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Asian Americans Advancing Justice - LA
Building upon the legacy of the Asian Pacific American Legal Center
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Co-Executive Director
Aileen Louie is the Director of Institutional Giving at Advancing Justice-LA, working closely with program staff and a wide range of institutional partners to secure the resources necessary to support the organization's work.
Aileen has over 20 years of nonprofit fundraising and management experience, gained primarily from her work at Advancing Justice-LA. Over the course of her career she has held several positions within the organization. She was its first Development Director and has also served as the Vice President of Program Administration as well as the Leadership Development Strategy Director. After stepping away from the organization to focus on her family, she returned to resume her work in supporting its ongoing development. In addition to her work with Advancing Justice-LA, she has also served on numerous non-profit boards including Search to Involve Pilipino Americans and the National Asian Pacific American Women's Forum, where she was one of its founding sisters.
Aileen is a graduate of UCLA where she was an student advocate for Asian American and Pacific Islander communities.
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365 Days 365 Classics
Review of Cinema Classics
About 365Days365Classics
Category Archives: cinema legacy
RIP Aamir Malik from Khamosh Pani
Posted in cinema legacy, world cinema by Admin W
No matter how much we think we have been surprised, the world never fails to surprise us more. So I learnt about this sad news that the talented actor Aamir Malik from the movie, Khamosh Pani, has passed away. The actor had been homeless for a long time and had been facing issues of drug addiction. This happened way back in January this year but was revealed only now. He passed away in his hometown Quetta in Pakistan.
Aamir Malik had received much acclaim for his role as Saleem, in Khamosh Pani, a movie which had received several awards at the Locarno Film Festival including Best Film. The movie was directed by Sabiha Sumar who has directed many award winning documentaries on various issues.
He was clearly a talent that had gotten attention from some big names of the film fraternity. He was supposed to play the role of Bhagat Singh in the blockbuster Bollywood movie Rang De Basanti. But apparently Malik never showed up. The affable actor was of the opinion that Indian actors should become a part of Pakistani films. Incidentally, Kirron Kher and Shilpa Shukla were two Indian actors in a Pakistani film.
This out of the box after a long time.
The movie Khamosh Pani was banned in Pakistan at least for some time as it was a story centered on the Partition of India and the regime of Zia Ul Haq. Malik had played the role of a troubled teenager who is caught temporarily in a crisis of faith and lets his passion of youth override emotions. He abandons the gentle habit of playing the flute and joins a political group. Despite years of independence from colonisation, India and Pakistan have been unable to stop falling into the shackles of their own past and are constantly taken advantage of by politicians, making a farce out of democracy. Had this self reflecting, painful narrative created some sort of a trouble for the actor?
This is surprising for so many reasons. How is it possible for a popular actor to go missing in this age of continuous media attention? And what I know of Pakistani culture, which is so alike the Indian culture, is the stronghold of family on an individual, no matter how famous. Although the movie was shot way back in 2003, still it had given Malik international fame and popularity. And when even the most common amongst us have a tough time staying away from the number of electronic sources which keep us connected, how did Aamir escape everyone’s attention?
There is not much in the news about him except this report in the Pakistani newspaper Tribune. According to the report from this source his issues were going on for too long. His co-star from Khamosh Pani, Shilpa Shukla, who was Malik’s friend, said he had begun to avoid human company right after the success of the movie and seems like he was suffering from depression. He even refused help from those who wanted to admit him into a rehabilitation facility. It was said during last few months of his life, Malik would entertain common people on the streets of Karachi with verses from Shakespeare, Ghalib and many other poets while he himself surrendered to a life of anonymity.
aamir malik, aamir malik khamosh pani, khamosh pani, kirron kher, pakistani classics, sabiha sumar, shilpa shukla 8 Comments
Film Preservation and Archiving – the India Story
Posted in cinema legacy, indian cinema by Admin W
This post is for the Film Preservation Blogathon by Ferdie on Films. There are so many interesting entries, not surprising, since any film enthusiast would be eager to explore this gold.
We are only becoming aware of cinema as a legacy. Fortunately, Film Heritage Foundation, India, and its people, have been working tireless to preserve our legacy of films. We let you know more about their work through their own words. Shivendra Singh Dungarpur, Director of FHF, was kind enough to give us a sneak into the Foundation’s work.
Q) What inspired you to start this foundation?
A) In a sense, I have been an archivist and collector since I was a child. It may have started with the conventional route of stamps and coins, but cinema has always been a passion. I am also an avid diarist – a habit that started from my school days when I used to make copious notes about films that I had seen including details of the cast and crew. Besides, being a student of history and coming from a family with a long lineage, I think the establishment of a foundation to preserve and restore India’s cinematic heritage was a natural progression of events in my life. However, the person who inspired me to start Film Heritage Foundation was Martin Scorsese who is one of the greatest evangelists for the cause of film preservation and whose organizations the Film Foundation and the World Cinema Project have restored over 600 films since their inception. Many of these films have been neglected gems that would have been forgotten and lost forever if not for the fantastic work done by these two organizations.
The other inspiration was Gianluca Farinelli (who has been referred to as the pope of restoration). I had read an interview in 2010 where Martin Scorsese talked about a festival of restored films called “Il Cinema Ritrovato” conducted by Cineteca di Bologna helmed by Gianluca Farinelli and the fabulous restorations being done at the L’Immagine Ritrovata lab there. My interest was piqued and I decided to go for the festival and see for myself what he was talking about. That was really a turning point for me. I discovered a Mecca for film archivists and cinephiles where you immersed yourself watching beautifully restored gems of cinema for a week. I have been going back every year since. Interacting with archivists, film historians and cinephiles from all over the world, I soon realized that our country was lagging far behind. It was Jaya Bachchan who suggested that I started my own foundation to preserve India’s cinematic legacy.
