balance, any necessary supportive care [e.g., dialysis]). 1
Serious (sometimes fatal) bacterial, fungal, and new or reactivated viral infections reported during and following discontinuance of rituximab therapy.1
Infections in patients with prolonged hypogammaglobulinemia reported.56
New or reactivated viral infections include herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, parvovirus B19, varicella-zoster virus, West Nile virus, HCV, and HBV.1 If serious infections occur, discontinue rituximab and institute appropriate anti-infective therapy.1
JC virus infection resulting in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, sometimes fatal, reported.1 35 (See Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy under Cautions.)
Prophylaxis against PCP (i.e., co-trimoxazole) and herpes virus (i.e., acyclovir or valacyclovir) recommended in patients with CLL during treatment and for up to 12 months after completion of therapy.1 39
Use not recommended in patients with severe, active infections.1
Cardiac Effects
Possible development or recurrence of clinically important arrhythmias and angina.1 7 Cardiac failure reported rarely.1 Discontinue rituximab for serious or life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias.1
Cardiac monitoring recommended during and after all infusions in patients who develop clinically important arrhythmias1 11 or who have a history of cardiac conditions (e.g., arrhythmias, angina).1
Renal Effects
Severe and sometimes fatal renal toxicity can occur after rituximab administration in patients with NHL.1 Acute renal failure requiring dialysis, sometimes resulting in death, reported in patients who experience tumor lysis syndrome (see Tumor Lysis Syndrome under Cautions).1
Renal toxicity reported in patients with NHL receiving investigational regimen consisting of rituximab and cisplatin.1
Monitor patients closely for signs of renal failure.1 Discontinue rituximab therapy if oliguria or increases in Scr occur.1
Bowel Obstruction and Perforation
Abdominal pain, bowel obstruction, and perforation, sometimes fatal, reported in patients receiving rituximab in combination with chemotherapy. 1 Mean time to documented GI perforation was 6 days (range: 1–77 days) in patients with NHL.1
If abdominal pain or repeated vomiting develops, evaluate patient for bowel obstruction.56
Adequate Patient Monitoring and Evaluation
NHL and CLL patients receiving rituximab as monotherapy: monitor CBCs and platelet counts prior to each rituximab course.1
NHL and CLL patients receiving rituximab in combination with chemotherapy: monitor CBCs and platelet counts weekly or monthly during therapy; monitor more frequently if cytopenias develop.1
RA patients: monitor CBCs and platelet counts every 2–4 months during treatment.1
Concomitant Therapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis
Limited data are available regarding safety of concomitant use with biologic agents or DMARDs other than methotrexate.1 If such agents are used concomitantly, monitor patient closely for infections.1
Sensitivity Reactions
Anaphylactoid reactions have occurred as severe infusion-related effects. 1 If severe infusion-related reactions occur, interrupt the infusion and provide appropriate medications and supportive care as clinically indicated.1 (See Infusion-related Effects under Cautions.)
Hematologic Effects
Adverse hematologic effects (mainly lymphopenia1 but also neutropenia,1 7 16 17 leukopenia,1 7 16 thrombocytopenia,1 7 and anemia1 7 ) may be severe. 1 Cytopenias may persist for an extended duration (i.e., months) following discontinuance of therapy.1
Respiratory Effects
Severe, sometimes fatal, respiratory events reported as manifestations or sequelae of infusion-related reactions.1 13 (See Infusion-related Effects under Cautions.)
Delayed pulmonary toxicity (e.g., bronchiolitis obliterans [presenting during and up to 6 months following rituximab infusion], pneumonitis [including interstitial pneumonitis]), sometimes fatal, reported.1 44 45 Most common manifestations include dyspnea, fever, and cough.45 48 If interstitial lung disease is suspected, some clinicians recommend discontinuance of rituximab and initiation of corticosteroid (i.e., glucocorticoid) therapy, along with other clinically appropriate measures (e.g., antibiotics).44 45 48 Manufacturer states safety of continuing or reinitiating rituximab in patients experiencing pneumonitis or bronchiolitis obliterans not established.54 Interstitial pneumonitis reportedly recurred in a limited number of patients following rechallenge with rituximab.48
Assess vaccination status prior to initiating rituximab therapy.1
Manufacturer makes no specific recommendations regarding vaccination in patients with NHL receiving rituximab; consult CDC and US Public Health Service Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) guidelines for recommendations on use of vaccines in individuals with altered immunocompetence.51 53
For patients with RA, follow CDC guidelines for adult immunization and administer non-live (e.g., inactivated) vaccines at least 4 weeks prior to a course of rituximab.1 According to some experts, may administer certain vaccines (e.g., influenza virus vaccine) during rituximab therapy when clinically indicated; however, immune responses are submaximal.50
Manufacturer recommends avoiding administration of live viral vaccines prior to or during rituximab therapy;1 however, according to some experts, may administer such vaccines in patients with RA before initiation of rituximab therapy.50 (See Live Viral Vaccines under Interactions.)
Immunologic Effects
Produces rapid and sustained depletion of B cells from the peripheral blood and tissues.1
In patients with NHL, sustained and clinically important reductions in serum IgM and IgG concentrations observed 5–11 months following rituximab therapy; serum IgG and/or IgM decreased to below normal range in 14% of patients.1 In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, serum immunoglobulin concentrations were reduced at 6 months, with greatest change observed in IgM concentrations.1 Clinical importance of decreased immunoglobulin concentrations in patients receiving rituximab for rheumatoid arthritis is uncertain.1
Positive human antichimeric antibody (HACA) responses detected in about 1% of patients with low-grade or follicular NHL and 11% of patients with RA.1 No increase in infusion reactions in HACA-positive rheumatoid arthritis patients retreated with rituximab.1 Clinical importance of HACA formation in patients receiving rituximab is unclear.1
Reduced immune response to certain vaccines (e.g., pneumococcal vaccine) observed in patients with RA.1 49 (See Immunization under Cautions.)
Electrolyte Effects
Hypophosphatemia and hyperuricemia reported in patients with RA.1 Hypophosphatemia occurred more commonly in patients receiving concomitant corticosteroids.1
Category C.1
Women of childbearing potential should use effective contraceptive methods during therapy and for at least 12 months following completion of therapy.1
Distributed into milk in monkeys.1 Not known whether rituximab is distributed into human milk.1 IgG is distributed into human milk; however, antibodies in breast milk do not appear to enter neonatal and infant circulations in substantial amounts.1 Weigh unknown risks to infant against known benefits of breastfeeding.1
Safety and efficacy not established.1
Pharmacokinetics not evaluated in pediatric patients.1
Low-grade or follicular NHL: Insufficient experience in patients ≥65 years of age to determine whether geriatric patients respond differently than younger adults.1
Diffuse large B-cell NHL: No substantial differences in efficacy relative to younger adults; however, adverse cardiac events (mainly supraventricular arrhythmias) and serious pulmonary events (e.g., pneumonia, pneumonitis) were more common in geriatric patients than in younger adults.1
CLL: No benefit in progression-free survival from addition of rituximab to chemotherapy (fludarabine and cyclophosphamide) among previously treated patients ≥65 years of age or previously untreated patients ≥70 years of age.1 51 Compared with younger patients, patients ≥70 years of age experienced higher incidence of grade 3 or 4 adverse effects, including neutropenia, febrile neutropenia, anemia, and pancytopenia (among patients with previously untreated CLL) and neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, pancytopenia, and infections (among patients with previously treated CLL).1
RA: Increased rate of serious adverse events, including severe infections, malignancies, and cardiovascular events, in older patients.1
Effects of hepatic impairment on pharmacokinetic disposition of rituximab not formally studied.1
Effects of renal impairment on pharmacokinetic disposition of rituximab not formally studied.1
Patients with NHL (incidence ≥25%): Fever,1 7 16 17 chills,1 7 16 17 lymphopenia,1 infection,1 asthenia,1 7 16 17 infusion reactions.1
Patients with CLL (incidence ≥25%): infusion reactions, neutropenia.1
Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (incidence ≥10%): infusion reactions,1 upper respiratory tract infection,1 nasopharyngitis, 1 urinary tract infection,1 bronchitis.1
Interactions for Rituxan
No formal drug interaction studies to date.1
Live Viral Vaccines
Safety and efficacy of live viral vaccines administered following rituximab therapy have not been established;1 manufacturer states use not recommended prior to or during rituximab therapy.1 However, according to some experts, may administer live viral vaccines in patients with RA before initiation of rituximab therapy.50
Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDS)
Limited data available on the safety of concomitant use with DMARDs other than methotrexate.1 (See Concomitant Therapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis under Cautions.)
Biologic Agents
Limited data available on the safety of concomitant use with biologic agents.1 (See Concomitant Therapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis under Cautions.)
CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone)
Pharmacokinetic disposition of rituximab not altered with concomitant use1
Cisplatin
Increased risk of renal toxicity1 (see Renal Effects under Cautions)
Extreme caution should be used if administered concomitantly; monitor patients closely for signs of renal toxicity1
Systemic exposure to cyclophosphamide not altered with concomitant use1
Fludarabine
Systemic exposure to fludarabine not altered with concomitant use1
Rituxan Pharmacokinetics
Circulating B cells depleted within 3 weeks after the first dose in patients with NHL.1 Depletion of circulating B cells is nearly complete within 2 weeks after the first dose in patients with RA.1
Depletion of circulating B cells lasted for up to 6–9 months in 83% of patients with NHL in one study.1 Following completion of rituximab therapy, recovery of B cells begins at approximately 6 months, and median levels of B cells return to normal by 12 months.1
Depletion of circulating B cells generally lasts for ≥6 months in patients with RA, followed by gradual return to normal.1 Depletion may be prolonged (>3 years) in small percentage of patients.1
Plasma Concentrations
Serum concentrations detectable for 3–6 months following completion of 4-dose course of therapy for NHL.1
Binding of rituximab observed on lymphoid cells in the thymus, the white pulp of the spleen, and most B cells in peripheral blood and lymph nodes.1 Little or no binding observed on nonlymphoid tissues.1
Rituximab crosses the placenta.1 Not known whether rituximab distributes into milk in humans; however, human IgG distributes into milk.1 (See Lactation under Cautions.)
Terminal half-life is approximately 22 days (range: 6.1–52 days) in patients with NHL.1 Clearance is increased in patients with higher CD19-positive cell count or larger tumor burden.1
Terminal half-life is approximately 32 days (range: 14–62 days) in patients with CLL.1
Mean terminal elimination half-life is 18 days (range: 5–78 days) in patients with RA.1 Clearance is 0.335 L/day (approximately 0.014 L/hour).1
Pharmacokinetics not affected by age or gender in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.1
Pharmacokinetics not affected by age, weight, and gender in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.1
Pharmacokinetics not evaluated in patients with renal or hepatic impairment.1
Injection Concentrate
2–8°C; protect from direct sunlight;1 do not freeze or shake.1
Following dilution as recommended, store for up to 24 hours at 2–8°C.1
For information on systemic interactions resulting from concomitant use, see Interactions.
No incompatibilities between rituximab and PVC or polyethylene bags have been observed.1
Solution Compatibility
Compatible1
Dextrose 5% in water
Sodium chloride 0.9%
An IgG1 kappa immunoglobulin containing murine light-chain and heavy-chain variable region sequences and human constant region sequences.1 2
Binds specifically to antigen CD20 (human B-lymphocyte-restricted differentiation antigen, Bp35), a hydrophobic transmembrane protein located on pre-B and mature B lymphocytes.1 3 11 Antigen CD20 is expressed on >90% of B-cell NHL but is not found on hematopoietic stem cells, early pre-B cells, normal plasma cells, or other normal tissues.1 3 11
Following binding of the Fab domain of rituximab to antigen CD20 on B lymphocytes, the Fc domain triggers a host immune response causing lysis of normal and malignant B cells.1 3
The exact mechanism of cell lysis has not been fully elucidated but may involve complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC).1 2 3 4
Produces a rapid and sustained depletion of B cells from the peripheral blood and tissues.1
Inhibits cellular proliferation and induces apoptosis in some NHL cell lines.1 5 Also increases the in vitro sensitivity of certain chemoresistant human lymphoma cell lines to some cytotoxic agents, including doxorubicin.5
Associated with reductions of certain biologic markers of inflammation (including interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, rheumatoid factor) in patients with RA.1
Importance of reading the manufacturer's patient information (medication guide) before each infusion.1
Risk of serious and sometimes fatal adverse effects, including cardiac effects, infusion-related effects, mucocutaneous reactions, tumor lysis syndrome, and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.1 42 43 Importance of immediately informing clinician if hives, swelling, dizziness, blurred vision, drowsiness, weakness, feeling faint, headache, cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, or trouble breathing occurs; if severe skin reactions (painful sores, ulcers, blisters, peeling skin, rash, or pustules) occur; if new or worsening medical problems (confusion, trouble thinking, loss of balance, change in walking or talking, decreased strength or weakness on one side of body, or blurred or loss of vision) occur; or if heart problems (chest pain, irregular heart beats) occur.1 42 43
Risk of reactivation of HBV infection.1 57 Importance of informing clinician of presence of HBV carrier state or of any history of HBV infection.1 57
Risk of other potentially serious infections.1 Importance of promptly reporting flu-like symptoms, persistent cough, fever, chills, congestion, tiredness, body aches, earache, headache, pain during urination, white patches in mouth or throat, or cuts/scrapes/incisions that are red, warm, swollen, or painful.1
Importance of promptly reporting abdominal pain.1
Importance of informing clinicians of existing or contemplated therapy, including prescription (e.g., TNF inhibitor, disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug) and OTC drugs, contemplated vaccinations, as well as any concomitant illnesses (e.g., cardiovascular or respiratory disease, current or recurrent infections).1
Importance of women informing their clinician if they are or plan to become pregnant or plan to breast-feed.1
riTUXimab
For injection concentrate, for IV infusion
10 mg/mL (100 and 500 mg)
IDEC, (also promoted by Genentech)
AHFS DI Essentials™. © Copyright 2019, Selected Revisions June 29, 2016. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 4500 East-West Highway, Suite 900, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.
† Use is not currently included in the labeling approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.
1. Biogen Idec/Genentech. Rituxan (rituximab) prescribing information. San Diego/South San Francisco, CA; 2010 Feb.
2. Maloney DG, Grillo-López AJ, White CA et al. IDEC-C2B8 (rituximab) anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy in patients with relapsed low-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Blood. 1997; 90:2188-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9310469?dopt=AbstractPlus
3. Maloney DG, Liles TM, Czerwinski DK et al. Phase I clinical trial using escalating single-dose infusion of chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (IDEC-C2B8) in patients with recurrent B-cell lymphoma. Blood. 1994; 84:2457-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7522629?dopt=AbstractPlus
4. Maloney DG, Grillo-López AJ, Bodkin DJ et al. IDEC-C2B8: results of a phase I multiple-dose trial in patients with relapsed non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 1997; 15:3266-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9336364?dopt=AbstractPlus
5. Demidem A, Lam T, Alas S et al. Chimeric anti-CD20 (IDEC-C2B8) monoclonal antibody sensitizes a B cell lymphoma cell line to cell killing by cytotoxic drugs. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 1997; 12:177-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10851464?dopt=AbstractPlus
6. Food and Drug Administration. Orphan designations pursuant to Section 526 of the Federal Food and Cosmetic Act as amended by the Orphan Drug Act (P.L. 97-414), to June 28, 1996. Rockville, MD. From FDA website http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/opdlisting/oopd/index.cfm.
7. McLaughlin P, Grillo-Lopez AJ, Link BK et al. Rituximab chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy for relapsed indolent lymphoma: half of patients respond to a four-dose treatment program. J Clin Oncol. 1998; 16:2825-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9704735?dopt=AbstractPlus
8. Czuczman M, Grillo-López AJ, White CA et al. IDEC-C2B8/CHOP chemoimmunotherapy in patients with low-grade lymphoma: clinical and bcl-2 (PCR) final results. Blood. 1996; 88(Suppl 1):453A.
9. Adult non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. From: PDQ. Physician data query (database). Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute; 2007 Apr 5.
10. US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). First monoclonal antibody approved to treat cancer. Rockville, MD. 1997 Nov 26. Press release No. P97-39.
11. Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA: Personal communication.
12. Anon. Rituximab for non-Hodgkins lymphoma. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 1998; 40:65-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9653426?dopt=AbstractPlus
13. Hellmann SD, Grillo-Lopez AJ. Dear doctor letter regarding important prescribing information on severe infusion-related events and deaths with Rituxan (rituximab). South San Francisco, CA; 1998 Dec 5.
14. Anon. Drugs of choice for cancer. Treat Guidel Med Lett. 2003; 1:41-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15529105?dopt=AbstractPlus
15. Hellmann SD, Grint PC. Dear healthcare provider letter regarding important drug warning and updated safety information on severe mucocutaneous reactions and deaths with Rituxan (rituximab). South San Francisco, CA; 2001 May 8.
16. Piro LD, White CA, Grillo-Lopez AJ et al. Extended rituximab (anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody) therapy for relapsed or refractory low-grade or follicular non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Ann Oncol. 1999; 10:655-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10442187?dopt=AbstractPlus
17. Davis TA, Grillo-Lopez AJ, White CA et al. Rituximab anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: safety and efficacy of re-treatment. J Clin Oncol. 2000; 18:3135-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10963642?dopt=AbstractPlus
18. Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Zevalin (ibritumomab tiuxetan) injection prescribing information. Irvine, CA; 2011 Nov.
19. Barron H, Soo W. Dear healthcare professional letter regarding important drug warning and updated safety information on hepatitis B reactivation with fulminant hepatitis, hepatic failure, and death with Rituxan (rituximab). South San Francisco, CA; 2004 Jul 12.
20. Marcus R, Imrie K, Belch A et al. CVP chemotherapy plus rituximab compared with CVP as first-line treatment for advanced follicular lymphoma. Blood. 2005; 105:1417-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15494430?dopt=AbstractPlus
21. Habermann TM, Weller EA, Morrison VA et al. Rituximab-CHOP versus CHOP alone or with maintenance rituximab in older patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2006; 24:3121-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16754935?dopt=AbstractPlus
22. Coiffier B, Lepage E, Briere J et al. CHOP chemotherapy plus rituximab compared with CHOP alone in elderly patients with diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346:235-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11807147?dopt=AbstractPlus
23. Pfreundschuh M, Trumper L, Osterborg A et al. CHOP-like chemotherapy plus rituximab versus CHOP-like chemotherapy alone in young patients with good-prognosis diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma: a randomised controlled trial by the MabThera International Trial (MInT) Group. Lancet Oncol. 2006; 7:379-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16648042?dopt=AbstractPlus
24. Cohen SB, Emery P, Greenwald MW et al. Rituximab for rheumatoid arthritis refractory to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial evaluating primary efficacy and safety at twenty-four weeks. Arthritis Rheum. 2006; 54:2793-806. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16947627?dopt=AbstractPlus
25. Edwards JC, Szczepanski L, Szechinski J et al. Efficacy of B-cell-targeted therapy with rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2004; 350:2572-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15201414?dopt=AbstractPlus
26. IDEC Pharmaceuticals/Genentech. Rituxan (rituximab) prescribing information. San Diego/South San Francisco, CA; 2004 Jun.
27. Feugier P, Van Hoof A, Sebban C et al. Long-term results of the R-CHOP study in the treatment of elderly patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a study by the Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes de l'Adulte. J Clin Oncol. 2005; 23:4117-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15867204?dopt=AbstractPlus
28. Friedberg JW. Rituximab for early-stage diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma. Lancet Oncol. 2006; 7:357-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16648037?dopt=AbstractPlus
29. Hochster HS, Weller E, Ryan T et al. Results of E1496: a phase III trial of CVP with or without maintenance rituximab in advanced indolent lymphoma (NHL). Proc ASCO. 2004; Abstract No. 6502.
30. Forstpointner R, Unterhalt M, Dreyling M et al. Maintenance therapy with rituximab leads to a significant prolongation of response duration after salvage therapy with a combination of rituximab, fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and mitoxantrone (R-FCM) in patients with recurring and refractory follicular and mantle cell lymphomas: results of a prospective randomized study of the German Low Grade Lymphoma Study Group (GLSG). Blood. 2006; 108:4003-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16946304?dopt=AbstractPlus
31. van Oers MH, Klasa R, Marcus RE et al. Rituximab maintenance improves clinical outcome of relapsed/resistant follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma in patients both with and without rituximab during induction: results of a prospective randomized phase 3 intergroup trial. Blood. 2006; 108:3295-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16873669?dopt=AbstractPlus
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33. Arnold DM, Dentali F, Crowther MA et al. Systematic review: efficacy and safety of rituximab for adults with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Ann Intern Med. 2007; 146:25-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17200219?dopt=AbstractPlus
34. Bennett CM, Rogers ZR, Kinnamon DD et al. Prospective phase 1/2 study of rituximab in childhood and adolescent chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood. 2006; 107:2639-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16352811?dopt=AbstractPlus http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1895391&blobtype=pdf
35. Barron H, Pickett C. Dear healthcare professional letter regarding important drug warning and updated safety information on progressive multifocal encephalopathy in patients receiving Rituxan (rituximab). South San Francisco, CA; 2006 Dec.
36. Ahmed AR, Spigelman Z, Cavacini LA et al. Treatment of pemphigus vulgaris with rituximab and intravenous immune globulin. N Engl J Med. 2006; 355:1772-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17065638?dopt=AbstractPlus
37. Andersohn F, Konzen C, Garbe E. Systematic review: agranulocytosis induced by nonchemotherapy drugs. Ann Intern Med. 2007; 146:657-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17470834?dopt=AbstractPlus
38. Hallek M, Fingerle-Rowson G, Fink AM et al. First-line treatment with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab (FCR) improves overall survival in previously untreated patients with advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia CLL: Results of a randomized phase III trial on behalf of an international group of investigators and the German CLL group. Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of ASH, New Orleans, LA, 2009 Dec 5–8. Abstract No. 535.
39. Robak T, Dmoszynska A, Solal-Céligny P et al. Rituximab plus fludarabine and cyclophosphamide prolongs progression-free survival compared with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide alone in previously treated chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2010; 28:1756-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20194844?dopt=AbstractPlus
40. Tamary H, Roganovic J, Chitlur M et al. Consensus Paper-ICIS Expert Meeting Basel 2009 treatment milestones in immune thrombocytopenia. Ann Hematol. 2010; :. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20358200?dopt=AbstractPlus http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2900598&blobtype=pdf
41. Hagerty D. Dear healthcare professional letter regarding important drug warning and updated safety information on progressive multifocal encephalopathy associated with Rituxan (rituximab). South San Francisco, CA; 2009 Oct.
42. FDA public health advisory: Life-threatening brain infection in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus after Rituxan (rituximab) treatment. Rockville, MD; 2006 Dec 18. From FDA web site http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/DrugSafetyInformationforHeathcareProfessionals/PublicHealthAdvisories/ucm124345.htm.
43. Food and Drug Administration. FDA alert for healthcare professionals on rituximab (marketed as Rituxan). From FDA website http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm126519.htm. Accessed 2007 May 23.
44. Heresi GA, Farver CF, Stoller JK. Interstitial pneumonitis and alveolar hemorrhage complicating use of rituximab: case report and review of the literature. Respiration. 2008; 76:449-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17596682?dopt=AbstractPlus
45. Wagner SA, Mehta AC, Laber DA. Rituximab-induced interstitial lung disease. Am J Hematol. 2007; 82:916-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17597477?dopt=AbstractPlus
46. Carson KR, Evens AM, Richey EA et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after rituximab therapy in HIV-negative patients: a report of 57 cases from the Research on Adverse Drug Events and Reports project. Blood. 2009; 113:4834-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19264918?dopt=AbstractPlus http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2686134&blobtype=pdf
47. Lowndes S, Darby A, Mead G et al. Stevens-Johnson syndrome after treatment with rituximab. Ann Oncol. 2002; 13:1948-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12453865?dopt=AbstractPlus
48. Liu X, Hong XN, Gu YJ et al. Interstitial pneumonitis during rituximab-containing chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma. 2008; 49:1778-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18798110?dopt=AbstractPlus
49. Bingham CO, Looney RJ, Deodhar A et al. Immunization responses in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with rituximab: results from a controlled clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2010; 62:64-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20039397?dopt=AbstractPlus
50. Furst DE, Keystone EC, Fleischmann R et al. Updated consensus statement on biological agents for the treatment of rheumatic diseases, 2009. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010; 69 Suppl 1:i2-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19995740?dopt=AbstractPlus
51. Genentech, South San Francisco, CA: Personal Communication.
52. Winkler U, Jensen M, Manzke O et al. Cytokine-release syndrome in patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and high lymphocyte counts after treatment with an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab, IDEC-C2B8). Blood. 1999; 94:2217-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10498591?dopt=AbstractPlus
53. Center for Disease Control and Prevention.Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP); use of vaccines and immune globulins in persons with altered immunocompetence. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1993; 42(No. RR-4):1-18. From CDC website (http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00023141.htm). http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr4204.pdf
54. Biogen Idec/Genentech. Rituxan (rituximab) prescribing information. San Diego/South San Francisco, CA; 2007 Feb 21.
55. Morschhauser F, Radford J, Van Hoof A et al. Phase III trial of consolidation therapy with yttrium-90-ibritumomab tiuxetan compared with no additional therapy after first remission in advanced follicular lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2008; 26:5156-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18854568?dopt=AbstractPlus
56. Biogen Idec/Genentech. Rituxan (rituximab) prescribing information. South San Francisco, CA; 2013 Sept.
57. Food and Drug Administration. Drug safety communication: Boxed warning and new recommendations to decrease risk of hepatitis B reactivation with the immune-suppressing and anti-cancer drugs Arzerra (ofatumumab) and rituxan (rituximab) [2013 Sep 25]. From FDA website. http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm366406.htm
58. Chew E, Thursky K, Seymour JF. Very late onset hepatitis-B virus reactivation following rituximab despite lamivudine prophylaxis: the need for continued vigilance. Leuk Lymphoma. 2013; :.
59. Oh MJ, Lee HJ. A study of hepatitis B virus reactivation associated with rituximab therapy in real-world clinical practice: a single-center experience. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2013; 19:51-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23593610?dopt=AbstractPlus http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3622856&blobtype=pdf
60. Yang JD, Girotra M, Vaid A et al. Hepatitis B reactivation in patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma receiving rituximab-based chemotherapy: need for education and attention. J Ark Med Soc. 2013; 110:110-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24367885?dopt=AbstractPlus
61. Artz AS, Somerfield MR, Feld JJ et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology provisional clinical opinion: chronic hepatitis B virus infection screening in patients receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy for treatment of malignant diseases. J Clin Oncol. 2010; 28:3199-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20516452?dopt=AbstractPlus
62. European Association For The Study Of The Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines: Management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 2012; 57:167-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22436845?dopt=AbstractPlus
63. Lok AS, McMahon BJ. Chronic hepatitis B: update 2009. Hepatology. 2009; 50:661-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19714720?dopt=AbstractPlus
64. Dakhil S, Hermann R, Schreeder MT et al. Phase III safety study of rituximab administered as a 90-minute infusion in patients with previously untreated diffuse large B-cell and follicular lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma. 2014; :. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24471908?dopt=AbstractPlus
65. Gigi E, Georgiou T, Mougiou D et al. Hepatitis B reactivation in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis with antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen treated with rituximab.Hippokratia. 2013; 17(1):91–3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23935355?dopt=AbstractPlus
66. Yang SH, Kuo SH. Reactivation of hepatitis B virus during rituximab treatment of a patient with follicular lymphoma. Ann Hematol. 2008; 87:325-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17932671?dopt=AbstractPlus
67. A study of rituximab alternative dosing rate in patients with previously untreated diffuse large B-cell or follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (RATE). From National Institutes of Health clinical trials website. Accessed 2014 Apr 28. http://clinicaltrials.gov
10001. Rummel MJ, Niederle N, Maschmeyer G et al. Bendamustine plus rituximab versus CHOP plus rituximab as first-line treatment for patients with indolent and mantle-cell lymphomas: an open-label, multicentre, randomised, phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2013; 381:1203-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23433739?dopt=AbstractPlus
10002. Rummel MJ, Al-Batran SE, Kim SZ, et al. Bendamustine plus rituximab is effective and has a favorable toxicity in the treatment of mantle cell and low-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:3383-9.
10003. Robinson KS, Williams ME, van der Jagt RH et al. Phase II multicenter study of bendamustine plus rituximab in patients with relapsed indolent B-cell and mantle cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:4473-9.
10018. Flinn IW, van der Jagt R, Kahl BS et al. Randomized trial of bendamustine-rituximab or R-CHOP/R-CVP in first-line treatment of indolent NHL or MCL: the BRIGHT study. Blood. 2014; 123:2944-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24591201?dopt=AbstractPlus http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4260975&blobtype=pdf
10019. AHFS final determination of medical ccceptance: Off-label use of rituximab in combination with bendamustine for previously untreated indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or mantle cell lymphoma. Published May 24, 2016.
10020. AHFS final determination of medical ccceptance: Off-label use of rituximab in combination with bendamustine for relapsed or refractory indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or mantle cell lymphoma. Published May 24, 2016.
What is the difference between Truxima and Rituxan?
How many biosimilars have been approved in the United States?
What is the difference between Rituxan and Rituxan Hycela?
More about Rituxan (rituximab)
Drug class: antirheumatics
Rituxan (Advanced Reading)
Rituxan (FDA)
Rituximab (AHFS Monograph)
Other brands: Truxima
Follicular Lymphoma
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Genentech, Inc.
Antirheumatics
CD20 monoclonal antibodies
prednisone, methotrexate, Humira, Plaquenil, hydroxychloroquine, azathioprine, Enbrel, Remicade, Revlimid, cyclophosphamide
Rituxan reviews
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Trump says will sign 'emergency' to build border
Friday 15 February 2019 - 6:17pm
File: President Donald Trump told the four congresswomen to "go back" to their countries of origin.
WASHINGTON - President Donald Trump, repeating his claim that "walls work," announced Friday that he will declare a national emergency in order to build a barrier on the US-Mexico border without funding from Congress.
READ: Frustrated Trump says a wall 'is a WALL!'
"I'm going to be signing a national emergency," Trump said, repeating his claim that a wall is needed to stop an "invasion" of drugs, gangs, human traffickers and undocumented migrants over the US border with Mexico.
"Everyone knows that walls work," said Trump, whose declaration will enable him to reprogram other federal funds towards the contested wall project.
READ: Trump on ending shutdown: 'We have to build the wall'
House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, Trump's Democratic nemesis in Congress, earlier warned that declaring such an emergency would be a "gross abuse of the power of the presidency."
Trump tells congresswomen to leave if not happy
President Donald Trump also accused the four Democrats, all of whom are women of colour, of having "love" for US "enemies like Al-Qaeda."
Trump under fire for 'racist' attack on US congresswomen
US President Donald Trump did not identify the targets of his comments by name.
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A Surprisingly Civil Debate About Gas Versus Charcoal
Amiel Stanek
Weekly Meal Plan: July 15-19
Debbie Koenig
The Best Mixing Bowls for Giant Salads, Movie Night Popcorn, and Cookie Dough
Sarah Karnasiewicz
The Breville Precision Brewer Coffee Maker Is the Prime Day Deal I've Been Waiting For
Elaheh Nozari
Why Does Garlic Turn Blue?
And is it safe to eat it?
Katherine Sacks
A few weeks ago, the Epi kitchen was knee-deep in pickling jars and we noticed something weird: all the pickled garlic had turned blue. Shocked, we reached out to some food scientists to figure out what the heck was going on.
Turns out, the scientists are nearly as stumped as we were when it comes to blue garlic. “We don’t know a lot about this,” says Dr. Luke LaBorde of Penn State University’s Department of Food Science. “It’s definitely enzymatic and nonenzymatic reactions occurring in the garlic, but we really don’t know entirely why.” Only a few papers have been written on the subject, but it's not as if the study of color-changing garlic is a booming field.
How to Buy and Store Garlic
As far as they can tell, garlic enzymes—which give it that distinct flavor—break down over time. Naturally occurring sulfur in the garlic interacts with those enzymes, occasionally turning it slightly green or blue. Sometimes the color change happens, sometimes it doesn't. Shifts in temperature, pH, and the age of the garlic can also come into play, so heating it or mixing it with acid might have some affect.
