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The Skies, They Are a-Changin& ...
The Skies, They Are a-Changin’: Troemper Comes to Station
On April 28, 2018, the rearward-traveling asteroid Troemper comes to a standstill in the heavens, turns, and resumes direct motion. Our celestial referent for Donald Trump, Troemper has been in retrograde motion since January 30th, when it stationed at 2 Libra, conjunct Trump’s natal Neptune at 5 Libra and squared natal Whitehouse at 4 Capricorn. This natal square says much about the ongoing muddle, disorder and deception proceeding from Trump’s Oval Office tenure, and the ensuing period has arguably been one of increased confusion, isolation and paranoia or perceived persecution (all Neptune keywords), affecting both the President (Troemper) and the administration (Whitehouse).
Policies and messaging shift from day to day (abrupt, often contradictory, changes on North Korean talks, Russian sanctions, tariffs and trade, and military intervention in Syria), more and more of the President’s closest aides and advisors have left the scene (White House Staff Secretary Rob Porter, Communications Director Hope Hicks, lead counsel John Dowd), and multiple investigations and legal battles have arisen (the Stormy Daniels case, the FBI raid on Trump lawyer Michael Cohen, a lawsuit brought by the Democrats over Russian collusion in the 2016 campaign). Just when we think it can’t get any worse, it does.
Troemper and Trump have been in an entrenched, backpedaling phase, going back over old ground and finding lots of critters coming out from under the overturned rocks. With the type of business “ethics” Trump evinced in his former life, this is hardly surprising, but these prior misdeeds are coming home to roost. Trump has been a somewhat passive participant in these events, subject to the vagaries of Fate, but with the switch to direct motion, the President may become more actively aggressive, shifting into high gear and no longer contenting himself with caustic or complaining Tweets, but taking affirmative actions to end his “sea of troubles.” Will he move on terminating the Mueller investigation, taking aim directly at the Special Counsel, or indirectly via Deputy AG Rod Rosenstein?
Looking at the transits for the day Troemper makes its dramatic turn, we can begin to draw a portrait of the ensuing period of direct motion, which will continue through May 23, 2019, when Troemper once again turns retrograde, this time at 27 Capricorn, exactly on the US Pluto, and opposing his own Saturn. That should be a very interesting time for folks who want to see less of Trump; the implication is of some devastating (Pluto) personal (Troemper) outcome which reverberates in the President’s career (Saturn). Impeachment? In any case, that’s speculation for a future date. The celestial conditions pertaining at this station will mirror facts on the ground now and going forward, allowing us to judge strengths and weaknesses, and providing a window into the likely future and potential outcomes. The ways these interact with Donald Trump’s natal chart will determine the relative difficulty or ease with which he assimilates the situations arising from their interplay.
No more questions: Donald Trump waves away those pesky reporters
First off, we should note that Troemper is stationing at 18 Virgo. From there, not only does it oppose Neptune at 15 Pisces, but it’s also exactly squared asteroid Roberta at 18 Gemini. Neptune suggests issues around basic honesty, lying or fabrication, deception and intrigue; Roberta is one of three asteroid referents for Special Counsel Robert Mueller (we’ll encounter the others later). So we have Trump directly connected to both the theme of his untruthfulness, and the man who is investigating it. Moreover, the connection between them is distinctly adversarial (the square) and it is precise, creating an archetypal image of the roles of hunted and hunter which they embody. With Roberta is asteroid America at 19 Gemini and TNO Chaos at 22 Gemini, all of these on Donald Trump’s natal Sun at 22 Gemini. Roberta/America suggests Mueller is in close alignment with the country (significant majorities polled want him to complete his work), which is on the brink of disorder, disarray, even anarchy (Chaos). These factors will be a constant focus for Trump during this time due to their conjunction to his natal Sun.
Troemper moreover is closely inconjunct asteroid Nemesis at 19 Aries, as well as in trine to Pluto/Mars at 21 and 22 Capricorn, so there is a pull toward some sort of self-undoing or cosmic retribution (Nemesis), perhaps on a truly devastating scale (Pluto), based in a scandal (also Pluto). There’s also a broader inconjunct to asteroid Whitehouse at 13 Aries, now dropping out of its protracted conjunction with Nemesis, which has wrought so much havoc at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue in recent months. This suggests some degree of adjustment will be necessary (inconjunct) between Trump (Troemper) and the workings of his administration (Whitehouse); this would also refer to continued changes or upheaval in staff and Cabinet.
Planning his next move? Special Counsel Robert Mueller is just one, if perhaps the chiefest, individual to act out the role of Nemesis in Trump’s life
This Whitehouse placement is exactly conjunct Trump’s natal asteroid Mueller, and right beside his natal Russia at 12 Aries. Yes, once again, we’re seeing, this time in the birth chart, the connection between the investigator and his subject. Whitehouse by transit brings us into the present with this potential, and shows the venue in which it will play out – the Oval Office. Transit Mercury at 11 Aries is also energizing this area of Trump’s chart at this time, involving decisions to be made as well as the news they create. And all of this squares Trump’s natal Nemesis at 16 Cancer.
And on that Nemesis, currently? Why, asteroids Cohen, Moskva and Kassandra, naturally! All of these have the potential to act as a nemesis, or source of undoing, for the upcoming phase of Trump’s life. Cohen of course refers to Trump’s personal lawyer and “fixer” Michael Cohen, subject of an FBI raid earlier in April, said to know “where all the bodies are buried”; Moskva is the Russian for “Moscow”, its capital, and represents Russian interests generally, and the issue of Russian meddling in the 2016 election specifically; Kassandra refers to one’s credibility and basic honesty – is the individual trustworthy and reliable? Can they be believed? These are all themes which can imperil the President going forward.
Lawyer Michael Cohen, under FBI investigation, another actor up for the lead in Nemesis’ three-act drama
Transit Mercury at 11 Aries is also energizing this area of Trump’s chart at this time, involving decisions to be made as well as the news they create. Not to be outdone, asteroid Rosenstein is here, too, at 8 Aries, representing Rod Rosenstein, the Deputy Attorney General now in charge of the Mueller investigation, whom Trump has been considering replacing. Mueller exactly squares Trump’s natal Mercury at 8 Cancer, and the decisions he makes regarding whether or not to fire Rosenstein will factor heavily into the outcomes. And all of this Aries stellium squares Trump’s natal Nemesis at 16 Cancer.
Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein – a sacrificial lamb in Trump’s quest to end the investigation?
The Troemper inconjunct to Nemesis doesn’t stand alone. There is a second inconjunct, placing Troemper at the Apex of a Yod, or Finger of Destiny, formed with asteroid Roberts at 21 Aquarius. Roberts is the second celestial referent for Robert Mueller. This joins Trump with the Special Counsel (Mueller) and his power to bring down the President (Troemper), acting as his adversary (Nemesis). Although these points are too wide to be considered part of the Yod, Roberts is traveling with a tighter grouping just ahead composed of asteroids Damocles and Washingtonia, at 27 and 29 Aquarius. This is a cautionary tale for Trump, establishing DC (Washingtonia) as a place of peril (Damocles) for the President, potentially invoking Mueller (Roberts) as the doom hanging overhead (also Damocles).
There is one final aspect from Troemper, a sesquiquadrate (135 degrees) to a pairing of asteroids Askalaphus and Achilles at 0 and 1 Aquarius respectively. Askalaphus represents tale-bearing, the revealing of secrets, while Achilles indicates an inherent vulnerability or weakness which threatens to destroy the native. Having these together, and connected to Trump’s PNA, suggests a period of exposures and revelations which could prove fatal. These also square asteroid Russia, the backdrop for much of the secrets to be revealed, at 3 Scorpio; Russia is semisquare Troemper.
So much for Trump’s own PNA, and that’s plenty! Another remarkable feature of the chart is five points which appear also at station, like Troemper. Stationary bodies are the still points upon which the chart revolves; embedded in consciousness, they exert a power and influence far out of proportion to their normal status.
Gagging on his own lies? Trump acts out the nausea he inspires in many Americans
The additional stationary points are divided into two main groups; the first is comprised of asteroids Lie, Michel and Mueller. Lie, which of course is the foundation of the matter as the investigations unfold, falls at 26 Sagittarius, bound up with Trump’s natal Sun/Moon polarity at 22 Gemini and 21 Sagittarius, and turned retrograde just three days prior. It’s placement conjoined the Galactic Center at 27 Sagittarius guarantees global notice and attention for Trump’s untruths. Michel, again representing Trump lawyer Michael Cohen, the encyclopedic repository of information regarding many of Trump’s potentially deceptive or dishonest actions, appears at 29 Sagittarius, conjoined Lie, and turned retrograde April 20th. Mueller is the primary PNA representing the Special Counsel; at 5 Capricorn, it assails Trump’s natal Whitehouse at 4 Capricorn and will turn retrograde 6 days later, on May 4.
The timing there is interesting; it now appears that Trump may not speak with Mueller, who will then move to conclude his investigation sooner, absent presidential input. So seeing celestial Mueller turn retrograde and retrench, looking inward as his terrestrial counterpart begins to wrap up the active phase of the investigation and proceed to a conclusion, just after Troemper resumes an active phase and may move to thwart him, accurately reflects the relative position of the two antagonists. As Mueller moves closer to making his findings public, the pressure to act to prevent this will dramatically increase for Trump, likely prompting desperate, counterproductive actions. (Incidentally, asteroid Mueller returns to direct motion on August 2nd, which I would suggest is a likely timeframe for Special Counsel Mueller to submit his report to Congress.)
The other stationary points are perhaps even more evocative. These are asteroid Veritas, Latin for “truth”, and Daniels, representing porn star Stormy Daniels, at 25 and 26 Leo respectively. Daniels bound up with Veritas suggests that Daniels will be judged to be truthful in her allegations, and vindicated in the courts. Daniels’ importance to this period is further reflected by asteroid Storm, for “Stormy”, at 15 Taurus, in conjunction with the 8 Taurus Sun of Troemper’s station, specifically highlighting her for the period. This encroaches upon Trump’s natal asteroid Lie at 17 Taurus, once again calling into question his basic veracity.
Stephanie Clifford, AKA “Stormy Daniels”, the porn star who may bring down a presidency, Nemesis’ third embodiment
As well, Daniels’ birth name is Stephanie Clifford, and asteroid Clifford appears at 18 Pisces, exactly opposing Troemper. Imagine having the defendant, the prosecutor and the chief witness all bound together in an exact T-Square! With Clifford is another “Michael” referent, asteroid Michela, at 17 Pisces, in this case likely indicating her lawyer, Michael Avenatti, always at her side, who has made such an impact on the dynamic of this story with his media blitz. Of course, both of these are also within orb of Neptune, that font of disappointment, disillusionment, and despair, which is the planetary ruler of deception and untruth. Asteroid Stephania, for “Stephanie”, is exactly conjunct Mueller at 5 Capricorn, and itself will turn retrograde at the subsequent degree on May 14th. Mueller may not be directly involved in the Daniels case, but it was his tip-off to FBI agents in the Southern District of New York about probably criminal acts which prompted their raid on Cohen’s office and home. Mueller has been pivotal to the case, even if he has no further involvement. Interestingly, asteroid Toro, noted for bullying, aggressive behaviors, exactly opposes Storm from 15 Scorpio, with alleged threats to Daniels forming an important part of the legal case.
Legal pit bull Michael Avenatti, prosecuting the Daniels case, plays a pivotal supporting role
One more point to note: there is a body sitting pretty on the degree where Troemper made its retrograde station in January, 2 Libra. This is asteroid d’Arrest. No, I am not making this up. d’Arrest relates to a cessation or termination (as in “heart arrest”), but also indicates legal arrest, detention, or the filing of charges. We might think of it here as keeping Troemper’s retrograde station seat warm for him.
And a hot seat it’s likely to be, for Troemper and d’Arrest will be traveling together in an extended conjunction for much of the summer and autumn. Starting June 25th, they will be within five degrees of each other continually until October 22nd, with their exact conjunction occurring August 9th. There is some uncertainty as to whether or not a sitting president can be indicted; I would suggest that with Troemper conjoined d’Arrest, we may soon find the answer.
It’s remarkable how this moment in time captures the essential themes of the upcoming period, which we already know will be dominated by the issues and individuals these PNAs represent. There are, of course, additional factors to consider in assessing an outcome, including transits to the natal chart, progressions of that chart, and Trump’s 2018 solar return, due in just six weeks. But the Troemper station energies lay it all out pretty succinctly, with astounding accuracy and detail, proving once again the underlying truth of astrology’s guiding dictum, “as above, so below.”
April 26th, 2018 at 10:10am
← Aster-Obit: Barbara Bush ← The Cosby Verdict
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Follow @kabster728
The Digital Solution > Operating Systems
Skipping Your Computer’s Warm-Up Time
January 20, 2009 at 6:10 pm PT
The time it takes to boot up a computer can be a source of frustration — especially if you’re in a rush and just want to log on, get information and move on with your day. If televisions took as long as PCs take to start working, we’d miss game-winning touchdowns. Slow boot-up times are especially common with the Windows Vista operating system.
One way to evade slow boot-up syndrome is to use a special operating environment that performs a handful of basic tasks and works as an alternative to Windows. If installed on your computer, a system like this can start up instantly when you press your PC’s power button — like turning on a TV.
Phoenix Technologies Ltd. (PTEC) and DeviceVM Inc. both offer popular quick-start environments. Phoenix offers two solutions, called HyperSpace Dual and HyperSpace Hybrid, for five PC manufacturers, including Lenovo, Toshiba and Acer. DeviceVM’s product, called Splashtop, comes preloaded on PCs from Asus, VooDooPC and Lenovo, and each brand calls this feature something different, like “Quick Start” on a Lenovo laptop. I used HyperSpace Hybrid on a Lenovo ThinkPad X301, but didn’t get a chance to try Splashtop.
Closed Windows
It’s misleading to say that the Phoenix HyperSpace products offer a faster way to start up your computer, because they don’t actually open Windows, which is your computer’s heart and soul. Instead, they offer a primitive, bare-bones user interface that relies on Web-based applications. For example, you can send and receive email, but only by using a Web-based email program like Gmail or Hotmail. Documents must be created using a program like Google Docs, and when you watch videos, you must use a player like YouTube rather than something like Windows Media Player or QuickTime. Photos can be viewed either via a photo Web site like Flickr or in the HyperSpace browser. Nothing like Word or PowerPoint is available in this slimmed-down environment.
HyperSpace Dual, which costs $40 a year or $100 for three years, operates only one environment or the other (Windows or HyperSpace) at a time and must shut one system down to start the other. HyperSpace Hybrid costs $60 annually or $150 for three years and can run both Windows and HyperSpace side by side. Hybrid users can easily toggle back and forth between systems by pressing the F4 key. If your PC meets the required specifications, you can download a 21-day free trial of HyperSpace Dual or Hybrid from HyperSpace.com.
(DeviceVM’s Splashtop doesn’t run side-by-side with Windows, so is more comparable to HyperSpace Dual. But it does have features that are currently missing in both versions of HyperSpace, including a music player, photo manager, Skype and an instant-messaging program that works with popular IM services.)
Though Windows exists on the same machine, its contents aren’t capable of synchronizing with the Phoenix quick-start system. So if I wrote and saved a draft of this column in Windows, and opened HyperSpace on my laptop a few days later, I wouldn’t be able to see my column or any other files on the Windows side. And browser bookmarks don’t synchronize with the HyperSpace browser.
In HyperSpace Hybrid, you can download files from the Web, like photos from Flickr, and save them to a My Documents folder. Confusingly, this has nothing to do with the My Documents folder on the Windows side, and Windows can’t view those files. But anything I download to HyperSpace Hybrid (not HyperSpace Dual) can be transferred to and opened in Windows by clicking an option that says “Open in Windows.” This is essentially using Windows as a viewer.
Using Less Power
In addition to zippy start times, Phoenix claims that its quick-start environment doesn’t use as much power as a full operating system like Windows. According to the company, both versions of HyperSpace are capable of improving a machine’s battery life by up to 30% because while HyperSpace is working, Windows is automatically set into sleep mode, fewer things are happening in HyperSpace compared with Windows, and the processor is operating at a lower speed.
Before I could download HyperSpace, I had to make some adjustments to the laptop’s internal startup system, or BIOS, which I did without much trouble by following some clear directions from HyperSpace’s Web page. I also had to change my hard-disk partition to allow for more room so that HyperSpace would fit. When I finally installed HyperSpace Hybrid, its wireless Internet didn’t work at all, and it also shut down the wireless capability on the Windows Vista side of my machine. Phoenix Technologies said these were special circumstances related to my laptop, and that not everyone would have the same experience I did.
Links to Web Apps
The HyperSpace environment has a left-side panel filled with icons that link to Web-based applications like Facebook, Flickr, Amazon (AMZN) and Gmail. It seems odd that a subscription program comes loaded with what could be seen as advertisements. What’s more, none of these widgets can be removed or repositioned in the panel. And users can’t add their own icons linking to Web sites that they like.
In March, the company says an updated version of HyperSpace will be able to synchronize some information between Windows and HyperSpace, like Internet Explorer favorites, and it will include built-in players for DVDs and music, as well as games like Sudoku. The new version also will let people plug a digital camera into their HyperSpace Hybrid PC to view and save photos; now, USB ports are turned off in Hybrid to save battery life, disallowing digital-photo uploads.
If you dread the time-sucking process of booting up your PC just to do a quick Internet search, you might want to try downloading HyperSpace. But the confusing installation process might persuade average computer users to get a laptop with a pre-installed quick-start program or suffer with slow boot times.
Edited By Walter S. Mossberg
Email us at mossbergsolution@wsj.com. Find this and other columns and videos online free at the All Things Digital Web site: http://walt.allthingsd.com
Tagged with Acer, Amazon, applications, Asus, battery life, BIOS, boot up, computer, DeviceVM Inc., digital camera, DVD, email, Facebook, Flickr, free trial, Gmail, Google Docs, hard disk, Hotmail, HyperSpace Dual, HyperSpace Hybrid, icon, IM, instant messaging, interface, Internet, Internet Explorer, laptop, Lenovo, music player, operating system, partition, PC, Phoenix Technologies, photo manager, PowerPoint, processor, Skype, Splashtop, Sudoku, ThinkPad X301, Toshiba, USB, user, video, VooDooPC, Web, Windows, Windows Vista, word, YouTube
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Anyang, Paradise City
6 Film Festivals
Movie: Anyang, Paradise City
Revised romanization: Dashi Taeunago Shipuyo, Anyange
Hangul: 다시 태어나고 싶어요, 안양에
Director: Park Chan-Kyong
Cinematographer:
World Premiere: February 1, 2011 (International Film Festival Rotterdam)
Set in Anyang, South Korea, crew members for an upcoming documentary research the devastating fire that took occurred in a factory prior to the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul. 22 female workers, who were locked in their dormitory, were killed in the fire. Along the way, the crew members also come across the past of Anyang, including the origin of the city's name ("Anyang" is a Buddhist term for "Paradise"), Buddhist temples, a search for a 500-year-old "grandma tree" and upcoming mayoral election.
Movie was filmed primarily with the Canon EOS 5D Mark II camera.