As a first step, to draw attention to the precarious condition of India’s classic films, our foundation curated an Indian retrospective, their first, at Il Cinema Ritrovato last year – “The Golden ‘50s: India’s Endangered Classics.” In February this year, Cineteca di Bologna. L’Immagine Ritrovata, the Film Foundation and FIAF collaborated with us in a pioneering educational initiative – India’s first Film Preservation and Restoration School India 2015. Recently, I was invited to be a member of the Il Cinema Ritrovato Artistic Committee and I hope to use this platform to highlight India’s rich and diverse film patrimony and the urgent need to save it for posterity.
Q) What are the challenges of running this project in a country like India, where movies are not necessarily viewed as heritage (compared to literature or Arts,) but merely as mass entertainment media?
A) India is a cinema-loving nation that has the most prolific and diverse film industry in the world. Yet the government, the film industry and the public at large view film as a medium of mass entertainment. The government’s engagement with the film industry is restricted to taxation and censorship and the film industry focuses on the business of filmmaking and the box office. The fact is that every kind of film is an important visual document of its time and the result of a creative process, but unfortunately there are very
few, including the film industry, who subscribe to this idea. When filmmakers and producers themselves do not respect their creations or care about their works being preserved for posterity, we are fighting an uphill battle.
India does not have a culture of preservation. We often speak about our ancient civilization and culture, but we have always had a cavalier attitude to its preservation and restoration. When people are fighting for the preservation of monuments, music, dance and art forms that are centuries old, saving our cinematic heritage, just over a hundred years old, does not even rank as a cause in most people’s opinion. But there is no taking away from the fact that cinema is an amalgamation of all these art forms and is an art form itself that has a fragile existence.
There is a general lack of awareness about the need to preserve films on celluloid and the challenges of archiving films on digital formats. There is a common misconception that if a film is available on Youtube, dvds or even beta tapes, that it is equivalent to preservation. In this scenario, getting the support of the government, industry stakeholders and the public at large both in terms of funding and otherwise can be difficult. But we have made a start and we are working on creating a movement to save our cinematic heritage.
Q) The FH foundation has received support from Martin Scorcese, how has that helped the foundation?
A) Just the fact that a filmmaker of Mr. Scorsese’s stature has endorsed Film Heritage Foundation by collaborating on the Film Preservation and Restoration School India 2015, gave our very young foundation credibility and help put us on the map internationally. Locally too it helped to generate interest both with the press and the film industry and started them thinking about preserving and restoring our films.
Q) Your first movie, Celluloid Man, is about India’s pioneering film archivist? Did the film attract you in this direction or did your natural interest in film archiving inspire the movie?
A) After my first trip to Bologna, I was curious to see where we were as far as the preservation of our cinema was concerned. I visited the National Film Archive of India (NFAI) –our only film archive that had been built singlehandedly by Mr. Nair during his tenure of almost three decades. I was deeply saddened to see that clearly since Mr. Nair’s retirement the NFAI had fallen off the map as far as the government was concerned and that films were being kept in conditions that were far from ideal. On the same trip, I discovered that Mr. Nair was still living in Pune, across the road from the NFAI. I wanted to tell the story of the extraordinary life’ work and passion of Mr. Nair without whom Dadasaheb Phalke, the father of Indian cinema and other early pioneers and greats, would probably have been just footnotes in history books, with none of their films surviving to be seen by future generations. That was how the idea of “Celluloid Man” was born. The making of the film was a journey, one on which I discovered the colossal loss of our moving image heritage. My film became a tribute to India’s wonderfully rich film history and to the man who saved it, but it also mourned the irretrievable loss of thousands of films thanks to our attitude to cinema as a commercial industry and not an integral part of our social and cultural heritage.
Q) Have you discovered a gem/s that even you were not aware about, that you want classic film enthusiasts to watch?
Recently, a friend came to my office and handed over the last surviving reel of the first Konkani film “Mogacho Aunddo” that was believed to be lost. The reel was in very poor condition, but we have sent it to the lab in Bologna to see what can be salvaged. We are awaiting the update from the lab, but have also put the word out to see if we can find any further surviving material. It is discoveries like these that give us heart that maybe many more films presumed to be lost will turn up one day.
Q) How much of the legacy have we managed to preserve?
A) That is a difficult question to answer. Sadly, it’s easier to tell you how much we have lost. India made 1700 silent films of which only 5 – 6 complete films survive today. By 1950 we had lost 70 – 80% of our films including India’s first talkie “Alam Ara”. Even though India celebrated 100 years of cinema in 2013 the National Film Archive of India (NFAI) can boast just about 6000 Indian film titles in their collection. Prints of films as recent as “Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak” (1988), “Khamoshi” (1996) and “Black Friday” (2004) cannot be found.
Q) What are the steps you have taken to educate the general masses about this legacy?
A) To begin with, I have made several presentations and given lectures about our vanishing cinematic legacy all over India and even internationally at film schools, film festivals and museums. Film Heritage Foundation’s work has also been very well covered by the press both in India and overseas.
The Film Preservation and Restoration School India 2015 while targeted at the students who participated in the workshop also was an exercise in creating awareness about the importance and urgency of preserving our film heritage.
Film Heritage Foundation also launched our first publication “From Darkness Into Light: Perspectives on Film Preservation and Restoration” edited by Rajesh Devraj, which is also India’s first book on the subject. The book contains articles by Martin Scorsese on the language of cinema, the restoration of Satyajit Ray’s Apu Trilogy, essays by leading international archivists and film historians as well as Film Heritage Foundation’s list of India’s 60 most endangered films that are in urgent need of restoration.