Which means blue garlic is not just a pickling problem. Anytime you cook garlic or onions in a high-acid solution—say you sauté them, then deglaze the pan with lemon juice—this issue could occur. It also might happen simply by storing garlic for too long.
If you want to avoid the smurf coloration, using fresh garlic is your best best, says LaBorde. Older garlic apparently colors more often. In fact, in China, where a pickled garlic called Laba is prized for its green and blue color, garlic is aged for several months to increase the coloration.
LaBorde also suggests blanching: "Try putting them in hot water for a short period of time, which might slow down or inactivate the enzymes."
The good news is, the color doesn't affect the taste or safety of the garlic. "Nothing suggests the color affects the taste or flavor of the food," says LaBorde. "You're just rearranging some molecules inside the garlic. Even if it’s blue, it should be okay."
Spicy Garlic Pickles
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ECA Presents Masters of Hawaiian Music with George Kahumoku Jr., Nathan Aweau & Jeff Peterson
Three Masters share Hawai‘i’s unique folk styles. Featuring four-time Grammy-winner, master slack key guitarist George Kahumoku Jr.; talented multi-instrumentalist, Nathan Aweau, who has been part of such award-winning groups as HAPA, Ka‘eo, and The Ali‘I ; and virtuoso Jeff Peterson, who has received multiple Awards for Best Slack Key Guitar and has five songs featured in the award-winning George Clooney film The Descendants.
Sponsored by Kim & Gary Griffiths
Please note: This performance will be CART (Communication Access Real-time Translation) captioned for patrons who are deaf or hard-of-hearing. Please reserve an iPad in advance or the day of the performance at the ECA Box Office. iPads are available on a first-come, first served basis.
ECA Presents Masters of Hawaiian Music with George Kahumoku Jr., Nathan Aweau &amp; Jeff Peterson
Category: ECA Presents - Presented Events
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DUI Attorneys and DUI Lawyers
Find local DUI attorneys and DUI lawyers to help you with your drunk driving defense.
Call for a FREE DUI Consultation
North Texas District Attorney to Resign After DWI Arrest
Early in the morning on July 5, 2006, District Attorney Tim Cole was arrested on drunk driving charges at Lake Texoma Lodge in Kingston, Oklahoma. Cole’s blood-alcohol level was at 0.15 – Oklahoma’s state’s legal limit is 0.08. Cole was arrested for DUI and was also found carrying a weapon.
The following morning, district attorney for Montague, Archer, and Clay counties, Tim Cole, reported that he would be resigning due to the charges, although he did not mention when.
Cole had been re-elected to another four-year term in 2004, and won several high-profile cases in his past.
Cole was set to try the murder case of former Nocona nurse, Vickie Dawn Jackson, accused of killing ten of her patients. The case was to begin in October. Due to intense pretrial publicity, the case is being moved to San Angelo and will most likely be delayed as a result of Cole’s pending resignation.
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Discoveries Fossils
The punny, the peculiar & the unpronounceable: The best prehistoric animal names
By David Moscato October 11 2017
When it comes to naming ancient species, some palaeontologists have a little more fun than others.
Every species – alive or extinct – receives a two-part scientific name, made up of its genus and species. From Homo sapiens to Tyrannosaurus rex, each of those monikers has a meaning and a story, and while most names are pretty straightforward, sometimes palaeontologists get a bit more creative.
So, in a nod to National Fossil Day in the US, here's a list of some of the greatest prehistoric naming hits from across the fossil record.
The devil frog: Beelzebufo
An artist's depiction of Beelzebufo ampinga munching on a small theropod dinosaur. Image: Nobu Tamura/Wikimedia Commons
In the land of Madagascar, 70 million years ago, near the end of the "Age of Dinosaurs", there lived one hell of a frog.
Weighing a hefty five kilograms (10lbs) or more, this ancient amphibian might be the largest frog of all time: it boasted an armoured skull with jaws 15cm (6in) wide, capable of delivering a bite wicked enough to put small dinosaurs on the menu.
Faced with the task of naming this demon-frog in 2008, Susan Evans and colleagues came up with Beelzebufo, combining "Bufo" from the Latin for "toad" and Beelzebub, a most devilish namesake.
Fun fact: the frog's full name is Beelzebufo ampinga. The species epithet, ampinga, comes from the Malagasy word for "shield", referring to the frog's bony-armoured head.
The once-mighty mastodon
Mammoth chompers. Image: James St. John/Flickr
Mastodon means "boob tooth" – no kidding.
The easiest way to tell a mastodon from a mammoth is to look at the teeth: mammoth chompers are flat and grooved, while mastodon teeth are bumpy and look … well, like breasts. At least that's what the father of palaeontology, Georges Cuvier, thought! (The first half of the name "mastodon" comes from the same Greek root as the word "mastectomy".)
The meaning of mastodon has changed over the years. When Cuvier came up with the name in 1817, he intended Mastodon to be the genus for one specific extinct proboscidean (a member of the mammal group that includes elephants and their extinct relatives), but that ancient animal turned out to be no different from a genus that had already been named Mammut. By the rules of taxonomy (scientific naming), the original name stuck, and "Mastodon" was dropped, but the word became so popular that we now use it to refer to a whole section of the elephant family tree, including Mammut and its relatives: the mastodons.
Fun fact: An alternative name given to Mammut, and later dropped for the same reason, was Leviathan!
Han solo, the trilobite
Artist's recreation of Han solo (left), and the fossil of a related trilobite (right). Images: Apokryltaros, Parent Géry/Wikimedia Commons
Trilobites, the ubiquitous bugs of the Paleozoic Era (a long time ago), are some of the most famous fossils on the planet, but few have such famous names.
In 2007, Samuel Turvey described a collection of trilobites from China, including a few new species. For one of them, he invented the genus Han, named – as he explained – after the Han Chinese of the region. And since this was the very last known trilobite of its kind (a group called diplagnostids), he gave it a lonesome species name: solo.
(And that's how a scientist cleverly justifies naming a 514-million-year-old arthropod after the legendary captain of the Millennium Falcon.)
Fun fact: Another new trilobite species Turvey named in the same paper was Geragnostus waldorfstatleri, a nod to the famous hecklers from The Muppet Show.
Owen's ninja turtle
Ninjemys oweni (the crusty one on the right). Image: Wikimedia Commons
During the last Ice Age (the Pleistocene Epoch), Australia was home to some gnarly reptiles, including a species of turtle with horns on its head, a club on its tail and a body weight upwards of 200 kilograms (440lbs). An animal like that requires a bodacious name, so Eugene Gaffney named it Ninjemys, the "ninja turtle".
Unlike Turvey's Han solo, Gaffney made no effort to reason around his nerdery. He explained right there in the scientific paper that the name is "in allusion to that totally rad, fearsome foursome epitomising shelled success".
The turtle's full name is Ninjemys oweni, in honour for palaeontologist Richard Owen (this species was originally Meiolania oweni, but Gaffney re-assigned the genus).
Fun fact: Pop-culture references abound in paleontological naming! Just this year, we've seen a dinosaur named after a Ghostbusters villain and a mammal-relative with a moniker suspiciously similar to a Pokémon.
Image: Scorpion451/Wikimedia Commons
Imagine encountering a fossil creature so bizarre you don't know which end is up.
In 1977, Simon Conway Morris struggled to describe a positively phantasmagorical animal with 14 paired "stilts" and 14 paired "tentacles" running along its wormy body, and a strange bulb-like structure at one end. Its remains are found in the Burgess Shale, a Canadian fossil site that hosts some of the earliest and strangest animal life in the fossil record, from over 500 million years ago.
The creature defied the palaeontologist's attempts to explain its body features, or to identify it among known animals (indeed, many of his initial guesses turned out to be incorrect), and he gave it a fittingly fantastic name: Hallucigenia, referring to "the bizarre and dream-like appearance of the animal".
Fun fact: Another enigmatic fossil creature that received a suitably fanciful name is the 309-million-year-old Illinois creature Tullimonstrum, the "Tully Monster".
Kimmeridgebrachypteraeschnidium
Try saying that name three times fast. Or even one time slowly.
Kimmeridgebrachypteraeschnidium etchesi is an extinct dragonfly from the Jurassic Period, around 150 million years ago, named in 2003. It makes the list simply because, as far as I can tell, it has the world's longest genus name! And if it isn't the longest, it's gotta be close!
Crammed into the 31 letters of its genus are references to the location where it was found – Kimmeridge Bay, in the UK – its short wings, and the group of dragonflies it belongs to: the Aeschnidiidae.
Fun fact: Fossil genus names can also be ridiculously short, such as the dinosaurs Yi and Zby.
Baby dragon
An artist's reconstruction of a fully grown Beibeilong, incubating its giant eggs. Image: Zhao Chunag
More than two decades ago, a 90-million-year-old dinosaur embryo was discovered among a nest of giant eggs in China. This tiny fossil eventually earned the affectionate name "Baby Louie", and when researchers finally got to assign it a scientific name earlier this year, they opted for the adorable moniker Beibeilong, from Chinese words meaning "baby dragon".
Funnily enough, the palaeontologists estimated that an adult Beibeilong would have been a feathery giant around eight metres (30 feet) long and weighing over two tons, so if an adult is ever discovered, you may someday walk into a museum to see a bus-sized skeleton labelled "baby dragon"!
Fun fact: Beibeilong isn't the only dinosaur that received a cutesy name based on the fossil's informal nickname. There's a similar story behind the little predator Bambiraptor.
The "bird mimics"
Aepyornithomimus, one of the ostrich-like "bird mimic" dinosaurs. Image: Masato Hattori/Wikimedia Commons
Some fossil names are trendsetters! In 1890, palaeontologist Othniel Charles Marsh named a long-legged, fast-running bipedal dinosaur Ornithomimus, the "bird mimic", because it strongly resembled modern-day flightless birds. Years later, another closely related dinosaur was named Struthiomimus, the "ostrich mimic".
Since then, this group of dinosaurs (the ornithomimosaurs) has welcomed many more additions, including: Dromiceiomimus, the "emu mimic"; Gallimimus, the "chicken mimic"; Garudimimus, the "Garuda (a bird of Hindu legend) mimic"; Harpymimus, the "harpy mimic"; Anserimimus, the "goose mimic"; Pelecanimimus, the "pelican mimic"; and Tototlmimus, another "bird mimic".
Not all of those names are still in use, but more continue to be added to the list, such as Aepyornithomimus, a "mimic" of the extinct Madagascar elephant bird (Aepyornis), named just this year.
Fun fact: There are other "mimics" on other parts of the dinosaur family tree! For example, there's the big predator Suchomimus ("crocodile mimic") and the fluffy-tailed Sciurimimus ("squirrel mimic").
Press the centre of your tongue against the high roof of your mouth and make a "click" noise. That is a post-alveolar click, the sound at the beginning of this dinosaur's name: "n-*click*-webasaurus".
Nqwebasaurus was a small, early relative of the "ostrich-mimics" that lived 140 million years ago in South Africa. It is named after the region where it was discovered, which is called Nqweba in the local language, Xhosa.
The Latinised pronunciation of this animal's name would be "n-KWE-ba" – this is actually how the authors of the original paper spelled it out – but if you want to pay homage to the original language, and impress your friends, then practice that post-alveolar click!
Fun fact: Weaving local languages into dinosaur names can produce lots of memorable results, such as the Argentinian sauropod Futalognksosaurus and the Arctic tyrannosaur Nanuqsaurus.
The conquered lorikeet
Image: FunkMonk/Wikimedia Commons
Take a trip around the tropical islands of the Pacific, and you might encounter the ostentatiously coloured lorikeets of the genus Vini. There are several species alive today, but when palaeontologists David Steadman and Marie Zarriello explored the fossils of the Marquesas Islands, they discovered that when humans arrived in the birds' home, not all Vini species survived the encounter.
In naming those extinct species, Steadman and Zarriello came up with one of the cleverest puns in all of fossil nomenclature: Vini vidivici, inspired by Caesar's famous declaration, "Veni, vidi, vici".
The scientists explain the name in their paper: "The meaning, 'I came, I saw, I conquered', may be projected into the prehistoric situation in the Marquesas and elsewhere in Polynesia, where people came to an island, saw the native parrots, and then conquered them, leaving behind only the bones."
Fun fact: This list would be incomplete without mentioning that, in 1763, before the word "dinosaur" was even invented, physician Robert Brookes assigned a binomial name to the bulbous end of a dinosaur femur. Some have called this the first scientific name ever assigned to a dinosaur, but for various reasons it did not stick – which might be for the best, because he called it Scrotum humanum.
Top header image: Struthiomimus altus, the "ostrich mimic" dinosaur. Mike Beauregard/Flickr
One man’s incredible collection of fossilised poop
By David Moscato
George Frandsen has been collecting ancient poop for many years. Now, he wants to share these exceptional excrements with the world in the first-ever...
Three-in-one fossil: Bug inside lizard inside snake
An insect inside a lizard inside a snake, all three buried and preserved together.
Yes, cockroaches have been joining us at suppertime for thousands of years
By Brian Switek
Ancient fragments of pottery in Japan have revealed minute impressions of cockroach egg cases – a sign that everyone's favourite insects have been...
For some of the best prehistoric tracks, all roads lead to this Massachusetts backyard
Rescued: An elephant lost out at sea!
Why do these birds build their nests with cigarette butts?
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Štampati
Multimedija / Filmovi
ESI u medijama
Back - The Dubioza Kolektiv, Bosnia - Next
The Dubioza Kolektiv
"Dubioza kolektiv" is a band from Sarajevo. Their songs, mostly in Bosnian language, somewhere between Reggae, Dub and Rock, are often political, criticizing nationalism and advocating tolerance and understanding. They have released new Albums in 2004, 2006 and 2008.
One of their best known songs is the "Three Headed Monster Story", making fun of Bosnia's three members presidency:
"Destroy the triple head monster
Save ourselves from disaster
Now we need revolution
We'll take no fake solution."
The band explains:
"The three headed presidency is just a metaphor for all problems, and is totally useless. It doesn't have a mandate, they are totally unimportant. They're just there to show up and to spend a huge amount of money for nothing. And at the moment when this song was created, there were three really ridiculous individuals in the presidency."
Dubioza Kolektiv – "Triple Head Monster"
The Band is also critical of the role of foreigners in Bosnia, particularly the Office of the High Representative (OHR), the international body that can impose laws, overrule the Bosnian parliament(s) and sack elected politicians:
"In the post war period what is especially harmful for this country is the fact that the OHR is basically the highest power in the state, with the power to remove Presidents, Prime Ministers, to remove the whole government, which they did on several occasions, but they have neglected to do what was important."
Adisa Zvekic, the lead singer, nearly lost her leg during the war. During the war, as a teenager, she also started to sing in a group:
"I started singing when I was five or six. I sing all the time, I started singing at a very young age but then I realized that it's something stronger than me. The first time I started with a band it was really childish. I was roughly 13, it was 1993 and the war was raging. My brother and my friends had a band or something, it wasn't really a band, it was more like street hip hop, doing improvisations, sessions, when young people gathered. There were not too many grenades in Zenica but there was a great deal of pressure, because there was real hunger, it was a question of survival. During the night there were times when there was no electricity, just darkness. A crowd would form and we would do sessions, singing a little bit, that's how we became Gluvo Dova."
Dubioza Kolektiv website
Povratak u Evropu - Projekt Balkan
Return to Europe Revisited
Broadcasting dates
Reakcije iz štampe
Knjizevni pohod
Montenegro - Wild Beauty
Kosovo - Cutting the lifeline
The Albanian Renaissance
Macedonian Wedding
Bosnia - A miracle which does not shine
Serbia - Exit Europe
Romania - timisoara.com
Bulgaria - The long revolution
Greece - Alexander's shadow
Istanbul - Truth, fear and hope
Twilight of Heroes - Croatia, Europe and the International Tribunal
Koca Pavlovic, Podgorica
Soso Mtskeradze, Gori
Edi Rama, Tirana
Besa Shahini, Pristina
Ben Crampton, Pristina
Osman Topcagic (III), Sarajevo
Iskra Angelova, Sofia
Qefser Qahili, Lubishte
Dilaver Perkoxha, Bulqiza
Rreze Duli, Pristina
More portraits…
© Evropska Inicijativa za Stabilnost 2019
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W-League player pay increased in new deal
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Even Tiger knows it: He's not young anymore
4hIan O'Connor
Big Ten East preview: Could this be the year for Harbaugh and Michigan?
2dBill Connelly
Big Ten West preview: Almost anything is possible this season
'He thrives on this': The adulation that drives Manny Pacquiao
13hTim Keown
How a decision at 15 forever changed Keith Thurman's life
1dDan Rafael
Leon Edwards: MMA saved me from being 'dead, in prison or dead broke'
1dLeon Edwards, as told to Marc Raimondi
How Dos Anjos' volume could be the difference against Edwards
2dRichard Mann
Rory McIlroy waited for this day; now he'd like to forget it
11hBuster Olney
Baker Mayfield isn't afraid of the hype
2dMina Kimes
ACC Coastal preview: Get ready for more chaos and unpredictability
W-League players will earn the same minimum hourly wage as their A-League counterparts under a commitment to increase their pay by a third.
The FFA and players' union have signed off on a one-year extension to the collective bargaining agreements underpinning each of the leagues.
The minimum W-League remuneration will increase by 33 per cent to $16,344, bringing them in line with the men when the shorter season is factored in.
A-League clubs will meanwhile benefit from a 4.5 per cent increase in the salary cap to $3.2 million.
Newcomers Western United have been provided with a bonus allowance of $400,000, taking their salary cap to $3.6 million.
A $200,000 cap on loyalty player and homegrown player payments has also been removed to encourage player retention across the league.
"We're very proud that we have been able to anchor the minimum conditions for W-League players to those of A-League players," Professional Footballers Australia chief John Didulica said on Friday.
"It's a moment in time that the players should be proud of.
"There is also now a commitment from the players, the clubs and FFA to use this 12-month window to work in partnership.
"This partnership will be critical to ensuring a successful transition to an independent league when agreed and to effectively reform and evolve fundamental areas such as the salary cap, transfer system, the W-League and building out the youth competitions."
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Crew room
“As long as you are doing your job, you should not be punished” – Portrait of Bert Bonke Pilot and Accident Investigator
This article was published as part of ECA`s #ReportingMatters campaign, in which we interviewed seven experienced pilots and accident investigators (known as ECA Just Culture Ambassadors) about Just Culture, safety & reporting matters in the aviation and beyond.
As an accident investigator himself, Bert Bonke is confident that if pilots would know what happens with their incident reports and what is awaiting them under the procedure, they would be less reluctant to report safety incidents.
Bert Bonke is a well-established pilot who works for KLM Dutch Airlines. He joined the company in 1987, and has continued to step upward on his career ladder ever since. By the age of 27, the once aspiring First Officer became Captain, and today he flies a Boeing 777 and just within a few months he will be piloting another prominent jet airliner, the Boeing 787.
But talking with Bert discloses little from his outstanding career. He wears a casual blue shirt, talks with confident ease and an unmistakeable Dutch accent. Being a father of two teenage girls, the first question comes easily. “No, they never asked to be pilots”, says Bert in comfort.
“But even if they would, I wouldn’t recommend them to become pilots. I still love this profession, but economically, things are challenging”.
He might be able to stop his daughters, but nothing could stop Bert from becoming a pilot. Determined from age three, he knew that he
was born with “the need to fly”.
He feels lucky – and this is indeed something that comes up regularly as we talk – to work with KLM where there is trust between the airline and its employees. As he says “We are operating in an absolute ‘Just Culture’.”
Just Culture has become one of these “buzzwords” in the aviation industry. It refers to a company culture and environment, which does not penalise honest mistakes but rather encourages the open reporting of these incidents.
And what does Just Culture really mean to him as a veteran pilot?
Even though he had spent the last hours discussing Just Culture with the Flight Data Working Group of ECA, Bert pauses for a few seconds before answering: “As long as you are doing your job, you shouldn’t be punished.”
To implement this approach however, is not that easy. There are countries where the culture – to start with – is built on blame. And there are some airlines – that strangely – don’t want to talk openly about how they envisage Just Culture or how they are implementing it. This must change under the motion of the new Occurrence Reporting Regulation, which became applicable as of 5 November 2015. One of the key pillars of the Regulation is establishing company policies and procedures for implementing Just Culture. Otherwise, the suspicion around them would just keep on growing. Even if their secrecy does not necessarily mean that there is no Just Culture. “I’m strongly convinced that there are hundred thousand ways of implementing Just Culture. There is no “one-solution-fits-all” approach here. So, why not to share?”
Regardless of the questions around Just Culture, Bert remains an optimist. And to a certain extent he ought to be. Seeing the prevalent blaming reactions - and here he brings up the immense blames that typically pop up after every serious incident or accident, Bert’s greatest fear is getting into a situation where he can’t defend himself. “People should have the right to tell their part of the story”, he says.
There are quick judgments, assumptions based on guesses and hunches when it comes to the incident of others. Although these reactions might be very well grounded in a simple human response as self-protection, it shadows this already tested profession for years to come. “To get to a confident level of safety statistics, we need to follow such extensive rules and procedures where you need to put seven zeros after your comma”, he observes with a clear dilemma. Statistically, flying is still the safest way of travelling, and for this exact reason, one mistake in the aviation industry draws all attention and judgments. He admits that the industry is deep-seated in blaming; yet, he trusts that for every 20 people there are 20,000 others who would refuse to condemn.
Perhaps, this blaming culture is the root of all fear when it comes to incident reporting. Shifting the culture from “it wouldn’t happen to me” to “it could have happened to me” could lead the industry to a Just Culture, where reporting is not only a dreadful obligation, but also a personal sense of duty. And Bert seems to agree. “To a large extent what stops people from reporting, is that they don’t know what’s going to happen with their report; and this is even more apparent once the investigation is done.” There is a huge difference on the faces before and after an investigation interview. “They come in anxious; they leave relieved”, he says. Their story is out and the blame they feared has vanished. The obscurity around occurrence reporting loses its hard edges.
As an investigator, he has no doubts that his company would manage the situation within a Just Culture. “I know who would see my file, and I know what happens to it. This gives me confidence”. Would Bert report voluntarily? “Why not?" – The answer comes naturally. During his 30 years of flying things have happened, so there is no doubt that his ease comes from hands-on experience. “How many would you like to hear?” He laughs at the question whether he’s gotten into any incidents over the years.
There is an anecdote he recalls from a time when he was a 2nd officer on a flight to Vancouver and the power mechanism for the engine Nr 2 was frozen. Though it was safe to fly till the destination; to land, the Captain ordered him to shut down the engine. “I still hear how the captain with his pipe smoking told me ‘Son, shut down that engine because this is statistically the only time you will ever do it’”. That was one of four.
Still after all the years of flying, he enjoys the comfort of the cockpit: “Things evolve constantly, so today, it is absolutely about flexibility”, answers Bert on what makes a good pilot today. Another requirement is being independent. While being able to form your own opinion in a situation is crucial, trying to solve everything on your own is a trap that many fall into. Being a good pilot comes with time. Looking back on his career, Bert finds some unpleasant memories as well. “I was 27 when I become captain, and I had zero political skills to deal with aircraft politics”, he says. “Yet, as a Captain I needed to start imposing rules on the crew”.
Bert quickly opts for recollecting some good memories instead. “Flying with my family are wonderful memories. I have taken my wife and kids to very special places. Like my trip with my kids to South Africa – this is something we still recall from time to time.”
Parallel to his aerial job, Bert is also active on the ground. Being the Vice-Chairman of the ECA Flight Data Working group since 2014 gives him the leverage to improve the conditions of the industry and within that his and his fellows lives. He joined VNV’s Accident Investigation Group as an active member in 2002 following an in-flight talk with an accident investigator who was an expert witness in a controversial helicopter accident. “I became an expert by the lack of anybody else wanting to do it”.
Little did he know that this decision would preordain his next decades. “I was just pulled into this”, he continues, “In 2012, Renault Bosma – the chairperson of Flight Data Working Group - invited me to Cologne to an EASA meeting. What he forgot to tell me though was that I would need to attend the flight data working group meetings here, in Brussels.” Bert, always curious about digital stuff and data analysis, found himself writing reports and soon commenting on them at ECA in person. Quickly he was sitting at the other spectrum of the aviation industry.
“When the 376 Regulation draft on Occurrence Reporting was on the table they needed four people to review it. So I was thinking if I am already here I might as well get involved on what’s going on. And from this moment, it just exploded”. He enjoys his work and until today, he is amazed to see how much influence ECA can achieve with so few people. "It’s a great thing from one hand, but it also makes you think twice before you suggest something. You feel the responsibility.”
Today, Bert Bonke is an appointed ECA Just Culture Ambassador. He feels a personal victory each time his fellows get a just treatment. If being a Just Culture Ambassador would be a job to apply for, Bert’s cover letter would read as:
“I absolutely loath injustice. I want to know why things happen, and I want to know why people do the things they do; and only then we can start saying and doing something about it.”
Check out our video with Bert Bonke, where he elaborates on:
What is data without context?
Read more articles about ECA Just Culture Ambassadors:
Don’t play the blame game – lessons from Peter Beer, pilot & accident investigator
“Instead of doing all the mistakes yourself, learn from someone else’s” – Portray of Johan Glantz Pilot
Get more information about ECA Reporting Matters Campaign here:
A short-sighted piece of aviation law is annexing little pieces of your country
Broker agencies, broken standards
Before Boeing’s MAX return to service: we need answers and transparency
View all news Shape
Implementation of Evidence Based Training (EBT)
Pilot Supply
Crew Interoperability - the bigger picture
View all positions Shape
Atypical employment in aviation
The European Cockpit Association represents the collective interests of professional pilots at European level, striving for the highest levels of aviation safety and fostering social rights and quality employment.
European Cockpit Association AISBL
Rue du Commerce 20-22
eca@eurocockpit.be
Copyright 2019 European Cockpit Association AISBL - Design and website by EntityOne
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Medical Cybercrime: The Next Frontier
Eastern European gangs stealing computer files with Americans’ health insurance information for resale? Remotely hacking insulin pumps to kill patients? A look inside the scary and shockingly unsophisticated world of medical cybercrime.
By Neal Ungerleider 4 minute Read
The idea of hackers holding electronic medical records for ransom sounds like the stuff of a final Die Hard installment. But medical hacking and biomedical fraud are growing areas of concern for the healthcare industry… and for Americans receiving medical care. Although only a few isolated cases have been spotted, the ease with which they can be committed are alarming.
In late July, an interesting story came out of Chicago’s suburbs: Hackers broke into a small medical practice’s server, encrypted patients’ electronic medical records (EMRs) and emails, and demanded a ransom. Instead of paying the ransom, the Surgeons of Lake County turned the server off and called police. It is not known whether the hackers who targeted the Surgeons of Lake County also extorted other businesses–but federal-mandated HIPAA records indicate 37 hospitals and doctors’ offices nationwide have been hacked since 2009, resulting in the theft or damage of patients’ medical records. The HIPAA records do not count hacks in which less than 500 patients’ information was stolen or damaged, or cases in which only credit card or checking account information was stolen. In addition, they only count voluntary disclosures of successful hacking attacks. Due to these restrictions, the true number of hospitals targeted is likely higher.
Following the theft of Surgeons’ medical records, their office issued a press release and, in a mea culpa, offered free credit monitoring services to patients. Confidential medical information, credit card numbers, social security numbers, and home addresses belonging to the medical practice’s patients were all lifted during the hack.
EMRs, the same electronic health records stolen in the Illinois case, help streamline health care, minimize mistakes, and make–in most cases–the lives of patients and healthcare providers much easier. But they can also be stolen for credit card fraud or for healthcare theft. Healthcare theft is a growing criminal field, often tied to organized crime, in which uninsured patients use a stolen identity belong to another person for healthcare reasons. These include forged prescriptions for drugs, inpatient or outpatient care, or fraudulent healthcare lawsuits. The criminal gets the medical care; some poor schmoe and their insurance company receive the bill. At the very least, the victim has to deal with time-consuming piles of paperwork to resolve the problem. More often, credit records and access to healthcare are effectively ruined.
According to the HIPAA records, nearly 21 million Americans have had their EMRs stolen or lost since 2009. The largest single theft was from TRICARE, the Defense Department’s civilian healthcare program for Armed Forces members, retirees, and their dependents. In 2011, 4.9 million TRICARE members’ EMRs entered into the public sphere after one of their subcontractors lost a huge cache of back-up tapes. The tapes contained sensitive personal data such as clinical notes, laboratory test results, and prescriptions.
In May 2012, federal prosecutors charged a medical technician at Washington’s Howard University Medical Center with the systematic theft of patients’ personal information, including Medicaid ID numbers. This information was then sold to third parties. Shortly after the Howard University theft was announced, the Utah Health Department announced a massive data breach–Eastern European hackers had stolen 280,000 Utah residents’ personal identification, social security numbers, diagnosis information, and medical billing information. Financial information such as credit card numbers or checking account numbers were not compromised.
However, a much more worrying–and dangerous–form of medical hacking is creating counterfeit medical devices or hacking existing ones. Counterfeit medical devices are a huge problem; according to the World Health Organization, 8% of medical devices worldwide were counterfeit as of 2010. Although the counterfeit insulin pumps, condoms, contact lenses, and surgical equipment are mainly found abroad, many find their way Stateside due to insecure supply chains.
The Food and Drug Administration has been circumspect about counterfeit medical devices being found in the United States. However, their British counterparts the MHRA have publicly warned about the risk of counterfeit devices, saying “most UK cases have involved the supply of counterfeit devices direct to consumers rather than healthcare professionals, through small retail outlets.”
For the federal government, monitoring counterfeit medical devices and their infiltration of American stores and hospitals is an issue. Benjamin Jun, Cryptography Research‘s CTO and a specialist in supply chain counterfeiting issues, told Fast Company that due to the nature of the supply chain for medical devices and accessories, unauthorized and counterfeit devices occasionally appear on the American market.
Medical devices themselves can also be hacked. Dale Nordenberg, a managing director at Pricewaterhousecoopers’ Health Industries groups and former CIO for the Centers for Disease Control, has repeatedly warned of the risk of medical device hacking. At the Amphion Forum, a July conference for the security community in Washington, computer security expert and diabetic Jay Radcliffe demonstrated how he discovered critical security lapses in Medtronic insulin pumps that could let hackers remotely kill patients by manipulating the amount of insulin pumped. By manipulating insulin pumps remotely, criminals could kill or seriously injure targets; their crime, meanwhile, would be likely to escape detection from law enforcement unaware insulin pumps could be hacked. Radcliffe successfully hacked his own insulin pump and discovered massive loopholes for cybercriminals. Radcliffe first demonstrated the hack at the 2011 Defcon in Las Vegas.
Kevin Fu, a professor at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst, conducted research that discovered many medical devices use poorly developed code that often leads to deaths, injuries, or security lapses. There is no cross-medical industry protocol for coding QA and testing; as a result, software holes often aren’t discovered until equipment fails in the field.
Electronic medical record theft is already commonplace, while poorly designed medical technology and counterfeit devices create new opportunities for 21st century criminals. As the incident in Illinois and Radcliffe’s self-hack prove, criminals already have the tools for ambitious medical crimes… the question is what happens next.
For more stories like this, follow @fastcompany on Twitter. Find Neal Ungerleider, the author of this article, on Twitter and Google+.
Image: Flickr user Tiffany Terry
Clarification: Radcliffe first demonstrated how to hack an insulin pump at Defcon, not the Amphion Forum.
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14 Tools Every Free Agent Must Have
Fast Company presents the ultimate tool kit for the citizens of Free Agent Nation. Here’s what you need to stay connected to your customers, to leverage your time, and to look like a pro.
By Terri Lonier long Read
You can spot us anywhere: We are the self-employed, the soloists, the office temps, the e-lancers, the independent contractors. Numbering about 25 million strong, we are members of Free Agent Nation.
We head up micro-businesses, and our staff usually consists of the face we greet in the mirror each morning. We do everything from running the shop to cleaning up when the day is done. But the hardest role for many of us to fill is that of being our own IT person — that of dealing with all of our high-tech business tools while juggling myriad other roles. People who survive as free agents know how to find the tools that let them soar and how to avoid the ones that bog them in quicksand.
