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The dataset generation failed
Error code: DatasetGenerationError
Exception: ArrowInvalid
Message: JSON parse error: Missing a closing quotation mark in string. in row 158
Traceback: Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 153, in _generate_tables
df = pd.read_json(f, dtype_backend="pyarrow")
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 815, in read_json
return json_reader.read()
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 1025, in read
obj = self._get_object_parser(self.data)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 1051, in _get_object_parser
obj = FrameParser(json, **kwargs).parse()
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 1187, in parse
self._parse()
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 1403, in _parse
ujson_loads(json, precise_float=self.precise_float), dtype=None
ValueError: Trailing data
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1997, in _prepare_split_single
for _, table in generator:
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 156, in _generate_tables
raise e
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 130, in _generate_tables
pa_table = paj.read_json(
File "pyarrow/_json.pyx", line 308, in pyarrow._json.read_json
File "pyarrow/error.pxi", line 154, in pyarrow.lib.pyarrow_internal_check_status
File "pyarrow/error.pxi", line 91, in pyarrow.lib.check_status
pyarrow.lib.ArrowInvalid: JSON parse error: Missing a closing quotation mark in string. in row 158
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1529, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
parquet_operations = convert_to_parquet(builder)
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1154, in convert_to_parquet
builder.download_and_prepare(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1029, in download_and_prepare
self._download_and_prepare(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1124, in _download_and_prepare
self._prepare_split(split_generator, **prepare_split_kwargs)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1884, in _prepare_split
for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 2040, in _prepare_split_single
raise DatasetGenerationError("An error occurred while generating the dataset") from e
datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationError: An error occurred while generating the datasetNeed help to make the dataset viewer work? Make sure to review how to configure the dataset viewer, and open a discussion for direct support.
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Recent Reminders that Science is not in the Service of Dogma
Friday, April 8, 2016 Public Policy and Administration
This is an inconvenient truth for those on opposite ends of environmental and energy issues.
One of the glories of science is that it is beholden to no one. From Galileo challenging the Catholic Church to physicists studying quantum mechanics and challenging the work of E instein, science has always had a mean independent streak. It has always had an insatiable appetite for deeper understanding as well, which is why scientific understanding frequently changes.
For these reasons, science and dogma are rare bedfellows – a point that has been underscored by several recent developments. First, as the New York Times recently reported, marine environmentalists have found strong evidence that offshore oil rigs have helped create incredibly rich new marine ecosystems. This finding in turn suggests that in order to preserve marine life, oil rigs should be partially decommissioned (rather than completely removed) when they cease producing, a policy prescription that infuriates some anti-oil environmentalists because it would save oil companies money.
Second, as has been increasingly reported over the past year, there is evidence tying wastewater injection to the rise in earthquakes in Oklahoma and Texas. These studies have angered many in the oil and gas industry as well as those politicians who favor fracking as a cornerstone of U.S. energy policy.
Third, many scientists believe that 2015 was the hottest year on record. Although there are some disagreements over the algorithms used to account for external influences on raw sensor data, those who defend our current mix of energy sources are starting to feel some real heat.
Fourth, as recently discussed in a Wall Street Journal Op-Ed, there is evidence that the higher temperatures caused by climate change will kill thousands, and that these higher temperatures will also save thousands of lives that would have been claimed by cold weather. The fact that “Some Like it Hot” leaves many environmentalists hot under the collar.
Rather than embrace the science they like, ignore the science they don’t, and seek to chill debate, politicians and policy makers should welcome scientific debate and discovery, particularly on environmental issues. Our environmental and energy policies would likely be more effective and less polarizing (and thus more likely to survive changes in political leadership) if they took a more holistic view of the best available science to assess the costs and benefits of various approaches, accurately evaluate the likelihood of various predictions/conclusions, and ensure flexibility and adaptability in light of uncertainty and the likelihood of changes in scientific understanding.
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cc/2020-05/en_head_0030.json.gz/line1
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Oh là là
Fact Castle Party
A participant of the Castle Party festival poses for picture as a man walks past in Bolkow, southwestern Poland, July 16, 2015. The annual festival features around 50 musicians and artists playing on various stage Gothic rock and other styles of the dark music subculture. Outside Germany, it is one of the biggest festival with this genre of music, the event attracts regular international audience of up to 5000, the organizers said. (Photo by Kacper Pempel/Reuters)
19 Jul 2015 09:26:00,post received 0 comments
Wow How to Build a Castle
A view of the construction site of the Chateau de Guedelon near Treigny in the Burgundy region of France, September 13, 2016. Blacksmiths, stonemasons and quarry men are hard at work in a Burgundy forest building a 13th-century-style castle using the most basic tools and materials, replicating the methods used hundreds of years ago to better understand them. (Photo by Jacky Naegelen/Reuters)
15 Sep 2016 09:43:00,post received 0 comments
Wow A 3 Metre Tall Castle
Miniature books and furniture are displayed in the "library" of the Astolat Castle, a 3 metre (9 foot) tall dollhouse, currently on display in New York November 14, 2015. Appraised at $8.5 million, the Astolat Castle, weighs 363 kg (800 pounds) and has 29 rooms, according to local media. (Photo by Lucas Jackson/Reuters)
17 Nov 2015 08:01:00,post received 0 comments
Wow Castles Etched on Grains of Sand
Artist Vik Muniz is known for his gigantic composite installations and sculptures created from thousands of individual objects. In this new collaboration with artist and MIT researcher Marcelo Coelho, Muniz takes the opposite approach and explores the microscopic with a new series of sandcastles etched onto individual grains of sand.
13 Apr 2014 08:55:00,post received 0 comments
Fact Model of Hogwarts Castle
Production Designer Stuart Craig was on hand today at Warner Bros. Studio Tour London - The Making of Harry Potter to reveal one of the best kept secrets of the tour: the incredibly detailed model of Hogwarts castle used in the films.
Fact Castle Festival Celebrated in Himeji
People dressed in Samurai costume and helmet march during the annual Himeji Castle Festival on August 3, 2013 in Himeji, Japan. The parade of Castle Queens is part of the traditional matsuri festival around the UNESCO world heritage Himeji Castle. (Photo by Buddhika Weerasinghe)
04 Aug 2013 09:09:00,post received 0 comments
Educative Dunnottar Castle In Scottish
Dunnottar Castleis a ruined medieval fortress located upon a rocky headland on the north-east coast of Scotland, about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) south of Stonehaven. The surviving buildings are largely of the 15th and 16th centuries, but the site is believed to have been fortified in the Early Middle Ages. Dunnottar has played a prominent role in the history of Scotland through to the 18th-century Jacobite risings because of its strategic location and the strength of its situation. Dunnottar is best known as the place where the Honours of Scotland, the Scottish crown jewels, were hidden from Oliver Cromwell's invading army in the 17th century. The property of the Keiths from the 14th century, and the seat of the Earl Marischal, Dunnottar declined after the last Earl forfeited his titles by taking part in the Jacobite rebellion of 1715. The castle was restored in the 20th century and is now open to the public.
13 Jan 2014 11:31:00,post received 0 comments
Fact Views of Edinburgh Castle
A general view of Edinburgh Castle on February 7, 2012 in Edinburgh, Scotland. The castle dominates the city skyline was built on top of an extinct volcano, and has had a human settlement on the castle site since 900BC. (Photo by Jeff J. Mitchell/Getty Images)
08 Feb 2012 10:58:00,post received 0 comments
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cc/2020-05/en_head_0030.json.gz/line7
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Beddington Farmlands Bird Group
Highlights from 1986-1996
This review was taken from the 1996 Bird report
Overgrazing by horses was at its height in 1987, resulting in many of the hedgerow trees being stripped of their bark. Further damage was caused by the " Great Storm " in October, with a number of trees being blown down. Blown in by the storm were Sabine's Gull and Grey Phalarope. A calling Quail in the summer was followed by a sighting of three birds in the autumn. Did they breed?
Pectoral Sandpiper and Dartford Warbler were "firsts" for the Farm, with Red Kite also being recorded. There was an outstanding spring passage of Ring Ouzels. Large scale removal of top-soil continued to scar parts of the southern half of the farm. Fears were expressed by birders about the deleterious effects the imminent construction of the flood relief lake was likely to have on birds at the site. Little did we know what was in store!!
In the autumn, gravel extraction began on the site of the future flood relief lake. An unusual range of rarities were recorded this year, including Gannet, Purple Heron, Spoonbill, Pectoral Sandpipers in the spring and autumn, Tawny Pipit and Nightingale. March saw the last wintering flock of Corn Buntings to be recorded at the Farm.
Three gravel islands were created prior to the lake becoming completely flooded on 18th August. the lake's first major rarity, a drake Ferruginous Duck, was recorded in December. Redshank recolonized the Farm in 1990 and breeding was attempted. 1990 was also the year that saw the return of Water Pipit as a regular wintering species after the doldrums of the lated Eighties.
In May, a wooden raft was anchored in the southern half of the lake. It has since attracted four species of tern, but Coots have so far been the only species to use it as a breeding platfor. The lake started to come into its own this year, attracting a Little Egret, a Red-throated Diver, two Ring-billed Gulls and several Smew. Passage counts of Brent Geese and Whimbrel were particularly noteworthy. One pair of Redshank successfully raised young.
1992 was quite a momentous year, with the formation of the Beddington Farm Bird Group and the announcement of plans for large-scale, long-term gravel extraction and infilling. A fence was erected around the Farm perimeter excluding some areas of woodland and part of the old hedgerow system. Entry to the Farm became limited to key-holders. In March, Thames Water gave permission for 100 Tree Sparrow nest boxes to be placed around the Farm, and these proved an immediate success. The rarest birds recorded in 1992 were two Tawny Pipits in September. Redshank bred successfully for the second year running.
1993 was dominated by the wintering duo of Rustic and Little Buntings, and a juvenile Citrine Wagtail in August. In the face of criticism from some sections of the birding community, twitches were successfully organized and wardened by BFBG members. Other important sightings included Black-necked Grebe, Velvet Scoter and Eider. A pair of Garganey attempted to breed on Hundred Acre. The first Beddington Breeding Bird Survey recorded 47 species holding territory. A hide provided by Thames Water was erected overlooking the lake.
The last remaming field was converted to sludge beds in the early part of 1994. Conseravtion and management work continued to be carried out around the Farm, with tree planting, clearance of vegetation and landscaping of the islands. A bird table and feeding station were situated close to the hide. Golden Oriole and Marsh Warbler were the star birds of 1994, along with wintering Long-eared Owls and Peregrine. The Tree Sparrow Nest Box Scheme had its best ever year, with 53 pairs using the nest boxes and raising 428 young from 89 broods. In March, LB of Sutton refused Thames Water planning permission to extract gravel with subsequent restoration by landfill and habitat creation. An appeal was lodged by Thames Water and the matter went to a Public Inquiry.
In May, the Public Inquiry decided in favour of Thame Water's proposals for the site. The Conservation Science Group ( whose brief is to oversee the nature conservation interests of the development ) met for the first time in December. Over 150 species were recorded for the fifth year running, with 45 species holding territory ( including a pair of Marsh Warblers ). Other highlights included Red-necked Grebe, Red-throated Pipit, Common Rosefinch and Ortolan Bunting. Unfortunately, the hide was subject to repeated and serious vandalism in the course of the year.
A record-breaking 166 species were recorded in 1996, with wildfowl particularly outstanding. The autumn passage of Little Stints was on of the year's highlights, whilst long staying Grasshopper Warbler, Spotted Crake and Red-throated Pipit were much appreciated. Nationwide influxes of Waxwings in the first winter period and Snow Buntings in the autumn were reflected at the Farm with one record of the former and three of the latter. Over one hundred pairs of Whitethroats were recorded holding territory this year.
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The Impact Of Religion In Nigerian Community Pdf
school community. Put differently, the results show that historic events can have a lasting impact on culture. ”[14] This essay argues that the relationship between religion and globalization is complex, one with new possibilities and furthering challenges. It led the first open battle against Christians in Nigeria, first, on the level of religious loyalty and secondly on the level of ethical responsibility. The African religions scholar Placide Tempels describes every misfortune that Africans encounter as "a diminution of vital force. A state-centric approach will be followed and the units of analysis will be Nigeria and Sudan. Some countries may experience the impact of religion on their public life more than others. the interplay of black religion/spirituality, school exclusion, black British masculinity, education and black youth. • Religion and faith are both drivers and indicators of giving. Page 2 of 62 Table of Contents 1. Facing History convenes community members for meaningful dialogue about today’s most profound and challenging issues. The region will also see income growth. Indigenous volunteers and volunteers from other marginalized communities are crucial in engaging vulnerable groups and building resilient communities. Introduction: Witchcraft has its roots deep in African history and culture, long before the dawn of colonization. Nigeria has the highest rate of twin births per year globally. that of their community, depends on the understanding and perpetuation of the institutions, laws, language and values inherited from the past. This article did a general review of the present state of situation as regards domestic violence against women in an African sub-culture society like Nigeria. Therefore, the well-being of elderly is compromised. West Africa is already experiencing rising temperatures, shifting precipitation patterns, and increasing extreme events. Some countries may experience the impact of religion on their public life more than others. are a truly religious people of whom it can be said as it has been said about the Hindus that they eat religiously, dress religiously, sin religiously. One of the most important findings of cross-cultural conflict resolution research is that religion is a perennial and perhaps inevitable factor in both conflict and conflict resolution. Many scholars have debated the extent to which African American religion draws upon African religion in its diverse forms. In this chapter I cover the history of myth and religion from around 3000 BC (or BCE – Before the Common Era) to the rise and flourishing of Christianity and Islam around 1000 AD. Gender Ideology in Igbo Religion: The Changing Religious Role of Women in Igboland. Impact of Internet Social Networks on Church Life By Charlie R. The implicit message is that religion is irrelevant to the development of virtue, moral judgment, and the search for moral truth. The expansion of the territorial scope of this atrocity is significant not only because its impact on the Christian community was therefore larger, but also because it reflects a larger community of religious institutions that were victimized because of their willingness to provide assistance in response to the carnage. Few states in Africa have the capacity to make a more decisive impact on the region. Religion has the benefit of empowering the individual through connecting him/her to a community, and to a superior force, that might in turn give psychological stability (Oman & Thorensen, 2003). The impact of religious practice on formal charity had additional significance for community cohesion. These rites were originally established by African ancestors while they were living in order to link the individual to the community and the community to the broader and more potent spiritual world. The Bahá'í International Community, therefore, urges that the Declaration and Programme of Action address in a substantive manner the constructive role that religion should play in social. Sex refers to a person™s biological characteristics Œ whether a person is male or female. Colonialism and its Legacies in Kenya. Get an answer for 'What was the influence and impact of colonialism on Africa in terms of culture, religion, politics, economy, education, and theater? ' and find homework help for other African. Christianity was the dominant religion in North Africa and most notably Egypt. 4 million–35. It explored the religious influences. These rituals serve to unite members of the current religious community not just with each other, but also with their ancestors and their descendants. In this paper I wish to examine the place and the role of women according to African Religion. Value Added Tax (VAT) is now the most common form of consumption tax system used around the world. Contributors from Africa and North America explore poverty's roots and effects, the ways that experiences and understandings of deprivation are shaped by religion, and the capacity and limitations of. , so it is no surprise that religious teaching and affiliation provide a significant context for many women as they address experiences of victimization. The Bahá'í International Community, therefore, urges that the Declaration and Programme of Action address in a substantive manner the constructive role that religion should play in social. African religion remains very much alive. Mental health in the African American Community 1 Section 1 Introduction There are systematic barriers in society that disproportionately impact mental health in the African American community. Although, African Americans only constitute 12% of the United Sates population (Baker & Bell, 1999), they are overrepresented in. According to a leader from civil society, Africa needed to “develop a culture of resistance” to globalization in order to avoid being reduced to the status of a “beggar economy”. To force the decision through, he had warned of the danger of a general uprising if nothing was done. Introduction. By the Staff of Watchman Fellowship, Inc. Funding for the Global Religious Futures project comes from The Pew Charitable Trusts and the John Templeton Foundation. Religion and Slavery This was not a distant, far-away God in some kind of institutional church, but it was a God, said the evangelicals, involved in the daily lives of people, involved in every. The American Deaf community values American Sign Language as the core of a culturally Deaf identity. Aylward Shorter,6 a lecturer in African Studies at the Catholic Higher Institute, writes that religion is a fundamental mode of cultural behaviour; it is and must be part of the interpretation of life that a culture offers. By William Julius Wilson. box 342, buea, cameroon. Galloway Nova Southeastern University,[email protected] On the other hand, because globalization allows for daily contact, religion enters a circle of conflict in which religions become “more self-conscious of themselves as being world religions. January, 2002 A Conceptual and Theoretical Overview of Religious and Spiritual Development in Childhood. Therefore, some people view religion as based on nothing more than personal opinion or. Religion has provided a sense of community and support for African-Americans and was also extremely influential in the Civil Rights Movement As a result, religion has a more prominent role in the day-to-day lives of African. The Bible and Christian theology have to address this foundational and dominant influence and impact upon the traditional African life. Ultimately, social change creates a more just society in which people collaborate and perform service that is for the common good. The net economic impact is usually viewed as the expansion or contraction of an area's economy, resulting from changes in (i. As in table and figure 4 shown, for569 people (% 44. system of religion endured, even through several periods of foreign rule, until the coming of Christianity in the early centuries C. The complexity of religion in Brazil only testifies once again to its depth as a country. The roots of Nigeria's religious and ethnic conflict. Religion is core to the diverse interactions existing between humans in almost every society. By William Julius Wilson. With the coming of Colonialism, however, Africa was impacted on political, social, and economic levels, which are linked to the occult, and have led to a culture in which women are further to blame and are oppressed. More so, the relationship is complex because of the intricacies inherent in the politicization of religion. It tries to examine the role Nigerian women played at three different epochs and how they were being influenced by the system of education prevalent at the time. TALKING ABOUT SPIRITUAL AND RELIGIOUS FACTORS IN WELLNESS Defining Spirituality/Religion Spirituality/Religion and its role in promoting physical and behavioral health has been embraced in many public health settings as an important tool to promote wellness. 