Han Ye-Ri
Kang Eun-Jin - novelist 1 riding on boat
2011 (40th) International Film Festival Rotterdam - January 26-Feb. 6, 2011 - Bright Future *World Premiere
2011 (12th) Jeonju International Film Festival - April 28-May 6, 2011 - Korean Feature Films Competition
JJ-ST★R Award (Grand Prize) - 2011 (12th) Jeonju International Film Festival - April 28-May 6, 2011
Retrieved from "http://asianwiki.com/index.php?title=Anyang,_Paradise_City&oldid=438639"
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View source for Observations of the ice sheet
← Observations of the ice sheet
:''This page is part of the topic [[Observations, data accuracy and tools]]'' ==Introduction== Since the earliest exploration of Antarctica scientists have visited the ice plateau in search of new discoveries. Despite the logistic and physical difficulties imposed by the environment and weather, field-based observations have been made throughout Antarctica, and have proved invaluable in explaining the dynamic character of this body of ice. An era of international fieldwork, sparked by the IGY of 1957-58, has continued to the recent International Polar Year of 2007-08. In the intervening decades, glaciological fieldwork adopted new technologies and revealed behaviour that could not have been observed by any other means. Some measurements can now be made over wide areas from satellites or aircraft, but direct ''in-situ'' observations are still needed to provide calibration and validation for these surveys. Moreover, fieldwork provides detailed information about the processes that operate to change the Antarctic environment. The combination of fieldwork, aircraft, and satellite measurements has revealed changes in Antarctica on many scales and given a better understanding of their causes. ==Surface elevation== Oversnow traverses provided the first indications of the surface shape of the ice sheet. The existence of broad, flat ice shelves bounded by tall mountain ranges that retained a high, frigid and harsh polar plateau played into the strategies used by explorers to reach the South Pole. However, such sparse sampling could never hope to attain sufficient coverage of the ice sheet to detect its shape in detail. In the mid-1970s, random sampling of the surface from radar altimeters onboard balloons released to circulate above the continent at constant atmospheric pressure greatly increased the mapping of the ice sheet’s surface elevation (Levanon et al., 1977<ref name="Levanon et al, 1977">Levanon, N., Julian, P.R. and Suomi, V.E. 1977. Antarctic topography from balloons, ''Nature'', '''268''', 514-516, doi:10.1038/268514a0.</ref>). Radar altimeters use the ranging capability of radar to measure the surface topographic profile beneath the sensor by measuring the time interval between the transmission and reception of very short electromagnetic pulses. These data showed the ice sheet surface topography contained a number of separate domes in East Antarctica and that this ice sheet was much higher than the West Antarctic ice sheet ([[:File:Figure 1.2 - Antarctic topography and bathymetry.png|Figure 1.2]] on [[The Antarctic cryosphere]]). With this information, the drainage basins of individual outlet glaciers could begin to be defined ([[:File:Figure 1.3 - Antarctic surface elevation.png|Figure 1.3]] on [[The Antarctic cryosphere]]). Radar altimeters onboard satellites established systematically repeated surface elevation observations of the earth. To date, most spaceborne radar altimeters have been wide-beam (pulse-limited) systems operating from low Earth orbits. Radar altimetry data of Antarctica has been collected since 1978 from a variety of instruments including Seasat (1978), Geosat (1985-1990), ERS-1 (1991-1996) and ERS-2 (since 1995), and Envisat (since 2002). Seasat reached only to 72º S whereas subsequent missions have increased coverage to 81.5º S. The measurement accuracy of such systems is sub-metre across the smoother ice sheet interior, but degrades to a few metres as the surface slope increases, especially nearer the coast and in mountainous regions. The future availability of satellite altimetry observations is assured with new missions such as ESA’s Sentinel satellite series. ESA’s CryoSat mission will also provide new data from the SIRAL instrument specifically designed for ice sheet and sea ice observations. [[File:Figure 2.16 - Schematic of a single ICESat repeat track.png|thumb|'''2.16''' Schematic of a single ICESat repeat track indicating surface altimetry measurements (red) and cloud observations (green/white/pink). Source: NASA/GSFC.]] In addition to radar altimetry, the first satellite laser altimeter was launched in 2003 onboard the ICESat satellite. The Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) is the sole instrument on the Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) ([[:File:Figure 2.16 - Schematic of a single ICESat repeat track.png|Figure 2.16]]). A laser altimeter has the advantage of ranging directly to the surface without penetrating the upper snow layers, but requires cloud-free conditions. Microwave radar is unaffected by clouds, but penetrates several metres into the snow (Legresy and Remy, 1997<ref name="Legresy and Remy, 1997">Legresy, B. and Remy, F. 1997. Altimetric observations of surface characteristics of the Antarctic ice sheet, ''J. Glaciol.'', '''43'''(144), 265-275.</ref>; Arthern et al., 2001<ref name="Arthern et al, 2001">Arthern, R.J., Wingham, D.J. and Ridout, A.L. 2001. Controls on ERS altimeter measurements over ice sheets: Footprint-scale topography, backscatter fluctuations, and the dependence of microwave penetration depth on satellite orientation, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D24), 33,471-33,484.</ref>). Alteration of the snowpack by weather and climate could change the depth of penetration, with a risk that this is mistaken for a real change in the surface elevation. Recent studies have corrected for this effect using an empirical, location-dependent correlation between penetration depth and backscattered power (Wingham et al., 1998<ref name="Wingham et al, 1998">Wingham, D.J., Ridout, A.L., Scharroo, R., Arthern, R.J. and Schum, C.K. 1998, Antarctic elevation change from 1990 to 1996, ''Science'', '''282''', 456-458, (doi:10.1126/science.282.5388.456).</ref>; Zwally et al., 2005<ref name="Zwally et al, 2005">Zwally, H.J., Giovinetto, M., Li, J., Cornejo, H., Beckley, M., Brenner, A., Saba, J. and Yi, D. 2005. Mass changes of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets and shelves and contributions to sea-level rise: 1992-2002, ''Journal of Glaciology'', '''51'''(175), 509-527.</ref>), although some residual error may be unavoidable (Alley et al., 2007<ref name="Alley et al, 2007">Alley, R.B., Anandakrishnan, S., Dupont, T.K., Parizek, B.R. and Pollard, D., 2007, Effect of sedimentation on ice-sheet grounding-line stability. Science, 315, 1838-1841.</ref>). Both radar and laser altimetry can be affected by changes in the density of the upper layers of the snowpack, so these must be estimated separately or corrected for (Arthern and Wingham, 1998<ref name="Arthern and Wingham, 1998">Arthern, R.J. and Wingham, D.J. 1998. The Natural Fluctuations of Firn Densification and Their Effect on the Geodetic Determination of Ice Sheet Mass Balance, ''Climatic Change'', '''40''', 605-624.</ref>; Zwally et al., 2005<ref name="Zwally et al, 2005">Zwally, H.J., Giovinetto, M., Li, J., Cornejo, H., Beckley, M., Brenner, A., Saba, J. and Yi, D. 2005. Mass changes of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets and shelves and contributions to sea-level rise: 1992-2002, ''Journal of Glaciology'', '''51'''(175), 509-527.</ref>). The primary objective of the ICESat mission is to measure ice sheet elevations and changes in elevation through time, with a precision of a few centimetres, surpassing that achieved with radar altimetry. Secondary objectives include measurement of cloud and aerosol height profiles, land elevation and vegetation cover, and sea ice thickness (Schutz et al., 2005<ref name="Schutz et al, 2005">Schutz, B.E., Zwally, H.J., Shuman, C.A., Hancock, D. and Dimarzio, J.P. 2005. Overview of the ICESat Mission, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L21S01, doi:10.1029/2005GL024009.</ref>). The southern limit of ICESat data is 86º S. The increase in surface topographic detail in these data is illustrated in [[:File:Figure 1.3 - Antarctic surface elevation.png|Figure 1.3]] on [[The Antarctic cryosphere]] by noting the smoother apparent surface in the region closest to the South Pole; a visual artifact caused by the absence of precise altimetric data in this region. Most modern airborne geophysical measurement systems operated in Antarctica include a laser altimeter instrument. These have provided independent validation of ICESat data. Their primary function is to focus on regional studies and refine the spatial pattern of elevation change, as indication of ice-sheet or outlet glacier thickness changes. Satellite altimeter systems have the drawback that their data usually do not extend away from the sub-satellite ground track. ICESat’s GLAS system can be pointed off-nadir, but these occasions are rare. Photoclinometry, or shape from shading interpolated between precisely measured elevation profiles by using optical imagery (Landsat, ASTER and MODIS). These systems collect images of the surface using reflected sunlight in a variety of spectral bands. Because most of Antarctica is snow covered and the albedo of snow at any given wavelength is relatively constant, the brightness variations of ice-sheet imagery are predominantly related to the surface slope in the direction of the solar illumination (Bindschadler and Vornberger, 1998<ref name="Bindschadler and Vornberger, 1998">Bindschadler, R.A. and Vornberger, P.L. 1998. Changes in West Antarctic ice sheet since 1963 from Declassified Satellite Photography, ''Science'', '''279''', 689-692.</ref>). This relationship allows the image to be used to interpolate surface elevations between satellite altimetry profiles and provide more complete and accurate elevation fields. A more traditional use of optical imagery to produce elevations is stereo photogrammetry. This can be problematic over ice sheets where distinct features visible in modest-resolution imagery can be uncommon, but with the recent addition of higher spatial-resolution sensors such as ASTER and SPOT-5, the technique is now more often successful. A dedicated set of SPOT stereo images has been acquired around the Antarctica perimeter and elevation data are being produced as users request them. ==Bed elevation and ice thickness== As little as fifty years ago, relatively few traverses had been made across the interior of Antarctica, and the thickness of the ice was uncertain over much of the continent. Ice thickness can be determined by the seismic method of detonating explosives and recording the delay before arrival of echoes from the base. This can reveal details of the rock or sediment beneath the ice, as well as the ice thickness (Blankenship et al., 1986<ref name="Blankenship et al, 1986">Blankenship, D.D., Bentley, C.R., Rooney, S.T. and Alley, R.B. 1986. Seismic measurements reveal a saturated porous layer beneath an active Antarctic ice stream, ''Nature'', '''322''', 54-57.</ref>). A similar technique using radar, rather than sound waves can be performed from the ground (e.g. Conway et al., 1999<ref name="Conway et al, 1999">Conway, H., Hall, B.L., Denton, G.H., Gades, A.M., Waddington, E.D. 1999. Past and future grounding-line retreat of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Science 286:280-283.</ref>; Catania et al., 2006<ref name="Catania et al, 2006">Catania, G.A., Conway, H., Raymond, C.F. and Scambos, T.A. 2006. Evidence for floatation or near floatation in the mouth of Kamb Ice Stream, West Antarctica, prior to stagnation, ''J. Geophys. Res.'', '''111''', F01005, doi:10.1029/2005JF000355.</ref>), or from aircraft (Robin et al., 1970<ref name="Robin et al, 1970">Robin, G. De Q., Swithinbank, C.W.M. and Smith, B.M.E. 1970. Radio echo exploration of the Antarctic ice sheet, ''Int. Assoc. Sci. Hydrol. Publ.'', '''86''', 97-115.</ref>; Mae and Yoshida, 1987<ref name="Mae and Yoshida, 1987">Mae, S. and Yoshida, M. 1987. Airborne radio echo-sounding in Shirase Glacier drainage basin, Antarctica, ''Ann. Glaciol.'', '''9''', 160-165.</ref>; Siegert et al., 2005a<ref name="Siegert et al, 2005a">Siegert, M.J., Pokar, M., Dowdeswell, J.A. and Benham, T. 2005a. Radio-echo layering in West Antarctica: a spreadsheet dataset, ''Earth Surf. Process. Landforms'', '''30''', 1583-1591.</ref>). [[File:Figure 2.21 - Twin Otter aircraft fitted with ice penetrating antennas mounted under the wings.png|thumb|'''2.21''' Twin Otter aircraft fitted with ice penetrating antennas mounted under the wings. Aircraft fitted with geophysical instruments have collected a wealth of ice thickness data throughout Antarctica.]] Airborne radar (see [[Meteorological and ozone observing in the Antarctic#Snow Accumulation|Snow accumulation]]), sometimes flown by airplanes based at remote field camps, is now the principal method of determining ice thickness ([[:File:Figure 2.21 - Twin Otter aircraft fitted with ice penetrating antennas mounted under the wings.png|Figure 2.21]]). Present technology allows the surface of the underlying rock and sediment to be measured to a vertical precision of tens of metres. Interpolating the rugged bed topography between surveyed tracks remains difficult, and even now there are large regions of Antarctica where few measurements have been recorded. Nevertheless, compiling data from many survey flights can give a good estimate of the volume of ice stored in Antarctica. The most recent compilation of these data is BEDMAP (Lythe et al., 2000<ref name="Lythe et al, 2000">Lythe, M.B., Vaughan, D.G. and the BEDMAP Consortium. 2000. BEDMAP - bed topography of the Antarctic. 1:10,000,000 scale map. BAS (Misc) 9. Cambridge, British Antarctic Survey.</ref>) and BEDMAP-2 is underway. [[:File:Figure 1.5 - Antarctic ice thickness.png|Figure 1.5]] on [[The Antarctic cryosphere]] is a visual illustration of the Antarctic bed elevation field that has resulted from this data compilation. From these data, the total volume of the Antarctic ice sheet is calculated as equivalent to 57 m of sea level. Of this, 52 m is locked away in the thick ice of East Antarctica, and around 5 m is stored in the more dynamic ice sheet covering West Antarctica (Lythe et al., 2000<ref name="Lythe et al, 2000">Lythe, M.B., Vaughan, D.G. and the BEDMAP Consortium. 2000. BEDMAP - bed topography of the Antarctic. 1:10,000,000 scale map. BAS (Misc) 9. Cambridge, British Antarctic Survey.</ref>). Several areas of Antarctica have recently benefited from focused airborne-geophysical surveys. Coastal Dronning Maud Land (Steinhage et al., 1999<ref name="Steinhage et al, 1999">Steinhage, D., Nixdorf, U., Meyer, U. and Miller, H. 1999. New maps of the ice thickness and subglacial topography in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, determined by means of airborne radio echo sounding, ''Ann. Glaciol.'', '''29''', 267-272.</ref>), Thwaites Glacier (Holt et al., 2006<ref name="Holt et al, 2006">Holt, J.W., Blankenship, D.D., Morse, D.L., Young, D.A., Peters, M.E., Kempf, S.D., Richter, T.G., Vaughan, D.G. and Corr, H.F.J. 2006. New boundary conditions for the West Antarctic Ice Sheet: Subglacial topography of the Thwaites and Smith glacier catchments, ''Geophys. Res. Lett.'', '''33''', L09502, doi:10.1029/2005GL025561.</ref>), Pine Island Glacier (Vaughan et al., 2006<ref name="Vaughan et al, 2006">Vaughan, D.G., Corr, H.F.J., Ferraccioli, F., Frearson, N., O'hare, A., Mach, D., Holt, J.W., Blankenship, D.D., Morse, D.L. and Young, D.A. 2006. New boundary conditions for the West Antarctic ice sheet: Subglacial topography beneath Pine Island Glacier, ''Geophys. Res. Lett.'', '''33''', L09501, doi:10.1029/2005GL025588.</ref>) have been surveyed in detail. These and similar surveys reveal the amounts of ice present. They also characterise deep troughs in the underlying bed that make some regions more vulnerable than others to rapid change. Furthermore they provide geometric boundary conditions needed for modeling the evolution of the ice sheet. ==Velocity== [[File:Figure 2.22 - Speed of Bindschadler and MacAyeal Ice Streams, West Antarctica.png|thumb|'''2.22''' Speed of Bindschadler (right) and MacAyeal (left) Ice Streams, West Antarctica. Flow direction is generally from top to bottom of figure with speed indicated by color superimposed on a mosaic of 14 Landsat images enhanced to highlight surface features. Faster ice occurs in the central portion of each ice stream but the spatial complexity indicates a spatial variation in the lateral, longitudinal and basal forces that determine internal stresses, strains and speeds of the ice. Velocity in metres/year.]] In-situ observations of ice-flow can be made by repeatedly surveying the position of marker poles carried along by the ice (e.g. Naruse, 1979<ref name="Naruse, 1979">Naruse, R. 1979. Thinning of the ice sheet in Mizuho Plateau, East Antarctica, ''J. Glaciol.'', '''24''', 45-52.</ref>). Nowadays this same direct approach makes use of precise locations derived from GPS. Modern dual-frequency GPS receivers and post-processing of data can give positional accuracy of centimetres or better (King, 2004<ref name="King, 2004">King, M.A. 2004. Rigorous GPS data-processing strategies for glaciological. Applications, ''J. Glaciol.'', '''50''', 601-607.</ref>). The movement of AWS over time along the ice sheets, which have GPS on-board, can also provide invaluable information about ice sheet velocity. Ferrell AWS, located on the Ross Ice Shelf, is estimated to have moved approximately 0.65 - 0.75 km/year over a period from 1979 to 2003. Ice motion is almost everywhere greater than a metre per year, so surface velocities are measured to within one percent in a single year. For faster flowing ice, the relative accuracy is even higher. Point velocities measured in this way provide constraints to calibrate remote sensing methods such as feature tracking or satellite radar interferometry (discussed below). Features seen from space can serve the same role as surveyed marker poles or GPS antennas. Sequential imagery, once coregistered, offer the opportunity to measure the surface motion of features identified on multiple images. Image coregistration is simplified when there is exposed rock visible. When not, long-wavelength surface forms can be used, because these are surface expressions of fixed basal undulations and, therefore, also fixed in space. Image processing techniques are then employed to first filter out the higher wavelength features and then cross-correlate static long-wavelength features in multiple images. Once coregistered, the same cross-correlation techniques are employed to determine surface feature motion (Scambos et al., 1992<ref name="Scambos et al, 1992">Scambos, T.A., Dutkiewicz, M.J., Wilson, J.C. and Bindschadler, R.A. 1992. Application of image cross-correlation to the measurement of glacier velocity using satellite image data, ''Remote Sensing of Environment'', '''42''', 177-186.</ref>). Most often applied to sequential Landsat imagery with a 30 m pixel resolution, the errors in measured displacements are 2-3 pixels with roughly equal parts random error associated with tracking individual features, and systematic error associated with image coregistration. The optical imagery record began in earnest in 1972 with the launch of ERTS-1, which became the first of the Landsat series. Earlier and recently declassified satellite photographs have extended a sparse data set back to 1960, soon after the first year that satellites were used for military and national security purposes. Spatial resolution, temporal coverage and radiometric sensitivity have steadily improved to the present, when sub-metre pixel resolution, near daily coverage and extraordinary surface detail can be obtained. However, not all of these are available from any single sensor, and the use of the data will help determine what sensor is most suitable. [[File:Figure 2.23 - Surface velocity of the Siple and Gould Coast regions of West Antarctica.png|thumb|'''2.23''' Surface velocity (in metres/year) of the Siple and Gould Coast regions of West Antarctica. Flow direction, indicated by the arrows, is generally left to right, and speed, indicated by colour, increases from left to right. The underlying layer is a portion of the Radarsat mosaic with the Transantarctic Mountains in the upper right and the Ross Ice Shelf on the right. The network of tributaries begins to emerge from the surrounding ice at speeds of about 100 m per year and is guided by unseen valleys in the underlying bed. From top to bottom, the major ice streams (red) are the Whillans (with the green Crary Ice Rise in its mouth), Bindschadler and MacAyeal Ice Streams.]] Much information about land ice and snow is obtained from SAR imagery, in particular from SAR Interferometry (InSAR) techniques. This method, which uses phase differences in returned radar signals, is able to measure centimetric changes in surface displacement over very wide areas ([[:File:Figure 2.23 - Surface velocity of the Siple and Gould Coast regions of West Antarctica.png|Figure 2.23]]). These new techniques have provided information to monitor glacier discharge (Pritchard and Vaughan, 2007<ref name="Pritchard and Vaughan, 2007">Pritchard, H.D. and Vaughan, D.G. 2007. Widespread acceleration of tidewater glaciers on the Antarctic Peninsula, J. Geophys. Res., 112, F03S29, doi:10.1029/2006JF000597.