We also have plans for several educational outreach programs in the pipeline that will educate people about our rich and diverse film history with the idea of rekindling an interest in the classics.
Q) How can the public support this initiative?
A)As a foundation, we are always looking for passionate, committed people who would like to work with us or volunteer their services to help us build this movement. We need people to help us raise funds and get grants for our various programs and projects, to spread the word and attend any programs, lectures or festivals that we organize to learn more about our film heritage. People can also support us by contributing funds to the foundation. Details are available on our website.
Q) What is the message you would like to give to classic film enthusiasts?
A)This would be a message for all film lovers and members of the film industry. Make your cinema your own and respect it for the art it is. Don’t be satisfied with poor quality DVD and Youtube uploads. They are a very poor representation of the original maker’s intent and creation. We continue to remix and remake our classics; we still draw inspiration from them; realize that those that came before have made you what you are and pay tribute to them by saving films, both present and past, for future generations. Today’s film could be tomorrow’s classic.
film heritage foundation india, film preservation, indian cinema, shivendra singh dungarpur 5 Comments
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The mission of 613 Games is to teach the Torah, ethics, and history through games. In Torah portion Vayeilech (Devarim/Deuteronomy 31:12) we read, “Gather together the people – the men, the women, and the small children, and your stranger who is in your cities – so that they will hear, and so that they will learn…” Although on a smaller scale, we hope our games will bring people together to learn awe and wonder of G-d and His creations.
Based in Seattle, Washington, 613 Games is a gaming co mpany that designs card games that captivate children and families to foster fun learning through interactive game play. The games are designed to make learning fun and effortless. The games have been used to educate children at home and in the classroom, at camps, and after school programs. 613 Games was started by Chesley “Akiva” and Laura Coughlin in 2015.
Akiva is an Amazon veteran with more than 20 years of experience leading multiple teams of engineers to build consumer, business, and technical products and services. Akiva grew up playing games with his family and friends. He’s authored several games and one children’s book. Now a father of four and an active member of his community, he asked: “How do I get kids to be more excited about the Torah?” The Answer: Make a game. And, 613 Games was conceived.
Laura Coughlin is a trained nurse with more than 10 years of customer service and retail management experience. She’s also had custom painting and real estate renovation businesses. Now she’s applying her keen, design eye to 613 Games. She ran the TorahLine community-wide art competition, created numerous illustrations for the first game, and managed the art direction and design for the TorahLine card game. Together Akiva and Laura have embarked on developing a company that makes learning fun.
2016 Kickstarter Video Story
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NewsChevron Right IconEnvironment
Malcolm Roberts wrong on NZ sheep claim
Friday, 16 August 2019 2:54 pm
One Nation's Malcolm Roberts claimed NZ has 60m sheep, each producing 30 litres of methane a day. Credit: AP
AAP FactCheck Investigation: Does NZ have 60 million sheep, each producing 30 litres of methane daily?
"New Zealand has over 60 million sheep. Sheep produce about 30 litres of methane a day. If (New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda) Ardern was serious about addressing "climate change" shouldn't she start by culling the entire sheep population of NZ?"
One Nation Senator Malcolm Roberts. August 14, 2019.
Ambiguous - It is not possible to determine the veracity of the statement, or it has an equal weighting of true and false elements.
The Analysis
One Nation Senator Malcolm Roberts says New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern should consider culling all of her country's methane-producing sheep before criticising the Australian government on emissions and climate change. [1]
Ms Ardern has drawn the ire of conservative figures, including broadcaster Alan Jones, after saying Australia "has to answer to the Pacific" on its emissions reductions at the Pacific Islands Forum in Tuvalu which ran from August 13 to 16. [2] [3]
AAP FactCheck examined Mr Roberts' claim that New Zealand has 60 million sheep, each producing 30 litres of methane each day.
According to New Zealand's official data agency, Stats NZ, the most recent farm census was conducted in 2017 and recorded 27.5 million sheep in the country. [4]
A provisional update in June 2018 recorded a 200,000 drop in the number of sheep, to 27.3 million. [5]
According to CSIRO senior technician Andrew Toovey, sheep produce between 25 and 30 litres of methane - a greenhouse gas - each day. PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) Australia also claims sheep produce 30 litres of methane per day. [6][7]
New Zealand's Greenhouse Gas inventory for 2017, released in April 2019, showed sheep produced 12.7 per cent of the country's greenhouse gas emissions. Dairy cattle accounted for 22.5 per cent, while electricity generation created 4.4 per cent. [8]
In 2019 New Zealand introduced a bill to reduce emissions of methane by animals to 10 per cent below 2017 levels by 2030, and between 24 and 47 per cent below 2017 levels by 2050. [9]
In 2017, New Zealand emitted the equivalent of about 80.9 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent. Australia emitted 534.7 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent. [10][11]
Based on the above evidence, AAP FactCheck found Mr Roberts' claim to be ambiguous. New Zealand has less than half the number of sheep Mr Roberts claimed it did, but sheep do produce between 25 and 30 litres of methane each day.