2 Religious Leaders’ Awareness of the Situation of Children in their Countries, with special reference to Children living with HIV 20. LANSFORD* I INTRODUCTION A large body of research documents the link between corporal punishment and child-behavior problems such as aggression, delinquency, and criminality. Religion and Morbidity in African Americans Since the late 1980s, the NIH has supported two research programs that focus on religion-health con-nections in data collected from African-American pop-ulations. Empowerment on a group level e. community partners involved in those four projects. Most African Traditional Religions have functionaries who communicate with God and the spirits on behalf of individuals and the community. It examined why effective communication is needed for rural community development to be sustained. Zoë Scott. Slave Food: The Impact of Unhealthy Eating Habits on the Black Community According to a report on the state of obesity, approximately 47. 1 Additionally, the country has relatively high levels of infant mortality (104 infant deaths per 1,000 live births) and maternal mortality (800 maternal deaths per 100,000 live. religion by those "connected with real-life congrega-tions" and others that seemed to "come in 16 shades of unorthodox" (1993b, pp. A proverb from Ghana declares that: A woman is a flower in a garden; her husband is the fence around it'. On this view, each of the religious traditions are comprised of various experiences and mutually incompatible truth claims, and the traditions are themselves rooted in distinct worldviews that are. nongovernmental organizations, community-based groups and religious organizations. In African culture, this kind of myth translates a policy that in fact shows the importance of mother in the life of the society. National diabetes fact sheet: national estimates and general information on diabetes and prediabetes in the United States, 2011. The following definitions are derived from cultural anthropology, the study of human cultures. African Customary Law, Customs, and Women's Rights MUNA NDULO* ABSTRACT The sources of law in most African countries are customary law, the common law and legislation both colonial and post-independence. Although the federal. study examined the role of Traditional African moral values in national development. Religion leads people to defend not just the good but also the bad qualities of a culture, ultimately harming the people. and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria with the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria in 1914. The Impact of Islam as a Religion and Muslim Women on Gender Equality: A Phenomenological Research Study Sonia D. Dutch laws, customs and attitudes towards race were brought to South Africa and Dutch people became the ruling class until the Cape was taken over by the British in 1806. Residents benefit from a more independent living. We have to categorise and identify the nature of pentecostalism, its influence and impact on Christianity in the country. In this paper I wish to examine the place and the role of women according to African Religion. INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS AND THE CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES IN THE SHANGWE COMMUNITY IN GOKWE DISTRICT, ZIMBABWE Renias Ngara Ngara Renias is a Master of Arts in Music student at the University of Fort Hare Remigios V. John Mbiti, 87, Dies; Punctured Myths About African Religions. In his article, "Impact of Church Activities and Socialization on African-American Religious Commitment", Wielhouwer (2004) observed that the sociopolitical isolation of African Americans led to the hierarchal formation centered around the black church. This study adopted expository research design. In a community in which most women are circumcised, family and. Facing History convenes community members for meaningful dialogue about today’s most profound and challenging issues. It will be based on a literature study and available factual data. Substantial material from the source has been used with little or no modification and only occasional referencing. From a religious perspective, women are there merely for the sexual enjoyment of men and for purposes of reproduction. The Impact of Political Violence on Education in South Africa: Past, Present and Future Current Issues in Comparative Education, Vol. Religious resources are contained in the four main elements of which religions consist. Domestic Violence Against Women in Nigeria UNICEF (2001) in its study asserted that traditionally in Nigeria, as in many other African countries, the beating of wives and children is widely sanctioned as a form of discipline. 5-8 All these things can be found in other ways, although perhaps less easily; religions “package” many of the ingredients of health and wellbeing to make them accessible to people. West African agriculture and climate change: A comprehensive analysis. • Religion and faith are both drivers and indicators of giving. Which community or group, we identify with differs enormously. PSYCHOLOGY. Charles Kombo Okioga Kisii University College Kenya Abstract This study is about the impact of students’ socio-economic background on academic performance in universities,. In Christian or Islamic communities, religious beliefs are also sometimes characterized with syncretism with the beliefs and practices of traditional religions. 24 Chapter 2: An Historical Overview of Nursing expected to do other jobs within the household, including housekeeping, cleaning, and cooking. effectiveness and impact of media and technology in K-12 schools around the world. THE IMPACT OF CONFLICT ON THE ECONOMY: THE CASE OF PLATEAU STATE OF NIGERIA Abubakar Sokoto Mohammed 1. • During the riot, dozens died and hundreds were injured. With more than 25% of children witnessing an act of violence in their homes, schools, or community over the past year, and more than 5% witnessing a shooting, it becomes not just an issue of gun regulation, but also of addressing the impact on those who have been traumatized by such violence (Finkelhor et al. But like every religion extremists in Islam are destroying the beauty of Islamic religion. The impact of the slave trade on Africa On 27 April 1848 Victor Schoelcher, the French under-secretary of state for the colonies, signed a decree abolishing slavery. A religion is a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things that is to say, things, set apart and forbidden, beliefs and practices which unite, into one single moral community called a church, all those who adhere to them [9]. An 18 December 2012 report on religion and public life by the Pew Research Center stated that in 2010, 48. Myth would also impact the development of ancient philosophical views regarding reality, time, morals, and the future. Paul Kyalo Department of Philosophy & Religious Studies, Kenyatta University, P. early marriage child spouses overview how common is early marriage? early marriage: the causes and context the impact of early marriage taking action the need for research in conclusion links references innocenti digest no. European historians have argued that it came through trading contacts with India, whereas some Southeast Asian Muslim scholars claim it was brought to the region directly from Arabia in the Middle East. Black Agenda Forum-- video of a March 2010 panel discussion with many key African American leaders, scholars, educators, community activists, and others -- the discussion focuses on challenges facing the African-American community and the nation, the question of whether America is in a "post-racial" era after the election of President Barack. Egyptian and North African scholars such as Clement, Origen, Tertullian, and Athanasius are widely recognized as fathers of the church. Religion in Nigeria Today. Further analysis and research could deepen understanding of these fairly substantial effects. In the rest of the paper, we summarize the result of a natural experiment that addresses the question of the impact of media bias on political preferences. Religion has the benefit of empowering the individual through connecting him/her to a community, and to a superior force, that might in turn give psychological stability (Oman & Thorensen, 2003). The Traditional African Religion. The findings indicate that there is an important role for southern black faith communities in the development of African-American communities. The numbers of AIDS cases and HIV infection count as an impact: cumulatively, they state the effect on the population of the United States and on particular subpopulations. ” Sport can assist in building links and trust both within refugee communities, and between refugees and the broader community, thereby acting as an entry point for the wider participation of re fugees in community life. The ten main important principles of Islam religion are considered in the following: Monotheism: Islam, as its name means, is peace and the call for full submission to God, the one and only one. Nursing Education High Impact List of Articles PPts Journals 2243 and intervention for older adults in the community | PDF Services for the Elderly in Nigeria. Futures project, which analyzes religious change and its impact on societies around the world. In four countries, for instance, half or more of the population believes that sacrifices to ancestors or spirits can protect them from harm. are as a leader can be very powerful in social change. The impact of spirituality on mental health In the past decade or so, researchers across a range of disciplines have started to explore and acknowledge the positive contribution spirituality can make to mental health. Individuals who gave to charitable organizations were 21 percentage points more likely to. 2 The Role of Religion in Conflict and Peacebuilding // British Academy This report puts forward several recommendations for policymakers, particularly those involved in conflict resolution or mediation, and for scholars in the field. Christopher Agulanna Department of Philosophy University of Ibadan Ibadan, Nigeria INTRODUCTION Nigerians are highly religious. The author proposes that a family. , faith-based organizations’ involvement in housing and community economic development, is very small. The purpose of this is to help to orient a person who would like to work in the context of Africa. impact of the revolution in mass communications. African Hair Braiding. Furthermore, the qualitative analysis reveals that socio-cultural meanings, informed by gender and religious ideologies, the impact of C-section on marital and household relationships, and the presence of powerful alternative providers are key factors which influence whether and when women will accept C-section or not. download your complete project topics Welcome to Edustore. Nigeria has the highest rate of twin births per year globally. Minaret of Freedom Institute 4323 Rosedale Avenue Bethesda, MD 20814 301-907-0947 [email protected] 1% to almost 22. Studies of Religion. 0 INTRODUCTION This paper is not a research report but rather an exploratory exercise towards documenting the impact of conflict on the economy, especially the poor, with particular reference to the Plateau State of Nigeria. This group of people of God put their fingers on the religion of Christians as the primary source of the social, moral and religious decay of the day. Although the federal. African Americans tend to believe in the sanctity of life and rely on a strong sense of community and family at times of loss. Impact of WWI on African Americans & Women. The Nigerian Patriarchy: When and How Sefinatu Aliyu Dogo University of Exeter, the United Kingdom The present Nigerian society, like most of Africa, is patriarchal in nature, with attendant unequal gender relations which cast women in a subordinate position. By the Staff of Watchman Fellowship, Inc. Available grazing lands are diminishing at an alarming rate and livestock. Index of Cults and Religions. formally apologized to African-Americans for "condoning and. This security is inherent in the submission to the One God. Indigenous African religions are by nature plural, varied, and usually informed by one's ethnic identity, where one's family came from in Africa. If a religion is a non-revealed religion, then it is independent of religious prescriptions and commands. Organizational Structure: Influencing Factors and Impact on a Firm 231. Asfandyar Khan and FaseeUllah. African community leadership and capacity The capacity of the African HIV voluntary sector has recently diminished significantly and black African communities, philanthropists and businesses will all be central to rebuilding an African (HIV) voluntary sector which is sustainable, impactful and community-led. The author proposes that a family. It does show that a large country of the size of Nigeria, with diverse cultures and traditions, should be rich in traditional medicine and should have emi nent and respected traditional healers to take care of the teeming population. The psychological literature suggests that the benefits to wellbeing flow from the social support, existential meaning, sense of purpose, coherent belief system and moral code that religion provides. safiriyu, adijat morenikeji department of accounting / banking and finance college of social and management sciences caleb university imota ikorodu lagos. The idea of connecting religion and development stemmed from the basic thought that religion influencing fertility rate. Considerable attention has already been given to the role of Christianity and Islam as religious influences, but the diversity of religious traditions practiced within the African-American community extends beyond those two traditions. By 1914, it was estimated that about 25,000 Quranic schools were already in existence all over Northern Nigeria. Clearly, religion matters when choosing the marital partner, marriage, divorce, and women’s working rate. Furthermore, people with mental health problems are Commonwealth Health Partnerships 2013 59 The social and cultural aspects of mental health in African societies Mary Amuyunzu-Nyamongo. Positive and negative impact of religion Religion provides belief to the people when they are down and out. • Domestic violence programs should be aware of research which suggests that spirituality is an important tool used by victims to. It grew popular to even the middle belt and several parts of Nigeria At some point, Usman Dan Fodio Had to establish a government based on Islamic Religion before the advent of colonialism when the. Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of. Religious Freedom in Focus is a periodic email update about the Civil Rights Division's religious liberty and religious discrimination cases. Studies of Religion. Then, whether it is devotion, yoga, meditation, tantra, and the science of breathing and so on, all are meant to eliminate our ignorance and to unite us to the whole, hence, the word religare. Department of History, Political Science and Public Administration. What Do the Spiritual and Religious Traditions Offer the Practicing Psychologist? Only a third are affiliated with any religious community and half claim that religion is not important to them. 3 Objectives To promote tourism development along the coastal line of Lagos. 1 (1999) pp. The purpose of this paper was to examine the impact of Socio-cultural Business Environment on Entrepreneurial Intention. Art can also be used to engage youth in civic activities such as beautifying urban spaces by painting wall murals. Religion and spirituality has always played an important role within African-American communities. Privatization can have a positive secondary effect on a country's fiscal situation. Myth would also impact the development of ancient philosophical views regarding reality, time, morals, and the future. The Journal of the American Academy of Religion is generally considered to be the top academic journal in the field of religious studies. Therefore, the paper intends to explore the impact of this phenomenon on religions in south-western Nigeria. Make the church, temple, mosque, or synagogue a safe place for victims of violence against women. CULTURE may be defined as the abstract values, beliefs, and perceptions of the world--i. The North Carolina Council of Churches should endorse the positions taken in the consensus documents already endorsed by the National Council of Churches (in appendices 2 and 5) by affirming: the importance of religious liberty for all Americans; that public schools may neither promote nor inhibit religion: that the study of religion is essential to a good education; and that religion must be taught neutrally (rather than in a sectarian way, or as a matter of indoctrination or proselytizing). To define the need for cultural competency To provide a description of the American Indian population of North Carolina To identify barriers to treating AI patients. The campaigns should. Islam started from Arab and eventually spread throughout the world. Empowerment on a group level e. In many African religions, including the Dogon, the Ashanti, and the Igbo, the earth is an important female diety True Most African indigenous religions are anthropocentric, which means that they recognize humanity as the center of the cosmos. Nigeria has the highest rate of twin births per year globally. Scholars focusing on social conflict have commonly looked at religion as an aspect of identity that defines the. Whether in childhood or adulthood, most people have had some association with a faith tradition. It is a factor in political struggles and distribution of resources. Dance, story-telling and religious practices are all grounded on the music of the culture. Northeast Nigeria has become one of the world's most complex humanitarian crises due to the Boko Haram insurgency and extremely low levels of development in the region. Paden (1973) and Kukah (1993) demonstrated that during the era of decolonization and early independence in the 1950s and 1960s, the two major political. Firstly, great question! the postive effects of religion is that it brings people together in a community, allows people to share a common goal of the relifion, makes them feel united, gives them something to believe in, provides meaning to life, explain any questions they may have, allows people to believe in something greater than themselves and lets people come together to worship one God. Tanzania aimed at harmonization between “development”. hand with the study of the people who practise the religion. There has been change in the role of traditional rulers in Nigeria as it applies to community development, since the introduction of local government reforms of 1976 in the said reforms, leadership roles were clearly expressed, which states that it is not the intention of government to destroy the organic unity of the traditional institutions. to government in order to ensure greater impact and consolidation of community-based interventions. Research by Brown and associates has result-ed in several important studies of the impact of African-American religion on health and well. INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS AND THE CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES IN THE SHANGWE COMMUNITY IN GOKWE DISTRICT, ZIMBABWE Renias Ngara Ngara Renias is a Master of Arts in Music student at the University of Fort Hare Remigios V. March 2010. "9 This understanding of the pervasive influence of religion on. 17 While religious duty is commonly cited as a justifi cation for the practice, it is important to note that FGM is a cultural, not religious, practice. Your efforts are noteworthy but limited in perspective as it relates to the African slave religion. For Black History Month, here are five facts about the religious lives of African Americans. Family/ community background of the child was looked at, cultural, language and religious differences in Nigeria’s heterogeneous society are also such factors that hinder social studies teaching and learning. THE IMPACT OF WORKFORCE DIVERSITY ON ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS: A STUDY OF A NIGERIAN BANK OMANKHANLEN ALEX EHIMARE, JOSHUA O. Learning more about if and how religious coping plays a role in health behaviors related to chronic disease has the potential to inform community- and faith-based interventions that serve African-American communities. OGAGA-OGHENE * ABSTRACT: It is generally recognized that there is diversity in the workforce of any enterprise, be it business, government, or civil society. In the words of. SUGGESTIONS FOR TEACHING THE SYLLABUS Teachers should select topics in sequence from all the themes (Creation, Family, Obedience, Religious Practices, Religious Personalities, Festivals) to plan the scheme of work for each term. The same can be true for students. Prelims List: American Religious History. effectiveness and impact of media and technology in K-12 schools around the world. Both the state and conflict prevention practitioners have used competitive and recreational sports as an. When immigrants reach a new land, their old ways die hard. Rastafari “reasoning sessions” are religious meetings that involve group meditation, and marijuana is used to help the follower go into a trance-like state. What Communities of Faith Can Do To Make a Difference Become a safe place. Sa - la - ma means peace, security and safety. Visit the Faith Communities Today website. Rationale Ethnicity and religion have considerable influence on the voting patterns of the Nigerian electorate. Diabetes action councils. In order to understand the people of Africa fully, an in-depth study of the religious beliefs of its people must be carried out. Impact definition, the striking of one thing against another; forceful contact; collision: The impact of the colliding cars broke the windshield. INSIDERS, OUTSIDERS, AND THE SPACE BETWEEN. Kwanzaa is an African American and Pan-African holiday which celebrates the best of African history, thought, and culture. nonWestern cultures segregate people by age East African “age villages” and American college campuses are two examples but only Western societies place large numbers of the frail elderly in institutions. Over the years, African traditional institutions have thrived on religion. their impact, instead of simply reacting to calls for service. Speakers and topics address what it means to be a citizen in a democratic society and inspire positive change in the world. Black adults are particularly likely to say slavery continues to have an impact: More than eight-in-ten say this is the case. like many other African or Africa-based media analysts who have made the same submission as Merrill which have largely been ignored by African journalists, has bemoaned the lack of Africanness in African journalism. of Political Science & Public Administration, Adekunle Ajasin University, Nigeria) ABSTRACT The central argument of this paper stems from the submission that colonialism, slave trade and. The secondary dimensions such as religion, education, geographical location, income etc, are those quali-. Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of. Economic Impacts of Tourism Daniel J. HOUSING’S IMPACT ON MEETING SOCIAL, INDIVIDUAL AND COMMUNITY NEEDS • Housing enriched with services, such as assisted-living services for the elderly or people with mental or physical disabilities, is a far more preferable approach to institutionalization for many. IN African religion, women encourage hard work and industrialisation for sustainable development. conflict transformation and experiencing first-hand the potential of religious spaces to promote peace, harmony, and reconciliation. Although the federal. in the African American community (e. The essence of such writings appeared intended only to present the Igbo as traditional community people given to expression of their inherited ancestral mores and practices. By far the predominant religion in Libya is Islam with 97% of the population associating with the faith. Cancel Anytime. Capitalism and African Business Cultures; The Impact of Democracy on Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1982–2012; The Economics of Authoritarianism in North Africa; The Potential Economic Dividends of North African Revolutions; The Economics of Violent Conflict and War in Africa; The Causes and Consequences of Terrorism in Africa. This article provides an overview of the history of the Black Church, its theological foundations, implications for culturally competent counseling and. A cross sectional study design was used. Galadima and Turaki Christianity in Nigeria 87 factors which have contributed in shaping and defining the nature of the Nigerian Church. are as a leader can be very powerful in social change. Local forms of solidarity are often replaced by new values and ties, which link small groups with access to the global consumer culture to others like themselves across the globe, while increasing the gulf between the global middle class and compatriots who cannot join the group. Froelich, Sarah W. The American Deaf community values American Sign Language as the core of a culturally Deaf identity. Religious organizations capture a significant proportion of all money donated. Culture is considered a central concept in anthropology, encompassing the range of phenomena that are transmitted through social learning in human societies. Clearly, religion matters when choosing the marital partner, marriage, divorce, and women's working rate. In African culture, this kind of myth translates a policy that in fact shows the importance of mother in the life of the society. It is the oldest of the three western monotheistic religions and so is the ancestor of both Islam and Christianity. THIS BUSINESS PLAN IS REGULARLY UPDATED AND CAN ALSO BE USED FOR BANK LOANS, GRANTS, PROPOSAL FOR COMPETITIONS ETC. Black adults are particularly likely to say slavery continues to have an impact: More than eight-in-ten say this is the case. impact on self-reported voting, or stated voting in a laboratory experiment, as opposed to voting in actual elections. Terrorism in Nigeria: The Threat from Boko Haram and Ansaru The Henry Jackson Society 4 About the Authors Olivier Guitta is the Director of Research at The Henry Jackson Society, responsible for setting the strategic agenda for the research department and overseeing the Society's academic focus, as well as conducting his. Religion and Spirituality in Childhood and Adolescence Lisa J. The Contribution of Religious Education to Religious Freedom: A Global Perspective, John Hull 4 - 11 2. The impact of different religions and cultures has also brought changes in the values, and norms which traditionally defined roles of members in the African family. Kalu, Ogbu U. In the context of African studies, the researcher believes that the notion of taboos has been an essential element of African religion and culture. Put differently, the results show that historic events can have a lasting impact on culture. Addressing the problems of nutrition and food deserts should be high priorities. African stories, fables and oratory traditions have been embedded into American culture, providing a childhood infrastructure for learning and development through the use of nursery rhymes. West African agriculture and climate change: A comprehensive analysis. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011. Module 3 – Religion and Muslim Culture on Health Beliefs The beliefs that influence health behaviors in most people are often carried in their culture’s folktales and passed down over centuries through family health and healing practices regardless of race or ethnic origin. For example, the Oneida community of New York in the mid-nineteenth. West African agriculture and climate change: A comprehensive analysis. The Impact of Culture on Early Childhood Development in the United States By Damon Verial ; Updated September 26, 2017 Hispanic children growing up in the United States might seem more self-confident, which is often stems from cultural influences. It is a factor in political struggles and distribution of resources. An important component of the research was the investigation of how religious faith might impact upon attitudes to CCS technologies. Paden (1973) and Kukah (1993) demonstrated that during the era of decolonization and early independence in the 1950s and 1960s, the two major political. A religion is a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things that is to say, things, set apart and forbidden, beliefs and practices which unite, into one single moral community called a church, all those who adhere to them [9]. evil or Satan. ” Karl Marx — “Religion is the opiate of the masses. Thisassessment—carried out by the African Religious Health Assets Programme at the Universities of Cape Town, Witwatersrand, and KwaZulu Natal—stressed the need for greater. In today’s multicultural society, minority ethnic groups form 7. Influence of Socio-Economic and Educational Background of Parents on their Children's Education in Nigeria Ahmad Kainuwa*, Najeemah Binti Mohammad Yusuf** * M. PROMOTING INDIGENOUS CULTURE AND COMMUNITY LIFE IN NIGERIA 95 unication has contributed to overall development of the nation in no small measure. Religion and religious norms historically have played an important role in shaping public policies and public life in many countries around the world. Economic Impact. Christianity played a role in ending practices such as human sacrifice, slavery, infanticide and polygamy. This web site is in no way connected to any government agency in any shape or form. Momoh Lawani Yesufu. conflict transformation and experiencing first-hand the potential of religious spaces to promote peace, harmony, and reconciliation. Lutz The Catholic University of Eastern Africa Nairobi, Kenya 1. HOUSING’S IMPACT ON MEETING SOCIAL, INDIVIDUAL AND COMMUNITY NEEDS • Housing enriched with services, such as assisted-living services for the elderly or people with mental or physical disabilities, is a far more preferable approach to institutionalization for many. For at-risk youth, religious practice reduces socially deviant behavior. Jean de la Croix Nkurayija National University of Rwanda (NUR) 15th March 2011 ABSTRACT Tourism provides the best alternative for economic development to Rwanda which does. 9 No matter what their faith, many people who are affiliated with a religion are not active in their worshiping community and do not have a long-standing relationship with a rabbi, imam, clergy member, or other religious leader. Online version of Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 2000, that is, Decrees and Acts from 1990 to the present which are still in force. We also need diversity in discipline, intellectual outlook, cognitive style, and personality to offer students the breadth of ideas that constitute a dynamic intellectual community. " Illness and death result from some outside agent, a person, thing, or circumstance that weakens people because the agent contains a greater life force. differences within the population impact on the experience of and outcomes from education with subsequent implications for health. Asfandyar Khan and FaseeUllah. The performance of most African governments in implementing the reforms necessary to turn their economies around has also been a source of serious concern. The growth of Christianity in Nigeria has had significant impact on culture, education, politics and many other facets of social life. Lecture delivered during Fulbright – Hays Group project abroad program: July 5th to August 6th 2009 at the Moi University Main Campus. Nigeria's movie production industry, nicknamed "Nollywood", is the second-largest in the world by volume. Cat Fish farming Business Plan/Feasibility Study In Nigeria PDF. com ABSTRACT The perceived role of God in illness and recovery is a primary influence upon the health care beliefs and behaviours of people. Chicago Race Riot (1919) • A major racial conflict that began in Chicago, Illinois • The African-American population in Chicago increased from 44,000 to 109,000, for a total of 148 percent during 1916-1919. Culture is considered a central concept in anthropology, encompassing the range of phenomena that are transmitted through social learning in human societies. with each religious community pushing increasingly adversarial agendas. These rituals serve to unite members of the current religious community not just with each other, but also with their ancestors and their descendants. But many retain and rely on values and doctrines that they received within a faith community. Religion is not only “researchable,” but it is also of essential interest to clinicians, doctors, patients and health psychologists. Impact of British Rule on India: Economic, Social and Cultural (1757-1857) SOCIAL SCIENCE Notes the factories there. But like every religion extremists in Islam are destroying the beauty of Islamic religion. An 18 December 2012 report on religion and public life by the Pew Research Center stated that in 2010, 48. teachers, parents, educational planners, and community leaders. Through ASL, members are given a unique medium for personal expression, a spatial and visual language that does not require the use of sound and emphasizes hands, faces, bodies and eyes. What Communities of Faith Can Do To Make a Difference Become a safe place. AFRICAN RELIGION AND RELIGION EDUCATION BY NOl
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In Whole Lotta Love Myfanwy MacLeod takes on an iconic song by one of the most prolific bands in classic rock history to present the reader with an x-rated illustrated songbook. By fixing the song within the codex, and illustrating the lyrics in simple line drawings and bubble lettering, MacLeod privileges the visual over the sonic, offering another type of cover version. Through the highly-sexed depiction of the song, McLeod perverts the dominant male codes of rock and roll by opening up a point of entry for female desire — all the while maintaining her characteristic humour and wit.
Vancouver artist Myfanwy Macleod is interested in the way an image or a concept can be altered, transformed or even given new meaning when its context or form is changed. A wry sense of humour pervades her work, where she draws on many of Modernism’s iconic moments, or delves into popular culture and the vernacular. She was the 2013 recipient of the Mayor’s Award and her work was featured in a retrospective exhibition at the Vancouver Art Gallery in 2014.
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Home| Lessons|
Matthew 26:57-75 : Easy-to-Read Version | Search | Next Version | Previous Page | Next Page |
Jesus Before the Jewish Leaders (Mk. 14:53-65; Lk. 22:54-55, 63-71; Jn. 18:13-14, 19-24)
57The men that arrested Jesus led him to the house of Caiaphas the high priest.* The teachers of the law and the older Jewish leaders were gathered there. 58Peter followed Jesus, but he did not come near Jesus. Peter followed Jesus to the yard of the high priest's house. He went in and sat with the guards. Peter wanted to see what would happen to Jesus. 59The leading priests and the Jewish council tried to find something against Jesus so that they could kill him. They tried to find people to lie and say that Jesus had done wrong. 60Many people came and told false things about Jesus. But the council could find no real reason to kill Jesus. Then two people came and said, 61"This man (Jesus) said, 'I can destroy the temple* of God and build it again in three days.'" 62Then the high priest* stood and said to Jesus, "These people have said things against you. Do you have something to say about these charges against you? Are these people telling the truth?" 63But Jesus said nothing. Again the high priest* said to Jesus, "You are now under oath. I command you by the power of the living God to tell us the truth. Tell us, are you the Christ,* the Son of God?" 64Jesus answered, "Yes, I am. But I tell you, in the future you will see the Son of Man* sitting at the right side of God. And you will see the Son of Man coming on the clouds of heaven." 65When the high priest* heard this, [he was very angry]. He tore his clothes and said, "This man has said things that are against God! We don't need any more witnesses. You all heard him say these things against God. 66What do you think?" The Jews answered, "He is guilty, and he must die." 67Then the people there spit in Jesus' face. And they hit him with their fists. Other people slapped Jesus. 68They said, "Show us that you are a prophet,* Christ*! Tell us who hit you!"
Peter Is Afraid to Say He Knows Jesus (Mk. 14:66-72; Lk. 22:56-62; Jn. 18:15-18, 25-27)
69At that time, Peter was sitting in the yard. A servant girl came to Peter. The girl said, "You were with Jesus, that man from Galilee." 70But Peter said that he was never with Jesus. He said this to all the people there. Peter said, "I don't know what you are talking about." 71Then Peter left the yard. At the gate, another girl saw him. The girl said to the people there, "This man was with Jesus of Nazareth." 72Again, Peter said that he was never with Jesus. Peter said, "I promise to God that I don't know this man Jesus!" 73A short time later, some people standing there went to Peter and said, "We know you are one of those men that followed Jesus. We know this because of the way you talk." 74Then Peter began to curse. He said strongly, "I promise to God that I don't know this man Jesus!" After Peter said this, a rooster crowed. 75Then Peter remembered what Jesus had told him: "Before the rooster crows, you will say three times that you don't know me." Then Peter went outside and cried bitterly.
high priest The most important Jewish priest and leader. temple The special building in Jerusalem for Jewish worship. Christ The "anointed one" (Messiah) or chosen one of God. Son of Man A name Jesus used for himself. In Dan. 7:13-14, this is the name for the Messiah, the one God chose to save his people. prophet Prophets could say things that most people could not know.
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Holy Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV) - Copyright (c) 1987, 1989, 1992, 1994-1997, 1999 by World Bible Translation Center, Inc. Used by Permission
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Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics About Contact
News roundups
A Letter To… The Hospice Doctor Who Helped Us to Say Goodbye
…”For the first time in the entire period of my father’s cancer, my mother cries. Woman to woman, you look at her and she feels your genuine solidarity. It is a turning point, and from then on my mother prepares to cut free from her husband of more than 55 years”
When my father arrives in the hospice, there is a flurry of activity. Drug charts are checked, vital signs are tested. We all know he has come here to die, but still the idea is that something might be fixed, at least temporarily, and the young doctor and nurses on duty that evening have an air of “sorting things out”. It is a relief to get here; they know what to do. The flat has become a claustrophobic, smelly and unmanageable place for my mother to care for Dad.
The next day, you slide into the room like an elegant cat – without an entourage of junior doctors, a computer on wheels or a stethoscope slung around your neck. You lean over my sleeping father and take him in without saying anything, and then turn to my mother with a smile that is at once kind and serious.
You take us to a side room and tell us that he is nearly finished with his body now, that it is normal and natural and that there is nothing to be done except to keep him comfortable. You say it clearly and calmly, making eye contact with my mother. It is a beautiful day, and you suggest we take a walk and look at the sky, the daffodils, the trees beginning to bud. “He will be with you in these things,” you say, entirely without sentimentality. “It is time to let him go.”
Image: zen via flickr – CC BY-NC-SA 2.0
By The Time You Read This, I’ll Be Dead
Between 1999 and 2001, I helped eight people die, including the poet Al Purdy. Now, as I prepare to take my own life, I’m ready to tell my story
Tuesday, March 22nd, 2016
I met the Québécois filmmaker Claude Jutra in 1963, when he visited McMaster University for a showing of his first feature, À tout prendre. Years later, when I was the film critic at Maclean’s magazine, I visited Jutra on several occasions in Montreal, and he invited me to preview his film Mon oncle Antoine prior to its release. In 1982, he read an idealistic article I’d written about assisted dying. He had been diagnosed with early-onset Alzheimer’s and wanted help to end his life, but I put him off. I couldn’t bring myself to convert my words into actions. Jutra’s condition deteriorated until at last he had to act alone. On November 5, 1986, he leapt from the Jacques Cartier Bridge in Montreal. Punishing winter weather surrounded him: fog, icy rain and snow. The desperation of his suicide altered me in ways I did not fully realize at the time.
Five years after his death, I established the Right to Die Society of Canada. I was a reluctant activist, and initially, I invested my energy in law reform. In 1992, the Society initiated a challenge under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms on behalf of Sue Rodriguez, the Victoria woman who had been diagnosed with ALS at age 41. We attempted to strike down Section 241(b) of the Criminal Code, which made assisted suicide a criminal offence. The Supreme Court of Canada rejected the challenge in a 5–4 ruling. It would be many years before it would accept a comparable challenge—I foresaw a painful future for thousands of Canadians.
I was horrified anew in 1999 when the gifted conductor Georg Tintner, who was dying from a rare form of melanoma, jumped from the balcony of his 11th-floor apartment in Halifax to end his agony. Many Canadians would hear such news, shake their heads, utter a few sympathetic platitudes and move on. But I couldn’t just sit back and wring my hands. That year, I went from advocating for assisted suicides to facilitating them. Let’s not mince words: I killed people who wanted to die.
Image: Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=494255
For Terminally Ill In California, End Of Suffering Is Now In Sight
In October, California became the fifth state to allow terminally ill patients to end their lives with prescriptions from their doctors after months of contentious debate. Religious groups and disability rights activists fought against the law and tried unsuccessfully to get a referendum on the ballot to overturn it. Late last week the bill’s authors announced that the aid-in-dying law would take effect June 9
Fairchild said he feels calmer knowing the law will become effective in just a few months. When it’s time, he said, having a prescription will enable him to say goodbye to family and die in his sleep instead of suffering through intense pain, nausea or seizures.
“It gives me so much peace of mind because there is a date,” Fairchild said. That means once they stop treatment, or run out of options, “I don’t have to worry about hurting.”
As the implementation date nears, medical groups, supporters, legislators and others are working to raise awareness of the new right-to-die law and ensure all terminally ill patients will have access to it. They are holding webinars, panels and town hall meetings, distributing information and setting up telephone lines. And they are encouraging patients like Fairchild to discuss with their doctors whether a lethal prescription might at some point be right for them.
Image: Darwinek via commons cc by -sa 3.0
KHN
When Medicine and Faith Define Death Differently
In Portland, Maine, a counselor helps the city’s Somali Muslim community navigate the ethical complexities of U.S. health care
Thirteen-year-old Ezadin Mahmoud was pronounced dead on August 27th, 2014, in Portland, Maine. His heart was beating and his breath was still warm, but his brain stem had been severed. He had been practicing backflips with his brothers when he landed on his head. If radioactive tracers were inserted in his veins, it would show his blood rerouting around the swollen brain stem, like water moving around a dead log. One might note how his pupils failed to respond to light. If removed from the ventilator, his breathing would slow to a halt.
The doctors broke the news and wrote the death certificate, a tragic but closed case. However, Ezadin’s father, Mahmoud Hassen, remained unconvinced of the doctors’ verdict. In Somalia, where Ezadin’s parents grew up, death was easier to define: No heartbeat. Breath that does not return. Skin that turns pale, then purple. Death was something you could see and feel.
Like any parent, Mahmoud did not want to believe that his son was dead, but he also was not sure if taking his son off life support was in accordance with his faith. He was dead according to the doctors, but was he dead—had his soul (nafs) departed—according to Islamic law?