I declared my free agency in 1978, when I left behind the trappings of an associate professorship (in the art department at East Tennessee State University) and launched a pottery business in Chicago. Two years later, after realizing that my marketing and communications skills were stronger than my talent for creating porcelain dinnerware, I plunked down $1,795 for an Osborne computer that had dual floppy-disk drives, a pre-DOS operating system, and a teeny four-inch monitor — and found myself captivated by the nascent personal-computer industry.
Over the past 21 years, I’ve crafted several successful businesses. In my current venture, I play a dual role: helping people to start and grow their own companies, and advising corporations on how to connect with this booming entrepreneurial market.
I’ve learned, through trial by fire and through countless conversations with other free agents, that what separates the wanna-bes from the power players is the ability to master three key areas: performing like a pro, leveraging time, and staying connected. Free agents — as well as independent spirits who reside behind corporate walls — know that choosing the right tools and the right support structure is critical to success.
VP of Look & Feel
In the world of free agency, small details telegraph big messages. Stripped of organizational support and the cachet of an impressive title, free agents must prove on their own that they’re pros. If you are a free agent or aspire to become one, no one will think you’re a pro if you look like an amateur.
Business cards printed on predesigned stock used to confer instant professionalism. Not anymore. This canned approach now reeks of home-grown bootstrapping. By using iPrint.com, a leading online print shop, you can create high-quality business cards. The site is open for business around the clock, and it’s fully automated: With the click of a mouse, you choose from various typefaces, graphic elements, paper stocks, and ink colors.
The site’s interactive desktop-publishing capabilities let you easily tweak a design, proofread changes — even incorporate your company’s logo. Once you’ve designed a card, it’s a snap to extend the image you’ve created to other items, such as letterhead and labels. Your order will be printed by one of iPrint.com’s commercial partners and delivered to your office within a few days.
Coordinates: $15.99 for 250 cards. iPrint.com, www.iprint.com
You’ll still need a laser printer for day-to-day work. To conserve office space, some free agents opt for an all-in-one machine that can not only print but also fax, copy, and scan. But that’s a risky tack to pursue: If the unit goes down, all of your productivity goes down with it. In my office, I use stand-alone machines for everyday use and a so-called multifunction device as a backup.
The HP LaserJet 2100 is a solo printer that can grow as your business grows. Designed for individual users and for small groups, the 2100 delivers acutely readable images at a fast-forward speed (10 pages per minute). As your output increases, you can upgrade the printer’s memory from 4 MB to 8 MB ($56); add a second, 250-sheet paper tray to achieve a total capacity of 600 sheets ($149); and expand the machine’s networking capabilities by adding an internal print server ($239). Just beware of the hidden cost of consumables, such as toner. A toner cartridge for the HP LaserJet 2100 costs $83 and prints up to 5,000 pages.
Coordinates: $699. HP LaserJet 2100, Hewlett-Packard Co., www.hp.com
Director of Multitasking
All-star free agents are masters at multitasking. They know how to squeeze productivity out of every waking hour and how to leverage technology to make the most of their time.
Free-agent multitaskers expect their software to work as hard as they do. One of the most durable tools in my software kit is FileMaker Pro 4.1, an easy-to-use database program that can handle the heavy lifting when I’m organizing reports, contact lists, invoices, and other projects that come with working solo. FileMaker combines modern database power (including full relational capabilities, scripting, cross-platform support, and more) with page-layout and formatting tools. After entering a batch of customer profiles, I can adapt that information in any of several ways — as a project-status report, as a checklist, as a mail-merge letter.
FileMaker helps jump-start the filing by bundling in more than 50 prebuilt templates. Free agents will find these templates — which generate invoices, expense reports, purchase orders, and other documents — to be critical time-savers.
Coordinates: $199. FileMaker Pro 4.1, FileMaker Inc., www.filemaker.com
There’s nothing more frustrating than brain-storming the idea of the year — only to get swept up in another task and lose your thought. That’s why another can’t-live-without-it device in my free-agent tool kit is a microcassette recorder. I use it to capture my big ideas — as well as items on my To Do list and other day-to-day minutiae.
Lately I’ve been thinking of upgrading to a digital recorder. Sony’s ICD-80 Digital Voice Recorder looks like a good pick. Smaller than a microcassette recorder, the device slips easily into a coat pocket or purse, so it can go anywhere you go. The ICD-80 handles up to 48 minutes of recording and includes a feature that flags high-priority items. The device also allows you to make message files, so you can separate voice messages into categories such as “memos” or “meetings.” Using the Sony ICKIT-W1 accessory kit, you can even connect the recorder to your computer, upload voice files, and then email the files to customers or colleagues.
Coordinates: $249.95. ICD-80 Digital Voice Recorder; $69.95. ICKIT-W1 — both from Sony Electronics Inc., www.sony.com
Real-deal multitaskers hate being tethered to their desk. They want the freedom to roam when they’re on the phone, so that they can grab a spreadsheet or enter notes from a conversation into their computer. Using the speakerphone option on a desk unit is not much of a solution: Most speakerphones have the acoustic finesse of a Fisher-Price toy.
I’ve been shopping for something that will let me keep my hands off the phone and on my work, and I think I’ve found what I need in Polycom’s SoundPoint audioconferencing speaker. The beehive-shaped speaker takes up about as much space as a typical desktop phone, and it connects easily to your telephone receiver.
The speaker delivers full-duplex audio: Unlike an ordinary speakerphone, SoundPoint won’t leave you sounding as if you’re calling from a cave. The speaker also makes it easier to distinguish between multiple voices, so you’re less likely to miss words when people speak simultaneously. Best of all, you can roam up to nine feet away from SoundPoint — and the person on the other end of the line will never know that you’re moving around while you talk.
Coordinates: $299. SoundPoint, Polycom Inc., www.polycom.com
Chief Connecting Officer
One of the biggest myths about free agency is that working solo is the same as working alone. Savvy free agents know better. They recognize the value of connecting with other people, and they’re always on the hunt for tools that will help them do so.
Web sites catering to free agents are springing up almost as fast as free-agent businesses. One such site is DigitalWork, which has assembled an array of business-support applications under one virtual roof. Free agents can use DigitalWork to locate and hire temporary employees, to sell their wares via the Net, to purchase goods and services at a discount, and to access reports on competitors, customers, and vendors. Members can even issue news releases at a discount by taking advantage of DigitalWork’s partnership with BusinessWire, an electronic news-distribution service.
Coordinates: Free. DigitalWork, www.digitalwork.com
The Web is the ultimate networking tool, but don’t overlook the plain old telephone. While doing research for this article, I tested Siemens’s digital Gigaset 2420 Cordless Communication System. I was looking for a way to escape to an upstairs room — away from the distractions of my main office — and still stay connected with clients and with my assistant. The Siemens system provided a handy solution.
In its basic form, the Gigaset 2420 consists of a desk station; a cordless, battery-powered handset; and a docking station. The system comes with an integrated digital answering machine, a speakerphone, a phone-number directory, four speed-dial settings, and caller-ID display.
The Siemens system can grow along with your company. As your office team expands, you can add up to seven handsets (each with its own docking station), thereby gaining walkie-talkie capabilities while maintaining ultraclear voice quality. You can also incorporate both business- and home-phone lines. That way, you can pass off personal calls to family members and still keep the desk station free for business calls.
Coordinates: $399 (full system, including one handset). Gigaset 2420 Cordless Communication System, Siemens AG, www.siemens-wireless.com
As we close this peek inside a free agent’s tool kit, remember that the kit is never complete. Successful independent contractors know how to find the tools that will help them redefine the value that they bring to the marketplace — regardless of whether those tools are high-tech, low-tech, or no-tech.
Action Item: Shop Here
Any way you look at it, shopping for office equipment and business supplies chews through your time and your money. But you can cut your losses at BuyersZone, an online resource for finding goods and services that will keep your business humming.
A compelling mix of a shopping club, an online library, and a community bulletin board, BuyersZone can be explored using three options: Hit “Learn” to read up on a product. Hit “Compare” to discover what other business shoppers have to say about their purchases. Or hit “Shop” to be linked to vendors that will take your credit-card number, sell you a product, and let you return to the real work of running your business.
Coordinates: Free. BuyersZone, www.buyerszone.com
Sidebar: Soloists on Call
I might be working solo, but I can still tap into the collective brainpower that comes with belonging to a group of talented businesspeople.
Every two weeks, I dial into a teleconference with a group of veteran free agents. This group includes a professional speaker from Minneapolis, a financial planner from Little Rock, and a copywriter from San Francisco. We help one another negotiate business contracts, to deal with troublesome clients, and to overcome free-agent burnout. Here’s how we do it.
At an agreed-upon time, all members dial into a telephone-bridge number that links us into a teleconference. Several companies offer this service; we use one called Telephone Bridge Line Savers.
Each person is given about 10 minutes to share news, to ask for advice, and to set one goal (to be completed before the next session).
Soon after each session, a designated scribe emails a brief summary to the rest of the group. The views of my fellow free agents are always stimulating; their encouragement is a tonic; their advice is priceless.
Coordinates: About $1,000 per year for flat-rate service. Telephone Bridge Line Savers, 800-345-3325
Sidebar: Tiger Tamer
After years of fighting data overload, I’ve learned how to wage war against paper. And I’ve found a weapon that blends the simplicity of numerical filing with the power of database technology.
Kiplinger’s Taming the Paper Tiger software features an easy-to-track system of numerical file folders. Each folder corresponds to a set of keywords. When I need to access a folder, I just type in the first keyword that comes to mind; the folder’s number pops up onscreen — and voilà, I know which folder to pull from my filing cabinet.
Developed with Barbara Hemphill, author of the Taming the Paper Tiger books (Kiplinger Books, 1992), the multimedia CD-ROM aims to help you “find anything in your office in five seconds,” she says. Once I had Paper Tiger up and running on my computer — which took about an hour — I found that Hemphill was right.
Coordinates: $79.95. Taming the Paper Tiger, the Monticello Corp., www.thepapertiger.com
Sidebar: Solo Support
Every free agent needs a personal tech-support team. Here are three online resources that offer high-quality help.
SupportHelp.com catalogs more than 17,000 personal-technology products and offers contact information for more than 5,100 manufacturers. You can search the database by company name, keyword, or product name.
Coordinates: Free. SupportHelp.com, www.supporthelp.com
PC Crisis Line is a round-the-clock service that provides prompt support to PC owners. Charges apply only if the service can answer a user’s question. Coordinates: $3 per minute for the first 10 minutes; $1 for each additional minute (there’s a 2-minute minimum). PC Crisis Line, www.pccrisis.com
Rent-A-Geek is a directory of more than 2,000 independent computer consultants — all of whom make house calls. To find a geek near you, enter your location and list which technical skills you need your geek to have.
Coordinates: Free. Rent-A-Geek, www.rentageek.com
Terri Lonier is the president of Working Solo inc. (www.workingsolo.com). Additional reporting by Associate Editor Gina Imperato (gimperato@fastcompany.com).
A version of this article appeared in the April 1999 issue of Fast Company magazine.
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How to See Fairies
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The inhabitants of the fairy realm are beautifully imagined in Charles van Sandwyk’s tales; exquisitely illustrated and brought together as a collection for the first time by The Folio Society.
Charles van Sandwyk has been intrigued by the fairy realm since he was a young boy and his imaginative prowess explains the incredibly detailed portraits that populate his stories. Before long, the reader is drawn into his enchanting cast of fairy folk, as well as the world they inhabit.
‘When you come to realize Fairies exist, you just appreciate life so much better.’
Charles van Sandwyk from How to See Fairies
Bound in blocked cloth with a printed inset paper label
Set in Caslon
128 pages plus a 3 page fold-out
72 integrated colour and 30 black & white illustrations
Printed endpapers
Printed slipcase
10” x 6¾”
A prodigious illustrating talent
If you are up at the dead of night
Or just before the dawn,
Then you might see the fairy folk
Aplaying on the lawn.
A prolific writer, designer and illustrator, van Sandwyk has been creating exquisite illustrated poems and vignettes from his studio in British Columbia for many years and his work has appeared in a number of Folio editions. Highly prized and eminently collectable, these charming tales from the fairy realm were originally published as individual miniature volumes, but this edition presents the tales as a complete collection for the first time. A new preface by van Sandwyk reports his ‘early sightings’ of the ‘Little People’ and encourages adults to look beyond the explicable and open their minds to the possibility of tiny worlds.
Behind the scenes of the fairy realm
‘For the fairyfolk are full of nature’s wisdom – they can sense a human heartbeat from a mile away.’
This is van Sandwyk’s indispensable guide to fairies, including The Fairy Market – an endearing story of little folk gathering for gossip and good cheer at the food market – and a Pocket Guide to the Little People, which identifies the equipment needed to search for fairies, tips on how to spot them and a list of some of their favourite foods. Also revealed are portraits of the magical people, ‘observed unbeknown to themselves during a great journey through the great woods’, including the lamplighter, hornblowers and the bee man and finally, The Fairies’ Christmas recounts festive fairy shenanigans when the author was a child.
The edition showcases van Sandwyk’s delightful characterisations and includes integrated colour illustrations and line drawings – some previously unpublished – as well as hand-drawn borders and page decorations. The cloth binding features an inset label designed by van Sandwyk, which depicts a scene of magical domestic bliss, and the book is presented in a slipcase gold-printed with a pattern created especially for this edition.
About Charles van Sandwyk
Charles van Sandwyk was born in South Africa and raised in Canada; he taught himself calligraphy and intaglio printing as a teenager. His first self-published book appeared when he was just 20, and won a national award. Since then his work has been archived by the National Library of Canada and treasured by private collectors across the world. Charles has produced illustrations for the Folio editions of The Blue Fairy Book, (2003) The Wind in the Willows, (2005), and a limited edition of Alice in Wonderland. Published to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the first edition, it sold out rapidly.
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Dodie Smith’s classic children’s tale, The Hundred and One Dalmatians, in a stunning Folio collector’s edition, lavishly illustrated by the award-winning Sara Ogilvie and introduced by Jacqueline Wilson.
The Hundred and One Dalmatians
Illustrated by Sara Ogilvie
The timeless adventures of Toad, Mole, Ratty and Badger have enchanted children and their parents for more than a century. This is a glorious edition of a children’s classic, with enchanting illustrations by Charles van Sandwyk.
The Wind in the Willows
This Folio edition, a facsimile of the British edition of 1909, contains 60 of The Brothers Grimm’s most famous tales, including ‘Snow White’, ‘Hansel and Gretel’ and ‘Red Riding Hood’.
Grimm’s Fairy Tales
Illustrated by Arthur Rackham
The adventures of Pooh, Piglet and friends in an exquisite illustrated edition.
Illustrated by E. H. Shepard
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© The Folio Society 2019
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First Tutors: Music, Oxford Music Theory Teachers and Oxford Music Theory Lessons - UK | First Tutors: Music
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I am an established and trusted teacher with an L.G.S.M. diploma. Pupils of mine have gained recent Distinctions in the exams of the Associated Board. I teach the classical repertoire with some popular music according to the pupil's taste. Teaching hours Monday-Friday any time, or Saturday morning...
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Davidis an Oxford-based composer and pianist. A former president of the Oxford University Music Society and manager of OUMS Chamber Music, David has recently graduated from the University of Oxford with a first class BA. At Oxford, David was awarded performance and academic scholarships, as well as...
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North-east residents face train service disruptions as vital works take place
by Ana Da Silva
Railway chiefs have announced vital works will take place as part of a programme of improvements.
Network Rail will be working from Friday until April 23 to deliver upgrades on the railway between Kintore and Inverurie as part of the Aberdeen-Inverness Improvement Project.
Engineers will be extending bridges at a range of locations on the line to create the space needed to add a second track between Aberdeen and Inverurie.
Work will also be carried out to remove redundant structures on the railway and enhance undertrack drainage.
The line will be closed between Dyce and Inverurie over the Easter holiday weekend with a bus replacement service operating between the two stations.
Keep up to date with the latest news with The Evening Express newsletter
A further phase of work will also take place on April 27 and April 28 with buses again replacing trains between Dyce and Inverurie.
Funded by the Scottish Government, the Aberdeen-Inverness Improvement Project will increase capacity on the route between the two cities.
Network Rail engineers will also be working from May to August to complete the multi- million-pound upgrade to the track and signalling between Aberdeen and Inverurie.
Aberdeen-Inverness Improvement Project
dyce
Easter holiday weekend
Kintore
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Skoda Octavia 2.0 TDI Driven
03 Oct, 2013 at 12:13 PM
Skoda revives its most successful nameplate as it looks to reassert supremacy in the C-segment
Words & Photography by Bhuvan Chowdhary
The Ocatavia is back , and on it rides Skoda India’s fortunes. As much as the original Octavia established the brand’s name and fame in the country this one has an even bigger task at hand, to drag Skoda India out of the funk it has found itself in and restore past glory. It, of course, is an uphill task but as we head out from Shimla, on the first leg of our drive from Parvanoo to Chail, the realisation dawns rather quickly: the new Octavia might just put Skoda’s house in order. I have two days with the new Octavia, driving down beautiful roads in the foothills of the Himalayas, the queen of the hills. Tonight we head to Charrabra and tomorrow back to Timber Trails in Parvanoo via Chail. This is a road that you either drive at crawling pace stopping every ten metres – such are the breath-taking vistas, or you drive with steely resolve like it was the opening stage of the Raid de Himalaya. I start with the former, stopping every other corner to shoot pictures and taking in not only the apple orchards and gushing streams but the car itself which makes for its own pretty picture.
The old Octavia, and the Laura that followed, were the best looking cars of their times, and a lot of it was down to the simplicity of its design. The strong yet uncomplicated lines, the clean detailing, the tight shut-lines, the feeling that everything was built to last. The new Octavia follows in the same vein: its lines are crisp, well defined and unfettered by excessive detailing and that new Skoda grille sits terrifically on the nose. It is at once sporty and sophisticated, the tight shut-lines again furthering that impression of quality and being built-to-last. It is almost Audi-like and that can only be a good thing. If you had to level criticisms it will probably be directed at the rear where some said it looked too much like a Rapid, but when you see one in the flesh I doubt you will complain. And there’s no way you will complain when ensconced inside the cabin. Quality of materials, which was already of a very high order, takes a further step up, there is more style to the dash layout, there is a new touch- screen infotainment system and the beige- black combination works very well, giving the cabin a further air of spaciousness. Which it does not need! Sitting on the Volkswagen Group’s revolutionary new MQB platform the Octavia has seen its wheelbase increase from 2578mm to 2688mm and that means rear leg room has grown from 47mm to 73mm. Boot space goes up to 590 litres, aided by that unique notchback design. This is almost Superb-levels of spaciousness and with the cabin being crafted with more style, Skoda would be well advised to bring in the Superb facelift quickly before it loses relevance altogether. As for the rivals in the segment the Octavia has them all beat, good and proper, on this front. What also bridges the gap to the Superb (and stretches it away from its class rivals) is the ride quality that is very accomplished over all kinds of surfaces, the Octavia cruising over bumps and irregularities without bringing it to the notice of passengers.
Post lunch I get a move on and begin to enjoy the 2.0-litre common-rail diesel engine, which is 2bhp up on the Superb, cranking out 138bhp of power and 320Nm of torque. This should give it a 0-100kmph time in the region of 11 seconds and a top speed of 215kmph but on these roads what really comes to the fore is the mid-range torque and flexibility of the engine. The 6-speed manual gearbox is a delight to operate and there is also the option of the 6-speed DSG twin-clutch automatic gearbox. Disappointingly though there are no steering wheel paddles to operate the gearbox.
Making haste allows me to experience the other side of the Octavia’s dynamic nature, a dilution of that sporty character. The Laura had a sporty edge to its suspension set-up, the new Octavia trades that in for better comfort and that means the Octavia is not as sharp and is more eager to understeer as before. There is a bit of body roll and the longer wheelbase means it doesn’t feel as planted as before. The steering too feels light and lifeless. That said the Octavia is never less than reassuring at whatever speeds I can muster over roads that twist and turn over themselves. By nightfall, when we pull into Charrabra there’s a big smile on my face. Next morning I swap into the petrol Octavia that gets the 1.4-litre turbo-charged petrol that also does duty in the Jetta developing 138bhp of power and 250Nm of torque. The motor does put on a game face when barrelling up the hills, and thanks to turbo- charging there is good low and mid-range torque to pull the Octavia smartly out of corners, but it lacks that enthusiasm which made the Laura 1.8 such a delight. Enthusiasts then will be well advised to stick with the 1.8 TSI motor which is also available on the range topping petrol Octavia, developing 177bhp of power and 250Nm of torque (the same as the 1.4 though coming in 250rpm lower at 1500rpm). This is up by 24bhp from the Laura and that should make for smoking sub-10-second 0-100kmph times. I didn’t get an opportunity to smoke any tyres as there was only one car with this engine on the test drive but we will have a full story on it in the next issue. The 1.4TSI gets only a 6-speed manual while the 1.8TSI gets only the 6-speed DSG automatic. To cope with the additional power the 1.8 Octavia also gets multi-link rear suspension that gives it far better road holding and a dose of sportiness to the dynamic character of the car. All other variants stick with the cost-saving torsion beam rear set-up.As for the Octavia itself, while it marks a significant step up for Skoda, it all boils down to pricing. Get it right and all those ‘Octavia is back!’ headlines will be justified.
VolkswagenSkodaSedanskoda octaviamqbdieselSkoda Indiamqb platformC-Segment2.0 tdi
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Beaches that Make a Great Day Trip from Grand Rapids
Thursday, June 21, 2018 10:00 AM by Kirsetin Morello
If you love the sand, sun, and shore, West Michigan is the place for you. With 300 miles of gorgeous shoreline, lucky visitors and residents have quick access to a number of beaches that dot the Michigan coastline. It’s one reason that Lonely Planet recommended this area as its Number 1 U.S. Travel Destination in 2014.
To find out which beaches locals like best, we asked Experience Grand Rapids’ followers on Facebook and Instagram to weigh in on their favorites. Here’s what they had to say!
Hiking along Sand Dune at PJ Hoffmaster Park provides scenic views and a workout!
Photo Credit: Experience Grand Rapids
Beaches Families Love—Great for Everyone
PJ Hoffmaster State Park (Muskegon)
[40 miles northwest of Grand Rapids]
The ever-popular PJ Hoffmaster State Park boasts over three miles of shoreline and is a beautiful place to enjoy the sun, sand, and take a hike on the trails. You can also learn about the park’s ecosystems at the Gillette Sand Dune Visitor Center. “The walk in the woods to the beach is awesome!” says Instagram follower @maribethverhage.
When you go, plan on bringing lunch or dinner. Picnic tables are available and restrooms are located at the nearby Nature Center.
After you eat, talk yourself into tackling the Dune Climb Stairway. Your well-deserved reward will be a stunning panoramic view of Lake Michigan and the dunes from the observation deck.
Pedestrian access to Big Red is available on Tuesdays and Thursdays to local residents from Memorial Day to Labor Day.
Holland State Park (Holland)
[35 miles southwest of Grand Rapids]
If you’re in the mood to relax in a beach chair and watch the waves, Holland State Park has a long, beautiful shoreline and a historic red lighthouse, fondly called Big Red.
When responding to her favorite thing about the park on Instagram, @judymesman said, “The channel.” People love to take leisurely strolls along the channel that connects Lake Macatawa to Lake Michigan.
Beachgoers can take advantage of the volleyball and basketball courts. Activity junkies can visit the park’s Macatawa side to rent kayaks, canoes, and stand up paddleboards.
Holland State Park also features a great playground for kids, a concession stand with food and beach supplies, as well as picnic tables, fire pits, grills, and restrooms.
Grand Haven State Park encompasses 48 acres.
Grand Haven State Park (Grand Haven)
While the scenic sandy beach in Grand Haven State Park attracts sunbathers and swimmers, the State Park has plenty to offer, including volleyball and fishing.
Add the pier and striking lighthouse, food trucks, the Musical Fountain (the world’s largest!), and the proximity to the city’s quaint downtown, Grand Haven State Park makes a great destination for families, friends, and couples.
Instagram followers @missy_dewitt and @erinbahbah both gave Grand Haven State Park the “thumbs up,” as did Facebook follower Alice Galanski Young.
On calm days, it is an easy day trip by boat from the Muskegon area. Water from Duck Lake streams into Lake Michigan providing a calm wading area between the north and south beach areas.
- Facebook follower Tina P.
Van Buren State Park and North Point Conservation Area (South Haven)
The beach at Van Buren State Park is a rock-hunters dream: it’s wide, long, and covered with beautiful rocks. Picnic tables and grills are available for use, as are restrooms. Plus, four-legged friends are allowed in the park as long as they’re on a six-foot (or shorter) leash.
North Point Conservation Area is just a hop, skip, and drive north of Van Buren State Park. The area, which spans 17 acres, boasts over 300 feet of shoreline, forested dunes, and wetlands.
The picturesque town of South Haven is nearby, with a beautiful harbor, shops, restaurants and bars, making this a great place to end your day at the beach. Instagram follower @jocoho90 voted, “North Point and Van Buren State Park ‘because it’s home!’”
Duck Lake State Park (Whitehall)
Duck Lake State Park encompasses shoreline from Duck Lake all the way out to Lake Michigan and is a favorite for fishing, hiking, and swimming.
Parents of young kids especially love the area where the lakes merge – it’s shallow and easy to watch kids play without worrying about the depth of the lakes. The park is also accessible by boat. “On calm days, it is an easy day trip by boat from the Muskegon area. Water from Duck Lake streams into Lake Michigan providing a calm wading area between the north and south beach areas,” says Facebook follower Tina Pyne.
From the Pere Marquette Park you can see the Muskegon Break Water Light on Lake Michigan.
Pere Marquette Park (Muskegon)
Pere Marquette Park’s lengthy two-in-a-half-mile shoreline, playground, convenient snack bar, and numerous volleyball courts are a few of the reasons beachgoers love to visit the park in Muskegon. In fact, the beach was voted the top beach in the state according to USA Today's 10 Best Reader's Choice Poll.
Bring your own gear for a game of volleyball, or rent supplies from the nearby concessionaire. You can also rent paddle boards from J Boards SUP rentals. The beach has an accessible walkway for people who use wheelchairs, and The Deck, a full-service restaurant, is located nearby. Instagram follower @lerz18 says, “Dunes plus beach make a beautiful combo.”
In addition to the beach’s fantastic features, Pere Marquette Park is home to the USS Silversides, a World War II submarine, which draws history buffs as well as beachgoers. You can even book an overnight stay on the submarine!
Take Your Pet to the Beach
Kruse Park (Muskegon)
Instagram follower @annabal-lector’s comment sums up what many dog-lovers feel: “[I like] Kruse Park because DOGS.” This park has an ample area where dogs are allowed to play on the beach and in the water.
Kruse Park has about a mile of shoreline and four reservable picnic shelters, as well as a playground, restrooms, and an area for basketball.
As with most dunes along Lake Michigan’s shoreline, the view from these dunes are breathtaking and well worth the climb.
A few other beaches that welcome pets:
Van Buren State Park in South Haven (see “Beaches for Families Love-Great for Everyone)
Kirk Park in West Olive (see Hidden Gems—dogs are allowed off leash here)
The beach at Kirk Park in a beloved hidden gem.
Kirk Park (West Olive)
Instagram follower @allisontenharmsel cast her vote for Kirk Park, a local favorite for swimming, picnicking, and sunbathing. In addition to a playground and horseshoe pit, this park features wooden stairways throughout the dunes that lead you to magnificent views of Lake Michigan.
The southern area of the park allows dogs to play off-leash, as long as they’re under your control.
Lake Harbor Park (Norton Shores)
Lake Harbor Park got a “favorite beach” shout out from Instagram follower @boondoxmotorsports. This scenic park includes 2,000 feet on the Mona Lake Channel, as well as 4,000 feet on Lake Michigan, which makes it a local favorite for fishing and picnicking.
The picnic area that overlooks the channel offers grills and picnic tables. The park’s picnic shelter is free, on a first-come, first-served basis.
When you take the walkway along the channel out to the beach, be sure to take a slight detour to climb the wooden boardwalk to the top of the dunes and enjoy the view of Lake Michigan.
Meinert Park (Montague)
The glowing review of Meinert Park posted by Instagram follower @kamaa_bama, will surely make you want to visit.
Naming her favorite local beach, she said, “A small, pristine beach in Montague at the end of Meinert Road. My family would camp there every summer… that beach has perfect views, and the sand is so clean and warm.”
Located on the coast, between the towns of Rothbury and Montague, Meinert Park features rolling, grassy dunes and scenic overlooks. There are a few picnic benches near the parking lot, as well as a picnic shelter available for rent.
Best Beach for Nature Lovers
Saugatuck Dunes State Park (Saugatuck)
This beach is a nature-lover’s dream. When you arrive at Saugatuck Dunes State Park, you won’t immediately see its two-and-a-half miles of beautiful shoreline. To get there, you have to walk through the coastal dunes, some of which are over 200 feet tall. The walk isn’t terribly strenuous, but it’s also not a casual stroll.
“The namesake dunes are stunning and the hikes are incredible,” says Instagram follower @chanchanjanski.
The park has picnic tables and a couple of rustic vault toilets near the parking lot, two-and-a-half miles of undeveloped beach frontage, and a 300-acre nature park favored by birdwatchers and hikers.
The namesake dunes are stunning and the hikes are incredible.
- Instagram follower, @chanchanjanski
Within the State Park, you’ll find Shore Acres Township Park, home to the imposing, historic Felt Mansion. Open to the public for self-guided and private tours, and available to rent for events, the 1920’s home boasts 25 rooms, including a ballroom, which comprise more than 12,000 square feet.
“Whether you want the natural beauty of Saugatuck Dunes or to look at historic architecture, it’s a great place to go,” says Kurt Maxwell, Saugatuck Dunes State Park Supervisor.
What are your favorite beaches in West Michigan? Let us know in the comments!
posted in: Beaches, Family, Outdoor Recreation
tags: beaches, beach, west michigan beaches, West Michigan, Family Attractions, family fun, outdoor explorer
Kirsetin Morello
Kirsetin Morello is a writer, author, and blogger who’s called Grand Rapids home for 20+ years. She writes for a variety of websites, companies, and magazines, including Parents and West Michigan Woman. When she’s not writing, she and her husband love to explore everything West Michigan has to offer. Kirsetin is enthusiastic about spending time with her kids, yoga, coaching basketball, weight training, craft beer, going to the beach, and travel. You can find her online at KirsetinMorello.com.
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Home News Static I-35 Traffic Is a Wreck
I-35 Traffic Is a Wreck
Driving in this town is dangerous enough since more than a few people are multi-tasking while behind the wheel. Being able to watch Netflix on your dashboard while balancing your checkbook on your phone is a wonderful thing unless you also happen to be doing 60 mph. Throw road construction into the mix, and it’s just a matter of waiting for the symphony of metal bumpers colliding to begin.
To combat this phenomenon, Fort Worth’s Patterson Law Group taps into TxDOT data to create an interactive study that lists the locations of traffic accidents.
“It’s a great resource for folks to see the dangerous spots around town,” managing partner Travis Patterson said.
Current data suggest that the labyrinth of construction work along I-35 is turning that highway into a carnival bumper-car ride. In 2017, there were 1,176 accidents reported by motorists along I-35. And six of the 10 most dangerous intersections are located on that highway to hell. (Highway overpasses were included as intersections for the study’s purpose). Western Center Boulevard-at-35 topped the list with 81 crashes reported near that overpass.
Tracking the accidents while compiling the study is time-consuming work. We asked Patterson why his firm goes to the trouble.
“If you did what I did for a living,” he said. “I talk to people every day that have been in car accidents. I have to deal with the carnage on the back end. We’re committed to making the community safer.”
We reminded him that improving safety means getting people to pay more attention, which means getting them to power down their dashboard TVs and cellphones and to put away their makeup bags and water pipes and whatnot. The problem is – as any devoted observer of society can attest – many people are complete dumbasses.
“All I can do is lead a horse to water,” Patterson said. “I can’t make them drink.”
He drives I-35 frequently and characterizes it as treacherous. Spotlighting the most accident-prone areas on that highway and across the city might prompt commuters to become more aware and improve public safety, he said.
“Too many people are driving distracted, which is an absolutely terrible idea anytime you’re driving but especially in a major construction zone,” he said.
