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Surrealistic Home
Matta-Clark's origins in the practice of Surrealism are extensive and expansive. His father, Roberto Matta, was one of the foremost 20th Century practitioners of this mode of expression. His godfather was Marcel Duchamp with whom the family maintained close relations. His introduction to the artistic avant-garde began from his birth. In this portrait of Gordon as a baby, he's held up beside Alberto Giacometti's Hands Holding the Void (1935) as if his life would be inspired by the spirit of that same void.
Bingo involved the removal of sections of the side of a suburban home based upon a nine-square grid. Matta-Clark's hands drawing and sectioning the design over a photograph of the house is featured in his film entitled Bingo X Ninths (9:40 minute, Super-8, color, silent, 1974). This approach to applying geometry to architecture functions on multiple levels. Architects would certainly recognize the use of a nine square grid as a standard organizational device. His modernist influenced architectural training at Cornell University would have certainly touched upon this mode of geometrical subdivision and could be considered a tool of the elitist architect.
While Matta-Clark was likely highly conscious of this association to the traditional practice of architecture, but in particular its association with modernism and its application of abstract grids over the urban fabric. In a way, Bingo references this practice by demonstrating physically and metaphorically how the existing fabric of a community can be directly removed and erased. By using structures slated for demolition, he's effectively commenting on the tabula rasa approach employed in so many urban renewal projects.
Simultaneously, Matta-Clark is referencing the gridded form of a bingo card, a common form in the life of American suburban culture. In slicing the wall of this home in rectangular sections he reveals the inner life of the home, exposing it to the voyeuristic eye implemented of the camera (still and moving).
His sectioning of the facade drawn on a photograph is transferred to the building site itself and he removes one section after another, leaving the center in place. The apparently floating, unsupported slab of the wall is further detached from the house when a section of the staircase itself is removed.
The cantilevered portion of the central remaining portion of the facade suggests several interpretations. First, it brings to mind the modernist trope of suspending architectural elements in the air that appear to float in space. The manner in which half of the wood staircase was removed further isolates this element. Matta-Clark was conscious of the structural conditions and incorporated them into his "virtual board game." The potentially dangerous game he plays with seeing how far he can go removing elements of the structure without incurring a collapse is a significant factor in appreciating the layout, planning and execution of the incisions.
Where a board game is played on the flat horizontal surface, Matta-Clark creates a sort of billboard-like architectural analogue to game playing. A further connection with play is the tradition in the game of Bingo of providing a central red square as a free space.
A text panel in the film documenting the project explains that the removal of panels was accomplished one hour prior to the house's demolition. The end of the film features a bulldozer destroying the house in its entirety leaving the site a void.
Following is a video presenting the installation of a section of Bingo being installed at The Pulitzer Foundation for the Arts in October 2009.
Labels: "Gordon Matta-Clark", "Matta-Clark", "Pulitzer Foundation", "Saint Louis", "St. Louis", Anarchitecture, architect, architecture, community, design, home, modernism, sculpture, Surrealism
House removals Harrogate 16 April, 2010
Thanks for the free video
Sculpting Architecture: Buildings as Raw Material
Gordon Matta-Clark arrives in Saint Louis
Gordon Matta-Clark at The Pulitzer !
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Canadian banks are pressured to improve their small business lending practices
BRENDA DALGLISH April 25 1994
GETTING CREDIT BRENDA DALGLISH April 25 1994
BRENDA DALGLISH
Lakefield, nestled on the banks of the Trent-Severn Waterway midway between Toronto and Ottawa, appears to be an idyllic small town. From the vine-covered verandas of the graceful old brick homes on its winding tree-lined streets to the neat grounds of Lakefield College School, the exclusive school that Prince Andrew attended in 1977, the town seems far removed from the ravages of the recession. But behind the pleasant facade, town businesses are facing the same kind of debilitating credit crunches that have wracked most other communities across the country. Lakefield’s two banks have slashed crucial small business creditlines and have refused to renew commercial mortgages— even for businesses that have never missed a bank payment. Rick Lyons, who operates several small tourism-related ventures in the area, including marinas and travel guides, says that last fall his banker, in Peterborough, flatly refused his request for a $15,000 operating credit line to buy desktop publishing equipment and to tide him over last winter. His credit request was refused even though he has a well-established track record and only $8,000 in other debt. Lyons, who is also general manager of the local chamber of com-
merce, was able to get the cash he needed from his family. “Unfortunately,” said Lyons, “some of our members just don’t have anyone else to turn to but a previously ‘friendly’ banker who shovelled out the money in the good days and then wrenched the tap shut when the recession hit.”
The problems of Lakefield’s businesses are typical of those in just about every community across Canada. When the recession began in 1990, bankers began tightening their lending. As the recession deepened they became even more aggressive about recovering money extended to businesses judged to be in jeopardy. They also began to take a much tougher look at the condition of those they were lending to: sometimes even minor problems were enough to warrant a credit crackdown. The banks will not say how many small business loans were cut during that period, but according to the most reliable, but still imperfect, statistics available from the Bank of Canada, banks reduced
their lending to independent business by more than $3 billion to $17.4 billion by the end of 1992 during the worst of the recession. Said Dennis Mills, Liberal MP for the Toronto riding of Broadview/Greenwood: “A lot of small business people got it in the neck from their banker, right at the time they needed help most.”
Mills is just one member of a Liberal government that promised to take a hard look at the banks’ small business lending practices. The Red Book, the Liberal Party’s campaign document, stated that there are about 900,000 small and medium-sized enterprises in Canada, which employ a total of 4.2 million people. Those businesses, furthermore, accounted for 85 per cent of the new jobs created in the 1980s. In the government’s first budget released in February, Finance Minister Paul Martin emphasized the role of independent business in kick-starting the domestic economy. And last month, the House of Commons industry committee began official hearings on small and medium-sized business financing. This week and next, the committee will hear from the banking community after weeks of affecting testimony from frustrated and angry small business owners. Susan Bel-
‘The only good banker I ever saw was in It’s a Wonderful Life, George Bailey.
But most of the bankers we have across this country are the Potters.7
John Gouett, president of Maple Leaf Ice Stadiums, testifying before the House of Commons industry committee
taken the time to understand our business,” she said. “It all comes down to whether they believe in what you’re doing. Business isn’t just about numbers on paper.” Lewis says that at times the bank goes out of its way for them. This month, for example, the bank is promoting personal loans for landscaping and invited Decora to mount a promotional display in the branch. But having heard horror stories from other business people in the community, Lewis knows that the company is vulnerable to its bank. “It seems that people either have a good relationship with their bank or a terrible one, there is no middle ground,” she said. “Accountants have told us that we should do I business with more than one I bank, just in case something goes 5 wrong. I’d be more comfortable if I there were other banks here providing the same level of service.”
5 The government’s emphasis on “ small business has certainly been noticed by the banking community, which is now scrambling to regain the confidence of clients like Lyons, Bellan and the Lewises. Helen Sinclair, president of the Canadian Bankers’ Association, says that the federal government has two budget committees, one parliamentary committee and about 20 other task forces and studies, all delving into small business financings. “Is that overkill or not?” asks Sinclair.
Certainly in recent months, the banks have lavished attention—or at least news releases—on the small and medium-sized business sector. In fact, two banks have just announced the creation of an internal ombudsman or an arbitration panel to review complaints from independent business customers. In addition, several new lending initiatives have recently been launched. Last week, the Royal Bank of Canada announced that it was creating a new venture capital fund with $125 million to invest in medium-sized businesses operating in key knowledge-based or export-oriented industries. The program is aimed at meeting the needs that many companies have for equity capital. At the same time, it addresses the bank’s problem of the high-risk, low-reward imbalance in their loan portfolios. Instead of using these funds to make loans to the companies as a traditional bank would, the venture capital fund will be used to buy an equity stake in various small companies. In this way, they will benefit from not having to make loan payments on these funds during the start-up period, while the bank will be entitled to a portion of any of the gains that the companies make if they succeed.
For the Royal, the announcement of the new program comes just two weeks before Charles Coffey, senior vice-president of business banking, is scheduled to appear before
and we do have money to lend.”
Rachael and Randy Lewis who own Decora Landscaping Ltd., a landscaping and greenhouse company that also develops and sells seeds suited to the harsher northern climates, are happy with their bank. Rachael Lewis said their branch of the Bank of Montreal in Whitehorse has always been helpful, and that their bank manager, unlike others in the community, has been there for several years. “Our bank manager knows us and he’s
lan, who operates an import craft store in downtown Toronto, says that, to date, the banks simply passed their financial problems on to the government. “It was a double loss for government,” notes Bellan, a former economist. ‘Tax revenues fell and unemployment and welfare costs soared [as small businesses faltered]. If our social welfare system needs to be revised, so does our banking system.”
For their part, the banks are quick to defend themselves against charges of overly aggressive credit tightening. Said AÍ Cotton, vicepresident of independent business at the Toronto-Dominion Bank:
“Lending is a low-margin, high-risk business. We don’t share in the success of a business, but if it fails we can lose everything we’ve loaned.
We can’t afford a lot of losses.” Cotton says that banks generally make a spread of three percentage points on their loans to small business.
That means that for every dollar that they lend, they expect to get a return of three cents minus an expected loss ratio equal to about half of one cent during normal economic conditions. “Out of the remainder,” said Cotton, “we have to cover our operating expenses and generate a return for shareholders.” During the recession, average bank losses rose to a high of more than 1.3 cents for every dollar loaned. Bankers argue, furthermore, that for every small business that has a bad experience with its bank there are more that have good ones. “If something goes wrong in a business the bank is always the first to be blamed,” said Cotton. “But the vast majority of our relationships are solid
the industry committee’s hearing in Ottawa. But Coffey dismisses the timing as coincidence. “There have been a lot of announcements recently and I do wonder how real some of them are,” he said. “But this is a substantive program; the timing of the announcement is purely coincidental.”
So far, the Bank of Montreal seems to be leading the pack in appealing to small business accounts. One of its first initiatives was a lending program for small business at a special rate of one per cent below prime, launched in 1991. “No matter how you cut it, small business is Canada,” said Ron Rogers, senior executive vice-president of personal and commercial financial services. “It’s this bank’s No. 1 priority.” He noted that the bank’s share of the small business market has climbed six percentage points to 30 per
cent since 1989 as a result of the bank’s new attention to that market. In part, however, the Bank of Montreal was able to take such an aggressive lending approach because it had alienated parts of the small business market in the 1980s with some unpopular policy changes and as a result had a smaller proportion of the small business market when the recession began.
Meanwhile, the banks are also grappling with the question of lending to the emerging so-called knowledge-based industries, such as software design and computer services, in which the assets are people and ideas—not equipment and real estate.
Herman Turkstra, a lawyer in Hamilton who has represented many small and mediumsized businesses, believes that it is that rigid asset-based lending approach that largely contributed to the severity of credit crunch. Unlike many U.S. banks that are so-called venture lenders, basing their loans on a company’s business prospects, Canadian lending is traditionally based on hard asset values. Canadian banks prefer to reduce their risk as much as possible by making loans only if they are secured by tangible assets worth more than the money they lend. During the recession— when many assets, especially real estate, fell
‘Q: If you had to start all over again, what would you wish for?
A : If I had to begin again, I would become a bank.’
Toni Varone, president of Varone Group, testifying before the House of Commons industry committee
in value—banks came under pressure to reduce their loans proportionately. Head offices instructed their national network of branch managers and credit officers to either reduce the size of many outstanding business loans or to have their customers put up more assets as security for the loans.
Clearly, branch staff were under pressure from above. “There were times,” said Turkstra, “when we were dealing with bankers who were worried about losing their own jobs.” Bellan, whose own company suffered but managed to escape closure, adds: “I’d go in to see my account manager and I realized that he was terrified of me. When he looked at me all he could see was a big ‘RISK’ sign flashing over my head. Entrepreneurs are risk-takers and banks are risk-averse.”
Now, as the banks begin the process of
re-examining their entrenched asset-based approach to lending, they are starting with the industries that are expected to thrive in the economy of the information age. “They’re beginning to try some experimental things, especially in the Kitchener-Waterloo technology triangle,” said MP Mills. “It’s a good thing, too. Bill Gates wouldn’t have been financed by a Canadian bank.” Gates is the 38-year-old Wunderkind who became one of the richest men in the United States after founding software giant Microsoft Corp. in 1976.
However the banks redirect their efforts now, their record during the recession has left a bitter legacy. In Lakefield, Rick Lyons notes that other local business people have had an even harder time than he has weathering the storm. A few shops have already
closed and several more are teetering on the verge of failure. Relations with the banks in the town are so tense that when the owner of a video rental outlet suddenly committed suicide in his store in February, other shopkeepers immediately speculated that it was caused by the credit crunch. His family says that it does not have any other answer. Said his brother Mark Medland: “Business was slow. He had a bank loan. He had borrowed some money from me. I don’t have any proof, but all I can figure out is that he was under financial pressure.” But for others in the small business community, a growing awareness of such pressures and the government’s commitment to address them may bring some relief.
From prisoner to president
April 1994 By BRUCE WALLACE
Potholes on the information highway
April 1994 By GEORGE BAIN
THE NATION'S BUSINESS
To kill a people— dash their dream
April 1994 By Peter C. Newman
TAKING AIM ON GUNS
QUEBEC & ONTARIO DIRECTORY
The Paramount connection
April 1994 By MARCI MCDONALD
NORTEL TRIPS AGAIN
March 2004 By ROBERT SHEPPARD
THE PAPER TRAIL
March 2004 By PATRICIA TREBLE
March 2004 By MICHAEL SNIDER
A TALE OF TWO CHANS
May 1993 By BRENDA DALGLISH
LOGGING PROFITS
March 1993 By BRENDA DALGLISH
EDPER FIGHTS BACK
November 1990 By BRENDA DALGLISH
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“What I found in the story (of Jesus) was an incredibly revolutionary figure.”
“Like many people, my sense of who Jesus was was primarily informed by the prevailing culture. The Jesus that I knew was really the Jesus I saw on TV and in movies, the Jesus depicted from the pulpit, and later the Jesus that I found when I studied the mystics, which was a mystical Jesus. These were the faces of Jesus that I had gotten to know through the first thirty-five years of my life. It may look strange, but even through all my study of the Christian mystics I had never actually sat down and read the four Gospels. I never really read through the biblical story of Jesus. And when I did, I was amazed, even stunned by what I found.” Adyashanti
THE JESUS OF THE GOSPELS
“Jesus said, 'I have cast fire upon the world,
and see, I am guarding it until it blazes.' GOSPEL OF THOMAS
Now let's fast-forward a dozen years. My Zen teacher had at this point asked me to teach, and I began sharing the dharma—giving talks, having retreats, following the trajectory of a contemporary spiritual teacher. I have never felt like it was my aim as a teacher to spread Buddhism, and in fact my teacher didn't even ask me to try to do that. What attracted me to spirituality at the very beginning-the question, "What is enlightenment?”-is what I'm primarily interested in as a teacher and what I'm there to awaken in the hearts and minds of the people who come to be with me.
In the course of my teaching, I discovered that whenever I talk about the Jesus story, it tends to resonate with people. That's not surprising, because the Western mind has been dominated by Christianity for more than two thousand years, so whether you're Jewish, Buddhist, Muslim, or even atheist, you can't help but be impacted by this story. This fact alone makes the story worthy of re-examining, and in doing so, we might find that the Jesus we've been told about is very different from the Jesus in the Gospels. That's what I hope to investigate.
Reading the Good News
Like many people, my sense of who Jesus was was primarily informed by the prevailing culture. The Jesus that I knew was really the Jesus I saw on TV and in movies, the Jesus depicted from the pulpit, and later the Jesus that I found when I studied the mystics, which was a mystical Jesus. These were the faces of Jesus that I had gotten to know through the first thirty-five years of my life. It may look strange, but even through all my study of the Christian mystics. I had never actually sat down and read the four Gospels. I never really read through the biblical story of Jesus. And when I did, I was amazed, even stunned by what I found.
The Jesus that I found in the Gospels wasn't like the Jesus that I had absorbed through my culture or even the Jesus brought to life by the mystics. What I found in the story was an incredibly revolutionary figure, someone who broke down barriers and lines of separation, whether in the culture at large, in the political arena, or in the religion that he was brought up in. When I read the Gospels, something in me deeply connected with Jesus the revolutionary mystic, the one who is actually courageous enough to move through life guided and inspired by the dynamic of his spiritual essence. Seeing Jesus through the lens of the spiritual revolutionary is powerfully transformative; if we can embody that spirit within ourselves, we can begin to break down the internal walls that separate ourselves from each other, from the world, and from our own divinity.
There are many lenses through which to view the Jesus story. Jesus the revolutionary is, I believe, one of the most powerful lenses for our contemporary spiritual culture. Our contemporary culture and religion needs an influx of new life. I think the churches in this country need to be revitalized; they need that challenging presence of Jesus that says, "it's important that you realize the truth of your being. There are profound consequences to living in darkness.” As Jesus says in the Gospel of Thomas, "If you do not bring forth what is within you, what you do not bring forth will destroy you.” [Gospel of Thomas 70].”
Resurrecting Jesus: Embodying the Spirit of a Revolutionary Mystic
Adyashanti, Sounds True, 2014, pp. 15-17
Resurrecting Jesus
Embodying the Spirit of a Revolutionary Mystic
“The story of Jesus has not waned in its power to change lives. Yet today, even though the majority of us grew up in a culture suffused by the mythos of Jesus, many of us feel disconnected from the essence and vitality of his teachings. With Resurrecting Jesus, Adyashanti invites us to rediscover the life and teachings of Jesus as a direct path to what may be the most radical of transformations: spiritual awakening.
Jesus crossed all of the boundary lines that separated the people of his time because he viewed the world from the perspective of what unites us, not what divides us. In Resurrecting Jesus, Adyashanti asks us to consider the man known as Jesus as an exemplar of the realized state and a model of enlightened engagement with the world. He examines the story of Jesus from his birth to the Resurrection to reveal how the central events in Jesus' life parallel the stages of awakening that we may be called to experience ourselves. Adyashanti then illuminates five central archetypes of the Jesus story—Peter, John, Mary Magdalene, Judas, and Pontius Pilate—and the key insights they hold about the way we may relate to the spiritual impulse within.
'When the eternal and the human meet,' writes Adyashanti, 'that's where love is born—not through escaping our humanity or trying to disappear into transcendence, but through finding that place where they come into union.' Resurrecting Jesus is a book for realizing this union in your own life, from one moment to the next, with heart and mind wide open to the mystery that lives inside us all.”
http://www.adyashanti.org/index
Web (December 23, 2014)
Amazon.com Customer Reviews
Review of Resurrecting Jesus
By Gina Lake on April 8, 2014
“I really enjoyed this book. I listened to it on audiobook. As a teacher myself and lover of Jesus, I was fascinated to hear what Adyashanti, a truly wonderful and clear nondual teacher, had to say about Jesus and his life. Adyashanti beautifully and eloquently explained the metaphorical meaning of the Jesus story and how Jesus's life symbolized the journey of awakening and enlightenment. Throughout the book, Adya deftly wove his understanding of Jesus's teachings and the Jesus story with what Adya himself has been teaching these many years, tying the teachings of Christ with present-day nondual teachings, as only someone like Adya could do. I was impressed with Adya's knowledge of the gospels and, most of all, with the love he has for Jesus and the Christian mystics. Adya's own heart was very apparent in this book. If you are interested in this subject, you will not be disappointed. Adya was courageous in tackling this subject, but his interest in Jesus has obviously been lifelong and passionate enough to make him just the right instrument for it.”