</ref>), map grounding lines (Gray et al., 2002<ref name="Gray et al, 2002">Gray, L.; Short, N.; Bindschadler, R.; Joughin, I.; Padman, L.; Vornberger, P.; Khananian, A. 2002. Radarsat interferometry for Antarctic grounding-zone mapping, ''Annals of Glaciology'', '''34''', 269-276.</ref>; Yamanokuchi et al., 2005<ref name="Yamanokuchi et al, 2005">Yamanokuchi, T., Doi, K. and Shibuya, K. 2005. Validation of grounding line of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet derived by ERS-1/2 interferometric SAR data, ''Polar Geoscience'', '''18''', 1-14.</ref>), contribute to mass balance studies (Rignot and Thomas, 2002<ref name="Rignot and Thomas, 2002">Rignot, E. and Thomas, R.H. 2002. Mass balance of polar ice sheets, Science, 297 (5586), 1502-1506 AUG 30 2002.</ref>), determine glacier and ice sheet motion (Fischer et al., 2003<ref name="Fischer et al, 2003">Fischer, A.H., Rott, H. and Björnsson, H., 2003. Observation of recent surges of Vatnajökull, Iceland, by means of ERS SAR interferometry, ''Annals of Glaciology'', '''37''', 69-76.</ref>) and monitor propagation of ice shelf rifts (Fricker et al., 2002<ref name="Fricker et al, 2002">Fricker, H.A., Young, N.W., Allison, I. and Coleman, R. 2002. Iceberg calving of the Amery Ice Shelf, East Antarctica: New field and remote sensing data, ''Annals of Glaciology'', '''34''', 81-88.</ref>). In contrast, an approach taken in matching the amplitudes of SAR images can be used in correlating scenes over a long time period. Nakamura et al. (2007<ref name="Nakamura et al, 2007">Nakamura K., Doi, K. and Shibuya, K. 2007. Estimation of seasonal changes in the flow of Shirase Glacier using JERS-1/SAR image correlation, ''Polar Sci.'', '''1'''(2-4), 73-84.</ref>) applied the techniques to the Shirase glacier, one of the fastest-moving ice streams in the Antarctica, and obtained the seasonal variation of velocity near the grounding line, that is the highest in summer and lowest in winter. Repeated measurements of horizontal velocity using the GPS technique have shown that the speed of ice streams can change on very short timescales. The speed of ice tens or hundreds of kilometres inland can vary from hour to hour, responding to forcing by the tides (Bindschadler et al., 2003<ref name="Bindschadler et al, 2003">Bindschadler, R. A., King, M.A., Alley, R.B., Anandakrishnan, S. and Padman, L. 2003, Tidally controlled stick-slip discharge of a West Antarctic ice stream, ''Science'', '''301''', 1087-1089.</ref>). Other areas respond differently to tides. Flow speed on the Rutford Ice Stream follows a 14 day cycle (Gudmundsson, 2006<ref name="Gudmundsson, 2006">Gudmundsson, G.H. 2006. Fortnightly variations in the flow velocity of Rutford Ice Stream, West Antarctica, Nature, 444, 1063-1064 doi:10.1038/nature05430.</ref>). Analysing the response of ice streams to known tidal forcing has opened up a new way of studying the friction that impedes the motion of ice. [[File:Figure 2.24 - Composite of the Antarctic ice sheet surface speed.png|thumb|'''2.24''' Composite of surface speed. North of 80º S the velocities are derived from the Modified Antarctic Mapping Mission (MAMM) whose data were collected by Radarsat-1 in Autumn 2000. South of 80º S the velocities are calculated balance velocities. Overlain on these two data sets are flow lineations (in white) from the SAR imagery indicating the location of faster ice motion and shear. Speed is represented by a color log<sub>10</sub> scale (0 in deep blue to 1,000 m/yr in red) to illustrate the wide range and patterns of surface flow. The underlying layer is a gray-scale version of the Radarsat mosaic where bright and dark areas correspond to regions of high and low radar backscatter. From Jezek, 2008<ref name="Jezek, 2008">Jezek, K. C. 2008. The RADARSAT-1 Antarctic Mapping Project. BPRC Report No. 22, Byrd Polar Research Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 64 p.</ref>.]] A meaningful diagnostic of the ice sheet state is to calculate the “balance velocity” and compare it with the measured surface velocity. The balance velocity is calculated from the ice thickness, accumulation pattern and flow direction (defined as the direction of maximum surface gradient). It is neither a measured, nor an actual velocity, but corresponds to the depth-averaged velocity at any point that is required to transport all the mass accumulated upstream of that point. If the actual velocity equals the balance velocity everywhere, then the shape of the ice sheet remains unchanged. Thus, balance velocity becomes a convenient way of comparing the geometric shape and meteorological input to the ice speed. [[:File:Figure 1.6 - Antarctic ice sheet balance velocity.png|Figure 1.6]] on [[The Antarctic cryosphere]] presents the continental pattern of balance velocity. It compares favourably to the surface speed ([[:File:Figure 2.24 - Composite of the Antarctic ice sheet surface speed.png|Fig 2.24]]) indicating that a majority of the ice sheet is near equilibrium. Areas of change, including areas changing very rapidly, do occur and will be discussed in [[The ice sheet in the instrumental period]]. ==Mass balance== The overall condition of an ice sheet is usually described as its “mass balance”. It is a fundamental expression of the ice sheet’s health. Mass balance is the sum of all mass inputs to the ice sheet, such as accumulation, minus all mass removals, such as melting. It expresses the rate of growth or shrinkage of the ice sheet and relates directly to the amount of mass transferred to the oceans to affect sea level. Ice leaving the grounded region of the ice sheet affects sea level immediately, even if it remains attached to the ice sheet in the form of a floating ice shelf. Icebergs calved from floating ice shelves and sub-ice shelf melting remove mass from the ice sheet, but do not alter sea level. Sometimes ice shelf mass changes are included in mass balance calculations, because they reflect changes in ice sheet volume, but care must be taken not to equate these mass balance quantities to Antarctica’s contribution to sea level without removing the ice shelf component. There are currently three independent methods of measuring changes in the mass of the grounded portion of the ice sheet: satellite altimetry, ice-budget, and gravity surveys. All are subject to errors from different sources: principally, snow compaction and electromagnetic penetration for altimetry; thickness errors and accumulation errors for the ice-budget; unmodelled postglacial rebound and atmospheric effects for gravity surveys. The problem is over-determined (three methods for measuring one number) and each of the methods has errors that are (more or less) independent of the others. This means that a better assessment of the state of balance of the ice sheet should be possible by combining all the observations. There are problems doing this, because all the measurements are recorded at different locations, and over different time intervals. A promising approach is to use data assimilation methods similar to those used by numerical weather prediction centres to produce daily weather forecasts (Arthern and Hindmarsh, 2006<ref name="Arthern and Hindmarsh, 2006">Arthern, R.J. and Hindmarsh, R.C.A. 2006. Determining the contribution of Antarctica to sea-level rise using data assimilation methods, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, 364, 1841-1865. doi:10:1098/rsta.2006.1801.</ref>). This should allow a better analysis of the present-day changes, and opens up the possibility of forecasting the evolution of the ice sheet over the coming decades. Even before such formal methods are applied, comparison of the three approaches provides a valuable consistency check. The concept of mass balance can also be applied to any portion of the ice sheet. To measure the amount of ice transported, the thickness and the profile of velocity through the column are needed. If the base is slippery, or the ice is afloat, an assumption that ice speed is constant at all depths throughout the column is appropriate. Then the ice flux is simply the product of surface velocity and thickness. For ice thickness of the order of kilometres, the depth error from radar surveys is of the order of one percent, and dominates over the velocity error. If shearing is present in the column it must be corrected for, and this can introduce errors larger than one percent in the flux. The accuracy that can be achieved for the flux leaving any particular drainage basin is typically of the order of ten percent of the turnover (e.g. Fricker et al., 2000<ref name="Fricker et al, 2000">Fricker, H., Warner, R. and Allison, I. 2000. Mass balance of the Lambert Glacier–Amery Ice shelf system, East Antarctica: a comparison of computed balance fluxes and measured fluxes, ''J. Glaciol.'', '''46''' (155), 561-570.</ref>; Rignot and Thomas, 2002<ref name="Rignot and Thomas, 2002">Rignot, E. and Thomas, R.H. 2002. Mass balance of polar ice sheets, Science, 297 (5586), 1502-1506 AUG 30 2002.</ref>). Since measurements began, the overall mass balance of the ice sheet (i.e., the rate of change of the total mass of ice held within it) has been slightly negative, but with large uncertainties. This belies the enormous regional variability of mass changes that express different dynamic characteristics and responses to different climate forcings. Some signals, such as thinning of the Amundsen Sea sector in West Antarctica, are common to all three approaches, and this agreement provides a strong confirmation that this part of Antarctica is contributing to sea level rise. Meanwhile East Antarctica seems close to balance, or thickening slightly, according to these independent assessments. Point measurements of elevation change, achieved by repeat GPS positioning, can also contribute to mass balance studies (Smith et al., 1998<ref name="Smith et al, 1998">Smith, A.M., Vaughan, D.G., Doake, C.S.M., ET AL. 1998. Surface lowering of the ice ramp at Rothera Point, Antarctic Peninsula, in response to regional climate change, ''Ann. Glaciol.'', '''27''', 113-118.</ref>; Hamilton, 2005<ref name="Hamilton, 2005">Hamilton, G.S. 2005. Spatial patterns in mass balance of the Siple Coast and Amundsen Sea sectors, West Antarctica, ''Ann. Glaciol.'', '''41''', 105-106.</ref>; Wendt et al., 2009<ref name="Wendt et al, 2009">Wendt, A., G. Casassa, A. Rivera, and J. Wendt (2009). Reassessment of ice mass balance at Horseshoe Valley, Antarctica. Antarctic Science. doi:10.1017/S0954102009002053.</ref>). The vertical component of position derived by GPS is less accurate than the horizontal. The vertical motion of the marker poles must be corrected for along-slope advection, gradients of snow accumulation, and snow compaction. Placing the markers at the bottom of boreholes drilled through the upper layers of the ice sheet, where most of the density changes occur, can lessen the impact of variable snow compaction on these measurements (Hamilton, 2005<ref name="Hamilton, 2005">Hamilton, G.S. 2005. Spatial patterns in mass balance of the Siple Coast and Amundsen Sea sectors, West Antarctica, ''Ann. Glaciol.'', '''41''', 105-106.</ref>). The submergence velocity of markers, compared with the long-term rate of snow accumulation (from ice cores), provides a local estimate of the state of balance of the ice sheet. ==Ice shelves== Ice shelves, the floating fringe of the ice sheet, are often overlooked because of the absence of a direct impact on sea level, however they have a very important indirect effect. Ice shelves impart forces on grounded glaciers and ice streams, slowing the delivery of ice to the ocean (Thomas, 1973<ref name="Thomas, 1973">Thomas, R.H. 1973. The creep of ice shelves: Theory, ''Journal of Glaciology'', '''12''' (64), 45-53.</ref>). This means that collapse or melting of a floating ice shelf can trigger a subsequent rise in sea level, as glaciers accelerate when this force is removed. This force is determined not only by the size, lateral extent and temperature of the ice shelf, but also its shape (Walker and Holland, 2007<ref name="Walker and Holland, 2007">Walker, R. and Holland, D.M. 2007. A two-dimensional coupled model for ice shelf - ocean interaction, ''Ocean Modelling'', '''17''', 123-139.</ref>). Drilling allows temperature profiles through the ice to be recorded, and samples of the ice to be recovered for mechanical tests of strength and deformation strength (e.g. Rist et al., 2002<ref name="Rist et al, 2002">Rist, M.A., Sammonds, P.R., Oerter, H. and Doake, C.S.M. 2002. Fracture of Antarctic shelf ice, J. Geophys. Res., 107(B1), 10.1029/2000JB000058.</ref>). Local mass balance assessments are important, as melt rates at the base of ice shelves can reach several metres a year. Drilling provides access to the oceanographic environment beneath the ice shelf, so that the processes that control melting from the base can be investigated (Nicholls and Jenkins, 1993<ref name="Nicholls and Jenkins, 1993">Nicholls, K.W. and Jenkins, A. 1993, Temperature and salinity beneath Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 22,553-22,568.</ref>; Craven et al., 2004<ref name="Craven et al, 2004">Craven, M., Allison, I., Brand, R., Elcheikh, A., Hunter, J., Hemer, M. and Donoghue, S. 2004. Initial borehole results from the Amery Ice Shelf hot-water drilling project, ''Ann. Glaciol.'', '''39''', 531-539.</ref>). Phase-sensitive radar can be used to measure thinning rates (Corr et al., 2002<ref name="Corr et al, 2002">Corr, H.F.J., Jenkins, A., Nicholls, K.W. and Doake, C.S.M. 2002. Precise measurement of changes in ice-shelf thickness by phase-sensitive radar to determine basal melt rates, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(8), 10.1029/2001GL014618.</ref>). This can provide a direct estimate of the basal melt-rate with an accuracy of a few centimetres per year, revealing whether the ice shelf is in a steady state (Jenkins et al., 2006<ref name="Jenkins et al, 2006">Jenkins, A., Corr, H.F.J., Nicholls, K.W., Stewart, C.L., Doake, C.S.M. and Christopher S.M. 2006. Interactions between ice and ocean observed with phase-sensitive radar near an Antarctic ice-shelf grounding line, ''J. Glaciol.'', '''52''' (178), 325-346.</ref>). GPS observations can record the flow velocities of the floating ice, and how it is changing (King et al., 2007<ref name="King et al, 2007">King, M.A., Coleman, R., Morgan, P.J. and Hurd, R.S. 2007. Velocity change of the Amery Ice Shelf, East Antarctica, during the period 1968-1999, ''J. Geophys. Res.'', '''112''', F01013, doi:10.1029/2006JF000609.</ref>). These ''in-situ'' observations provide an important test of melt rates, flow rates and thinning rates observed using satellite. The very definition of where the ice shelves begin needs quantification, and its sensitivity to local ice thickness changes lends it to be an important diagnostic observable. The transition from grounded ice to floating occurs at the “grounding line”. It can be mapped with optical imagery by noting the change in surface roughness: floating ice is smoother due to the absence of basal friction, which supports smaller spatial scale surface undulations on grounded ice. Vertical flexing of the grounding line also can be observed either by interferometric SAR analysis or repeat laser altimetry (Vaughan, 1995<ref name="Vaughan, 1995">Vaughan, D.G. 1995, Tidal Flexure at Ice Sheet Margins, ''Journal of Geophysical Research'', '''100''' (B4), 6213-6224.</ref>; Padman and Fricker, 2005<ref name="Padman and Fricker, 2005">Padman, L. and Fricker, H.A. 2005. Tides on the Ross Ice Shelf observed with ICESat, Geophysical Research Letters, 32, No. 14, Art. No. L14503, July 29, 2005.</ref>). The sensitivity of the grounding line to thickness changes results from a shallow basal slopes. Relatively small changes of a few metres in thickness are effectively amplified by many orders of magnitude, depending on the bed slope, to horizontal displacements of hundreds of metres, or even kilometres. In many locations, the grounding line is extremely complex, and patches of ephemerally grounded ice must be included in the observations. ==Subglacial hydrology== Ice flow rates in the faster moving ice streams and glaciers of Antarctica are orders of magnitude greater than can be explained by ice deformed by gravitational forces. The additional speed is the result of basal sliding and directly related to lubrication at the ice-bed interface. The degree of lubrication is controlled by the presence of water and sediment (glacial till) underneath the ice. A supply of water from melting at the base of the ice sheet can pressurise subglacial water to the point that the ice is close to flotation. This lessens the load on the underlying sediment and allows it to deform easily, lubricating the sliding. Drag from the edge can be comparable to drag from beneath, even when the width of an ice stream greatly exceeds its thickness. The energy that is needed for melting is provided partly by geothermal heat, and partly by frictional heating (Raymond et al., 2001<ref name="Raymond et al, 2001">Raymond, C.F., Echelmeyer, K.A., Whillans, I.M. and Doake, C.S.M. 2001. Ice stream shear margins. In: The West Antarctic Ice Sheet: Behavior and environment (R.B. Alley and R.A. Bindschadler, eds.). Washington DC: American Geophysical Union, ''Antarctic Research Series'', '''77''', 137-155.</ref>). Frictional heating is greater for faster sliding, but is also modulated by the degree of lubrication, so a feedback loop links melting to lubrication, speed, friction, and further melting. Depending upon the environment, this loop may reinforce itself, so that ice streams accelerate or decelerate rapidly. In other circumstances variations in velocity are muted, especially if other physical controls, such as trough geometry, limit the margin migration (Raymond et al., 2001<ref name="Raymond et al, 2001">Raymond, C.F., Echelmeyer, K.A., Whillans, I.M. and Doake, C.S.M. 2001. Ice stream shear margins. In: The West Antarctic Ice Sheet: Behavior and environment (R.B. Alley and R.A. Bindschadler, eds.). Washington DC: American Geophysical Union, ''Antarctic Research Series'', '''77''', 137-155.</ref>). Field measurements have shown that ice streams can flow steadily, have episodes of rapid flow, or shut down completely, depending on details of supply, storage and transport of water and sediment (Retzlaff and Bentley, 1993<ref name="Retzlaff and Bentley, 1993">Retzlaff, R. and Bentley, C.R. 1993. Timing of stagnation of Ice Stream C, West Antarctica, from short-pulse radar studies of buried surface crevasses, Journal of Glaciology, 39, No. 133, 553-561.</ref>; Stokes et al., 2007<ref name="Stokes et al, 2007">Stokes, C.R., Clark, C.D., Lian, O.B. and Tulaczyk, S. 2007. Ice stream sticky spots: A review of their identification and influence beneath contemporary and palaeo-ice streams, ''Earth-Science Reviews'', '''81''', 217-249.</ref>). In addition to the direct observations of surface velocity (discussed earlier), seismic methods have illuminated some of the processes that control ice stream flow. Although the base of ice streams tend to be well lubricated, the importance of small areas of concentrated friction has been identified by seismicity characteristic of their stick-slip motion (Anandakrishnan and Alley, 1994<ref name="Anandakrishnan and Alley, 1994">Anandakrishnan, S. and Alley, R.B. 1994. Ice stream C, Antarctica, sticky spots detected by microearthquake monitoring, ''Ann. Glaciol.'', '''20''', 183-186.</ref>). These ‘sticky spots’ provide significant retardation to the flow of ice and have a number of possible causes, including reduction of basal water pressure by freezing, channel formation, or redirection of subglacial water flow (recently reviewed by Stokes et al., 2007<ref name="Stokes et al, 2007">Stokes, C.R., Clark, C.D., Lian, O.B. and Tulaczyk, S. 2007. Ice stream sticky spots: A review of their identification and influence beneath contemporary and palaeo-ice streams, ''Earth-Science Reviews'', '''81''', 217-249.</ref>). Analysis of waveforms reflected from the bed during active seismic sounding can reveal information about whether the sediments are mobile and fluidized, or whether they are lodged and strong enough to support large shear stress retarding the flow of ice (Smith, 2007<ref name="Smith, 2007">Smith, A.M. 2007. Subglacial Bed Properties from Normal-Incidence Seismic Reflection Data, ''J. Env. and Eng. Geophys.'', '''12''', 3-13.</ref>). Understandably, there are not many direct observations from beneath the ice streams, but in several places access to the bed has been achieved by hot-water drilling. Video cameras lowered down the borehole (Carsey et al., 2002<ref name="Carsey et al, 2002">Carsey, F., Behar, A., Lane, A.L., Realmuto, V. and Engelhardt, H. 2002. A borehole camera system for imaging the deep interior of ice sheets, ''J. Glaciol.'', '''48''' (163), 622-628.</ref>) have revealed clear ice at the bottom of Kamb ice stream, supporting the interpretation that basal freezing may have contributed to its shutdown around 140 years ago (Vogel et al., 2005<ref name="Vogel et al, 2005">Vogel, S.W., Tulaczyk, S., Kamb, B., Engelhardt, H., Carsey, F., Behar, A., Lane, A. and Joughin, I. 2005. Subglacial Conditions During And After Stoppage of an Antarctic Ice Stream: Is Reactivation Imminent, ''Geophys. Res. Lett.'', '''32''' (14), L14502, doi:10.1029/2005GL022563.