Now that we know that I-35 is a death trap, it’s clear what needs to be done. We should all move to Montana, where you can drive for hours without seeing another vehicle. Or, for those who choose to remain in Fort Worth, we should “maybe take an alternative route” or “be extra cautious,” Patterson said.
Beats moving to Montana.
Besides, I-35 construction from north of I-30 to north of Loop 820 is supposed to be completed by year’s end (emphasizing “supposed to be”).
motorists
Patterson Law Group
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NBA Prop Betting Trends: Top Scorers, Rebounders & Passers
Three weeks into the NBA’s regular season we’re seeing some incredible individual numbers. Let’s take a look here at some of the best early-season performances and figure out which statistics could become trends in the coming weeks.
Smart NBA betting fans can then leverage this information at top basketball bookmakers, such as 888sport and William Hill.
NBA Scoring Current Betting Trends
Zach LaVine, Bulls
Someone’s enjoying being the go-to scorer. While Lauri Markkanen is sidelined with an elbow injury, it’s been all LaVine in the scoring department. He has scored 20 or more points in all 11 games for the Bulls, something that hasn’t been done in Chicago since Michael Jordan in the 80s.
The big story here is that he’s getting his 26.6 points per game in efficient fashion; he’s shooting a career-best 46.8% from the field and is getting to the line a career-best 7.7 times per game. He had a career-high 41 points in a win over the Knicks on Monday.
Markkanen will be sidelined through at least most of November, meaning LaVine will continue to post gaudy numbers. Bet him at 888Sport every chance you get.
Josh Richardson, Heat
Like LaVine, Richardson has been given free reign in Miami. In his first three seasons his career-highs were 10.9 field goal attempts and 4.3 3-point attempts per game; this season he’s averaging 16.8 field goals and 7.9 3-pointers per game. He’s also doubled his former career-best free-throw attempts per game.
He is the absolute focal point of this Miami Heat offense – Erik Spoelstra has said as much – and there isn’t much reason to believe that’ll change. The efficiency isn’t going to be great, but the raw numbers will. Plus, he’s shooting 90 percent from the free throw line so he could pick up some cheap points at the end of games. Grab him at William Hill to score plenty.
NBA Rebounding Current Betting Trends
Tristan Thompson, Cavaliers
If you haven’t heard, the Cavaliers have been an absolute mess since LeBron James left. We’ll let you Google everything that’s gone wrong, but what you need to know for now is that Tristan Thompson is one of the last men standing.
Kevin Love is out for the foreseeable future and it’s put Thompson in a spot to both log copious minutes and grab copious rebounds. He has played 28 minutes per game the last three games and, among all players averaging at least 8 rebounds per game, Thompson is tops with a contested rebound percentage of 47.5%. He’s also the game’s best offensive rebounder, and this Cavaliers team is going to miss a lot of shots.
That means more opportunities for Thompson to keep racking them up and more opportunities to back him on ptrop bets with Karamba.. Cleveland is a mess, but Thompson appears to be a safe bet.
JaVale McGee, Lakers
Raise your hand if you had JaVale McGee as one of the best offseason signings. That’s what we thought. McGee has been a machine on the defensive end thus far, averaging 7.5 rebounds and 3.4 blocks in just 26.2 minutes.
Los Angeles’ defense is not getting any better anytime soon, which means McGee is probably going to need to play close to 30 minutes for them to compete on that end of the floor. Plus, he’s gobbling up a fair share of Lakers misses on the offensive glass, especially on long rebounds off missed 3-pointers.
McGee isn’t off to a hot start; he’s just been downright good. He’ll continue to show promise on the boards, even with good rebounding forwards around him. Look for prop opportunities with 888Sport. He should deliver.
NBA Assists Current Betting Trends
Kyle Lowry, Raptors
This may feel like an obvious one, but it’s worth analyzing. Lowry currently leads the NBA in assists per game (11.6) and has tallied double-digit assists in eight straight games. With black hole DeMar DeRozan gone and new head coach Nick Nurse around, Lowry has been a passing machine.
Per NBA.com’s advanced stats, Lowry is averaging 58.1 passes per game. That’s nearly identical to the 57.5 he averaged last season, when he averaged just 6.9 assists per game. That shows that this isn’t simply a volume game for Lowry that will taper off eventually. This game plan is for the long haul and Lowry should continue handing out dimes.
It’s very early, but Lowry’s 11.6 assists would be the most in the NBA since Chris Paul in 2008. Solid company and a good bet to back at William Hill.
Luka Doncic, Mavericks
This author’s early vote for Rookie of the Year – sorry, Trae Young – Doncic is clearly starting to get comfortable in an NBA setting. He averaged 3.8 assists in his first five games but has seen that number increase to 5.5 in his last four games. That comfort is only going to increase as the season goes on, and Doncic is first and foremost a distributor.
He’s been impressive in every facet of the game, but the Mavs are going to run, run, run and Doncic will be the man making it go. He’s a passing whiz. We’re betting on him to only get better as the year goes on. You should bet on him too, with 888Sport. He should deliver.
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Wisconsin village declares Foxconn area properties blighted
Published June 05, 2018 MarketsAssociated Press
A village board in southeast Wisconsin has deemed thousands of acres of farmland and a few dozen homes to be blighted, allowing it to seize the property for a Foxconn manufacturing complex.
Mount Pleasant trustees declared the area blighted Monday, the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel reported . Under state law, a property can be deemed blighted if it's predominantly open or impedes the growth of the community.
Most homeowners in the area have agreed to sell their property or will be subject to eminent domain. But a dozen property owners filed a federal lawsuit in January, arguing that the village's use of eminent domain is unconstitutional because it's for private rather than public benefit. They also say the offers for their properties are too low.
The area includes about 2,800 acres (1,133 hectares) of farmland.
Foxconn, which is based in Taiwanese, plans to build a plant that will manufacture advanced liquid crystal display panels. Officials say it could employ as many as 13,000 people.
"Tonight's approval of the redevelopment plan is one more sign of progress toward Foxconn's $10 billion, 22 million square foot advanced manufacturing campus," Village President David DeGroot said in a statement.
Trustee Gary Feest was the only vote against the declaration and criticized labeling the properties as blighted. He said he feels like the trustees are using a technicality to advance the village's interest and doesn't agree with the move.
"Anyone who thinks 'blighted' has to be thinking there's something wrong with the property," Feest said. "There's nothing wrong with any of these properties. They are beautiful properties."
Democratic gubernatorial candidate Matt Flynn has said the use of eminent domain is "a despicable thing" and provides further reason for a legal challenge. If elected, he said he would challenge the state's $3 billion incentive deal with Foxconn.
Republic Gov. Scott Walker and his supporters have said the project will deliver thousands of good-paying jobs.
Information from: Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, http://www.jsonline.com
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Drew Peterson's murder conviction upheld by Illinois Supreme Court
Drew Peterson convicted in murder-for-hire plot
Former police officer faces up to 60 more years in prison
SPRINGFIELD, Ill. – The use of hearsay testimony to convict former Chicago-area police officer Drew Peterson in the death of his third wife was proper, the Illinois Supreme Court ruled Thursday in upholding the conviction.
The high court, in a unanimous decision , found that hearsay testimony from Peterson's dead third wife and missing fourth wife did not violate his constitutional right to confront his accusers because of evidence that Peterson killed them to prevent their testimony.
The 63-year-old former police sergeant from the Chicago suburb of Bolingbrook is serving a 38-year sentence in the 2004 death of ex-wife Kathleen Savio. He'll follow that with 40 more years after a conviction last year on allegations that he plotted to kill the prosecutor who put him behind bars.
New hope Drew Peterson documentary will lead to answers
Stacey Peterson's family hopes new special could lead to solving her 2007 disappearance
Savio's body was found in a dry bathtub in 2004, weeks before a scheduled hearing to determine monetary and child custody issues related to her divorce from Peterson. Her death was initially ruled accidental, but the case was reopened after the 2007 disappearance of Peterson's fourth wife, Stacy Peterson. Savio's body was exhumed, an autopsy was conducted and her death was ruled a homicide.
Stacy Peterson is presumed dead, though her body has never been found. Drew Peterson remains a suspect in her disappearance, but he has never been charged.
Prosecutors had no physical evidence tying Peterson to Savio's death and no witnesses placing him at the scene, so they relied on hearsay -- statements Savio made to family members and in a written statement to police before she died and that Stacy Peterson made to her pastor and a divorce lawyer before she vanished.
Former police sergeant Drew Peterson is pictured in this booking photo, released by the Will County Sheriff's Office in Illinois, United States on May 8, 2009. (REUTERS/Will County Sheriff's Office)
Hearsay is any information reported by a witness that is not based on the witness' direct knowledge. The Illinois court's ruling, written by Justice Mary Jane Theis, found proper use of hearsay -- typically forbidden in criminal proceedings because it can't be challenged -- under a legal doctrine of "forfeiture by wrongdoing."
"We cannot say that the trial court's finding that the state proved that defendant murdered Kathleen to prevent her from testifying was `unreasonable, arbitrary, or not based on the evidence presented,"' Theis wrote.
An attorney for Peterson did not immediately respond to a request for comment on the ruling.
Illinois adopted a hearsay law in 2008 tailored to Drew Peterson's case, dubbed "Drew's Law," which assisted in making some of the evidence admissible.
Peterson was transferred from a state prison in Chester, Illinois, to a federal prison in Terre Haute, Indiana, in February, after Illinois prison officials cited concerns that he posed a security threat.
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Freeman Celebrates 90 Years
Continues to build on a legacy of innovation in the brand experience category
Dallas – June 13, 2017 – Since 1927, Freeman has been growing, evolving, and transforming the live events industry in meaningful and measurable ways. Now celebrating its 90th anniversary, Freeman – the leading global provider of brand experiences – is continuing to build markets, connect people, support growth, and generate revenues for the world’s leading organizations.
“Our 90th anniversary isn’t just about looking back on where we’ve been; it’s about where we’re going, and how, on behalf of our clients, we are transforming our business and the industry as a whole,” said Carrie Freeman Parsons, Vice Chair of Freeman. “Our success was built on the relationships we’ve had and continue to have with our clients and partners, and those relationships have built us up, defined us, and given us the license to challenge, define, and innovate our industry. We are tremendously grateful for our clients all over the world – it is because of their steadfast loyalty and trust that we are able to lead such transformative change.”
This year, Freeman is also recognizing the 40th anniversary of its highly esteemed chairman.
“Don Freeman is the reason we have been so successful over the last 40 years,” said Joe Popolo, CEO of Freeman. “Under Don’s leadership, from the time he succeeded his father, Buck Freeman, in 1977, to when he passed the torch to me in 2008, Don grew the business over 6,000 percent. We all owe him an immense debt of gratitude for building on Buck Freeman’s legacy and guiding the transformation of Freeman into the global leader we are today.”
Freeman has set a strategic road map that will guide the future of the company and the industry. This strategy is a focused effort to help the industry evolve by identifying future trends in technology, content, and human behavior in order to evolve to meet the changing demand of societies and businesses.
“We have the ability to connect people, organizations, and cultures in ways that create massive positive change on a global scale,” said Bob Priest-Heck, President of Freeman. “The work we have done to reinvent our company and design our future will create new worlds of engagement where brands come to life and experience what is next.”
Over its 90-year history, the undying commitment of Freeman employees has always been a constant. As part of its strategic vision, the company is poised to build on its reputation as the premier place for industry talent.
“The people and culture of Freeman are at the heart of our company’s legacy and, without question, are our greatest assets,” said Albert Chew, Chief Operating Officer of Freeman and President of Freeman Expositions. “More than 8,000 employees around the world proudly deliver on our mission of connecting people in meaningful ways every day, while exemplifying our values of integrity, empathy, innovation, enthusiasm, performance excellence, and collaboration.”
With its strategy in place, Freeman has already launched several key initiatives that will drive the future of the category.
Make it Personal℠
As Freeman looks ahead, the company is placing a good deal of stock in what many see as the future of brand experiences: mass personalization. Less a trend than a total reevaluation of the marketing discipline, personalization is driven by the idea that audiences can no longer be broadly defined by a set of shared attributes or values.
“Data is providing us with insights that allow us to personalize the experience, creating deeper, more meaningful connections,” said Chris Cavanaugh, Executive Vice President and Chief Marketing Officer of Freeman. “It starts with putting the audience at the center of the proposition, using empathy and insights to understand what they want and need, and then creating a personalized experience that delivers without being intrusive.”
Freeman is exploring new ways to leverage data and technology to design environments and make the storytelling process more responsive to allow consumers to control their own experiences.
Redefining the Future of Events
Big Data is continuing to play an enormous role in all facets of business. By defining scientific and social trends and emotional and spiritual touch points, Freeman’s future outlook approach focuses on insights and three proprietary tools that will shape the future of events from the inside out.
The Freeman Global Trend Navigator was developed with information collected from workshops, interviews, and studies, which summarized and distilled the findings into eight macro trends: Glocalization, New Models, Digital Transformation, Global Citizens, Everybody Is a Creative, Betterness, Intelligent Reduction, and Economics for Humans.
Trend Compass
Freeman created a tool that allows its people to apply trend knowledge to ongoing strategic work. With four main categories – people, profit, planet, and purpose – the Trend Compass acts as an index that assists with qualitative evaluation of the relevance and integration of the eight macro trends in a local context.
Scenario Creating
The visualization and contextualization of the future into four global scenarios (Bigger by Design, Info Revolution, The Creativity Lab, and The Individual Experience) allows participants to consider global trends on a more human scale – and how macro trends will play out alongside more detailed, micro trends such as technology, hyper-personalization, and emerging markets.
Accelerating Technology
After a strong year of acquisitions to grow its digital capabilities, Freeman has continued to bolster its digital portfolio with Freeman Digital Ventures, a fund that is set up to accelerate innovation and provide investments and partnerships that support the increasing impact technology and digital advances are making in the brand experience category.
“The market is becoming increasingly sophisticated,” said Richard Maranville, Executive Vice President and Chief Digital Officer of Freeman. “There is a growing demand for cutting-edge technology that takes audience interaction to the next level. As the global leader in the category, we are uniquely positioned to develop digital solutions that improve audience experience and drive the future of the industry.”
Virtual reality, in particular, has caught the attention of the category as a whole. From live streaming brand experiences to immersive storytelling to designing the interactive, in-person experience, Freeman’s VR products and services will push the boundaries of brand experiences.
The future is proving to be an inspiring theme for Freeman, especially during a year of such historic significance.
“Even with this tremendous milestone upon us, there’s always been a sense that we at Freeman are a young, energetic company,” said Popolo. “As Don Freeman has said, ‘We’re a 90-year-old startup.’ We may be the global leader in our category, but we have the energy, enthusiasm, and the agility that allows us to keep looking forward and pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in our industry.”
From a humble decorating company in the 1920s to servicing trade shows, conferences, and events worldwide, Freeman is positioned to lead the brand experience category as the need for personal relationships in an increasingly cluttered landscape is more important than ever before for brands. To learn more about how Freeman is redefining brand experiences, visit www.freeman.com.
About Freeman
Freeman is the world’s largest brand experience company. We help our clients design, plan, and deliver immersive experiences for their most important audiences. Through comprehensive solutions including strategy, creative, logistics, digital solutions, and event technology, Freeman helps increase engagement and drive business results. What makes us different is our collaborative culture, intuitive knowledge, global perspective, and personalized approach, gained from our 90 years as an industry leader. Freeman is a family-owned company with more than 90 locations worldwide and over 7,000 employees, 2,000 of whom are located outside the U.S. For more information, visit www.freeman.com.
Katherine Zimoulis, Freeman
katherine.zimoulis@freeman.com
Kendall Huber, Golin, on behalf of Freeman
khuber@golin.com
Web: www.freeman.com
Insights: www.freeman.com/insights
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Want to create personalized experiences and provable ROI? Get in touch with the Freeman team to start planning your next event.
The Value of Brand Experience
This collection of the latest event marketing statistics shows how live experiences deliver real results
Conferences & Exhibitions
Exhibits & Installations
Audience Research & Segmentation
Measurement & ROI: Event
Measurement & ROI: Show
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Frontiers in Microbiology
Evolutionary and Genomic Microbiology
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Methods ARTICLE
Front. Microbiol., 21 February 2012 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2012.00048
Tracing lifestyle adaptation in prokaryotic genomes
Eric Altermann1,2*
1 Rumen Microbiology, Animal Nutrition and Health Capability Group, Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
2 Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
Lifestyle adaptation of microbes due to changes in their ecological niches or acquisition of new environments is a major driving force for genetic changes in their respective genomes. Moving into more specialized niches often results in the acquisition of new gene sets via horizontal gene transfer to utilize previously unavailable metabolites, while genetic ballast is shed by gene loss and/or gene inactivation. In some cases, larger genome rearrangements can be observed, such as the incorporation of whole genetic islands, providing a range of new phenotypic capabilities. Until recently these changes could not be comprehensively followed and identified due to the lack of complete microbial genome sequences. The advent of high-throughput DNA sequencing has dramatically changed the scientific landscape and today microbial genomes have become increasingly abundant. Currently, more than 2,900 genomes are published and more than 11,000 genome projects are listed in the Genomes Online Database‡. Although this wealth of information provides many new opportunities to assess microbial functionality, it also creates a new array of challenges when a comparison between multiple microbial genomes is required. Here, functional genome distribution (FGD) is introduced, analyzing the diversity between microbes based on their predicted ORFeome. FGD is therefore a comparative genomics approach, emphasizing the assessments of gene complements. To further facilitate the comparison between two or more genomes, degrees of amino-acid similarities between ORFeomes can be visualized in the Artemis comparison tool, graphically depicting small and large scale genome rearrangements, insertion and deletion events, and levels of similarity between individual open reading frames. FGD provides a new tool for comparative microbial genomics and the interpretation of differences in the genetic makeup of bacteria.
Microbial genomes range in size from the smallest microbial genome known to date of Candidatus Tremblaya princeps with just under 139,000 nt (McCutcheon and von Dohlen, 2011) to large genomes with over 13,000,000 nt such as Sorangium cellulosum SO ce56 (Schneiker et al., 2007). With an average gene size of about 1,000 nt, microbial genomes harbor between 140 and 13,000 genes.
Lifestyle adaptation is one of the major driving forces for microbial genome re-arrangement processes such as gene loss and gene acquisition, genome rearrangements, and the movement of whole genetic islands. Until recently, such processes could not be monitored comprehensively and observations were limited to either a few select genes (typing) or the analysis of large scale genome re-arrangement events.
Typing methods such as multi-locus sequence typing (MLST; Chan et al., 2001), are based on the selection of a few widely distributed and conserved house-keeping genes. Today, MLST utilizes whole microbial genome predominantly to identify new select target regions for amplification, rather than analyzing the whole nucleotide sequence (Maiden, 2006).
With the advent of high-throughput DNA sequencing techniques such as automated capillary sequencing, solid-state sequencing1, or pyrosequencing2 or sequencing by synthesis3, access to high-quality draft, and complete bacterial genomes has become feasible and is a commonly used technique. Currently 2,943 complete genomes (including eukaryotic organisms) have been reported, with another 184 archeal and 5,490 bacterial genome projects in progress4. The availability of complete or nearly complete genomes triggered attempts to incorporate selected larger genetic subsets (Makarova et al., 2006; Makarova and Koonin, 2007) or complete genomes (Rohwer and Edwards, 2002; Henz et al., 2005) to infer evolutionary lineages, while less progress has been made in analysis of multiple whole microbial genomes from functional and comparative genomic perspectives. One of the most prominent examples of whole genome comparative analyses is based on Blast Score Ratios (Rasko et al., 2005).
Here, we introduce a new analysis tool, functional genome distribution (FGD). FGD does not attempt to represent the evolutionary path a genome has taken, since different genes will have been acquired by different routes. Instead, FGD investigates the overall levels of similarity between microbial genomes based on amino-acid sequences of the predicted complete ORFeomes. This reflects the impact the evolutionary force has had on genome makeup in the past, resulting in the current level of niche adaptation (Thomson et al., 2003). Thus presence, absence, or modification of individual genes or genetic islands defines the phenotypic potential of a given organism at a given temporal snapshot. The comparison of these ORFeomes to each other ultimately defines the level of similarity of the genomes. This approach then also takes into account important genetic adaptations to specific ecological niches or even to human made environments such as industrial fermentation processes. Such common genotype adaptations might render organisms more similar by FGD analyses than their respective evolutionary heritage would indicate. The presented approach of a FGD is a BLAST-based ORF-position-independent algorithm, implemented in the compACTor software. In the context of FGD analyses the term “functional” is used in the sense of functionality based on sequence and sequence similarity and is not based on annotation classification [i.e., such as implied by COG (Tatusov et al., 2003) or KEGG (Kanehisa, 2002; Kanehisa et al., 2008) databases].
Research in functional genomics (defined as the investigation of gene function by gene inactivation, gene complementation, and in silico analyses) relies heavily on the identification of differences between two or more genomes, identifying differences in the presence or absence of individual genes. The compACTor software also creates all-vs.-all ORFeome distance data files which, in combination with the respective GenBank files of the query microbes and the Artemis comparison tool (ACT; Carver et al., 2005), facilitate visual qualitative comparative in silico analyses of complete and draft phase microbial genomes for the subsequent analysis of changes to gene synteny and operon structures. Furthermore, to identify genes shared and unique between selected clusters a mining tool, FGDfinder, is provided, facilitating rapid identification of relevant gene sets for further in vitro analyses.
General Workflow of the compACTor Software
A pool of genomes in GenBank format represents the query space for compACTor (Figure 1). Gene models embedded and subsequently retrieved from the GenBank files of each query genome are parsed and the resulting ORFeome is translated into individual amino-acid sequences. The parsing algorithm considers both gene and CDS features for any given start position, while giving preference to CDS entries. Nucleotide sequences are retrieved from the genome sequence and translated into amino-acid sequence. Gene model errors such as unbalanced number of nucleotides, unrecognized amino-acid codons, or multiple stop-codons are reported but treated as non-critical. The translated ORFeome is then used to build query-specific amino-acid BLAST databases (DBs) using formatdb (Altschul et al., 1990). In subsequent runs previously build BLAST databases can be re-used (Figure 1), reducing the overall runtime of the compactor software. The pooled ORFeomes of all query entries are hashed for subsequent all-vs.-all analyses. Levels of similarities are inferred for each predicted query ORF by an all-vs.-all analysis, submitting sequence-database combinations to a non-filtered gapped BLASTP (Altschul et al., 1997) pipeline. Briefly, the deduced amino-acid sequence for each open reading frame (ORF) of each query entry is compared to all subject databases generated from the entry pool. Individual BLAST results are parsed and collated in ORF-specific ASCII result files. The total number of BLAST analyses performed is a direct function of the number of individual ORFeomes and the pool size.
Figure 1. Graphical workflow of the compACTor software. Schematic representation of the algorithm structure. Symbols used are consistent with standard flowchart icons. Abbreviations: DB, database; pMSPs, ORFeome based MSPcrunch comparison format (Sonnhammer and Durbin, 1994) data files. Oval symbol: data pools, diamond symbol: internal decision points, square boxes: internal processes and functions, hourglass symbol: central parsing algorithm, Multidocument symbol: external flatfile databases created by compACTor.
The collated flatfile database is the basis for all subsequent calculations such as the generation of ACT (Carver et al., 2005) pMSP-datafiles, the prediction of putative strain-specific genes, and the generation of FGD trees. It is also possible to add new query entries to existing analyses. The compACTor software tests for the presence of respective ORF-database BLAST results and omits the BLAST pipeline where possible. This significantly reduces runtime requirements and facilitates future expansions of existing comparative analyses.
Generation of ACT Comparison Data Files (pMSP)
Based on the all-vs.-all principle, all genome–genome pair combinations are analyzed. A bi-directional BLASTP approach was implemented for the creation of ORF-specific ACT comparison files. Genome pairs analyzed in respective comparison files are reflected within the filename which features both filenames in the order query-to-subject. Each predicted ORF of the query genome was allowed a maximum of 20 similarity hits to ORFs present in the respective subject genome. ACT allows two quality parameters, namely “Score cutoff” and “Percent ID cutoff” in its comparison file format. These two cutoffs determine the stringency of sequence similarities, and were replaced in the compACTor software output by the alternative parameters of “e-value” (“Percent ID”) and “weighted score” (“Score”). The parameter “e-value” is derived from individual e-values which are grouped into empirically determined trust level ranges (Table a1 in Appendix). Similarly, for the second parameter, a weighted score is calculated, placing additional emphasis on alignment quality and length (Eq. 1). Briefly, the initial alignment-centric local BLAST score is reflecting the maximum level of sequence similarity between a given ORF pair (ς, Eq. 1). To account for changes outside the local alignment and to further assess the alignment quality, the score is then subjected to three penalty blocks, assessing the quality of amino-acid similarity [(P − Id/2) + Id/λ, Eq. 1], the size of gaps (1 − G/A, Eq. 1), and the length of the BLAST alignment in relation to the query ORF length (A − G/λ, Eq. 1). These penalty parameters take into account differences in amino-acids sequence alignments which are not or insufficiently covered by the regular BLAST score. This process effectively reduces the level of similarity between both ORFs when the BLAST alignment covers only partial ORF sequences and/or the alignments show significant levels of insertions or deletions and results in a weighted BLAST score ψ.
The weighted score is a sub-parameter of the distance calculation between two genomes (see Eq. 2) and allows for stringency shifting in ACT while maintaining continuity to the FGD algorithm.
Weighted BLAST score
with: ψ = weighted score, ς = BLAST score between query sequence and respective BLAST hit, λ = length of deduced amino-acid in query sequence, P = identified positives in BLAST alignment, Id = identified identities in BLAST alignment, A = length of BLAST alignment, G = number of gaps in BLAST alignment
Artemis comparison tool compatible comparison files (pMSP) created with the compACTor software adhere to the MSPcrunch (Sonnhammer and Durbin, 1994) format. An example dataset of a two-way genome-to-genome comparison is provided in the Appendix.
Functional Genome Distribution
In prokaryotes, genome plasticity (re-arrangement of genomic regions between species), the presence of metabolic islands (clusters of genes with defined and specific metabolic functions), gene acquisition via horizontal gene transfer (HGT), and varied distribution of mobile genetic elements are well described and contribute significantly to phenotypic differences (Desiere et al., 2001; Makarova et al., 2006; Berger et al., 2007; Nicolas et al., 2007). Also, adaptation to new ecological niches and the resulting genetic drift can lead to rapid acquisition or the shedding of genetic elements without changes in selected sequence or gene subsets used in typing analyses (Makarova et al., 2006). Organisms, virtually indistinguishable based on selected individual gene (set) evolutionary analyses, may be markedly different in their complete genetic blueprint. To reflect this widespread diversity, a new algorithm, FGD, was empirically developed to distinguish organisms in the multi-dimensional genome space. Here, the focus distinctly lies on a snapshot picture of a current genome and how the genotype relates to other organisms. From a functional genomics perspective, the presence, absence, or modification of a gene determines a potential metabolic capability, while the respective position with the genome may influence the respective levels of gene expression (Sousa et al., 1997). Therefore, a position independent approach was embraced that investigates the phenotypic potential (absence/presence/similarity of genes) at the cost of loci dependent modulations of gene expression.
Each predicted ORF of a given query genome is analyzed via gapped BLASTP to a subject organism specific BLAST database. Result parameters of the best BLAST hit are applied to the following equations (Eqs 2 and 3).
Distance between two genomes
with: δ = final similarity score between two genomes, ψ = weighted BLAST score as described in Eq.1, λ = length of deduced amino-acid query sequence, TORFquery = total number of ORFs in query genome, n = current query ORF, and ρORF = ORF number ratio as described in Eq.3.
ORFeome ratio between query and subject genome
with: ρORF = ORF number ratio between query and subject genome, always ≤ 1, TORFquery = total number of ORFs in query genome, TORFsubject = total number of ORFs in subject genome.
Motivation of the FGD Algorithm
The FGD algorithm initially investigates the level of similarity for each predicted ORF in a query genome to a subject ORF and is based on the BLAST score. This score describes the overall quality of the best local alignment found for a given query–subject sequence alignment. However, the score alone does not necessarily reflect the overall level of similarity between two sequences outside the local alignment. Also, from a functional genomics perspective, insertion, and deletion events in individual amino-acid sequences may change the properties of the gene product, thus decreasing the level of similarity. Furthermore, the relation of the local alignment to the overall sequence is an important factor. While stretches of highly conserved sequence contribute to a higher BLAST score, the presence of unique sequence outside the local alignment is likely to contribute to changing the properties of respective gene products. Therefore, the maximum level of similarity as described by the BLAST score will be decreased by the FGD algorithm if insertion/deletion events and imbalanced alignment/deduced sequence ratios are detected.
The FGD analysis then summarizes individual similarity scores determined for each ORF in the ORFeome. The presence of unique strain-specific genes and differences in the overall number of predicted ORFs in respective microbial genome pairs contribute to different genotypes and consequently decrease the level of overall functional similarity between genome pairs.
The initial alignment BLAST score is subjected to quality assessments as described above for Eq. 1. In Eq. 2 the resulting weighted score is normalized by the number of deduced amino-acids of the query ORF, resulting in a score per amino-acid [ψ/λ(n)]. Individual similarity scores are then are summed up over the query ORFeome and normalized over total number of predicted ORFs, resulting in a weighted score per ORF. Assessing differences in ORFeome sizes by calculating the ratio between query and subject ORFeomes (Eq. 3), the similarity score is adjusted to result in a final genome similarity score (δGquery → Gsubject).
Genome similarity scores for each query–subject combination are entered into a distance matrix. A symmetrical distance matrix, based on the geometrical means of each genome–genome pair combination is calculated according to Eq.4.
Symmetrical distance matrix
with: Δsym = final score for symmetrical distance matrix between a given genome–genome pair and δGquery → Gsubject = similarity score between a given genome–genome combination.
Distance matrices of larger datasets become increasingly complex to read directly. Therefore a traditional tree representation was used as a visual aid to the underlying data structure. The resulting symmetrical distance matrix can be imported into software packages such as Mega4 (Tamura et al., 2007). Genome clusters are approximated using the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean (UPGMA) algorithm (Sneath and Sokal, 1962). Approximated branch lengths, representing the level of similarity between genomes are depicted by distance units (du). Although similar in appearance to phylogenetic trees, the resulting functional distribution tree (FDT) depicts a different concept, clustering organisms by their respective ORFeome similarities rather than by their inferred evolutionary line.
Identification of Putative Strain-Specific Genes
A key interest in comparative functional genomics is the identification of strain and cluster specific and shared gene sets, identifying the genetic differences, and similarities between selected microbial genomes. These gene sets can then be used to investigate potentially unique metabolic capabilities of microbes and may reveal specific genome adaptation to lifestyle changes. Cluster specific genes or genes shared between clusters are identified using the flatfile BLAST database created by compACTor. Query ORFs exhibiting a minimum e-value threshold with respect to a given subject genome are identified and stored if they fulfill the stringency restriction. Stringency between selected clusters can be set by selecting the number of allowable mismatches. A mismatch is defined as an ORF in the query cluster that has at least one ORF–ORF pairing above the minimum e-value threshold to the subject cluster. Objects implemented in the output are: name of the query GenBank file, respective ORF identifier, the name of the subject GenBank file, annotation of the subject ORF, and the corresponding e-value, query ORF length, score, query ORF start and stop positions, and gene, locus_tag, product, and note annotation. Data for each query ORFeome – subject genome combination are collated and summarized in a tab-delimited ASCII file. The individual data files can easily be imported into spreadsheet programs such as MS Excel or OpenOffice Calc and then be further re-grouped and analyzed. For example, grouping by query ORF number quickly identifies the degree to which a respective ORF is unique among the pool of genome entries.
The compACTor and FGDfinder software has been realized as PERL scripts (ActivePerl version 5.8.8.822), using the official NCBI BLAST distribution5. The software is freely available for non-commercial use (commercial use requires a license).
The algorithms and BLAST utilities used in compACTor render the application CPU intensive. compACTor is multi-threaded and support multiple CPUs/cores to reduce runtime in a near linear fashion. For the analysis depicted in Figure 2, 39 genomes, ranging from ∼1.7 to ∼6.6 Mbp, were analyzed. A total number of 113,397 ORFs resulted in ∼4,300,000 individual BLAST queries. Artemis Comparison Files, the prediction of putative strain-specific ORFs and the phylogenetic tree were calculated using a collated and parsed BLAST flatfile database of >11 Gb. 1,560 Artemis comparison files were generated, reflecting all possible genome–genome combinations (a datapool of >2.5 Gb).