A fresh, new look at Jesus, the revolutionary mystic
By Yana E. Murphy on May 17, 2014
“'Resurrecting Jesus' is not, and may never be, sanctioned by the RC Church. It is, however, a deep look at 'the Jesus story' from an American (Californian!) Zen practitioner who is himself, by all indications, 'awakened'.
Adyashanti describes the awakened state as something completely within reach for each of us. He sees Jesus as both human and divine (awakened) whose divinity took root during his baptism by John, the one who lived 'on the fringe of society.'
What I found refreshing as the story itself is how Adyashanti weaves us into it, suggesting that 'until we pour ourselves into the story, until we become the story in ourselves, in our blood, flesh, and bones, it doesn't fully come alive.' At the end, he looks at five main characters/archetypes, besides Jesus, who exemplify personalities and 'the spiritual impulse' that we can relate to: Peter, John, Judas, Pontius Pilate, and Mary Magdalene.
'Life is this simple: we are living in a world
that is absolutely transparent and the divine
is shining through it all the time. This is not
just a nice story or a fable, it is true.' Thomas Merton
The same is true for this book.”
I recommend to those who are seeking truth, not religious dogma. By Sally S. on July 22, 2014
“I found the book to be an awakening experience. I was brought up with religious dogma as the center of my life. I was continually questioning the teachings of the church and even as a child challenged the interpretations. I have read the bible from front to back more than once seeking truth. But it never aligned with my core being when I used the church's interpretations. After reading Resurrecting Jesus and studying other religions I am free of the dogma and feel comfortable with my own understanding and belief in what this life is all about.”
http://www.amazon.com/Resurrecting-Jesus-Embodying-Spirit-Revolutionary/dp/162203094X
"There is something new and startling in both his person and his teaching that defies the categories provided by the world and culture in which he lived.”
“A Christian view of culture and human history, which are intimately linked, looks to creation and the role of a creating God. At the center of the life and teaching of Jesus of Nazareth stand his convictions about the reigning presence of God as creator and Sovereign. This is most evident in his teaching through the parables of the kingdom.
The Parables and the Kingdom
The notion of God as sovereign over the whole of creation, and especially in the divine role at the center of God's human creation, was found in the Old Testament (see, for example, Pss 22:28; 45:6; 103:19; 145:11-13; Dan 4:3, 34; 1 Chr 17:14; 29:11). The creator God made all things perfectly (see especially Gen 1:1-2:4). As creator, however, YHWH also saves, judges, and loves a people with whom he has forged a covenant. Thus the Old Testament notion of God as Sovereign also carried with it the idea of an end-time, a 'day of the Lord' that would spell the end of human history and the final manifestation of God's rule (see, for example, Isa 2:2-4, 24-27; 24:21-23, 32:22; 52:7-10; Micah 2:12-13; 4:1-7; Obadiah 21, Zechariah 9-14).
Jesus uses the term to refer to a future decisive intervention of God into the affairs of men and women, where the false values of the world would be reversed and the values of God established (see, for example, Matt 5:3-12//Luke 6:20-23). He used the traditional symbols, such as the 'messianic banquet,' to express this idea (see especially Matt 8:11; the same symbolism may be behind John 2:1-11). He also spoke of a final blessed state into which the redeemed would 'enter,' which they would 'inherit' or 'receive' at some point in the future (se, for example, Mark 9:47; 10:14-15, 23-25; Matt 5:20; 7:21; 21:31). Such a usage can be explained in terms of Israel's idea of God as sovereign, and especially in terms of the apocalyptic use of the expression 'Kingdom of God' which, although rare, is to be found in the Judaism of the time of Jesus. Such background, however, cannot explain the person and teaching of Jesus. There is something new and startling in both his person and his teaching that defies the categories provided by the world and culture in which he lived. It is clearest in all its radical nature in Jesus' insistence that in his person and activity God's decisive intervention was already present: 'But if it is by the finger of God that I cast out the demons, then the Kingdom of God has come to you (Luke 11:20//Matt 12:28.' While there are other isolated sayings of Jesus that are similarly significant in this regard (see especially Matt 11:12-14 and Luke 17:20-21), contemporary parable study is showing with increasing clarity that in Jesus of Nazareth the ways of God were being reestablished.”
A Hard Saying: The Gospel and Culture
Francis J. Moloney, Michael Glazier (July 1, 2001) p. 186-7
"The Raising of Lazarus" by Eduard von Gebhardt, from 1896. Credit Corbis, via Getty Images “Consider that Jesus was incarnated in a human body. He was a child in need of care and protection. He was a carpenter, a craftsman who worked creatively with his hands. His first miracle was at the wedding in Cana, where he transformed water into wine. There was joy and purpose to be found in the commonplace. The Incarnation also bestowed worth on people considered contemptible, unessential and valueless — "the least of these," as Jesus put it.
Indeed, one of the indictments of him by the religious authorities of his day was that he was a "friend of sinners.” Jesus' love was "undiscriminating and inclusive," according to the writer Garry Wills, "not gradated and exclusive.” He spent most of his time with those who were forsaken, poor, powerless and considered unclean. In a patriarchal society, Jesus gave women an honored place. He not only associated with them, but they were among his disciples, the object of his public praise, the first people he spoke to after his resurrection.
The most intense confrontations Jesus had weren't with those with loose morals but with religious leaders, the upholders of the "holiness code" whom he called out for their arrogance, hypocrisy and lack of mercy. In the Temple courts, Jesus told the chief priests, "I tell you the truth, the tax collectors and the prostitutes are entering the kingdom of God ahead of you.” In the words of Professor Wills, "He walks through social barriers and taboos as if they were cobwebs.”"
New York Times, 24 December 2016
The Love that the Paraclete Jesus taught about is an energy field in which to live, a state of non-dual consciousness in which one passes out of death into life.”
‘You have heard that it was said, ’You shall love your neighbour and hate your enemy.’ But I say to you, Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you, so that you may be sons of your Father who is in heaven. For he makes his sun rise on the evil and on the good, and sends rain on the just and on the unjust.’ (Jesus Christ - Matthew 5:43-45)
‘Truly, truly, I say to you, he who hears My word, and believes Him who sent Me, has eternal life, and does not come into judgment, but has passed out of death into life.’ (Jesus Christ ’ John 5:24)
‘I am the true vine, and My Father is the vine-dresser’ Abide in Me, and I in you. As the branch cannot bear fruit of itself, unless it abides in the vine, so neither can you, unless you abide in Me. I am the vine, you are the branches; he who abides in Me, and I in him, he bears much fruit; for apart from Me you can do nothing.’ (Jesus Christ - John 15: 1, 4, 5)
‘Truly, truly, I say to you, he who believes in Me, the works that I do shall he do also; and greater works than these shall he do; because I go to the Father.’ (Jesus Christ ’ John 14:16-17)
“... Jesus taught a way of being that involved profound personal change which centered on what we have to render in English by the poverty-stricken word ‘love.’ All of his mandates as to how we should live and behave were signposts to keep us in that state, or were realities that we would notice in a person who was living in that state. They were never intended as imperatives to be obeyed, for which we would get a ’reward,’ and for which, if we did not obey, we would be punished later. In the teaching of Jesus ’Love’ is not a virtue to be practiced, but an energy field in which to live.’ Jesus was a Master whose message was based on acquiring a state of non-dual consciousness.’”
Miceal Ledwith, Saving Jesus, Introduction
Edessa Code (2017) p. 19
Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi (1923-2011) was Christian by birth, Hindu by marriage, and Paraclete by duty.
"The Paraclete will come (15:26; 16:7, 8, 13) as Jesus has come into the world (5:43; 16:28; 18:37)... The Paraclete will take the things of Christ (the things that are mine, ek tou emou) and declare them (16:14-15). Bishop Fison describes the humility of the Spirit, 'The true Holy Spirit of God does not advertise Herself: She effaces Herself and advertises Jesus.' ...
It is by the outgoing activity of the Spirit that the divine life communicates itself in and to the creation. The Spirit is God-in-relations. The Paraclete is the divine self-expression which will be and abide with you, and be in you (14:16-17). The Spirit's work is described in terms of utterance: teach you, didasko (14:26), remind you, hypomimnesko (14:26), testify, martyro (15:26), prove wrong, elencho (16:8), guide into truth, hodego (16:13), speak, laleo (16:13, twice), declare, anangello (16:13, 14, 15). The johannine terms describe verbal actions which intend a response in others who will receive (lambano), see (theoreo), or know (ginosko) the Spirit. Such speech-terms link the Spirit with the divine Word. The Spirit's initiatives imply God's personal engagement with humanity. The Spirit comes to be with others; the teaching Spirit implies a community of learners; forgetful persons need a prompter to remind them; one testifies expecting heed to be paid; one speaks and declares in order to be heard. The articulate Spirit is the correlative of the listening, Spirit-informed community. The final Paraclete passage closes with a threefold repetition of the verb she will declare (anangello), 16:13-15. The Spirit will declare the things that are to come (v.13), and she will declare what is Christ's (vv. 14, 15). The things of Christ are a message that must be heralded... " (Stevick 2011, 292-5)
“So to achieve anything divine you have to know one thing, that it is a spontaneous thing. It is the last breakthrough of your evolutionary process and as you have not paid anything to become a human being, you don’t have to pay anything to become a higher personality. But, it’s rather surprising how we try to think in terms of some mundane method of achieving this higher state of awareness. It’s a living process, very simple and just works spontaneously and the power of kundalini which is shown here is your individual Mother. She is the power of pure desire.
As you know, in economics it is said that in general ’wants are not satiable.’ That means the desires jump from one to another, but this is the pure desire of which you may be aware [or] not aware, but which acts and is working within you. That’s why you’re seeking the truth. That’s why you want to know ’What is beyond?’ After all ’why am I here?’ Everybody has this question sometime in life’ ’Why am I on this Earth?’ and ’What am I doing here?’
Now the answer is only in your achieving the state of the Spirit. The state of the Spirit is a state in which you become a new personality with a new dimension of your awareness, which Jung has described. Jung has clearly described that once you get your self-realization you become collectively conscious. So it’s a question of becoming. It’s not just certifying that you are twice born, a realized soul and something of a higher awareness; it is the state into which you jump, the state which you know of and you should also know the modus operandi of the whole thing.
So the yoga has two meanings; one means ’the union’, the other, ’yukti’, means the modus operandi.”
The Messiah-Paraclete-Ruh-Devi
Public Program, Perth, Australia—27 March, 1991
“Jesus promised that those who truly put his teachings into practice would do all the wonders he did and greater. Why then, even after 2,000 years, has there never yet been any significant sign of these wonders happening in any of the more than 20,000 Christian Churches and Congregations that are proud to bear his name today? The Crucifixion took place on the eve of Passover. That major Jewish Festival centered on the sacrifice of a lamb on the altar of the Temple. The shedding of its blood was believed to wash our sins in the sight of God. It was almost inevitable that the earliest followers of Jesus would have tied Jesus to the Sacrificial Lamb of Passover. Over the centuries this warped belief that Jesus is a Suffering Savior, who came here to die for our sins, has dealt a crippling blow to the emergence of the spiritual power that he promised us. There is hope. This book assaults those crippling beliefs by an investigation that ranges through history, the religious mindset, and the workings of the brain. It shows how we can learn to change these deeply embedded and subconscious programs. As Jesus said: ’Those who have ears to hear let them hear.&rquo;” (Ledwith 2017 back-cover)
Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi (1923-2011):
Christian by birth, Hindu by marriage,
and Paraclete by duty.
"The twelfth century Calabrian abbot Joachim
of Fiore (c. 1132-1202) envisioned a trinitarian
history of humankind in three grand statuses,
namely the age of the Father, the age of the Son,
and finally, a third age yet to come, the age of
the Holy Spirit.” (Varklay 2011 Kindle 306)
“Whatever it is, we have to know also that the Bible is not completely representing Christ, as it has happened with every book. So, there are problems and, as in every religion, people have gone astray from their right path and are spoiling the name of the people who have been divine and who started those religions.
Also, is happened in the Christian nations. Just the opposite of what Christ has said, they are doing.
For us, one has to realize that hecame on this Earth to open our Agnya chakra, which is a very difficult thing. Sahasrara is not difficult as Agnya. Agnya chakra is a very constricted chakra on which he resides.
And he has said, "You have to forgive yourself and forgive others.” This is the mantra of the Agnya chakra.”
THE MOTHER: Messiah-Paraclete-Ruh-Devi
Christmas Puja, Ganapatipule, India—December 27, 1994
"Believers experience the personal presence of
the Paraclete in various ways. The word itself
defies translation, for it bears multiple
meanings, including advocate, intercessor,
comforter, and proclaimer. The Greek word
parakletos refers to one who is called (kletos)
alongside (para)'’and the Paraclete is called
alongside believers in a variety of capacities.”
(Gench 2009, p. 103)
“Before we start, the celebrations of the birth of Christ, we have to little bit review what we have done after His Birth, so that we understand where do we stand in relation to Him. For he was the Son of a Virgin so that even the slightest blot on His name should not be created. Because he was to do the greatest job, of creating for us Agnya awareness, which would help us to suck in all our sins, all our conditionings, and all our egos. And the great personality was created for such a great work within ourselves. But unfortunately, we have spoilt both these institutions within us to such an extent that it is the most difficult task to give realization to Christians...
We have to be clean. We have to be resurrected. We are resurrected people. Christ has resurrected us. But you have to think how much he has to work for us. The more you try to be in unison with negativity, we harm him more, we torture him more, we trouble him more. The one who was born in the manger in the most difficult circumstances, where everybody requires comfort, who from the very beginning went through hazardous life till His death. His birth itself, you can see, was in a cow shed. None of you are born in a cow shed. And while the Christians are so particular about comforts, most surprising is, why Christ was born in a cow shed? In a very, very cold night Christ was born. Nothing much to cover; sparkling beauty it was.
Now we have to keep him within ourselves comfortably. We are not going to give him that manger in our Agnya Chakra. Manger of thoughts and a crown of thought-that we are not going to give Him. We are going to make him comfortable by not accepting negativity as a sympathy. You have to be kind towards your auspiciousness and holiness so that Christ enjoys His stay there in your Agnya. That we do not torture him by our useless ideas, uncomfortable behaviours, inauspicious appearances and unholy acceptance of wrong ideas. Try to respect Him; there he stands. Try to make him very comfortable. I wish I could do that, but he resides in everybody's Agnya Chakra. If he was only in my Agnya, I would have given him the greatest comforts, but he wants to be manifested in every body's Agnya.
So I have to request you as a Mother to look after him, give him a nice cradle, give him a comfortable time, because he is born to give you your resurrection. He has taken up such a great responsibility to suck all your conditioning and to suck all your ego, but that does not mean that you put stones on top of it. it's like, sometimes I find the conditioning of some of the people in the West is so great, that a big mountain is failing on this little child. And sometimes I find a big a bad breath. Horrible breath of ego, it stinks, blowing like a big wind towards the Agnya, horrible stink coming out of this terrible type of a ego. Absolutely not the way to treat the King of Kings who is born within you. You are so respected that Christ is born within your Agnya, but you must respect your Agnya Chakra.
Your attention should be in the Centre so that no wobbliness-imagine put a child-like they say, a child is to put on the wings. So this Agnya Chakra is to be kept very clean, healthy and holy. The attention should be holy. The attention outside is still not very holy, should be detached attention. If you start seeing through your Agnya it should project a power of holiness, so that anybody who looks at your eyes should know that serenity is flowing from these eyes, and not lust and greed and aggression. All this we can achieve because we have got Christ within our Agnya. Accept him there. He is born, yet to grow. I am sure Sahaja Yogis will understand the importance of the Agnya Chakra.”
Christmas Eve Talk, Pune, India—December 24, 1982
THE APOCALYPSE OF THE SPIRIT-PARACLETE
The fulfillment of eschatological instruction promised by Jesus
“The original meaning of the word ‘apocalypse’, derived from the Greek apokalypsis, is in fact not the cataclysmic end of the world, but an ‘unveiling’, or ‘revelation’, a means whereby one gains insight into the present.” (Kovacs, 2013, 2) An apocalypse (Greek: apokalypsis meaning “an uncovering”) is in religious contexts knowledge or revelation, a disclosure of something hidden, “a vision of heavenly secrets that can make sense of earthly realities.” (Ehrman 2014, 59)
Total number of recorded talks 3058: Public Programs 1178, Pujas 651, and other (private conversations) 1249
“The Paraclete will come (15:26; 16:7, 8, 13) as Jesus has come into the world (5:43; 16:28; 18:37)... The Paraclete will take the things of Christ (the things that are mine, ek tou emou) and declare them (16:14-15). Bishop Fison describes the humility of the Spirit, 'The true Holy Spirit of God does not advertise Herself: She effaces Herself and advertises Jesus.' ...
It is by the outgoing activity of the Spirit that the divine life communicates itself in and to the creation. The Spirit is God-in-relations. The Paraclete is the divine self-expression which will be and abide with you, and be in you (14:16-17). The Spirit's work is described in terms of utterance: teach you, didasko (14:26), remind you, hypomimnesko (14:26), testify, martyro (15:26), prove wrong, elencho (16:8), guide into truth, hodego (16:13), speak, laleo (16:13, twice), declare, anangello (16:13, 14, 15). The johannine terms describe verbal actions which intend a response in others who will receive (lambano), see (theoreo), or know (ginosko) the Spirit. Such speech-terms link the Spirit with the divine Word. The Spirit's initiatives imply God's personal engagement with humanity. The Spirit comes to be with others; the teaching Spirit implies a community of learners; forgetful persons need a prompter to remind them; one testifies expecting heed to be paid; one speaks and declares in order to be heard. The articulate Spirit is the correlative of the listening, Spirit-informed community.
The final Paraclete passage closes with a threefold repetition of the verb she will declare (anangello), 16:13-15. The Spirit will declare the things that are to come (v.13), and she will declare what is Christ's (vv. 14, 15). The things of Christ are a message that must be heralded...
The intention of the Spirit of truth is the restoration of an alienated, deceived humanity... The teaching role of the Paraclete tends to be remembered as a major emphasis of the Farewell Discourses, yet only 14:26 says She will teach you all things. (Teaching is, however, implied when 16:13-15 says that the Spirit will guide you into all truth, and will speak and declare.) Franz Mussner remarks that the word used in 14:26, didaskein, "means literally 'teach, instruct,' but in John it nearly always means to reveal.” (Stevick 2011, 292-7)
The Holy Spirit as feminine: Early Christian testimonies and their interpretation,
Johannes van Oort, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Department of Church History and Church Polity, Faculty of Theology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
“The teaching of the Paraclete, as the continuation of Jesus' teaching, must also be understood as the fulfillment of the promise of eschatological divine instruction.”