The References
1. 'Strewth Column - Bridget McKenzie's staffer delivering results', by Alice Workman. The Australian. August 16, 2019: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/commentary/strewth/bridget-mckenzies-staffer-delivering-results/news-story/493562d7872360d9ae9c6623e9fe46a8
2. 'Alan Jones continues criticism of Jacinda Ardern over climate change comments, despite rebuke from Scott Morrison'. ABC. August 16, 2019: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-16/alan-jones-doubles-down-on-criticism-of-jacinda-ardern/11420102
3. '50th meeting of the Pacific Islands Forum'. Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat: https://www.forumsec.org/pacific-islands-forum-leaders-meeting-2019-media-and-information-accreditation/
4. 'Livestock numbers'. Stats NZ. April 18, 2019: https://www.stats.govt.nz/indicators/livestock-numbers
5. 'Agricultural production statistics: June 2018 (final)'. Stats NZ. May 7, 2019: https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/agricultural-production-statistics-june-2018-final
6. 'Sheep gas levels monitored in giant inflatable tunnel to measure methane output', by Brooke Neindorf. ABC. December 22, 2015: https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2015-12-22/collecting-sheep-gas-emissions-in-inflatable-tunnel/7047808
7. 'Sheep Farming and the Wool Industry's Damaging Environmental Impact'. PETA: https://www.peta.org.au/issues/clothing/cruelty-wool/environmental-hazards-wool-production/
8. 'NZ introduces groundbreaking zero carbon bill, including targets for agricultural methane', by Robert McLachlan. The Conversation. May 9, 2019: https://theconversation.com/nz-introduces-groundbreaking-zero-carbon-bill-including-targets-for-agricultural-methane-116724
9. 'Climate Change Response (Zero Carbon) Amendment Bill'. Ministry for the Environment: https://www.mfe.govt.nz/climate-change/zero-carbon-amendment-bill
10. 'New Zealand's Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990-2017'. New Zealand Ministry for the Environment. April, 2019. (page 2): https://www.mfe.govt.nz/sites/default/files/media/Climate%20Change/nz-greenhouse-gas-inventory-2019.pdf
11. 'National Inventory Report 2017 - Volume 1'. Australian Department of Environment and Energy. May 2019. (page 2): https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/29eca947-af49-4ed1-8369-e68d74730cf9/files/national-inventory-report-2017-volume-1.pdf
* AAP FactCheck is accredited by the Poynter Institute's International Fact-Checking Network, which promotes best practice through a stringent and transparent Code of Principles. https://factcheck.aap.com.au/
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Steve Powers
Disney streaming much cheaper than Netflix & Hulu
Well, Disney shocked us all. They just announced that their newDisney Plusstreaming service will only cost $6.99 per month.
Subscribers will have access to Marvel movies, Star Wars, the entire Disney animation vault, National Geographic and every episode of The Simpsons. When Disney announced the price yesterday at a press conference, many of the media in the room gasped.
Speaking of “The Simpsons,” all 30 years of the show will be on the service exclusively, so no other streaming company will have rights to air the show or any other Disney owned movie/show with possibly a few exceptions.
Experts are projecting that Disney Plus will get about 60 to 90 million subscribers. Look out, Netflix and Hulu!
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Site Name: Hawaii Volcanoes Np - Visitor's Center
Location: Volcano (Keauhou Ahupua`a), HI
Reporting: True, Located: True
Current AQI: 0.0
Volcano (Keauhou Ahupua`a) HI, US: 19.4308, -155.2578
Jan. 19, 2020, 1 p.m. N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.0 ppb (0) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Jan. 19, 2020, noon N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.0 ppb (0) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Jan. 19, 2020, 11 a.m. N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.0 ppb (0) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
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Jan. 19, 2020, midnight N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.0 ppb (0) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Jan. 18, 2020, 11 p.m. N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.0 ppb (0) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Jan. 17, 2020, 8 p.m. N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 11.0 ppb (16) N/A N/A N/A N/A 16.0
Jan. 17, 2020, 6 p.m. N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1.0 ppb (1) N/A N/A N/A N/A 1.0
Jan. 17, 2020, 2 p.m. N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 9.0 ppb (13) N/A N/A N/A N/A 13.0
Jan. 17, 2020, noon N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1.0 ppb (1) N/A N/A N/A N/A 1.0
Jan. 17, 2020, 9 a.m. N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2.0 ppb (3) N/A N/A N/A N/A 3.0
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Anglican Misfit
misfit musings
If this is what Sisters are like I’m glad I haven’t got one.
February 27, 2018 February 27, 2018 / AnglicanMisfit / Leave a comment
The church I had belonged to and whose rules and commands I had tried to live by, has changed its corporate mind. Forget “mutual flourishing”. Those two weasel words have done immense harm. Mutual flourishing doesn’t happen. You either ‘like it’ — the secular, liberal, anything goes way, especially if it has anything to do with sex —or you lump it. Jayne Ozanne, says people like me have been reading the Bible all wrong all these years. Now she has a Foundation to give that same message to the rest of the world.
L. Jayne Ozanne, gay activist and biblical re-interpreter. R. Justine Greening MP. Ex Minister for Education and transgender activist.
Over the last several weeks I have discovered something else, as fundamental to my existence as my church which has changed so drastically that I am feeling as badly shook as ever I did when I discovered that marriage is no longer only between a man and a woman. This time I seem not to be a woman.
I don’t think I have ever actually defined myself as a ‘woman’. I’ve been called various things—Mrs Mason’s little girl; John’s girl friend; the paper boy’s Mum. But that didn’t define me. I certainly didn’t think of myself first and foremost as a woman. I don’t think we defined ourselves as anything in particular, back then. We were just who we were. Even when Germaine Greer was encouraging Cambridge gals to burn their bras on Parkers Piece most of us put personal comfort above solidarity.
#MeToo and the Sisterhood have been filling the headlines but, for all their torrent of words, I don’t know exactly what constitutes sexual harassment.
During the Harvey Weinstein disclosures one woman, who claimed he’d raped her, had also had a sexual relationship with him off and on for ten years. Then there was the woman in Britain, who claimed she’d been raped, by a man that she’d been badgering for casual sex with innumerable text messages. Which makes me wonder about the definition of rape. Sexual harassment seems to involve anything from a comment about your clothes, a hand on your knee or a hand in your knickers. Forty years ago I would have ignored the first, laughed at the second and known exactly how to deal with the last.