Figure 2. Functional genome distribution of 39 taxa. Publicly available complete genomes were downloaded in GenBank format from the NCBI genome database. Publicly available draft phase genomes were downloaded in FASTA format, concatenated using a universal spacer-stop-spacer sequence and automatically annotated using GAMOLA (Altermann and Klaenhammer, 2003). The in-house draft phase genome of Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus was assembled into an artificial genome and annotated using GAMOLA (publication in preparation). Predicted ORFeomes of all genomes were subjected to an FGD analysis and the resulting distance matrix was imported into MEGA4. The functional distribution was visualized using the UPGMA method (Sneath and Sokal, 1962). The optimal tree with the sum of branch length = 133.1 is shown. The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths in the same units as those of the functional distances used to infer the distribution tree.
Known Limitations
Known limitations of the algorithm at this time are the lack of integrated support for extrachromosomal genetic elements such as plasmids and additional chromosomes. A workaround exists by concatenating DNA sequences of all genetic information present in the respective organism and then performing an automated annotation using pipelines such as GAMOLA (Altermann and Klaenhammer, 2003). The implemented GenBank parser currently ignores joined features. In prokaryotes, joined features such as introns [e.g., the mobilization protein MobA E1 (genome position 1344187.0.1345428, 1347858.0.1348370) in Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris MG1363 (GI:124491690)] are very rare and usually do not interfere with the analyses. Also, identical genomes still incur a distance to each other, resulting in a small branching when visualizing the dissimilarity matrix. A normalization algorithm will be implemented in the next release to address this issue. compACTor and FGDfinder are actively developed and future releases will resolve those issues.
Evaluation of Functional Distribution Trees
To assess the FGD concept 35 completed and four draft phase genomes from different phyla, including several archeal genomes, were selected (Table a2 in Appendix). The purpose of this diverse taxonomy is to investigate how FGD places individual genomes into clusters and how similar these genomes are to each other on a functional level. The majority of the genomes selected are members of the family Lactobacillaceae in the order Lactobacillales (12 genomes). To investigate the discriminatory power of the FGD algorithm, the range was expanded and five genomes of the family Bacillaceae (order Bacillales), three genomes of the family Streptococcaceae (order Lactobacillales) and two genomes of the family Leuconostocaceae (order Lactobacillales) were added. Eight more distantly related genomes of the order Clostridiales (class Clostridia) were chosen to broaden the taxonomic selection to different classes. All of these genomes are members of the phylum Firmicutes. Three representatives of the class Gammaproteobacteria, (phylum Proteobacteria) were included to investigate inter-phylum relationships. As a final outlier, six genomes of archeal Euryarchaeota were included in the analysis.
Figure 2 represents the functional distribution of the selected taxa within an FDT. To test the influence of early, incomplete draft phase genomes on functional placement, the draft phase sequence of Anaerostipes caccae DSM14662 (Schwiertz et al., 2002) which consisted of ∼1.69 Mbp at the time of analysis was included. FGD penalized the missing genetic information and set A. caccae apart from the Clostridiales as a separate cluster. When the updated genome sequence of A. caccae encompassing ∼3.6 Mbp was included instead, A. caccae shifted its position and clustered with Ruminococcus obeum and Ruminococcus gnavus (branch length 1.99 du), while showing a deeper branching to Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus (branch length 3.13 du; data not shown). This clearly highlights the necessity of obtaining high-coverage genome sequence data for FGD analyses. However, with high-throughput genome sequencing techniques currently available, initial draft phase genomes usually encompass 85–95% of the genome, thus allowing an initial representative functional placement.
Subsequent analysis of complete genomes included in the FDT revealed the deepest branching (20.6 du) for euryarcheal genomes. The selected methanogens form two distinct genome clusters (node at 5.3 du), separating Methanococcoides burtonii and Methanosarcina mazei (Deppenmeier et al., 2002) from the remaining four taxa. Initial comparisons of habitat, growth temperature, and GC content did not indicate a consistently shared denominator between the two groups. Further analyses will be necessary to determine the imminent functional similarities indicated by the FGD approach.
Interestingly, Clostridiaceae, Bacillaceae, and a subcluster comprised of Rumincocci and B. proteoclasticus B316 formed a new functional node within the FDT (branch depth from node to Lactobacillales was 7.8 du), combining the taxonomic families into one genome cluster. Although the genomes of members of Clostridiaceae and Bacillaceae are still placed into distinct functional groups (internal cluster branch depth was 4 du) and no taxon shuffling was observed between both sub-clusters, it appears that lifestyle adaptation has led to similar genome content, potentially indicative of a high level of HGT between both families or from one family to the other.
A survey of the nine ORFeomes of the Bacillus and Clostridium clusters revealed 154 ORFs that are highly conserved in both groups (e-value threshold 1e-100). As expected, most ORFs could be assigned to central house-keeping functions such as DNA synthesis and repair (21%), tRNA genes and related processes (12%), central metabolism (35%), transcription and translation (6%), cellular processes (9%), and molecule transport (8%). However, besides these central functions, a significant number of ORFs related to sporulation were present and highly conserved in both clusters (8%). Based on the algorithms used, it is reasonable to hypothesize that the presence of these highly conserved sporulation genes may be one of the key drivers for the observed clustering of bacilli and true clostridia.
When compared to the Ruminococcus subcluster a similar conserved gene set was found with the notable absence of most sporulation genes (e-value threshold 1e-60). This is in agreement with the observed non-sporulating phenotype. It is noteworthy, that two conserved genes involved in sporulation (stage V sporulation protein D, spoVD, and Sporulation initiation inhibitor protein, soj) were identified in the Ruminococcus and Butyrivibrio genomes. This may indicate an ongoing genetic loss in response to adaptation to a new environment (rumen) where sporulation is no longer offering an advantage in fitness. The other identified shared genes are likely to be present in most of the other microbial genomes analyzed, and thus would contribute to higher-level genome clustering.
In addition, the ORFeomes were analyzed for predicted genes which are conserved in one genome cluster but not in the other – and vice versa (threshold conserved: 1e-100; threshold unique: 1e-10). Overall, 84 ORFs were identified to be group specific. Seventy of these were found only in genomes assigned to the Bacillus cluster and 14 in genomes in the Clostridium group. Remarkably, genes involved in heme and cytochrome biogenesis (hemE, hemH, hemY, resB, and resC), cytochrome reduction (gcrB, gcrC, cypD), and cytochrome oxidation (qoxB, cydA, ctaB, ctaD, cydA) were identified, indicating a Bacillus-specific electron transport chain. It is thus tempting to speculate that, functionally, Bacilli are aerobic Clostridia, having acquired the capability of oxidative phosphorylation. Furthermore, a subset of the propionate metabolism pathways identified to be Bacillus-specific. This subset is involved in the conversion of propanoyl-CoA to succinate and succinyl-CoA (prpD, prpB, pccB, sucD, sucC) and might present an additional energy conversion option for Bacilli which is absent in Clostridia.
Only a few ORFs were identified to be Clostridium cluster specific. Among those a cobyric acid synthase cobQ was identified to be Clostridium specific. CobQ is part of the porphyrin metabolic pathway, involved in converting cobyrinic acid into coenzyme vitamin B12. Notably, a central branching point in this pathway leads to the synthesis of hemes and cytochromes found in Bacilli (see above). Interestingly, CobQ is also absent in the Ruminococcus subcluster, providing further support for the proposed ongoing adaptation to the new rumen environment. In contrast, the Ruminococcus subcluster acquired a number of membrane and sugar utilization (e.g., beta-glucosidases bgl3A, bgl3B, and bgl3D and an L-fucose isomerase) which may aid in the adhesion to and degradation of plant fibers in the rumen (threshold conserved: 1e-60; threshold unique: 1e-10; Kelly et al., 2010).
While the function of these genes has been well described in the past, they deliver the proof-of-concept that FGD analyses are able to identify gene sets involved in lifestyle adaptation processes. Because the initial similarity analysis does not rely on existing gene annotation, uncharacterized ORFs (e.g., genes annotated as “conserved hypothetical”) can be identified as potential targets to contributing to respective phenotypes. This is particular important for poorly annotated microbial genomes with a high level of conserved hypothetical ORFs.
In summary, results obtained from the test dataset provide strong support for the usefulness of FGD analyses, by illustrating the ability of the method to draw together groups into common nodes based on shared core (shared by all genomes in a specific cluster) and lifestyle elements, yet distinguishing them into distinct sub-clusters based on relevant genotypic differences and lifestyle adaptation processes. Importantly, FGD subsequently allows identifying gene sets likely to be responsible for the observed clustering, providing meaningful new target selections for functional genomics analyses independent of other means of classification or prior annotation.
Furthermore, distinct placements in genome clustering of Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Oenococcus oeni (Ze-Ze et al., 2000; Makarova et al., 2006; Leuconostocaceae) were observed in the FDT. Both genera can be found epiphytically on fruits, fruit mashes, and vegetables and are used in industrial and food fermentation processes. Interestingly, Functional Distribution placed L. casei and L. plantarum into a separate cluster, branching deeply within the Bacilli (Figure A1 in Appendix). Both genomes are significantly larger than the average Lactobacillus genome of 1.8–2.0 Mbp with 2.8 and 3.3 Mbp, respectively. The significantly increased genome size likely reflects a more generalized lifestyle, capable of thriving in a variety of habitats such as raw and fermented dairy products, plants, and the intestinal and reproductive tracts of animals and humans. In contrast, the smaller genomes of other lactobacilli often reflect the more specialized lifestyle to one habitat such as the human or animal gastrointestinal system or specific fermentation processes.
These results may indicate that lifestyle adaptation can lead to a similar genetic makeup of taxa defined as being distinctively different by heritage based phylogeny.
Limits of the FGD Resolution
In the previous example microbial genomes from a wider range of species were investigated. To determine if the algorithm can discriminate strains from the same species, 23 Chlamydia trachomatis genomes (host: human), three Chlamydia muridarum genomes (host: members of the family Muridae), and one Chlamydia pneumoniae genome (host: varied; see Table a3 in Appendix) were subjected to an FGD analysis. It is interesting to note that until 1999 C. muridarum, infecting only members of the family Muridae, was designated as C. trachomatis (Everett et al., 1999). C. pneumoniae, which can infect a wide variety of different hosts and causes atypical pneumonia, clusters away from both C. trachomatis and C. muridarum genomes, indicating a different – and possible more flexible – genome makeup (Figure A2 in Appendix). In contrast to the other Chlamydia genomes, C. pneumoniae harbors an additional ∼200 kb of genetic information, and a more detailed analysis will be necessary to determine whether gene loss or gene acquisition is the major driving force. Similarly, the C. muridarum group is clearly forming its own cluster, albeit indicating a higher-level of similarity to C. trachomatis than to C. pneumoniae. On this high level, FGD can clearly resolve genomic differences and support observed host specificities (varied hosts – Muridae – human). Within the C. trachomatis cluster, three distinct sub-clusters could be identified with little reshuffling observed. Cluster 1 comprises serotypes E, F, G, and J (and C. trachomatis Ds2923), Cluster 2 harbors serotypes A, B, D, and L (and C. trachomatis E Sweden2), and Cluster 3 groups two serotype L and one serotype A (Figure A2 in Appendix). The observed positioning of the serovar D strain C. trachomatis Ds2923 into Cluster 1 supports the pairwise alignment of several chlamydial isolates (Jeffrey et al., 2010) which identified the least number of nucleotide substitutions between Ds/2926 and E/11023. In contrast, different major groups were identified in this nucleotide based analysis; two major clades (D/G/J and E/F; Jeffrey et al., 2010) are contrasted by three clusters (E/F/G/J, A/B/D/L, and L/A).
Overall, the FGD analysis was able to resolve strains from the same species to a similar level and with similar results as other whole genome comparative approaches. However, one of the limitations seen in the analysis of very similar genomes from the same species was the difficulty in identifying cluster specific gene sets based on e-value using FGDfinder [only three hypothetical ORFs were found to be cluster specific to Cluster 3 (see Figure A2 in Appendix, threshold conserved: 1e-20; threshold unique: 1e-10)]. In its current version FGDfinder uses calculated e-values to determine respective conserved or cluster specific gene sets. A future version of the software will incorporate the FGD scoring algorithm, increasing the power of resolution when very similar ORFeome sets are compared.
Topographical Stability of Functional Distribution Trees
The overall stability of inferred trees and respective genome clusters was tested by a Jackknife analysis (James and McCulloch, 1990). Individual observations (genome entries) from the calculated distance matrix were removed sequentially and resulting UPGMA-based FDTs were approximated. This was done for each genome in the dataset, resulting in 39 subset trees. Respective topologies were assessed individually. To investigate the impact of whole genome clusters on tree robustness, a Jackknife analysis was performed defining observed genome clusters as individual observations. Again, FDTs were approximated and evaluated for each resulting subset (data not shown). In summary, tree topology remained stable and only a swapping of neighboring branches was observed while in no instance shuffling was found for individual genome entries between genome clusters in either Jackknife analysis. This strongly supports the overall stability and discriminatory power of the FGD analysis.
Similarly, a Jackknife analysis was performed for the narrow strain FGD analysis (Figure A2 in Appendix). Individual entries, individual clusters, and complete serotypes were removed and the resulting tree topology investigated. Removal of individual entries and complete clusters did not change the topology of the FGD tree. Only minor reshuffling was observed within a respective cluster when complete serotypes were removed from the analyses (e.g., removal of serotype L caused a repositioning of C. trachomatis D UW3 CX into the serotype D subcluster within Cluster 2.
As expected, the removal of individual entries reduces discriminatory power, resulting in grouping together previously more separated genome clusters, without any entry-reshuffling.
Comparative Analysis Using the Artemis Comparison Tool
Comparison of the degree of genome similarity between two or more genomes relies on analyses of presence/absence of genes and their respective syntenies in an operon or genome-wide context. In combination with ORFeome based (ORF-to-ORF comparison on amino-acid level, a maximum of 20 similarity hits per ORF is permitted) MSPcrunch (Sonnhammer and Durbin, 1994) comparison format data files (pMSPs) created by the compACTor software and annotated GenBank files, the ACT (Carver et al., 2005) provides an excellent visualization platform for mobility through the entire genome. Figure 3 illustrates the differences and similarities found between closely related strains such as between members of the acidophilus-complex of the Lactobacilli or between subspecies as well as between less similar genomes of more distantly related microbes. For example, small scale [inversion of a specific gene locus between both L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus genomes (Makarova et al., 2006; van de Guchte et al., 2006)] and large scale (double inversion ∼700 and ∼150 kb, respectively) of the terminus of DNA replication between L. gasseri (Azcarate-Peril et al., 2008) and L. johnsonii (Pridmore et al., 2004) genome inversions, deletion, and insertion events [between L. acidophilus (Altermann et al., 2005) and L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus], localized gene synteny (between L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and L. brevis), general presence/absence of individual genes and larger synteny trends (between L. casei and L. plantarum) can be immediately identified.
Figure 3. ORFeome based comparative ACT visualization of 11 Lactobacillus genomes. Based on the distribution observed in Figure 2, 11 Lactobacillus genomes and their ORFeome similarities were visualized in ACT using pMSP-datafiles. Respective genome designations are indicated on the left hand side of each genome line. Genomes are shown in full and drawn to scale. Genomic nucleotide sequences are represented by gray lines indicating sense and anti-sense strands and position markers are shown in between. Predicted ORFs are shown on each strand in their respective orientation as arrowed boxes. Direct amino-acid similarity between individual ORFs of neighboring genomes are shown as red lines, inverted similarities are indicated by blue lines. Color shadings indicate the level of similarity, the more saturated a similarity line the more conserved are two ORF-pairs. A trust level value of 40 was employed as display threshold to visualize similarity hits below an e-value of 1e-60.
Comparison of the FGD Algorithm to Alternative Methods
Although similar algorithms exist to investigate phylogenetic relationships based on whole (or partial) genomes sequences (Snel et al., 1999; Wolf et al., 2001; Henz et al., 2005; Khiripet, 2005; Canchaya et al., 2006; Fuchsman and Rocap, 2006; Berger et al., 2007; Felis and Dellaglio, 2007; Blaiotta et al., 2008), their focus remains mostly to infer a heritage based phylogeny. Furthermore, often only subsets of ORFeomes are chosen for these analyses. These are then analyzed individually (with or without weighting) or as concatenated sequences. Thus an artificial restriction is introduced that may bias the analysis. An example of such a method has been published by Konstantinidis and Tiedje (2005). There, genome information to infer taxonomy of prokaryotes is used, calculating an average amino-acid identity of shared gene subsets. Only few publications investigate the functional relationship of microbial genomes, such as the development of the Blast Score Ratio which analyzes the complete ORFeome but is limited to three genomes at a time (Rasko et al., 2005). Other methods investigating the functional relationship and similarities between gene clusters have been used to address the problem of genomes with different sizes. One example of such a method, GRAST, explores the ongoing genome reductions and rearrangements by identifying clusters of functionally related genes (Toft and Fares, 2006). Subsets of orthologous gene pairs are identified to determine conserved genetic loci. Similar to Blast Score Ratio analyses, the number of input genomes is limited to two at a time. While the output in part shows similarity to FGD analyses (visual representation of a genome plot and the determination of common and non-common genes), the purpose of this method is distinctly different in specifically identifying genome plasticity trends. A combination of genome analysis and visualization tool, GeneComp, has been published earlier (Yang et al., 2003). GeneComp is able to use different BLAST flavors and then visualize the textual output with varying levels of alignment length stringencies. While this solution offers the advantage of providing a combined analysis and visualization package, a number of limitations exist when compared to FGD. Like BSR and GRAST, GeneComp is restricted to a maximum number of three genomes. Furthermore, the algorithm is sequence based, highlighting genome variations such as repeat regions, insertions, deletions, and rearrangements rather than specific similarities to predicted ORFs.
Non-sequence based methods such as MLST use only a relatively small number of conserved genome loci with the primary aim to establish a highly discriminating (microbial) typing system (Chan et al., 2001; Maiden, 2006; Diancourt et al., 2007). Noteworthy, the ability of FGD analyses to identify cluster-conserved gene sets may provide a high-quality starting point for the selection of MLST targets.
16S rRNA and other gene subset analyses mainly focus on the determination of the line of descendants of a given gene or organism (Zhang et al., 2009) or on the identification of protein families (Enright and Ouzounis, 2000; Enright et al., 2002; Kelil et al., 2007). Such phylogenetic studies aim to reconstruct the relationship between organisms and are paramount to analyze the (changing) community structures of complex biological ecosystems. While this type of phylogenetic analysis is well accepted and widely used, it does not reflect the respective comprehensive genotypes. In contrast, FGD provides a different view of microbial similarities to each other. The example data set demonstrated the effects of lifestyle adaptation on genome content. FGD has shown the potential to provide new insights into the relationships between microbes from a comparative genomics perspective. The algorithm has already been used in a variety of analyses ranging from microbial (Goh et al., 2011) and archeal (Leahy et al., 2010) genomes to bacteriophage (Lu et al., 2010) which describe the impact of FGD analyses in more detail within their respective scopes.
Functional genome distribution in combination with the graphical visualization in ACT using ORFeome distance files (pMSPs) and functionally annotated GenBank files offers a powerful tool for comparative genomics that allows comparisons of whole genomes within genome space, encompassing heritage based (vertical transmission), lateral gene transfer (HGT), and lifestyle-driven change (adaptation) in a single analysis. Therefore, rather than attempting to reconstruct the evolution of the core genome with its set of commonly shared genes, FGD allows a representation of whole genome similarity at the functional level.
It will be possible to add further functionality to the algorithm, such as the ability to mask defined or dynamically created gene clusters within groups of organisms, thus identifying potentially important genetic elements independent from otherwise overpowering gene sets, such as central house-keeping or metabolism genes.
The complete software suite consisting of the compACTor and the FGDfinder software is freely available upon email request for academic use. Commercial use is subject to a license agreement.
The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Special thanks go to Peter Janssen for helpful and critical discussions during the development of the FGD algorithm, the subsequent interpretation of the data and the critical review of the manuscript. I also thank Sinead Leahy, Graeme Attwood, and Bill Kelly for their scientific contributions to this manuscript. This work was funded by the New Economic Research Fund programs C10 × 0314 and PROJ-13812-LNNR-AGR and supported by the Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Research Consortium (PGgRc).
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at http://www.frontiersin.org/Evolutionary_and_Genomic_Microbiology/10.3389/fmicb.2012.00048/abstract
‡http://genomesonline.org/cgi-bin/GOLD/bin/gold.cgi
^http://www.appliedbiosystems.com
^http://454.com/
^http://www.illumina.com
^http://genomesonline.org/cgi-bin/GOLD/bin/gold.cgi
^ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/blast/executables/LATEST
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FIGURE A1
Figure A1. Functional distribution tree of 17 closely related taxa within the class Bacilli. The tree represents a subset of the one shown in Figure 2. Predicted ORFeomes of all genomes were subjected to an FGD analysis and the resulting distance matrix was imported into MEGA4. The functional distribution was visualized using the UPGMA method (32). The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths in the same units as those of the functional distances used to infer the distribution tree.
Figure A2. A functional distribution tree comprising of 23 Chlamydia trachomatis genomes (host: human), three C. maridarum genomes (host: members of the family Muridae), and one C. pneumoniae genome were used to investigate genome similarities and the FGD-power-of-resolution on strain level. Entries in red depict Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes A–C (trachoma), entries in black represent serotypes D–K (sexually transmitted pathovars) and entries in green show serotype LGV (L1–L3; lymphogranuloma venereum). Chlamydia muridarum entries are shown in blue and Chalmydia pneumoniae is depicted in gray. Functional clusters and subclusters are indicated by square brackets.
TABLE A1
Table A1. e-Value range based trust levels.
Table A2. Genomes used for assessment of functional genome distribution.
Table A3. Genomes used for assessment of functional genome distribution on strain level.
Keywords: functional genomics, genome comparison, lifestyle adaption, horizontal gene transfer, genome plasticity
Citation: Altermann E (2012) Tracing lifestyle adaptation in prokaryotic genomes. Front. Microbio. 3:48. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00048
Received: 08 November 2011; Accepted: 30 January 2012;
Published online: 21 February 2012.
Jacques Ravel, University of Maryland School of Medicine, USA
David Nelson, Indiana University Bloomington, USA
Bing Ma, The Institute for Genome Sciences, USA
Copyright: © 2012 Altermann. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License, which permits non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in other forums, provided the original authors and source are credited.
*Correspondence: Eric Altermann, Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Tennent Drive, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand. e-mail: eric.altermann@agresearch.co.nz
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Today’s beauty consumer is savvy and educated, inquisitive and curious. As always, she is keenly interested in finding products and solutions that will solve her particular beauty concerns and, importantly, she wants those solutions to work, to fit her lifestyle and to be perfect for someone like her. She also wants them to be a good value for the money, but that doesn’t necessarily mean cheap. For today’s avid consumer—of beauty products and everything else—information has become the name of the game.
For The Benchmarking Company’s (TBC) 2016/2017 PinkReport: Ten-Year Beauty Benchmark—A Consumer Love Affair with All Things Beauty,* we took a look at how far beauty has evolved over the past decade, and what that evolution means to brands in terms of guiding marketing plans, devising customer acquisition strategies and implementing loyalty programs.
Covering everything from technology to the rise of social media to the impact of consumer reviews, this report compares the beauty consumers’ wants, needs, brand favorites, expectations and buying behaviors against those of 10 years ago, as well as unveiling trends that we expect will have a major impact on beauty over the next decade. More than 300 brands were covered in this study, as well as every major retail distribution channel.
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In Part 1 of this article, we will get to know today’s beauty consumer— in particular, the specifics of how millennials, Gen Xers and baby boomers differ in their attitudes toward beauty (see Know Your Beauty Consumer). In Part 2, we will explore how our beauty spending habits have evolved over the past decade and what is driving beauty spend today. Part 3 will take a peek at what categories and brands are leading beauty today. In Part 4, we will explore a few of the trends gearing up to shape beauty for the next 10 years and beyond. This four-part series includes charts, graphs, and beauty consumer data found nowhere else.
Say Hello to Today’s Beauty Loving Consumer
The beauty consumer of today is a digital diva and a traditionalist, tried-and-true (see T-1). She places strong emphasis on her family and friends and won’t make a move without their input and opinion. Beauty is both a necessity and a desire to her, and she is buying significantly more and more of it than she did a decade ago. However, unlike her consumer of yesterday, today’s beauty buyer places less emphasis on classic distinctions of luxury or mass. Today, there is a place in her makeup bag for products of all shapes, sizes and, importantly, prices.
She Wants Proof She Can Trust from “Women Like Me”
Today’s beauty consumer is no longer a passive recipient of beauty information. Rather than traditional advertising as a means to motivate her to buy, consumers of all ages are looking for proof of efficacy from women like them before they buy. It’s not enough to hope that a product will work for her. Today, she wants to be sure.
Today’s beauty consumer is looking to answer the question: “will this product work for someone like me?” She gets her answer through consumer reviews and claims. Eighty-three percent (83%) of women say positive consumer claims from “women like me” are influential to extremely influential in her decision to purchase—even more so than clinical claims, which 25% of consumers rank as extremely influential—and 61% agree that before and after pictures of women who have used the products are influential to extremely influential.
Consumer claims don’t just influence what she already knows she is going to purchase; nearly half of women admit they would buy/use more beauty products if they could read consumer claims from women like them that affirmed that the products work. To show how much beauty consumers have changed, in 2006 using the internet to search for consumer claims or read online product reviews wasn’t even mentioned by beauty consumers because the internet just wasn’t her go-to source for information. Interestingly, second only to free samples, 2016 survey respondents noted that positive reviews have the greatest influence on them to purchase a beauty product. Eighty-six percent (86%) of consumers noted that a product that was highly reviewed by many consumers would sway them toward purchase.
When she’s online, 77% of beauty shoppers say that the presence of consumer claims—such as, “98% of women said they saw a reduction in fine lines”—is an important factor in determining which websites they frequent for both browsing and purchasing. For a breakdown of product review habits, see T-2.
Part 2: Beauty Shopper Habits, Motivations and Needs
Next up, in Part 2 of our four-part series, we will explore how shoppers’ beauty habits have evolved over the past decade. We’ll also look at what’s driving her interest in beauty, how she gets her information on beauty and what she wants from her favorite beauty brands.
Based in sun-seared San Diego, Denise Herich is co-founder and managing partner at The Benchmarking Company. The Benchmarking Company provides marketing and strategy professionals in the beauty and personal care industries with need-to-know information about its customers and prospects through custom consumer research studies, focus groups, its annual PinkReport™, and consumer beauty product testing for marketing claims. www.benchmarkingcompany.com
*The Benchmarking Company’s (TBC) “2016/2017 PinkReport: 10 Year Beauty Benchmark: A Consumer Love Affair with All Things Beauty,” provides an in-depth look at the U.S. female beauty consumer. This report details extensive quantitative primary research designed to uncover the aspects of this consumer’s interaction with beauty, as well as what is and is not driving her interest in your brand or store. Thousands of U.S. women were invited to take part in the online survey, which was completed by 6,212 female beauty consumers who have used beauty products within the past 12 months of the study date. The comprehensive survey instruments, which included more than 75 in-depth questions, were developed based on exploratory psychometric and demographic questions. In order to qualify for this study, respondents had to be female and live in the United States, be between the ages of 18 and 70, and shop for beauty products. All research was conducted between May and June, 2016.
This article appeared in the July/August 2017 issue. Find more on this topic in the digital edition.
Explore this Issue's Digital Edition
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Are E-sports Stars the New Influencer?
3/11/2019, Audrey Latimer
3 Ways to Empower and Engage with Today’s Informed + Connected Beauty Consumer
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3 Ways to Capture the Casual Beauty Consumer
5/1/2019, Sara Jones, Free the Birds
Global Cosmetic Industry:
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Downloading Geekbench 4 for macOS
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Installing Geekbench
Once you have finished downloading Geekbench, just double-click on the downloaded Disk Image File and move Geekbench to your Applications folder.
Understanding Scores
Geekbench 4 scores are calibrated against a baseline score of 4,000 (which is the score of an Intel Core i7-6600U @ 2.60 GHz). Higher scores are better, with double the score indicating double the performance.
Detailed documents of the benchmarks Geekbench uses to measure performance, along with a complete breakdown of the scoring methodology, can be found for CPU and Compute workloads.
Comparing Scores
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Mac Benchmark Chart
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Home / EXHIBITIONS / Khoj Kasheer, India 2007 / Khoj Kasheer Open Day>
Khoj Kasheer Open Day November 11, 2007 at Gulshan (Aga Manzil), Lalmandi, Srinagar, Kashmeer
I. The Art Project Khoj Kasheer
II. Glimpses of the Open Day
Since a decade or more, due to the violent conflict in India’s Kashmir, which began around 1980ies, Kashmir has been a kind of ex territorial area for any greater exhibition or event related to any kind of arts beyond the local occasions. The Khoj Kasheer workshop and exhibition was the first event of it’s kind in Kashmir in trying to bring contemporary modern arts and artists from India and abroad together to make up an unique space of creativity for the people of this region who have witnessed the worst kind of human loss, torture and human rights violation.
In the workshop 15 artist were invited and five more came as supporters for the period of 15 days to conceive their art works. In order to create a certain cosmopolitan/International aura the total group of fifteen participating artists was divided in a specific order where five artists were invited from outside the country like Britain, Greece, Iran, Mozambique and Nepal; five artists were selected from different states of India like Mumbai, Delhi, Assam, Gujarat and the other five were local artists Jammu & Kashmir. After an opening which followed with a group discussion where the concept of KHOJ and its logistics were briefed to the artist. The artists were set free to engage with the work in the manner they choose without any pre-conditions in terms of their medium and execution. Since the given context (Kashmir) was charged with political ambience it was obvious that the artist may respond to the political besides ethnic, mystical and socio-religious identities. Each participating artist got an amount of 3000 Indian Rupiahs (equivalent to almost 50€) for the material, which is quite a meager amount to think of an ambitious project. However, the artists found different means to sustain their quality of work and came up with astonishing output.
The perpetual presence of armed police where ever you go, is not leading to a situation of feeling secure and is not helpful for creativity – it leads to the opposite, to a black and bearish mood, to gloom and sedate temper, to tension and fear, especially when the performance ‘Raja II‘ of Nikil Chopra (see pages 50 – 58) which took place spontaneously on the central square in the city centre, Lal Chowk, at the same time, as the armed police CPRF (Central Reserve Police Force of India) started to seal off the square and to body-check each single male around, who had to line up to get controlled and searched. In spite of all that, bringing together such a varied group of artists from different cultures, the atmosphere between all the participants explored in an extreme creative and friendly way.
In the midst of the sense of paranoia and fear psychosis it was not easy to roam around to get the feel of the place and look for the relevant material for the art project, which even forced some artists to change their ideas in order to finalize their work within given 15 days. At the time of this workshop travelling in Kashmir was very difficult. Some of the routes were forbidden or closed by police or army. Being early winter travelling to Ladakh was not possible due to snowfall on the passes. So the group could make, apart from extensive detailed inquiries inside Srinagar, only one excursion to Anantanag/Chandanwari,about a hundred km south of the capital. It was a deserted ‘tourist‘-village; all closed shops in the whole village as it was end of the tourist season; nobody on the streets except armed police and a shepherd.
To our surprise only a little tea-shop was open which served us a traditional milk tea.
Even the open day at the end of the workshop didn’t see so many spectators as I personally hoped, in my belief it still was a success. Maybe the location was not the right one for the open day (maybe it would have been better to do it in the city centre, but this seemed not be possible due to the political situation), but much more the cricket game between Pakistan and India at the same day, was possibly a reasons for the relatively low frequency by spectators. Almost all of the presented objects, the creativity and the commitments of the artists and as well of the students has been excellent. Many of them had a critical connection with the political situation of Kashmir, without pointing a finger on a single group or person, while other works standing just for themselves.
So I hope, that we as artists, who had been only a few days here in Kashmir, could help to give the people a little happiness when they see our work and to make them aware and think the real values of life. And we as foreigners, who could leave this place again, have shown to them, that the Kashmiris case is not forgotten.