Stephen E. Witmer, Divine instruction in Early Christianity
“Jesus therefore predicts that God will later send a human being to Earth to take up the role defined by John .i.e. to be a prophet who hears God's words and repeats his message to man.”
M. Bucaille, The Bible, the Qur'n, and Science
“And when Jesus foreannounced another Comforter, He must have intended a Person as distinct and helpful as He had been.”
F. B. Meyer, Love to the Utmost
“The Paraclete has a twofold function: to communicate Christ to believers and, to put the world on trial.”
Robert Kysar, John The Meverick Gospel
“But She—the Spirit, the Paraclete...—will teach you everything.”
Danny Mahar, Aramaic Made EZ)
“Grammatical nonsense but evidence of the theological desire to defeminize the Divine.”
Lucy Reid, She Changes Everything
“The functions of the Paraclete spelled out in verses 13-15... are all acts of open and bold speaking in the highest degree.”
David Fleer, Preaching John's Gospel
“The reaction of the world to the Paraclete will be much the same as the world's reaction was to Jesus.”
Berard L. Marthaler, The Creed: The Apostolic Faith in Contemporary Theology
Bultmann calls the “coming of the Redeemer an 'eschatological event,' 'the turning-point of the ages.”
G. Ladd, A Theology of the New Testament
“The Paraclete equated with the Holy Spirit, is the only mediator of the word of the exalted Christ.”
Benny Thettayil, In Spirit and Truth
“The divine Paraclete, and no lessor agency, must show the world how wrong it was about him who was in the right.”
Daniel B. Stevick , Jesus and His Own: A Commentary on John 13-17
Stephen Smalley asserts that “The Spirit-Paraclete ... in John's Gospel is understood as personal, indeed, as a person.”
Marianne Thompson, The God of the Gospel of John
“The Messiah will come and the great age of salvation will dawn (for the pious).”
Eric Eve, The Jewish context of Jesus' Miracles
“The remembrance is to relive and re-enact the Christ event, to bring about new eschatological decision in time and space.”
Daniel Rathnakara Sadananda, The Johannine Exegesis of God
“The Spirit acts in such an international situation as the revealer of 'judgment' on the powers that rule the world.”
Michael Welker, God the Spirit
The Paraclete's “Appearance means that sin, righteousness, and judgment will be revealed.”
Georg Strecker, Theology of the New Testament
“While the Spirit-Paraclete is the true broker, the brokers they rely on are impostors.”
T. G. Brown, Spirit in the writings of John
“The pneumatological activity ... of the Paraclete ... may most helpfully be considered in terms of the salvific working of the hidden Spirit.”
Michael Welker, The work of the Spirit
“The pneuma is the peculiar power by which the word becomes the words of eternal life.”
Robert Kysar, Voyages with John
“The gift of peace, therefore, is intimately associated with the gift of the Spirit-Paraclete.”
Francis J. Moloney, The Gospel of John
“This utopian hope, even when modestly expressed, links Jesus and the prophets to a much wider history of human longing.”
Harvey Cox, The Future of Faith
“Because of the presence of the Paraclete in the life of the believer, the blessings of the end-times—the eschaton—are already present.”
Robert Kysar, John
“They are going, by the Holy Spirit's power, to be part of the greatest miracle of all, bringing men to salvation.”
R. Picirilli, The Randall House Bible Commentary
“The Kingdom of God stands as a comprehensive term for all that the messianic salvation included... is something to be sought here and now (Mt. 6:33) and to be received as children receive a gift (Mk. 10:15 = Lk. 18:16-17).”
Lessons for Living Found in Views of the Last Judgment
By PETER STEINFELS JAN. 20, 2007
“The image of the God who judges in wrath has caused a great deal of spiritual damage," Professor Moltmann will be telling his listeners.
But he is not satisfied with the alternative that makes eternal destiny simply a matter of the individual's own choice of whether to reject God. In that case, Professor Moltmann says, the Last Judgment becomes no more than
the ultimate endorsement of our free will." God really has nothing much to do with it beyond implementing the human outcome; in short, "we are the lords, and God is our servant," he says.
The alternative, in Professor Moltmann's view, is to put Jesus Christ at the center of this final drama. "It is high time to Christianize our traditional images and perceptions of God's Final Judgment," he says.
Any Last Judgment with Christ at the center must answer the cries of human victims for justice, without simply meting out vengeance on the perpetrators of injustice, Professor Moltmann suggests. A Christian eschatological vision would involve not the retributive justice of human courts but "God's creative justice," which can heal and restore the victims and transform the perpetrators.
The goal of a final judgment, in this interpretation, is not reward and punishment but victory over all that is godless, which he calls "a great Day of Reconciliation." Professor Moltmann argues for the universal preservation and salvation not only of humans, as individuals and as members of groups, but also of all living creatures. It has been "a fatal mistake of Christian tradition in doctrine and spirituality," he argues, to emphasize the "end of the old age" rather than "the new world of God," the beginning of the "life of the world to come."
This resurrected life will be bodily and worldly, and its expectation, he says, should teach people to "give ourselves wholeheartedly to this life here and surrender in love" to its “beauties and pains.”
New York Times, Lessons for Living Found in Views of the Last Judgment
“But today is the day I declare that I am the one who has to save the humanity. I declare I am the one who is Adishakti, who is the Mother of all the Mothers, who is the Primordial Mother, the Shakti, the desire of God, who has incarnated on this Earth to give its meaning to itself; to this creation, to human beings and I am sure through My Love and patience and My powers I am going to achieve it.
I was the one who was born again and again. But now in my complete form and complete powers I have come on this Earth not only for salvation of human beings, not only for their emancipation, but for granting them the Kingdom of Heaven, the joy, the bliss that your Father wants to bestow upon you.”
THE MOTHER: Messiah-Paraclete-Ruh
London, UK—December 2, 1979
“I am the one about which Christ has talked... I am the Holy Spirit who has incarnated on this Earth for your realization.”
New York, USA—September 30, 1981
“But to communicate with the people, to communicate with the Spirit—to understand the Kundalini, the vibrations, and their different decodings and all that—the Holy Spirit had to come; with Her mouth, and with Her voice, and with Her intelligence that is intelligible to you; with the knowledge, and everything.
Otherwise it is not possible to communicate and that's why if somebody has to come you have to just recognize. Recognition is the best way of understanding the powers that are given to you...
So somebody has to be there to give you the complete picture. You get Realization, you get vibrations (Ruach, Pneuma, Prana), but then what? What about the complete? And for that the Holy Ghost has to take a form. All right?”
Sydney, Australia—April 7, 1981
"Without the Spirit, the Son is the way, and the truth and the life, but without actualization.... Without the mission of the Spirit no one can grasp the hem of the Son's garment, we never receive the eternal life extended to us, the sending of the Son is a dispatch into a void, a messenger who never arrives, a light illumination nothing, a road to nowhere, and the resurrection is a non-event.... Without the mission of the Son the Spirit is a hand deprived of somehting to grasp, lacking a mystery to be present to, devoid of a mystery to make real in history and in our hearts, doivested of a ministry to empower, bereft of children to transform into daughters and sons, wanting in offspring to gather into unity in the church and in human communiaction.” McDonnell (2003) 228-9
Guest: “Hello Mother.”
Shri Mataji: “Yes.”
Guest: “I wanted to know, is the Cool Breeze (Pneuma) that you have spoken about, you feel on the hands the Cool Wind of the Holy Spirit, as spoken about in the Bible?”
Shri Mataji: “Yes. Yes, yes, same thing, same thing. You have done the good job now, I must say.”
Interviewer: “Is it the Holy Spirit?”
Shri Mataji: “Yes, of course, is the Holy Spirit.”
Guest: “Aha... I am feeling it now on my hand through the [not clear]”
Shri Mataji: “It’s good.”
Interviewer: “Did you want to say anything more than that?”
Guest: “No, I just... That’s all I wanted to know because I...”
Shri Mataji: “Because you are thoughtless now. Enjoy yourself.”
Guest: “Thank you.”
Talkback Radio 2UE, Sydney, Australia—March 31, 1981
(The guest experienced the Cool Breeze [Pneuma/Prana/Chi] of the Spirit through the baptism [second birth by Spirit/Kundalini awakening]” given by the Comforter Shri Mataji over the radio. )
Second Guest: “I just want to ask Mother about a quotation from the Bible.”
Interviewer: “Yes, what’s that?”
Guest: “It says, ‘But the comfort of the Holy Spirit that the Father will send in My name would teach you all things.’ I would like to ask Her about that.”
Interviewer: “Could you just repeat the quotation again?”
Guest: “But the Comforter, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in My name, will teach you all things.”
Interviewer: “And that’s from where?”
Guest: “John chapter 14, verse 26.”
Shri Mataji: “I think you should take your realization and then you will know the answer to it. Because, logically if it points out to one person, then you have to reach the conclusion, isn’t it? That’s a logical way of looking at things. But I am not going to say anything or claim anything. It is better you people find out yourself.”
Interviewer: “Does that answer your question?”
Guest: “Is the, is the Comforter on the Earth at the present time? Has the Comforter incarnated? Mataji should be able to tell us this because She said that through these vibrations on Her hands, She ...”
Shri Mataji: “Yes, She is very much here and She’s talking to you now. Can you believe that?”
Guest: “Well, I feel something cool [Pneuma/Prana/Chi] on my hand. Is that some indication of the ...?”
Shri Mataji: “Yes, very much so. So that’s the proof of the thing. You’ve already started feeling it in your hands.”
Guest: “Can I?”
Shri Mataji: “Ask the question, ‘Mother, are you the Comforter?’”
Guest: “Mother, are you the Comforter?”
Shri Mataji: “Ask it thrice.”
Shri Mataji: “Again.”
Shri Mataji: “Now, what do you get?”
Guest: “Oh, I feel this kind of cool tingling [Pneuma/Prana/Chi] passing all through my body.”
Shri Mataji: “That’s the answer now.”
(Another guest also experienced the Cool Breeze [Pneuma/Prana/Chi] of the Spirit through the baptism [second birth by Spirit/Kundalini awakening]” given by the Comforter Shri Mataji over the radio. )
Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi (1923-2011): Christian by birth, Hindu by marriage and Paraclete by duty.
“The Paraclete and the disciples (vv. 25-26): The theme of departure (cf. vv. 1-6; vv. 18-24) returns. There are two "times" in the experience of the disciples: the now as Jesus speaks to them (v. 25) and the future time when the Paraclete, the Holy Spirit, sent by the Father in the name of Jesus, will be with them (v. 26). The Paraclete will replace Jesus' physical presence, teaching them all things and recalling for them everything he has said (v. 26). As Jesus is the Sent One of the Father (cf. 4:34; 5:23; 24, 30, 37; 6:38-40; 7:16; 8:16, 18, 26; 12:44-49), so is the Paraclete sent by the Father. The mission and purpose of the former Paraclete, Jesus (cf. 14:13-14), who speaks and teaches "his own" will continue into the mission and purpose of the "other Paraclete" (cf. v. 16) who teaches and brings back the memory of all that Jesus has said. The time of Jesus is intimately linked with the time after Jesus, and the accepted meaning of a departure has been undermined. The inability of the disciples to understand the words and deeds of Jesus will be overcome as they "remember" what he had said (cf. 2:22) and what had been written of him and done to him (cf. 12:16). The "remembering" will be the fruit of the presence of the Paraclete with the disciples in the in-between-time. In v. 16 Jesus focused on the inability of the world to know the Paraclete, but in v. 26 the gift of the Paraclete to "his own" is developed. As Jesus was with the disciples (v. 25), so will the Paraclete be with the disciples in the midst of hostility and rejection (v. 16). As the story has insisted that Jesus' teaching has revealed God to his disciples, so will the Paraclete recall and continue Jesus' revelation of God to the disciples (v. 26).” (Harrington 1998, 412)
“This is the transformation that has worked, of which Christ has talked, Mohammed Sahib has talked, everybody has talked about this particular time when people will get transformed.”
Chistmas Puja, Ganapatipule, India—25 December 1997
“The Resurrection of Christ has to now be collective Resurrection. This is what is Mahayoga. Has to be the collective Resurrection.”
Easter Puja, London, UK—11 April 1982
“Today, Sahaja Yaga has reached the state of Mahayoga, which is en-masse evolution manifested through it. It is this day’s Yuga Dharma. It is the way the Last Judgment is taking place. Announce it to all the seekers of truth, to all the nations of the world, so that nobody misses the blessings of the divine to achieve their meaning, their absolute, their Spirit.”
MAHA AVATAR, ISSUE 1, JUL-SEP 1980
“The main thing that one has to understand is that the time has come for you to get all that is promised in the scriptures, not only in the Bible but all all the scriptures of the world. The time has come today that you have to become a Christian, a Brahmin, a Pir, through your Kundalini awakening only. There is no other way. And that your Last Judgment is also now.”
“You see, the Holy Ghost is the Mother. When they say about the Holy Ghost, She is the Mother... Now, the principle of Mother is in every, every scripture — has to be there. Now, the Mother's character is that She is the one who is the Womb, She is the one who is the Mother Earth, and She is the one who nourishes you. She nourishes us. You know that. And this Feminine thing in every human being resides as this Kundalini.”
Radio Interview, Santa Cruz, USA—1 October 1983
“But there is a Primordial Mother which was accepted by all the religions; even the Jews had it... In India, this is called as Adi Shakti. In every religion they had this Mother who was the Primordial Mother.”
TV Interview, Los Angeles, USA—11 October 1993
The Paraclete Shri Mataji (1923-2011)
Total number of Recorded Talks 3058, Public Programs 1178, Pujas 651, and other (private conversations) 1249
“What are they awaiting but for the Hour to come upon them suddenly? Its Signs have already come. What good will their Reminder be to them when it does arrive?” (Qur'n, 47:18) “As the above verse indicates, God has revealed some of Doomsday's signs in the Qur'n. In Surat az-Zukhruf 43:61, God informs us that 'He [Jesus] is a Sign of the Hour. Have no doubt about it...' Thus we can say, based particularly on Islamic sources but also on the Old Testament and the New Testament, that we are living in the End Times.” Harun Yahya
Good News (An Naba) of Resurrection (Al-Qiyamah): Videos 3474, Audios 1945, Transcripts 3262 and Events 2413
“Concerning what are they disputing?
Concerning the Great News. [5889]
About which they cannot agree.
Verily, they shall soon (come to) know!
Verily, verily they shall soon (come to) know!”
surah 78:1-5 An Naba (The Great News)
5889. Great News: usually understood to mean the News or Message of the Resurrection.
Abdullah Yusuf Ali, The Holy Qur'n
Amana Corporation, 1989
[Moderator]: “Any other questions?”
[Audience]: “Pardon me for asking this question, but, earlier you talked about the Resurrection and you mentioned about the scriptures, where like in the Hindus scriptures they talk about the Kalki Avatar who will come for the Resurrection, and for the Christians, I know they talk about the return of Christ and all the religions talk about this Resurrection and the belief in the coming of the Messiah. So I just want to know since you say you are going to give the resurrection to us, what is your station?”
Shri Mataji: “In Russia?”
[Audience]: “And are you the promised Messiah? Shri Mataji, are you?”
Shri Mataji: “I see now I am not going to tell you anything about myself, to be very frank. Because see Christ said He was the Son of God, and they crucified Him. I don't want to get crucified. You have to find out. When you become the Spirit you will know what I am. I don't want to say anything about myself.”
Toronto, Canada—October 5, 1993
“Jesus then goes on the offensive against the scribes and Pharisees, pronouncing seven woes against them (Matt. 23:1-36). The final woe identifiers them with all those in Israel's history who have murdered and opposed the prophets. From Abel to Zechariah, all the blood of the righteous will come on them as they typologically fulfill this pattern in the murder of Jesus (23:29-36). They are the wicked tenants who think to kill the son and take his inheritance (21:38). They are seed of the serpent, a brood of vipers (23:33). Their house (the temple?) is desolate, and they will not see Jesus again until they bless him as he comes in the name of the Lord (23:37-39). Somehow, through the judgments Jesus announces against them, salvation will apparently come even for the people of Israel. As Olmstead puts it, Matthew "dares to hope for the day when many of Israel's sons and daughters will embrace Israel's Messiah (23:39), and in that hope engages in a continued mission in her.”” Hamilton 2010, 377
“It is the Mother who can awaken the Kundalini, and that the Kundalini is your own Mother. She is the Holy Ghost within you, the Adi Shakti, and She Herself achieves your transformation. By any talk, by any rationality, by anything, it cannot be done.”
“She is your pure Mother. She is the Mother who is individually with you. Forget your concepts, and forget your identifications. Please try to understand She is your Mother, waiting for ages to give you your real birth. She is the Holy Ghost within you. She has to give you your realization, and She's just waiting and waiting to do it.”
Sydney, Australia—Mar 22 1981
“The Kundalini is your own mother; your individual mother. And She has tape-recorded all your past and your aspirations. Everything! And She rises because She wants to give you your second birth. But She is your individual mother. You don't share Her with anybody else. Yours is a different, somebody else's is different because the tape-recording is different. We say She is the reflection of the Adi Shakti who is called as Holy Ghost in the Bible.”
Press Conference July 08 1999—London, UK
“The Great Goddess is both wholly transcendent and fully immanent: beyond space and time, she is yet embodied within all existent beings; without form as pure, infinite consciousness (cit) ... She is the universal, cosmic energy known as Sakti, and the psychophysical, guiding force designated as the Kundalini (Serpent Power) resident within each individual. She is eternal, without origin or birth, yet she is born in this world in age after age, to support those who seek her assistance. Precisely to provide comfort and guidance to her devotees, she presents herself in the Devi Gita to reveal the truths leading both to worldly happiness and to the supreme spiritual goals: dwelling in her Jeweled Island and mergence into her own perfect being.” (Brown, 1998, 2)
Mar 21, 1923—Feb 23, 2011
Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi was
Christian by birth, Hindu by
marriage, and Paraclete by duty.
"The Paraclete represents direct,
intimate divine intervention,
supporting and teaching
believers and challenging the
world, as Jesus did. " (D. Stevick
Jesus and His Own, 2011, 290)
“Now what is the Holy Ghost? The Holy Ghost is the Primordial Mother. But people never talked about Mother. They talked of the Father and the Son. Imagine, a father and a son and no mother. It is absurd. Have you seen any father and a son without a mother? Such an absurd situation comes in that people accepted because it's all mental. Somebody tells you, "No, it's a mystery, there's no Mother," and people accepted it.
But there has to be a Mother and this is the time of Aquarius what we call in Sanskrit as Kumbha, meaning the Aquarius which is the Kundalini, where She nourishes, where She cures you, She redeems you, She guides you, counsels you, and this is the time of the Mother. We had the time of the Father, then of the Son, and now this is the time of the Mother where She has to nourish you, where She has to take you to your ultimate goal that is the Spirit.
The consciousness itself, the way we have been moving in other directions, have been like people think that if a woman starts fighting for her life and then she is asserting the femininity. She is not.
What I'm saying is not meant for women or men. It is meant for every one of us, that we have to become like a mother. Like a Divine Mother, like a person who can nourish people, who can give them love, affection, attention, perseverance, fore-bearing.
This is only possible for a Mother to do it and that motherhood should be awakened in every human being.”