Image: By Mohammed Tawsif Salam – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=42690321
Reading My Patients’ Obituaries
I’ve since read the obituaries of many of my patients. Sometimes I feel like I’m intruding, like glimpsing a stranger’s family having dinner through the kitchen curtains. But I think I read them to know a side of my patients I could never see on the wards: the way they were before they got sick
He could have been striking, with blue eyes and a mop of dark curls, but years of addiction to cocaine, heroin and pain pills had taken a toll on his body, making him look a decade older than his 25 years. He was frequently in and out of the hospital, and this time it was bacteria in his blood and on the valves of his heart that had landed him under my care on the medicine ward. His hand was also infected, and it would likely need to be amputated.
In the hospital, he berated and physically abused the staff, and his unreasonable demands required a level of attention that detracted from the care of other patients.
One afternoon we found him on the floor of his bathroom, barely coherent, after he had injected drugs one of his visitors had snuck into his room. It was not the first time he had broken our hospital and team rules.
NYTimes Well Blog
I’m a Doctor
Preparing you for death is as much a part of my job as saving lives.
It wasn’t until just before graduation that we talked about what to do when a patient is dying. A single three-hour seminar with a group of specialists from the palliative care service; at least it was mandatory.
The presenters were young physicians, and they seemed kind and thoughtful. But I wondered why anyone would devote their medical career to end-of-life care. My classmates and I had spent years of medical school sharpening our history-taking skills, learning to recognize heart murmurs, memorizing the drugs used to treat high blood pressure, diabetes, even cancer. In the final months of school, I’d worked in the ICU, taking care of critically ill patients who required breathing tubes and life-sustaining machines. I’d learned how to perform intubations and place central lines. I marveled at how much I was able to do to help sick people. Nearly all of us became doctors to keep patients alive, to treat them.
I thought: The ultimate treatment failure is death. I graduated medical school and moved on.
‘It’s Only a Matter of Time
before people control time and manner of their death’. Leading ethicist Prof Julian Savulescu says UK’s ‘shameful’ approach to assisted suicide will change to catch up with likes of Canada, Belgium and Netherlands
It is only a matter of time before people in the UK have control over the moment and the manner of their death, according to a leading British medical ethicist, who says neither the medical profession nor the state has a right to block that choice.
Prof Julian Savulescu, director of the Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics at Oxford University, says there will always be people who cannot be deemed mentally competent to make the choice to end their life. “But that shouldn’t stop us having assisted dying where people are sitting upright, fully competent, with all the lights on and saying ‘this is intolerable – I want to die’. That is quite a different kind of case.
“I think it’s only a matter of time before people have control over the time and manner in which they die. Other countries in Europe are legalising assisted suicide and Britain, which had very progressive policies, is still stuck in the ethics of the 19th century,” he added.
Dr. Savulescu will be presenting a talk on February 22, 2016 as part of the Johns Hopkins Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics Seminar Series
Image: Polly Borland
The Internet Has Changed How We Deal with Death
David Bowie’s death produced an outpouring of grief around the Internet, and some people question its sincerity. But that’s what we do now. We grieve online as much as we do in person
In the aftermath of David Bowie’s death last week, your social media feed probably filled with tributes. Pictures, videos, retellings of his legendary concerts, thank-you notes and sad, sad goodbyes—they were everywhere. It’s tempting to look at the outpouring and think a few words casually dashed off, a YouTube video shared, or cry-faced emojis represent something less than real grief.
But in a fascinating piece at the Atlantic, Megan Garber argues, rather convincingly, the opposite is true. Public, digital expressions of grief like those are more than just sincere, they are a very important part of the healing process. “#RIPDavidBowie was a hashtag, yes; it was also a funeral,” she writes.
Of course David Bowie’s death doesn’t affect most of us the way the loss of, say, our mother would. But even in the event of more personal tragedies, the ubiquity of our lives spent online often means that is where we also choose to honor the dead.
Image: “David Bowie – TopPop 1974 08″ by AVRO – Beeld En Geluid Wiki – Gallerie: Toppop 1974. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Commons
Bioethics News & Analysis From Johns Hopkins
#BRIDGES
#FoodEthics
#NursingEthics
© The Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics. All rights reserved.
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Biography – ROSS, BERNARD ROGAN – Volume X (1871-1880) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography
ROSS, BERNARD ROGAN, HBC chief trader and naturalist; b. 25 Sept. 1827 at Londonderry, Ireland, son of James Ross and Elizabeth Rogan; d. 21 June 1874 while visiting Toronto, Ont.
Bernard Rogan Ross was educated at Royle College, Londonderry, and entered the service of the Hudson’s Bay Company at the suggestion of Sir George Simpson* who had met him at the Londonderry home of his uncle, Dr Frank Rogan. Coming to Canada too late in the season to proceed to the northwest, Ross taught school in Cornwall until the spring when he went to Norway House. His posting to that place as an apprentice clerk is listed in the minutes of the Council of the Northern Department of the company held at the Red River Settlement in June 1843. While with the company Ross served at many posts including Norway House, York Factory, Fort Simpson, Fort Norman, and Fort Resolution. In 1856 he was appointed a chief trader and from 1858 to 1862 was at Fort Simpson in charge of the Mackenzie River District. He retired in 1871. In 1860 he had married Christina Ross, daughter of chief factor Donald Ross; they had three children.
Ross was in the Red River Settlement at the time of the disturbances of 1869–70 and according to Alexander Begg*, the diarist, was one of an unofficial group which advised against the formation of a provisional government. This group suggested that the HBC continue to govern and that the people elect an executive council to negotiate with Canada the terms by which they should enter confederation.
Ross’s primary significance is in the field of natural history rather than the fur trade. Like many company men he contributed much to the early scientific knowledge of the northwest. While at Fort Simpson he made valuable collections of mammalia, insects, and birds, forwarding specimens to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, the Royal Scottish Museum in Edinburgh, and the British Museum in London. Ross’s Goose was named after him in 1861. He was a foundation fellow of the Anthropological Society in 1863, and became a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society the following year. In addition he was a corresponding member of the New York Historical Society, a correspondent of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia in 1861, and of the Natural History Society of Montreal. A list of some of his scientific papers is found in the Catalogue of scientific papers (1800–1863) compiled by the Royal Society of London and published in 1871. A short essay on the fur trade and transportation in the north, which he wrote when he was 18, was published in the Beaver in 1955.
Hartwell Bowsfield
PAM, Biographical files. Begg’s Red River journal (Morton). HBRS, XVI (Rich and Johnson). [B. R. Ross], “Fur trade gossip sheet,” Beaver, outfit 285 (spring 1955), 52 (originally published in the Fort William Daily Times-Journal, 27 Dec. 1928). B. W. Cartwright and Angus Gavin, “Where the Ross’ Geese nest,” Beaver, outfit 271 (Dec. 1940), 6. Robert Kerr, “For the Royal Scottish Museum,” Beaver, outfit 284 (June 1953), 32. J. M. Sherk, “HBC pioneer Bernard Rogan Ross,” Beaver, outfit 257 (Dec. 1926), 25.
BEGG, ALEXANDER (1839-97) (Vol. 12)SIMPSON, Sir GEORGE (Vol. 8)HARDISTY, WILLIAM LUCAS (Vol. 11)
SIMPSON, Sir GEORGE
Hartwell Bowsfield, “ROSS, BERNARD ROGAN,” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 10, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed January 22, 2020, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/ross_bernard_rogan_10E.html.
Permalink: http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/ross_bernard_rogan_10E.html
Author of Article: Hartwell Bowsfield
Title of Article: ROSS, BERNARD ROGAN
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Australian Government crest and Department of Health logo
Campaign logo - care for kids’ ears strong hearing strong start
talking book
for early childhood groups
about otitis media
provide feedback on the resources
Welcome to Care for Kids' Ears - our new look website is coming soon!
Page last updated: 24 October 2019
The Australian Government’s Care for Kids' Ears resources were designed in consultation with an expert Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander advisory committee to increase awareness of ear disease and hearing loss in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities.
Otitis Media (also known as 'ear disease' and 'middle ear infection') is a fairly common disease in children. The prevalence, recurrence and degree of infection recorded in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people is significantly higher than in non-Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.
Left untreated, ear infections can lead to hearing loss which may limit a child’s capacity to develop socially and emotionally. Otitis Media can also adversely affect educational outcomes. The Care for Kids’ Ears resources support health professionals, child care workers and educational workers to pass on key ear health messages to parents and caregivers.
A Talking Book is now available which provides an overview of key ear health messages. Listen to the Talking Book in English or one of 22 Indigenous languages.
Care for Kids' Ears
The Care for Kids’ Ears resources are part of the Australian Government’s commitment to improving ear health services for Indigenous Australians for better education and employment outcomes.
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Haiti Main Menu
FAQs About Haiti
By Graeme Renwall
How much do you know about Haiti? Unfortunately, we oftentimes don't become familiar with certain countries until we hear about them in the news. While the recent earthquake in Haiti has resulted in massive death and destruction, it's put the eyes of the world on this small country.
Here are some FAQs that may reveal some information you didn't know about Haiti:
1. Where exactly is Haiti?
The country is located in the West Indies (or the Caribbean). The West Indies itself received its name based on the Christopher Columbus' belief that in 1942 his voyage to the region had actually taken him to the Indies (in Asia). Haiti itself includes western Hispaniola and two islands off its shore.
2. What are the highlights of Haiti's history?
The indigenous peoples of Haiti are the Arawak Indians. Then in 1697, the region of modern Haiti became a colony of France. But after Toussaint L'Ouverture led a successful slave revolt in 1804, Haiti became an independent republic. The country included the entire island of Hispaniola. That situation changed in 1843, following a rebellion by the eastern section of the island. As a result, that region became known as the Dominican Republic. Various dictators governed Haiti during the 1900s. Then in 1991, Jean-Bertrand Aristide became Haiti's first president who the country had elected democratically.
3. What is the population of Haiti?
As of 2008, the nation had a population of roughly 9.7 million. It has the third largest population among all Caribbean countries.
4. What are the official languages of Haiti?
There are two: Creole and French. However, Haitians also use the Haitian Vodoun Culture Language for song and dance, and religion. This native language uses both words with a Creole origin, and those with an aboriginal or African origin.
5. What are the main industries of Haiti?
About three-fourths of all Haitians rely on the agriculture sector, while it employs roughly two-thirds of the country's workforce that is economically active. The country's main industries include:
* cement
* flour milling
* light assembly
* sugar refining
* textiles
Meanwhile, some of Haiti's major agricultural products include coffee, rice, corn, mangoes, and sugarcane.
6. Is Haiti particularly prone to earthquakes?
Although Haiti isn't a hot spot for earthquakes, the region has experienced enormous earthquakes during the past. The recent earthquake that hit Haiti was the strongest one in over two centuries. It happened at a fault that continues through the entire country, and is located between the plates of North America and the Caribbean. In fact, these two plates are continually crawling past each other. But what caused the huge magnitude of the recent earthquake? The two plates overlapped each other while on an east-west path. This resulted in a release of energy and the earthquake in Haiti. The earthquake's magnitude of 7.0 released 10 times more energy than a 6.0 magnitude earthquake would.
While the recent hurricane in Haiti was indeed devastating, hopefully these FAQs about the nation will give you a better understanding of the country and its people. It's a time for everyone to unite as fellow human beings.
Graeme has been writing articles for nearly 3 years. His current passion is hydrotherapy. Take a close look at his selection of Used Hot Tubs and his range of Portable Hot Tubs Spas which are all designed to help you switch off and relax.
More Articles by Graeme Renwall
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Views expressed in the article are those of the author and are not necessarily the opinions of CaribbeanChoice, its staff or members.
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Haiti: Culture and History
Proverb: There is more in de motar dan de pestle.
Meaning: There is more to the issue than appears on the surface.
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Board index Non-Fiction Science, Logic, And Morality
SLAM: debunk creationism, pseudoscience, and superstitions. Discuss logic and morality.
Moderator: Alyrium Denryle
TimothyC
Of Sector 2814
Joined: 2005-03-23 05:31pm
Post by TimothyC » 2019-06-11 08:21pm
David Wallace Wells for the New York Intelligencer wrote:
Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think.
To read an annotated version of this article, complete with interviews with scientists and links to further reading, click here.
I. ‘Doomsday’
Peering beyond scientific reticence.
It is, I promise, worse than you think. If your anxiety about global warming is dominated by fears of sea-level rise, you are barely scratching the surface of what terrors are possible, even within the lifetime of a teenager today. And yet the swelling seas — and the cities they will drown — have so dominated the picture of global warming, and so overwhelmed our capacity for climate panic, that they have occluded our perception of other threats, many much closer at hand. Rising oceans are bad, in fact very bad; but fleeing the coastline will not be enough.
Indeed, absent a significant adjustment to how billions of humans conduct their lives, parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable, and other parts horrifically inhospitable, as soon as the end of this century.
Even when we train our eyes on climate change, we are unable to comprehend its scope. This past winter, a string of days 60 and 70 degrees warmer than normal baked the North Pole, melting the permafrost that encased Norway’s Svalbard seed vault — a global food bank nicknamed “Doomsday,” designed to ensure that our agriculture survives any catastrophe, and which appeared to have been flooded by climate change less than ten years after being built.
The Doomsday vault is fine, for now: The structure has been secured and the seeds are safe. But treating the episode as a parable of impending flooding missed the more important news. Until recently, permafrost was not a major concern of climate scientists, because, as the name suggests, it was soil that stayed permanently frozen. But Arctic permafrost contains 1.8 trillion tons of carbon, more than twice as much as is currently suspended in the Earth’s atmosphere. When it thaws and is released, that carbon may evaporate as methane, which is 34 times as powerful a greenhouse-gas warming blanket as carbon dioxide when judged on the timescale of a century; when judged on the timescale of two decades, it is 86 times as powerful. In other words, we have, trapped in Arctic permafrost, twice as much carbon as is currently wrecking the atmosphere of the planet, all of it scheduled to be released at a date that keeps getting moved up, partially in the form of a gas that multiplies its warming power 86 times over.
Maybe you know that already — there are alarming stories in the news every day, like those, last month, that seemed to suggest satellite data showed the globe warming since 1998 more than twice as fast as scientists had thought (in fact, the underlying story was considerably less alarming than the headlines). Or the news from Antarctica this past May, when a crack in an ice shelf grew 11 miles in six days, then kept going; the break now has just three miles to go — by the time you read this, it may already have met the open water[/url], where it will drop into the sea one of the biggest icebergs ever, a process known poetically as “calving.”
But no matter how well-informed you are, you are surely not alarmed enough. Over the past decades, our culture has gone apocalyptic with zombie movies and Mad Max dystopias, perhaps the collective result of displaced climate anxiety, and yet when it comes to contemplating real-world warming dangers, we suffer from an incredible failure of imagination. The reasons for that are many: the timid language of scientific probabilities, which the climatologist James Hansen once called “scientific reticence” in a paper chastising scientists for editing their own observations so conscientiously that they failed to communicate how dire the threat really was; the fact that the country is dominated by a group of technocrats who believe any problem can be solved and an opposing culture that doesn’t even see warming as a problem worth addressing; the way that climate denialism has made scientists even more cautious in offering speculative warnings; the simple speed of change and, also, its slowness, such that we are only seeing effects now of warming from decades past; our uncertainty about uncertainty, which the climate writer Naomi Oreskes in particular has suggested stops us from preparing as though anything worse than a median outcome were even possible; the way we assume climate change will hit hardest elsewhere, not everywhere; the smallness (two degrees) and largeness (1.8 trillion tons) and abstractness (400 parts per million) of the numbers; the discomfort of considering a problem that is very difficult, if not impossible, to solve; the altogether incomprehensible scale of that problem, which amounts to the prospect of our own annihilation; simple fear. But aversion arising from fear is a form of denial, too.
In between scientific reticence and science fiction is science itself. This article is the result of dozens of interviews and exchanges with climatologists and researchers in related fields and reflects hundreds of scientific papers on the subject of climate change. What follows is not a series of predictions of what will happen — that will be determined in large part by the much-less-certain science of human response. Instead, it is a portrait of our best understanding of where the planet is heading absent aggressive action. It is unlikely that all of these warming scenarios will be fully realized, largely because the devastation along the way will shake our complacency. But those scenarios, and not the present climate, are the baseline. In fact, they are our schedule.
The present tense of climate change — the destruction we’ve already baked into our future — is horrifying enough. Most people talk as if Miami and Bangladesh still have a chance of surviving; most of the scientists I spoke with assume we’ll lose them within the century, even if we stop burning fossil fuel in the next decade. Two degrees of warming used to be considered the threshold of catastrophe: tens of millions of climate refugees unleashed upon an unprepared world. Now two degrees is our goal, per the Paris climate accords, and experts give us only slim odds of hitting it. The U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change issues serial reports, often called the “gold standard” of climate research; the most recent one projects us to hit four degrees of warming by the beginning of the next century, should we stay the present course. But that’s just a median projection. The upper end of the probability curve runs as high as eight degrees — and the authors still haven’t figured out how to deal with that permafrost melt. The IPCC reports also don’t fully account for the albedo effect (less ice means less reflected and more absorbed sunlight, hence more warming); more cloud cover (which traps heat); or the dieback of forests and other flora (which extract carbon from the atmosphere). Each of these promises to accelerate warming, and the history of the planet shows that temperature can shift as much as five degrees Celsius within thirteen years. The last time the planet was even four degrees warmer, Peter Brannen points out in The Ends of the World, his new history of the planet’s major extinction events, the oceans were hundreds of feet higher.*
The Earth has experienced five mass extinctions before the one we are living through now, each so complete a slate-wiping of the evolutionary record it functioned as a resetting of the planetary clock, and many climate scientists will tell you they are the best analog for the ecological future we are diving headlong into. Unless you are a teenager, you probably read in your high-school textbooks that these extinctions were the result of asteroids. In fact, all but the one that killed the dinosaurs were caused by climate change produced by greenhouse gas. The most notorious was 252 million years ago; it began when carbon warmed the planet by five degrees, accelerated when that warming triggered the release of methane in the Arctic, and ended with 97 percent of all life on Earth dead. We are currently adding carbon to the atmosphere at a considerably faster rate; by most estimates, at least ten times faster. The rate is accelerating. This is what Stephen Hawking had in mind when he said, this spring, that the species needs to colonize other planets in the next century to survive, and what drove Elon Musk, last month, to unveil his plans to build a Mars habitat in 40 to 100 years. These are nonspecialists, of course, and probably as inclined to irrational panic as you or I. But the many sober-minded scientists I interviewed over the past several months — the most credentialed and tenured in the field, few of them inclined to alarmism and many advisers to the IPCC who nevertheless criticize its conservatism — have quietly reached an apocalyptic conclusion, too: No plausible program of emissions reductions alone can prevent climate disaster.