The Sponsors
The workshop was sponsored by eight major local entrepreneurs and public institutions:
– the J & K Police, who also organized the everyday lunch at the Aga Manzil
– J & K Tourism Board
– J & K Academy of Art, Culture & Languages
– J & K Bank
– Kanwal Food & Spices
– Hotel Broadway, Sonwar Bargh, Srinagar, Mr. Krishan Kumar Amla
– Hotel Silver Star with Gayoor Art Gallery
– Mr. Aga Muzafar
Very special thanks to Wasim Mushtaq Wani, Assistant Professor
at the Department of Fine Arts, Aligarh Muslim University,
who’s patience, informations and proofreadings only made this book possible (see http://www.grammatix.de/books/195-2/.aspx?)
The texts of chapters on Triangle, Khoj and KASYAP are taken from their website and representing their own opinions and views.
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/ NEWS / Grayling beats the competition to win Virgin Trains public affairs brief
Latest news from Grayling
Grayling beats the competition to win Virgin Trains public affairs brief
Grayling is proud to announce that it has won the public affairs brief for Virgin Trains following a competitive pitch process.
The brief covers public affairs services, including stakeholder engagement support, political intelligence and strategic advice to the operator of the East Coast and West Coast franchises.
Jonathan Curtis, Grayling’s Head of Public Affairs, said:
“We were thrilled to be appointed by Virgin Trains after a very competitive pitch process. This is another great win for Grayling and adds to our hugely exciting roster of premium brands. Our transport offer is second to none and successes like this continue to confirm that.”
The new appointment adds to a string of high profile wins for Grayling’s public affairs team in recent months, including Lloyds Banking Group.
Grayling US expands consumer tech practice
Grayling is further strengthening its team with the addition of Andrew Kameka, who joins as an account director, in New York. Andrew brings to Grayling five years of experience in tech PR and a...
Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), one of the world’s largest environmental organizations, with more than two million members and a staff over 700 scientists, economist, policy experts and other...
NGOs are welcome to join „Grayling 2020Challenge“
To celebrate its 20th anniversary in Slovakia, Grayling has decided to share its experience contributing to the visibility of projects that are changing Slovakia for the better. In collaboration with...
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North Carolina > Greenville > Schools > School Profile
Wellcome Middle School
3101 North Memorial Dr, Greenville, NC 27834
Pitt County School District
This school is rated about average in school quality compared to other schools in North Carolina. Students here perform about average on state tests, ... More are making above average year-over-year academic improvement, and this school has about average results in how well it’s serving disadvantaged students.
Student progress 10/10
Students at this school are making far more academic progress given where they were last year, compared to similar students in the state.
Ask the school how it interprets this rating and what you can do to support the school's success.
Disadvantaged students at this school are performing about as well as other students in the state, but this school may still have achievement gaps.
Look at the Race/ethnicity and Low-income sections below to see how different student groups are doing at this school. Are there big gaps?... More Start a conversation with a teacher or a fellow parent about how to interpret this information. What’s the school doing to help all students succeed? How can you help?
3101 North Memorial Dr
Ms Kim Harris - Principal
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Evening Sky Over the Hill
About Claire MacLellan
My home and studio overlook Loch Lomond where I have lived for 30 years with my family and dogs. Whilst working in the exhibition trade and running my own business my first and over-riding love has always been colour and paint. This led me many years ago to study locally with an inspirational tutor and at The Glasgow School of Art.
Inspiration comes from the things I see every day. My work depicts familiar woodland paths and trees, Loch Lomond’s energetic landscape and much loved themes in still life. I adore the changing seasons and observing the bone structure of the landscape. Life drawing and studying the human form is also essential. I enjoy developing a subject, exploring its detail and in its simplest form.
I work with flat brushes and rollers on all sizes of board and thick card using oil, acrylic and pastel. I have exhibited at The Green Gallery, The Glasgow Art Club, Glasgow Lighthouse and Inverbeg Gallery. I have sold work for the RNLI and Marie Curie and completed multi- piece commissions for two newly built properties. My private commissions hang all over the UK from Orkney to Wales and London plus in France and The Netherlands. I am currently providing illustration work for the Institute of Chartered Shipbrokers.
'Mackerel with Orange Cloth'
'Evening Sun, Loch Lomond'
Becky Walker runs the Green Gallery with flair and a keen eye for emerging and established Scottish artists. There is always something interesting on the menu in her beautiful gallery space in Buchlyvie, be it paintings, sculpture, ceramics or exquisitely designed crafts and textiles.
— Jan Patience, The Herald
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Lottsburg dance bands
Looking for a band that will get your guests up and on their feet? GigMasters has a wide selection of Dance Bands that you can book for live performances at weddings, birthdays, clubs, and more. Bust a move and see who’s available for shows in the Lottsburg, VA area.
Virginia /
Lottsburg, VA Dance Bands
Please note these Dance Bands will also travel to Callao, Village, Kinsale, Heathsville, Sandy Point, Farnham, Oldhams, Haynesville, Edwardsville, Hague, Piney Point, Scotland, Burgess, Ridge, Nuttsville, Ophelia, Saint Inigoes, Mount Holly, Valley Lee, Coles Point, Tall Timbers, Warsaw, Lively, Drayden, Sharps, Reedville, Regina, Lancaster, Morattico, Wicomico Church
Top Dance Bands Near Lottsburg, VA
Are you planning a wedding in Lottsburg, VA? We can help you find the best vendors and entertainers for your upcoming wedding.
Déja Grüv Band
Variety Band from Stafford, VA (57 miles from Lottsburg, VA)
Do you have an upcoming event that could benefit from some live music? Look no further than the Déja Grüv Band! With over a century of combined experiences, the Déja Grüv Band creates lasting memories for audiences of all ages by performing a variety of music genres. We bring an enthusiastic energy to the stage and are relentless in our drive to wow our audiences with the musicality, instrumentation, and harmony of yesterday's classics and today's hits! From the most intimate gatherings,... (more)
The Blue Tips Rhythm Revue
R&B Band from Fredericksburg, VA (57 miles from Lottsburg, VA)
The Blue Tips Rhythm Revue started off as a one shot deal. First assembling to play a set of motown and soul favorites at a mutual friend's wedding, the band and the audience realized something special was going on before the night was over. Soon, united in their love of motown and soul grooves, the four original members added a tight horn section and were on their way to becoming the go-to party band in the region. The Blue Tips are not your typical variety band, blending the expected... (more)
Variety Band from Ashland, VA (54 miles from Lottsburg, VA)
Coming at you from Richmond, Virginia, Another Level delivers an impressive combination of passion and personality to help every guest feel welcome, fired up, and ready for a party that'll keep them smiling long after the night is over. On stage, this 6-piece band can do it all. From motown and soulful R&B, to classic and modern rock, and lots of contemporary party hits, Another Level's got all your favorites covered. Few other bands can seamlessly jump from Prince to Bruno Mars, then go... (more)
Variety Band from Mechanicsville, VA (51 miles from Lottsburg, VA)
A group of seven dynamic musicians who reach for the sky every time they hit the stage, HORIZON is non-stop excitement! Enthusiasm and energy best describe this funky, upbeat dance band. The band features an exceptional four-piece rhythm section, two incredible horn players (trumpet & saxophone), and a female vocalist who always delivers a 'show stopping' performance. Each member of the rhythm section is featured either on lead vocals, or background harmonies. Whether your sights are set... (more)
RTC-Cover Band
Cover Band from Richmond, VA (56 miles from Lottsburg, VA)
"Where Country Meets Rock & Soul" RTC (Right Turn Clyde) has a reputation for fun and energy with talented musicians that all sing and play dance-able music from the 60's through today. We cover a wide variety, the music that gets you up on the dance floor whether it is Country, Classic Rock, Beach Music, Soul or Motown. We are all professionals and have been entertaining groups and crowds for many years with the appropriate music for the occasion. We tailor our song lists to the... (more)
Dance Candy
Variety Band from Richmond, VA (58 miles from Lottsburg, VA)
Slide into a seat at a Dance Candy party and you'll know there's something a little different happening tonight. Feelin' good? You know you're lookin' good. Yeah, I see you. Now don't get too comfy in that seat. Hear the dance floor callin' your name? Finish that drink and order another. You'll be sticking around for a while tonight. From the way your friends hit the dance floor, it certainly feels like a Pharrell meets Justin Timberlake kind of night. Yup, here comes Miley to kick up... (more)
Jazz Therapy Band
Jazz Band from Richmond, VA (58 miles from Lottsburg, VA)
Jazz Therapy is a jazz, funk, and soul, cover band. We are diverse in our artist covers which include Frank Sinatra, Bobby Caldwell, Michael McDonald, Miles Davis, James Brown, Earth Wind and Fire, Stevie Wonder, Grover Washington Jr., and Bill Withers. Our work of these artist spans across decades beginning with in the 1950s to present day. Our band includes trombone, keyboard, electric guitar, bass guitar, drum, and various horn players who hold decades of combined professional... (more)
The Jangling Reinharts
THE JANGLING REINHARTS came together to provide roots-rock music largely forgotten by other bands. Think: The Band meets Van Morrison and they go out to Stephen Stills' house and listen to the Monkees while watching a Barenaked Ladies video. This melting pot of music describes what they are all about. THE JANGLING REINHARTS mix popular cover songs from the 60s, 70s, 80s, and 90s (along with the occasional TV theme song…just to see who's listening). Beautiful vocal harmonies, superb... (more)
Affirmative Groove
Affirmative Groove is a high energy dance band that consist of musicians from various musical backgrounds and musical experiences. Collectively, their experiences exceed over one hundred years in the music and entertainment industry. Whether a wedding, a corporate function, a private party or a public affair, Affirmative Groove can bring the level of entertainment that any audience can enjoy. From the early classics such as Motown to today's hits, Affirmative Groove is ready to warm your... (more)
Bachelor Boys Band
High Energy Live Music to Pack Your Dance Floor! We're live music experts, wedding enthusiasts, and party starters, infusing every event with energy and full dance floors. We're here to make your wedding the greatest party of your life! The Bachelor Boys are a premium, customizable 3-14 piece band specializing in high-energy music for festivals, weddings, corporate events and private functions–at a sensible price. Our talented and professional musicians have performed regularly with... (more)
Unity 7 Band
Richmond, Virginia brought a dynamic group of people together Fall 2012 through music and songs that feed the soul. Music has the power of taking you back to a memory and moment in time, know matter how long it's been since you last heard the song. A creative blend of musicians and vocalist is what makes this group special; bringing forth a musical experience filled with passion and raw talent since their first performance. We love to see you smile and dance from a great occasion (more)
BADLANDS BAND
Cover Band from Woodbridge, VA (60 miles from Lottsburg, VA)
BADLANDS is the premier Dance/Pop/Rock band in the Washington, DC region! We are a 5-piece band featuring our fantastic female lead vocalist, Jahnel, plus 3 male backing vocalists. We have played over 300 shows in the DC region at corporate events and all of the top clubs since 2010. Our repertoire includes hits from Taylor Swift, Cary Underwood, Journey, Prince, Michael Jackson, AC/DC, Led Zeppelin, Eagles, Def Leppard, Pat Benatar, Guns N' Roses, Bruno Mars, Fleetwood Mac, Boston, Styx,... (more)
DC Fusion
Dance Band from Washington, DC (70 miles from Lottsburg, VA)
DC Fusion has quickly become one of the region's most in-demand dance bands, and it's easy to see why. No smoke and mirrors here -- what you see is what you get: three remarkable vocalists backed by world-class musicians, doing what they love to do. Northern Virginia Magazine has twice named DC Fusion the area's top wedding band, and the group was invited to perform before a recent home game by the Washington Nationals. Members of DC Fusion have performed with such diverse artists as... (more)
The Exclusives Band & Show
One of the hottest, exciting and professional bands in the Wash., DC metro area, The Exclusives are unique and will turn your special event into an exciting and memorable experience. Folks are raving over The Exclusives Band from Gig-Masters performances, as well as, hundreds of other private and public performances. Once you hear this group, you too will be convinced that The Exclusives Band is "fantastic" and exactly what you are looking for for your special event. REVIEW: "Hi... (more)
Planet Plink
Dance Band from Annapolis, MD (70 miles from Lottsburg, VA)
Thank you for your inquiry about our live electronic band, this band barer highly expensive equipment and do not do live shows in private houses apartments or townhouses, if you want show to go on in timely manner please make necessary arrangements to rent Fire House, clear up school grounds, or book mini theater hall,we also insist that you arrange band meeting in advance so we can inspect the building you are renting and make a few suggestions about planing. This is two member band drummer... (more)
Regenci Motown Band
Hi, I'm Calvin Wallace. I have open up for such Artist as Clarence Carter, Lela Hathaway, SOS Band, and Freddie Jackson. I've perform with many recordings artist. I've been performing covers for about 20 years, perform classics from James Brown to Frank Sinatra and everything in between, we aim to please. Given the opportunity to perform for your event Regenci will be prompt, professional, dressed appropriately and give your audience a fun and exciting show to remember. Pricing is based... (more)
DataRecoveryProject
Data Recovery Project (DRP) is an electronic duo that combines retro Hi-NRG dance beats with contemporary ass-shaking grooves and trenchant lyrics. DRP's live show effortless combines trenchant lyrics, soaring harmonies, and live-cut video elements to create an immersive musical experience that holds the floor. We appeal to a broad range of demographics which can sometimes be hard to reach for live music venues including women, dance fans, R&B fans, 80's hold-outs, and LGBTQ community... (more)
Geno Marriott Saxophone & The Spirit of Jazz
Jazz Band from Washington, DC (69 miles from Lottsburg, VA)
Hello! We welcome everyone to Gmusic Entertainment featuring Geno Marriott on sax. We love music and we love playing all types of music from Smooth Jazz, Latin, Classic Rock, Neo-Soul, Gospel and Country. We perform at: Weddings, Birthdays, Corporate Events, Wineries, Outside Festivals, House Parties, Church Events, Hotels, etc. GMusic Entertainment, LLC is a member of the Alexandria Chamber of Commerce and he and his band are frequent performers at Jazz Festivals in the Hampton Roads... (more)
Do you think that you can't afford a band for your party? Think again, Premiere might be your answer! GO TO PREMIEREBAND.COM Whether you are planning a wedding reception that your guests will never forget, a street festival, holiday party, or a barbecue in your backyard, your band search ends here! Equally at home in tuxedos or jeans, the band is composed of veteran musicians committed to making your event a success. Premiere can provide a 6 piece band (guitar w vocals, bass with vocals,... (more)
Chuggalug
Cover Band from Silver Spring, MD (81 miles from Lottsburg, VA)
Fun, Charming, & Talent-Driven musical TRIO...covering artists such as Katy Perry, Lady Gaga, Pink, Heart, Boston, Journey, Bruce Springsteen, and more!! While our public gigs are at bars/clubs, we also have extensive backgrounds playing weddings, corporate functions and mitzvahs. So we can even venture into Motown, disco, and other popular music. Chuggalug also writes and performs our own pop/rock music! We are happy to limit our performance at your event to cover tunes only...songs you... (more)
Soul Expressions Band
If there were one word to describe Soul Expressions, it would be presence. From the minute this dynamic party band takes the stage, you'll realize that this is a group at the very top of its game. From their commanding stage presence to powerhouse singing and tight musicianship, Soul Expressions knows how to have a good time – and make sure that everyone in the audience does too. With a crowd-pleasing list of songs and styles, the band covers everything from Motown and classic rock-n-roll... (more)
Quantum Leap 80's Tribute Band
80s Band from Washington, DC (71 miles from Lottsburg, VA)
Quantum Leap is a unique 80's Tribute band that will keep your guests dancing all night long! Quantum Leap is taking the DC area by storm! Performing to packed clubs and quickly gathering a loyal following around the beltway. Let us take you back in time to greatest music era in history by enjoying such 80's artists as Billy Idol, Bryan Adams, Bon Jovi, The Go Go's, Michael Jackson, Madonna, Salt n Pepa, Flock of Seagulls, The Police, Journey, Prince, Joan Jett, ZZ Top, J. Geils Band, Simple... (more)
The "Original" Moonlighters ®
Motown Band from Washington, DC (73 miles from Lottsburg, VA)
Since 1990, The Moonlighters ® have been performing throughout the United States as one of the country's best-loved and most authentic variety bands. In fact, they are also Gigmasters' #1 act with more bookings than anyone else!!! Averaging over one hundred appearances per year, The Moonlighters ® offer affordable quality, specializing in weddings, corporate events, private parties, festivals, and concerts, with an emphasis on strong, soulful vocals and solid instrumentation. Just... (more)
Decades Band
Fully customizable & affordable World Class band They Bring The Party! Looking for a Classy, Jazzy, High Energy Performance that keeps your Heart smiling and your feet moving all Day and Night. Decades Band is the right band for you! Decades is a classy "Premium Band" for the discerning client. Playing all types of events they customize services from your input to provide a wonderful crowd pleasing experience. Their large very diverse repertoire spans over six Decades of fine music... (more)
Lonesome Ryder Band®
Country Band from Woodbridge, VA (64 miles from Lottsburg, VA)
LONESOME RYDER BAND® Special Celebration & Party Events!!! ... Corporate Events, Wedding Ceremony, Wedding Reception, Private Manor Estate Events, Birthdays, Anniversaries, Political Conventions, Casino's & Resorts & an Opening Act for various Artist & National Tours We do covers of your favorite artist and genre's of Modern Country, Motown, Classic Rock, Top 40, Southern Rock, R&B, Pop, Disco, Traditional & Classic Country & more! Google us! ... "Lonesome Ryder Band"... Youtube,... (more)
Legacy BAND
Cover Band from Virginia Beach, VA (81 miles from Lottsburg, VA)
For the utmost in live entertainment, you've got to go have LEGACY BAND SET YOUR EVENT ON FIRE! Comprised of some of the area's most TALENTED MUSICIANS and VOCALIST, LEGACY BAND puts the 'FUN' in any function. Featuring Family Friendly Hits, Classic Oldies, and your favorite ballads! LEGACY BAND offers the Versatility and Knowledge to fit YOUR needs. Whether you're planning a WEDDING, CORPORATE GATHERING, or an EPIC PARTY, professional pitch-perfect musical style that's sure to PLEASE... (more)
The Significant Others
The Significant Others is a rock band that serves up a potent party cocktail. Theirs is a rare chemistry that blends an eclectic list of songs, a love of playing music with each other, and a healthy pour of incredible live energy. The mix is strong, one that unifies both band and crowd in a single common cause: getting people up for getting down. The Significant Others bring a powerful and positive energy to every event. They play the old stuff (Otis Redding, The Police, Frankie Valli),... (more)
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Magee dance bands
Looking for a band that will get your guests up and on their feet? GigMasters has a wide selection of Dance Bands that you can book for live performances at weddings, birthdays, clubs, and more. Bust a move and see who’s available for shows in the Magee, MS area.
Mississippi /
Magee, MS Dance Bands
Please note these Dance Bands will also travel to Mount Olive, Mize, Mendenhall, D Lo, Puckett, Braxton, Pinola, Collins, Taylorsville, Raleigh, Newhebron, Piney Woods, Prentiss, Harrisville, Carson, Star, Soso, Silver Creek, Bassfield, Stringer, Seminary, Pulaski, Georgetown, Florence, Pelahatchie, Bay Springs, Whitfield, Brandon, Moss, Oak Vale
Top Dance Bands Near Magee, MS
Are you planning a wedding in Magee, MS? We can help you find the best vendors and entertainers for your upcoming wedding.
Hunter Gibson & the Gators
Dance Band from Jackson, MS (41 miles from Magee, MS)
Hunter & the Gators from Jackson, Mississippi, have been together for 26 years and have been called "The Best Variety Band in the South." Their show is made up of Rock, Pop, Soul, Motown, Alternative, Country, and Blues covers. The band's strongest appeal is in its vocal presentation, with lots of rich harmony. All of the members sing lead as well as harmony vocals. In 2011, Hunter & the Gators received a Jackson Music Award for “Pop Group of the Year” and were finalists for BEST... (more)
To The 9s
Looking for a band for your Wedding, Gala, fundraiser, destination weddings or other event? Look no further. Alabama's best event band is here and ready to bring life to your party. To The 9s is a 12 piece band with a horn section and 5 lead singers! These diverse singers bring flexibility to the band's performance like you've never seen! The musicians making up this band have played thousands of private events over the past decade and now have combined forces to bring an unmatched experience... (more)
Blue Silk Band
Variety Band from Jackson, MS (39 miles from Magee, MS)
MOST REQUESTED BAND FOR WEDDINGS & PARTIES!!!~Eby Band Agency--Our Price Quotes Are Negotiable!! Top Dance Band!!! No hype needed on this band!! Performing the best live band music from Motown to now!!!Super Hot DJ mixes!!! Soft Dinner Cocktail Music To A Packed Dance Floor!!! We saw Blue Silk band take the stage behind two larger popular bands with horns and background singers at the Peabody hotel one night (they were both great bands)but this 4 piece band just blew... (more)
The Jackson All-Stars
The Jackson All-Stars is a professional variety band based in Jackson, Mississippi. Featuring a distinctive New Orleans influence and horns, the group packs quite a punch, specializing in a variety of musical styles including Jazz, Swing, Latin, Dixieland, Brass Band, and Party Rock. Add to this mix the group's unique chemistry and the result is an exciting live performance! A traditional New Orleans style BRASS BAND, 10-piece SWING BAND and a 17-piece BIG BAND are also available. The... (more)
RuffWater Band
Dance Band from Saraland, AL (120 miles from Magee, MS)
You've come to the right place for music and entertainment! After all, hiring RuffWater SAVES YOU MONEY while providing you with the best in music and entertainment available anywhere! I say music AND entertainment because the RuffWater show is high energy and VERY interactive. So even the guests who choose not to dance will be constantly entertained by what's going on both on the stage and the dance floor! RuffWater is a corporate band made up of professional musicians; not a... (more)
The Blue Gardenia Groove Control Band
Motown Band from Gulfport, MS (109 miles from Magee, MS)
The Blue Gardenia Motown Groove Control Band would love to perform for your wedding receptions or your private party. Cozy Corley our unique booking coordinator will work with you and your event planner to make sure everything flows smoothly without the 'stop and start' and the disorganization that most wedding receptions or private events experience. We guarantee that you will not have this problem, because of our expert and professional booking coordinator. The Blue Gardenia Motown... (more)
Island Of Rhythm Entertainment
Variety Band from Ocean Springs, MS (100 miles from Magee, MS)
ISLAND OF RHYTHM ENT. Looking for a talented, entertaining band... I HAVE THEM!! "Island of Rhythm" STEEL PAN BAND *Buffett/Beach,Reggae & more--"SICILY SWING TRIO" Oldies, Jazz, Swing,New Orleans R&B features Jimmy Vee (sax player w/national group VinceVance&the Valiants)---and 'N RHYTHM talented variety dance band! Top of the line entertainers from the Eastern Florida to New Orleans guaranteed to bring you the best in entertainment! Cheri Salvetti, owner of Island of Rhythm Entertainment,... (more)
B Street Benny
Cover Band from Mandeville, LA (101 miles from Magee, MS)
B Street Benny has been a household name in the French Quarter of New Orleans for more than half a decade. We've entertained hundreds of thousands of people. For years now, B Street Benny has become part of vacation itinerary. Performing nightly for such an enormous tourist destination has allowed these guys and gal to hone their craft. Their ability to establish a relationship with an audience is vital to their success on a nightly basis. Now, they're taking the party off the... (more)
Sizzlin Band, R B, Swamp Pop,Soul & Dance Music
Variety Band from Hammond, LA (103 miles from Magee, MS)
On behalf of the Nelson Nevilles & The Sizzlin Band, we would be honored to perform at your Event; OUR SPECIALITY IS A LARGE VARIETY OF DANCE MUSIC RANGING FROM R & B, SWAMP POP, SOUL, OLD ROCKIN ROLL, Some ZIDECO, LINE DANCES, AND A LITTLE COUNTRY. You can look forward to a great variety of dance music that will keep your guest either dancing or patting their feet and smiling. Whether your guest is 12 years old are 80 they will enjoy our music. If you have some certain songs you would... (more)
Groove Factor
Dance Band from Baton Rouge, LA (131 miles from Magee, MS)
Groove Factor is a high energy party band that perform all genres of music from the 60's, 70's, 80's though todays top hits. They are defiantly the life of the party and will keep you and your guest dancing all night long. Rather it be a wedding, private event, birthday, prom, or a college function, Groove Factor has the right style to fit any of these events and cater to your entertainment needs. When hiring Groove Factor expect to be treated with the upmost care. we value all of our... (more)
The River City Hit Squad
Dance Band from New Orleans, LA (136 miles from Magee, MS)
You're getting it all with The River City Hit Squad playing the latest to the greatest songs of all times. They'll take you on a trip down memory lane and fast forward you right back to todays sound. 7 charismatic entertainers invite you to a non-stop dance party that traverses from 60's soul, 70's funk, 80's pop rock and anthem to todays modern alternative and hip-hop. The River City Hit Squad will brighten up any party, festival, corporate, or private event, and will surely grace your... (more)
Something Blue Band
The Something Blue Band is a band that ALWAYS gets the crowd dancing!! Guaranteed! With a huge songlist of funk, swamp-pop, rock and roll and dance favorites how could we miss? Our Experienced Musicians and Excellent Vocals make the difference! Every song performed is well rehearsed to capture the unique styling that creates the characteristic sound your guests will easily identify. Great Vocals and Music = Great Party! People will know within the first few seconds of a song which dance... (more)
The Tip-tops
Dance Band from Mobile, AL (122 miles from Magee, MS)
THE TIP-TOPS ARE THE SOUTHEAST'S # 1 HIGH ENERGY PARTY BAND. 10 PIECES ON STAGE. SELF CONTAINED WITH SOUND AND LIGHTS. RECENT ENGAGEMENTS: GOV. RILEY'S INNAUGURAL BALL, REBA MYINTYRE CHRISTMAS PARTY, WEDDING'S IN CAPE COD, HOUSTON, DALLAS AND MANY OTHERS. CONVENTIONS IN: PALM SPRINGS, CA. HOUSTON, DALLAS ETC. TAKE OUT ALL THE GUESS WORK...BOOK THE TIP-TOPS. (more)
Rewind Band
Crowd interaction, packed dance floors, top notch musicians!! REWIND creates unforgettable events that will have everyone raving well after your event is over! Known for delivering a fun and interactive show that appeals to groups of ALL ages! Reliable, quality entertainment, with great customer service. Our #1 goal is to ensure your event is a HIT! The Band Consisting of 8 professional musicians, including a 3 piece horn section - which brings energy and life to the music! Three male... (more)
The Tommy Morse Band!!!
The Tommy Morse Band is THE high energy "Dance-Variety Band" that plays all of your favorite tunes. We pride ourselves on making your event the most memorable party in town! Get ready for the best party and entertainment experience when you book The Tommy Morse Band!!! Weddings, company events, and private parties are our specialties with a fair and honest price that can't be beat! Let us help make your special event simply unforgettable!!! FYI: We perform well over 100+ events... (more)
Even Odds
EVEN ODDS is one of the premier soul, disco, blues and hip hop groups in the Mid South. Great music and fabulous live stage shows are the band's hallmarks. The Even Odds Band play a unique blend of Motown, Soul, Funk, R&B, Pop and Rock. Even Odds play the songs everyone can enjoy. From wedding receptions to college parties to corporate events to clubs the Even Odds Band are an awesome party dance band! (more)
70s Band from New Orleans, LA (134 miles from Magee, MS)
CUISINE is a 60-70-80's Power Horn rock cover band specializing in the sounds of Chicago, Blood,Sweat & Tears, Earth,Wind & Fire and Tower of Power, mixed in with the sounds of Motown, 80's horn rock, classic 60's / 70's Rock and 50's Rock & Roll. We can do 40's Big Band Swing, New Orleans Dixieland Jazz and Oldies and even add Country or Cajun tunes if needed. We are 9 members strong consisting of Lead Vocals, Guitar, Bass, Keyboards, Trumpet, Trombone, Sax, Percussion and Drums. All of... (more)
Phat Hat
Cover Band from Baton Rouge, LA (126 miles from Magee, MS)
Phat Hat is a 8 piece horn driven band that specializes in the funk and dance favorites of the 70's, 80's and 90's. In addition to a killer horn section, Phat Hat features great vocals as well as a smoking rhythm section that is guaranteed to make the party move! Our forte is providing music for wedding receptions and parties. We are flexible in customizing our songlist for any event and are easy to work with regarding special songs for weddings, etc.. (more)
Nola Dukes Band
Cover Band from New Orleans, LA (133 miles from Magee, MS)
The "Nola Dukes Band" (Formerly members of the Royal Dukes Band) is the function band that is not a "Function Band". With regular showcase performances and a free demo CD you can see and hear them live before booking them, and pick and choose the size and configuration of your dream band. These full-time professional young musicians focus squarely on getting your night up and jumping, but without the cheese. Best of all, they are self-managed, so they are much less expensive than other bands... (more)
Caesar Brothers Funk Box
Funk Band from New Orleans, LA (133 miles from Magee, MS)
Drummer Rickey and keyboardist Norman Caesar were born and raised in New Orleans' notorious Uptown funk neighborhood. Related to the Nevilles by marriage—Cyril's wife, Gaynielle Neville, is their aunt—they grew up in the 13th Ward on Valence and Chestnut Streets. That's deep in the heart of Neville territory. “Caesar territory also,” said Rickey Caesar Those musical roots—the funk and Mardi Gras Indian rhythms—run deep in their sound whether they're leading their band, the Caesar... (more)
Dr. Jazz And The New Orleans Sounds
Jazz Band from New Orleans, LA (134 miles from Magee, MS)
Our basic style is 'smooth jazz' which incorporates a romantic touch into standard and new songs, but we also play traditional jazz and are well known in New Orleans for our original style. We have played in jazz festivals all over the world and were recently featured in a Sesame Street production. We have never counted the total number of songs that we play, but the partial list we send out contains over 1,400 numbers. We play 80-100 weddings a year as, to the best of our knowledge, we... (more)
Sha'on And The Girls With Success
Motown Band from Metairie, LA (132 miles from Magee, MS)
Sha'on and Success generate excitement wherever we perform - whether in concert, at weddings or conventions, playing Pop, R&B or Disco... The show is a dazzling presentation of classic Motown styled numbers that make you want to dance, and holds your attention throughout the show. We have been the toast of every type of venue; from corporate parties to outdoor events to casino showrooms, nightclubs and hotel ballrooms. Our repertoire will take you through a historic musical journey with such... (more)
SmackWaterBand
Variety Band from Monroe, LA (145 miles from Magee, MS)
The "wedding specialists"! Smackwater is a 5 piece band based in the Monroe, LA area. The members extensive song list and combined 200+ years of experience in playing live music will bring the best in music to any setting, weddings, night clubs, balls, casinos,conventions and festivals. Any place where fun and music are present! The band moves quickly and easily from song to song leaving no "down time" between songs and giving the venue more music for their money! The bands playlist consists... (more)
JMO - Jimmy Maxwell Orchestra
JMO - Jimmy Maxwell Orchestra plays all of your favorite songs including the New Orleans classics! Mix that with Frank Sinatra, Justin Timberlake, and Lady Gaga & Whitney Houston, we've got you covered. We are self managed (no need to pay outside agents or middle men). Prices range from $2000 to $8000 depending on band size and conditions. We know how to fill the dance floor as well as when to "be cool" when the time comes for conversation. We know how to play the right song at the right... (more)
Kurt Brunus
We are a family group that has been together since 1985. We've toured ALL AROUND THE WORLD performing for Concerts, Festivals, Conventions, Casinos, Weddings, Balls, Cruses, Dances, Country Clubs, Private Party's, Mardi Gras Floats, Bars and Lounges, and the list goes on (you name it we've done it). We've perfected various styles of music with amazing musical arrangements and vocal harmonies. We can be as High Energy, Low Key or Very Sophisticated as you need. In general we began our show... (more)
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Yerbillon to Ghooli See & Do Museums
Yilgarn History Museum
The museum is located in Western Australia’s earliest Registrar’s Office, and former court room, built in 1892.
It houses a collection of artefacts, records and memorabilia reflecting both the mining and agricultural heritage of the district.
It also has material relevant to the Goldfields Water Supply Scheme, including a length runner’s bicycle and section of wood stave pipe.