Public Program Day 1, Boston, United States—Oct. 11, 1983
“The reaction of the world to the Paraclete will be much the same as the world's reaction was to Jesus. The world does not know or accept the Paraclete, much as it remained ignorant of Jesus' true identity and rejected him.(5:43; 12:48)... The Paraclete will not teach novel truths or a new revelation but will witness to the full meaning of Jesus' mission and revelation.” B. L. Marthaler 2006, 276
“I was amazed myself when I was born to see such ignorant people quarreling over something which they do not know at all—nothing of that kind. They are so ignorant. They do not know there is Power of God working. They cannot feel it and what are they doing?
Whether they are church people, or temple people, or all these scientists, when they talk about God they are at a level from where they cannot talk. But they are not even conscious that they are that level.
This is why we have to know that despite all efforts to destroy our scriptures this Knowledge that you have to become something else— that you are to be reborn—this Knowledge they could not destroy.
They have tried to maneuver it for their own advantage. They have tried to use it for their own building up because they had to have big, big buildings, they must have big, big money projects, and sometimes they also must have some business.
How can you do all these things in the name of God? Just think of it. And they are doing all these mad things and they call it God? And the seeker gets absolutely shocked and surprised that he also gets into the whole whirlpool. He just cannot get out of it because he is a seeker. He says, "Let me go and see for myself what it is. Let me burn my finger here and there and find out for myself."
Now I say again, like all these people have said—"You have to be born again!" They have said it to prepare you all for this Time [of the promised Paraclete sent in the name of Jesus Christ to explain and commence the Resurrection].
It's My fortune that I have to do it. It has to happen. If they had said all these things either they were all false and wrong. So I am here to prove it—not that they were wrong in any way but they were the only people who were enlightened. They had an eyesight to see much deeper than what you can see.
So within us lies that Power and that Power is anxious to give you your second birth. That Power lies as shown, lies in the triangular bone of sacrum and you can see with your naked eyes the rising of this Power.
It has nothing to do with what nationality you have come from, what sort of clothes you are wearing, what sort of hair dress you have—it has nothing to do with this but it has to do something with your inner being.
And while in your inner being there are certain problems which you have created out of your ignorance, and this Power being your Mother—your sweet loving Mother who has been born again and again with you—knows your problems and She knows how to correct it.”
London, U.K. — May 12, 1980
“That word, "another"—"He shall give you another Comforter"—is in itself sufficient to prove the Divinity and Personality of the Holy Ghost. If a man promises to send another as his substitute, we naturally expect to see a man like himself, occupying his place, and doing his work. And when Jesus foreannounced another Comforter, He must have intended a Person as distinct and helpful as He had been. A breath, an afflatus, an impersonal influence could not have stood in the same category as Himself.’ (Meyer 2008, 42)
“This is the Last Judgment of your quality. This is the Last Judgment. And one must know that the Last Judgment is not going to come with a big weighing machine. How are we going to know?
Through Kundalini awakening, the Judgment has to take place.
And you are judged and judged and judged. But this Judgment is so beautiful, that you are not damned with anything, you are not completely imprisoned.
But you are given a chance to improve, to reform, to be perfect, and to enjoy the Beauty that is promised, the Beauty that is described, the Beauty that we are, the Beauty that is Truth, that is Bliss, that’s Heaven.”
Why are We Here and What is Our Purpose
Public Program, Hampstead, U.K. — June 6, 1980
Mar 21, 1923—Feb 23, 2011: Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi was Christian by birth, Hindu by marriage, and Paraclete by duty. "The Paraclete represents direct, intimate divine intervention, supporting and teaching believers and challenging the world, as Jesus did." (D. Stevick, Jesus and His Own, 2011, 290)
“They denied Him, defied Him. Now when He's dead, then we think, "It is Christ."
Now I have come.
He has talked about Me. If you read Bible, you'll find He's talked about Me very clearly there.
And I have to do My job and I have come.
You are going to say that it was Christ, who has to do it. If Christ could do it, why did He say that, "I'm going to send you a Comforter?" He talked of [the] future, didn't He?
Why did He say such a thing? We should find out why did He say that, "I will send you the Holy Ghost and the Comforter and the Redeemer and a Counselor?" Why did He say that? Why not look forward to that?
Because we are today after Christ. People don't want to see this point; they want to depend on Christ because He's in their pocket, they can use Him the way they like.
When He has talked, He has said, "Why not see the point?" If this is what Christ is, then it is such a bad thing because people say, "Christ was no good." They say, "What has Christ given us?" Christian nations, what have they done, what have they achieved?
It's a bad name to Him if you do not see [the] completion of His work. I'm here to complete His work...
And the Day of Judgment is today: this is the Day of Judgment; that's why you are confused. This is the Day of Judgment, where you will be judged. And how are you going to be judged?
Through your Kundalini. Your Kundalini is going to be awakened and you'll be judged where you are. That's what it is.
"And those who will be calling Me, 'Christ, Christ' I will not look at them." That's what it is. By calling Him "Christ, Christ" you do not become Christians.
You have to get your Realization, your Baptism in the actual sense. It has to be an actualization.
I'm telling you that if you miss the point, you have missed it forever and ever. Be careful on that point! It's very important. Don't run after things which have no meaning to your consciousness. Try to raise yourself up to this point and understand that the Time has come for you to transform. This is the Time of your Judgment and you have to get to it in a very big way...
Widen yourself. And that's how—though you may think that you are very unassuming, simple people—you are the ones who are going to be. Not those who are successful: they are blinded by their success. Not those who are rich: they are not going to enter into the Kingdom of God. Not those who have a big name — No!
It's you! You are going to enter into the Kingdom of God.
“I believe Easter Sunday 2019 would be worthy of the Devi's explanation of Consciousness.”
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New Age Children
Miracle Photo
Meeting His Messengers
Mayan End Age 12-21-2012
Our Conscious Earth
Adi Shakti's Descent
Witnessing Holy Spirit's Miracles
Jesus' Resurrection
His Human Adversary
Kitab Al Munir
His Light Within
His Universe Within
His Beings Within
Subtle System
Lectures To Earth
Shri Mataji
Drumbeat Of Death
Declaration of the Paraclete
The Paraclete opens the Kingdom of God
Cool Breeze of the Resurrection - BBC 1985
The Supreme Source Of Love 1985
The Great Mother
The Vision Part One
The Vision Part Two
The Vision Part Three
The Vision Part Four
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Weber Center Program Connects Science, Religion, and Faith
August 22, 2019, Adrian, Michigan – As fall brings the busy-ness of a new school year and increased activities, Weber Retreat Center offers a special program to enrich your faith and knowledge.
In a nine-part series, “Painting the Stars: Science, Religion, and Evolving Faith,” Adrian Dominican Sister Esther Kennedy, OP, introduces participants to the ways in which our recent scientific knowledge informs and enriches our faith. Through the study of Catholic theologians and Christian thinkers, Sister Esther helps participants to discover a spirituality for our times. Participants read selected materials ahead of time, and together during the sessions watch a 20-minute video presentation and engage in guided discussion.
Sessions are held from 1:30 to 3:30 p.m. at Weber Center. The first session, on Monday, September 9, 2019, focuses on “Healing the Rift.” Other sessions are on Thursday, September 19, 2019 and Mondays, September 23 and 30 and October 7, 14, and 21. The cost is $30 for the series and $5 for each individual session.
Registration is required and is available at www.webercenter.org; click on “programs.” Registrations may also be made by contacting Weber Center at 517-266-4000 or webercenter@adriandominicans.org.
Weber Center is on the campus of the Adrian Dominican Sisters’ Motherhouse, 1257 E. Siena Heights Drive, Adrian. Enter the Eastern-most driveway of the complex and follow the signs to Weber Center. For information, call the Weber Center at 517-266-4000.
Tagged With: faith, religion, science, Sister Esther Kennedy, spirituality, Weber Retreat and Conference Center / 687 Views
Sisters Reach out to Partners in Mission During National Catholic Sisters Week Program
March 24, 2019, Adrian, Michigan – The Adrian Dominican Sisters Motherhouse Campus celebrated National Catholic Sisters Week (NCSW) by reaching out March 14 to local Partners in Mission – Motherhouse Co-workers, Siena Heights University Torchbearers (faculty and staff members who are specially trained in the Mission of the Adrian Dominican Sisters), and tutors of Adrian Rea Literacy Center.
Begun in 2014, NCSW is recognized March 8-14 to shine a spotlight on the commitment and ministries of U.S. Catholic Sisters. Adrian Dominican Sister Mary Soher, OP, was instrumental in this initiative.
Sister Rosemary Abramovich, OP, Co-chair of the Motherhouse Campus National Catholic Sisters Week Committee, welcomes Partners in Mission to the program.
In recent years, the Adrian Dominican Sisters marked the week with special outreach programs to the Adrian area community. “This year we decided to bring [the NCSW celebration] closer to home with all of us on Siena Heights Drive,” said Sister Rosemary Abramovich, OP, Co-chair of the Campus NCSW Committee.
The Committee invited Torchbearers, tutors, and Sisters to the March 14 Mission Retreat, a program presented four times throughout the year to help the Congregation’s new Co-workers become more steeped in the Mission of the Adrian Dominican Sisters. “The Mission Retreat is all about what our partnership means,” explained Erin Dress, Director of Human Resources.
Sister Esther Kennedy, OP, traced the Congregation’s history from St. Dominic’s original mission in 13th century Spain to combat the heresy that creation is evil and only the spirit is good. He founded the first convent of Dominican cloistered nuns in 1206 in southern France, which, in turn, ultimately founded 11 other convents for women. The Adrian Dominican Sisters trace their history to one of those convents: Holy Cross in Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany, which sent four Sisters to the Americas.
“The seeds of St. Dominic scattered across the ocean, landed in New York, and soon spread to Michigan,” Sister Esther said. The foundation of Sisters who originally came to Adrian to serve at St. Mary and St. Joseph Parishes eventually grew. In 1885, the community became a province of the original New York foundation, and in 1923 became a separate Congregation of Dominican Sisters.
Erin Dress, Director of Human Resources, introduces participants to the Mission Retreat.
“You are bringing forth the seed in this time,” Sister Esther told the participants. “It is a new moment in time for collaboration with people and for working with others in really profound ways.”
Sisters Peg O’Flynn, OP, and Carleen Maly, OP, shared their own call to the Mission as Adrian Dominican Sisters. Sister Peg said that many of her family members served in religious life and that she was pleased to enter the Adrian Dominican Congregation. She currently serves as the Congregation Fleet Coordinator in the Finance Office and as interviewer for a series of videos, Our Dominican Lives: A Sister’s Story. Sister Carleen, Director of the Adrian Rea Literacy Center, recalls hearing a message from God, “Be for more people,” and entering the Congregation in response.
Jennifer Hunter, Executive Director of Campus Services and the daughter of a Lutheran Minister, also shared her story. While working at ProMedica Health Systems, Jennifer received a call from a friend, informing her of an opening for Executive Director of Campus Services for the Adrian Dominican Sisters. She began in that ministry in October 2012. “I feel like this is my call,” Jennifer said. “God knows what he’s doing and leads you to serve those who need you. I’m a Partner in Mission, learning from the Sisters, serving alongside them.”
Motherhouse Co-workers, Siena Heights University Torchbearers, and Adrian Rea Literacy Center tutors gather with Sisters for a lunch and program during National Catholic Sisters Week.
Several participants in the NCSW program recognized their own call to the Mission.
Tina Adams sees her role as tutor at Adrian Rea Literacy Center as “giving back. I see tutoring as part of the mission, making the adult learners more comfortable and familiar with our language.” She said she appreciates the many opportunities that the Sisters give to the adult learners and others in need.
Tim Tracy, who works in the Technology Department for the Congregation, said, he sees the Mission in action as he assists Sisters, listens and shares his own knowledge of technology.
Melissa Tsuji, Career Services Specialist at Siena Heights University, graduated from there in 1990. “One of the reasons I was excited to be a Torchbearer is that many of my role models as a student were Adrian Dominicans,” she said. “Every day I get to walk with our students and help them figure out their story. … The work that I do with our students helps them to understand their multifaceted role in the fabric of the Siena community but also the greater community and the world as a whole.”
Read more about how you can become a Partner in Mission as an Adrian Dominican Sister, Associate, or Co-worker.
Feature photo (top) Sister Patricia Harvat, OP, General Councilor, welcomes the Adrian Dominican Sisters’ Partners in Mission to a special program for National Catholic Sisters Week.
On March 24, 2019 in General by EditorComment 1
Tagged With: Adrian Rea Literacy Center, Co-workers, Erin Dress, Jennifer Hunter, Motherhouse, National Catholic Sisters Week, Partners in Mission, religious life, Siena Heights University, Sister Carleen Maly, Sister Esther Kennedy, Sister Patricia Harvat, Sister Peg O'Flynn, Sister Rosemary Abramovich, Torchbearers, tutor / 1600 Views
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Filters: Author is M. K. Vollmer [Clear All Filters]
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O’Doherty, S. J., M. Rigby, J. Mühle, D. J. Ivy, B. R. Miller, D. Young, P. G. Simmonds, S. Reimann, M. K. Vollmer, P. B. Krummel et al. "Global emissions of HFC-143a (CH3CF3) and HFC-32 (CH2F2) from in situ and air archive atmospheric observations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 17 (2014): 9249-9258.
Arnold, T., D. J. Ivy, C. Harth, M. K. Vollmer, J. Mühle, P. K. Salameh, P. L. Steele, P. B. Krummel, R. H. J. Wang, D. Young et al. "HFC-43-10mee atmospheric abundances and global emission estimates." Geophysical Research Letters 41, no. 6 (2014): 2228-2235.
Hall, B., A. Engel, J. Mühle, J. W. Elkins, F. Artuso, E. L. Atlas, M. Aydin, D. Blake, E.-G. Brunke, S. Chiavarini et al. "Results from the International Halocarbons in Air Comparison Experiment (IHALACE)." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 7, no. 2 (2014): 469-490.
Mahieu, E., R. Zander, G. C. Toon, M. K. Vollmer, S. Reimann, J. Mühle, W. Bader, B. Bovy, B. Lejeune, C. Servais et al. "Spectrometric monitoring of atmospheric carbon tetrafluoride (CF4) above the Jungfraujoch station since 1989: evidence of continued increase but at a slowing rate." Atmos. Meas. Tech. 7, no. 1 (2014): 333-344.
Vollmer, M. K., M. Rigby, J. C. Laube, S. Henne, T. S. Rhee, L. J. Gooch, A. Wenger, D. Young, P. L. Steele, R. L. Langenfelds et al. "Abrupt reversal in emissions and atmospheric abundance of HCFC-133a (CF3CH2Cl)." Geophysical Research Letters 42 (2015): 8702-8710.
Rhoderick, G., B. Hall, C. M. Harth, J. S. Kim, J. Lee, S. A. Montzka, J. Mühle, S. Reimann, M. K. Vollmer, and R. F. Weiss. "Comparison of halocarbon measurements in an atmospheric dry whole air sample." Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene 3 (2015): 000075.
Vollmer, M. K., S. Reimann, M. Hill, and D. Brunner. "First Observations of the Fourth Generation Synthetic Halocarbons HFC-1234yf, HFC-1234ze(E), and HCFC-1233zd(E) in the Atmosphere." Environmental Science & Technology 49, no. 5 (2015): 2703-2708.
Schoenenberger, F., M. K. Vollmer, M. Rigby, M. Hill, P. J. Fraser, P. B. Krummel, R. L. Langenfelds, T. S. Rhee, T. Peter, and S. Reimann. "First observations, trends, and emissions of HCFC-31 (CH2ClF) in the global atmosphere." Geophysical Research Letters 42 (2015): 7817-7824.
Chirkov, M., G. P. Stiller, A. Laeng, S. Kellmann, T. von Clarmann, C. Boone, J. W. Elkins, A. Engel, N. Glatthor, U. Grabowski et al. "Global HCFC-22 measurements with MIPAS: retrieval, validation, climatologies and trends." Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 15, no. 10 (2015): 14783-14841.
Hossaini, R., M. P. Chipperfield, A. Saiz-Lopez, J. J. Harrison, R. von Glasow, R. Sommariva, E. L. Atlas, M. Navarro, S. A. Montzka, W. Feng et al. "Growth in stratospheric chlorine from short-lived chemicals not controlled by the Montreal Protocol." Geophysical Research Letters 42, no. 11 (2015): 2015GL063783.
Vollmer, M. K., T. S. Rhee, M. Rigby, D. Hofstetter, M. Hill, F. Schoenenberger, and S. Reimann. "Modern inhalation anesthetics: Potent greenhouse gases in the global atmosphere." Geophysical Research Letters 42, no. 5 (2015): 2014GL062785.
Lunt, M. F., M. Rigby, A. L. Ganesan, A. J. Manning, R. G. Prinn, S. J. O’Doherty, J. Mühle, C. Harth, P. K. Salameh, T. Arnold et al. "Reconciling reported and unreported HFC emissions with atmospheric observations." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 19 (2015): 5927-5931.
Trudinger, C. M., P. J. Fraser, D. M. Etheridge, W. T. Sturges, M. K. Vollmer, M. Rigby, P. Martinerie, J. Mühle, D. R. Worton, P. B. Krummel et al. "Atmospheric abundance and global emissions of perfluorocarbons CF4, C2F6 and C3F8 since 1800 inferred from ice core, firn, air archive and in situ measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16 (2016): 11733-11754.
Vollmer, M. K., J. Mühle, C. M. Trudinger, M. Rigby, S. A. Montzka, C. M. Harth, B. R. Miller, S. Henne, P. B. Krummel, B. Hall et al. "Atmospheric histories and global emissions of halons H-1211 (CBrClF2), H-1301 (CBrF3), and H-2402 (CBrF2CBrF2)." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 121 (2016): 3663-3686.
Graziosi, F., J. Arduini, P. Bonasoni, F. Furlani, U. Giostra, A. J. Manning, A. McCulloch, S. J. O’Doherty, P. G. Simmonds, S. Reimann et al. "Emissions of carbon tetrachloride from Europe." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 20 (2016): 12849-12859.
Simmonds, P. G., M. Rigby, A. J. Manning, M. F. Lunt, S. J. O’Doherty, A. McCulloch, P. J. Fraser, S. Henne, M. K. Vollmer, J. Mühle et al. "Global and regional emissions estimates of 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a, CH3CHF2) from in situ and air archive observations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16 (2016): 365-382.
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Zhang, G., B. Yao, M. K. Vollmer, S. A. Montzka, J. Mühle, R. F. Weiss, S. J. O’Doherty, Y. Li, S. Fang, and S. Reimann. "Ambient mixing ratios of atmospheric halogenated compounds at five background stations in China." Atmospheric Environment 160 (2017): 55-69.
Graziosi, F., J. Arduini, F. Furlani, U. Giostra, P. Cristofanelli, X. Fang, O. Hermansen, C. R. Lunder, G. Maenhout, S. J. O’Doherty et al. "European emissions of the powerful greenhouse gases hydrofluorocarbons inferred from atmospheric measurements and their comparison with annual national reports to UNFCCC." Atmospheric Environment 158 (2017): 85-97.