Perhaps I have been viewing the whole world as simplistically as, in Jayne Ozanne’s opinion, I have been reading the Bible. I will admit I was never offended by builders’ bums and I enjoyed wolf whistles.
The celebrations to mark 100 years of Women’s Suffrage — which it strictly wasn’t—I found frankly bizarre. The BBC, along with almost every women’s magazine and most newspapers, behaved as if they had just invented women. Until this year women, in the eyes of the women who know best, had been under valued, totally unremarkable, full of misery, angst and frustration; victims, one and all, of man’s inhumanity to women.
What a load of codswallop. If that view of the ‘Sisterhood’ were true the human race would have died out thousands of years ago.
In truth, what these modern women are doing is killing off the genuine camaraderie, fellowship and jollity that has always existed between women. It depended on shared experiences, chores, ideas, child raising and man-management. It involved compassion, independence, collaboration, resourcefulness and enormous amounts of fun and laughter.
I can remember walking home from school with a group of friends and their mothers. To my intense embarrassment, at one point, my mother collapsed on the ground with the bike she’d been pushing on top of her. No, she wasn’t drunk; nor were the other Mums. They were just helpless with laughter.
Don’t see much of that with the modern ‘for your own good’ activists, do you? Moaning minnies, most of them.
I certainly wouldn’t want to belong to any gang, of which Ms Justine Greening is an example. Thank God she’s no longer Minister of Education. I wouldn’t trust someone so insensitive and illogical to take charge of anything involving people, especially impressionable young people.
Among the things she wanted to do was to allow men to claim they were women just by thinking themselves women. What sort of encouragement is that for women athletes for example? Don’t believe that can happen? It’s happening in America. What’s more, in an American High School, when a top girl sprinter got beaten into second place by a boy who said he was a girl, the beaten girl just shrugged and said “That’s the way it is.” Doesn’t seem to me fifty years of women’s lib has done much for real women.
For sheer insensitivity how about this. Ms Greening can see no reason why a man who thinks he is a woman shouldn’t work in a Women’s Refuge. A Women’s Refuge is a place where you go to escape extreme physical violence and abject terror in your home. Imagine arriving at what you trust will be a place of safety and peace to be welcomed by a hulking male assuring you he’s really a woman.
NOT members of the Sisterhood. Too busy doing their own jobs.
Sadly it’s not just political women who say daft things. Women bishops are as bad. The latest nonsense from an episcopal pulpit comes from Bishop June of Llandaff Cathedral, Cardiff.
“But isn’t it inspiring that social history is changing in front of us? If you think back to Florence Nightingale, she would probably have been a bishop had she been allowed.”
Come to think of it perhaps that’s not so bizarre. One bishop tipped to be the next Archbishop of Canterbury is an ex-top Nurse, now Bishop of London. Given Florence Nightingale’s decidedly unorthodox views on Anglicanism, these days she’d probably be a prime candidate. Except that I think she would have aimed much higher — Secretary of State for Health and Social Care, more like.
Pegasus on 20:20 VISION
AnglicanMisfit on I’m Back Because I Can…
Ian Sutherland on I’m Back Because I Can…
Sian on I’m Back Because I Can…
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Askida CT
Askida Joins IoT Canada, the Canadian Technology Cluster Dedicated to the Internet of Things
Askida, an expert with over 20 years of experience in custom software development, modernization and quality assurance, is proud to join IoT Canada, the Canadian technology cluster dedicated to the Internet of Things. IoT Canada is a non-profit organization dedicated to supporting the growth, competitiveness and influence of its members, locally and internationally. Through the consolidation of numerous complementary expertise, IoT Canada increases the capacity of each of its members and enables them to develop competitive and consistent solutions in all areas of the Internet of Things.
“We are delighted to welcome a company as distinguished as Askida in our technology cluster,” says IoT Canada’s René Breyel. “Askida possesses a tremendous amount of experience and expertise in software development and quality assurance, which will help other members of IoT Canada deliver excellent software quality when developing IoT applications. Askida’s structured approach in test automation, which is powered by their Askida CT platform, allows development and quality assurance teams to guarantee superior software quality throughout the entire lifecycle of an IoT project.”
“We are more than happy to join the IoT Canada technology cluster,” says François Bonetto, Askida’s Vice-President of Solutions. “The Internet of Things is a sector that’s growing incredibly fast and there are still some important, complex problems to solve in development. IoT Canada encourages its members to share knowledge and complementary IoT technologies, which will help us reach our goals faster when we’re developing modern, innovative, high-quality applications for the Internet of Things. We’ll also be able to share our knowledge when it comes to test automation and quality assurance with other companies in the cluster.”
Launched earlier this year, the platform Askida CT is a complete test automation platform used in software development by important companies such as Telus and Dollarama. Thanks to a keyword-driven testing approach, Askida CT allows development and QA teams to create automated tests quickly and easily while testing applications and systems from end-to-end.
About Askida
For over 20 years, Askida has been developing premium, custom software solutions for innovative businesses that thrive on quality. As a world-class leader in software quality, development and modernization of custom applications, Askida’s clients consist of innovative institutions and corporations that are looking to optimize their systems and that require top-of-the-line solutions that cater to their unique business processes and high standards for software quality. www.askida.com
Guillaume Morissette
Askida
514 286-9366 #256
guillaume.morisette@askida.com
Askida CT, the True End to End Automation Testing Platform, Will be Featured at the 2018 STARCANADA Conference in Toronto
Askida, an expert with over 20 years of experience in custom software development, modernization and quality assurance, is proud to introduce Askida CT during the 2018 STARCANADA conference, which will take place from October 14 to October 19 in Toronto. During the prestigious conference, Askida will showcase how the newly released version of its platform completely changes the way QA and developers currently test their applications.