</ref>). Underneath the ice stream, the camera revealed a water layer 1.6 metres in depth at one site, but just centimetres or less at another. The water flux and linkages between such water cavities are important in determining the basal water pressure and this, in turn, affects the amount of lubrication (Christoffersen and Tulaczyk, 2003<ref name="Christoffersen and Tulaczyk, 2003">Christoffersen, P. and Tulaczyk, S. 2003. Response of subglacial sediments to basal freeze-on, 1. Theory and comparison to observations from beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, ''J. Geophys. Res.'', '''108'''(B4), 2222, doi:10.1029/2002JB001935.</ref>; Vogel et al., 2005<ref name="Vogel et al, 2005">Vogel, S.W., Tulaczyk, S., Kamb, B., Engelhardt, H., Carsey, F., Behar, A., Lane, A. and Joughin, I. 2005. Subglacial Conditions During And After Stoppage of an Antarctic Ice Stream: Is Reactivation Imminent, ''Geophys. Res. Lett.'', '''32''' (14), L14502, doi:10.1029/2005GL022563.</ref>). The route taken by subglacial water flow is sensitive to surface and bed topography, and changes in surface slope that alter this routing may affect the water pressures, and hence the flow of ice (Alley et al., 1994<ref name="Alley et al, 1994">Alley, R.B., Anandakrishnan, S., Bentley, C.R. and Lord, N. 1994, A water-piracy hypothesis for the stagnation of Ice Stream C, ''Antarctica. Ann. Glaciol.'', '''20''', 187-194.</ref>). The discovery of thicker reservoirs of subglacial water has led to more direct inference from repeat satellite observations that large volumes of water move between subglacial lakes (Gray et al., 2005<ref name="Gray et al, 2005">Gray, L., Joughin, I., Tulazcyk, S., Spikes, V.B., Bindschadler, R. and Jezek, K. 2005. Evidence for subglacial water transport in the West Antarctica Ice Sheet through three-dimensional satellite radar interferometry, Geophysical Research Letters, 32, L03501, doi:10.1029/2004GL021387,.</ref>; Wingham et al., 2006b<ref name="Wingham et al, 2006b">Wingham, D.J., Siegert, M.J., Shepherd, A. and Muir, A.S. 2006b. Rapid discharge connects Antarctic subglacial lakes, Nature, 440, pp. 1033-1036 , doi:10.1038/nature04660.</ref>; Fricker et al., 2007<ref name="Fricker et al, 2007">Fricker, H.A., Scambos, T.A., Bindschadler, R. and Padman, L. 2007. An Active Subglacial Water System in West Antarctica Mapped from Space, ''Science'', '''315''', 1544, doi: 10.1126/science.1136897.</ref>) and that these larger volumes of water transfer change ice flow rates. These build on a series of discoveries that flow rates change on a wealth of time scales from minutes to millennia. A directed programme of fieldwork has illuminated many causes of this fast and changeable flow (e.g. Alley and Bindschadler, 2001<ref name="Alley and Bindschadler, 2001">Alley, R.B. and R.A. Bindschadler. 2001, The West Antarctic Ice Sheet: Behavior and environment. Washington DC: American Geophysical Union, Antarctic Research Series vol. 77, 296 pp.</ref>; Bindschadler, 2006<ref name="Bindschadler, 2006">Bindschadler, R. 2006. The environment and evolution of the West Antarctic ice sheet: setting the stage, ''Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A'', '''364''', 1583-1605, doi:10.1098/rsta.2006.1790.</ref>). Much of this dynamism can ultimately be traced to the slipperiness of basal sediment pressurised by meltwater. ==Mass balance data from ice cores== Ice core records offer a valuable tool to assess natural variability and recent trends in snow accumulation. Climate model predictions lead to a general expectation of an increase in Antarctic precipitation with projected warming. Such an increase acts to offset sea level increases arising from mass loss. Recent results, based on records from ice cores, snow pits and stakes suggest an absence of a warming signal in precipitation over the last 50 years (Monaghan et al., 2006a<ref name="Monaghan et al, 2006a">Monaghan, A.J., Bromwich, D.H. and Wang, S-H. 2006a. Recent trends in Antarctic snow accumulation from Polar MM5, ''Philosophical Trans. Royal. Soc. A'', '''364''', 1683-1708.</ref>), with no significant changes in overall precipitation. The data do show, however, a large temporal and spatial variability that underscores the need for mass balance studies to include long-term records from a number of sites. ITASE research reveals high variability in surface mass balance, such that single cores, stakes, and snowpits do not always represent the geographical and environmental characteristics of a local region (Richardson and Holmlund, 1999<ref name="Richardson and Holmlund, 1999">Richardson, C. and Holmlund, P. 1999. Regional and local variability in shallow snow layer depth from a 500 km continuous radar traverse on the polar plateau, central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, ''Annals of Glaciology'', '''29''', 10-16.</ref>; Frezzotti et al., 2004<ref name="Frezzotti et al, 2004">Frezzotti, M., Pourchet, M., Flora, O., Gandolfi, S., Gay, M., Urbini, S., Vincent, C., Becagli, S., Gragnani, R., Proposito, M., Severi, M., Traversi, R., Udisti, R. and Fily, M. 2004. New estimations of precipitation and surface sublimation in East Antarctica from snow accumulation measurements, ''Climate Dynamics'', '''23''', 803-813.</ref>; Spikes et al., 2004<ref name="Spikes et al, 2004">Spikes, V.B., Hamilton, G.S., Arcone, S.A., Kaspari, S. and Mayewski, P.A. 2004. Variability in accumulation rates from GPR profiling on the West Antarctic Plateau, ''Ann. Glaciol.'', '''39''', 238-244.</ref>; Nishio et al., 2002<ref name="Nishio et al, 2002">Nishio, F., Furukawa, T., Hashida, G., Igarashi, M., Kameda, T., Kohno, M., Motoyama, H., Naoki, K., Satow, K., Suzuki, K., Takata, M., Toyama, Y., Yamada, T. and Watanabe, O. 2002. Annual-layer determinations and 167 year records of past climate of H72 ice core in east Dronning Maud Land, Antarcitaca, ''Ann. Glacio.'', '''35''', 471-479.</ref>). For example, Frezzotti et al. (2004<ref name="Frezzotti et al, 2004">Frezzotti, M., Pourchet, M., Flora, O., Gandolfi, S., Gay, M., Urbini, S., Vincent, C., Becagli, S., Gragnani, R., Proposito, M., Severi, M., Traversi, R., Udisti, R. and Fily, M. 2004. New estimations of precipitation and surface sublimation in East Antarctica from snow accumulation measurements, ''Climate Dynamics'', '''23''', 803-813.</ref>) show that spatial surface mass balance variability at sub-kilometre scales (as is typically represented in ice cores) overwhelms temporal variability at the century scale for a low-accumulation site in East Antarctica. Emerging data collected by ITASE and associated deep ice core projects reveals systematic biases in long-term estimates of surface mass balance compared to previous compilations; the biases are presumably related to the small-scale spatial variability (Oerter et al., 1999<ref name="Oerter et al, 1999">Oerter, H., Graf, W., Wilhelms, F., Minikin, A. and Miller, H. 1999. Accumulation studies on Amundsenisen, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, by means of tritium, dielectric profiling and stable-isotope measurements: first results from the 1995-96 and 1996-97 field seasons, ''Ann. Glaciol.'', '''29''', 1-9.</ref>; Frezzotti et al., 2004<ref name="Frezzotti et al, 2004">Frezzotti, M., Pourchet, M., Flora, O., Gandolfi, S., Gay, M., Urbini, S., Vincent, C., Becagli, S., Gragnani, R., Proposito, M., Severi, M., Traversi, R., Udisti, R. and Fily, M. 2004. New estimations of precipitation and surface sublimation in East Antarctica from snow accumulation measurements, ''Climate Dynamics'', '''23''', 803-813.</ref>, Magand et al., 2004<ref name="Magand et al, 2004">Magand, O., Frezzotti, M., Pourchet, M., Stenni, B., Genoni, L. and Fily, M. 2004. Climate variability along latitudinal and longitudinal transects in East Antarctica, ''Annals of Glaciology'', '''39''', 351-358.</ref>; Rotschky et al., 2004<ref name="Rotschky et al, 2004">Rotschky, G., Eisen, O., Wilhelms, F., Nixdorf, U. and Oerter, H. 2004. Spatial distribution of surface mass balance on Amundsenisen plateau, Antarctica, derived from ice-penetrating radar studies, ''Annals of Glaciology'', '''39''', 265-270.</ref>). The extensive use, along ITASE traverses, of new techniques like geolocated GPR profiling integrated with core data, provides detailed information on surface mass balance (Richardson and Holmlund, 1999<ref name="Richardson and Holmlund, 1999">Richardson, C. and Holmlund, P. 1999. Regional and local variability in shallow snow layer depth from a 500 km continuous radar traverse on the polar plateau, central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, ''Annals of Glaciology'', '''29''', 10-16.</ref>; Urbini et al., 2001<ref name="Urbini et al, 2001">Urbini, S., Gandolfi, S. and Vittuari, L. 2001. GPR and GPS data integration: examples of application in Antarctica, ''Annali di Geofisca'', '''44''' (4), 687-702.</ref>; Arcone et al., 2005<ref name="Arcone et al, 2005">Arcone, S.A., Spikes, V.B., Hamilton, G. and Mayewski, P.A. 2005. Continuity, vertical resolution and origin of stratigraphy in 400-Mhz short-pulse radar profiles of firn in West Antarctica, ''Annals of Glaciology'', '''39''', 195-200.</ref>; Rotschky et al., 2004<ref name="Rotschky et al, 2004">Rotschky, G., Eisen, O., Wilhelms, F., Nixdorf, U. and Oerter, H. 2004. Spatial distribution of surface mass balance on Amundsenisen plateau, Antarctica, derived from ice-penetrating radar studies, ''Annals of Glaciology'', '''39''', 265-270.</ref>). At some sites stake farm and ice core accumulation rates differ significantly, but isochronal layers in firn, detected with GPR, correlate well with ice core chronologies (Frezzotti et al., 2004<ref name="Frezzotti et al, 2004">Frezzotti, M., Pourchet, M., Flora, O., Gandolfi, S., Gay, M., Urbini, S., Vincent, C., Becagli, S., Gragnani, R., Proposito, M., Severi, M., Traversi, R., Udisti, R. and Fily, M. 2004. New estimations of precipitation and surface sublimation in East Antarctica from snow accumulation measurements, ''Climate Dynamics'', '''23''', 803-813.</ref>). Several GPR layers within the upper 100 m of the surface have been surveyed over continuous traverses of 5,000 km and can be used as historical benchmarks to study past accumulation rates (Spikes et al., 2004<ref name="Spikes et al, 2004">Spikes, V.B., Hamilton, G.S., Arcone, S.A., Kaspari, S. and Mayewski, P.A. 2004. Variability in accumulation rates from GPR profiling on the West Antarctic Plateau, ''Ann. Glaciol.'', '''39''', 238-244.</ref>). ==References== <references /> [[Category:Observations, data accuracy and tools]] [[Category:The Antarctic ice sheet]]
Return to Observations of the ice sheet.
Retrieved from ‘http://acce.scar.org/wiki/Observations_of_the_ice_sheet’
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The opening scene of The Forever War by Dexter Filkins presents us with the sight of U.S. soldiers preparing for their invasion of Falluja. Filkins is there to witness the attack; amidst the growl of tanks and Humvees, and "by the light of airstrikes and rockets," he writes, there is suddenly something sonically unexpected.
[Image: "An Advanced Individual Training Soldier in the Psychological Operations Specialist Course attaches a loud speaker on top of a High Mobility Multi-Wheeled Vehicle, or HUMVEE, at Forward Operating Base Freedom, Camp MacKall, N.C." Courtesy of the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School].
"And then, as if from the depths," Filkins writes, "came a new sound: violent, menacing and dire."
I looked back over my shoulder to where we had come from, into the vacant field at Falluja's northern edge. A group of marines were standing at the foot of a gigantic loudspeaker, the kind used at rock concerts.
It was AC/DC, the Australian heavy metal band, pouring out its unbridled sounds. I recognized the song immediately: "Hells Bells," the band's celebration of satanic power, had come to us on the battlefield.
While by no means advocating the use of sonic warfare as a tool in U.S. military adventures or police operations, I nonetheless instantly thought of this scene—of armed soldiers holding aloft rock-blaring boom boxes, like some John Milius-directed remake of Say Anything—when I read, in a very different context, that bark beetles can be driven out of the pine forests they currently infest if you play digitally-altered sounds of their own chewing back at them through loud speakers. The high-volume sound of themselves drives them away.
A research assistant suggested using sounds to aggravate the beetles, much as police sometimes blare music in hostage situations. The researchers tried Queen and Guns N' Roses and played snippets of radio talker Rush Limbaugh backward. None produced the desired results.
Then, the beetles were exposed to digitally altered recordings of their own calls, the sounds they make to attract or repel other beetles. The response was immediate. The beetles stopped mating or burrowing. Some fled, helter-skelter. Some violently attacked each other.
Most important, they stopped chewing away at the pine tree, suggesting that the scientists may have discovered a sort of sonic bullet that could help slow the beetles' destructive march.
Again, I do not mean to imply that infestation metaphors are the most appropriate to use when discussing Operation Phantom Fury, or that military action in that city was analogous to clearing a forest of bark beetles; but the audio possibilities here, and the specifics of the set-up, seem amazing.
[Image: A ponderosa pine forest; within those trunks might be beetles].
More about the actual experiment, run at Northern Arizona University's Forestry Lab:
They collected tree trunks infested with bark beetles... Working in the lab, [research assistant Reagan McGuire] piped in the music through tiny speakers, the sort you might find in a singing greeting card. He watched the reaction of the beetles using a microscope. The rock music didn't seem to annoy the bugs, nor did Rush in reverse.
McGuire and [Northern Arizona University forest entomologist Richard Hofstetter] decided to try something different. They recorded the sounds of the beetles and played them back, manipulating them to test the response.
Suddenly, every little thing they did seemed to provoke the beetles.
"We could use a particular aggression call that would make the beetles move away from the sound as if they were avoiding another beetle," Hofstetter said.
When they made the beetle sounds louder and stronger than a typical male mating call, he said, the female beetle rejected the male and moved toward the electronic sound.
These audio simulations, in other words, had demonstrable physical effects on another species; their own warped sonic portrait drove them crazy.
So could you reprogram your Marsona 1288A ("create a personalized sound environment") with the digitally-altered ambient sounds of termites and thus clear your house of insectile pests? The USDA, after all, has published a paper—download the PDF—explaining how a "portable, low-frequency acoustic system was used to detect termite infestations in urban trees." Indeed, "termite sounds could be detected easily underneath infested trees, despite the presence of high urban background noise." So why not reverse this—drive them out of the city using weird MP3s specially produced for boom cars?
Perhaps we should petition Clear Channel or Sirius XM to premiere a new, insect-only broadcast hour, killing ants and roaches in every city where it's played (or perhaps just driving them all out, streaming from the floorboards, in a moment of utter horror).
I'm reminded here of the famous example of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band by The Beatles, with its "dog whistle—which humans can't hear—buried on the album's second side." Only, in our case, it would be a different kind of beetle-whistle, and one with anti-infestational effects.
(Bark beetle story found via @treestrategist).
Posted Friday, February 12, 2010 • 16 comment(s)
cf. Sonic Warfare: Sound, Affect, and the Ecology of Fear [Steve Goodman, 2009] ?
Will said...
The thing about the beetles panicking and violently attacking each other reminds me of the Stephen King novel Cell, in which everyone who happens to be using a cell phone at a certain moment suddenly turns homicidal.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_%28novel%29
Will, that, in turn, sounds like the film The Signal.
Perhaps I'm missing something, but I always wonder why the AC/DC - or whatever - doesn't also drive the US troops crazy. Can't they hear it just as well? Or do they wear earplugs? And if so, can't the enemy also wear earplugs?
'...like some John Milius directed remake of Say Anything...'
Another in a long list of reasons I love the internet.
So Geoff, linking up Cell/The Signal and your modest proposal to Clear Channel, imagine they act on your recommendation, broadcast the anti-roach signal, and unleash Kafka's Metamorphosis on a city-wide scale - hundreds of thousands of Gregor Samsas who awake after anxious dreams to discover that they believe they have been turned into giant insects.
Having had the corrupted roach-identity beamed into them, they set about reconfiguring the city ... actually, forget I said anything. (Fires memory-ray, steals idea.)
Not the same Will...
The beetles story reminds me of Burroughs' attack on the first UK scientology office: film them, project the film onto their building, film them again. That worked.
if we drive the bugs out of the forrest, and we drive them out of the city... where will they go?
I sit in an apartment with floorboard cracks above a pizza shop with a tin ceiling on the corner of Canal Street, once the fireworks hub of NYC, car stereos are installed, and fake bags are sold amidst the cacophony of desperate hawkers ... TOO-LOUD SOUND is familiar ... and I'm tempted to insert a mic through the floor and connect an aggressive subwoofer (screwed to the floor) and in my absence train the people below through biofeedback. Bugs.
On a wider scale perhaps apartment buildings could be wired this way. Tread lightly. Surely, as in Delicatessen, and implied by Brazil's ductwork, a clear connection to one's neighbors can have a tempering quality. In fact, a large hole in the floor would also allow the heat up to warm my apartment ... with the added benefit of being able to dumb-waiter pizzas through the hole, if it were big enough and the pizzas were worthy (they aren't).
I am reminded of living on tatami in Japan and listening to mice or more likely cockroaches chewing quietly somewhere within ... reminded that it was quiet enough to hear such things, paper walls notwithstanding.
On a slightly different note, termite mounds vs. office towers wherein bankers plot their conspiracies. Think 2001 where HAL reads lips ... take a Laser-3000 Microphone Listening Device and point it to the tower windows and stream the conversations therein for public consumption. The economic shakedown equivalent of beetle feedback.
I know this is barely related to the topic of discussion but a metalhead has to make the comment:
lolz AC/DC is considered "heavy metal" by reporter.
There is a sinister analogy between this very effective strategy of disinfestation and the controversial "Mosquito" device, used for solving loitering problems, that is, for disinfestating public spaces from teenagers' "antisocial behaviour": http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mosquito - http://www.compoundsecurity.co.uk/mosquito-mk4-multi-age
Derrick said...
Geoff, I'm sure your aware of the use of LRAD systems. They essentially have the same effects of flash bangs and are used on a lot of ships at sea for protection from pirates. There's been a lot of development in the military with these technologies, and many police forces are starting to use them.
Andrea, the Mosquito device is an excellent example – thanks for the reminder! I wish I had mentioned it myself.
Derrick, Daniel Perlin gave a talk last autumn, at a conference organized by Ed Keller, that was all about noise weaponry and such like, including LRADs; it was a fascinating talk. The directed-weaponization of sound in LRADs is something that absolutely amazes me, from an acoustic as well as (fairly uneasy) political standpoint.
Will, I like these ideas! The sonically subliminal Kafka signal that transforms a city's residents into roaches. A short story for the next issue of Icon, perhaps?
UNRR said...
This post has been linked for the HOT5 Daily 2/20/2010, at The Unreligious Right
isaaclinder said...
and then, a record that might be of interest to you:
http://www.acousticecology.org/dunn/solit.html
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Fleegle
The world of mathematics has been shattered by the discovery of a new number, a value that appears between the numbers 5 and 6.
It first came to light in January when Katie O'Kelly a research statistician working for a small experimental accounting firm in southern England, found it by accident.
"I was working late one night," Katie explains, "trying out a radical new double entry procedure. Some of the numbers I was working on were quite hazardous, so my ledgers were confined to a fume cupboard. Anyway, after I had carried all the figures and balanced all the entries, I found I had an unexplained residue - a number that had never been seen before."
'Brooki', 'fartex' and 'spog'
The new number was officially recognised by a special meeting of the United Nations last month. It is provisionally being referred to as '5a', although 'brooki', 'fartex' and 'spog' are amongst the names that have been suggested. The current favourite is 'fleegle', after one of the Banana Splits.