Meinshausen, M., E. Vogel, A. Nauels, K. Lorbacher, N. Meinshausen, D. M. Etheridge, P. J. Fraser, S. A. Montzka, P. J. Rayner, C. M. Trudinger et al. "Historical greenhouse gas concentrations for climate modelling (CMIP6)." Geoscientific Model Development 10, no. 5 (2017): 2057-2116.
Mahieu, E., B. Lejeune, B. Bovy, C. Servais, G. C. Toon, P. Bernath, C. Boone, K. A. Walker, S. Reimann, M. K. Vollmer et al. "Retrieval of HCFC-142b (CH3CClF2) from ground-based high-resolution infrared solar spectra: Atmospheric increase since 1989 and comparison with surface and satellite measurements." Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 186 (2017): 96-105.
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Prinn, R. G., R. F. Weiss, J. Arduini, T. Arnold, H. L. DeWitt, P. J. Fraser, A. L. Ganesan, J. Gasore, C. M. Harth, O. Hermansen et al. "History of chemically and radiatively important atmospheric gases from the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE)." Earth System Science Data 10 (2018): 985-1018.
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You are here: Home / Dual Language Programs Explained
Dual Language Programs Explained
Submitted by Deborah C. Trejo, Bilingual Parent/Lawyer/Former Bilingual Educator
What are Dual Language Programs?
Dual language is a form of education in which students are taught literacy and content in two languages. They are considered “additive” bilingual programs because they “add” a second academic language for students, instead of trying to extinguish a minority language and move a student to exclusively use English.
The majority of dual language programs in the United States teach in English and Spanish, although increasing numbers of programs use a “partner” or “minority” language other than Spanish, such as Arabic, Chinese, French, Hawaiian, Japanese, or Korean. Dual language programs generally use the partner language for at least half of the instructional day in the elementary years. Dual language programs generally start in kindergarten or first grade and extend for at least five years, although many continue into middle school and high school. These programs aim for bilingualism (the ability to speak fluently in two languages), biliteracy (the ability to read and write in two languages), academic achievement equal to or greater than that of students in non-dual language programs, and cross-cultural competence. Most dual language programs are located in neighborhood public schools, although many are charter, magnet, or private schools.
https://www.polk-fl.net/staff/teachers/documents/wlDualLangResearch.pdf
One-Way and Two-Way Dual Language Program Models
One-Way Dual Language refers to the group of students participating in the program as being all from only one of the two languages used in the program model. One-way programs support one language group of students to become bilingual, bi-cultural, and bi-literate. For example, students whose primary language is Spanish would learn in English and Spanish in a one-way dual language program model. Another example would be for students whose primary language is English to learn together in Mandarin and English.
Two-Way Dual Language refers to the group of students participating in the program as being from both of the languages used in the program model. Two-way programs support two language groups of students to become bilingual, bi-cultural, and bi-literate. For example, a mix of first language Spanish-speaking and English-speaking students would learn in both languages.
Benefits of Dual language program
Dual language is the only model that closes the academic achievement gap for English language learners (ELLs), those students whose first language is not English, through 12th grade (Thomas & Collier). Research shows that in successful, strong one-way DL programs, ELLs begin to outperform those in traditional bilingual ed models beginning in 4th grade and they achieve an average of 50th percentile in tests of reading and writing in English beginning in the 7th grade (in traditional bilingual ed, ELLs never reach 50%) (Thomas & Collier). Research shows that in successful, strong two-way DL programs, ELLs begin to outperform those in traditional bilingual ed models beginning in 4th grade and they achieve an average of 60th percentile in tests of reading and writing in English beginning in the 6th grade (Thomas & Collier). Overall, research demonstrates that SLLs who are enrolled in successful DL programs have better educational long-term educational outcomes than their peers not in DL (Thomas & Collier).
Dual Language Programs:
– provides a means for students to stay connected to their own parents and extended families and thus, leads to less behavioral problems and long-term greater social and academic success.
– lets students be prideful that they are able to be connected to two cultures and languages.
– provides greater opportunities for careers in many fields such as medical, academic, business, communications, technology, law.
Furthermore, research also demonstrates that students who have low-social economic status (low-SES) and even students with learning disabilities in special education will significantly outperform their peers not in DL program. For low-SES African-American students, research shows that it is the most successful academic model at closing the academic achievement gap (Thomas & Collier).
To learn more about the public dual language programs in your area, see the following sites:
Austin AISD: https://www.austinisd.org/academics/ell/duallanguage
Round Rock ISD: https://roundrockisd.org/departments/state-and-federal-programs/bilingual-education/
Leander ISD: http://www.leanderisd.org/default.aspx?name=ELL.DL
About Angela PackZia
View all posts by Angela PackZia →
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[email protected] +975 1711 7960
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Home // Bhutan // HISTORY
It is believed that Bhutan was inhabited as early as 2000 B.C. due to the presence of early stone implements discovered in the region.
The country was originally known by many names including Lho Jong, ‘The Valleys of the South’, Lho Mon Kha Shi, ‘The Southern Mon Country of Four Approaches’, Lho Jong Men Jong, ‘The Southern Valleys of Medicinal Herbs and Lho Mon Tsenden Jong, ‘The Southern Mon Valleys where Sandlewood Grows’. Mon was a term used by the Tibetans to refer to Mongoloid, non-Buddhist peoples that populated the Southern Himalayas.
The country came to be known as Druk Yul or The Land of the Drukpas sometime in the 17th century. The name refers to the Drukpa sect of Buddhism that has been the dominant religion in the region since that period.
Initially Bonism was the dominant religion in the region that would come to be known as Bhutan. Buddhism was introduced in the 7th century by the Tibetan King Songtsen Gampo and further strengthened by the arrival of Guru Rimpoche, a Buddhist Master that is widely considered to be the Second Buddha.
The country was first unified in 17th century by Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyel. After arriving in Bhutan from Tibet he consolidated his power, defeated three Tibetan invasions and established a comprehensive system of law and governance. His system of rule eroded after his death and the country fell into in-fighting and civil war between the various local rulers. This continued until the Trongsa Poenlop Ugyen Wangchuck was able to gain control and with the support of the people establish himself as Bhutan’s first hereditary King in 1907. His Majesty Ugyen Wangchuck became the first Druk Gyalpo (Dragon King) and set up the Wangchuck Dynasty that still rules today.
In 2008 Bhutan enacted its Constitution and converted to a democracy in order to better safeguard the rights of its citizens. Later in November of the same year, the currently reigning 5th Druk Gyalpo Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck was crowned.
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Plane part found by US man hunting MH370
3 March 2016 11:39 AM
An American who discovered an aircraft part in Mozambique that may be from missing Malaysia Airlines flight 370 says he initially thought it was from a much smaller plane.
Blaine Gibson, who has been searching the region's beaches for the debris, said in an interview with The Associated Press on Thursday that a boat operator who took him to a sandbank named Paluma called him over after seeing a piece of debris with "NO STEP" written on it.
He said the discovery happened after he decided to go "somewhere exposed to the ocean" on the last day of a trip to the Mozambican coastal town of Vilankulo.
"At first, all I found were usual beach detritus - flip flops, cigarette lighters. Then 'Junior' called me over," said Gibson, using the nickname of the boat operator.
The location of the debris turned up in a spot that matches investigators' theories about where wreckage from the plane would have ended up, according to Australian officials.
The plane is believed to have crashed somewhere in a remote stretch of the southern Indian Ocean far off Australia's west coast and about 6000 kilometres to the east of Mozambique.
But authorities have long predicted that any debris from the plane that isn't on the ocean floor would eventually be carried by currents to the east coast of Africa.
Gibson, from Seattle, said the piece of debris that he discovered is in the hands of civil aviation authorities in Mozambique, and that he expects it to be transferred to their Australian counterparts.
"It's important to keep it in perspective," Gibson said. "This is about the families of the 239 victims, who haven't seen their relatives for two years now."
Photos of the debris appear to show the fixed leading edge of the right-hand tail section of a Boeing 777, said a US official, who spoke on condition of anonymity. Flight 370 is the only known missing 777.
Australian Transport Minister Darren Chester said Thursday the location of the debris in Mozambique matches investigators' drift modelling and would therefore confirm that search crews are looking in the right part of the Indian Ocean for the main underwater wreckage.
Malaysian Transport Minister Liow Tiong Lai also said the location of the debris lines up with investigators' predictions.
Malaysian representatives from the nation's Civil Aviation department and Malaysia Airlines were heading to Mozambique to discuss the find, Liow said.
From the pictures shown, it's a high probability that the plane debris is from Boeing 777, Liow told reporters. He did not know how long it would be before the part was sent to Australia. Meanwhile, authorities in Mozambique were searching the area where it was found for other potential debris, Liow said.
Some have expressed scepticism that the part could be from the missing aircraft because it appears to be remarkably clean and free of sea life - unlike the barnacle-encrusted wing part that washed ashore on the French island of Reunion last year. That part, known as a flaperon, remains the only confirmed trace of Flight 370.
But Charitha Pattiaratchi, an oceanographer with the University of Western Australia, said if the part was discovered on a sandbank, the motion of the waves pushing it against the abrasive sand may have shaved any sea life off it.
"If somebody actually found it in the middle of the ocean while they were sailing and picked it up, I would say, 'Well, that should have some barnacles,"' he said. "But if it's been on a beach, it's basically been sandblasted."
Also, the part appears to be very flat and barnacles need something to grip, he said.
Last year, Pattiaratchi met with Gibson. Pattiaratchi has used computer modelling to predict where floating debris might end up and Gibson wanted to get Pattiaratchi's opinion on where to look. Pattiaratchi's models showed it would likely end up around Madagascar or Reunion Island, and possibly in the Mozambique Channel.
Source: couriermail.com.au
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making my ideas more available to the hive
A horrible crime was committed in Toronto over a year ago. It involved the kidnapping, sexual assault and murder of a little girl, only ten years old. Today, the killer had his day in court and pleaded guilty to all charges, closing the book on the case.
Some of the facts that came out about the crime are beyond frightening. The sheer randomness of the attack and the time it took for the entire crime leaves you with a feeling of total helplessness to prevent something similar. As a parent, it makes me want to tie the strings even tighter.
This particular guy, was a time bomb. By his own admission, this was a fantasy he had his entire life. This particular night, after viewing child porn on the Internet, he acted. He stepped out his door, saw this girl, grabbed her, dragged her into his house, raped her, and killed her in a period of twenty-five minutes! By the time her parents had begun to get concerned about her absence, she had already been dead for half an hour.
The role that child porn played in this crime will be the source of much discussion for years to come. Suffice it to say, it will likely, rightfully, lead to tougher penalties handed out to possessors, distributors and creators of child porn. Good!
But another, more disturbing issue has been raised. There is a call for penalties to be handed out to ISP's who distribute child porn. Now, any ISP that knowingly distributes such material, either directly or through knowledge of one of its clients, should be penalized. Penalized with all the force available to the law. But, the mere fact that their service was used is not a crime. If people use that service for illegal activities, and hide that fact from their ISP, the ISP cannot be held responsible.
I may be sensitive because this is my industry, but think of the similar case in non-Internet terms. Is the postal service responsible for the contents of its packages? Is the telephone company responsible for the content of the phone calls carried out on its lines? The postal service, being a government operation, actually has the right (I think) to open its packages. The phone company has to be ordered by a legal power.
An ISPs business is probably more closely related to a public storage facility. The storage facility's contract specifically tells you that you can't use their facilities for illegal purposes, but beyond that, they really can't do anything. If you store stolen goods there, they are not the ones who committed the crimes. In fact, I don't even believe that they can open the unit to look.
The Internet scares people. But it is not the problem. We need to focus on the real criminals. With child porn, we really need to go after the producers; they are hurting children. Go after the distributors - the ones who know they are distributing it. Go after the consumers - they fuel the demand. But you can't attack the medium. That would be like banning paper because it was used to publish illegal magazines.
Posted by Mike Churchward at 9:28 PM
Mike Churchward
Mike Churchward is a software developer, a father, a husband, a friend, a writer, a musician, a student, a teacher, a coach, a son, an optimist (really), a procrastinator, a dreamer and community member who never stops wondering where we are all going.
Wasn't That a Party
The Simple Life vs. Kids Today
New Government / Old System
Politicians and 'My' Canada
The Global Workgroup
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Financial Aid Programs and Financing Options
Administered by the Office of Financial Aid, the purpose of financial aid at Skidmore College is to give those students who could not otherwise afford it the opportunity to attend the college, and to attract and retain a qualified, talented, diverse student body that can be expected to contribute substantially to the academic and social life of the community, while distributing available funds in a fair and equitable way.
Currently, approximately 42 percent of Skidmore students are receiving Skidmore-administered scholarships, grants, loans, and/or work awards, which are offered singly or in various combinations. In total, 52 percent of the students at Skidmore receive some form of assistance from the college or from outside sources. Numerous financing plans and options are available to families not eligible for need-based financial aid. (See Fees and Expenses for monthly payment and tuition prepayment plans.)
The largest contributor of student financial aid funds is the college, although federal and state programs and private donors assist significantly. Skidmore participates in the following federal programs: Federal Pell Grants, Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants (SEOG), Federal Perkins Loans, Federal Direct Student Loans, and Federal Work-Study Program.
Federal funds are administered by Skidmore in accordance with government regulations and the college’s general policies relating to financial aid. Students from New York and Vermont may be eligible for state financial aid funds that can be used at Skidmore, and they are required to apply for these funds when seeking Skidmore financial aid.
For further information about financial assistance from Skidmore College, see the Financial Aid section of the college website.
All first-year students who are U.S. citizens or permanent residents of the United States are eligible to apply for all forms of financial aid. Those students admitted without Skidmore grant assistance are normally first eligible to receive such aid, if need is demonstrated, in their junior year. This policy includes transfer students unless they are admitted as juniors, in which case they may receive Skidmore assistance for the senior year if need is demonstrated. Need-based institutional grant assistance is offered on a funds-available basis.
Student aid recipients are selected on the basis of demonstrated financial need, determined through Skidmore College’s analysis of the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) and the PROFILE form of the College Scholarship Service.
The confidential financial statements known as the FAFSA (for Federal financial aid consideration) and the PROFILE (for Skidmore Grant consideration) must be filed each year. Entering students should complete and submit the FAFSA (https://studentaid.ed.gov/sa/fafsa) and the PROFILE form (www.collegeboard.org) online by the college’s published deadline. Students can also link directly to the FAFSA and PROFILE from the financial aid office website.
Skidmore requires that copies of the federal U.S. income tax returns be submitted to verify the financial figures reported on the aid application.
Applicants whose parents are separated, divorced, or were never married are required to have their noncustodial parent file a Noncustodial PROFILE. While the college strives to be understanding in circumstances where a divorce or separation has occurred, Skidmore’s limited financial aid resources require that all possible sources of support be considered. Accordingly, the resources of a remarried parent’s spouse are also considered in every case, regardless of any private family agreements.
Candidates for Early Decision admission must file the PROFILE form with the College Scholarship Service by the appropriate admission deadline. At a later date, the FAFSA is to be filed with the federal processor.
The financial aid application deadline is February 1 (prior to the academic year for which assistance is requested) for prospective first-year students; the financial aid application deadline is generally April 1 for prospective transfer students and mid-October for current students. Prospective candidates receive consideration for Skidmore College financial assistance if all required financial information is at the college at the time funds for aid awards are allocated. Since funds may not be sufficient to meet the needs of all admitted students who demonstrate financial need, aid is offered to as many well-qualified applicants as possible, with preference given to those students with demonstrated financial need whom the Admissions Committee determines to be the strongest applicants among those admitted to Skidmore.
Students must reapply for aid each year, and the amount of the award will reflect yearly changes in Skidmore costs as well as in a family’s financial circumstances. Returning students who have received Skidmore grant aid, who have submitted complete aid renewal applications on time, who meet satisfactory academic progress conditions, and who continue to demonstrate need will continue to receive financial aid. Skidmore cannot commit to increases in Skidmore grant assistance due to reductions in state or federal funding, although every effort will be made to assist students on a funds-available basis. Late applications by returning students may result in an unmet need.
Skidmore aid resources are not available for summer study. In some cases, students may be able to utilize the Federal Direct Student Loan and/or Federal Pell Grant to pay for summer classes.
First-year financial aid notifications are made available in early April. Transfer financial aid letters are mailed on a rolling basis, usually in April and May. Returning student aid notices are usually made available in May. Conditions of financial aid awards information is provided with the notification of aid.
Student Aid Programs and Financing Options
Skidmore College Programs
Lincoln and Therese W. Filene Foundation Scholarship awards are granted on the basis of a special competition to provide gifted young musicians the opportunity to further their musical studies in a liberal arts setting.
The Porter/Wachenheim Award in Science and Mathematics is awarded on the basis of superior accomplishment and exceptional promise in the sciences or mathematics. A faculty committee determines awardees from the applicant pool each spring.
Together, the Filene and Porter/Wachenheim scholarship programs reflect the special balance between the arts and sciences that is characteristic of Skidmore’s curriculum. For more information about either of these programs, contact the Office of Admissions.
Campus Employment
Student employment is available in a variety of campus departments and offices. All work must be scheduled to avoid conflict with the student’s academic program and averages eight to ten hours a week. Jobs are also available in the surrounding geographic area. Work opportunities may also be available to students not on financial aid. See the Student Employment website for more details.
To be eligible for a Federal Pell Grant, Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant, Federal Work-Study, Federal Direct Loan, the student must:
be enrolled in an approved program;
meet the educational institution’s satisfactory academic progress standards (see Academic Standards for Federal Aid);
be a United States citizen or meet a citizenship requirement;
have no debt from a defaulted education loan for which a satisfactory repayment plan has not been established;
not owe a refund on a Federal Pell Grant or Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant; and
demonstrate compliance with applicable Selective Service requirements.
Campus-based aid: Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants, Federal Work-Study, are administered by the college. The funds are allocated by the Financial Aid Office.
A student can receive up to $6,195 per year (maximum amount changes annually) for tuition and other educational costs, such as room and board. Awards depend on college costs and an aid-eligibility index. This index is based on factors such as family income and assets, family size, and number of postsecondary students in the family.
The student must submit the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) by July 1 and submit all items required for verification by the last day of attendance in each academic year.
An undergraduate student with financial need may be awarded from $200 to $4,000 yearly. Priority is given to students who demonstrate exceptional need and who are Federal Pell Grant recipients.
Federal Direct Education Loans
Federal student loan funds are made available directly through the federal government. See the Financial Aid Office website for additional details regarding the application process. In general, to be eligible for a Federal Direct Loan, the student must:
study at least half-time at an approved educational institution;
be either a U.S. citizen or an eligible noncitizen;
meet the educational institution’s satisfactory academic progress standards;
have filed a FAFSA (https://studentaid.ed.gov/sa/fafsa) with a valid result; and
First-year students may borrow up to $5,500, sophomores up to $6,500, juniors and seniors up to $7,500 per year, and up to $20,500 per year for graduate-professional study. Financial need must be demonstrated in order to qualify for the subsidized type of federal student loan.
All students must complete the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). Additional documentation may be needed.