Askida CT transforms the way automated tests are carried out. Primarily used to automate the application testing process, Askida CT is a fully integrated solution that’s compatible with all technological environments and programming languages and offers a true, complete end to end testing approach. It’s no coincidence that large companies such as Telus and Dollarama have decided to use Askida CT to handle all their automated tests.
“The new version of Askida CT allows the industry to make an important step forward, bringing test automation into a new dimension,” says Steeve Duchesne, CEO and Co-Founder of Askida. “Not only does Askida CT cater to developers, it was specifically built for QA experts who can easily use the platform to automate their tests and scripts, even if they don’t have much coding experience. QA experts can therefore focus on testing applications while developers can go back to what they do best: developing software.”
While mostly present in Canada, Askida CT allows Askida to offer a new solution that will eventually cater to the test automation industry at the international level. Thanks to Askida CT’s success, Askida continues to create new jobs and recruit new talent to meet the ever-growing demand for test automation tools that guarantee software quality.
Askida Launches Askida CT, the New Version of Its Test Automation Platform
Askida, a leader in software development and quality assurance, is proud to announce the launch of Askida CT (www.askidact.com), a brand new version of its test automation and continuous testing platform. Developed entirely in Canada by Askida’s specialists, Askida CT is a powerful platform that allows users to create automated tests quickly using keyword-driven testing. QA specialists who don’t possess deep technical skills can therefore use the platform to create automated tests much more easily. This new version of the platform is also highly versatile and can handle multi-technology environments and end-to-end testing.
“We’re extremely proud to launch the version of Askida CT, which we’ve been using internally for of our own software development projects for a few years now,” said Steeve Duchesne, Askida’s CEO and cofounder. “In the world of quality assurance and test automation, Askida CT is a unique platform that represents a major shift for software developers. Test automation tools currently on the market require technical skills that only programmers possess, limiting the role of QA specialists. Askida CT takes a different approach, placing QA specialists at the heart of the software development and test automation process.”
“The technology behind Askida CT has clearly proven its worth and our platform is already being used in development by clients like Bell, Telus and Desjardins,” added Michel Lacasse, Askida’s VP of Business Development. “We believe that Askida CT will allow other teams and organizations to reach the same level of software quality that we are able to deliver to our clients thanks to our continuous testing platform.”
Thanks to Askida CT, a solution that can be integrated into an Agile, DevOps or continuous development process, companies can implement test automation, reduce development costs and measure software quality during the entire lifecycle of an application. “Test automation allows us to test all functionalities of our application every time we make a modification or develop a new feature,” added Luc Gastonguay, a Senior Director of Product Delivery for Telus Health. “Early on, we had projected a return on investment over a period of 24 months for Askida CT. After only a year, we had already reached our objective.”
About Askida CT
Askida CT is the first test automation platform to place QA specialists at the heart of software development. The platform allows users to create automated tests quickly thanks to keyword-driven testing, to orchestrate automated tests so that an application can be tested end-to-end and to consult all test results in a visual dashboard. www.askidact.com
Askida is a center of expertise in software development and software quality that aims to optimize the competitive advantages of its customers while reducing costs and risks. Askida develops customized and proven software solutions or ensures the quality of existing software using its Askida software. Distributed throughout Quebec and elsewhere in North America, Askida’s customers are innovative organizations, characterized by a unique business process and stringent requirements for software quality. www.askida.com
Office: 514-286-9366, ext. 256
Askida and SQALogic Enter Into Strategic Partnership to Meet Industry Needs
Askida and SQALogic are proud to announce a new strategic partnership to better meet industry needs and deepen new opportunities. Based in Montreal and Toronto, Askida is a leader in software development and quality assurance. Its expertise in test automation orchestration is unique in North America and many reputable companies give Askida strategic mandates. SQALogic is a company specialized in quality assurance and security that offers high-quality services to its clients and partners. Its main objective is to deliver projects without issues or difficulties. Thanks to its expertise, projects are deployed into production smoothly and easily.
“The services and technological solutions that SQALogic offers complement very well our technology, expertise and activities,” said Steeve Duchesne, Askida’s President and co-founder. “Askida is growing and our company is very active in Toronto and Montreal, which means we have important challenges ahead. Thanks to this new partnership, our clients will be able to benefit from SQALogic’s expertise, as their team will be working in collaboration with ours. Our experts are really looking forward to working alongside SQALogic’s specialists.”
« SQALogic is delighted to welcome Askida into its network of strategic partners,” said David Milette, SQALogic’s President and co-founder. “Our company has many elements in common with Askida and our respective areas of expertise are highly complementary. This partnership will allow both companies to reach new heights and become North American leaders in test automation and quality assurance.”
About SQALogic
Based in Montreal and serving clients located all over North America, SQALogic is a company specialized in software quality assurance and software security. Its experts create custom, detailed action plans that allow companies to maximize their performances according to their objectives and budgets. Offering custom quality assurance and software security services, SQALogic can help your company grow by giving you access to a complete network of software experts and other IT professionals.
Annik Desrosiers
SQALogic
Annik.Desrosiers@SQALogic.ca
Askida Joins the Technopolys Initiative
Askida, a leader in software development and quality assurance, is proud to announce that it has joined the Technopolys initiative, which brings together the best technology companies in Québec to make them stand out at the national and international level.
This ambitious initiative, which seeks to promote Québec’s technology industry, is being spearheaded by companies, universities, research centres, and associations in the information and communications technology (ICT) sector, under the umbrella of TechnoMontréal’s Industry Promotion Working Group.