It has been predicted that this new number will have serious repercussions in three key areas, namely: gambling, the manufacture of diaries, and the fundamental mechanics of the physical universe as we know it.
Of these, it is the second that is thought to be the most problematic. North Korea, which produces 75% of the entire world's diaries and calendars, has accused leading figures in the UN of a conspiracy to cripple its economy.
The value we know as 'ten' will have to be completely redefined
Hosowever, Andrew Wightman, a collector of rare and exotic numbers, and a keen backgammon juggler, is anxious to stress some of the other implications.
"Our whole numerical system revolves around base ten," he points out. "This new number will throw all of that into confusion. In effect, the value we know as 'ten' will have to be completely redefined.
"Think how that might affect someone serving ten years in prison. Will he be required to serve an extra year? Or will he be released a year early?
"What about music? The musical scale will contain an extra note. Will this mean whole new forms of music will be possible?
"Or athletics - can we expect world records to be broken when the 100m hurdles is suddenly being run over a longer distance?"
Anti-leap year
These concerns may be largely academic. The new number means a longer year - an extra twelve days longer. In order to cope with this, an 'anti-leap year' has been suggested, but it has been decided that this is too complicated and unworkable.
Instead, plans are afoot to push the Earth a few miles out into space using giant rocket motors strapped to the side of a mountain in Peru. This will lengthen the Earth's orbit to match the new year. The unfortunate consequence of this is that this will also destroy all life on the planet - but at least people won't have to keep resetting their central heating boilers.
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Copyright © Paul Farnsworth 2001
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Sabres halt losing skid, defeat Senators at home
Richard Gutowski
The Buffalo Sabres snapped their three game losing streak and defeated the Ottawa Senators in a shoot out by a score of 2-1. Buffalo’s hard work, persistent play, and some juggling of the lines paid off this evening, after suffering a couple of tough losses this past week.
The first period of the game started out like many of the other ones this season, with one team dominating play with the other team trying to weather the storm. The only difference this time is that it was Sabres applying the pressure. For the first four minutes of the game Buffalo was swarming the Senators and had many great scoring chances. The Ottawa net minder, Robin Lehner,was up to the task and kept the Sabres off the scoreboard. At the 6:25 mark of the period the Sabres had a bit of a defensive let down. With Tyler Myers pinching in with an attempt to keep the puck in the Senator’s zone, Ottawa stormed out of their end on a two on one. On a pretty passing play from Cory Conacher to Milan Michalek, who shoveled the puck past Ryan Miller for his fifth of the season, the Senators went to the dressing room with a one nothing lead.
The second period began with Ottawa having the edge in play. With about half the period gone the Sabres and especially defenseman Brayden McNabb had an exceptionally strong shift resulting in a penalty being called on Erik Karlsson for hooking. While the Sabres failed to score with the man advantage, the team seemed to gain some momentum. Three minutes later Christian Ehrhoff gathered a loose puck in his own zone and brought into the Senator’s zone. After Ehrhoff’s shot was steered to the corner, Zemgus Girgensons picked up the loose puck and slapped it towards Lehner. The puck somehow slipped past the Ottawa goal tender and Girgenson’s third of the year tied the game at one.
The play began to open up quite a bit in the third period and both net minders came up with some big saves during the period. Twice during the period Miller robbed the Senators on point blank opportunities. Both Mika Zibanejad and Kyle Turris found themselves in front of Miller and on both accounts, Miller stuck out his right pad and kept the game knotted up. Four on four play in the overtime period carried over much the same way as the third with Ottawa having the upper hand in play but unable to put the winner past Miller.
The shoot out started perfect for the Sabres with Matt Moulson wristing a shot past Lehner for the one nothing lead. The lead was short lived however and it would take ten rounds to finally decide the outcome. Zemgus Girgensons , in his first opportunity in a shoot out, slid a back hander past the Ottawa goalie. After Miller shut the door on ex-Sabre Clark MacArthur, Buffalo came away with the 2-1 victory.
The two teams will meet again Thursday night for the back end of the home and home series, at the Canadian Tire Centre in Ottawa. Puck drops shortly after 7:30 PM and the game will be broadcast on MSG.
Related TopicsehrhoffGirgensonsLehnerMillerSabresSenators
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Hot Copy
By Waiting a Year to Tell All, Donna Brazile Gets Tongues Wagging
After Trump staffers gave exit interviews after the election, one of her literary agents warned: ‘Same-day exit interviews cost those who do them hundreds of thousands of dollars.’
Senior Columnist
The Washington Post/Getty
It was a busy news week (as they all now are), but that didn’t stop Donna Brazile from gobbling up lots of attention with excerpts from her new tell-all book.
On Thursday, explosive excerpts leaked asserted that the DNC had unfairly put the thumbs on the scale in favor of Hillary Clinton over Bernie Sanders in the Democratic primary.
These comments set tongues wagging, but also generated tremendous pushback—with the former DNC chair herself seeming to walk away from them herself Sunday on ABC News’ “This Week,” even as she explained that, being from Louisiana, “I’m going to put some hot sauce on each page.”
Dozens of former Clinton campaign staffers signed a letter criticizing Brazile’s depiction of the campaign, writing, “we do not recognize the campaign she portrays in the book.”
Then, late Saturday, the onslaught continued when news broke that Brazile had mulled replacing Clinton on the ballot with Vice President Joe Biden.
It’s unclear to me how much of Brazile’s story is true or false—or if it is simply being over-hyped in an effort to gin up buzz for what might otherwise be just another prosaic political memoir.
It’s entirely plausible that a party chair might briefly consider a contingency plan after the party’s nominee nearly faints on camera. But if that passing thought is never spoken or acted on, does it deserve the amount of clamor and attention that it has gotten? If you want to sell books, the answer is a resounding “Yes!”
By virtue of necessity, successful book authors are almost always shameless flacks. And if the purpose of a memoir is to get inside the writer’s head and see what she’s thinking during crucial moments—and finally shed light on her thinking, then that might be a worthwhile thing—even if her thinking doesn’t always comport with reality.
One big reason Brazile’s comments are garnering so much attention is that she went a year in virtual silence. Had these rumors trickled out randomly, they might have been quickly dismissed. But when a former DNC chair strategically releases written excerpts, it’s virtually guaranteed to make a bang.
I’m reminded of something that Keith Urbahn, one of Brazile’s literary agents, tweeted a while back. After Trump staffers like Reince Priebus and Sean Spicer gave "exit interviews" to the media on their way out the door, Urban warned: "Same-day exit interviews cost those who do them *literally* hundreds of thousands of dollars in book advance & speaking fees."
In other words, keep your powder dry. Don't tell the best parts of your story before the book is ready. Save the good stuff. Let people wonder what you might say later. Always leave them wanting more. (Note: Urbahn’s company, Javelin, also represents me as literary agents and for my TV contract.)
Someone took his advice. Brazile is dominating headlines, and one suspects this, coupled with anticipation, might translate into book sales.
Will another shoe drop? What else might she reveal?
Things could get interesting. And, perhaps even more important, is the fact that this rollout could serve as a harbinger of things to come.
Did I mention that Javelin is doing James Comey's forthcoming book, too?
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Abuse Victim—or Cold-Blooded Killer? New York Mom on Trial for Boyfriend’s Murder
Nicole Addimando claims she killed her longtime boyfriend in self-defense after suffering years of abuse. Prosecutors say she painted herself as a victim to justify murder.
Kate Briquelet
Photo Illustration by The Daily Beast/Facebook
A New York woman is on trial for the murder of her longtime boyfriend, a 30-year-old Poughkeepsie gymnastics coach and the father of her two kids—but her supporters claim she fatally shot the victim in self-defense.
As the rebuttal goes, Nicole Addimando feared for her life, after suffering years of physical and sexual abuse at the hands of Christopher Grover.
The 30-year-old mother’s story has rallied domestic violence advocates in the Hudson Valley to raise more than $74,000 for her legal defense. An event for Addimando in January was headlined by famed Vagina Monologues playwright Eve Ensler.
Now her trial is entering its third week in a Dutchess County courtroom, where prosecutors have claimed the 2017 killing was no act of self-defense. They accused Addimando—who faces charges including second-degree murder and first-degree manslaughter—of fabricating a tale about an abusive partner to justify a cold-blooded murder.
Addimando’s supporters have appeared in court wearing purple—the color associated with domestic-violence awareness—while Grover’s friends and family wore T-shirts with the words “Justice for Chris” in red letters. Last week, Grover’s supporters stood outside the courthouse with balloons on what would have been his 32nd birthday.
On Monday, a Hyde Park police officer and a forensic nurse examiner both testified on different instances where Addimando alleged abuse by Grover.
According to the Poughkeepsie Journal, one Hyde Park detective said he had cops ready to arrest Grover in November 2015, when Addimando claimed Grover posted explicit images of her to the pornography site PornHub. But officers couldn’t bust Grover, because his girlfriend was unwilling to sign a deposition detailing the allegations.
Meanwhile, a forensic nurse examiner testified that she documented Addimando’s injuries during one September 2014 visit. Addimando had a bruise on her face and on the back of her neck, a bite mark on her shoulder, red marks on her private areas, which could have been caused by burns, rashes or friction, the nurse said. Addimando didn’t request a sexual assault forensic exam during the visit, the nurse testified.
Grover was “a great father” and coach, but “he was different behind closed doors,” Addimando testified in her defense last week, according to the Poughkeepsie Journal.
“The same things everyone in this courtroom misses about him, I fell in love with,” Addimando told jurors, adding that she stayed because she hoped he’d change back into the man she first met.
Grover’s death in September 2017—and Addimando’s arrest soon after—shocked the community about 85 miles north of New York City. One friend of Addimando’s previously told the Journal that she was “the most loving mother in the world.”
“This is not like her,” the friend said. “This is not her. She is the nicest person.”
On Facebook, colleagues and friends shared tributes to Grover, who was described as a “loving father” and gifted gymnastics coach. “Traveling to competitions with Chris was always an adventure... a minute wouldn’t go by without Chris making me laugh like crazy or tell an out of this world story,” one pal wrote after Grover’s death.
Marisa and Todd Hart, the owners of Mr. Todd’s Gymnastics, where Addimando worked until 2011, wrote that Grover was as excited as “a kid in the candy store” about starting the next season with their gymnasts.
“Chris and Nikki and have both touched many lives at our gym,” the Harts said in their post. “I am friends with Nikki as well and just don’t know what life brought to her but our thoughts are with her and her family as well.”
Prosecutors say Addimando shot Grover at close range as he slept on a couch in the apartment they shared with their two young children on Sept. 27 or Sept. 28, 2017. “This isn’t self-defense,” special prosecutor Chana Krauss said during opening arguments, according to the Journal, adding that Addimando’s “rehearsed story of abuse and bizarre narration of events... falls apart in the details.”
On Sept. 27, 2017, an anonymous complaint about bruises on Addimando led to Child Protective Services visiting the couple’s home.
Marisa Hart testified last month that Grover called to say he’d be late for work that day because of a meeting with CPS, the Journal reported. “He said, ‘You are never going to believe this... they were there for me.’ He said they had showed up and they had questioned him about hurting Nikki,” Marisa Hart told jurors.
Hart recalled Grover saying he had nothing to hide and that he encouraged CPS workers to review his phone and his laptop. When Addimando and Hart spoke on the phone later that day, Addimando claimed she bruises easily and gave Hart a heads up that CPS might be calling her. Addimando warned Hart not to let the CPS investigators know they spoke, Hart testified.
According to Hart’s testimony, Grover said that “if anybody is being abused in this relationship, it’s me, mentally.”
Addimando would later tell police that Grover demanded that she fix the situation, so she spent the day calling people listed as CPS witnesses and asking them to tell the agency everything was OK with their family.
When Grover arrived home from work, Addimando told cops, he showed her how to load his gun. That night, the couple also had sex, though “it wasn’t the usual violent sex,” she noted in an early police interview.
Addimando told cops she waited for Grover to fall asleep on the couch so she could leave but that when she got up, Grover grabbed the gun from between the cushions. “He pulled me back down I jumped up and I kneed him a little bit... he dropped it (the gun)... I held it to him,” Addimando said in the police interview.
“You won’t do it,” Grover said, according to Addimando.
On the witness stand last week, Addimando said Grover took the gun out of a box in their bedroom closet and “told me he could kill me in my sleep.” The night Grover died, he discussed what would happen if he shot her in different parts of her head, Addimando testified.
When the prosecutor asked whether she called or texted anybody for help, Addimando said no.
Addimando said she and Grover laid on the couch that night, and Grover wrapped his arms around her. She testified that she was waiting for him to fall asleep so she could leave with the kids, but he woke when she stood up.
Grover pulled the gun out of the couch and pointed it at her, Addimando told jurors. She said she kneed him between his legs and the weapon dropped to the floor. The mom testified that she then dived over the sofa to retrieve the gun, the Journal reported.
“You beat him to it?” Krauss asked, to which Addimando replied, “I did. Thank God.”
Addimando testified that Grover laughed at her and told her she wouldn’t shoot him. Instead, Grover allegedly warned, he’d shoot her, then himself. “I just lunged and pulled the trigger,” Addimando claimed in court, adding that the gun “made contact with him when I lunged forward.”
After the shooting, Addimando flagged down a patrol officer around 2:16 a.m. on Sept. 28, 2017, leading cops to her Town of Poughkeepsie apartment.
The officer, Richard Sisilli, was heading to another call when he stopped behind Addimando’s red car, the Poughkeepsie Journal reported. When the light turned green and Addimando’s vehicle didn’t budge, Sisilli blew an air horn and the mother got out of her vehicle.
Addimando, who was visibly upset, and the cop had a two-hour conversation in which she said “that she tried to leave and the gun went off,” Sisilli said during a previous hearing in the case. Sisilli added that he didn’t initially consider her a suspect, but a possible victim of domestic violence. Her kids were asleep in their car seats, Sisilli noted.
In her recent testimony, Addimando said Grover began sexually abusing her weeks after her son was born. Grover “started to force me to have sex,” she said, while answering questions from one of her attorneys. “He said I was a good mom, but he has needs, too.”
According to the Journal, jurors were shown photos of Addimando’s burn marks, bruises and a bite mark—injuries she claims were caused by Grover. They also saw sexually explicit photos that Addimando claims Grover took and uploaded to porn websites.
“He bit me. He stepped on my face once. He choked me multiple times. He used to put me in headlocks,” Addimando testified, adding that Grover watched porn constantly after their daughter was born in 2015.
“He tried to recreate what he was watching. He bound me, he tied me up (with fabric or twine)… he would have sex with me and laugh at me and tell me to get out of the restraints myself. Sometimes he left me tied up for hours,” Addimando told jurors.
Meanwhile, a forensic scientist testified that blood was found in Addimando’s underwear, but that state police do not have tests to determine if the blood is menstrual or from an injury, the Journal reported.
Still, prosecutors have also presented data from Grover’s and Addimando’s phones which they suggest reveals Addimando’s plans to kill her boyfriend.
Someone conducted searches on Grover’s phone hours before cops found his body. According to the Journal, those queries included: What would happen if someone was asleep and someone shot them in the head? Will they wake up and die, or die instantly? Where do you have to get shot in the head to die instantly?
Other searches were: Part of the brain to shoot in a suicide? How do they determine if a person was asleep when shot? Will police know if she was asleep when I shot her?
Addimando was behind those searches, prosecutors say, and some of those were auto-corrected to read “she” instead of “he.” For their part, Addimando’s legal team says there’s no evidence she conducted the research.
Some texts arguing about household responsibilities, according to authorities, were deleted from both Addimando’s and Grover’s phones. A text Addimando sent another person, in which she mentioned killing Grover, was also deleted from her phone: “I haven’t found out a way to kill him without being caught, so I’m still here.”
Addimando testified that text was a joke and the conversation continued with “all the reasons I needed to stay and why I couldn’t leave.”
Krauss said Addimando “wore the pants” in her relationship and, according to texts sent before his death, would call Grover stupid, say he had a mental disorder and refer to him as a “man child,” the Journal reported.
“Maybe you’ll be happier if I go, if I make you so unhappy,” Grover replied in one text to Addimando, according to prosecutors.
But Addimando’s attorney, John Ingrassia, told jurors during opening arguments that Grover targeted his girlfriend with “severe and extreme sexual violence.” Alleged instances of violence include Grover burning Addimando with a heated metal kitchen utensil while she was pregnant with their second child, the Journal reported.
“This is a story of a young woman... making a decision to protect her life, to live,” Ingrassia said.
@kbriqueletkate.briquelet@thedailybeast.com
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Adobe TechComm Blog
FrameMaker XML Author
FrameMaker Server
RoboHelp Server
ExtendScript
Technical Communication Suite
XML Documentation Add-on for Adobe Experience Manager
Congree
DITAToo
FontoXML
SQUIDDS
Thomas Aldous
Bernard Aschwanden
Don Day
John Daigle
Anthony Davey
Ray Gallon
Jang Graat
Tammy Halter
Cheryl Landes
Neus Lorenzo
Colum McAndrew
Neil Perlin
Kevin Siegel
Matt Sullivan
Markus Wiedenmaier
Raymond Urgo
Adobe & Yamaha – Product manuals in over 20 languages with Adobe FrameMaker
Customer SuccessFrameMakerProducts
Global musical instrument manufacturer increases efficiency and reduces costs using Adobe FrameMaker and translation memory tools.
“The greatest advantage to introducing FrameMaker is the ability to produce multilingual manuals without increasing translation costs.”
Yukio Endo, Department Manager, Musical Instruments & Audio Products Development Group, Manual Development Department, Yamaha Corporation
Four manual production divisions adopt Adobe FrameMaker
Yamaha is a worldwide musical instrument manufacturer, with a history spanning more than 125 years. The company has developed a diverse product lineup, from expertly crafted acoustic and electronic instruments driven by leading-edge digital technology, to hybrid instruments in which the two types of technology are integrated. Yamaha is highly regarded by music lovers around the world, from beginners to professionals.
Yamaha’s manual production studio deals exclusively with manuals for non-acoustic instruments and audio products, to help users master these Yamaha products. In the past, manual production was organized in four divisions: electronic instruments, professional audio (PA) devices, audio visual (AV) devices, and sound networks. These divisions were consolidated as part of a restructuring. The 20-person studio has played a central role in advancing manual production through the collaboration of in-house documentation authors and several outsourced production and translation companies.
Yamaha has been using Adobe FrameMaker software for manual production since the late 1990s. Yukio Endo, Department Manager of the Manual Development Department, reflects on how FrameMaker was introduced: Our products are favored all over the world, but by 1997 or 1998, our multilingual manuals were produced in only four languages: English, German, French, and Spanish. As our overseas subsidiaries increased in number due to further global development, it became necessary to accommodate all 20 of the official languages of the EU nations for our digital pianos and other hot-selling products. However, because the cost of translation would be too high using conventional methods of manual production, we sought a production environment that would allow us to efficiently incorporate multiple languages.
At that time, each of the four previous manual production divisions was independently searching for an efficient environment for incorporating multiple languages. All four divisions separately adopted Adobe FrameMaker.
The greatest advantage to introducing FrameMaker is the ability to produce multilingual manuals without increasing translation costs due to strong compatibility with translation memory tools, adds Endo.
Using FrameMaker and translation memory to minimize costs
Just what was it that made FrameMaker so effective in the production of multilingual manuals? One reason was its strong compatibility with the translation memory tool, SDL Trados. This meant more than just streamlining translation tasks and standardizing and improving translation quality.
Until that time, no method was established for calculating the rate of reuse of legacy resources in the translation fees, so it took a huge amount of time and effort to determine these fees. Using translation memory made it possible to set up an environment that would allow us to rationally calculate fees in a form that all parties could agree on, says Endo.