All loans will be paid in multiple installments. The first installment may be paid seven days before the start of the enrollment period. The second installment may be paid after one-half of the loan period has passed. Loan proceeds are applied electronically to the student’s account. The college will contact students when disbursements are made on their accounts.
The interest rate is fixed at 5.05% for the 2018-19 academic year; the rate is determined by the federal government annually. No interest accrues while in school at least half-time. Direct loans are subject to a 1.062% origination fee for the 2018-19 academic year. For the most current rate and fee information, visit www.studentloans.gov. Loan proceeds will be reduced by the amount of the fee. Interest begins to accrue upon graduation or less than half-time enrollment status.
Repayment of the amount borrowed plus interest begins after the student either leaves school or drops below half-time attendance. The minimum monthly payment is $50. The standard repayment term is ten years.
This loan has the same features as the subsidized loans, except that the federal government will not pay the interest on the loan while the student is in school. Interest begins when the loan is disbursed, but payment may be deferred.
Independent undergraduate students may borrow an additional unsubsidized loan of up to $5,000 per year. The college financial aid administrator may authorize additional unsubsidized loan eligibility for dependent undergraduate students when parents have an adverse credit history. Other financial aid eligibility will be considered in determining unsubsidized loan eligibility amount.
All loans will be paid in multiple disbursements (as described above for Federal Subsidized Loans). The college will notify students when disbursements are made to their accounts.
The interest rate is 5.05% for undergraduate loans for the 2018-19 academic year. Interest payments can be made while the student is in college. Direct loans are subject to a 1.062% origination fee for the 2018-19 academic year. Visit www.studentloans.gov for the most current rate and fee information. Loan proceeds will be reduced by the amount of the fee.
Federal Direct Parent Loans for Students (PLUS)
Parents may annually borrow up to the cost of attendance minus financial aid for each financially dependent undergraduate student if no adverse credit history exists. The interest rate is 7.6% for the 2018-19 academic year.
There is an origination fee of up to 4.248% of the amount borrowed. Loan proceeds will be reduced by the amount of the fee. Visit www.studentloans.gov for the most current interest rate and fee information. Repayment of the amount borrowed plus interest begins within 60 days after the loan is fully disbursed.
Federal Work-Study Program
This program provides jobs for undergraduate students enrolled at least half-time. Earnings must be used solely for educational purposes, including tuition, fees, room, meals, books, supplies, travel, and personal expenses.
Other Federal Programs
Veterans Administration Educational Benefits
The VA offers education benefits. Visit the VA website, www.va.gov, for more information on educational benefits offered for veterans, spouses, and dependents.
Federal Aid to Native Americans
This program is for American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut tribes, bands, or groups recognized by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. An application may be obtained from:
Bureau of Indian Affairs/Eastern Region
New York State Programs
Students who receive Tuition Assistance Program (TAP) assistance from New York State for the first time must meet the requirements below for academic performance and progress toward the degree. Failure to meet these standards results in the termination of financial assistance from New York State. Skidmore College does not substitute its resources for funds that are withdrawn by New York State.
New York State Requirements
A Skidmore College student must be registered for a minimum of 12 semester hours of credit in the fall semester and a minimum of 12 semester hours of credit in the spring semester, and must meet the following regulations, established by the state Board of Regents, in order to remain eligible for payments:
Program Pursuit- (Grades of W (withdrawal) or I (incomplete) will not satisfy this requirement):
Program: Baccalaureate Program
Before Being Certified for This Payment
9th**
10th**
A Student Must Have Accrued at Least This Many Credits
With At Least This Grade Point Average
**NOTE: Only students in five-year programs, approved pursuant to Section 145-2.7 of the Regulations, are eligible for more than eight semesters of undergraduate awards (exclusive of STAP).
Approved Program-a student must formally declare a major not later than the beginning of the junior year.
Academic Progress-students must meet the college’s minimum standards for continuation, as outlined in the Academic Standards and Review section of this Catalog.
For the purpose of federal student financial assistance, including the Federal Pell Grant, Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant, Federal Work-Study, and Federal Direct Student Loan, the minimum standards of academic progress must also be achieved.
Waiver of Pursuit of Progress and/or Satisfactory Academic Progress Requirements for Receipt of State Financial Aid
A Skidmore student who does not maintain either the Program Pursuit or satisfactory academic progress standards may qualify for a one-time waiver if:
the student can document that the reason for the failure to maintain standards was the result of an extenuating circumstance that can be documented; and
the student receives permission for such a waiver after submission of documentation to the Registrar.
A waiver is not automatically granted for any student and is not intended to provide an additional semester of aid to a student who has used poor judgment or has been academically irresponsible. Procedures for granting waivers follow the institution’s established academic review process. Documentation of the extenuating circumstances will be maintained in the Registrar’s Office. Students will be expected to meet prescribed standards thereafter.
Tuition Assistance Program and Supplemental Tuition Assistance Program
The Tuition Assistance Program (TAP) is an entitlement grant program for New York State residents attending a postsecondary institution in the state.
Undergraduate students are eligible for up to four years of assistance for full-time study or up to five years in certain programs.
To be eligible, the student must:
study full-time (12 credits per semester) at a college or school in New York State;
meet income requirements;
be a legal resident of New York State;
be matriculated in an approved program and be in good academic standing;
be charged a tuition of $200 or more per year; and
have no debt from a defaulted student loan for which a satisfactory repayment plan has not been established.
Awards vary according to tuition and New York State family, net-taxable income. The award, including any other state award, cannot exceed tuition. Undergraduate awards for students who are dependent on their parents; or who qualify as an orphan, foster child or ward of the court; or who are financially independent, are single and have tax dependents range from $500 to $5,165 for the 2018-19 academic year.
The award is based on the “prior-prior” year’s New York State family, net-taxable income. Family net-taxable income means income (less deductions and exemptions) of the student, parents, and student’s spouse, if any.
If the student is financially independent of the parents, the parents’ income is not used. The award is based on the student’s (and spouse’s) income. Financial independence is granted to:
students age 35 or older;
students age 22 to 34 who have not been claimed as a tax dependent for two years and have neither lived with their parents nor received more than $750 yearly from their parents for three years; and
undergraduates under age 22 who meet the above conditions and certain very specific additional conditions.
The student must submit a Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) and have a Tuition Assistance Program (TAP) application on record with the New York State Higher Education Services Corporation (www.hesc.ny.gov).
New York State offers a variety of scholarships administered by NYS’s Higher Education Service Corporation (HESC) in conjunction with other state agencies, including:
NYS Scholarship for Academic Excellence
NYS World Trade Center Memorial Scholarship
Memorial Scholarship for Families of Deceased Firefighters, Police Officers and Emergency Medical Service Workers
Regents Awards for Children of Deceased or Disabled Veterans (CV)
Veterans Tuition Award
For more details on these and other NYS awards, go to www.hesc.ny.gov.
Arthur O. Eve Higher Education Opportunity Program (HEOP)
New York State provides funds for students who are both academically and economically underserved. Financial aid is combined with special counseling, tutoring, and remedial course work, if appropriate. Assistance is limited and is awarded at the discretion of the college. Awards vary with financial need. HEOP assists undergraduate students who are state residents and who are enrolled in independent colleges and universities in New York State.
State Aid to Native Americans
This program provides up to $2,000 per year for four years to enrolled members of Indian tribes in New York State for half- or full-time study in the state.
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Contributor biographical information for Indian summer / Alex von Tunzelmann.
Bibliographic record and links to related information available from the Library of Congress catalog
Biographical text provided by the publisher (may be incomplete or contain other coding). The Library of Congress makes no claims as to the accuracy of the information provided, and will not maintain or otherwise edit/update the information supplied by the publisher.
Alex von Tunzelmann was educated at Oxford and lives in London. Indian Summer is her first book.
Library of Congress subject headings for this publication:
India -- History -- Partition, 1947 -- Biography.
Statesmen -- India -- Biography.
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:: User Login :: :: Create User Account ::
Basketball Wales Board
National Teams 2019-20
Page 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
PRESS RELEASE FROM U15's Boy's NI V Wales Games 22nd and 23rd February.
Basketball NI 1999/2000 boys played Wales on Saturday 22nd of February and Sunday 23rd. It was an historic weekend for our BNI U15 boys players as De La Salle College in West Belfast hosted the first international games v Wales U15 squad. Led by Head Coach Darren Oakey, the Welsh have made great strides in recent years and this was the start of what we hope will be a special relationship in helping to develop emerging talent.Huddle
The visitors were out of the blocks the quicker of the two teams in the first of a three game series over the weekend with Walker and Horrigan doing damage at the offensive end with some lovely baskets. Wales were leading 17-9 at the end of the first quarter. The second quarter was a defensive battle with both teams struggling to find their range offensively. John Smye (Belfast Star) kept the home side within touching distance and had 14 out of the teams 26 points at the half. Wales went into the third quarter with a 13 point advantage and extended that to 15 points with a spread of scoring including baskets from Paule and Dudman. Brian McNulty (Tyrone Towers) began to exert himself at the offensive end and along with club mate Darragh Morgan the BNI team came with a late run to close the gap but Wales ended up deserving winners on a score line of BNI 45 – Wales 51.
Later the same afternoon, and with both the BNI coaching staff (Ryan Hayes and Adam Murray from Ballymena) and the Welsh staff rotating their squads, the teams matched up for a second time. The Welsh team included a number of boys from their U14 squad and for BNI the highly talented point guard Matthew Rooney (Queens U14) impressed on his debut with 8 points in the first quarter as did Robbie McAlister (Blackwater Steelers). With Michael Leadley (Letterkenny Blaze) rebounding effectively and debutant Ryan Murtagh making some nice inside moves, the younger Welsh line up trailed 27-16 at the half. Young Welsh stars Kinsey and Merchant kept the visitors within striking distance but the BNI boys grew in confidence and with Pearse Braiden (Lisburn Phoenix) finding his shooting range, the home side ran out winners on a scoreline of 54-37.
With the teams tied at one win each in the series, they squared up again on Sunday for a lunch time decider. In a very entertaining first quarter, both teams competed very well and played some lovely basketball. John Smye kept the scoreboard ticking over once again but Horrigan and Walker kept up the pace for the visitors. Point guard Mark McKearney (Tyrone Towers) knocked down a jump shot and captain Eoin Nagle (Belfast Star) buried a 3 pointer followed by 2 foul shots to push the BNI boys out to a 39-27 advantage at half time. With further baskets by Smye, McNulty, Coran McMonagle (North Star) and Rooney in the 3rd quarter pushing the lead out, the Welsh boys looked a little tired but never gave up and kept competing right until the end. The final score line ended BNI Academy winning the series on a 77 – 46 scoreline.
Many thanks to the many volunteers over the weekend. Head Coach Ryan Hayes (Ballymena Academy) and Assistant Coach Adam Murray for preparing the team so well, Michelle Summersgill, Ruth Neill and Joanne O’Neill for table officiating. DJ and announcer Raymond O’Neill, Gerard Ryan for his generous sponsorship of the water and crisps for our visitors and Jackie Fulton for preparing lunch for the Welsh team on Saturday. Also many thanks to John Coey for organising our referees who did an excellent job.
Finally thanks to all the parents who continue to support the Academy programme and local basketball.
We would like to thank Coach Darren Oakey and his staff for making the journey to Belfast. The Welsh boys competed extremely well and were excellent ambassadors for their country. We wish them well in their preparation for the European Championships this summer.
BNI Academy
Mark McKearney, Darragh Morgan, Brian McNulty (Tyrone Towers); Coran McMonagle (North Star); Eoin Nagle (Captain), John Smye, John Moran, Michael McWilliams, Ethan Gibson (Belfast Star); Matthew Rooney, Daniel Leggett, John Toner, Ryan Murtagh (Queens); Pearse Braiden (Phoenix); Michael Leadley (Blaze), Robbie McAlister (Blackwater Steelers)
Head Coach: Ryan Hayes
Assistant Coach: Adam Murray
J Freeman, C Hughes, J Harding, K Horrigan, B Merchant, P Igic, J Cooper, I Walker, J Solomon, D Kinsey, T Dudman, G Williams-Rumble, S Affleck, D Koukouravas, R Thomas, S Craig Hughes, T Rhys, I Paule
Head Coach: Darren Oakey
Assistant Coaches: Lee Walker and Adam Williams
Director, BBF: Darren Oakey
Darren started his basketball journey 36 years ago with his local club, Salisbury Suns, where he spent 25 years, moving up from a junior player to eventually the Head Coach, after which he headed the basketball programs at Kings Collage London and Bath University.
In 2009 Darren joined the Welsh National Team as Head Coach and has led teams of all levels at International European competition. He was instrumental in the opening of the Welsh Elite National Development Centre and is at present the Director of Elite Performance.
He became a Board Member of Basketball Wales in 2011, and became an Alternative Board Member of the BBF in 2013, after his involvement in several of the BBF working groups.
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Statement of the Board of Basketball Wales
At present, Wales, Scotland and England are separate and independent federation members of FIBA, which is the world governing body of basketball. Great Britain / British basketball does not have any status as an independent federation member of FIBA. In the last few years, as a result of a special dispensation provided by FIBA, British basketball has been able to operate alongside the three home countries. FIBA has granted British basketball a special dispensation (as Britain is the host nation) to participate in the 2012 Olympics. The FIBA dispensation for British basketball will conclude following the London Olympics. FIBA have indicated that FIBA will be prepared to register Great Britain as an independent federation and as an independent member of FIBA, but only if Scotland, Wales and England are prepared to relinquish their individual FIBA memberships in favour of a single British basketball federation.
At the present time FIBA have allowed for two possibilities:
a) a new FIBA membership in favour of a single British Basketball Federation at the cost of individual membership for Wales, Scotland and England, or
b) Wales, England and Scotland to retain their individual status as federation members of FIBA.
To date, FIBA do not appear to be prepared to sanction that Wales, Scotland and England should retain their individual membership of FIBA and should retain their status as independent federations but whereby a Great Britain team would be allowed to participate in the Olympic Games and / World Championships. It has been suggested that this arrangement would be contrary to FIBA statutes / regulations.
FIBA provides that national member federations have various rights, including the right to take part and to vote in the Congress of FIBA and to take part in the main official competitions of FIBA. FIBA also entrusts each national member federation with the full control and governance of basketball in their country. Accordingly, Basketball Wales is responsible in accordance with FIBA regulations for the control and governance of basketball in Wales.
FIBA has requested the governing bodies of Wales, Scotland and England, to communicate to FIBA by 30 June 2012, as to whether each should wish to relinquish its individual membership of FIBA in favour of FIBA membership for a single British Basketball federation.
The Board of Basketball Wales has considered carefully whether Welsh Basketball, including the Welsh National Teams and also with reference to the level of participation and standard of basketball in Wales, is best served by Wales abandoning its status as an independent federation member of FIBA, to allow a combined Great Britain federation, comprising an amalgamation of England, Scotland and Wales to register with FIBA in place of the independent federations of Wales, Scotland and England.
On 14/2/12, the FIBA representatives Mr Patrick Baumann (General Secretary) Mr Ivan Mainini (President) and Mr Zoran Radovic (Technical Director) attended a meeting of the Board of Basketball Wales to discuss the issue of whether Wales should abandon its existing status as an independent national federation member of FIBA, in favour of a new federation membership for an amalgamation of Wales, England and Scotland under the heading of a British Federation.
The FIBA representatives confirmed:
Basketball should be a fast growing sport.
FIBA World would accommodate the British Basketball Federation becoming a National Federation Member of FIBA, but this is only possible if the home nations will permit for this by relinquishing their individual national member status.
Wales, and similarly England and Scotland, have a choice as to whether to amalgamate or, if not, to revert to the position which prevailed prior to 2005.
The Board of FIBA World have considered as to whether Wales, England and Scotland can retain individual status, competing as separate nations in various competitions up to and including the European Championships and Commonwealth Games, and whereby a combined British team would compete in the World Championships and Olympics, but have rejected this possible compromise believing the same is contrary to the statutory provisions and/or regulations governing FIBA World.
The Board of FIBA World has exercised a discretion to allow a combined British team to compete in the 2012 Olympics, as the home nation, despite the fact that the British Basketball Federation is not currently recognised by FIBA World as an independent national federation member. However this is regarded as a temporary arrangement.
If Wales, England and Scotland amalgamated and combined under the umbrella of a FIBA registered British Basketball Federation, there would be an opportunity for players from each of the three countries, including Wales, to play at the highest level.
If the amalgamation should take place, FIBA World, following discussion with the Sports Minister, the Sports Council for England and the Sports Council for Scotland, understand that funding should increase although this will depend on the recession and economic factors. If there is an unified governance, and therefore unified funding and sponsorship, more funds could be available to basketball in Britain.
The Board of BW Wales may not wish to deny an individual player or individual players, an opportunity to participate in Olympic competition.
If Wales shall elect to abandon its membership of FIBA World as an independent national federation, there will be a four year deferral during which time Wales would continue to complete in FIBA European tournaments. However, thereafter Wales would no longer have a status to take part at any age level, in FIBA European tournaments and whilst Wales might still aspire to take part in Commonwealth Games competitions, Wales will effectively be one region of the British Basketball structure, with perhaps occasional friendly fixtures.
If Wales elects to abandon its membership of FIBA as an independent national federation, the decision will be irreversible. If following the change, the BW Board feels that the change is prejudicial, it will be too late to seek reversal. Once Wales should abandon the position of a national federation, FIBA World would not be able to consider allowing Wales to regain its status as an independent national federation, not just because of the amalgamation with British Basketball, but as Wales is not regarded as a separate state. If Wales should move in the direction of abandonment of membership of FIBA, this would be a journey down “a one way street”.
If amalgamation takes place, it is simply the elite structure which would change, and otherwise Wales might seek to retain its own structure operating underneath the elite structure.
If a combined British basketball team is successful, the profile of the game will improve which in turn will increase the number of players.
If Wales prefer to retain the status quo, competing in Division C of the European Championships, then that is the right of Basketball Wales and nobody should criticise that preference. Whilst FIBA World would prefer British Basketball to become a member of FIBA, this should only be possible if the existing home nations will permit for this. If the dream of Olympic participation is not enough to motivate change, then FIBA World would accept this and confirmed that if the Board Members of Basketball Wales have doubts about the abandonment of Wales’ status as an independent member of FIBA World, then FIBA would prefer that BW Wales does not commit to this course.
The Board of Basketball Wales has involved in discussions and consultation within the British Basketball Federation relevant to whether the independent Federations of England, Scotland and Wales should relinquish their respective FIBA memberships in favour of a new Federation of Great Britain. The BBF had commissioned a BBF governance project team to consider these issues. The project team has explored how an amalgamation of Wales, Scotland and England within a single federation would be structured, and the legal steps which may be necessary for such a major constitutional change. The Board of Basketball Wales has considered the information provided from the project team, and has engaged in discussion, including a joint meeting of Board Members of the respective federations of Wales, Scotland and England held at Birmingham on 21/4/12.