“Québec’s technology industry is currently facing a number of challenges,” said Steeve Duchesne, Askida’s CEO and cofounder. “Decisions taken today will help the companies of today and tomorrow reach their full potential. Technopolys is a fantastic initiative that will allow us to combine our voice with that of Québec-based technology companies. Together, we can accomplish great things.”
“To be recognized at home and internationally, Quebec’s technology industry needs a collective strategy that showcases the innovative companies and talent we have here and allows us to take a leadership position,” added Sébastien Barangé, copresident of TechnoMontréal’s Industry Promotion Working Group and vice-president, Communications and Public Affairs at CGI. “The key factor in this strategy and what will allow us to stand firm together is teamwork.”
The Technopolys Strategy will be deployed in two phases: Engaging organizations and companies (2017), followed by a promotional campaign targeting the right audience (2018-2019). The central message, conceived by the industry for the industry, will be conveyed by 5 ambassadors: Yoshua Bengio, scientific director at IVADO, Isabelle Bettez, cofounder of 8D technologies and a board member of Motivate, Sylvain Carle, a Real Ventures associate, Serge Godin, founder and CEO of CGI, and Louis-Philippe Maurice, CEO of Busbud.
Askida Partners With Delphix To Provide Automated Data Management Testing
Askida, a leader in software development and quality assurance, is proud to announce a partnership with Delphix to deliver a complete solution for data management testing.
The collaboration between Askida and Delphix enables both companies to deepen new opportunities, penetrate new markets and offer better specialized services to meet industry needs.
Delphix offers the Delphix Dynamic Data Platform giving data operators the tools to connect easily with multiple data sources (in the cloud or on-premise) to virtualize and secure data, and to quickly provision personal, virtualized data environments for data consumers. The platform also delivers data pods that give data consumers – engineers, developers and QA – access to powerful self-service capabilities to manage their data environments with single-click refresh, point-in-time recovery, versioning, bookmarking and sharing.
“The partnership between Askida and Delphix is another step in the right direction for us,” said Michel Lacasse, vice president of business development at Askida. “Delphix offers development and test teams a platform that, when coupled with Askida’s technology and services, bring unmatched capabilities to our customers and partners to achieve their goals in data management testing. By partnering with Delphix, Askida is once again demonstrating its absolute commitment to software quality.”
“We connect people and teams to the data they need to use software to create new experiences for customers and drive the business,” said Gareth Whiting, Director of Global Channels at Delphix. “Through this relationship with Askida, we will continue to extend the capabilities of the Delphix Dynamic Data Platform to offer joint customers a complete solution for test data management.”
In addition to investments in agile development and automated testing, companies are realizing they need to support those investments with data that is accurate, timely and secure. The technologies developed by Delphix combined with Askida’s solutions and expertise will enable both companies to respond to new and significant market needs.
About Delphix
Delphix’s mission is to free companies from data friction and accelerate innovation. Fortune 100 companies use the Delphix Dynamic Data Platform to connect, virtualize, secure and manage data in the cloud and in on-premise environments. For more information visit www.delphix.com
Askida named SME of the Month for April as part of the AQT’s “PME en Lumière” initiative
Askida, a leader in custom software development and software quality assurance, is proud to announce that it has been named SME of the Month for April 2017 by the prestigious PME en Lumière initiative.
Organized by the Quebec Technology Association (AQT) in collaboration with the Business Development Bank of Canada (BDC), CGI and Vidéotron Business Solutions, PME en Lumière is an initiative that seeks to promote Quebec technology companies that have distinguished themselves by their accomplishments and commercial successes.
“Being named SME of the Month by PME en Lumière continues what’s been an incredible year for us so far,” says Steeve Duchesne, Askida’s CEO and cofounder. “It’s a tremendous honor for us that clearly demonstrates how hard our team has been working, which has allowed us to experience incredible growth in a market that’s changing.”
“Askida is on an amazing run right now,” adds Michel Lacasse, Askida’s VP of Business Development. “In 2016, Askida doubled in size and we feel that we’re in a very good position moving forward. Being named SME of the Month by PME en Lumière motivates us to continue working hard to be a leader in software quality.”
PME en Lumière’s SME of the Month was selected by an independent jury composed of leaders and specialists in the Information and Communications Technology sector.
Askida is a company specialized in software development and quality assurance whose aim is to enhance the competitive advantages of its clients while also reducing costs and risks. The company develops high-quality custom software solutions and guarantees the quality of existing software through its own ASKIDA solution. Located throughout Quebec and North America, its clients consist of innovative organizations that require top-of-the-line solutions that cater to their unique business processes and high standards of software quality. www.askida.com
Office: 514 286-9366 #256
Askida a Finalist for the 2017 Mercuriades Awards
Askida, a leader in custom software development and software quality assurance, is proud to announce that it has been selected as a finalist in the category Development – Web or Mobile Technology for the 37th edition of the prestigious Mercuriades awards.
The company was nominated for its innovative Askida solution, which orchestrates automated tests and makes it easier to analyse the results throughout the lifecycle of an application.
Created in 1981 by the FCCQ (Fédération des Chambres de Commerce du Québec), the Mercuriades have become some of the most prestigious awards for the Quebec business community. Every year, the Mercuriades celebrate the innovation, ambition, entrepreneurship and performance of companies created in Quebec. Presented by TELUS, the category Development – Web or Mobile Technology showcases a new technology whose creativity, interactivity and/or adaptive design allowed it to reinvent and improve a business process, service or product.