Gary Peters. A length runners bicycle,
Back to Museums
369km from Perth
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Connecticut May be 1st State to Codify Animal-Assisted Therapy for Trauma Victims
State officials found dogs to be helpful therapeutic aids for counseling the surviving children of the mass school shooting. A new law may make Connecticut the first state with a formal animal-assisted therapy program for trauma victims.
by J.B. Wogan | July 26, 2013 AT 1:00 PM
After the mass shooting last December in an elementary school in Newtown, Conn., state officials found dogs to be helpful therapeutic aids for counseling the surviving children. A new law will formalize a state-sponsored system for training social workers and dogs in animal-assisted therapy; the program also sets up criteria for quickly identifying qualified volunteers during or after a crisis.
Although individual organizations already provide animal-assisted therapy across the country, Connecticut may be the first state to codify a program into law. Amy McCullough, director of animal-assisted therapy for the American Humane Association, said she believed the Connecticut law to be the first of its kind. Gov. Dan Malloy signed the measure in early June, but is scheduled to sign it again as part of a ceremony Friday.
The law requires that volunteer canine response teams consist of several handlers and dogs that have been trained, evaluated and registered with an animal-assisted activity organization. The teams must operate on a volunteer basis and be available to respond within 24 hours of a crisis.
In One State, Abused Animals May Get Their Day in Court Therapy Dogs Bring Comfort to the Courtroom Georgia Counties Extend Health Insurance to Pets Reducing Pet Populations in Pittsburgh Report: States Must Address Veterinary Workforce Needs
Want more health & human services news? Click here.
After the Newtown shooting, state officials collaborated with nonprofits to build a play and art station at a nearby middle school. Therapy dogs were an integral part of helping surviving children heal emotionally, according to Steven Hernandez, an attorney for the state legislature's Commission on Children.
"They were a constant source of care, comfort and innocence," he told legislators at a committee hearing. "The dogs welcomed the children and sat with them. Their touch and sensitivity made what was almost unbearable, bearable."
Proponents of the measure cited studies that have found positive health effects on children who interact with animals, such as lowered blood pressure and decreases in cortisol -- a hormone associated with stress.
"They love unconditionally, are nonjudgmental, are empathetic, and enjoy the company of children," said Lauren Crowley, a licensed social worker at a school-based health center in New Britain, Conn, at a committee hearing.
At least six in-state agencies already provide animal-assisted therapy to children, according to testimony by Kate Nicoll, the founder of Soul Friends, an animal-assisted therapy nonprofit in Connecticut. Nicoll said the group had eight mental health clinicians who use animals to serve youths, many through programs housed under the state's Department of Children and Families.
The law only pertains to crisis situations, but future legislation might identify other contexts where state-sponsored animal-assisted therapy might be appropriate. Some states allow specially trained dogs to stand with court witnesses because the dogs can detect stress and make a trauma victim feel safer.
"I don't think that this necessarily needs to be reserved for the most traumatic or horrific events," said state Sen. Dante Bartolomeo, one of the bill's primary sponsors. "It could be a huge benefit to children who are having trauma within their home." Bartolomeo said she may introduce a bill in a future session to incorporate dogs as part of school counseling programs.
J.B. Wogan | Staff Writer | jwogan@governing.com | @jbwogan | Google+
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Shopping for the perfect heavy duty pickup truck. Well look no further because this 2004 Chevrolet Silverado 2500HD will be going up for live auction this October 15th and you're invited to attend! This beastly extended cab vehicle has 4WD, a 6600 Duramax Diesel V8 Engine with an Allison 5 SPD Automatic transmission and about 100K miles. VIN: 1GCHK29124E173001 The starting bid will be $5,400 so be sure to register with us now if you'd like to learn more.
Other types of vehicles that might be found at a government auction are “seized” or “impounded”, which means they have been confiscated by a law enforcement agency for various reasons. Some have been taken from criminals who have used the vehicles in the conduct of their crimes. Others have simply been impounded for violations of motor vehicle laws. Still others are “unclaimed” or “abandoned” by owners.
If you're looking for a good deal, you'll find it at online auction websites. Cars, jewelry, clothing, books, homes, and land are all available at bargain prices at these bidding sites with their amazing variety and choice. Collectors — from Star Wars to Disney — will also appreciate these websites, because frequenting them is a great way to increase your collection without breaking the bank.
Car auctions are a weird and fantastic world, and in my two decades in that scene, I've seen some pretty astonishing things. The old adage that "your decisions in life dictate your future" really rings true at an auction. This business is all about split-second decisions; that can mean buying anything from a two-year-old Ferrari to a 20-year-old Buick. Whether you've just sprung for junk or pure gold, you're stuck with it. When I tell folks, "You just bought that car and whatever just fell off it," they laugh -- unless they're hearing me say it for the 200th time.
StorageTreasures.com is the internet's leading storage auction information portal, online storage auction marketplace and local self storage locator. By offering the most comprehensive self storage auction schedules available on the internet, the site has amassed the world's largest storage auction audience. In addition to storage auction hunters, the site serves auctioneers, appraisers, pickers, yard sale buyers, self storage customers and facility owners throughout the US and Canada. StorageTreasures.com has appeared on A&E's Storage Wars, Fox11News Los Angeles and ABC 6 Philadelphia.
Cars at public auctions are often those that wouldn't sell at wholesale dealer auctions. Yes, some are flood vehicles, and Hurricane Irene should still be fresh in your mind. Some are cars quickly reconditioned in dealership shops to fill in slow periods when there's otherwise little work to be done. And many are just flat out junk. "A car that goes across the block at a public auction that isn't spewing smoke is often packed with thick racing oil to ensure it doesn't," Lang continues. "Everything at a public auction looks shiny, but shiny doesn't mean much about the quality of the car."
After 40 years in Business on the corner of Buchtel Blvd and South Pearl Street, Buchtel Motors will be closing and selling their remaining assets at public Auction. Auction will include, (2) Vehicles, Western 9,000 lb 2-Post Lift, (2) Rotary 7,000 lb 2- Post Lifts, Rotary 9,000 Lb Inground Smart Lift, Hunter Tire Changer, Hunter Wheel Balancer, Ammco Brake Lathe, Shops tools and Equipment, Storage Cabinets and Work Benches, Porcelain Automotive Signs, Office equipment, Ipads and assorted inventory.
Antique & Primitive Furniture, Henkel Harris China Cabinet & Dining Table, c.1850 Antique Stepback Cupboard, Pantry Cabinets, Farm Table, Case Clock, Spatterware, Kirk Steiff Pewter, Windsor Chairs by D.R. Dimes, Bassett Dresser, Art, Sterling, Collectibles, Coins, Art Glass, Lighting, Books, Jewelry, Kitchenware, Electronics, Power Climber Next Bicycle, Camping Supplies, Craftsman Lawnmower, Purses by Dooney & Bourke & Coach, Nordic Track, Portable Basketball Backboard, Vintage Warehouse Cart, Lawn & Garden, Patio Furniture, Refrigerators, Rugs, Dell Computer, Craftsman Edger-Trimmer, 20' Extension Ladder, and MUCH MORE!
Highlights Include: GIA Certified 8.41ct Tanzanite Platinum Ring, Chanel Black Bowling Bag, 6.07ctw Aquamarine Platinum Dangle Earrings, Fresh Water Pearl Necklace, Pablo Picasso Untitled No 12 Limited Edition Lithograph, 1.49ctw Diamond 14K White Gold Earrings, Cartier Pasha C GMT Longitudinal Wristwatch, 12.66ctw Emerald Silver Bracelet, Bronze Statues, 8.64ctw Oval Mystic Quartz and 0.70ctw Topaz Bracelet
This BEAUTIFUL, Custom Built Powhatan Home sits on over 10 acres of peaceful wooded property. This 4 bedroom and 3.5 bathroom home is 4,233 Sq. Ft. and boasts beautiful hardwood floors throughout the first level and 10 foot ceilings. The large glass doors and windows throughout this home offer plenty of natural light in each room. The Living room is complete with built in cabinets and a cozy fireplace. Off the Living room, you will find the screened in porch and a paved patio with built-in gas grill, overlooking the beautifully landscaped backyard that's perfect for entertaining. The property also includes an incredible, detached, 2-story workshop, that is heated and cooled, with a Workshop & Storage on the 1st floor with full bath and a hobby room or rec room on the 2nd floor. Your Fenced, Raised Garden Bed awaits you for fresh fruits and vegetables all year! Additional Upgrades Include - Conditioned Crawl Space, 2 Deep Wells with Whole House Water Filtration System & Automatic Patio Awning. Irrigation system installed to allow for a pool. Located 20 minutes from Rt.60 & Westchester Commons & 2 minutes from Skippers Creek Vineyard! Floor Plans in Pictures. Priced to sell!
Online auction sites are becoming increasingly competitive, evolving alongside advancing technology and providing a larger number of more sophisticated platforms for online sellers. Founded as early as 1995 when it was known as AuctionWeb, eBay Inc. (NASDAQ:EBAY) was one of the first online selling and buying portals and, for years, held the monopoly in digital auctions. Subsequent years have seen the online auction market diversify, with new auction sites competing in eBay’s space, offering consumers a wider choice of digital auctions on which to sell and buy products.
ANTIQUE SHOP OWNER'S 50 YEAR PERSONAL COLLECTION: Early Navajo Rug, Antique Quilt Made of Cigarette Premium Flags, Cobbler's Box with Tools, Antique Furniture, Antique Bottles, Civil War Folding Chair, Salt Glazed Crockery, Ironstone, Toys, Lamps, Advertising Memorabilia, Rugs, Paintings, Harper's Weekly Book, Large Postcards by Pettingill, and MUCH MORE!
Antique Furniture, Three sets of China, Vintage Sewing Machine, Mid Century Furniture, Prints and Paintings, Ceramics, Glass and Porcelain, Silver and Silverplate, Jewelry, Antique Books, Professional Art Supplies, Professional Crafting Supplies and Books, Tools, Cut Crystal and Pressed Glass, Electronics, Kitchenware, Camera Equipment, Office Equipment, Rugs, and MUCH MORE!
The Mission-Viejo, Calif.-based company was founded in 1999 by former police officers, who visualized a profitable Internet solution for a longstanding problem – what to do with recovered stolen goods that went unclaimed and were spilling out of police evidence rooms across the country. PropertyRoom.com now works with more than 1,800 law enforcement agencies. The roster includes police departments in New York City, Seattle, Los Angeles, Cincinnati, Indianapolis and Albuquerque.
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Thank You Professor Christine Blasey Ford
The National Women's Caucus of the Green Party of the United States thanks Professor Christine Blasey Ford for coming forward to offer her testimony about the wisdom of not choosing Judge Brett Kavanaugh to fill a vacancy on the US Supreme Court. This testimony has not only demonstrated indelibly why Judge Kavanaugh should not be confirmed to this position, it clarifies for the nation the societal issues involved, in denial of harm and of victim shaming, that should inform any future candidate for the bench, or for any positions of power and judgment.
The question that loomed was of credibility. Why should we believe her? Why should we believe him? Do we even have to believe him if we can marginalize her? Where does due process end and entitlement begin? Briefly, what the men on the judiciary panel asked for was a chance to let a statute of limitations concept move from immunity against criminal prosecution to also include any future consequence, including rerouted career ambitions. In this instance, granting the accused a free ride to a lifetime position of extraordinary power, including overseeing from the bench, both criminal and civil cases that would involve these very issues. Even if we believe her, they posited, can we let her stop him, stop us? The NWC lays out this underlying assumption of male immunity, beyond the court system, and into every other aspect of life, because the judiciary committee apparently doesn't even see it, to get it. Under their assumption a woman could be raped on the steps to the White House, and, failing a successful prosecution, could subsequently have the monster sitting in front of her, asking to be hired as a guard of those steps, and be compelled to hire him.
So our first task is to publicly take note of that underlying assumption, and call it out. A statute of limitations is intended only to encourage early reporting and successful prosecution -- not to give a lifetime entry pass to the chambers of power.
The second is to note how situationally deaf many committee members have made themselves to the validity of mathematics. When they ask why any balance, in weighing credibility, should tip to the accuser, instead of the accused, they ignore clear response by criminal investigation agencies who have found that fewer than 3% of accusers are later found to have lied. These Senators can cite instances of such lies because such lying is so rare, so uncharacteristic of what happens, that it is headline worthy. They can rattle off 3 instances of lying, in the past decade, but would struggle to name as many instance where the the accuser was clearly vindicated. They are claiming, in doing so, that the obvious must be doubtful, or else we would have it be headline news. Instead, the obvious has simply become invisible to them, and part of the premises on which they act.
Because they don't have to see otherwise. When we don't like what statistics tell us, we sometimes have personal, anecdotal evidence to refer to, to break through to the truth. But, as males, these Committee members have seldom been victims/accusers, to give them that insight.
Our second task, then, is to point out that these men, whose usual choice is to disbelieve an accused, are now doing so in the face of their own rhetoric, practice, trusted sources and simple arithmetic. They suddenly want to trust anecdote, and personal likeability, and gut reaction, instead. This inconsistency, in a matter where women are overwhelmingly the accuser and males the accused, is difficult to explain by any name but misogyny. But they are not even trying to give it another explanation. It is the committee here that is on trial, and we are waiting for them to offer any decent defense against such an explanation.
The road the committee has left open to us, for understanding how or why we should disbelieve Professor Blasey Ford, and all such accusers, is to treat this as an anecdotal instance, one off, where this woman is one of the 3% who have lied, and you can tell that just by looking her in the face and listening to your gut. Okay, given that there apparently is a 3%, does the Professor fall into that category? Let's look at her story. She was 15, it was a long time ago, so what does she remember, and why does she remember some particular things, and not others?
She recalls what she was wearing while it happened. So let's look at that. She recalls that she had a one piece swim suit on under her outer clothing. Why, of all the details, would that stand out? Yeah, they had been swimming on some days that season, but what are the odds that this was such a day? Indeed, decades later, why would you even recall that you had been swimming that week, let alone that day? Does anyone else at that party, including the accused, recall what he/she wore? Would it make them more credible to recall it? Probably not -- it would seem like they were inventing details. And why the swimsuit, and that is was one piece? Wouldn't recalling the color of her blouse be as easily imprinted on her mind?
Any survivor of sexual assault will instantly recall what protected them or didn't. A pair of underwear that tore on the side as he yanked it down. A thick jacket that got in the way of his hand for a minute. The cheap metal necklace cross that poked your throat and his hand as he strangled you during a thrust. These things are not dredged from fashion memory, they come back vividly because for one instant they gave a hope against drowning, that he would fail, that he would pull away, that he would realize what he was doing and stop, that the nightmare would not be reality, but only be the worst nightmare imaginable. That you would not trust yourself ever again about this being real, if only God will intervene and make it not real. She remembers the one piece swim suit because, in his drunken state, he could not get it off of her. That swimsuit prevented her from being a rape victim, and She. Will. Never. Ever. Forget. It.
It is exactly what a victim of attempted assault would remember. How can that not be obvious and visible to anyone who thinks about what they are hearing, and really does want to hear the truth? Again, this committee indicts itself, to let a preconceived pseudo-reality supplant what is before them, even on this, the lamest of tests, anecdotal evidence.
Yes, it happened, he's guilty, the only real question left is why we don't want to believe it? The National Women's Committee of the Green Party of the United States demands that this issue must be faced, as well, if we are to avoid choosing wrongly for the successor nominee. Men do not want to believe it [nor, for that matter, women] because it paints such a frightening picture of who we are as a society. We have heard comments about "Who would be left standing?" if a drunken youthful incident of attempted rape were to be held against any male. Rape is so unthinkable to some that they want to believe that it is rare. It is so thinkable to others that they believe everyone, if they can, does it. It is so without consequence, for the accused, that they cannot conceive that the accuser was actually harmed. Especially if all you were doing was "kidding around," and didn't even get the swimsuit off, and were drunk, and were 17, and laughed about it with your male companion, the one who watched the door so you wouldn't be walked in on. Even the victim could see that you would only have killed her "unintentionally," so must now also see that rape wasn't intended either. Because you were only joking, right?
Or there is the new mantra -- that this only happened because of outdated, confusing sexual mores, and it would not happen in today's hook-up culture. Which is to say, what? That men don't get drunk anymore, close the door, push you onto a bed, cover your mouth when you object/scream. That their buddies don't guard that door for them? That a rough-housed fifteen-year-old wouldn't scream unless she was being a drama queen, since a simple "no" would suffice?
Or the "ruin-his-life" response. Does anyone out there believe that our society has now changed in such a way that today's 15 year old accuser would not be instructed to calm down, rather than "ruin his [young] life"? At what point is he old enough that she is allowed to "ruin" it? And, if the act of reporting is where the ruin begins, then what about the male whom we saw testify on the same day as Ms Blasey Ford. He was in tears, angry, outraged, pathetic, pushing the side of his mouth with his tongue as he sought self control, and in total denial. If he had Come to Jesus decades ago, confessing himself -- not waiting, closeted, for an accusation -- about what he almost did, and, as significantly, what he did. Then he would have had time to turn his life around, to see women as real human beings, and to see fear and hurt and harm for what they are. But our society abandoned him too, not teaching him to take responsibility, or even believe that there was responsibility to take.
For the rather petty and personal matter of what happens next to Mr Kavanaugh's career, it does need to be sidetracked. So that he can get the help he needs, now, before he does more harm -- not just in whether he attacks 15 years olds at drinking parties, but in how the law he rules on affects their lives, and the lives of their 17 year old attackers. Yeah, his life is ruined, if by that we mean his career ladder will be missing a rung. It is already ruined if we mean being a human being who takes responsibility when someone is deeply harmed by his actions.
Claudia Ellquist
Ms. Ellquist is a member of the Green Party of Arizona, and a member of the Green Party National Women's Caucus.
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Home » Q&A: Departing CIB prez looks back on crisis
Q&A: Departing CIB prez looks back on crisis
February 2, 2015 | Anthony Schoettle
Keywords Bankers Life Fieldhouse / Capital Improvement Board / City-County Council / Conseco Fieldhouse / Government / Indiana Sports Corp. / Local Government / Lucas Oil Stadium / Sports Business / Sports Venues / Victory Field
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After seven years on the city’s Capital Improvement Board—the last five as president—Ann Lathrop is stepping away from the organization that owns Bankers Life Fieldhouse, Lucas Oil Stadium, Victory Field and the Indiana Convention Center.
Lathrop, who is also chief marketing officer for Crowe Horwath LLP, presided as CIB president as the organization faced one of its most serious fiscal crises and renegotiated a deal to heavily subsidize the Indiana Pacers’ operation of Bankers Life Fieldhouse. While CIB under Lathrop’s leadership dug out of a serious post-recession financial hole, her replacement as president will still face significant fiscal challenges.
Mayor Greg Ballard is expected to appoint Earl Goode to replace Lathrop. Goode served as Gov. Mitch Daniels' chief of staff from 2006 to 2013 and was chairman of the Indiana Sports Corp. from 2001 to 2005. Before serving in state government, Goode worked for 39 years at GTE, now Verizon, from which he retired as president of information services.
IBJ: Why are you stepping down?
Lathrop: Honestly, it’s my workload [at Crowe Horwath]. It’s been a wonderful seven years and I’ve been blessed to have an employer who has given me the time to serve. We have a new CEO coming on at Crowe in April, and I’m working with him on strategy and vision. And I’m spending more time internationally.
IBJ: Who will be CIB president and how is that determined?
Lathrop: The mayor conveys his preference, and then on Feb. 9 the CIB will hold an election of all its officers. I would anticipate Earl [Goode] replacing me as president.
IBJ: What do you think Earl Goode brings to the table?
Lathrop: He has a wealth of experience—all the work he did for Gov. Daniels, the relationships he’s had with the General Assembly, his work with the Indiana Sports Corp., Visit Indy and Downtown Indy. He really has an understanding of what the CIB does.
IBJ: You had mentioned your workload. How many hours a week are you working?
Lathrop: There were times that I was spending 20 hours a week working for the CIB. I work 50-plus hours a week at Crowe. I’m hoping my work week at Crowe doesn’t go up too much. Stepping away from the CIB will just allow me to work a little more consistently [at Crowe].
IBJ: What was your biggest accomplishment during your tenure with the CIB?
Lathrop: 2008 and 2009 was an unprecedented time, not just within the CIB, but the financial crisis that reverberated nationally. We lost our revenue stream overnight as people stopped traveling and going to conventions. Our biggest accomplishment was putting the CIB on stable financial footing. They didn’t know if it could continue financially. We’re now on solid footing. That came with a tremendous amount of collaboration with the mayor, City-County Council and General Assembly. I’ve been in municipal finance a long time. When I look back now, 2008 and 2009 was a wild ride.
IBJ: The CIB has been criticized and praised for crafting a deal that pays the Indiana Pacers tens of millions of dollars to operate the city-owned Bankers Life Fieldhouse. Looking back on that, what are your thoughts?
Lathrop: I’m very proud of the Pacers transaction. We were very thoughtful about it and took our time to come up with the right solutions. I think paying for a facility we own just like Lucas Oil Stadium and keeping our long-term tenant in place was the right thing to do. It was huge.
IBJ: Do you have any regrets about your time with the CIB?
Lathrop: We’re the most transparent CIB there’s ever been, but you can always continue to do more community outreach.
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Liverpool News: Rodgers Feels Southampton were Disrespectful Towards Lallana and Lambert
Liverpool manager Brendan Rodgers says that he was unhappy to see Southampton fans show disrespect towards Adam Lallana and Rickie Lambert
By : Binayak Khatri
Feb 23, 2015 11:51 IST
Rodgers feels that Liverpool were "outstanding" at Southampton on SundayReuters
Liverpool boss Brendan Rodgers has hit out at Southampton for showing disrespect to Adam Lallana and Rickie Lambert following the Reds' 2-0 Premier League win at the Saint Marys on Sunday.
An early goal from Philippe Coutinho coupled with a second half strike from Raheem Sterling saw Liverpool beat Southampton 2-0, and record their seventh win in the last ten Premier League games.
However, the match was full of controversies as a number of decisions went against the Saints' way, with referee Kevin Friend failing to award penalties despite Filip Djuricic being brought down twice in the box by Emre Can and Joe Allen.
Due to this reason the crowd at Southampton were a little upset, and they took out their frustration by jeering at their former players Lallana and Lambert, who returned to the Saint Marys for the first time since completing their move to Liverpool last summer.
And Rodgers says that he was displeased to see the crowd showing disrespect to their former players.
"Adam was the captain here for two years, gave incredible service to Southampton and I know for a fact he could have left here a number of times and didn't," said Rodgers, according to ESPN.
"And to get the reception he got, I thought was disappointing. I looked in the match programme and there was nothing relevant to his time here and all the time has been here since a boy."
"Then there's the like of Rickie Lambert - great servants to here, incredible players that have got the club to where it is today. There was no mention of him, which I thought was sad."
Meanwhile, the Northern Irishman hailed his side's performances against Southampton, insisting that it was an "outstanding win."
"It was an outstanding win for us, very controlled. Of course you have to defend at times, particularly away from home against a very good side, but it's a wonderful win for us," he added.
"As the game wore on we might have got in more had we picked our passes better, but [we got] two wonderful goals, different types of goals, and [we were] defensively very strong."
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Book recommendation
By Ohio, October 17, 2018 in Book Reviews
LocationMonroe, WA
I'm looking for a book or articles about historical blacksmithing in the U.S. circa 1900-1920. Specifically, how blacksmithing was changing with the onset of other industrial processes. I'd be particularly interested in what happens to general smithies in small and medium-sized towns during the period, but even an overview would be helpful. I'm not afraid of challenging textbooks and academic papers.
Come on, ThomasPowers. I bet you can think of something.
ThomasPowers
Senior Moment Member; Master Curmudgeon
LocationCentral NM/El Paso TX Area, USA
Have you looked at the Sears Roebuck Catalogs and gotten an idea of what could be ordered rather than made locally? (I have reprints of the 1897, 1905 and 1908 catalogs for instance.)
Also you may want to find the old trade journals and follow them over the time; the letters written in about specific issues might be a help. ("Practical Blacksmithing" is a collection of articles from "The Blacksmth and Wheelwright" and published in 1889, 1890 and 1891. Such a journal would be a primary source vs secondary or tertiary ones. You could also track census data and business listings.
Hand Forging and Wrought-Iron Ornamental Work by Thomas Googerty published in 1911 shows how the "craft" aspect was being developed during the Arts & Crafts Movement.
Check if there are any Army or Navy sources for forging during that period.
In general the general "village" smith expanded into welding and car repair and did a lot more repair of manufactured goods than creating stuff from the start. I once attended an auction from a Car Repair business that had been in the same location since 1918 and yup they had a complete forge set up buried under the "new stuff". I got the 6" vise... (Also there were some lovely 1900's power tools for woodworking as car bodies were wood way back when...)
Location: Brunswick, Maine
You've probably already found this source, but Google Books has free ebooks for The American Blacksmith from 1901 through 1921.
Al (Steamboat)
JHCC
Grammar Hammer, Master of None
LocationOberlin, Ohio
11 hours ago, ThomasPowers said:
In general the general "village" smith expanded into welding and car repair
From the novel The Nine Tailors (1934) by Dorothy Sayers: "Even if we could get the car out to-night, I'm afraid the axle may be bent, and that means a blacksmith's job."
Did you hear a ringing in your ears after reading that story?
Excellent. Thanks, TP, Al, and JHCC.
Here's the dealio---I have a character (yeah, okay, I write books, don't make fun of me) who is a blacksmith during the later end of the time period. As part of the narrative arc, I'd like to convey what his day-to-day job is. Characters often live and breathe in the gap between getting it right and getting it wrong.
This character is one of a cast of thousands and I want to explore the hands-on aspect of the actual work across a variety of jobs, trades, and crafts for pretty much all of them. This is a multi-year, multi-volume project with fiction and nonfiction sides that only an insane person would attempt, but I've always thought sanity was overrated. Seriously, this is a crazy effort but we all have our obsessions and I won't make fun of yours if you don't make fun of mine. Scratch that---I will totally make fun of you. Like, totally.
Anyhow, I really appreciate the help. Now I need to go outside and make some hooks for holding material. Imagine that---I can actually make the hooks I need because I can blacksmith. That is awesome.
3 hours ago, ThomasPowers said:
No, after a misspent youth with insufficient hearing protection.
LOCATION LOCATION LOCATION, a smith in rural town in the Arkansas hills probably had quite a different job list than one in Columbus Ohio.
You may want to see if any historical societies have the "day books" where a smith would record all the jobs he did and what was charged/paid. I've seen excerpts of earlier ones.
One major aspect was the decrease in people and the increase in powered tools in the shop; at first powered by other than electricity. So losing a worker to the Spanish American War might have pushed toward getting a powerhammer. Also a smith might be a general smith but do small production runs for other businesses. The rise in acetylene generators using carbide could be interesting---especially with their tendency to blow up...but they allowed acetylene lights as well as welding gas. (My mother was born in the 1930's on a farm and grew up with kerosene lamps for light as rural electrification didn't hit their area till much later. Meanwhile cities had first gas lights and then electric lights though 1900 would be gas most places.)
I'll have to ponder on the location part as this character moves around quite a bit.
I'm fairly familiar with the change from man power to steam power to electricity, esp. out here, and have a collection of articles about on-the-job accidents that are pretty gruesome many of which involved new power sources that someone didn't quite understand.
I'll look up some more about acetylene. That's interesting and would apply to lots of industries.
I'm pretty focused on 1910-1917---I just asked about a wider swath of time because this character isn't just starting out, so I need to ground him in smithing knowledge. I just downloaded a load of AMERICAN BLACKSMITH volumes for a bit of help.
And I'm starting to love the Sears catalog idea. A lot. Maybe too much.
5 hours ago, Ohio said:
Scratch that---I will totally make fun of you. Like, totally.
Ah hah, an author of hysterical fiction. I write sci fi myself, perhaps we should check each other's galleys.
Hmmmmm. Might consider writing shorts about different smiths. Different locations, situations, skill levels, dramatic life happenings on them, etc.
About a year ago I started a RPG about blacksmiths shipwrecked on an Alaskan island but it didn't survive the 4th. of July weekend. I just never kicked it back off again and the players were probably waiting on me till they lost interest. My bad, it's a TBI thing, I forget things sometimes while I'm doing them. A few decades ago I used to run sci fi scenarios by my usual D&D buddies. It made a good tool for developing characters and dialogue, I suck at dialogue . . . I was going to list my worst fault but it's just the thing that bugs me most from a list too long to go into.
However (just so that side track isn't completely off topic) I discovered writing scenarios really helped writing longer stories.
I write pretentious literary fiction, Frost. And no galleys, not on this project.
Mostly I was looking for research material that will help me with existing characters. I've had four books published, three novels and a textbook on filmmaking, and I'm pretty comfortable with more challenging narrative forms, which this project has. Think something like Rashomon but then take the characters back 6 years to understand the choices they made to get to this one specific place and time, and then get all William Faulkner on it. Toldya, pretentious literary fiction.
I got xxxxxxxxxxx references from folks here and have already started reading selections. And TP suckered me into the Sears catalog, so I just paged through two of them on archive.org---dang it, I had stuff to do today---and now my eyes hurt from the teeny tiny type. Can you imagine typesetting all that? Yowza.
Is this referring about a load of Manure ? use a different phrase next time
Location. State of Confusion
Look up a blacksmithing group in your area and attend some of the meetings. You will learn more in just a few hours than you can ever imagine. This will let you apply first hand knowledge to your work. I will caution you that exposure to blacksmithing is addictive, even a single exposure in some cases. (grin)
LocationNebraska, USA
Imagine that---I can actually make the hooks I need because I can blacksmith. That is awesome.
I feel the same way! Blacksmithing has opened up a whole new world of possibilities for me.
Sorry, I'm of no help with your book
Just remember most modern smiths have only a romanticized view of smithing in earlier times based on Hollywood and fantasy novels...
True that +10.
Actual experience is of interest to me often there's a backstory that can be really revealing. For example, I'd like to know what people got paid for certain kinds of work, how many hours, how'd they rip off or get ripped off, what was the price of bread and shoes, stuff like that. I was just reading an article by someone advocating going to a piecework rather than hourly wage system for blacksmiths in industrial shops (I can make a pretty good guess why he's advocating that position, but anyhoo...). I don't repro that article in fiction, but it can be part of a character's world view, or to help show how a character believes one thing and says another because his job depends on it, which puts him in conflict and conflict is interesting---stuff like that. It allows nuance grounded in real experience. That soft-focus B.S. doesn't interest me much.
I have other characters working at other jobs and some of them are just excruciatingly dangerous while being dull. Most jobs are dull and most jobs are filled with drudgery. I don't run away from the drudgery in my writing. In real life, I run away from drudgery like I'm on fire, which, at the forge, has happened only once. It wasn't a very big fire, so it hardly counts.
Gil Fahrenwald used to publish calendars with late 19th century blacksmith shop photographs; you can tell a lot about what a smith does from such photos---including the number of people working in a shop! (how they were dressed, type of work, how the shop was set up, work groupings, etc)
Now for a deep dive you could try to find some blacksmithing accounts from the WPA Writer's Project that collected oral histories during the Depression. I've read a number of the ones from my area in New Mexico that dated from your period of interest; but was not hunting for smithing ones, just the settling and life in those times of my area.
I'm sure you have already consulted the Foxfire books, esp Vol 5: Ironmaking, Blacksmithing, Flintlock Rifles....just remember that these come from an area that was considered "Backwards" and so were much more old fashioned than the general life in cities.
Do you have a state historical society that may have archived stuff from that time period and may even be able to help you find what you need?
I have credentials at NARA, work with archivists at LOC, have done research at state archives, have contacts within specialty and local history groups here and around the country. I've also handled digitization projects of oral histories, print, and photographic holdings for various archives and libraries in this area, so I have a pretty good grip on what sources are available and I've been through most of them. I also have a neighbor who started blacksmithing with his stepfather when he was seven or eight who keeps giving me blacksmithing equipment (I still need to go get the swage block he gave me) whose been generous with his knowledge.
Thanks again everyone for the book recommendations.
So not so much a need for suggestions on sources of sources but perhaps differing ways of looking at them.
Note that the previous Sears & Roebuck catalogs were commonly posted in rural outhouses for use as reading material, wiping material and certain sections for research by adolescent males.