The Board of Basketball Wales has now had an opportunity to consider carefully the matters discussed with FIBA representatives and within the BBF and the issues arising there from. The BW Board has reviewed the position from a purely basketball perspective, and also from a national perspective. The Board has considered the extent and nature of any advantage which may be gained from involvement in an unified British Basketball Federation, to the exclusion of Wales as an independent FIBA member, and the Board has also reviewed any disadvantages which may arise from this scenario. The following appear relevant:
a) In 2006 the British Basketball Federation was formed. Wales, Scotland and England are the three individual members of the British Basketball Federation. The Federation as it exists recognises the individual status of England, Scotland and Wales, and the co-operation and association between the three individual members has been pursued on a voluntary basis without rules or regulations binding any of the three participants to continue the arrangement and without prejudice to the individual status of the three members involved. Basketball Wales will intend to continue to foster a positive and close relationship with England Basketball and Scotland Basketball in the hope this association, together with shared ideas, will be to the benefit of all.
b) The nature of the association between Wales, Scotland and England, within the existing British Basketball Federation, has not precluded the formation of British Basketball teams. To date there has not been a conflict between continued involvement on the part of the respective individual member federations participating in European championships, and the participation in fixtures by a combined Great Britain team.
c) Without prejudice to whether the model set out in paragraph (b), involving the continuance of a Great Britain team would be acceptable to Basketball Wales, FIBA has not identified the FIBA statutes/ regulations which FIBA maintains will preclude the participation of a British Basketball Federation in Olympic competition whilst permitting for Wales, England and Scotland to continue as independent national federation members of FIBA, participating in an individual capacity in European championships, the Commonwealth Games and in various other fixtures.
d) Basketball Wales has not gained any financial advantage from its participation as a member of the British Basketball Federation. The funding provided in support of British Basketball which is significant compared to the funding which has been made available to Basketball Wales, has been earmarked specifically for the Great Britain “elite”. Wales does not have any players participating in the GB team preparing for the 2012 Olympics. The funding provided to British basketball to date has not devolved into Welsh basketball, and the participation of Basketball Wales in the BBF has not enhanced the game of basketball in Wales, including the numbers participating or the level and standard of participation.
e) From a purely basketball perspective, the BW Board has considered whether the number of participants will improve, and as to whether playing standards will improve in Wales, if Basketball Wales should abandon its status as an independent national federation member of FIBA in favour of a combined British basketball membership of FIBA. In this context it is necessary to consider who is best placed to promote the game in Wales, who will best consider the interests of Welsh players, coaches and officials, and who is most committed as to the development and standard of basketball in Wales. The Board of Basketball Wales consider that should Basketball Wales retain its independent status and separate FIBA status, Basketball Wales would be best placed to promote and regulate the growth and development of basketball in Wales.
f) One very relevant factor is that the participation of Wales in various international fixtures, including the FIBA European Championships, is an incentive to players in Wales to participate and to work to improve their standard of play, in order to play international basketball and to take part in prestigious competition such as the FIBA European Championships. If Wales should lose its right to participate in FIBA European Championships, the avenue for individual development towards international participation would be lost to a large number of players, and this would likely have a marked and adverse affect on the development of the game of basketball in Wales.
g) The Basketball Wales Board would not wish to deny any player the opportunity to play basketball at the highest standard. Neither would the Board of Basketball Wales wish to deny players in Wales the opportunity to play basketball at an international level and to participate in international competitions. If Wales became a region of Great Britain, and abandoned its identity as an independent national member of FIBA, the incentive which currently exists for a large number of players to commit to excel in order to play international basketball would likely be prejudiced.
h) The view of Basketball Wales is that participation on a national level in European competition is to be encouraged. If Wales should abandon its status as an independent national member of FIBA, this opportunity would be lost to many participants in Wales who otherwise will experience international competition. Neither should Basketball Wales be content to limit to participation within Division C of FIBA European competition. The objective of an independent national federation should be to improve participation and playing standards with the aim of competing at the highest level. On an individual basis, Wales has produced various world champions in different sports over the years. The sports of rugby and football afford some precedent. Despite being a small nation, Wales has produced players and teams which have allowed Wales to compete on an individual and team basis with the best in the world. Rugby football affords a precedent for individual participation by Wales in international competition at the highest level, whilst allowing for a combined British team to participate in international competition. Until such time as Wales are able to improve upon the entry point for international competition, the opportunity to participate in division C of the FIBA European Championships allows the national teams to involve in competitive European fixtures against other nations of equivalent standard on the international stage.
i) As to funding, will a successful British Basketball Federation increase the level of funding for basketball in Wales. It could be argued that a brand “BBF” may succeed in securing greater resources than EB, SB or BW acting in an individual capacity. However this is not assured. Various companies based in Wales may be reluctant to commit funds to a British enterprise whereas support may be provided for the Wales national team or for Basketball Wales more generally. Also any funds raised directly by Basketball Wales would be applied wholly for the benefit of the game in Wales, where as any funds generated by a BBF brand may be shared throughout Britain, and potentially Wales will receive a small share of that funding. Wales now has something to market, in terms of sponsorship and funding. There is the risk that if Wales should lose its individual status or identity, this funding opportunity would be lost. There is also the precedent that funding provided to BBF may be earmarked for the elite, and will not percolate to the advantage of basketball in Wales at grass roots level. The material provided by the BBF project team appears to contemplate that BBF funding will be limited to the elite British Basketball programme and that Wales, as a region of British Basketball, will have to source funding for grass roots development. The proposals for a new British Federation, which the Board of Wales have considered carefully, do not hold out any financial incentive or financial advantage for grass roots development of Basketball Wales or for the growth in funding for national teams representing Wales or regional teams or clubs participating in Wales. The retention of independent status will not cause a reduction in the funding available for basketball in Wales. The loss of independent status as proposed does not provide for an increase in funding. However, the proposal could well prejudice the ability of those involved in basketball in Wales to pursue future initiatives to secure funding specific for the growth of basketball in Wales and particularly for the national teams. The BBF project team does not envisage that the Great Britain team would include any Welsh players before 2019. Neither does the report from the project team place any emphasis on Wales having a national elite structure before 2019 despite the fact that an active and effective elite programme is already being pursued by Basketball Wales.
j) Would abandonment of Wales’ status as an independent national member of FIBA be for the good of everyone, or for the good of the majority, or for the good of a minority? The BW Board has had to weigh the possibility that a very small number may miss out on Olympic participation against the certainty that large numbers will miss out on involvement in international competition and will miss the opportunity to represent their country if Wales should relinquish its individual membership of FIBA. The objective of ensuring that those players involved in the elite programmes of England and Scotland have the opportunity (or at least the possibility) of taking part in Olympic competition is laudable, provided it is not at the cost of precluding participation by a significant number of players in Wales, including those involved in the junior programme, from taking part in FIBA European championships and developing through involvement with national teams actively engaged in the highest level of European competition, which is available for so long as Wales retains its independent FIBA membership. The “British model” may provide a pathway to possible Olympic participation for future Welsh players but will terminate the clear and established pathway to FIBA European competition for so many Welsh basketball players.
k) Would the loss of individual membership as an independent national federation be for the good of those participating in the game in Wales, or would it serve primarily to benefit those participating in England and Scotland, which in terms of geographical area and population are bigger than Wales. There is a concern that the latter will hold true.
l) In view of the FIBA regulations relevant to qualification for Olympic competition, it may not be realistic that a combined Great Britain team will qualify for Olympic tournaments in the foreseeable future. This can be measured against the certainty that players representing Wales will take part in international competition for so long as Wales maintains its independent membership of FIBA as an independent national federation.
m) The participation of Wales in FIBA international competition allows an opportunity to develop the game in Wales, with players aspiring to take part not only in FIBA European competition but within international competition at the highest standard, including Commonweath Games and world competitions. If Wales should retain its national identity as an individual member of FIBA, this should not preclude the development of basketball in Wales, towards the goal of participation in FIBA competition at the highest standard.
n) From a purely national perspective, Wales enjoys a national identity of which it is extremely proud. It would not appear in the best interests of preserving national identity should Wales assume the role of a regional player as part of a Great Britain structure.
After careful consideration, the decision of the Board of Basketball Wales at this time is as follows:
To continue to promote and encourage a positive relationship with its colleagues involved in basketball in England and Scotland.
To retain its status as an independent national federation member of FIBA.
To use its best endeavours, to promote the game of basketball in Wales, to enlarge participation, to make basketball readily available on a social and recreational basis, and to promote an excellence within its elite structure which will enable Wales to participate in international competition at the highest level.
To provide and implement an ongoing vision and strategy for basketball in Wales and to secure appropriate funding and resources to enable the best advancement of basketball in Wales and the excellence of national teams representing Wales.
Basketball in Britain
A second meeting of the English, Scottish, Welsh and British Basketball Boards took place in Birmingham on Saturday 21 April. The main purpose was to review and discuss proposals prepared by the British Basketball Federation Governance Project Team on the future governance of the sport in Britain.
The Home Country Associations are affiliated to FIBA (the world governing body), whereas British Basketball is not. However, British Basketball has been able to operate alongside the three Home Country Associations and enter FIBA competitions since 2006 because FIBA have provided a special dispensation to enable this to happen. One of the opportunities this provided was to test whether Great Britain could field competitive teams at the Olympic Games in London. The other was for the Home Countries to review the governance of the sport in Britain so it was positioned and structured to optimise the future growth and success of the sport across Britain. The outstanding performances of both the men’s and women’s GB teams in recent years were rewarded in March 2011 with the confirmation by FIBA of their places in the 2012 Olympic tournaments. The Home Countries of England, Scotland, and Wales are now required to respond to FIBA by 30th June 2012 on whether they will return to the pre 2006 structure or whether they will choose to continue as three Home Country Associations affiliated to FIBA through a British body. If the latter option was to be preferred it would enable the special dispensation and the current structure to continue until the 2016 Olympic Games in Brazil. This approach will also provide time to prepare thoroughly for a transition to a revised way of working.
Against this background, the Project Team presented its proposals to the boards. They focussed on the merits of the Home Country Associations affiliating to FIBA through a British body and on what British and Home Country bodies would do after 2016.
At the conclusion of the joint meeting, all boards expressed their thanks for the work that had been done by the project team, and agreed that consultations should take place in each of the Home Countries about the proposals for the future governance of basketball in Britain. A copy of the presentation, which was reviewed by the Joint Boards meeting on 21st April, is available here. The Project Team was also asked to examine what the legal process would be to support any changes recommended by the Home Country Association Boards so that a response can be provided to FIBA by 30 June. The format of the international programmes which could be available after 2016 will also be investigated further.
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Shaykh Ahmed Abdur Rashid
Hazrat Azad Rasool
The Silsila
About the World Community
Friday Khutbah
Khutbah 2019
Khutbahs 2015
Suhbat with Shaykh
Suhbat 2016
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The Circle Group > About Us > Shaykh Ahmed Abdur Rashid
Shaykh Ahmed Abdur Rashid is the khalif of the late Hazrat Azad Rasool (may Allah’s blessings be upon him) of New Delhi and an authorized teacher of the Naqshbandiyya, Mujaddadiyya, Qadriyya, Chishtiyya, and Shadiliyya Sufi Orders. He has applied the essence of Islam and Tasawwuf to contemporary issues for more than thirty years through programs in education, leadership training, sustainable development, peace building, and cross-cultural relations. He has established a number of Montessori preschools as well as a small, private school for grades P-K through 12. Founder of the World Community, a spiritual center in southwestern Virginia, he sits on the boards of advisors of the Islamic Studies and Research Association (ISRA) and the International Association of Sufism and served as a delegate to the Millennium World Peace Summit of Religious and Spiritual Leaders at the United Nations. He has lectured at the State of the World Forum 2000, the Asian Conference on Religion for Peace, the International Symposium on Science and Consciousness, the Sufism Symposium, the Islamic Unity Conference, conferences of the Association of Muslim Social Scientists (AMSS) and the Muslim Peace Fellowship, Kent State University, Randolph-Macon Woman’s College, Virginia Tech, the University of Virginia, Sweet Briar College, and Johns Hopkins University, among other forums. His articles have appeared in “Taking Back Islam” (Michael Wolfe, ed.),The American Muslim, World Affairs, Education and Urban Society, Sufism Journal, Man and Development, and other publications. He has also published several books, including “ Islam and Democracy: A Foundation for Ending Extremism and Preventing Conflict“, and “Applied Sufism: Classical Teachings for the Contemporary Seeker“.
Shaykh Ahmed Abdur Rashid has been the khalif of Hazrat Azad Rasool since 1984.
Suhbat with Shaykh Rashid
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Before Yonge Street There Was Carrying Place Trail
Mouth of the Humber River
The Toronto site, with its lake harbour and access to passages inland from a low, flat lakeside, had vital geographic advantages for its inhabitants. The First Nations could make their way north by canoe by several rivers from the lakeshore. The primary route ran up the valley of the Humber River, across to the Holland River, into Lake Simcoe, and from there by water links to Georgian Bay.
This route followed a long portage along the swampy and wooded banks of the Humber River, apparently because that waterway was much impeded by timber and beaver dams. This Carrying Place Trail, or Toronto Passage, was thus arduous; still it cut hundreds of kilometres off the longer route to the upper Great Lakes.
The Carrying Place, by painter George A. Reid, depicts La Salle on the way over the Humber River to the Holland River and on to Lake Simcoe (courtesy Government of Ontario Art Collection/632970).
Carrying Place Trail was an important trade route for the First Nations and later the French. Étienne Brûlé probably travelled it in 1615 and the Iroquois used it on their way to attack Huronia in 1649. Ancestors of today's Huron-Wendat, Six Nations of the Grand River, and Mississauga of the New Credit First Nation successively established communities along the Humber path. French trading posts at the mouth of the Humber River followed, the first being built in 1720. Although of lesser importance to the British, the route still contributed to the decision to establish the settlement of York here in 1793.
After Yonge Street was constructed in 1796, the Humber River declined as a major route inland. While much of this ancient trail has been lost to modern development, it can still be traced along city streets and country paths that follow portions of its route. Large oak trees, remnants from the time of Carrying Place, still stand along the trail. One hundred and fifty of these trees were inventoried and proclaimed as the “Tuhbenahneequay Ancient Grove,” named for the daughter of a chief of the Mississauga.
Visit The Canadian Encyclopedia for more on Yonge Street.
A second arm of Carrying Place Trail runs southeast from the Holland River (courtesy Kleinburg Business Improvement Association). View the image gallery
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Jessica Cox gives “Disarm Your Limits” presentation at Utah State University
Written by Jennifer Steele Christensen
When Jessica Cox was a little girl, she imagined herself being Superwoman. Swinging on her elementary school’s playground at recess, she envisioned herself flying, sharing her superpowers with all of her friends.
On Thursday evening at Utah State University, the power Cox shared wasn’t imaginary. Giving the keynote speech during the College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences’ Spring Dean’s Seminar, Cox presented an inspirational message of perseverance and determination. When she envisions herself flying today, she’s piloting a 1945 Aircoupe. And she’s doing it without any arms.
“The greater the challenge, the greater appreciation you have that you accomplished it,” Cox told a crowd that filled the Taggart Student Center’s Sunburst Lounge. “Walls are only there to stop the people who don’t want it bad enough.”
From learning to tie her shoes to earning a blackbelt in taekwondo, Cox said “thinking outside the shoe” has been a critical component of her life. In order to achieve independence, she had to find innovative ways to accomplish everyday tasks that most people take for granted—getting dressed, driving a car, opening a can of soda. She also surfs, scuba dives and rides horses, refusing to believe the words “I can’t.”
“My feet became my hands and my toes became my fingers,” she said. “Necessity is the mother of invention.”
Cox, who is the first armless person in aviation history to become a certified pilot, also spoke about overcoming anger, self-doubt and fear in order to achieve her goals. Although she wore prosthetic arms for 11 years, Cox gave them up at age 14 because she felt like they held her back.
“Fear is nothing more than false evidence appearing real,” she said. “What are your own fake arms? What is holding you back?”
Brandon Ellis, a USU student from Colorado who is studying business, took Cox’s message to heart.
“It was wonderful. It was really inspirational,” he said. “For all the dreams and aspirations that I have, I have no excuse not to attain them, not to make them happen in my own life.”
Ella Parish, a Cache Valley 10-year-old who shares Cox’s childhood dream of flying, agrees. Waiting in line for Cox’s autograph, the fourth grader’s spirits were soaring.
“It was amazing,” she said. “I got a lot of information that I would need to become a pilot of my own. I learned that you create your own fears, and you can also destroy them.”
Parish was among a handful of seminar attendees who had the opportunity to ask Cox questions after she spoke—“Where is your favorite place to fly? Who inspires you? What makes you push through the dark moments?”
Cox provided down-to-earth answers, acknowledging times of heartache, frustration and fear. She also spoke of her faith.
“When I was a little girl, I asked my mom, ‘Why did God make me this way?” she said. “My mom would say, ‘Be patient, Jessica. God has a plan.’”
Cox’s plan, along with learning to slackline, is to continue sharing her story as a motivational speaker. Accompanied by her husband, Patrick Chamberlain, she is helping people around the world recognize how to be “pilot in command” of their own lives.
“Fly the airplane first,” an instructor once told her. “Everything else is second.”
Jessica Cox’s visit to USU was hosted by the Alpha Eta Rho college aviation fraternity. On Friday, she will join the Center for Women and Gender during its lunchtime “Common Hour,” from noon to 1:00 p.m. in room 154 of the Merrill-Cazier Library (not room 208, as has been previously published). The public is welcome to attend. More information about Cox’s personal story is available at <a href=”http://www.jessicacox.com/”>www.JessicaCox.com</a>.
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jennifer@cvradio.com
Posted in LocalTagged Alpha Eta Rho, Jessica Cox, Utah State University
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Growing demand and industry deregulation has led to an increasingly large number of landline and mobile telephone companies in India.
Many of these companies provide landline and/or mobile telephone services in the Ludhiana area.
We update the information here periodically, but since offerings are changing rapidly, please check company websites for the most current informationon service availability in Ludhiana as well as coverage and pricing.
Check here for more information on India's telecommunications industry, including regulatory agencies and major trade groups.
If you are aware of changes to the company information below, please leave a comment.
Ludhiana landline phone companies
Ludhiana mobile phone companies
The following telephone companies are the largest landline phone companies in India. Several of these companies provide landline service in the Ludhiana area.
Since companies are always changing and expanding coverage, please check company websites for the latest information on service availability, coverage and plan details.
Bharti Airtel - Bharti Airtel is an integrated carrier with growing presence across all of India's 23 telecom circles. The company provides landline and mobile services in 94 cities, including Ludhiana, and has the largest mobile subscriber base.
BSNL - Government-owned Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) is the largest and oldest telephone operator in India. It provides both landline and mobile phone service nationwide, except for Delhi and Mumbai where MTNL operates (see below). Until the late 1990s, it had a monopoly on telecom services and is still the largest phone company in the country.
HFCL Infotel - HFCL Infotel is a smaller telephone company started in 2000. Currently, they serve only Punjab. In Punjab, the company provides landline, mobile, and internet services.
MTNL - Government-owned Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) provides landline, mobile phone, and internet services only in Delhi and Mumbai. It is the sister organization to BSNL and is a major incumbent telephone operator in India.
MTS India - MTS India is a relatively new full service carrier that provides landline phones or other services in 6 telecom circles, including Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, and Kolkata. MTS is operated by Shyam TeleServices, a joint venture between Sistema, a Russian company, and Shyam Group of India.