Over the past few decades, the term “Anthropocene” has climbed out of academic discourse and into the popular imagination — a name given to the geologic era we live in now, and a way to signal that it is a new era, defined on the wall chart of deep history by human intervention. One problem with the term is that it implies a conquest of nature (and even echoes the biblical “dominion”). And however sanguine you might be about the proposition that we have already ravaged the natural world, which we surely have, it is another thing entirely to consider the possibility that we have only provoked it, engineering first in ignorance and then in denial a climate system that will now go to war with us for many centuries, perhaps until it destroys us. That is what Wallace Smith Broecker, the avuncular oceanographer who coined the term “global warming,” means when he calls the planet an “angry beast.” You could also go with “war machine.” Each day we arm it more.
II. Heat Death
The bahraining of New York.
Humans, like all mammals, are heat engines; surviving means having to continually cool off, like panting dogs. For that, the temperature needs to be low enough for the air to act as a kind of refrigerant, drawing heat off the skin so the engine can keep pumping. At seven degrees of warming, that would become impossible for large portions of the planet’s equatorial band, and especially the tropics, where humidity adds to the problem; in the jungles of Costa Rica, for instance, where humidity routinely tops 90 percent, simply moving around outside when it’s over 105 degrees Fahrenheit would be lethal. And the effect would be fast: Within a few hours, a human body would be cooked to death from both inside and out.
Climate-change skeptics point out that the planet has warmed and cooled many times before, but the climate window that has allowed for human life is very narrow, even by the standards of planetary history. At 11 or 12 degrees of warming, more than half the world’s population, as distributed today, would die of direct heat. Things almost certainly won’t get that hot this century, though models of unabated emissions do bring us that far eventually. This century, and especially in the tropics, the pain points will pinch much more quickly even than an increase of seven degrees. The key factor is something called wet-bulb temperature, which is a term of measurement as home-laboratory-kit as it sounds: the heat registered on a thermometer wrapped in a damp sock as it’s swung around in the air (since the moisture evaporates from a sock more quickly in dry air, this single number reflects both heat and humidity). At present, most regions reach a wet-bulb maximum of 26 or 27 degrees Celsius; the true red line for habitability is 35 degrees. What is called heat stress comes much sooner.
Actually, we’re about there already. Since 1980, the planet has experienced a 50-fold increase in the number of places experiencing dangerous or extreme heat; a bigger increase is to come. The five warmest summers in Europe since 1500 have all occurred since 2002, and soon, the IPCC warns, simply being outdoors that time of year will be unhealthy for much of the globe. Even if we meet the Paris goals of two degrees warming, cities like Karachi and Kolkata will become close to uninhabitable, annually encountering deadly heat waves like those that crippled them in 2015. At four degrees, the deadly European heat wave of 2003, which killed as many as 2,000 people a day, will be a normal summer. At six, according to an assessment focused only on effects within the U.S. from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, summer labor of any kind would become impossible in the lower Mississippi Valley, and everybody in the country east of the Rockies would be under more heat stress than anyone, anywhere, in the world today. As Joseph Romm has put it in his authoritative primer Climate Change: What Everyone Needs to Know, heat stress in New York City would exceed that of present-day Bahrain, one of the planet’s hottest spots, and the temperature in Bahrain “would induce hyperthermia in even sleeping humans.” The high-end IPCC estimate, remember, is two degrees warmer still. By the end of the century, the World Bank has estimated, the coolest months in tropical South America, Africa, and the Pacific are likely to be warmer than the warmest months at the end of the 20th century. Air-conditioning can help but will ultimately only add to the carbon problem; plus, the climate-controlled malls of the Arab emirates aside, it is not remotely plausible to wholesale air-condition all the hottest parts of the world, many of them also the poorest. And indeed, the crisis will be most dramatic across the Middle East and Persian Gulf, where in 2015 the heat index registered temperatures as high as 163 degrees Fahrenheit. As soon as several decades from now, the hajj will become physically impossible for the 2 million Muslims who make the pilgrimage each year.
It is not just the hajj, and it is not just Mecca; heat is already killing us. In the sugarcane region of El Salvador, as much as one-fifth of the population has chronic kidney disease, including over a quarter of the men, the presumed result of dehydration from working the fields they were able to comfortably harvest as recently as two decades ago. With dialysis, which is expensive, those with kidney failure can expect to live five years; without it, life expectancy is in the weeks. Of course, heat stress promises to pummel us in places other than our kidneys, too. As I type that sentence, in the California desert in mid-June, it is 121 degrees outside my door. It is not a record high.
III. The End of Food
Praying for cornfields in the tundra.
Climates differ and plants vary, but the basic rule for staple cereal crops grown at optimal temperature is that for every degree of warming, yields decline by 10 percent. Some estimates run as high as 15 or even 17 percent. Which means that if the planet is five degrees warmer at the end of the century, we may have as many as 50 percent more people to feed and 50 percent less grain to give them. And proteins are worse: It takes 16 calories of grain to produce just a single calorie of hamburger meat, butchered from a cow that spent its life polluting the climate with methane farts.
Pollyannaish plant physiologists will point out that the cereal-crop math applies only to those regions already at peak growing temperature, and they are right — theoretically, a warmer climate will make it easier to grow corn in Greenland. But as the pathbreaking work by Rosamond Naylor and David Battisti has shown, the tropics are already too hot to efficiently grow grain, and those places where grain is produced today are already at optimal growing temperature — which means even a small warming will push them down the slope of declining productivity. And you can’t easily move croplands north a few hundred miles, because yields in places like remote Canada and Russia are limited by the quality of soil there; it takes many centuries for the planet to produce optimally fertile dirt.
Drought might be an even bigger problem than heat, with some of the world’s most arable land turning quickly to desert. Precipitation is notoriously hard to model, yet predictions for later this century are basically unanimous: unprecedented droughts nearly everywhere food is today produced. By 2080, without dramatic reductions in emissions, southern Europe will be in permanent extreme drought, much worse than the American dust bowl ever was. The same will be true in Iraq and Syria and much of the rest of the Middle East; some of the most densely populated parts of Australia, Africa, and South America; and the breadbasket regions of China. None of these places, which today supply much of the world’s food, will be reliable sources of any. As for the original dust bowl: The droughts in the American plains and Southwest would not just be worse than in the 1930s, a 2015 NASA study predicted, but worse than any droughts in a thousand years — and that includes those that struck between 1100 and 1300, which “dried up all the rivers East of the Sierra Nevada mountains” and may have been responsible for the death of the Anasazi civilization.
Remember, we do not live in a world without hunger as it is. Far from it: Most estimates put the number of undernourished at 800 million globally. In case you haven’t heard, this spring has already brought an unprecedented quadruple famine to Africa and the Middle East; the U.N. has warned that separate starvation events in Somalia, South Sudan, Nigeria, and Yemen could kill 20 million this year alone.
IV. Climate Plagues
What happens when the bubonic ice melts?
Rock, in the right spot, is a record of planetary history, eras as long as millions of years flattened by the forces of geological time into strata with amplitudes of just inches, or just an inch, or even less. Ice works that way, too, as a climate ledger, but it is also frozen history, some of which can be reanimated when unfrozen. There are now, trapped in Arctic ice, diseases that have not circulated in the air for millions of years — in some cases, since before humans were around to encounter them. Which means our immune systems would have no idea how to fight back when those prehistoric plagues emerge from the ice.
The Arctic also stores terrifying bugs from more recent times. In Alaska, already, researchers have discovered remnants of the 1918 flu that infected as many as 500 million and killed as many as 100 million — about 5 percent of the world’s population and almost six times as many as had died in the world war for which the pandemic served as a kind of gruesome capstone. As the BBC reported in May, scientists suspect smallpox and the bubonic plague are trapped in Siberian ice, too — an abridged history of devastating human sickness, left out like egg salad in the Arctic sun.
Experts caution that many of these organisms won’t actually survive the thaw and point to the fastidious lab conditions under which they have already reanimated several of them — the 32,000-year-old “extremophile” bacteria revived in 2005, an 8 million-year-old bug brought back to life in 2007, the 3.5 million–year–old one a Russian scientist self-injected just out of curiosity — to suggest that those are necessary conditions for the return of such ancient plagues. But already last year, a boy was killed and 20 others infected by anthrax released when retreating permafrost exposed the frozen carcass of a reindeer killed by the bacteria at least 75 years earlier; 2,000 present-day reindeer were infected, too, carrying and spreading the disease beyond the tundra.
What concerns epidemiologists more than ancient diseases are existing scourges relocated, rewired, or even re-evolved by warming. The first effect is geographical. Before the early-modern period, when adventuring sailboats accelerated the mixing of peoples and their bugs, human provinciality was a guard against pandemic. Today, even with globalization and the enormous intermingling of human populations, our ecosystems are mostly stable, and this functions as another limit, but global warming will scramble those ecosystems and help disease trespass those limits as surely as Cortés did. You don’t worry much about dengue or malaria if you are living in Maine or France. But as the tropics creep northward and mosquitoes migrate with them, you will. You didn’t much worry about Zika a couple of years ago, either.
As it happens, Zika may also be a good model of the second worrying effect — disease mutation. One reason you hadn’t heard about Zika until recently is that it had been trapped in Uganda; another is that it did not, until recently, appear to cause birth defects. Scientists still don’t entirely understand what happened, or what they missed. But there are things we do know for sure about how climate affects some diseases: Malaria, for instance, thrives in hotter regions not just because the mosquitoes that carry it do, too, but because for every degree increase in temperature, the parasite reproduces ten times faster. Which is one reason that the World Bank estimates that by 2050, 5.2 billion people will be reckoning with it.
V. Unbreathable Air
A rolling death smog that suffocates millions.
Our lungs need oxygen, but that is only a fraction of what we breathe. The fraction of carbon dioxide is growing: It just crossed 400 parts per million, and high-end estimates extrapolating from current trends suggest it will hit 1,000 ppm by 2100. At that concentration, compared to the air we breathe now, human cognitive ability declines by 21 percent.
Other stuff in the hotter air is even scarier, with small increases in pollution capable of shortening life spans by ten years. The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected. By 2090, as many as 2 billion people globally will be breathing air above the WHO “safe” level; one paper last month showed that, among other effects, a pregnant mother’s exposure to ozone raises the child’s risk of autism (as much as tenfold, combined with other environmental factors). Which does make you think again about the autism epidemic in West Hollywood.
Already, more than 10,000 people die each day from the small particles emitted from fossil-fuel burning; each year, 339,000 people die from wildfire smoke, in part because climate change has extended forest-fire season (in the U.S., it’s increased by 78 days since 1970). By 2050, according to the U.S. Forest Service, wildfires will be twice as destructive as they are today; in some places, the area burned could grow fivefold. What worries people even more is the effect that would have on emissions, especially when the fires ravage forests arising out of peat. Peatland fires in Indonesia in 1997, for instance, added to the global CO2 release by up to 40 percent, and more burning only means more warming only means more burning. There is also the terrifying possibility that rain forests like the Amazon, which in 2010 suffered its second “hundred-year drought” in the space of five years, could dry out enough to become vulnerable to these kinds of devastating, rolling forest fires — which would not only expel enormous amounts of carbon into the atmosphere but also shrink the size of the forest. That is especially bad because the Amazon alone provides 20 percent of our oxygen.
Then there are the more familiar forms of pollution. In 2013, melting Arctic ice remodeled Asian weather patterns, depriving industrial China of the natural ventilation systems it had come to depend on, which blanketed much of the country’s north in an unbreathable smog. Literally unbreathable. A metric called the Air Quality Index categorizes the risks and tops out at the 301-to-500 range, warning of “serious aggravation of heart or lung disease and premature mortality in persons with cardiopulmonary disease and the elderly” and, for all others, “serious risk of respiratory effects”; at that level, “everyone should avoid all outdoor exertion.” The Chinese “airpocalypse” of 2013 peaked at what would have been an Air Quality Index of over 800. That year, smog was responsible for a third of all deaths in the country.
VI. Perpetual War
The violence baked into heat.
Climatologists are very careful when talking about Syria. They want you to know that while climate change did produce a drought that contributed to civil war, it is not exactly fair to saythat the conflict is the result of warming; next door, for instance, Lebanon suffered the same crop failures. But researchers like Marshall Burke and Solomon Hsiang have managed to quantify some of the non-obvious relationships between temperature and violence: For every half-degree of warming, they say, societies will see between a 10 and 20 percent increase in the likelihood of armed conflict. In climate science, nothing is simple, but the arithmetic is harrowing: A planet five degrees warmer would have at least half again as many wars as we do today. Overall, social conflict could more than double this century.
This is one reason that, as nearly every climate scientist I spoke to pointed out, the U.S. military is obsessed with climate change: The drowning of all American Navy bases by sea-level rise is trouble enough, but being the world’s policeman is quite a bit harder when the crime rate doubles. Of course, it’s not just Syria where climate has contributed to conflict. Some speculate that the elevated level of strife across the Middle East over the past generation reflects the pressures of global warming — a hypothesis all the more cruel considering that warming began accelerating when the industrialized world extracted and then burned the region’s oil.
What accounts for the relationship between climate and conflict? Some of it comes down to agriculture and economics; a lot has to do with forced migration, already at a record high, with at least 65 million displaced people wandering the planet right now. But there is also the simple fact of individual irritability. Heat increases municipal crime rates, and swearing on social media, and the likelihood that a major-league pitcher, coming to the mound after his teammate has been hit by a pitch, will hit an opposing batter in retaliation. And the arrival of air-conditioning in the developed world, in the middle of the past century, did little to solve the problem of the summer crime wave.
VII. Permanent Economic Collapse
Dismal capitalism in a half-poorer world.
The murmuring mantra of global neoliberalism, which prevailed between the end of the Cold War and the onset of the Great Recession, is that economic growth would save us from anything and everything.
But in the aftermath of the 2008 crash, a growing number of historians studying what they call “fossil capitalism” have begun to suggest that the entire history of swift economic growth, which began somewhat suddenly in the 18th century, is not the result of innovation or trade or the dynamics of global capitalism but simply our discovery of fossil fuels and all their raw power — a onetime injection of new “value” into a system that had previously been characterized by global subsistence living. Before fossil fuels, nobody lived better than their parents or grandparents or ancestors from 500 years before, except in the immediate aftermath of a great plague like the Black Death, which allowed the lucky survivors to gobble up the resources liberated by mass graves. After we’ve burned all the fossil fuels, these scholars suggest, perhaps we will return to a “steady state” global economy. Of course, that onetime injection has a devastating long-term cost: climate change.
The most exciting research on the economics of warming has also come from Hsiang and his colleagues, who are not historians of fossil capitalism but who offer some very bleak analysis of their own: Every degree Celsius of warming costs, on average, 1.2 percent of GDP (an enormous number, considering we count growth in the low single digits as “strong”). This is the sterling work in the field, and their median projection is for a 23 percent loss in per capita earning globally by the end of this century (resulting from changes in agriculture, crime, storms, energy, mortality, and labor).
Tracing the shape of the probability curve is even scarier: There is a 12 percent chance that climate change will reduce global output by more than 50 percent by 2100, they say, and a 51 percent chance that it lowers per capita GDP by 20 percent or more by then, unless emissions decline. By comparison, the Great Recession lowered global GDP by about 6 percent, in a onetime shock; Hsiang and his colleagues estimate a one-in-eight chance of an ongoing and irreversible effect by the end of the century that is eight times worse.
The scale of that economic devastation is hard to comprehend, but you can start by imagining what the world would look like today with an economy half as big, which would produce only half as much value, generating only half as much to offer the workers of the world. It makes the grounding of flights out of heat-stricken Phoenix last month seem like pathetically small economic potatoes. And, among other things, it makes the idea of postponing government action on reducing emissions and relying solely on growth and technology to solve the problem an absurd business calculation.
Every round-trip ticket on flights from New York to London, keep in mind, costs the Arctic three more square meters of ice.
VIII. Poisoned Oceans
Sulfide burps off the skeleton coast.
That the sea will become a killer is a given. Barring a radical reduction of emissions, we will see at least four feet of sea-level rise and possibly ten by the end of the century. A third of the world’s major cities are on the coast, not to mention its power plants, ports, navy bases, farmlands, fisheries, river deltas, marshlands, and rice-paddy empires, and even those above ten feet will flood much more easily, and much more regularly, if the water gets that high. At least 600 million people live within ten meters of sea level today.
But the drowning of those homelands is just the start. At present, more than a third of the world’s carbon is sucked up by the oceans — thank God, or else we’d have that much more warming already. But the result is what’s called “ocean acidification,” which, on its own, may add a half a degree to warming this century. It is also already burning through the planet’s water basins — you may remember these as the place where life arose in the first place. You have probably heard of “coral bleaching” — that is, coral dying — which is very bad news, because reefs support as much as a quarter of all marine life and supply food for half a billion people. Ocean acidification will fry fish populations directly, too, though scientists aren’t yet sure how to predict the effects on the stuff we haul out of the ocean to eat; they do know that in acid waters, oysters and mussels will struggle to grow their shells, and that when the pH of human blood drops as much as the oceans’ pH has over the past generation, it induces seizures, comas, and sudden death.