Yamaha then asked its outsourced production companies to adopt Adobe FrameMaker as well, which resulted in a manual production environment that would allow the efficient incorporation of multiple languages. Even when the number of words to be translated increased, using SDL Trados made it possible to keep translation costs in check. While the number of products we supported increased, the translation fees we paid to translation companies over the course of the year showed virtually no change, says Endo. It also became unnecessary to adjust fees with the translation companies, while becoming easier to estimate the necessary budget beforehand.
Streamlining translation tasks using conditional text and limiting the number of characters
Hideaki Ishikawa, Assistant Manager of the Manual Development Department, explains how using the functions of FrameMaker greatly streamlined the business. When authoring manuals for two products that have the same functions, using conditional text makes it possible to adapt a single source for the two manuals. This made it possible to produce manuals for about half of what we used to spend, says Ishikawa.
“We also didn’t have to worry about missing something when doing maintenance on the manuals, since it was from one source. Creating templates in FrameMaker also made it possible to preserve the visual appearance of the manuals and retain a sense of cohesion in them.”
Hideaki Ishikawa, Assistant Manager, Musical Instruments & Audio Products Development Group, Manual Development Department, Yamaha Corporation
Ishikawa also deals with simplifying sections in the text that follow a prior model, and reducing the number of pages and the amount of text, during manual revisions. Ishikawa explains that this does not merely reduce costs, it also improves user-friendliness.
With products that have a long life cycle, there may be sections in the text of previous editions that feel old, so we polish them up to sound more current. Today’s users don’t really read long stretches of text, even if it’s well-written, says Ishikawa. I think that with, for example, content that is more easily conveyed through visual rather than written form, users tend to prefer that we post video clips on a website and do other things to divide information that we want to convey, clarifying in the planning steps how much should be explained in the manual, and leaving out superfluous explanation.
By improving the user interface of its products, Yamaha deals with creating products that can be operated intuitively, even without the manual needing to be read. There are also times when Ishikawa is involved with the user interface from the standpoint of manual production.
Achieving exceptional compatibility and continuity
With products that have a long life cycle, there are also cases when product manuals from ten years ago are revised. Hirofumi Oishi, Supervisor of the Manual Development Department, discusses backward compatibility with older versions as one of the attractions of FrameMaker. Even when using a newer version of FrameMaker is used to open a manual that was made ten years ago, there are practically no problems, says Oishi. Layout is stable and requires minimal effort, which is of tremendous help. With files made using FrameMaker, it is relaxing to know that old manuals can be handled as well.
For Oishi, another advantage to using FrameMaker is that when producing long manuals having more than 300 pages, the numerous and complex cross-references can be automated.
We’ve been using FrameMaker since version 6. Before that there was no DTP software capable of cross-referencing, so we were inputting reference pages and chapter titles into the manuals by hand, says Oishi. By automating this task, cross-references can be incorporated without any concern about downstream processes, which allows us to produce more user-friendly manuals. Corrections are also automatically updated, leading to a significant decrease in man-hours.
“This is just my personal opinion, but I think FrameMaker is well-suited for writing documentation, not only for operators and designers who have experience with DTP, but also writers and technicians. If possible, technicians should move up from writing documentation to becoming au fait with FrameMaker.”
Hirofumi Oishi, Supervisor, Musical Instruments & Audio Products Development Group, Manual Development Department, Yamaha Corporation
Sharing FrameMaker knowledge with an eye toward document structuring
Prior to the four manual production divisions being consolidated into the present manual production studio, Endo was affiliated with the electronic instrument division, Ishikawa with the PA device division, and Oishi with the AV device division. Due to there being minimal exchange of information between the various divisions, the knowledge for using FrameMaker and creating manuals was isolated within each division.
Going forward, I want to share the knowledge separately held by the four divisions in relation to manual creation and FrameMaker, and use it to further streamline the business. Although we have yet to use document structuring, which is another FrameMaker feature, we remain aware of it and are keeping an eye on the situation, says Endo.
Sharing this know-how undoubtedly allows Yamaha to create manuals in a more efficient and user-friendly way.
You can download the Adobe & Yamaha case study as a PDF here.
Customer Success, FrameMaker, Products
Adobe (272), Case Study (2), FrameMaker (339), Trados (1), Translation (6)
by Stefan Gentz
By Molly Armstrong - 11:21 PM on March 21, 2017 Reply
Hi! In Framemaker, is there a way to change the editing (spell-check) language? To Spanish, for example–like you can in Microsoft Word? Thanks!
By Stefan Gentz - 9:45 PM on April 3, 2017 Reply
Hi Molly,
yes, you can do this. Just set the language of the paragraph (style) to Spanish.
By Prashant Bhonde - 10:36 AM on January 8, 2016 Reply
Can anybody tell me how to convert adobe framemaker file from US english to other language, for example, from US english to spanish, Japnese, Itailan and so on. Pls. provide at least a video file, which will help me. I would appreciate the Written instruction also.
Prashant Bhonde
By Stefan Gentz - 1:25 PM on January 8, 2016 Reply
Hi Prashant,
what exactly do you mean with “convert an Adobe FrameMaker file from US English to another language”? Do you mean the content itself (the text) or the styles (paragraph / character style language)?
Usually, a (professional) translation process looks like this: You send your FrameMaker files to a Language Service Provider (“LSP”) or directly to a freelance translator. They will use a professional CAT tool like the one mentioned in the case study. Those tools can import FrameMaker files (MIF). Professional translators have usually studied the language(s) in question and specialized on the domain of your content (like aerospace, IT, electronics, software, financials, legal etc.). They translate the content sentence by sentence and store each such “Translation Unit” (source language sentence + translated sentence) into a database so that it can be “recycled” later, whenever the sentence appears in the text again. When the translation is done, they export it as a translated MIF file in the target language and sent it back to you along with an invoice
You can see an example of such a process here in a video that I recorded a couple of months ago with Kilgray (they make the CAT tool “memoQ”):
RTL Documentation workflows with Adobe FrameMaker 2015 and Kilgray memoQ 2015.
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How Slavery Helped Build a World Economy by the Schomburg Center
Posted by : ADAMS O.OAugust 30, 2018 Leave a comment
“Is life so dear or peace so sweet as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take, but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death!”—Patrick Henry, Speech in the Virginia Convention, March, 1775.
The Transatlantic Slave Trade by Toyin Falola and Saheed Aderinto
The Transatlantic Slave Trade began in the late 15th century in Nigeria. By 1471, Portuguese navigators hoping to tap the fabled Saharan gold trade had reconnoitered the West African coast as far as the Niger Delta, and traded European commodities for local crafts as well as slaves, the latter which turned out to be highly lucrative.
Long-term effects of slave exporting in West Africa By Nonso Obikili
History matters. Historical events can sometimes have consequences that last long after the events have finished. An important part of Africa’s past is its history of slave exporting. Although Africa is not unique to the trading of slaves, the magnitude of slave exporting rose to levels not previously experienced anywhere else in the world. Between 1500 and 1900, an estimated 10 million slaves were exported from West and Central Africa.
Lending by the IMF
A country in severe financial trouble, unable to pay its international bills, poses potential problems for the stability of the international financial system, which the IMF was created to protect.
Ever wonder how hedge fund managers think and how they are sometimes able to generate explosive returns for their investors? You aren’t alone.
Emerging markets: who’s taking the biggest hits and why?
Donald Trump’s trade tariffs are causing tremors in global markets. Emerging economies from Turkey to China are finding it more expensive to export to the US. Investors who put their money in safe havens after the 2012 Greek crisis are nervous again.
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Blue Mercury Editorials
How Apple Is Invading Our Bodies
The Silicon Valley giant has redrawn the line that separates our technology and ourselves. That may not be a good thing
With the unveiling of the Apple Watch Tuesday in Cupertino, California, Apple is attempting to put technology somewhere where it’s never been particularly welcome. Like a pushy date, the Apple Watch wants to get intimate with us in a way we’re not entirely used to or prepared for. This isn’t just a new product, this is technology attempting to colonize our bodies
BLUE MERCURY SPORT
Manchester City remain very keen to sign Alexis Sanchez from Arsenal before Deadline Day ends.
So far, City have still only made the one bid for Sanchez - a £50m offer which was rejected by Arsenal - contrary to reports of a second offer.
City it is understood will improve that initial offer, though, and club officials are in Chile to help co-ordinate any medical or personal negotiations if a deal is agreed between the two clubs.
Read More Here ...
Women fake orgasms for better sex: report
A study has found that sometimes faking orgasms during sex helps women increase their own arousal, according to a report.
Research published in the Journal of Sexual Archives found that pretending to enjoy sex can actually make the whole experience more pleasurable, the UK's Independent newspaper reported.
BLUE MERCURY TV
KISS DANIEL – GOOD TIME
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PICNIC Time (1955)
Picnic was a big hit movie of 1955 that went to hook itself an Oscar nomination for Best Picture. William Holden felt he was too old for the role he played, which he was, but he was a hot box office star in the 1950s and would bring folks to the movie. My mother loved him. She didn't care about the movie's plot. If it starred William Holden, that was all she needed to know. The Picnic movie theme was a best-selling record that I heard on L.A. radio a lot when I was growing up. On summer vacations, when I was in high school, Picnic was one my favorite movies to stay up late and watch. Local KABC TV/Channel 7 played it often on its Late Show. I thought the movie was cool. Heck, William Holden was cool. And this was a movie based on a William Inge play. His works always had some Heartland USA unspoken lust. Sexual frustration would cause a character to freak out and have a Midwest meltdown. Being a Catholic teen-ager, I was familiar with sexual frustration. The Picnic movie ad and the soundtrack cover were the same and reflected that unexpected Kansas passion. A ripped shirt and a low-cut dress. Feel the heat.
William Holden as a beefcake drifter, Kim Novak as a Kansas babe country girl, Rosalind Russell as spinster schoolteacher and young Susan Strasberg as the bookworm kid sister to the Kansas babe country girl. All these neurotic characters come together for a hot Labor Day picnic with a mid-life crisis or two. In order to make Holden seem younger, it was suggested that he shave his chest. The actor didn't want to shave, but he did.
One of the other stars was a new 1950s actor who, like William Holden, would go on to win a Best Actor Academy Award. That was Cliff Robertson. He plays Alan, the college grad from a well-to-do Kansas family who wants to marry Madge, the Kim Novak character. Madge is not really all that into Alan. She likes him but he doesn't really give her that "Hubba! Hubba! Hubba!" feeling. Her unmarried and miserable mother wants Madge to marry him because he's from a good family, the family has money, he's polite and has never pressured Madge to engage in pre-marital sex. He'd be security.
Who does get Madge's motor going? The handsome, sexy drifter, Hal, who once went to school with Alan and needs a job. When I was a kid, I was always watching this on a black and white TV set. There was no such thing as letterboxing for widescreen movies then -- and Picnic was a widescreen movie. Cut to many years later when I saw it in a revival movie theater. There's a community pool scene about 20 minutes into the movie. Alan and Hal go to the pool. So do Madge and her bookworm sister, Millie. Cast your eyes on Cliff Robertson in the locker room scene with William Holden.
The big screen made his nipples look the size of nuclear warheads ready to be launched into action. They are...so poked out. This is evident on the letterboxed DVD edition.
In Picnic, Cliff Robertson's nipples deserved their own billing.
Watch for them. And stay with the picture. It's very 1950s, back when youth and beauty were seen as a woman's supreme social currency. Intellect wouldn't get a woman as far. Intellect lead to loneliness, especially if she lived in a culturally arid small town. There's mama drama, female fear of aging and constant mentions of sex and morals and appropriate behavior. Madge, her sister and the spinster schoolteacher -- all living in the same house and they will all get their hormones carbonated by the sight of that new hunk in town. They'll all be bothered and stimulated by his machismo. They'll be conflicted. The only woman in the story who's hip enough to handle him from the get-go is the friendly old neighbor lady, Helen, played by Verna Felton. The handsome drifter knocks on her door politely and seriously asks if she needs any yardwork done. He's broke.
Don't let the gray hair and matronly clothing fool you. Within five minutes, she's got him shirtless and doing light chores. She feeds him and and invites him to the picnic.
Helen ain't no fool. She's gonna get her groove on -- even if it's just a visual. We love Helen. She's cool. Folks would've loved her in a big city. She's single too and takes care of invalid mother. We never see the mother but when she calls Helen, she sounds like she's got a set of lungs like Ethel Merman in Annie Get Your Gun. But look at Helen.
So, I'm thinking Helen's mama must be about 100 or 110. And loud.
The highlight of the movie is the dance scene. This is one of the sexiest, most romantic Hollywood dance scenes performed by two actors were not dancers. But they sway to the beat, hold still, move a little closer and they never take their eyes off each other. Director Joshua Logan did a great job with this scene. It's those pauses when they just stand still and gaze at each other under those colored lanterns. It's love.
Watch how Holden holds and caresses her hand, like it's made of velvet, as they dance. That was a dance in itself. The music at the picnic from the town band had been on the mainstream Lawrence Welk side. Then when Hal says to Millie, who has a crush on him, that he'll show her a dance step that he learned in L.A., that corny Kansas band turns into a cool Pacific Coast jazz quartet. It suddenly shifts gears from Lawrence Welk to Dave Brubeck. But that's how we'll get the wonderful "Moonglow" theme from Picnic. Kansas native Madge starts the dance. The country girl lets out her inner Jessica Rabbit. She shifts from community beauty queen to hipster with a big city vibe.
This romantic dance precedes the Midwest meltdowns. Millie the bookworm will have a crying jag. She once again whine "Madge is the pretty one!" The spinster schoolteacher who's been acting so prim is really horny and has been cruising Hal's package like it was a free $5 foot-long at Subway. She's sipping booze right out the bottle at the picnic. She gets drunk and starts dancing like she's Charlotte Greenwood, kicking her legs way up in the air. Then she gets too drunk, makes a sloppy pass at Hal and rips his shirt. You just know that'll cause some talk in the teacher's lounge when school's back in session after Labor Day. Madge will break up with Alan. Alan can't dance. He's too preppy. She loves Hal. Hal loves her. Madge and Millie's clinging mother will be crushed. The only woman who keeps it together through the entire movie...is Helen. You just know that she's glad Hal blew into town and shook things up. She got tired of the same things being the same way week in and week out. She liked that different West Coast jazz beat.
Someone should've taken Helen out and treated her to a couple of smart cocktails.
That was another good year for William Holden. He kicked off the decade starring in two nominees for Best Picture of 1950 -- Born Yesterday and Sunset Boulevard. He won the Best Actor Oscar for 1953's Stalag 17. He had a lead role in the 1954 Best Picture nominee, The Country Girl. He starred in two of the five nominees for Best Picture of 1955. Besides Picnic, the other was Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing. In a couple of years, he'd have another contender in the Best Picture race -- The Bridge on the River Kwai. Just like my mother, I went to see a movie because it starred William Holden -- for instance, The Towering Inferno (1974) and Network (1976), both of which were Oscar nominees for Best Picture.
The first Best Picture Oscar nominee to William Holden's credit? Our Town. He played George Gibbs in the 1940 adaptation of the classic Thornton Wilder play. Maybe that's why Holden felt he was too mature to play Hal the drifter. Movie audiences, however, had no problem with it.
Check out the Cliff Robertson pecs in the Picnic locker room scene. Very perky.
Sujal Pandey May 19, 2016 at 8:45 AM
Lana Turner: Georgia on My Mind
For TV Host Consideration: Me
On TWO THOUSAND WOMEN (1944)
On Dorothy Dandridge
On BLUE JASMINE
My Favorite 2 Kubrick Fans
Maggie Smith is Marvelous
SPARTACUS Stars
Dennis Farina and a Fan Crush
Michelle Pfeiffer, Family Style
Happy Birthday, Robin Williams
I Loved Natalie Wood
Hong in there: R.I.P.D. Opens Today
Overlooked by Emmys...Again
Controversial Cover and CAPOTE
On THE APARTMENT (1960)
James Cromwell, STILL MINE
Sunday Movie Quote
Overlooked by Oscars: Top Women
Overlooked by Oscars: Top Men
Reel Talk on Our TV Pilot
Walter Huston in the White House
Director Drew Barrymore
I Love SOME LIKE IT HOT
Cagney Helped in Class
That Face, That Race
Mel Gibson, THE PATRIOT
On 1776, the Movie
On Hitchcock's FRENZY
Film Great, Olivia de Havilland
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Yoko Sizzlers, It Still Exists, And That’s A Good Thing
Before we delve into the glorious history of Yoko Sizzlers, we’d like to invite you join our group on Facebook, which we’ve been compelled to create because the posts on our page keep getting hidden from everyone’s feed by Facebook’s (((algorithms))). By signing up, you agree to use the group solely to express your love for Mumbai’s diverse and delicious cuisine, and not coordinate mass online attacks against Buzzfeed. That would be a tragedy. The group is called the The Bombay Report Clubhouse, and if that dissuades you from joining, we don’t blame you.
Sizzlers aren’t nearly as popular as they were in the 2000s. Somewhere along the course of human evolution, people realised that waiting in a cloud of smoke for your food to cool down while having droplets of boiling water splatter on your face stops being exciting after the first eight seconds. Yet, despite that, Yoko still stands defiant against the merciless march of time, serving up steaks and 1st degree burns like it’s nobody’s business. And we decided we the right men people for the job.
The Yoko we walked into wasn’t quite like the ones we remembered, there was weird, modern art on the walls, and the music playlist seemed to have been put together by someone serving their notice period. Between Bryan Adams’ Summer of 69 and Wham’s Last Christmas, (in the month of February mind you), we were just one Wonderwall away from walking out. What we were very impressed with, however, was the delicious water we were served, on the few occasions that the waiter deemed fit to actually serve us. It almost made us forget that it’s turning the frickin frogs gay.
Wasting most of the vegetables is part of the charm of eating Sizzlers, but we were appalled to see that Yoko now also served half-sized portions. We did technically order the half-sized portions, but exclusively for science & research purposes, allowing us to stay alert throughout our meal. So for those of you who will inevitably call us fags in the comments, we’ve pre-emptively deprived you of that pleasure by stating our rationale in a mature, respectful manner. We ordered the Pepper Steak with Mushrooms and the Mutton Satellite.
Pepper Steak With Mushrooms
We had fond memories of Yoko’s pepper steak, and we honestly don’t know why. It was a pleasant meal no doubt, but something wasn’t quite right. We ditched the random assortment of vegetables for extra fries free of charge, which not many people know is something you can do. The sizzler had a sizeable amount of steak despite it being the ‘small’ version, the charred mushrooms were gargantuan and arguably the best part of the whole meal, while the fries were thick and absorbed the pepper sauce like a dream. Overall, we’d say it makes for good eating.
Mutton Satellite
We called for the Mutton Satellite because what the hell is a Mutton Satellite? We thought we could make fun of its objectively funny name, but after tasting it, that would almost seem mean spirited. The Mutton Satellite contained a few big chunks of boneless mutton with a slice of melted cheese on top. It sort of reminded us of the Mutton Argentina at Bembos, whose untimely demise has haunted us since 2010. We actually enjoyed it a lot more than the Pepper Steak, which was unexpected.
The Decree: We were worried that our trip to Yoko Sizzlers would be a huge disappointment, but it wasn’t. We were reasonably satisfied with our meals and while it was still a bit on the expensive side, we’re glad that it still exists as a viable dining option. Just like A1 Bakery and Kyani’s, we’re happy that this defining fixture of our youth continues to stick around, even if we barely ever visit. Love you grandma.
Bombay Themed Cocktails For Every Occasion
Satkar Rice Plate House: Great, Now We Like Goregaon Too
Pure Milk And Snacks Centre: The Eastern Suburbs, They’re Just Like Us
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Tag: Robert Kubica
F1’s fairytale Kubica comeback comes true
The Abu Dhabi Grand Prix is supposed to be two-time champion Fernando Alonso’s farewell to Formula One. The only problem is no-one’s talking about him. Read More
Woeful Williams has only itself to blame
On current form it’s difficult to believe that less than 12 months ago rookie Lance Stroll was celebrating his debut podium after finishing third at the 2017 Azerbaijan Grand Prix, but that’s just how far the once great Williams team has fallen. Read More
Class of the field: how the drivers fared in 2017
Barring a handful of catastrophic races for Ferrari, the 2017 Formula One season could have delivered the nail-biting season finale between Lewis Hamilton and Sebastian Vettel the opening half of the year so eagerly promised. Read More
‘I’m giving pleasure to myself’ — Massa excites Williams speculation
Felipe Massa has mounted an ardent defensive campaign to keep his threatened seat at Williams for the 2018 season. Read More
Is Felipe Massa the right man to lead Williams in 2018?