Reliance Communications - Reliance Communications has grown rapidly throughout India since launching in 2002. The company provides landline services in Ludhiana.
Tata Indicom - Tata Indicom provides both landline and mobile services in Ludhiana. The company has grown rapidly since launching in 1996 and especially since the acquisition of Hughes Telecom in 2002.
The following companies are the largest mobile phone providers in India. Many provide GSM or CDMA mobile phone service in the Ludhiana area.
Since companies are always changing and expanding coverage, please check company websites for the latest information on service availability, coverage, and plan details.
Aircel - Aircel is a growing mobile provider which currently provides service in several telecom circles, including coverage in Ludhiana. As of mid-2008, the company had also obtained rights to operate in additional circles, including Delhi (Metro), Mumbai (Metro), Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra & Goa, Rajasthan, Punjab, UP (West) and UP (East). Type of network: GSM.
Bharti Airtel - Bharti Airtel has become India's largest mobile telephone company and has the only truly national network. It provides services in all of India's 23 telecom circles, including the Ludhiana area. Airtel provides GSM mobile services. Type of network: GSM.
Loop Mobile - Loop Mobile is the new brand for BPL Mobile is a smaller mobile carrier that currently provides service only in Mumbai (Metro) circle. Type of network: GSM.
BSNL Mobile - Government-owned BSNL, India's largest phone company, provides mobile phone service everywhere in India, except Mumbai and Delhi. Type of network: GSM.
IDEA Cellular - IDEA Cellular, traded on the Bombay Exchange, operates GSM mobile networks across India. It has licenses to operate in all 22 circles, including: Andhra Pradesh (including Ludhiana), Delhi (inclusive of NCR), Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh & Chattisgarh, Mumbai, Maharashtra & Goa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh (West), and Uttar Pradesh (East). IDEA acquired Spice Communications in 2008. Type of network: GSM.
MTNL Mobile - Government-owned MTNL provides GSM mobile phone services only in Delhi and Mumbai. Type of network: GSM.
MTS India - MTS India is a growing full service carrier that provides mobile phones or other services in 6 telecom circles, including Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, and Kolkata. MTS is operated by Shyam TeleServices, a joint venture between Sistema, a Russian company, and Shyam Group of India. Type of network: CDMA.
Ping Mobile (HFCL Infotel) - Ping Mobile is the mobile service brand of HFCL Infotel. HFCL Infotel is a smaller telephone company started in 2000. Currently, they serve only Punjab where they provide landline, mobile, and internet services. Type of network: CDMA.
Reliance Communications - Reliance Mobile operates GSM and CDMA network in Ludhiana and elsewhere in India. The company's mobile operations have grown rapidly throughout India since launching in 2002. Type of network: GSM, CDMA.
Tata Indicom - Tata Indicom provides CDMA mobile services in Ludhiana and 1,000 other cities across India. The company has grown rapidly throughout India since launching in 1996 and especially since the acquisition of Hughes Telecom in 2002. Type of network: CDMA.
Virgin Mobile - Virgin Mobile is a new brand operating across India. The company partners with Tata Teleservices to provide mobile phones with a focus on serving younger customers. Virgin Mobile provides services in Ludhiana. Type of network: GSM.
Vodafone India - Vodafone India provides GSM mobile services in Ludhiana and elsewhere across India. The company acquired Hutchinson Telecom in 2007 to accelerate growth. In the same year, it also acquired additional GSM mobile licenses. Type of network: GSM.
Find online telephone directory
India telecom service areas
(aka telecom circles)
telephony information
Ludhiana Calling Cards
Find an Ludhiana Phone Number
Area Codes for Ludhiana and Nearby Locations
How to Call Ludhiana, India
Ludhiana VoIP Internet Calling
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The Importance of Work in an Age of Uncertainty
Book Review by W. Chris Briddick
Blustein, D. L. (2019). The importance of work in an age of uncertainty: The eroding work experience in America. New York: Oxford University Press. (288 pages)
Powerful, thoughtful writing says something about the soul of its author. Such is the case in the most recent book by David Blustein entitled The Importance of Work in an Age of Uncertainty: The Eroding Work Experience in America. This may well be the best piece of writing in Blustein’s career thus far, with both head and heart deeply embedded in its text. This endeavor centers on the voices of individuals interviewed by the author and the research team at the Boston College Working Project (BCWP). The personal stories of Blustein and others provide a foundation of lived experience for the significant case he makes. The objective in writing this book is clearly fulfilled, as readers gain a better understanding of how people are being impacted by work in an era where uncertainty and anxiety reign. This is not a book of definite, clear-cut answers or solutions but rather a thoughtful, well-constructed case of the current state of the world of work and a framework for how to face its critical issues.
Blustein’s audience is essentially anyone interested in the rapid changes and inequalities in the world of work. This of course includes economists, academics, organizational psychologists and other consultants, public policy professionals, as well as individuals in relevant leadership roles and across various levels of higher education.
Blustein structures his message by making a case for the significance of a topic with support from professional literature. Each chapter includes
the voices of individual clients from the BCWP to emphasize his points
a psychological view of the main topic
a concluding thought on how we might better address the related challenges.
Blustein's topics are approached and built upon a Psychology of Working framework They cover areas such as
the fundamental role of work in survival
work as a means of achieving a sense of power, of allowing an individual to establish social connections and to make a societal contribution, and to ultimately engage in self-determination
unemployment and its impact on the psychological wellbeing of individuals
the intersection of relationships and work, (of particularly note: care-giving)
oppression and harassment - two of the most significant barriers faced by some workers.
A strength of this book, beyond the topics themselves, is how Blustein boldly takes on so many significant issues faced by some workers. His earnest and informed perspective is quite powerful in addressing these issues and others raised in weaving in his own work, as well as the work of other scholars. Issues related to social class, race, gender, sexual orientation, disability, age, etc., take center stage as, in spite of every positive effort, oppression, marginalization, and harassment persist in the workplace.
The author also provides an excellent historical overview of how our awareness of the significance of relationships in our lives has emerged over time. Most certainly some of this very history proved significant in the development of Blustein’s own Relational Theory of Working. The discussion here rolls through critical topics such as relationships that involve significant power differentials, the struggles of balancing work and family responsibilities including caregiving, the internalization of relationships, and, finally, the value of networking and the instrumental support provided by others in our lives.
Blustein devotes significant discussion to being without work, providing an excellent overview of unemployment and its impact on the psychological wellbeing of individuals dealing with unemployment. This section of the book also gives the reader a detailed view of what a job search might look like for someone dealing with long term unemployment. Blustein also provides comments from clients he and his colleagues interviewed in their work with the Boston College Working Project, related to what society might need to do in trying address the challenges of unemployment, assisting those in need in finding suitable, stable employment.
In his final chapter, Blustein addresses the necessity of being able to work with dignity and creating opportunities for those in need of work. He notes that the arrival of precarious work has short-circuited any sense of security, joy, or meaningfulness for some workers, leading them perhaps to search for meaning in places in their lives outside of work. Unpredictability, inequality, loss of one’s personal dreams, and managing the stress and despair of the current world of work round out a list of challenges individuals face. A far too-easy, yet obvious critique of this book is that some might find it highly idealistic with its possibilities too far out of bounds for the world we live in (and its related present political, economical and educational system). However, professionals who believe it is time to turn attention toward those at the heart of any economy, namely those who are doing the majority of its work, will want to read this book.
Offering suggestions from the personal to a more macro level, Blustein's “The Importance of Work” illuminates a most ambitious, progressive pathway forward with his familiar bold intelligence and compassion. It may well signal the dawn of a new age of work. Thanks to David Blustein, hope awaits in those first few steps ahead.
William C. Briddick is currently an Associate Professor of Counseling and Human Development teaching in the Counseling and Human Resource Development program at South Dakota State University. He can be reached at chris.briddick@sdstate.edu
Rich Feller on Sunday 12/01/2019 at 10:14PM wrote:
Dr Briddick’s keen review opens with the word “soul” which told me what I’d expect and hope to find in Dr Blustein’s latest work... David’s soul and ear stays close the challenges, tragedies and joy of workers like few others. Wonderful review... can’t wait to turn the pages knowing it offers hope for those who turn off the alarm each working day.
Janet Wall on Monday 12/02/2019 at 10:31AM wrote:
David did an excellent webinar on this topic for CEUonestop. If you want to hear from him what he believes is important for career counselors and coaches, this would serve you well. Continuing education clock hours are available. The CEUonestop newsletter also had a book review by Brian Hutchison.
Sue Motulsky on Monday 12/02/2019 at 05:15PM wrote:
Thank you for this insightful review of David Blustein's new book, which I think is essential for all psychologists and career practitioners to read. I too, like Rich, immediately attuned to the word "soul" because this book does indeed reflect David's soul and his compassion for those struggling with work, whether the meaning of work, the lack of work, the relational components of work, or the myriad challenges of discrimination and harassment at work. We are fortunate to have such an eloquent, passionate, and articulate voice for these people and for all of us. This is a "must read" for anyone in this field.
Maggi Kirkbride on Thursday 12/05/2019 at 04:27PM wrote:
This book makes me wish I were teaching a Sociology of Work course at university level, or a master's level course for tomorrow's career counselors. Maybe a leadership development course in an MBA program. Too many emerging adults (and their parents) and potential career counselors, executives, and entrepreneurs haven't examined the real world of work. This book examines! Thank you, David Blustein.
Disclaimer: The opinions expressed in the comments shown above are those of the individual comment authors and do not reflect the opinions of this organization.
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Times Change, or, We Live In Complex Times
Posted by Jim DeLaHunt on 24 Mar 2008 | Tagged as: history, software engineering, time
A few days ago, I had to set the clock on my GPS unit. My GPS unit! It talks to over 24 satellites, each of which has atomic clocks accurate to nanoseconds — yet it didn’t know that Daylight Savings Time began in March instead of April.
We software engineers use variety of abstractions to represent points and durations in time. We synchronise to time servers which are accurate to the millisecond. Behind them are atomic clocks. Our abstractions can represent times centuries in the past and future. They are tidy, regular abstractions. But Daylight Savings Time is a reminder that the reality of time is messy and irregular. It is affected in small ways by astronomy, and in large ways by politics and human idiosyncrasy. That’s why I had to manually set the clock on my GPS unit.
One of the thing I love about engineering is where technology meets human idiosyncrasy. The technology bends to support the idiosyncrasy, and the human idiosyncrasy bends to fit the technology. Time representation is one such case.
Many software systems have an abstraction that represents time in terms of the number of seconds since some special reference date and time. <time.h> is the POSIX manifestation of this, storing times as integer numbers of seconds and microseconds since a 1970 reference time. From the integers, the system computes human-friendly structures like years, months, dates, hours, and minutes (leap years are no big deal). There’s a mechanism for converting from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to local time in various time zones. This includes Daylight Savings Time. All very tidy.
But when you start to look hard at time zones, things start to get interesting. Most of us live in time zones which are whole numbers of hours before or after UTC. In Vancouver, Canada, local time is eight hours earlier than UTC during Pacific Standard Time, and seven hours earlier than UTC during Pacific Daylight Time. But the time in Newfoundland and Labrador, on Canada’s east coast, is 30 minutes rather than an hour offset from its neighbour to the west. Afghanistan, India, Iran, three zones in Australia, and Venezuela also have time zones 30 minutes out of phase with most of the world. Nepal and Chatham Island, New Zealand, are 45 minutes out of phase: when it’s 05:00h in Vancouver, it’s 01:45h on Chatham Island. Time zones were regularised greatly in the 19th and 20th centuries. Before then, some timezones were arbitrary minutes and seconds out of sync with each other. (The TZ data set, tzdata2008b.tar.gz or its successor, is a fascinating read, with lots of historical time zone information and bibilographies.)
Daylight Saving Time has a richer and more controversial history than you may have known. David Prerau’s book “Seize the Daylight: The Curious and Contentious Story of Daylight Saving Time“, gives three centuries of that history. It’s reasonably well known in North America that some jurisdictions observe daylight saving time and some don’t. What’s less appreciated is that the rules for daylight savings time vary over time. Many software systems, even when they provide for time zones and daylight savings time, do so through static data tables. They get caught out when, as in the Energy Policy Act of 2005 in the USA, or every year in Israel, somebody decides to change daylight saving rules. Most software systems don’t have a way of describing all the historical changes in daylight saving time; they do really well to store one historical rule for a time zone. This is what happened to my GPS unit. I’ll have to manually set its daylight saving time until the maker comes up with a firmware patch that corrects the time zone tables.
About those time zone labels, like “CST”: they are ambigous! “CST” can mean “U.S./Canada Central Standard Time, Australian Central Standard Time, China Standard Time, or Cuba Summer Time“, points out Raymond Chen in “The Old New Thing“. Software systems generall don’t well with the ambiguity. Specifications for representing dates in plain text, such as the W3C’s profile of ISO 8601, “Date and Time Formats” or RFC 2822 - Internet Message Format, section 3.3. Date and Time Specification, are important because they offer a way to write dates unambiguously.
Another problem that crops up when time zone definitions vary, be it for daylight saving or other changes, is that it becomes more complicated to calculate time spans. If I want to calculate the number of seconds between April 1, 2005 08:00h and April 1, 2008 Vancouver local time, I’ll need to allow for the fact that the 2005 time is standard time but the 2008 time is daylight savings.
I’ll also need to allow for leap seconds. Remember that abstraction that each day has 24 hours, each hour has 60 minutes, and each minute has 60 seconds? Well, usually that’s true. But some minutes in UTC are defined to be 61 seconds long, so some days are 86,401 (instead of 86,400) seconds long. These leap seconds get added by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) in order to keep the sun rising on time. It turns out the earth actually takes a bit longer than 24 hours * 60 minutes * 60 seconds to turn one day, so without leap seconds the sun would rise later and later UTC. ( You’ll be glad to know there will be no leap second on June 30, 2008. Way to turn, planet Earth!)
So to calculate that time span between 2005 and 2008 correctly, I’ll need to allow for the minute of December 31, 2005 23:59h UTC being 61 seconds long.
So seconds are small and finicky. Surely we can be confident about the date, right? Well, that’s complicated too.
Trivia question: on what date in 1917 did Russia’s “October Revolution” occur? Well, on November 7, of course! It was October 25 in the Julian calendar in use in Russia at the time (”old style”), but November 7 in the current Gregorian calendar (”new style”). They differ by 13 days this century. These calendar differences are widespread across the world over the last 1000 years. Until 1750, England’s civil year started on March 25, not January 1. Thus January 30 1649 (”new style”) was known at the time as January 30 1648 (”old style”). Wikipedia can tell you way more about these “Old Style” and “New Style” date complexities.
On many world maps, there is an “international date line” zig-zagging across the Pacific ocean. To the east of this line, local time is earlier than UTC; to the west, later than UTC. I hate to be the one to break it to you, but this line doesn’t actually exist. Time zones are the choice, essentially political, of human jurisdictions. That zig-zag on the map is the cartographer’s way of showing you which time zones are which side of UTC.
Being political, time zones can change dates. The Pacific island republic of Kiribati stretches from 172° E to 150° W longitude. Centered in the Gilbert Islands in a time zone 12 hours after UTC, upon independence it acquired islands to the east in time zones 11 and 10 hours before UTC. This meant that the ends of the country observed different dates, and only four days per work week overlapped. Effective January 1, 1995, Kiribati changed the Phoenix Island and Line Island time zones to 13 and 14 hours after UTC respectively. This changed their dates, so finally, the whole country was on the same date. But beware if you have to compute a time span between 1994 and 1995 for Kiribati, because their local time didn’t include December 31, 1994! Nevertheless, they didn’t (pace Wikipedia’s Geography of Kiribati article) move the International Date Line, just some time zones.
Usually the <time.h> abstraction of time, as a count of seconds and microseconds after a certain reference date and time, works plenty well for software engineering. There are certainly many sources of error in our time data (inaccurate clocks, clobbered time stamps) that are much greater than the limitations of this abstraction. But remember, time measurement is a human convention, and human conventions almost always have really interesting complexity, and variation over time.
Don’t let the tidiness of the abstraction blind you to the richness of the reality.
Human-friendly URLs for a multilingual Joomla! site (jdlh.com)
Posted by Jim DeLaHunt on 05 Mar 2008 | Tagged as: CMS, Joomla, multilingual
I want my site, jdlh.com, to be a multilingual site that communicates the business I want to do and lets me explore the tools for being world-ready. For nearly two years, I’ve worked to get a combination of tools that would do the job. I’m happy to say that this week I finally assembled a plausible solution. The final piece was sh404SEF, after some patching, with Joomla! 1.0.x and Joom!Fish.
Language support on jdlh.com
jdlh.com supports content in multiple languages (English, Japanese, and German so far), and also a user interface in multiple languages (the same three now, but could differ). Each URL can include a language code between the domain name (”jdlh.com”) and the path to the content. The language codes look like “/en/” for English, “/de/” for German, and “/ja/” for Japanese. The codes are based on RFC 3066 . Where there is a language code in a URL, the site presents content localised for that language, to the extent possible. The content may not always available in that language, so the site may present the content in a fall-back language.
Where there is no language code in a URL, especially in the basic domain name http://jdlh.com/, the site looks at the HTTP Accept-Language header to determine which language the user prefers, and redirects the browser to content with that language code.
It’s important to me that the URLs of content on my site be concise, comprehensible to humans, and stable over time. I like Jakob Nielsen’s “URL as UI” column, and the W3C’s “Cool URIs don’t change“, and try to follow them.
Software used on jdlh.com
jdlh.com is built using Joomla!, a free software content management system (CMS). Version 1.0.x of Joomla!, which I use as of early 2008, can be coaxed into using UTF-8 text encoding and tolerating multi-lingual content. I add in Joom!Fish, a Joomla component which helps manage content in multiple parallel languages, and provides useful language utilities like that UI widget at the top of the page, to select between languages.
Joomla has many strengths, but easy-to-read URLs aren’t among them. Left to itself, a Joomla URL is an opaque stream of numbers and codes. Turning those URLs into human-friendly URLs, which are concise, comprehensible to humans, and stable over time is the work of a “SEF” (Search-Engine-Friendly) component. Joomla has had several, but the first which satisifed us for jdlh.com is one called sh404SEF (see also sh404SEF on Joomla extensions and sh404SEF on siliana.net).
There has been a tough interaction between Joomla, Joom!Fish, and sh404SEF (and its ill-starred predecessors). Since mid-2006, Joomla would work with either of the other two, but not both together. Even as Joomla! moved forward to version 1.5.x, which has a better foundation for multilingual sites, I was held back to Joomla 1.0.x because Joom!Fish didn’t support the new version yet. Finally, in late February 2008, I discovered version 1.3.1 “TEST PR build 255″ of sh404SEF, which seemed to work well with Joom!Fish (currently 1.8.2) and Joomla (currently 1.0.15).
I made a patch to sh404SEF, one of the modules that extends the Joomla! content management system that runs this website. What the patch does is to ensure that all three of the languages supported on this website are treated equally in the URLs of this site. Without the patch, the “/en/” tag for URLs of English-language content would be missing in some cases. See my article “Default-language patch for sh404SEF published” for a description of the patch, and a link to the code.
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