As I recall Samuel Yellin was just getting started around the time of your interest and so grew an "industrial scale of ornamental smithing"
Also it was quite common for workers in the cities to take night classes in their field to advance themselves.
Irondragon Forge & Clay
Nearly Normal
LocationCarroll County, Arkansas U.S.A.
Like Thomas said Practical Blacksmithing by M.T. Richardson is a good reference the introduction is a lot of history. It's available for download free as a PDF.
https://archive.org/details/practicalblacksm01richuoft/page/n5
Thanks, Irondragon. I've got it.
On 10/18/2018 at 4:01 PM, Ohio said:
And I make presumptuous statements. I write generally unpublishable . . . stuff. That they'd arise to Galley status is to presume a lot.
What no "And if you don't row faster I will read Chapter 2 of Frosty's latest work to you!...Bwahahahahahahahaha"
Shall I send you something? If she doesn't row fast enough read it to her a second time no need for a second chapter.
No water out here for a Galley and even if so I could only wish that "She" would be in the galley of the galley!
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You are at:Home»Category: "Law & Justice" (Page 3)
Browsing: Law & Justice
Mollie Tibbett’s Accused Killer Cries Victim
According to Breitbart, the defense team for Christhian Bahena-Rivera, the Mexican illegal alien accused of murdering Mollie Tibbetts, has moved for a change of venue. Bahena-Rivera’s…
More Evidence Sanctuary Policies Threaten Public Safety
By Jennifer G. Hickey March 1, 2019
On Feb. 26, U.S. Attorney William M. McSwain announced the sentencing of Juan Ramon-Vasquez, a previously deported Honduran who had been convicted of repeatedly raping a…
Portland Paints Bull’s Eye on Its Back
By Matt O'Brien February 19, 2019
Portland City Council has voted to withdraw the city’s police department from the FBI-coordinated Joint Terrorism Task Force.
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By Spencer Raley January 28, 2019
An illegal alien in California was sentenced to more than 400 years in prison last week after being convicted of kidnapping, three counts of rape, criminal…
The Illegal Alien Continuum of Crime
By Matt O'Brien January 3, 2019
Corporal Ronil Singh, a police officer with the with the City of Newman California Police Department, was recently murdered during a routine stop of a suspected…
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Do it for the kids
Merge made a VR headset for kids and a Blaster you put your phone in
Everyone should be able to have fun with VR and AR!
Russell Holly
If you like squishy foam and having fun with either VR or AR, the folks at Merge have been serving up goodness for a couple of years now. Following the success of the AR-based Merge Cube and the recent availability of the Merge VR headset in every color under the rainbow, Merge is at CES this year with two new goodies.
For the AR-focused among us, the new Merge Blaster turns your phone into a futuristic shooter for tons of new games. For VR fans, the new Merge Mini takes the original squishy VR headset and shrinks it down to be better suited for smaller heads. Here's a quick look!
Merge Blaster
This is augmented reality at its most accessible. The Blaster is, as the name suggests, a simple gun-shaped controller for feeling like you are a part of the game. Put your phone in the slot, and use your screen as your Heads-Up Display for multiple games. When you see incoming fire through the screen, dodge out of the way in the real world.
It's a simple setup, something anyone of any age can do, and super easy to feel like you are a part of the game. Merge plans to start shipping the Blaster later this summer.
Merge Mini
Take everything that makes the Merge VR headset cool, including the super-durable construction and comfortable fit on your face, and imagine it redesigned for ten year olds. The lens adjustment buttons, have been moved to make it easier for smaller hands to get the perfect fit, and the spacing is better suited for smaller faces.
Merge plans to make this headset available later this summer for $30, making it one of the more affordable VR headsets out there on top of being the only one specifically aimed at kids.
It's been clear for a while now the Merge lineup has been aimed at kids. The Merge Cube has tons of interactive and educational purposes, and has been advertised like crazy on channels like Disney over the last holiday season. Expect these new accessories to be a big hit with kids later this year.
Virtual Reality (General)
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Nike, MTN, Dangote: Ranking Africa’s top brands
The most admired brands on the continent.
Nigeria: Tomato paste could prove a tasty investment
Published by Jaco Maritz on 17 August 2015
The domestic production of tomato paste in Nigeria could potentially be an attractive opportunity, according to a recent briefing note by Ecobank.
Blackstone’s Steve Schwarzman on Dangote and investing in Africa
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Blackstone CEO discusses the firm’s recent investment in Africa.
Dubai sovereign wealth fund sees investment in Dangote as its gateway into Africa
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The Investment Corporation of Dubai recently took a minority stake in Nigeria’s Dangote Cement.
What Africa’s richest man Aliko Dangote told the World Economic Forum in Davos
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Dangote shares his thoughts on entrepreneurship, investment and the free movement of people.
The hectic schedule of Africa’s richest man Aliko Dangote
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“I am someone who doesn’t switch off my phone,” says Aliko Dangote. “My phone is on 24 hours.”
South African food company could buy 80% stake in Nigeria’s Dangote
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South Africa’s foremost food producer Tiger Brands, on Monday, said that it is in talks with Dangote Industries over the Nigerian conglomerate’s stake in its flour milling unit.
Nigeria’s Dangote Cement could be a threat to multinationals like Lafarge
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Nigeria’s largest cement company, Dangote Cement, could become the world’s sixth biggest producer if its expansion plans play out as expected.
Nigeria should not be importing fertiliser, says billionaire businessman
Published by Jaco Maritz on 9 July 2011
“There is no reason why Nigeria should be importing fertiliser,” believes Aliko Dangote, president of the Dangote Group.
The top 10 richest African billionaires
Published by Claude Harding on 10 March 2011
A number of African business people made this year’s Forbes 2011 Billionaires List, here are the top 10:
Dangote Group president outlines reasons for its investment in Zambia
Published by Staff Writer on 17 January 2011
Zambia’s high level of urbanisation as well as the government’s efforts to reduce dependence on copper, has motivated Nigeria’s Dangote Group to build a cement factory in the country.
Dangote Cement listing to provide foundation for NSE recovery?
Published by Imara Africa Securities team on 9 September 2010
Reports coming out of Nigeria have confirmed that Nigeria’s stock exchange has approved the listing of Dangote Cement.
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Why Shiv Sena’s blow hot, blow cold tactics towards BJP could backfire
Behind Shiv Sena’s constant barbs at its ally BJP is the party’s pitch for the Opposition space in the state and a fear of being irrelevant on home turf
opinion Updated: Jul 28, 2017 22:53 IST
Manasi Phadke
Shiv Sena chief Uddhav Thackeray at an election campaign recently, Navi Mumbai (Bachchan Kumar/HT)
In February, Shiv Sena MP Anandrao Adsul criticised Prime Minister Narendra Modi in Parliament and slammed the BJP as being dictatorial. “If the younger brother has four children and the elder has only two, does the younger brother become elder?” he asked.
Adsul’s outburst sums up the reason why the Shiv Sena has been targeting the BJP despite being an ally. The party is squirming in the role of a junior partner after historically having an upper hand in the saffron alliance in Maharashtra. In 2014, the BJP dwarfed the Sena by winning 122 seats in the Maharashtra assembly — the Sena won 63. That election, and subsequent ones to district councils, municipal councils and municipal corporations, shattered the unsaid understanding that while the BJP spreads its wings as a national party, Maharashtra remains the Sena’s citadel.
With its space shrinking and its vote-bank under threat, the Sena has been doing what it does best — being the party of rebellion, occupying the vacant space of a strong Opposition, but from the treasury benches.
At the Centre, Shiv Sena chief Uddhav Thackeray has slammed the Modi government on a range of issues – the Ram temple in Ayodhya, border security, demonetisation, and excessive spend on publicity, painting his own party as more Hindutva-oriented, more patriotic and more populist over the BJP. In Maharashtra, the protests have been more nuanced, trying to mould its image as the government’s conscience-keeper, an identity that the Sena plans to count on in the 2019 assembly polls.
Thus, the Sena joins the Opposition in bitter criticism of the government, distancing itself from the government on all unpopular issues such as the agrarian crisis, farmers’ suicides, or the acquisition of agricultural land for the Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis’ pet Mumbai-Nagpur corridor. This approach also helps the party take credit for every popular move, projecting itself as the only entity within the government that looks out for the larger interest of the people. So, recently, after about a month of joining farmers’ groups in protests for a loan waiver, the Sena rushed to take credit when the state announced its Rs 34,022-crore loan waiver package, before taking to the streets again to beat the government on its implementation.
Political analysts are doubtful if this strategy will work; something that even a few Sena members covertly admit. They think, the Sena’s blow hot and cold tactic is conveying an image of hypocrisy, and the party and its cadre will be much stronger if Thackeray takes an assertive stand and snaps ties with the BJP.
However, the Sena cannot afford a mid-term poll as it is still not electorally strong in rural Maharashtra. Also, analysts say the party’s core leadership is cautious about upsetting a section of its leaders who aspire to remain in power, and worry that walking out of the government might open the doors for some high-profile defections.
Meanwhile, the party is packaging its inability to walk out of the government too as a sacrificial trait, stemming from its deep-rooted commitment to Maharashtra and concern for the state’s stability. manasi.phadke@hindustantimes.com
First Published: Jul 27, 2017 18:02 IST
In Maharashtra: Devendra Fadnavis, Presidential polls and 145 seats
Shiv Sena chief Uddhav Thackeray turns 57 today, where is he headed?
Non-Marathi Hindus are to blame for Sena’s poor performance in Mumbai civic polls, says Uddhav Thackeray
Potholes in Mumbai are now a matter of life and death
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We are working on projects of all sizes with partners around the world. Each project has unique issues, expectations, funding mechanisms, life spans and priorities but are all aligned with achieving our mission of WASH services for all.
Check out our vast range of projects and hands-on work with our partners.
Action-Research for Learning with Dutch WASH Alliance
A three year initiative led by IRC for improving the effectiveness on hygiene promotion and community empowerment in a few selected Dutch WASH...
Directory of Dutch-related activities in Ethiopia
The Netherlands is an active supporter of Dutch and Ethiopian businesses, NGOs, universities and others working to address water-related challenges...
Community Water Plus in India
This project investigates successful community-managed rural water supply programmes and approaches across India.
EUWI-Africa Working Group
The EUWI-Africa Working Group aims to help achieve water and sanitation-related MDGs in Africa by promoting an efficient working environment.
BRAC WASH Programme
Since 2006 IRC has been supporting BRAC WASH in Bangladesh, which has been helping people gain control of their lives in 250 sub-districts.
REACH: improving water security for the poor
A tool developed during this project aimed to provide data and research to inform policy-making related to achieving household water security in an...
Insights : a WASH Dialogue and Partnership Forum series
Since 2016, an open forum for expert panel discussions on the WASH sector in India.
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in Schools
The provision of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in schools in Ethiopia is receiving more attention, but levels of access and quality of water...
Water-security in Ethiopia & Emotional Response of Pastoralists (WEEP)
Conventional indicators fail to describe the reality of accessing water supplies for some. WEEP is focused on finding ways to better measure how we...
UNICEF nine country national monitoring initiative
The goal of the programme is to strengthen WASH services monitoring at national and subnational levels for improved WASH service delivery in the nine...
Sustainable WASH Systems (SWS) Learning Partnership
This five year project (2016-2021) in Cambodia, Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda aims to provide USAID and its partners with proven "systems approaches" to...
The BRAVE Project
Building understanding of climate variability into the planning of groundwater supplies from low storage aquifers in Africa (BRAVE). The project (...
Sanitation Challenge for Ghana
Transforming livelihoods of Ghana's urban centres.
IHUWASH
Innovation Hub for Urban Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Solutions in India (IHUWASH). Within this project three Indian cities, Faridabad, Mysore and...
USAID Transform WASH
USAID TRANSFORM WASH sets out to transform the market for low-cost quality WASH products and services in Ethiopia: stimulating demand at community...
Collective action for district-wide WASH services in six African countries
The Conrad N. Hilton Foundation and IRC share a belief in strengthening in-country institutions and capacities of service providers and government...
Lowland WASH
The Lowland WASH Activity is extending water, sanitation and hygiene to some of the hardest to reach pastoralist communities in the Afar, Somali and...
Sanitation Innovation Accelerator
Ennovent, IRC and TARU Leading Edge offer entrepreneurs in India a platform to scale innovations.
Sustainable Sanitation and Hygiene for Indonesia (SEHATI)
SEHATI is a 3.5 year programme to be implemented in seven districts in East Indonesia. The focus is on accelerating access to sanitation and hygiene...
Watershed Empowering citizens programme
Watershed is a strategic partnership between the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs and IRC, Simavi, Wetlands International and Akvo which will work...
Research into Sludge Enterprise (RISE)
An action research initiative working towards a viable model for mobile desludging in urban centres in Zimbabwe.
Sector learning in West and Central African Countries
A UNICEF - IRC partnership supporting knowledge management and sector learning in 11 West and Central African countries and at regional level.
One WaSH National Programme M&E support (Ethiopia)
The One WaSH National Programme is the world's largest sector-wide approach to WaSH. IRC have been providing support to help monitor this USD2.4...
Safe Water Phase 2
This is a three year initiative (2015-2018) aiming to increase access to safe water particularly for people living at the base of the economic...
Life-cycle costing tools
ONEWASH Plus
IRC is contracted by UNICEF to undertake independent monitoring and to support communications for the UK Department for International Development...
Millennium Water Alliance - Ethiopia Programme
IRC is a member of the Millenium Water Alliance (MWA) and supports implementation of the MWA Ethiopia Programme Second Phase (2014-2017).
Life-cycle cost approach in refugee camps
A pilot study to be conducted in two camps in collaboration with UNHCR aimed at understanding the costs involved and the level of water services in a...
Urban Sanitation Development Program (USDP)
IRC provides technical assistance to the Urban Sanitation Development Program (USDP) focusing on 330 cities in Indonesia between 2010 and 2014.
MUStRAIN
MUStRAIN focused on developing opportunities for multiple-use water services linked to water harvesting innovations and household-led investment.
The West Africa Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WA-WASH)
Increasing sustainable access to safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene in Burkina Faso, Niger and Ghana.
WASHTech
WASHTech aims to strengthen sector capacity to make effective investment in new technologies.
Sanitation, Hygiene and Water (SHAW), Indonesia
SHAW is a 4.5 year project implemented across nine districts in eastern Indonesia to increase access to and use of toilets and improve hygiene...
WASHCost
Understanding the cost of water and sanitation services Life-cycle costing tools
Pan-Africa Programme
Plan International with the assistance of IRC and IDS (UK) is working with communities in identifying barriers to accessing sanitation in Africa and...
SMARTerWASH: a multi-partner joint initiative
SMARTerWASH aims to ensure monitoring information is effectively used to keep water and sanitation services working.
Triple-S
Triple-S (Sustainable Services at Scale) was a six-year, multi-country learning initiative to improve water supply to the rural poor.
Kenya Arid Lands Disaster Risk Reduction
A two-year long project aiming to improve access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), and build resilience to climate change for 160,000 people.
Sustainable Sanitation and Hygiene for All
Sustainable Sanitation & Hygiene for All is a comprehensive approach to ensuring equitable access to improved sanitation and hygiene for those...
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Inside Figure Skating News
Rules of Procedure for Officials Assessment Commission
Lausanne / Switzerland
Based on Article 23 of the ISU Constitution and the Special Regulations Single & Pair Skating, Ice Dance, Rule 440 and the Special Regulations Synchronized Skating, Rule 930, the Council determined the following:
- Appointment of the Officials Assessment Commission (OAC)
- Assignment of OAC members for specific events
-OAC members rules of conduct
- Specific Rules of Procedure for the OAC at ISU Championships (except ISU World Junior Synchronized Championships) and Olympic Winter Games
- Specific Rules of Procedure for the OAC at the ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating (Junior and Senior) individual events and Final, the ISU World Team Trophy in Figure Skating, the ISU World Junior Synchronized Skating Championships.
- Evaluation Procedure and Report
- Processing of OAC reports
- Criteria for the identification of cases of evaluation in the Judges’ GOEs and Program Components scores
- Referee’s Report
- Cases of Evaluation of Judges Behavior
- Evaluation of judging at International Competitions not covered by the OAC
- Evaluation of the decisions of the Technical Panel and of the decisions of/conduct of competition by the Referee at ISU Events, the Olympic Winter Games, Youth Olympic Games and Olympic Qualifying Figure Skating Competitions
-Evaluation Form for Judges
This Communication replaces ISU Communication No. 2035 with immediate effect.
To see the full ISU Communication 2098 click the link on the right side bar.
pdf ISU Communication 2098
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Spotlight & Excerpt: Masquerade (Andalucian Nights #2) by Hannah Fielding
Release date: August 6th 2015
Publisher: London Wall Publishing
Purchase: Amazon | B&N
A young writer becomes entangled in an illicit gypsy love affair, pulling her into a world of secrets, deception and dark desire.
Summer, 1976. Luz de Rueda returns to her beloved Spain and takes a job as the biographer of a famous artist. On her first day back in Cádiz, she encounters a bewitching, passionate young gypsy, Leandro, who immediately captures her heart, even though relationships with his kind are taboo. Haunted by this forbidden love, she meets her new employer, the sophisticated Andrés de Calderón. Reserved yet darkly compelling, he is totally different to Leandro but almost the gypsy’s double. Both men stir unfamiliar and exciting feelings in Luz, although mystery and danger surround them in ways she has still to discover.
Luz must decide what she truly desires as glistening Cádiz, with its enigmatic moon and whispering turquoise shores, seeps back into her blood. Why is she so drawn to the wild and magical sea gypsies? What is behind the old fortune-teller’s sinister warnings about ‘Gemini’? Through this maze of secrets and lies, will Luz finally find her happiness… or her ruin?
Masquerade is a story of forbidden love, truth and trust. Are appearances always deceptive?
~EXCERPT~
Luz set eyes on him for the first time from her seat on Zeyna’s back as the fine white Arab mare stepped down the narrow path from the cliff that led to the beach. He was sitting on the edge of the track, leaning nonchalantly against a wild carob tree,watching her while chewing on a sprig of heather. As she drew nearer, she met his steady gaze, spirited and wild. At that moment she had no idea this man would have the power to change her world and create such havoc in her heart, that she would emerge from the experience a different person. Fate had not yet lit up the winding pathway of her life nor the echoes of history along it, but now, in front of this stranger, a disturbing awareness leapt into flame deep inside her and began to flicker intensely. Without thinking, she tugged on Zeyna’s reins to slow the mare down.
For a moment they stared at each other. He was clearly a gitano, one of those people that Luz’s family had always warned her to steer clear of. The frayed, cut-down denims sat low on his hips, revealing deeply tanned, muscular long legs, and his feet were bare as though he had just walked straight from the beach. Unruly chestnut hair, bleached golden in parts by the sun, tumbled to his shoulders; his smooth copper skin glowed more than that of any gypsy she had ever seen. As she allowed her gaze to flick back to his face, Luz caught the flash of amused, provocative arrogance in those bright, burning eyes, mixed with something deeper that she didn’t understand. She swallowed. The overwhelming masculinity of the gitano unsettled her. Luz lifted her chin resolutely, but felt the pull of his magnetism reaching out and gripping her, beguiling and dangerous, so that instinctively she nudged her mount and they broke into a smooth canter. The thumping of her heart sounded loud in her ears. She could sense his eyes on her, as a palpable touch, even as she rode away, trembling, and the feeling remained with her until she knew she was out of sight.
Had Zeyna picked up her mistress’s inner turmoil? Luz was pulling on her bridle as the mare tossed her head this way and that, snorting. Surprised by the horse’s unusual behaviour, Luz looked down at her hands and realized that she was clutching the reins much too tightly. She relaxed her hold. ‘I’m sorry, old girl. My fault,’ she whispered, leaning forward to pat the mare’s neck. Feeling free, the handsome creature surged forth without hesitation. The wind blew warm and salty; it touched Luz’s long black hair like a caress, threatening and tantalizing, wrapping a few silky wisps around her face. An unusual heat coursed through her, even though she was dressed only in a T-shirt, jeans tucked into riding boots. She raised her head against the breeze, letting the briny air course over her body, willing it to drive away this unfamiliar disquiet from her mind.
Gradually her sense of foreboding subsided and the awesome setting regained its hold. She felt an exhilaration and breadth of freedom in the vast solitude of the deserted beach and the wide horizons of the sea. The intense blue of the bay lay before her in the late afternoon sun. The lines of the land were so recognizable to her: no trees, no shrubs, no delicate tinting nor soft beauty, but a pure, distinct outline of form, almost terrifying in its austerity. Then, from time to time, there were the shadows of great clouds moving overhead, staining this infinite expanse of dunes that stretched before her like a vast tapestry, in shades of cream, greys and silver. Galloping in the wind on the back of her beautiful white mare, Luz felt in harmony with the Andalucían landscape and with herself. She had left her flat in Chelsea, finished her job in Scotland, and now she was back in Spain, a newly born post-Franco Spain, ruled by an energetic young king, and teetering on the edge of new possibilities. She was back at last in her beloved country, this time to stay.
Luz María Cervantes de Rueda was the only child to Count Salvador Cervantes de Rueda and his beautiful half-English, half-Spanish wife, Alexandra. At the time, their love story had made newspaper headlines and had been a favoured subject for wagging tongues in the drawing rooms of Spanish society. There had been a scandal involving Count Salvador, a young gypsy girl and her ne’er-do-well brothers. To add to the gossip, Alexandra de Falla was not from a pure Spanish background. Her foreign ways had caused suspicion and disapproval among the cloistered circles, their traditions still so deeply rooted in 1950s Andalucía. The fact that she was a romantic novelist, too, had caused many raised eyebrows. Some predicted doom when the couple’s fairy-tale marriage was announced, but as in all fairy tales, the pair had surprised everyone and were still living happily ever after.
For the first eleven years of her life Luz had lived in Spain, spending July and August in Kent with her Great-Aunt Geraldine. Later, when she was sent to boarding school in Gloucestershire, she would return three times a year to El Pavón, the ancestral home of her father outside the city of Jerez: at Christmas, Easter and for part of the summer holidays.
Luz had just arrived in Cádiz that morning, straight from England. She intended to spend at least a week at L’Estrella, the family’s summer house, before going on to see her parents at El Pavón. She was excited, pulsing with life, feeling as though she was on the verge of embarking on a great adventure.
It had been a long haul that had started with Cheltenham Ladies’ College when she was eleven, through a master’s degree in history and modern languages at Cambridge, and finally two years spent in the Highlands of Scotland penning the biography of an ancestor for one of the great families of Britain. Now that book was delivered, she could feel that Spain was where she was meant to be, where she was always meant to be. Here, she could breathe, feel her body come alive under the Spanish sun, and let all the pent-up, reckless instincts she had tried so hard to tame all through boarding school in England run wild and free. Luz had never thought that those compulsive feelings she had were the secret machinations of ‘destiny’; there was a sceptical, no-nonsense side to her inherited from her mother, along with a talent for writing, but she knew that the fiery Spanish nature that was her father’s – and always got the better of her – had finally pulled her back to Andalucía.
Only that morning, when Luz had arrived at L’Estrella laden with suitcases, Carmela handed her a letter that had come the day before. Ever since she had replied to an advertisement in the local paper for a biographer, she’d been praying for an interview. And here it was: a letter inviting her for a first meeting that week. Luz had barely been able to contain her relief and joy as she pulled the housekeeper into a delighted hug. She had really set her heart on this job, not only because she would be writing about Count Eduardo Raphael Ruiz de Salazar, one of the great painters of modern Spain, but also because the artist was from this part of the world and a large portion of the research would be done locally in Cádiz and its neighbouring towns. It seemed that now Luz had been given her reason to stay.
She brought Zeyna to a halt at the edge of the shore. The wild salty air seemed to be sweeping up from the beach as it brushed her cheek. She closed her eyes to savour its breath, delicious odours laden with iodine and fruits of the deep. The sun was setting in the late afternoon and the sky, gloriously mottled with apricot-pink and lilac, was broken here and there by shafts of light reflecting on the surface of the water, turning the calm ocean into a spectrum of peacock colours.
Now she could make out the fishing boats in the distance returning after a day’s work: black toy insects, the antennae of their masts bristling against the flamingo-tinted sky. Gulls and terns mingled overhead, screeching, impatient for the laden fleet’s arrival. Luz did not care much for birds. She found them – even the beautiful ones – eerie and menacing. It was time to be starting back.
The Andalucían Nights series: Love, mystery and desire under the scorching Spanish sun.
(click image for more)
Hannah Fielding is an incurable romantic. The seeds for her writing career were sown in early childhood, spent in Egypt, when she came to an agreement with her governess Zula: for each fairy story Zula told, Hannah would invent and relate one of her own. Years later – following a degree in French literature, several years of travelling in Europe, falling in love with an Englishman, the arrival of two beautiful children and a career in property development – Hannah decided after so many years of yearning to write that the time was now. Today, she lives the dream: writing full time at her homes in Kent, England, and the South of France, where she dreams up romances overlooking breath-taking views of the Mediterranean.
To date, Hannah has published four novels: Burning Embers, ‘romance like Hollywood used to make’, set in Kenya; the award-winning Echoes of Love, ‘an epic love story that is beautifully told’ set in Italy; and Indiscretion and Masquerade (from the Andalusian Nights Trilogy), her fieriest novels yet. She is currently working on her forthcoming book, Legacy, the final title in the trilogy, which is due to be published in spring 2016.
WEBSITE | TWITTER | FACEBOOK | GOODREADS
Posted by Shane @ItchingforBooks at 8:24 AM
Labels: Adult Contemporary, andalucian nights, Excerpts, hannah fielding, masquerade, Romance, Spotlights, Women's Fiction
Ruty B. October 2, 2015 at 9:18 AM
I love Hannah and her books
I have a copy of Masquerade and I can't wait to read it
Ruty @Reading…Dreaming
Shane Morgan October 2, 2015 at 11:48 AM
Thanks for stopping by :)
Naomi Hop October 9, 2015 at 1:44 AM
I love the covers to the books in this series! Thanks for sharing Shane!
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Related Categories: East Bay | Racial Justice
View other events for the week of 11/10/2018
Pardeep Singh Kaleka & Arno Michaeli: speaking & screening "Waking in Oak Creek" in Niles
Import into your personal calendar
Date Saturday November 10
Event Type Screening
Organizer/Author Beth Hoffman
Location: Niles Discovery Church
36600 Niles Canyon Road Fremont, CA, 94536
jeff [at] nilesdiscoverychurch.org
A Sikh and a Former White Supremacist find forgiveness after hate. Pardeep Kaleka, whose father was killed in a hate crime attack at the Sikh Temple of Wisconsin, and Arno Michaelis, a former white supremacist who now works with Pardeep on an anti-violence program will be speaking together during United Against Hate Week. Their new book, “The Gift of Our Wounds” tells the powerful story of a friendship between two men—one Sikh and one skinhead—that resulted in an outpouring of love and a mission to fight against hate.
Arno and Pardeep have appeared on CNN’s “Anderson Cooper 360”, the BBC, and MSNBC and in The New York Times, The Huffington Post, and The Washington Post, and “The View.”
Pardeep Singh Kaleka is an author of "The Gift of Our Wounds" and in 2012 he founded Serve 2 Unite, an organization that engages communities in local and global peacemaking by utilizing service learning, artistic response, and global engagement to address violence, conflict, and radicalization from a trauma-informed lens.
Arno Michaelis is a speaker, author of “My Life After Hate”, co-author of “The Gift of Our Wounds”, and Director of Serve 2 Unite. In the late ‘80s and early ‘90s, Arno was a leader of hate groups, and frontman of the hate-metal band Centurion. Single parenthood, love for his daughter, and the forgiveness shown by people he once hated helped to change his world, bringing love for diversity and gratitude for all life.
United Against Hate Week (November 11-17) is a Bay Area-wide Week of Action to stand united against hate and work towards building an inclusive and safe Bay Area. Events during this week include rallies, film screenings, art projects, speakers, community dialogues and storytelling workshops.
Download PDF (111.1KB)
For more event information: https://www.niot.org/niot-video/trailer-wa...
Added to the calendar on Thursday Oct 18th, 2018 11:10 AM
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After China, Another Ghostly ‘Floating City’ Appears Over Hastings, U.K. — Sighting Sparks Rumor CERN’S LHC Has Opened Doorway To Parallel Universe [Video]
JohnThomas Didymus
Following a report by the Inquisitr that thousands witnessed on October 7, a ghostly, “floating city” in the skies over the city of Foshan in the Guangdong province of China, residents of Hastings in the U.K. have also reportedly sighted a similar apparition.
Recent sightings of “floating cities” in the skies across the globe have sparked conspiracy theory rumors that CERN scientists may have created a mini black hole in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and opened a doorway to an extra-dimensional parallel universe.
According to Express, photos snapped in the coastal town of Hastings in East Sussex, England, and uploaded to Facebook, appear to show a ghostly “floating city” with skyscrapers in the skies over the town.
One of the photos was uploaded to Facebook by Natasha Marie who said it was snapped by her mother-in-law, a resident of Hastings. Marie said her mother-in-law captured the “floating city” in the sky when she was snapping coastal scenes during sunset.
According to the Inquisitr, the appearance of a ghostly “floating city” over the Chinese city of Foshan, and the province of Jiangxi a few days later, was not the first time that a “floating” city was reported over a Chinese city. A massive mirage resembling a city with skyscrapers was reportedly seen over the city of Huangshan in the southern Anhui province in 2011.
‘Parallel Universe Floating City’ Over Hastings, U.K. [Photo YouTube via Natasha Marie/Facebook]The Inquisitr also reported sighting of a “floating city” apparition by hundreds of residents of rural communities in Dulali, in the Lanzai South Ward of Darazo Local Government area of Bauchi State, northern Nigeria.
The YouTube conspiracy theorist, Dahboo77, also reports (see video above) a similar mirage that appeared recently over Orange, California.
‘Floating City’ With Skycrapers Over Foshan, China [Photo via YouTube Screengrab]The sudden upsurge in global reports of sightings of “floating cities” in the sky has sparked speculations in conspiracy theory circles, with many wondering whether there is a reason why ghostly “floating cities” are appearing in the skies over several cities across the world lately.
“This is the exact same Image from the sky above China. There is something crazy going on! And I would say is this is Project Blue Beam!”
Although weather experts have explained that the sightings are a form of naturally occurring optical illusion called Fata Morgana, conspiracy theorists argue that the rarity of occurrence of the Fata Morgana phenomenon in nature suggests a different explanation for the recent multitude of sightings.
“Fata Morgana mirages are caused by rays of light undergoing bending when they pass through layers of air with different temperatures.”
Some conspiracy theorists proposed that the sightings could be due to tests of the latest Project Blue Beam holographic image projection technology with the aim of seeing how city dwellers would react. The suggestion led to speculations about the imminence of launching of NASA’s Illuminati elite-sponsored Satanic New World Order (NOW) agenda first predicted by the Quebecois conspiracy theorist Serge Monast in the 1980s.
‘Floating Interdimensional City’ Seen Over Bauchi, Northern Nigeria [Photo by YouTube Screengrab]A competing theory has emerged lately in conspiracy theory circles. The theory suggests that the sightings are intrusions of a parallel universe following the creation of a mini black hole in CERN’s Large Hadron collider (LHC).
According to conspiracy theorists, scientists may have created a mini black hole in the LHC and inadvertently opened a portal to another dimension triggering the intrusion of a parallel universe into ours.
In other words, CERN scientists conducting experiments to reproduce conditions in the early universe soon after the theoretical Big Bang may have opened up an extra-dimensional wormhole in the fabric of space and time.
YouTube conspiracy theorists Paranormal Crucible speculate that recent the “floating city” sightings could be a “temporal vortex, or a possible parallel universe materializing briefly into our own reality.”
The conspiracy theory blog All News Pipeline (ANP), also suggests that CERN scientists may have opened doorways to a parallel universe and that they could be preparing the world for what ANP’s Susan Duclos describes as an “inter-dimensional savior,” presumably a reference to the expected “Antichrist.”
Duclos argues that the suggestion that CERN scientists working with the LHC have linked to a parallel universe is compelling, following recent media reports that the scientists are analyzing the latest data collected from LHC experiments and could soon announce discovery of a parallel universe.
[Image via YouTube, Natasha Marie/Facebook]
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