That isn’t all that ocean acidification can do. Carbon absorption can initiate a feedback loop in which underoxygenated waters breed different kinds of microbes that turn the water still more “anoxic,” first in deep ocean “dead zones,” then gradually up toward the surface. There, the small fish die out, unable to breathe, which means oxygen-eating bacteria thrive, and the feedback loop doubles back. This process, in which dead zones grow like cancers, choking off marine life and wiping out fisheries, is already quite advanced in parts of the Gulf of Mexico and just off Namibia, where hydrogen sulfide is bubbling out of the sea along a thousand-mile stretch of land known as the “Skeleton Coast.” The name originally referred to the detritus of the whaling industry, but today it’s more apt than ever. Hydrogen sulfide is so toxic that evolution has trained us to recognize the tiniest, safest traces of it, which is why our noses are so exquisitely skilled at registering flatulence. Hydrogen sulfide is also the thing that finally did us in that time 97 percent of all life on Earth died, once all the feedback loops had been triggered and the circulating jet streams of a warmed ocean ground to a halt — it’s the planet’s preferred gas for a natural holocaust. Gradually, the ocean’s dead zones spread, killing off marine species that had dominated the oceans for hundreds of millions of years, and the gas the inert waters gave off into the atmosphere poisoned everything on land. Plants, too. It was millions of years before the oceans recovered.
IX. The Great Filter
Our present eeriness cannot last.
So why can’t we see it? In his recent book-length essay The Great Derangement, the Indian novelist Amitav Ghosh wonders why global warming and natural disaster haven’t become major subjects of contemporary fiction — why we don’t seem able to imagine climate catastrophe, and why we haven’t yet had a spate of novels in the genre he basically imagines into half-existence and names “the environmental uncanny.” “Consider, for example, the stories that congeal around questions like, ‘Where were you when the Berlin Wall fell?’ or ‘Where were you on 9/11?’ ” he writes. “Will it ever be possible to ask, in the same vein, ‘Where were you at 400 ppm?’ or ‘Where were you when the Larsen B ice shelf broke up?’ ” His answer: Probably not, because the dilemmas and dramas of climate change are simply incompatible with the kinds of stories we tell ourselves about ourselves, especially in novels, which tend to emphasize the journey of an individual conscience rather than the poisonous miasma of social fate.
Surely this blindness will not last — the world we are about to inhabit will not permit it. In a six-degree-warmer world, the Earth’s ecosystem will boil with so many natural disasters that we will just start calling them “weather”: a constant swarm of out-of-control typhoons and tornadoes and floods and droughts, the planet assaulted regularly with climate events that not so long ago destroyed whole civilizations. The strongest hurricanes will come more often, and we’ll have to invent new categories with which to describe them; tornadoes will grow longer and wider and strike much more frequently, and hail rocks will quadruple in size. Humans used to watch the weather to prophesy the future; going forward, we will see in its wrath the vengeance of the past. Early naturalists talked often about “deep time” — the perception they had, contemplating the grandeur of this valley or that rock basin, of the profound slowness of nature. What lies in store for us is more like what the Victorian anthropologists identified as “dreamtime,” or “everywhen”: the semi-mythical experience, described by Aboriginal Australians, of encountering, in the present moment, an out-of-time past, when ancestors, heroes, and demigods crowded an epic stage. You can find it already watching footage of an iceberg collapsing into the sea — a feeling of history happening all at once.
It is. Many people perceive climate change as a sort of moral and economic debt, accumulated since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution and now come due after several centuries — a helpful perspective, in a way, since it is the carbon-burning processes that began in 18th-century England that lit the fuse of everything that followed. But more than half of the carbon humanity has exhaled into the atmosphere in its entire history has been emitted in just the past three decades; since the end of World War II, the figure is 85 percent. Which means that, in the length of a single generation, global warming has brought us to the brink of planetary catastrophe, and that the story of the industrial world’s kamikaze mission is also the story of a single lifetime. My father’s, for instance: born in 1938, among his first memories the news of Pearl Harbor and the mythic Air Force of the propaganda films that followed, films that doubled as advertisements for imperial-American industrial might; and among his last memories the coverage of the desperate signing of the Paris climate accords on cable news, ten weeks before he died of lung cancer last July. Or my mother’s: born in 1945, to German Jews fleeing the smokestacks through which their relatives were incinerated, now enjoying her 72nd year in an American commodity paradise, a paradise supported by the supply chains of an industrialized developing world. She has been smoking for 57 of those years, unfiltered.
Or the scientists’. Some of the men who first identified a changing climate (and given the generation, those who became famous were men) are still alive; a few are even still working. Wally Broecker is 84 years old and drives to work at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory across the Hudson every day from the Upper West Side. Like most of those who first raised the alarm, he believes that no amount of emissions reduction alone can meaningfully help avoid disaster. Instead, he puts his faith in carbon capture — untested technology to extract carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, which Broecker estimates will cost at least several trillion dollars — and various forms of “geoengineering,” the catchall name for a variety of moon-shot technologies far-fetched enough that many climate scientists prefer to regard them as dreams, or nightmares, from science fiction. He is especially focused on what’s called the aerosol approach — dispersing so much sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere that when it converts to sulfuric acid, it will cloud a fifth of the horizon and reflect back 2 percent of the sun’s rays, buying the planet at least a little wiggle room, heat-wise. “Of course, that would make our sunsets very red, would bleach the sky, would make more acid rain,” he says. “But you have to look at the magnitude of the problem. You got to watch that you don’t say the giant problem shouldn’t be solved because the solution causes some smaller problems.” He won’t be around to see that, he told me. “But in your lifetime …”
Jim Hansen is another member of this godfather generation. Born in 1941, he became a climatologist at the University of Iowa, developed the groundbreaking “Zero Model” for projecting climate change, and later became the head of climate research at NASA, only to leave under pressure when, while still a federal employee, he filed a lawsuit against the federal government charging inaction on warming (along the way he got arrested a few times for protesting, too). The lawsuit, which is brought by a collective called Our Children’s Trust and is often described as “kids versus climate change,” is built on an appeal to the equal-protection clause, namely, that in failing to take action on warming, the government is violating it by imposing massive costs on future generations; it is scheduled to be heard this winter in Oregon district court. Hansen has recently given up on solving the climate problem with a carbon tax alone, which had been his preferred approach, and has set about calculating the total cost of the additional measure of extracting carbon from the atmosphere.
Hansen began his career studying Venus, which was once a very Earth-like planet with plenty of life-supporting water before runaway climate change rapidly transformed it into an arid and uninhabitable sphere enveloped in an unbreathable gas; he switched to studying our planet by 30, wondering why he should be squinting across the solar system to explore rapid environmental change when he could see it all around him on the planet he was standing on. “When we wrote our first paper on this, in 1981,” he told me, “I remember saying to one of my co-authors, ‘This is going to be very interesting. Sometime during our careers, we’re going to see these things beginning to happen.’ ”
Several of the scientists I spoke with proposed global warming as the solution to Fermi’s famous paradox, which asks, If the universe is so big, then why haven’t we encountered any other intelligent life in it? The answer, they suggested, is that the natural life span of a civilization may be only several thousand years, and the life span of an industrial civilization perhaps only several hundred. In a universe that is many billions of years old, with star systems separated as much by time as by space, civilizations might emerge and develop and burn themselves up simply too fast to ever find one another. Peter Ward, a charismatic paleontologist among those responsible for discovering that the planet’s mass extinctions were caused by greenhouse gas, calls this the “Great Filter”: “Civilizations rise, but there’s an environmental filter that causes them to die off again and disappear fairly quickly,” he told me. “If you look at planet Earth, the filtering we’ve had in the past has been in these mass extinctions.” The mass extinction we are now living through has only just begun; so much more dying is coming.
And yet, improbably, Ward is an optimist. So are Broecker and Hansen and many of the other scientists I spoke to. We have not developed much of a religion of meaning around climate change that might comfort us, or give us purpose, in the face of possible annihilation. But climate scientists have a strange kind of faith: We will find a way to forestall radical warming, they say, because we must.
It is not easy to know how much to be reassured by that bleak certainty, and how much to wonder whether it is another form of delusion; for global warming to work as parable, of course, someone needs to survive to tell the story. The scientists know that to even meet the Paris goals, by 2050, carbon emissions from energy and industry, which are still rising, will have to fall by half each decade; emissions from land use (deforestation, cow farts, etc.) will have to zero out; and we will need to have invented technologies to extract, annually, twice as much carbon from the atmosphere as the entire planet’s plants now do. Nevertheless, by and large, the scientists have an enormous confidence in the ingenuity of humans — a confidence perhaps bolstered by their appreciation for climate change, which is, after all, a human invention, too. They point to the Apollo project, the hole in the ozone we patched in the 1980s, the passing of the fear of mutually assured destruction. Now we’ve found a way to engineer our own doomsday, and surely we will find a way to engineer our way out of it, one way or another. The planet is not used to being provoked like this, and climate systems designed to give feedback over centuries or millennia prevent us — even those who may be watching closely — from fully imagining the damage done already to the planet. But when we do truly see the world we’ve made, they say, we will also find a way to make it livable. For them, the alternative is simply unimaginable.
*This article appears in the July 10, 2017, issue of New York Magazine.
*This article has been updated to provide context for the recent news reports about revisions to a satellite data set, to more accurately reflect the rate of warming during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, to clarify a reference to Peter Brannen’s The Ends of the World, and to make clear that James Hansen still supports a carbon-tax based approach to emissions.
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Re: The Uninhabitable Earth
Post by Broomstick » 2019-06-12 07:19am
I very much doubt that even extreme climate change will wipe out the human race. We're too widespread and too adaptable, and generalists tend to be the ones that survive mass extinctions.
I do believe it could devastate our numbers - if everything between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn become uninhabitable (as just one pulled-from-the-ass example) between direct deaths from heat and drought and the carnage that will ensure as wars break out and millions of desperate people try to flee to better climates (a small preview of which we've see in both Europe and North America in recent years) will be large enough to put a dent in the world population. Third world nations will starve as the first world withdraws aid and food, keeping resources for themselves, resulting in even more refugees. The second world will mostly slide towards third world status, as will a few poorly positioned and/or poorly managed first world nations. The "winners" in climate change - the far north - may wind up with a kinder climate but devastating problems from shifting buildings due to melting permafrost, struggling to get agriculture adapted to their soils and lighting variations (our temperate crops are not adapted to far northern extremes of light availability), and the arrival of millions of desperate refugees. Of course, along with all this you'll get diseases being transported to areas they've never been before, floods in areas unused to increased rains, more intense weather, more destruction...
It's going to get very ugly.
As one example - right now northern nations are turning refugees back from their borders. If it gets bad enough they won't be using fences, they'll be using bullets. And the desperate will keep coming regardless, because when the choice is dying if you stay in place vs. maybe survival if you go elsewhere most people are going to go elsewhere, even under threat of death, hoping to get lucky,
Back when I was a kid we worried about instantaneous disasters, like nuclear attack. No one considered slow-motion disasters, like climate change. That's probably why there's a lack of fiction about it - it's a new concept. The closest is probably some SF treatments of a polluted world from the late 1960's/early 1970's, most of which were "B" list and thus sank into obscurity.
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Post by K. A. Pital » 2019-06-12 08:37am
The Second World is better positioned, actually, with Russia having ample freshwater reserves and biocapacity. But the global South is screwed.
It is a good read - many thanks to TimC for sharing.
I wouldn’t hide behind „humans are plucky, so we will survive“. Sure we will, but the future generations will judge this shit harshly - as they should. If we are to persevere collectively and not as INDIVIDUALS- root out that poisonous individualistic thinking, of all moments in mankind’s history this is the one where the Western worldview is just plain damaging and a part of the problem- we would have some form of ecosocialism.
It is sad and ironic that the US, one of the greatest polluters, is going to be hit probably the hardest by GW effects, both in terms of habitability, coastline disasters & floods and in terms of fleeing people as well, since it is extremely hostile to migration and has no social support. But they go full steam ahead.
Sad, pathetic and cruel. Our century will not be called a great one, unless we get our shit together and figure out for one last time that striving for individual success when everyone is about to perish is clinical insanity.
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Post by Tribble » 2019-06-12 10:52am
Oh don’t worry we will likely end up having WMD warfare as well, either out of desperation and/or as a final screw you to time honoured foes. The chances of human civilization making it out of this at this point is pretty low IMO. Sure there will be survivors, but they’re gonna end up back in the Stone Age and stuck with a much nastier ecosystem.
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Tribble wrote: ↑
Why? I think people will stop those who reach for the button.
It would be bad, because it must get worse before it gets better - complacency has to go and the pyramid of rich overlords has to collapse. These are prerequisites to dealing with a global systemic crisis.
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Post by B5B7 » 2019-06-12 11:55am
OP article wrote: So why can’t we see it? In his recent book-length essay The Great Derangement, the Indian novelist Amitav Ghosh wonders why global warming and natural disaster haven’t become major subjects of contemporary fiction — why we don’t seem able to imagine climate catastrophe, and why we haven’t yet had a spate of novels in the genre he basically imagines into half-existence and names “the environmental uncanny.”
What is "contemporary fiction"? Amitav Ghosh doesn't have to "imagine into half-existence (sic)" such a genre of fiction - it exists and has existed for well over a century, with authors such as H.G. Wells, J.G. Ballard, John Brunner, Cormac McCarthy, and many others dealing with these issues.
There have been many movies also on the topic, and many TV shows have episodes that refer to such matters. Plus massive amount of non-fiction books and TV documentaries such as those of Richard Attenborough. It is a major issue with scientists also.
Those who can't see it are conservative politicians and their followers; indeed many large corporations are more aware and are taking action independent from that of governments.
In regard to the main body of the article, it is dealing with a worse case scenario, not the more plausible options. So a bit "chicken little" like. Certainly we should be concerned, and nations should take action, and many of them are, but should also retain a sense of perspective. If you think a problem is insolvable then it is harder to solve, so similarly fixing the climate issues requires a realistic assessment of the magnitude and precise details of the problems, so as to fix them.
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Post by Broomstick » 2019-06-12 03:44pm
K. A. Pital wrote: ↑
Funny. I actually consider Russia to be a first world nation. I mean, sure, you have problems but your technology and resources are comparable to the US, Canada, Western Europe....
I wouldn’t hide behind „humans are plucky, so we will survive“. Sure we will, but the future generations will judge this shit harshly - as they should.
Well... yeah. As I said, I think the human race will survive. I also pointed out that we'll lose a LOT of people along the way. It's gonna suck really, really bad.
Not so sure about that, because there's no cosmic justice. Sure, the US coasts will suffer, but there is a lot of "inland" for people to move to even if they aren't happy about it. if the southern half of the lower 48 become essential uninhabitable there's still the far northern states that are both more likely to be habitable, are already largely agricultural in economy, and have room in which to settle millions (which is not to minimize that it will be disruptive and cause all sorts of problems).
Despite the length of the southern US border, it's still a bottleneck of sorts, particularly what with all the desert/arid regions down there. There's a geographical barrier, even if it's porous. That, and the US does have the military ability to "lock" the border if folks stop worrying about killing people. Which some already have.
Of course, if the US population decides to head north Canada is fucked. That is a truly undefended border that spans an entire continent, the Canadians are outnumbered about 10:1, and, well, again, it won't be at all pretty.
Again, we agree on that point.
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Post by Juubi Karakuchi » 2019-06-12 04:59pm
The way I see it, if we want to maintain industrial civilization at anything like its current level, we have to go into space.
Now, there'll doubtless be some argument over what we mean by industrial civilization, or whether it's entirely a good idea, or whether we can get by with much less. I don't feel able to define these points at this stage, but I rather like technology, and the benefits it brings, and I don't see why it has to take the blame for what certain people insist on using it for. Our messed-up neurology remains unchanged, and is perhaps our ultimate enemy in this battle.
But coming back to space. The first thing to do would be to build a space station or several in the Lagrange point between Earth and the Moon. The purpose of this is to create a transfer point; where space capsules or aerospace planes can transfer passengers or cargo to specialized lunar landers. This allows us to design and build separate aerospace and lunar vehicles, and let them play to their strengths; making lunar colonization that little bit easier.
The second stage would be to construct industrial infrastructure on the Moon and/or in orbit. At the very least, this must be sufficient to support mining operations on the Moon and near-Earth asteroids; with the added possibilities of processing the resources, and maybe even manufacturing. There should be some of these anyway, at least enough to make the orbital operations less dependent on resupply from Earth.
Why space mining? Well, on Earth mining and resource processing are not merely major polluters, but major users of energy; thus more pollution. The more mining and processing we do in space, the less we do on Earth, thus reducing both direct ecosystem damage and energy use.
Is this a panacea? No it isn't, not now. If this process had been started earlier, then we might not be in the mess we're currently in. Does it sound like some ploy by rich people to get off the planet and leave the rest of us to die? Well, I'm fairly certain a bunch of them will attempt it; a la Elysium. The point is that we need to do this on a larger scale, to make sure that it's not just rich people colonizing space and reaping the benefits. The larger the scale, the less chance the rich space-developers have of monopolising the future.
Did it occur to you that the rich are building Elysiums on Earth and are not even that interested in space, unless it is to sell tickets to other rich who are suckers for a fuck above the clouds or the like?
Ie did it occur to you that because the rich are sufficiently shielded from the consequences of climate change, they are perfectly fine with wrecking the world and raking a massive profit, and then leaving naive suckers to deal with the consequences?
Hahha, we have seen it many times how the rich hoarded wealth and profiteered from calamity even in times of utter destruction - and yet some think „inclusive exploration“ is possible while simultaneously having the rich. Sorry to blow up your balloon, but this is not happening. Instead, every second of the rich remaining in power brings us all closed to calamity.