Though the hype surrounding the big-ticket seats fizzled out long ago, the 2017 driver silly season remains full of potential, and officially six seats remain up for grabs. Read More
Robert Kubica’s Renault test is a win-win
It began years ago as a pipedream. Before too long it morphed into a fanciful hypothetical. More recently it became a rumour. Today it stands as an achingly reachable reality. Read More
Kubica firms in Renault frame for 2018
Former Formula One driver Robert Kubica is solidifying as the favourite to replace the almost certainly outbound Jolyon Palmer at Renault in 2018 after the Pole completed another F1 test this week. Read More
Why Palmer’s career could be over sooner rather than later
Jolyon Palmer wasn’t to expect the tumultuousness that came with his first full-time F1 drive. Read More
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Law Student Limelight: Brittany Elias of Loyola Law, Los Angeles
By Margot SladeJuly 6, 2014Campus Features, Law School News, Student Limelights
STUDENT NAME: Brittany Elias
LAW SCHOOL: Loyola Law School, Los Angeles
STATUS: Rising 3L
UNDERGRADUATE: University of California-Irvine, B.A. Art History; minor, Women’s Studies
HOME CITY/STATE OR COUNTRY: Los Angeles, California
Understanding Brittany Elias means knowing how deeply connected she is to her Argentinean heritage, which she works to fuse with her American upbringing, and how passionate she is about the arts, the result of being raised in a family that encouraged creative thought. (It didn’t hurt that her father was a director for 40 years.) The intertwining of these two strands was manifest in 2009 when Elias, an undergraduate at the University of California-Irvine, established Museum of the Souls (Museo de las Almas) as a business. Five years later, the company still focuses on Hispanic and Latino artists, providing a platform to exhibit and auction their work, and for the up-and-comers, an introduction to the art market.
Elias says the business enabled her to “give back” to her Latino roots and since entering law school it remains her primary connection to the art world. Her duties range from finding and contracting artists for museum affiliation, to seeking sponsors and donors for event space, food and drinks, to curating each event. Museo de las Almas was actually the bridge that led Elias to the world of law as she worked with attorneys while gaining experience in museum marketing and business strategy. “I realized that I could fuse law with my passion for the arts,” she said.
A rising 3L, Elias works for Kramer Holcomb Sheik, LLP (KHS) as a law clerk/summer associate in its entertainment and intellectual property department, and also as the firm’s marketing director.
“Not only am I part of the typical marketing strategy – from website design to issuance of newsletters and marketing materials – but I also join in on the firm’s overall business strategy, taking part in discussions of its short- and long-term goals,” she said. “This part of my work is giving me the business insights to operate a successful entertainment law practice.”
Elias is a partner at The Dotted Line Reporter, a student-run law blog focused exclusively on the entertainment and IP markets, where she is marketing director and business strategist. She also writes about soft IP theory and IP law where it intersects with the film and television markets.
LAWDRAGON CAMPUS: What were key factors you used to choose your law school?
BRITTANY ELIAS: My primary strategy was to pick a school that could cater to my desire to enter the entertainment law market. Loyola Law School offers a diverse entertainment and intellectual property curriculum, with specialty courses in niche fields including but not limited to art law, sports law, and fashion law. I felt that Loyola, in contrast to comparable programs, could give me enough options to test my true area of interest. My overall goal of becoming an entertainment attorney has changed to becoming a purely trademark or copyright attorney. The choice of attending Loyola was incredibly important in making this decision and I have a received a solid education in my area of interest.
LD: What do you wish you’d known about law school before enrolling?
BE: I wish I had received instruction in advance on the value and necessity of social networking. Loyola is a strong advocate of social networking and offers a wide variety of panels and workshops to encourage its students to network. Most notable was my 1L “Orientation II,” which featured various discussions on networking skills and training.
By my 2L year I realized that no matter how strong your academics are, one of the most important skills as an attorney is the ability to network: It opens doors to potential employment, and it serves a vital role in referrals and establishing your name in your particular market. As a 2L, I attended two to three networking events per week, and still commit to this as a weekly obligation. Networking led to job interviews, including with my current firm. It also afforded me opportunities to publish my work on both a local and national level. It has been instrumental to opening doors early in my career.
If I had known this prior to law school, I would have used the entire summer preceding the starting of my 1L year attending networking events in the entertainment market and getting comfortable in the networking environment. It can take a while to adjust to the “game” and practice early on would have been incredibly helpful.
LD: What has been your most memorable law school experience so far?
BE: My acceptance and participation in the Spring 2014 IP Honors Colloquium with Professor Jennifer Rothman. The colloquium gave 12 students the opportunity to engage in intellectual property theory discussion. Five brilliant professors – Rebecca Eisenberg, James Boyle, Jessica Sibley, Mark Rose and Talha Syed – traveled from across the world to Loyola Law School to lecture on a wide range of theory topics. We drafted responses to and critiques of their work-in-progress. The following week, the professors engaged with us in open-ended discussions. The ability to interact with these brilliant minds, paired with my first exposure to IP theory, marked one of the most incredible experiences I have had thus far at the law school.
LD: What do you plan to do with your law degree?
EB: As previously mentioned my focus now is less on entertainment law generally, and more on soft intellectual property law. Specifically, I would like to work in trademark portfolio management. Trademark law has a strong appeal to me, bridging aspects of my artistic background with my business and marketing experience and my general love for IP law.
I would love to work in a position where I interact with brand strategy and maintenance on a daily basis. Although my goal is very specific, for practical purposes, I understand that the start of my career will likely require that I engage in a broader spectrum of work. As such, I expect to perform a large degree of copyright law and business and corporate law – contract drafting, entity formation and so on – as part of working in a firm’s intellectual property or entertainment law department.
Contact Margot Slade at (646) 722-2623 or margot@lawdragon.com.
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Central Illinois Paralegal Association
a NALA Affiliate
About CIPA
HomeLeadership
CIPA OFFICERS, 2019
President: Celeste Poole
Vice President: Charlotte Lawrence
Student Vice President: Barbara Harris
Co-Secretary: Jenny Ogle
Co-Secretary: Stacy Seaman
Treasurer: Gale Grant
NALA Liaison: Susan Harris
Celeste Poole,
Celeste Poole is a paralegal in the Legal Services Division Merger & Acquisition group at Caterpillar Inc. in Peoria. She began her career as a legal assistant in private law firms working primarily in the area of plaintiff litigation. Celeste joined Caterpillar in 2007 and has held paralegal positions in the areas of Product Litigation and Product Regulation while also serving four years as the Coordinator of Caterpillar’s Peoria-area pro bono program.
Celeste holds a Bachelor’s Degree in Organizational Leadership from Eureka College and an Associate’s Degree in Paralegal Studies from Illinois Central College. She became a member of CIPA in 2008 and is a board member of Central Illinois Riding Therapy, a therapeutic horseback riding program for physically disabled children and adults.
Charlotte Lawrence,
Charlotte received her Bachelor's Degree in Politics and Government with a minor in Legal Studies from Illinois State University in December 2008. She worked at Ronda Glenn Law Offices from 2007-2015, and has worked at Caterpillar since May 2015. Charlotte currently works in the Law, Security and Public Policy division at Caterpillar, supporting their Global Information Systems division. She lives in Bloomington with her husband and four-year-old daughter. Away from work, Charlotte enjoys modern calligraphy, painting, and making wood signs
Barbara Harris,
Student Vice President
Jenny Ogle,
Co-Secretary
Stacy Seaman,
Gale Grant,
Susan Harris,
NALA Liaison
Susan Harris is a Paralegal and Intern Coordinator at Ronda Glenn Law Offices, a family law firm in Bloomington, Illinois. She graduated with her B.A. in Cinema & Photography, concentrating in screenwriting, from Southern Illinois University (Carbondale) and subsequently obtained her Paralegal Certificate from Illinois State University. Susan enjoys dog training, hiking, and traveling with her partner, Brian, and their two Border Collies.
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Inequality and Perceived Social Mobility
Comments: 14 Americanism, Chile December 16, 2009
The leading presidential candidate in Chile, Sebastian Piñera, has proposed increasing the money the government gives to poor families to pay for school tuition. Like school vouchers in the U.S.
When this issue came up in a recent lecture I attended on Chilean politics, there was audible disapproval from people in the room. A French woman said that such policies create inequality in the education market and lead to greater income inequality in society at large. A Swiss and German nodded vigorously as the French woman spoke.
Europeans tend to focus on inequality. Latin Americans, too. Inequality is one of the top issues being debated right now in the Chilean election season.
Americans, on the other hand, by and large are not very concerned with inequality. Sure, it comes up and people talk about narrowing the gap. But deep down I don't think most policy makers and pundits think it's a core problem in a society. We continue to glorify the rich to a remarkable extent.
Why the contrasting views? It comes down to differing perceptions of how possible it is to go from poor to rich. If you believe there's a high level of social mobility in a society, you're not as bothered by a gap. If you think moving up the ladder is nigh impossible, it is a very big problem indeed, because it means the poor are stuck at the bottom, oftentimes due to rotten luck at birth.
Historically, Latin America has been a place where your last name weighs heavily on your success. "Meritocracy" is not the first word that leaps to mind when thinking about the rich and successful in the region. Europe, too, has a legacy of aristocracy and old money.
The American idea however is about the self-made man; the man who pulls himself up by his bootstraps and in a lifetime goes from very poor to very rich thanks to his own industriousness and imagination. There is a belief held by natives and immigrants alike in Horartio Alger stories. Social mobility in the States is not as great as people think, research suggests, but perception trumps all, right? A national narrative embedded in a culture commands a magnetic pull over everyone.
Bottom Line: How worried you are about inequality is driven in part by how much social mobility you think there is in society. Europeans and Chileans (and probably other Latin Americans) generally worry more than Americans about inequality because they do not perceive their societies as being as meritocratic and as amendable to upward social mobility.
(thanks to Pablo Gonzalez for helping brainstorm this post)
The inequality in Chile is inter-generational. 30-40 year olds are rich, 50-60 year olds are comparatively poor. This is an important distinction. See this paper (in Spanish) by economist Claudio Sapelli for more.
Also, check out Will Wilkinson's self-recommending paper titled Thinking Clearly about Economic Inequality. In the summary he says, "There is little evidence that high levels of income inequality lead down a slippery slope to the destruction of democracy and rule by the rich."
← Peter Thiel on Baby Boomers and Bailouts
When Day Becomes Dusk →
14 Responses to Inequality and Perceived Social Mobility
Passion for Aristocracy and Old Money – you nailed it on European hypocrisy, Ben.
Europeans, like the rest of advocates for abolition of social inequality and affirmative action elsewhere in the world had never been sold on pragmatism as they have been on insincerety towards the cause. They air their views safely esconced in a $200k banquet dinner and come away sozzled night after night, well islanded and insulated from those that go thro the grind, to whom such rare political gestures are a great boon. Educational equality if not the wider umbrella of Social equality is aspirable. Their protests make me safely suspect their intentions because unless the poor remain poor, they’ll never get unskilled workers to toil at their suburban factories.
History has the record of the disastrous outcomes of all earlier attempts to bring about forced social equality. USSR and East Europe gave up, China, though belatedly, recognized the folly and endorsed laissez-faire.
Together, they’ve ensured attempts at social equality live on as a myth. Making for occasional good reading, clearly a hypothesis for leftist pretenders to make a living. But a non-starter for all practical purposes.
Ah, yes. Lately we know of a new kind of equality thrust upon guileless citizen by even capitalist governments. America is projected to have $53 trillion in today’s dollars in federal liabilities and unfunded entitlement promises such as Social Security and Medicare. These amount to more than $440,000 per household, nearly ten times the annual income of the average household. Over time, taxes would have to double to pay for them.
There you grant equality – to your children and grand children for no fault of theirs. Did I hear taxation without representation?
Skallagrimson says:
What inequality would a school voucher for a poor person amplify? Was this a program that was proposed only for “preferred” poors?
steven germain says:
No inequality is complete without a serious inquiry into the subject of race. While racism is less apparent in Chile in Argentina and other Latin American countries it does exist there – the more indigenous your background the more you are viewed as a “negro – black).
By the way – despite concerns about the growing budget deficit (an interesting connection made between that fact and the subject of social change made by Krishna in the prior comment) Most serious economists link deficit spending with future increased productivity (those voices are drowned out by what passes for commentary in the media). The fear of deficit is often used as an argument against social change spending and policies and it is frustrating.
Ya, what am I missing here? Why did the French lady think that more access to schooling for the poor will lead to greater income inequality in the future?
Ben Casnocha says:
I don't know the specifics of the program in Chile, but generally speaking,
with vouchers parents will send their kids to the best schools. So the best
schools will enroll more students (students who tend to be more driven) and
the worse schools will see a decrease in enrollment and enroll less
motivated kids. This creates more inequality in the education system than if
the government just funded all schools equally and forced people to go to
their local school.
But Ben… doesn’t that just make everyone equally receive a bad education?
Despite all the efforts of the left people are different and have different aspirations and skill sets. Not every high school should be a college prep school nor should every school cater to the lowest common denominator. Many people are quite happy toiling about with respectable trades such as carpentry and plumbing.
I’m not worried about inequality in our society and I think social mobility is a great aspect that we enjoy and should take advantage of.
Karl in NC says:
The Horatio Alger story formula DID include the boy pulling himself up by his bootstraps… BUT the protagonist’s success also depended on the kindness of an already-wealthy man who conveniently showed up to help him work his way up.
Totally agree. I support vouchers.
Vince Williams says:
If the US were really a meritocracy, chronic underachievers and failed businessmen like George W Bush would never become president.
(Neither, for that matter, would womanizing cads whose fathers can afford to buy presidential elections like John F Kennedy’s.)
In his book America’s Sixty Families, the economist and journalist Ferdinand Lundberg exposed those modern Medicis of business and finance whose heirs still dance a jig on the corpus of the middle class of both continents.
Wilkinson asks of American income inequality: “Does it threaten imminently to transform the United States into an irreversibly stratified illiberal regime, dominated generation after generation by the rich and well-connected?”
Strictly speaking, no, because this happened more than eighty years ago.
I would say anyone who believes democracy in the US has not already been destroyed and that we are not ruled by the rich in a “plutocracy managed by oligarchs” is deluded.
In spite of his reasonable tone and his defensible thesis that income inequality, in isolation, tells us very little, Wilkinson’s screed still reads like typical apologia for the super-rich– the same old propaganda disseminated through media outlets and think-tanks like the supposedly libertarian Cato Institute.
Wilkinson shows a surprising awareness of reality when he concedes that, “There is overwhelming reason to believe that in the United States the deck really is stacked against some people.”
I wouldn’t argue with Williamson’s statement that “the idea that fixing all this [vicious injustices] somehow requires ‘fixing’ the pattern of incomes is an excellent way to avoid the real problem and fix nothing.”
But I notice that Wilkinson et al ignore the mammoth redistribution of income that occurs, for example, when the oil, gas, and mining industries are given carte blanche to plunder the public commons, as occurred under the Reagan and Bush II administrations.
Even such features of the welfare state as food-stamp distribution are effectively massive subsidies for the grocery business.
None benefits more from this ‘socialist’ largesse than Wal-Mart.
The party line of the uber-rich, as delineated by Lundberg in 1937, goes: “huge fortunes are necessary so that industry may be financed; the benefactions of great wealth permit advances in science, encourage writers and artists, etc.; the lavish expenditures of wealthy persons ‘give employment’ to many people”.
Wilkinson approvingly quotes John Nye: “…their productive investments… benefit the entire economy.”
“Wealthier Americans, Broda and Romalis
observe, spend a much larger portion [of their budgets] on services provided by local labor.”
“Many enterprising Americans have indeed
accumulated vast fortunes turning out ever higher-quality goods at ever lower prices. But in the process they have also minimized some of the material inequalities that matter most.”
Wilkinson does concede: “Some wor-
rying inequalities—for example, inequalities in access to a good education or to quality health care—may indeed be widening…”
Shocking.
Amazingly, Wilkinson even admits the glaringly obvious truth when he summarizes the Milanovic, Lundert and Williamson study: “The idea, in a nutshell, is that a generally wealthy population is a sweeter target for plunder by the ruling political class— the people with access to the coercive instruments of government—than is a generally poor population.”
I couldn’t have said it better myself.
You can’t squeeze blood out of one of Dexter’s corpses.
I emphatically agree that “If you believe that American income inequality does reflect injustice in the structure
of its institutions, then it is important to identify precisely where and how the system is unjust instead of simply fixating on the fact that there is inequality.”
That’s why I read Ferdinand Lundberg’s America’s Sixty Families.
Actually if I remember well social mobility is higher in France than in the US.
Talking about hypocrisy…
mulaho says:
Actually, I’ve come to know that most Euro nations, esp France do not have equal levels of social mobility. While the educational system remains very equal with testing done across the board to get into free universities, the job market is very closed off to many from Arab-colonies (Algeria, Morrocco) which has led to a well educated sub-class of frenchmen.
It seems like there is a (significant) correlation between public policies and increase in the income inequality. Implementation of minimum wage rate, deregulation, as well as anti-crisis measures deepen the income gap. This was proved by many of the past examples. The example of Latin America with governmental interference making the inequality lower, is very interesting one. However, I think the reason beyond income inequality decrease in those countries is in the nature of state itself rather than in the efficiency of public policies.
RT @robinhanson: We know very little about which diets are more healthy. https://t.co/MswmJsJr3t, 4 hours ago
Colleges Work to Maintain an Information Deficit About Their Effectiveness
Culture Matters to Entrepreneurship.
RSSted Development
Scalable vs. Non-Scalable Careers
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Home>New Songs>Chaz French Songs> Chaz French - Way Out
Chaz French - Way Out
Danny Schwartz
@dschwo
Way Out
Chaz French
Editor Rating:HOTTTTT
very hottttt
Chaz French releases "Way Out" and announces new joint label deal with Motown/Capitol Records. His debut album is coming this spring.
Chaz French emerged as one of the promising rappers from the DMV in 2015, on the strength of his first two projects Happy Belated and These Things Take Time. He's been quiet since then, but he's about to come back in a big way. This morning, he released "Way Out," the first single from his upcoming debut album, and announced a new joint label deal with Motown/Capitol Records and his 368 Music Group, which he co-founded by singer Raheem DeVaughn.
"I’m happy for my label 368 and I love my new Motown family," French said in a statement to Billboard. "I’m super excited to represent the DMV. It’s not just about me, it’s about all of us."
French's album is due out this spring. Listen to "Way Out" and read his 2016 interview with HNHH.
Quotable Lyrics
Just bought a new crib, man that motherfucker way out
Flexing in the lviing room, 20 bitches laid out
Saw my baby mama tripping had to pull 2K out
Her thing A1 you woulda thought it was a steakhouse
Chaz French motown
SONGS Chaz French - Way Out
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updated on December 19, 2018 December 19, 2018 by Dr Kristi Sobering, Licensed Non-Denominational Minister and Narcissistic Abuse Recovery Advocate
Holy Cow! It’s Moobie time… and Anchor Baby spokesperson Rudy Giuliani has really made the Knights of Columbus finally look foolish in public while striving to save his Topper.
The Daily Mail released the following news on Dec. 19, 2018 relating to historical pop culture news and trending topics in American History. It seems people with profoundly Somatic, Cerebral, and aspiring Covert Psychopath natures have been busy as of late committing acts to make Logan cringe.