„MAINTAIN civilization“? More like maintain a rich Elysium (First World Industrialized enclaves) at the cost of poor people dying.
Juubi Karakuchi wrote: ↑
2019-06-12 04:59pm
Does it sound like some ploy by rich people to get off the planet and leave the rest of us to die? Well, I'm fairly certain a bunch of them will attempt it; a la Elysium. The point is that we need to do this on a larger scale, to make sure that it's not just rich people colonizing space and reaping the benefits. The larger the scale, the less chance the rich space-developers have of monopolising the future.
I have a LOT of trouble imagining the uber-rich engaging in all the dreary, mundane chores of living in space like vacuuming dead skin flakes off the dust screens of ventilation ducts, not to mention drinking their own recycled urine. These are people who hire illegal aliens to scrub their toilets and wipe down their kitchen counters here on Earth. They aren't going to go to space to live in tight, smelly, gritty quarters with no domestic help.
Nope, they'll set up their little enclaves and compounds here on Earth. Even if they have to live in a sealed environment with filtered air and the like it will still be so much easier than attempting the same in space, with the added feature of being able to hire domestic help from the starving, oppressed masses outside their little domed Edens which they can keep under control by threatening to throw then back out into the overheated, polluted hell.
Post by Juubi Karakuchi » 2019-06-13 05:51am
Of course they do. They always do. I can even give you a historical example; the Roman senatorial elite who mutated into proto-feudal landlords; protecting themselves from a dying society even as they leeched resources out of it, and assassinated or overthrew Emperors rather than pay taxes. Their eventual fate is instructive.
The funny thing is, I doubt that most of the rich even have the vision to create Elysiums on the surface. Like as not they'll cling to their current lifestyles until it's too late even for that option. In the meantime though, it is fair to say that we cannot rely on them. One way or another, the rest of us must act without them.
Otherwise most of us are doomed.
Redshirt
Location: South Cone
Post by Mr. G » 2019-06-13 10:33pm
Broomstick wrote: ↑
I do believe it could devastate our numbers - if everything between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn become uninhabitable (as just one pulled-from-the-ass example) between direct deaths from heat and drought and the carnage that will ensure as wars break out and millions of desperate people try to flee to better climates (a small preview of which we've see in both Europe and North America in recent years) will be large enough to put a dent in the world population.
To get that "everything between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn become uninhabitable" you will need something much more radical than 5-6 degree increase in average global temperatures projected in the business as usual scenarios.
Serious estimates of the impact of global warming imply in a loss of 5-10% of global GDP by 2100 if nothing is done about Co2 emissions (https://www.nber.org/reporter/2017number3/nordhaus.html) and temperatures increase by 6-10 degrees. That is equivalent to the loss of 3-4 years of average global growth rate of the per capita income.
Third world nations will starve as the first world withdraws aid and food,
Actualy, "first world countries" do not provide any substantial direct help to "third world countries".
The biggest aid the poor populations of developing countries do get is investment from their governments in education, sanitation, health-care, cash transfers, etc. For example, India has a real GDP of 10.5 trillion dollars and concentrates the largest poor population in the world, it's government spends about 2.5 trillion dollars per year, most of these expenditures go to the poor (since 90% of India's population is poor). For comparison, the US foreign-aid budget is 35 billion or 1.3% of India's government budget in real terms.
Over the next few decades, most countries considered "third world" (a very outdated expression by the way) will become fairly developed. For example, India's GDP will surpass the US's in about 15 years, and it's per capita income will reach "high middle income" level even though its growth rate is a bit lower than expected.
Also, that depends on how you define "developed", for instance, Bangladesh today has a higher life expectancy than the US had in the 1960s.
Mass starvation can occur due to climate change when incomes are very low and the economy is mainly based on agricultural subsistence. We are talking about incomes lower than 1,000 dollars per capita or less than 3-2.5 dollars a day. The fraction of the world's population with incomes below 3 dollars a day will be less than 3% given current trends in about 20 years.
That is, most of the world is already living in urbanized economies based on services and they do not grow the food they eat. Countries considered poor today have per capita incomes that are vastly above minimum subsistence and are very different from minimum subsistence agricultural economies, with per capita income around 1,000 dollars. India's per capita income today is about 7,800 dollars, Pakistan is 5,700 dollars, Indonesia is 13,200 dollars. Those countries have social indicators similar to the US and the UK in the 1930s-1940s. It is true that inside these countries you have great inequalities between populations, which is why there are still 1 billion people living with less than 1,000 dollars a year.
The big impact of global warming will occur after 2050-2060. By that point in time, very few people will be poor enough to be under the risk of starvation. For example, even if you assume some countries will lose all their agricultural land due to climate change, they will just import food. Of course, assuming nothing is done about climate change. The most likely scenario is that Co2 emissions will be tiny by that point in time given the exponential increase of renewable energy production and the determination of all the major countries to contain Co2 emissions.
Although it is true that, given current trends, countries in Central Africa and perhaps some of the economic disasters in Latin America (like Haiti, Cuba, Nicaragua, Venezuela, etc) will still be poor. In Asia almost all developing countries are developing at very fast rates: India, China, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Philippines, are all quickly converging to the developed world.
Slow changes in climate are much easier to adapt to than radical changes like Nuclear War: if all land inside a country turns into a radiactive wasteland over a few days you are screwed if all agricultural land is lost over 60 years of climate change the economy will gradually shift to other sectors.
Mr. G wrote: ↑
It's not beyond the worst case scenarios, though - even if we don't change our behavior there could still be a tipping point beyond which temperature rise accelerates due to release of something like methane. I don't pretend to understand the math and science involved, and admittedly that example was used as a bit of hyperbole to drive home a point.
The biggest aid the poor populations of developing countries do get is investment from their governments in education, sanitation, health-care, cash transfers, etc. For example, India has a real GDP of 10.5 trillion dollars and concentrates the largest poor population in the world, it's government spends about 2.5 trillion dollars per year, most of these expenditures go to the poor (since 90% of India's population is poor). For comparison, the US foreign-aid budget is 35 billion or 1.3% of India's government budget in real terms.[/quote]
Does India still qualify as "third world", though? Or maybe there's a better term to use.
Over the next few decades, most countries considered "third world" (a very outdated expression by the way) will become fairly developed.
What terms or criteria would you suggest in its stead?
Mass starvation can occur due to climate change when incomes are very low and the economy is mainly based on agricultural subsistence.
No, mass starvation today are due to those conditions. If highly developed nations start having trouble producing food, though, mass starvation may no longer be as closely linked with dire poverty.
That is, most of the world is already living in urbanized economies based on services and they do not grow the food they eat.
The problem you're not considering is that even if most people aren't engaged in growing food SOMEONE has to grow the food SOMEWHERE. Current areas of high agricultural yield are having problems - somewhere between 1/3 and 3/4 of the crops in the state where I live were planted months late due to weather problems, and a significant portion of farmers are just not planting at all this year because they see no way to break even, much less make a profit. Granted, the world won't starve because the world popcorn crop is reduced this year (we grow about 40% of the world's supply around here) but it's an example of how weather can screw with agricultural production regardless of how many or how few people are involved in that production.
Wide scale climate change means lower agricultural yields, which drives up food prices for just a start. If it continues or worsens then you start to get actual shortages.
The big impact of global warming will occur after 2050-2060. By that point in time, very few people will be poor enough to be under the risk of starvation. For example, even if you assume some countries will lose all their agricultural land due to climate change, they will just import food.
From where?
Because if you get significant climate changes it plays merry hell with agriculture. If a nation like the US has a big drop in productivity they'll keep what they produce for themselves, they won't be selling it to some overseas urban population whose local agriculture just completely collapsed.
And food will get more expensive, which means the minimum income needed to survive anywhere is going to rise. So sure, people may have $5 a day instead of $3, but if you need $6 a day to get enough to eat you're thoroughly fucked.
Only if sufficient food is being grown somewhere - if enough agricultural land is rendered unusual by climate change we're all screwed.
This isn't even considering the problems of trying to exist somewhere with routine summer temperatures approaching those of, say, Death Valley. At a certain point it's not just about food.
Because all it may take is just one WMD getting into the hands of someone who'll use it and it going off in the wrong place at the wrong time. As technology advances the ability to make WMDs generally becomes easier, more people will have access to them over time and the odds of one being used go up. And I'm not just talking nukes - bio weapons are potentially even more dangerous these days as a single outbreak of a deadly disease could kill millions / billions if not stopped.
Post by K. A. Pital » 2019-06-14 01:02pm
You don't need that much, for reasons aptly explained in the article.
"Serious estimates" do not take into account non-linear events (unrest, war, loss of cropland, pandemias, all of which become simultaneously more likely as the tropics become uninhabitable and the subtropics turn into the tropics).
"Vastly above minimum subsistence" only because of the cheap price of food. Raise the price of food and you'll soon see how a huge share of formerly OK people would actually discover malnourishment. In fact, many are malnourished during regular food price spikes that happen due to external factors, which indicates an inability to adjust the share of disposable income upwards under threat of malnourishment. Which means, other factors (rent-seekers, inadequate housing) consume the income and people are in fact balancing in a very precarious position that could shift to malnourishment or hunger any day. "Dollars a year" etc. are meaningless indicators. Relevant are only median real wages and their purchasing power. If the purchasing power of median real wages declines, this indicates the majority of the working class is poorer. If it declines relative to food, then there is an even greater problem. If the share of income devoted to food remains constant, but share of income which has to be devoted to rent/mortgage (as we are under CAPITALISM) increases, this means people have less to feed themselves with and have to count on ever-falling, in relative terms, agricultural prices. This has been working for a while with the Green Revolution, mechanization and chemization of agriculture, but every stopgap measure has its limits.
The big impact of global warming will occur after 2050-2060. By that point in time, very few people will be poor enough to be under the risk of starvation.
Actually, a lot of people would be under threat of starvation if a non-linear imbalance arises as a result of poorly quantifiable risks to global agriculture, precisely because a lot fewer people are not consumers-only and can fall back on non-monetary exchange to provide themselves with food. The idea of systems being robust against non-linear risks is just... not very real, not in case of capitalism.
For example, even if you assume some countries will lose all their agricultural land due to climate change, they will just import food. Of course, assuming nothing is done about climate change. The most likely scenario is that Co2 emissions will be tiny by that point in time given the exponential increase of renewable energy production and the determination of all the major countries to contain Co2 emissions.
I never laughed harder in my life. "Determination", "emissions likely to be tiny". Keep dreaming. For your interest only - do read some reports from global aviation-related companies regarding the projections for growth of passenger flows, airport expansion plans and the like. Please do the math. Then come back and explain to me why companies, whose existence directly depends on present and future profit-making, BTW - have a different projection regarding global emissions than Mr. G.
Although it is true that, given current trends, countries in Central Africa and perhaps some of the economic disasters in Latin America (like Haiti, Cuba, Nicaragua, Venezuela, etc) will still be poor.[/quote[
Cuba has stellar HDI scores AND combines it with a sustainable footprint. Tell me more about why they should suffer because some rich fuckers nearby bloat the sky with their luxury guzzoline waste.
In Asia almost all developing countries are developing at very fast rates: India, China, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Philippines, are all quickly converging to the developed world.[/quote[
Reality is a bit different sorry.
https://www.economist.com/graphic-detai ... ncome-trap
...if all agricultural land is lost over 60 years of climate change the economy will gradually shift to other sectors.
Sure, if there is enough agricultural land to compensate the loss, it will have little consequences. The problem is the non-linearity of the system. Which is well explained in the text and poorly understood by rose-tinted glasses people, as it seems.
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Home Beyond Steel Page 1
Alpha Portland Cement Co. Board of Directors meeting minutes, July 18, 1917
Title Alpha Portland Cement Co. Board of Directors meeting minutes, July 18, 1917
Annotation Minutes of board meeting of the Alpha Portland Cement Co. held July 18, 1917 which include the following actions: the President reported that the Navy Dept. had commandeered a cement shipment from another company at $1.22 a barrel, so the company will now claim compensation from the government for the difference between the government price and $1.50 a barrel, rather than the $1.30 suggested by the Cement Committee; the President reported that the company had taken over the Thomas Millen Co., Jamesville, N.Y.; the President reported that the company was negotiating with the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad for west-bound rates that would make it more profitable for the company to sell cement in northeastern Ohio from the Jamesville, N.Y. plant rather than from the Manheim, W.V. plant; various financial and operational details were discussed. The Alpha Portland Cement Co. was organized in 1895 when it acquired the Whitaker Cement Co. Originally based in Philadelphia, the company later moved its headquarters to Easton, Pa. Based in the area of the Lehigh Valley in Pennsylvania known as the "Cement Belt" Alpha Portland Cement Co. grew to become one of the largest cement companies in the United States.
Identifier LVLPAG 0604 0001
Alpha Portland Cement Co. Board of Directors meeting...
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30 Apr, 2019LIFETIME TO DEBUT FOLLOW UP SPECIAL SURVIVING R. KELLY: THE IMPACT WITH HOST SOLEDAD O’BRIEN ON MAY 4 Following the debut of the record-breaking premiere of Lifetime’s Surviving R. Kelly this past January, the network will debut… Read More
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Lance Bass is Walking On Air With The Story Of *NSYNC
18 Aug, 2014 craig Interviews
– Lance Bass
Ever since our teenage days playing *NSYNC on our high school radio station, it was always a dream of ours to one day create an outlet where we could interview the artists we grew up listening to. However since *NSYNC broke up long before the web site was created, we never thought that producing such a cool detailed project about them would ever be possible. But that changed after *NSYNC got a splash of coverage in the media for their 2013 reunion. We really enjoyed Lance Bass’ 2007 book, Out Of Sync. We always thought his unique perspective on the story of *NSYNC was a great one. So therefore when we had the opportunity to interview Lance to help promote his single, “Walking On Air,” we jumped at the opportunity. We are beyond thrilled that he took the time to share so many great details about his life both before and after *NSYNC. Our sincere thanks go out to Lance, his team and everyone at Wright Entertainment Group.
Craig Clizbe and Matt Clizbe
Earlier this summer Lance Bass of the iconic singing group, *NSYNC called into Clizbeats.com to talk about everything in his life and career. Hear the story of *NSYNC in the way only he can tell it. He told us everything about *NSYNC’s, humble beginnings in Orlando with Lou Pearlman, and how they eventually stood against him in a very public legal battle for their future. He then reflected on some of his favorite memories of their worldwide success after the release of their record breaking second album, No Strings Attached. However this was all happening as Lance was a teen heartthrob to millions of girls with a dark secret. Dive deeper into the other side of *NSYNC’s story and find out what it was like for Lance to be a gay man in the most successful boy band in the world. Learn all this and more this very special exclusive interview right here on Clizbeats.com!!!
(Entire Interview) (40:09)
Interview Chapter Selection
Chapter One Of Nine “More Than A Feeling”
Lance discusses growing up in Mississippi, knowing he was gay at a young age, and discovers performing.
Chapter Two Of Nine: “Its Gonna Be Me”Lance talks about *NSYNC’s early days. He describes when he first met the other group members, and remembers when they first started singing together. Chapter Three Of Nine “Here We Go”Lance discusses *NSYNC’s rise to fame with RCA Records and BMG,. He describes how the group “signed one of the worst record deals in history” and how they fought thrit way out of it. Chapter Four Of Nine: “No Strings Attached”Lance talks about some of his favorite memories during the peak of *NSYNC’s success after the release of their blockbuster second album, No Strings Attached Chapter Five Of Nine “If I Wasn’t A Celebrity….Would You Be My Girlfriend?/”Space Cowboy”Lance discusses being gay at the height of *NSYNC’s popularity. He describes hiding his sexuality from his group members and the world. This lead to Lance finding various side projects during times when *NSYNC’s was on hiatus. With that said, he very understandably struggled when the members of *NSYNC went their separate ways. Chapter Six Of Nine “Mississippi I Am”After coming out of the closet in 2006, Lance became increasingly involved in gay rights activism. This was best exemplified in his recently released documentary, “Mississippi I Am” , a film that profiles teens growing up in the gay community in his home state of Mississippi. Chapter Seven of Nine: “Together Again”In this chapter Lance talked about the special night *NSYNC had at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards honoring Justin Timberlake with the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award. Chapter Eight Of Nine “Walking On Air”After reuniting with *NSYNC at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards Lance was bitten by the music bug once again. He talked about the unique story behind his first solo single, “Walking On Air” with Anise K and Bella Blue. Chapter Nine Of Nine “Dirty Pop”Lance goes from “Walking On Air” to being on air. In this chapter he talks about what he learned from being on the other side of the microphone as a broadcaster, and interviewing musicians on his radio show, “Dirty Pop With Lance Bass” on Sirius XM. Audio Feature Credits
Host: Matt Clizbe
Interview By Craig and Matt Clizbe
Written, Produced, Edited, Mixed, and Engineered By Craig Clizbe
Additional Segment Writing and Production By Matt Clizbe
Special Thanks: Lance Bass, Melinda Bell, Laura Potesta Jeff Raymond, Matthew Ian Rector, and Wright Entertainment Group
Tags: *NSYNC, *NSYNC 2014 interview, Anise K, Bella Blue, Chris Kirkpatrick, Clizbeats *NSYNC Interview, Craig Clizbe, Featured, Interview, JC CHASEZ, Joey Fatone, Justin Timberlake, Lance Bass, lou pearlman, Matt Clizbe, Mississippi I Am, No strings attached, Walking on Air
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The IP Group: The backbone of Portugal
The ancient Roman Aqueducts which are scattered around Portugal are testament to the fact that this small European country has been investing in long-term infrastructure for as long as the records go back. These days, all anyone needs to do is travel by car or train from north to south of the country, or cross the magnificent 25 de Abril Bridge in Lisbon to realize the country’s infrastructures are as ambitious as ever.
The IP Group integrates the essential technical know-how to offer an excellent performance on road and rail infrastructures networks in different areas, such as of design, construction, business consulting, maintenance, operation, redevelopment, extension and modernization, which also includes, in the railway domain, the command and traffic control.
IP currently has a stake in the share capital of three companies: IP Engenharia, IP Património and IP Telecom. In 2018, GIL – Gare Intermodal de Lisboa merged with IP Património into a single Company, which is responsible for the entire business of commercial operation of real estate belonging to the road and rail infrastructure.
Mr. António Laranjo, CEO of the IP Group, recently took some time out to speak with Business Excellence about the Companies strategies and future.
Mr. António Laranjo begins by telling us about each of the IP Group’s Companies. The largest Company of the Group is Infraestruturas de Portugal (IP). Mr. Laranjo tells us: “IP was founded in 2015 from the merger between two state-owned companies, which were responsible for Portugal’s road (Estradas de Portugal, or “EP”) and railway (Rede Ferroviária Nacional, or “REFER”) network. IP Telecom, the telecomunications and IT Company was founded in 2000, and had become an increasingly central part of our infrastructure responsibilities. It has grown to the extent that it now offers its services to external third parties in areas like cloud, data management and technology consulting”.
“IP Engenharia, which is responsible for the international activities, develops institutional capacity-building solutions for infrastructure management companies, mainly in Portuguese-speaking Countries. It has been in operation for more than forty years, and provides railway engineering services to the other IP Group companies.”
Mr Laranjo continues: “IP Património, our Company that is responsible for the integrated management of road and railway assets, offers expertise in the commercial operation of the network of stations and transport interfaces, ensuring their efficient use, increasing valuation and profitability: Those assets are an impressive array of road and rail infrastructure - enough to grace any bigger European state. Consider statistics like 15.000 km of road (plus a further 1,000 km under concession), 2,550 km of railway line of which 1,700 km is electrified, and over 400 passenger stations spread across the country”.
The mandate to manage the transport network infrastructure means that the IP Group is responsible for a significant amount of Portugal’s sustainability efforts.
António Laranjo also takes particular pride in the Company’s green ways – a network of routes recovered from old railway lines which can now be used for recreation such as pedal biking or trekking - implemented by IP Património.
He adds: “Since 2001, we’ve been rejuvenating old railway lines in the North and Central Portugal regions. We had help from municipalities to build them, and it has also allowed Infraestruturas de Portugal to become a member of the European Association of Greenways.”
Elsewhere, IP built a combined total of 140 km of sound barriers on its road and rail networks, 15 water management systems, and planted nearly 1 000 trees. In the same period of time, IP was able to reduce its fuel consumption, despite an increase in the total number of trains in operation.
In 2018 the IP Group also gave a special attention to the reforestation of Portuguese forests. Several activities were developed, involving its employees, who volunteered for various actions. For example, following the serious fires that occurred in 2017, employees planted around 700 native trees (Portuguese ash and oak trees) on a plot of 9,000 m2, located in Pedrogão Grande, near the IC8.
In recent years Portugal has been considered as one of the countries with the best road network in the world. Therefore, on railways, the future passes through the conclusion of the bold “Ferrovia 2020” EU Investment Plan.
The “Ferrovia 2020” project includes a global investment of around 2 billion euros to intervene in over 1 000 km of railway, aiming to achieve three main goals:
To assume international commitments (Spain and the “Atlantic Corridor”)
To promote rail freight transport, supporting export growth
To guarantee links between national ports and main land borders
This huge Investment Plan will allow IP to implement the main rail cross border links with Spain and to Europe, the electrification of more than 400 km of existing railway lines and the initial set-up phase of the European Rail Traffic Management System. With “Ferrovia 2020” IP will increase the capacity for freight trains and promote the interoperability of the rail corridors (track gauge).
Portugal, once the world’s leading maritime nation is now very much on terra firma.
IPGroup-Sept2019.pdf
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Siemens S.A. Portugal
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23, 24 - April 2014 São Paulo, Brazil
Roadmaps for further evolution of Internet governance
Area: ROADMAP FOR THE FURTHER EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET GOVERNANCE ECOSYSTEM
Entitled by: Richard Hill
Region: Switzerland
Organization: Association for Proper Internet Governance
Sector: Civil Society
Keywords: ICANN, IANA, US government, intergovernmental organizations
Doc Attached: Click here to see the doc 1
Over the years, there have been numerous proposed roadmaps for further evolution of Internet governance. Some of those proposed roadmaps remain perfectly valid today and they will no doubt be presented again to the Net Mundial meeting. This paper presents some of the proposals that have received less recent attention, but which still warrant consideration. This paper is structured into four sections: 1. The Internet Ad Hoc Group proposals 2. The Role of the US government 3. Modularization of ICANN’s functions 4. Relation to Existing Intergovernmental Organizations
Over the years, there have been numerous proposed roadmaps for further evolution of Internet governance. Some of those proposed roadmaps remain perfectly valid today and they will no doubt be presented again to the Net Mundial meeting.
This paper presents some of the proposals that have received less recent attention, but which still warrant consideration. This paper is structured into four sections:
1. The Internet Ad Hoc Group proposals
2. The Role of the US government
3. Modularization of ICANN’s functions
4. Relation to Existing Intergovernmental Organizations
The first discussions on how to evolve Internet governance took place in the mid-1990s. ISOC and others sponsored discussions in a fully multi-stakeholder, open, bottom up group, known as IAHC. That group recommended the creation of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) that would be open for signature by anybody (individual, state, private company, non-profit organization, etc.) who adhered to its basic principles. The MoU provided for the creation of a legal structure, in the form of a non-profit Swiss association, and mechanisms whereby the signatories of the MoU could make decisions and recommendations. The MoU received considerable support and was signed by a certain number of organizations. But the United States rejected the concept of that MoU and issued its Green Paper and White Paper, resulting in the creation of ICANN.
In retrospect, it appears that it would have been better to accept the framework for evolution provided for in the IAHC MoU. Much, if not all, of that IAHC framework remains valid today and could form the basis for a future framework.
A short history of IAHC is available at:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAHC
The MoU can be found at:
http://web.archive.org/web/19971211190034/http://www.gtld-mou.org/
In its 5 June 1997 Statement of Policy on the Management of Domain Names and Addresses (commonly referred to as “the White Paper”), the US government stated that it would phase out its oversight of the Internet domain names and addresses no later than 30 September 2000.
The arguments in favor of such a phase-out remain valid today. Thus, any future framework for the evolution of Internet governance must start by reaffirming that there should be no special oversight role by a single government. Any required governmental oversight must be exercised collegially and consensually by all governments who wish to participate in such oversight.
3. Modularization of ICANN’s function
This approach is based on the assumption that it would be difficult to adapt ICANN so that it can be all things to all people. Instead, it is proposed to apply the well-known engineering technique of decomposing a difficult problem into smaller modules that can be addressed more easily than the full problem.
The approach assumes that the DNS would remain a "natural monopoly" as it is today. The approach would have to be modified significantly if other models for the DNS were adopted.
3.1 Root Server Operations and Content of the Root Zone File
Some governments have expressed concern over the fact that the root server operations are currently supervised by only one government, that of the USA, and that that same government, through its Department of Commerce, has final approval (or veto) power over any changes to the content of the root zone file.
Since the Internet is being increasingly used for e-government, and is becoming a critical national infrastructure in many countries, many governments feel that, while the leadership of the private sector for technical and operational issues must continue, some oversight role must be granted to governments other than that of the USA.
As noted above, at ICANN's creation it was thought that the US government might relinquish its oversight role to ICANN, who would, it was thought, be able to represent the world-wide public interest. However, some may not wish to relinquish entirely to a private company what could be considered the residual public policy oversight role for ensuring a stable and reliable DNS, which implies stable, reliable, and secure root server operations, and-separately but in relation to operations-fast and consistent implementation of changes to the root zone file in accordance with agreed procedures.
3.1.1 Root Server Operations
Root server operations are currently considered satisfactory, so there are no issues requiring urgent resolution. The issue is rather that there might be calls to ensure the long-term international supervision of root server operations.
Root server operations are highly technical and require specialized skills and knowledge. While these are widely available in some countries, they are relatively rare in other countries.
Thus, some countries (in particular the USA) can be expected to contribute more to root server operations than other countries. As a consequence, arrangements should be envisaged that would recognize the relative contributions of countries that contribute to root server operations.
There are several well-known models for such arrangements, in particular Intelsat and Inmarsat. These bodies have evolved from ad-hoc treaty organizations dealing with, respectively, satellites for telephony and satellites for maritime communications, into mixed public-private bodies. Since the Intelsat and Inmarsat experiences are widely viewed as successful, we propose to use them as models for a possible future root server operations.
Thus, the proposal is to create a new inter-governmental treaty organization, called INROOTS in this paper, which would have the following characteristics:
members would be governments and private sector entities who can contribute resources to root server operations;
there would be a two-tier structure, with technical and operational matters handled by the private sector bodies, and governments providing a supervisory function;
voting would be weighted by contributions (technical and financial);
civil society would provide input through the governments and directly to INROOTS through agreed procedures based on those of existing inter-governmental organizations.
INROOTS would outsource root server operations, including operation of the authoritative root server. Presumably the operations would be outsourced to the same parties that today successfully operate the root server system, including ICANN.
3.1.2 Content of the Root Zone File
INROOTS would certify specific bodies who would have authority to request changes to entries in the authoritative root zone file. We will use the terminology Trustworthy Operator (TWO) for an entity that carries out operational tasks and Policy Decision Forum (PDF) for an entity that carries out policy-making functions. INROOTS would be both a TWO and a PDF, where the PDF would relate to root server operational issues (load balancing, security, reliability, etc.).
INROOTS would accept change requests to the root zone file only from specific TWOs, who would be formally recognized by INROOTS as being authoritative for certain areas. Each TWO would operate in accordance with policies developed by a specified PDF for that TWO.
Specifically, there is a recognized operator for each top-level domain (TLD) (for example, Versign for ".com", AFNIC for ".fr", etc.). These operators would be recognized by INROOTS as the TWO for the TLD which they operate, and INROOTS would implement their instructions with respect to the entries in the root file master for the concerned TLD. The PDF for each TLD would be recognized as outlined below. The PDF for each TLD would approve the policies implemented by each TLD when it acts as a TWO.
Civil society should be represented in the several PDFs.
3.1.3 Issues related to gTLDs
Issues related to gTLD policies should be separated from issues related to ccTLD policies.
Taking into account the historical situation, and the current commercial realities, it should be recognized that the gTLDs ".com", ".edu", ".gov", ".mil", ".net", ".org" fall under the primary responsibility of the USA.
Thus, the US Government (presumably through its Department of Commerce) should designate the TWO and PDF for these domain names. That would be presumably IANA as TWO and ICANN as PDF. Specifically DoC would inform INROOTS of its choices in this area.
The gTLD ".int" is reserved for international treaty organizations. Thus, it seems appropriate that the ITU should be the PDF for this gTLD, and indeed Recommendation ITU-T E.910 was adopted by consensus. The ITU’s TSB should be the TWO, where the term TWO is used in this context to refer to administrative control, not actual operations; actual operations could be performed by other organizations. The actual operation of the ".int" domain should be performed by an organization that operates other domains. For example, the operator of ".org" could operate ".int", or ICANN could do it.
Issues related to other gTLDs and issues related to the creation of future gTLDs are not addressed in this document.
3.1.4 Issues related to ccTLDs
Different countries have different policies with respect to Internet in general and their local ccTLD operations in particular. Furthermore, policies can be expected to evolve as the nature of Internet usage evolves in any given country.
And indeed the current governance arrangements for ccTLDs recognize the diversity of views by explicitly allowing specific PDFs for individual ccTLDs and recognizing a TWO for each ccTLD.
However, all the TWOs must directly interact with IANA, and the process by which they interact with IANA is decided by ICANN. This situation is considered satisfactory by many countries, but some countries may prefer to have the option to rely on an alternative top-level TWO and PDF that are not private companies.
Thus, it is proposed that countries would have the choice of informing INROOTS whether the TWO for their ccTLD would be IANA or ITU-T TSB. In the case of IANA, the PDF would be ICANN. In the case of TSB, the PDF would be ITU-T (bodies that represent civil society could join the ITU-T and contribute as Sector Members with exemption from payment of membership fees). It should be noted that TSB could undertake this TWO function only after approval of an ITU-T Recommendation specifying how TSB should carry out these tasks. If ccTLD policies were to be developed within the context of the ITU-T, it could be expected that many matters would be considered national matters, not subject to discussion within ITU-T. For example, issues related to consumer protection, competition policies, data privacy, etc. would typically be considered national matters.
3.1.5 Issues related to IP addresses
The RIRs currently perform IP address allocation in accordance with policies developed by the RIRs themselves. Although there is general satisfaction with the RIRs' performance, some questions have been raised with respect to a perceived regional imbalance of IPv4 address allocation, and with respect to future policies for IPv6 address allocation.
It is proposed that the RIRs, in cooperation with the IAB and IETF and in liaison with ITU-T should be recognized as the PDF for IP address issues, and that the RIRs should designate one or more entities as the TWO for the top-level assignment of IP address blocks to the RIRs (obvious choices would be the RIRs themselves, IANA, and/or TSB). It is proposed that the RIRs be recognized as the PDF and TWO for the allocation of addresses within their respective regions.
3.1.6 Summary table
The above proposals can be summarized in the table attached to this article.
3.1.7 Conclusions
By adopting a modular approach, and by allowing more than one entity to add value to the functions currently performed by ICANN under the supervision of the US government, a number of issues can be addressed simultaneously, in particular calls for continued private sector leadership, a recognition of the need to recognize the importance of informed technical advice, and calls for governments around the world for ways in which their role as representatives of the public interest can be recognized.
It is not disputed that many aspects of Internet governance are discussed and even decided in existing intergovernmental agencies, such as WIPO, WTO, OECD, Council of Europe (COE), to name just a few. Matters related to the physical infrastructure that constitutes the lower layers of the Internet (including the very important issue of use of radio spectrum) are discussed in ITU.
This role of existing intergovernmental organizations is widely, albeit not universally, accepted. What appears to create controversy are suggestions that there should be greater involvement of intergovernmental organizations, in particular for what concerns management of Internet domain names and addresses.
Much of the controversy is related to the fact that any such increased involvement of intergovernmental organizations would likely result in a lessening of the current asymmetric role exercised by the US government.
Be that as it may, it would appear useful to consider such proposals when developing a framework for the future evolution of Internet governance. One such proposal was submitted to the US Department of Commerce in response for a request for comments. It proposed that the oversight role of the US government should be replaced by a weaker oversight by ITU, and that a Memorandum of Understanding be signed between ICANN and the ITU, see:
http://www.ntia.doc.gov/legacy/ntiahome/domainname/dnstransition/comments/dnstrans_comment0081.htm
That proposal can be summarized as follow.
Administration of the Internet Domain Name System (DNS) comprises two types of activities: agreeing policies for the assignment of certain resources, and administering a database or other record of the assignments made. We will refer to these two different activities as the Policy Function (PF) and the Administration Function (AF).
The resources in question are entries in the source (or master) root file (RF), IP addresses (IP), and protocol parameters (PP).
In addition, administration of the DNS comprises developing policies related to operation of root servers (RS) and administration of those policies (that is, ensuring that the actual operations are carried out in accordance with the agreed policies).
And it comprises developing policies related to the operation of gTLDs and ccTLDs and administration of those policies.
In the figures that follow, NRO refers to Numbering Resource Organization, which comprises the Regional Internet Registries (RIRs).
Figures A.1 and A.2 (attached to this article) represent the present relations amongst various bodies.
As shown in figures A.1 and A.2, the US government has a direct supervisory role with respect to various bodies. In some cases, a government supervisory role is not needed (in particular for the administration function), in other cases (in particular the policy function), it can be exercised by an intergovernmental body, and the ITU could be asked to create a specialized group that could carry out that function, in agreement with ICANN, the agreement to be formalized in a Memorandum of Understanding between ICANN and ITU.
Figure B.1 (attached to this article) shows the proposed alternative to the current situation.
Such an arrangement could be used to correct the strange anomaly of ICANN’s Government Advisory Committee, which gives non-binding advice to ICANN and whose representative to the ICANN Board does not have voting rights.
Indeed, it is generally (albeit not universally) accepted that, as called for in the Tunis Agenda, governments have responsibility for public policy issues. Since some decisions made by ICANN do have public policy implications, it appears strange to relegate governments to a subsidiary role within ICANN.
Further, it is unusual (to say the least) for governments to constitute a sub-committee of the board of a private company, which is what ICANN is.
A Memorandum of Understanding between ITU and ICANN could foresee that the GAC would become a group within ITU, thus gaining in legitimacy and accountability.
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The Who's Roger Daltrey Announces Memoir
It's set to arrive next year
Photo: Rick Clifford
Though he's rocking stages around the world with the Who, legendary frontman Roger Daltrey is now set to look back on his life and music with a new memoir.
Daltrey, 73, struck a deal for the currently untitled memoir with Blink Publishing in the UK and Henry Holt and Co. in the United States. The book is slated to arrive in August of next year.
The publishers note that Daltrey will not only reflect on his solo work and many decades fronting the Who, but also how his home country has changed over the course of his life.
The singer added in a statement that the book will also examine his path from factory worker to rock music icon.
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Whatever you think of the Who's recent dark patch — Roger Daltrey's voice problems, Pete Townshend casually saying he "Thanks God" that Keit...
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The Who are about to release a new album, but no matter how well-received WHO is, the band will always be best remembered for their past — s...
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