They share:
‘Very truly yours, Donald Trump’: President ‘DID sign letter of intent to build a Trump Tower in Moscow with spa named after Ivanka’ – two days after Giuliani claimed ‘no one’ ever signed the document
Source: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-6510901/CNN-obtains-Trumps-signature-letter-intent-build-Trump-Tower-Moscow.html
Our take on the issue? Intent to commit fraud is patently obvious, as is the gaslighting with an awareness of guilt and premeditation.
Can we tie this to the Korean Conflict, declare it treason as an act to give the North Koreans comfort… first? Then have H rescind her concession?
Revert the government by bipartisan agreement to be run until 2020 by Barack or Joe Biden? Until Beto grooms up? Work with Mitt Romney.
Heck — let him interim Speaker of the House then let him handle the act of repairing the harm done by Newt Gingrich to everybody.
Pattern behavior of every Dark Triad on the planet… betraying the social and professional hospitality of every person who shows them hospitality. By uttering false words and doing things to interrupt the flow of communication, people seeing to create a false portrait of reality in the mind of other humans do Darwin Awards eligible harm to themselves and to society (simultaneously).
Think X + Y – Z with no W in order to understand what has happened to people whose neuroplasticity has frozen so severely over time that they physically become a danger to themselves and to others. Their personality type calcifies by or before the age of 28 as Cluster B followed by steady decline in whatever emotional processing ability was present in their human anatomy before people started messing up the NLP programming of a baby.
If you are unfamiliar with what a Dark Triad person is (in terms of Self Help and Forensic Psychology literature), they are a very dangerous form of Cluster B person.
Any person with the comorbid affectation of personality disorders is likely to show signs of the following conditions:
Malignant Narcissism,
profound egocentrism that reveals Social and Emotional Learning Disability,
an Anti-Social and or Psychopathic nature,
and they are prone to display pervasive Machiavellian.
Knowing the red flags and warning signs that someone is likely to be prone to pervasively engage in all forms of social or emotional violence can save your life and that of others.
But knowing the key terms and the key phrases one needs to be able to rapidly look up? That’s priceless.
Because there are only statistically so many human beings that meet diagnostic criteria for having a Cluster B personality type. And of those percentages, only 1-2% of the global population is socially likely to behave in ways that are by pattern behavior prone to engaging in acts of social, physical, and or sexual violence.
If and when people in the general public are educated about what the basic Cluster B personality are and how the symptoms of the Emotional Repressions manifest, the world will stop appearing quite so Hobbesian. Ask Rousseau.
He was Team Empath, like the writers and staff of this EUSociology.com co-sponsored web project, ‘don’t cha cha’ know.
Caught In The Act Examples of Gaslighting Liar Liar Pants On Fire Rudy Giuliani
What is Gaslighting by Forensic Psychology and Social Psychology definition?
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The Vampire Diaries After Show S6:E5 “The World Has Turned and Left Me Here”
October 30, 2014 | 0
Welcome to The Vampire Diaries After Show Season 6 Episode 5 “The World Has Turned and Left Me Here”! Kai tells Bonnie and Damon to prepare for the eclipse that can bring them back home. Bonnie soon discovers that Kai knew nothing about the spell and kills him. He never was dead, but he needed a Bennett to help him go back home, so he tries to kill Bonnie and Damon once they were close to coming back home. While Bonnie is bleeding on the ground, Damon fights Kai, but Bonnie uses her magic to make sure Damon goes back home. Meanwhile, Elena and Liam go to Whitmore College Corn Maze. While there, Tyler accidentally runs over the entire corn maze with a truck due to someone running out in the middle of the street, so Elena and Tyler have to make sure no one dies because then Tyler would unlock his werewolf curse. Stefan tells Caroline to teach Ivy the vampire ropes. Ivy breaks Caroline’s neck and Ivy decides to go feed, but did not know how to compel. Ivy gets captured at the end by Tripp. Stefan and Damon reunite.
Join Meghan Lamontagne, Rachael Roland, Malynda Hale, and Jessica Hickam every week, live and on demand, for review and conversation about each new episode of The Vampire Diaries. Tweet in questions or comments to the hosts all week using the hashtag #TVDAS
Don’t forget to follow us on Twitter @theStreamtv and the after show hosts:
@MegLamontagne
@RachaelRoland
@JHickam
@MalyndaHale
theStream.tv Fan Show Network presents The Vampire Diaries After Show. Tune in each week, live or on demand, for review and conversation about the hit CW television series. At the helm of the television series are creators Kevin Williamson (Stalker, The Following) and Julie Plec (The Tomorrow People). Based on the book series by L. J. Smith (Night World Series), The Vampire Diaries debuted on CW, September 2009, and focuses on Mystic Falls, Virginia, a fictional small town haunted by supernatural beings. The main protagonist of the series, Elena Gilbert (Nina Dobrev), is a young human girl who’s family is one of the founding families of Mystic Falls and who falls in love with vampire Stefan Salvatore (Paul Wesley). She begins to be drawn into the supernatural world as a result of their relationship. As the series progresses, Elena finds herself drawn to Stefan’s brother, Damon Salvatore (Ian Somerhalder), resulting in a love triangle spanning throughout seasons. The series was so successful that a spin-off series, The Originals, debuted in 2013. The Originals follows the lives of a family of vampires: Niklaus Mikaelson (Joseph Morgan), Elijah Mikaelson (Daniel Gillies), and Rebekah Mikaelson (Claire Holt). Both shows have been linked to each other, and Nina Dobrev, star of the TVD, has made multiple cameos on The Originals. The Vampire Diaries stars Nina Dobrev (Degrassi) as Elena Gilbert, Paul Wesley (Everwood) as Stefan Salvatore, Ian Somerhalder (Lost) as Damon Salvatore, Steven R. McQueen (Piranha 3D) as Jeremy Gilbert, Kat Graham (17 Again) as Bonnie Bennett, Candice Accola (Dead Girl) as Caroline Forbes, Zach Roerig (Friday Night Lights) as Matt Donovan, and Matthew Davis (Pearl Harbor) as Alaric Saltzman. Don’t miss out on the new season every Thursday night on the CW. If you’re a fan of the show then tune in each week for the live after show.
http://www.twitter.com/thestreamtv
Posted in Shows, Vampire Diaries After Show, Vampire Diaries After Show Episodes and tagged 17 again, After Show, bluerottencheese, Candice Accola, cw, dead girl, degrassi, discussion, Elena Gilbert, friday night lights, Ian Somerhalder, Kat Graham, Lost, matthew davis, nina dobrev, Paul Wesley, review, Sara Canning, Stefan Salvatore, Steven R. McQueen, the vampire diaries, the vampire diaries after show, TheStream.TV, thestreamdottv, vamp, vampire, vampire diaries after show, Vampires, Zach Roerig
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Cherokee Strip Baptist Association
Matt Spann
Ministry Associate
Ronda Spena
BCM Director
Justin Romaine
Missions Team
Mission In Medford
Aurora, CO Mission Trip 2014
Why Partner with the Association
KidMinTraining
Pulpit Supply
Welcoming Church Conference
Kansas City Mission Trip (March 2019)
Deacon Training
FBC Aurora Report 2018
DOM Report 2018
Management Team Report 2018
Missions Team Report 2018
Ministry Team Report 2018
Journey House Report 2018
Ladies' Ministry Report 2018
NOC BCM Report 2018
Resolutions 2018
Baptist Village Communities Annual Report
BGCO Operations Committee Report 2018
Constitution & By-Laws (amended October 14, 2018)
Matt has been serving as Director of Missions since August of 2014. His vision for our churches lines up with the purposes of our association: to establish, enlarge, and extend our churches. He wants to see churches that are strong and growing, churches comprised of believers who are maturing in their faith and who are continually seeking to reach outward to those who've yet to experience a personal relationship with God through Jesus Christ. He works to encourage and develop our pastors and church leaders, helping them improve their skills and lead their churches to be on mission locally, in other parts of America, and overseas.
Matt and his wife LuSinda have four children: Karrington is married to Tyler Swadley and lives in Kansas City where Tyler attends MWBTS; Paul is studying Physical Therapy at OUHSC, Lydia is in her final semester at Baylor University, and Caleb is a 9th grader. The Spann family served overseas through the IMB in Madagascar from 2003 to 2013.
Matt lived in a number of places growing up, including Brazil where his parents served as missionaries from 1972 to 1976. He served as youth minister while in college and seminary in Texas, then moved to Orlando, Florida, where he was a church planter from 1988 to 1990, then pastor from 1990 to 1993. From 1994 to 1998, he served as a missionary through the IMB in Moscow, Russia, until his first wife Carol's death from breast cancer in 1998. Matt met LuSinda, originally from Mooreland, Oklahoma, in 1999 while he was in Fort Worth at SWBTS working as an Associate Candidate Consultant with the IMB. They married in 2000 and went overseas to France in 2002, then Madagascar the next year.
Matt enjoys running, swimming, reading, playing guitar, and working in the yard. He also enjoys "hanging out" with his children and granddaughter Lily Grace.
Contents © 2019 Cherokee Strip Baptist Association | Church Website Provided by mychurchwebsite.net | Privacy Policy
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Diamonds Lyrics
Rihanna Diamond Song For
Please click here if you are not redirected within a few seconds. Some critics believe that the heavily tattooed man intertwined with Rihanna's arm in the video resembles Chris Brown. As the video continues, the singer and her lover's hands are shown slowly slipping apart, with only their fingertips touching towards the conclusion of the video. The lyrics are very hopeful and positive, but it's about love. List of million-selling singles in the United Kingdom.
So shine bright tonight, you and I We're beautiful like diamonds in the sky Eye to eye, so alive We're beautiful like diamonds in the sky. International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. The video was also made available for streaming at Rihanna. By the final chorus, the water centered into the platform and wet the singer.
Shine bright like a diamond Whoa-oh Shine bright like a diamond Whoa-oh Shine bright like a diamond Shine bright like a diamond. The scenes were intercut with police officers who chase armed fighters. Enter Diamonds in the field Titel.
After eight weeks in the top ten, the song peaked at number two. Select single in the field Format.
Black Entertainment Television. List of number-one dance singles of U. Garou bat Rihanna, Alicia Keys ou M. Select Platinum in the Certification field. Monitor Latino in Spanish.
She then stops as she looks up to the night sky at an aurora view. As the video progresses Rihanna is shown running on a highway.
Shine bright like a diamond Whoa-oh Shine bright like a diamond Whoa-oh Shine bright like a diamond Whoa, yeah. Shine bright like a diamond Whoa-oh Shine bright like a diamond Whoa-oh Shining bright like a diamond We're beautiful like diamonds in the sky. Shine bright like a diamond Shine bright like a diamond Shine bright like a diamond. He said that, like the song, the video is by turns garish and very intimate. The image fades to black as the song begins.
Recording Industry Association of America. British Phonographic Industry.
Swedish Recording Industry Association. Australian Recording Industry Association.
Diamonds (Rihanna song)
So shine bright, tonight, you and I We're beautiful like diamonds in the sky Eye to eye, so alive We're beautiful like diamonds in the sky. Type Rihanna in the top right search bar.
She was recording in a separate part of the world, sending back the files, we're finishing the music and then we're mixing and mastering it, and then it was out in a few days. List of Hot number-one singles of U.
They're afraid to embrace that and embrace themselves and love themselves and do what they love and do what makes them happy. The video ends with Rihanna once again floating alone in the open waters. Are those hands coming apart, or are they finding each other?
Romanian and international positions are rendered together by the number of plays before resulting an overall chart. The performance featured the singer dressed in a black gown on a square platform. In a black-and-white scene, Rihanna licks the joint and begins smoking it. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Images of Rihanna on a bed in a room while singing are shown, with objects breaking, curtains falling and roses burning in reverse effect.
Problems playing this file? Federation of the Italian Music Industry. Select singles in the Format field. The song's lyrics serve as a departure from the themes of unhealthy relationships that were on Rihanna's previous singles and contain a prominent concept of love.
Scroll through the page-list below until year to obtain certification. So shine bright tonight, you and I Wewre beautiful like diamonds in the sky Eye to eye, so alive We're beautiful like diamonds in the sky. It's fucking amazing and incredible.
What does this song mean to you? As the chorus began, water effects poured down around her on the outside of the stage.
This gave Rihanna her seventh number-one single in the country. Rihanna performs in the same black-and-white setting while in a black corset. Throughout the video, Rihanna's hand is shown intertwined with that of a heavily tattooed man, gta san andreas dvd whose face is not shown in the video.
Rihanna - Diamonds Lyrics Rihanna. The performance featured the singer wearing a long black dress plunged down to her navel and diamond adornments in her hair. Scenes of a street battle are later shown, depicting burning cars and broken glass around the environment. Rihanna is shown again on the highway, running away from what appears to be the headlights of a chasing car. Bundesverband Musikindustrie.
After the song was completed, they wanted to play it to Rihanna, but Blanco was skeptical about the reaction towards the song because of its slow sound. Rihanna stands in a deserted landscape in the video's other scenes. Eriksen Tor Erik Hermansen. Credits adapted from the liner notes of Unapologetic.
Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. She played it like seven times in a row. Enter Rihanna in the field Interpret.
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Exploring the culture, the people, the places and of course the drinks that make drinking in Cincinnati, Ohio unique.
Episode Notes
Appear on DWTG
March First Brewing, Sycamore Whiskey, and Sycamore Professional Firefighters Local 3907 team up to raise money for the Muscular Dystrophy Association
Sycamore Whiskey released their Fire Brigade Cinnamon Whiskey last week, and have teamed up with Sycamore Professional Firefighters Union Local 3907 to host a fundraising event benefiting the Muscular Dystrophy Association.
You can join MDA Cincinnati, Local 3907 Firefighters and Sycamore Whiskey at March First Brewing on 7885 E. Kemper Rd. Cincinnati, Ohio at 6pm on February 1st. Firefighters from all over the city will be in attendance “filling boots” for MDA research. March First Brewing and Local 3907 are both donating items for a raffle that evening, including a Yeti cooler (provided by McCabe Lumber and March First merchandise.
“When we were tossing the idea around about doing a cinnamon whiskey we knew we had to reach out to the local firefighters, because we’ve had events with them in the past and have been building a relationship with them over the years. That’s why we landed on the name Fire Brigade and the label carries the traditional Maltese cross with the “3907” local Sycamore Twp union designator on it. It’s such a fitting homage to our local heroes.” Josh Engel, spokesperson for March First Brewing and Sycamore Whiskey said. “When we reached out, International Association of Firefighters Local 3907 was very excited to collaborate on this fundraising event and it kind of snowballed from there. We expect a large turnout from local departments all around the city.”
Mark Singer, President of Sycamore Professional Firefighters Local 3907, commented on working with March First and Sycamore Whiskey on this fundraising event.
“The Sycamore Township Firefighters Local 3907 is excited to work with March First Brewing and MDA on an exciting event. When we were approached by March First about partnering for a charity event, we knew MDA would be the perfect fit. With the strong partnership the International Association of Fire Fighters has with MDA and the growing partnership with March First and Local 3907 we know this will be a huge success.”
Sycamore Fire Brigade Cinnamon Whiskey is a 68 proof whiskey based on the popular 10 year Sycamore American Whiskey which is flavored with real hand cracked cinnamon sticks. With no artificial flavors Fire Brigade is an all natural and local alternative to the popular national brand. “Expect an exceptionally smooth whiskey with a cinnamon bite” Engel said.
About March First Brewing
March First Brewing is Cincinnati’s only brewery, cidery and distillery. Founded on March 1, 2016 and based in Sycamore Township, Ohio, our name pays homage to the great state of Ohio, founded March 1, 1803. We specialize in “drinkable” craft beer, cider, and spirits, and proudly brew, distill, and bottle in Cincinnati, Ohio. We admittedly do not follow popular trends or industry norms, and it is in precisely this that makes us delightfully unpredictable. Our products can be found throughout the state of Ohio and Northern Kentucky.
Follow March First Brewing on social media: Facebook, Instagram, Twitter
About the International Association of Firefighters
The IAFF is the driving force behind nearly every advance in the fire and emergency services in the 21st century. With headquarters in Washington, DC, and Ottawa, Ontario, the IAFF represents more than 313,000 full-time professional fire fighters and paramedics in more than 3,200 affiliates. IAFF members protect more than 85 percent of the population in communities throughout the United States and Canada. The IAFF is also one of the most active lobbying organizations in Washington, DC. The IAFF Political Action Committee, FIREPAC, is among the top one-half of one percent of the nearly 6,000 federally registered PACs in the country.
Local IAFF 3907 represents the 36 Full-Time Firefighters of the Sycamore Township Fire Department.
Follow Local 3907 on social media: Facebook, Twitter
About the MDA
As the largest source of funding for neuromuscular disease research outside of the federal government, MDA has committed more than $1 billion since our inception to accelerate the discovery of therapies and cures. Research we have supported is directly linked to life-changing therapies across multiple neuromuscular diseases. MDA supports the largest network of multidisciplinary clinics providing best in class care at more than 150 of the nation’s top medical institutions, and our resource hub serves the community with one-on-one specialized support. Each year thousands of children and young adults learn vital life skills and gain independence at summer camp and through recreational programs, at no cost to families.
For more information visit mda.org.
The Grilled Paloma
The Daiquiri
Land Grant Goon
The Drinkery, Jack Daniels and Michael D Morgan
Cider? Hard Cider? Fermented Apple Juice? Gimmie The Lowdown.
The Kentucky Sidecar
Asheville, Hi-Wire And A Community
The Prohibition Bourbon Bar
The Manhattan With Andy Foltz
Paddy’s Day In Cincinnati
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Freddie Gibbs Teams Up with DJ Fresh for 'The Tonite Show'
By Josiah Hughes
Having already killed it with his Madlib collaboration Piñata, no one would blame Freddie Gibbs for spending the remainder of 2014 firmly resting on his laurels. Instead, the rapper has a solo album on the way and now another collaboration too.
Gibbs has teamed up with DJ Fresh (also known as the World's Freshest) for the latest instalment of the latter's ongoing series The Tonite Show. The project sees Fresh team up with artists for a full release, and previous editions have seen him work with Trae the Truth, Mistah F.A.B. and Keak Da Sneak.
The Freddie Gibbs edition of The Tonite Show offers up 10 tracks from the artist and DJ. In addition, there are appearances from E-40, Sir Michael Rocks, Problem and more.
The Tonite Show with Freddie Gibbs will arrive on May 13. The album's tracklisting is available below. Thanks to MissInfo for the tip.
The Tonite Show:
1. The Tonite Show With Freddie Gibbs
2. Keep It Gangsta
3. G Like Dat
4. Bitches, Dope, and Dollers (ft. G-Wiz)
6. On Me (ft. Problem)
7. Pussy Got Slap (ft. E-40 & Cousin Fik)
8. I Wanna Do It (ft. Sir Michael Rocks)
9. I Be On My Grind (ft. Trae Tha Truth & Yukmouth)
More Freddie Gibbs
Freddie Gibbs & Madlib Bandana
For a rapper like Freddie Gibbs, any old beat would frankly do. So astute is his auteurist eye for nitty-gritty details, so athletically nim...
Stream Freddie Gibbs & Madlib's New 'Bandana' Album
Just as promised, Freddie Gibbs & Madlib's hotly anticipated Bandana album is here. So yes, that means you can stream it all now. The fo...
Here's the Tracklist for Freddie Gibbs & Madlib's 'Bandana'
Freddie Gibbs & Madlib's hotly anticipated Bandana album arrives this week, and the duo have now shared the effort's tracklisting ahead of t...
Freddie Gibbs & Madlib Are Already Plotting a 'Bandana' Follow-Up
Freddie Gibbs & Madlib are a week away from delivering their new collaborative album Bandana, and while the record has yet to arrive, the pa...
Freddie Gibbs & Madlib Share New Song "Crime Pays"
After unveiling the cover art for their Bandana album earlier this week, Freddie Gibbs & Madlib have shared another new song from the record...
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