“We’re incredibly honoured to be finalists for this year’s Mercuriades awards,” says Steeve Duchesne, Askida’s CEO and cofounder. “Obviously, I’d like to congratulate the entire Askida family. It’s because of their efforts that our company has been able to experience so much growth and success in the past year. Our Askida solution, developed entirely in-house, is unique on the market and at the center of our practice of quality assurance. It allows us to regularly surpass our industry’ highest quality standards.”
The gala for this year’s Mercuriades awards will be held on Monday, April 24th 2017 at the Palais des Congrès in Montreal. The finalists for this year’s awards were selected by an independent jury composed of industry specialists, FCCQ members and evaluators from the firm BDO.
Askida’s president, Steeve Duchesne, is a Finalist for the 2017 Investissement Québec CEO of the Year Award
Askida, a leader in custom software development and software quality assurance, is proud to announce that its President and cofounder, Steeve Duchesne, is one of the three finalists for the 2017 Investissement Québec CEO of the Year Award.
Presented by the Quebec Technology Association (AQT), the award recognizes each year a CEO who has distinguished him/herself by his/her leadership within the Information and Communications Technology industry (ICT), allowing it to shine at both the provincial and national level.
“I am honoured to be shortlisted as one of the three finalists. Everyone at Askida has worked hard to make the company an industry leader in custom software development and software quality assurance,” says Steeve Duchesne, President and cofounder of Askida. “Being nominated for the CEO of the year award clearly demonstrates our importance in the IT industry today as well as our role as pioneers in delivering high quality custom software applications.”
An independent jury composed of presidents of ICT companies, members of Investissement Québec and the AQT selected the three finalists.
The winner of the CEO of the year award 2017 by Investissement Québec will be announced on February 16 during Vision PDG, the AQT’s annual gala in Mont-Tremblant, Quebec.
About Askida:
Askida is a center of expertise in software development and quality assurance whose aim is to optimize the competitive advantages of its customers while reducing cost and risk. The company develops customized, premium quality software and guarantees the quality of existing software through its own ASKIDA solution. Located throughout Quebec and North America, its client base consists of innovative organizations which require top-of-the-line solutions that cater to their unique business processes and high standards of software quality. www.askida.com
Laurence Trudeau
Work: 514 286-9366, ext. 249
laurence.trudeau@askida.com
Askida Obtains the ISO 9001:2015 Certification
A leader in software development and software quality, Askida is proud to announce that it has obtained the most recent ISO 9001 certification, ISO 9001:2015.
Located in Montreal, Askida underwent an external audit conducted by an independent quality assurance firm, which was able to confirm that the company’s processes were fully compliant with the ISO 9001:2015 standards. Askida thus becomes one of the first companies in its field to obtain this accreditation.
“ISO 9001:2015 is an international quality standard that aims to improve performance and customer satisfaction,” says Steeve Duchesne, Askida’s co-founder and president. “Obtaining this certification reflects our commitment towards quality as well as our modern and results-driven management philosophy centered around innovation and enhancements.” “This accreditation ensures our internal processes are rigorous, which will allow us to continue to develop high-quality custom software solutions and ensure impeccable software quality,” adds Yvan Bolduc, Vice-President of Operations.
The ISO 9001 norm was first published in 1987 by the International Organization for Standardization and has been regularly updated since. The standards are designed to help organizations better serve clients while also meeting requirements related to a product or program. The 2015 version allows companies to factor in internal and external risks and challenges.
Askida Opens a New Office in Toronto to Accelerate Growth
Askida, the center of expertise in advanced integrated software development and quality assurance, announces that it has recently opened an office in Toronto. This expansion executes on an overall domestic and international strategy to effectively support their growing clientele outside the province of Quebec.
The new Askida office provides local presence in Toronto for the growing number of associates in Ontario. Askida is committed to its customers and partners and to help them develop the best software and ensure flawless quality assurance. Being local will assist in building deeper and trusting relationships.
“The new office space marks the rapid growth that Askida is currently experiencing. With our experts already in the area, we are better equipped to accompany our clients and answer their needs,” said Steeve Duchesne, President and Co-founder of Askida. “This new expansion is a milestone for us in regards to geographic reach and fits with our overall corporate strategy to offer our services and products to new markets.”
Askida plans to increase its presence in other cities outside of Quebec in the years to come.
AXON-ID ANNOUNCES CORPORATE NAME CHANGE TO ASKIDA
The company changes its name, renews its commitment to quality and trust as it gains footholds in markets outside Quebec
AXON-ID, a leader in development and quality software, is proud to announce that it is changing its corporate name to Askida. The name change is intended to better reflect the distinctive traits such as service quality, performance and trust that have traditionally characterized the organization.
At this turning point in the company’s history, as it recently opened a new office in Toronto and prepares to enter new markets outside Quebec, Askida wishes to adopt a distinctive corporate identity capable of conveying its values on an international scale. In the Abenaki language, the word Askida evokes the notion of trust. Inspired by nature, the new brand image symbolizes both the complex yet organized character of Information Technology and its capacity for renewal.
“Our new corporate name expresses the unswerving principle upon which we build relationships with our customers who expect no less than superior and consistent quality,” stated Steeve Duchesne, co-founder and President of Askida. “This rebranding provides us with an opportunity to reiterate our firm commitment to continue to deliver the best quality services. We wish to help our customers adapt to the profound changes that are transforming business processes as a result of the rapid evolution of technologies.”
Serge Thiboutot, co-founder and Vice-President, Research and Development at Askida, for his part highlighted the contribution of its team of professionals whose technical know-how remains the main strength of the organization. “Our success lies in the high degree of expertise of our 80 specialists as they are the ones who have enabled us to gain customers’ confidence, year after year. Our commitment to quality will continue to be present at all levels of collaboration with each customer.”
The new corporate name is effective immediately.
Cell: 514 293-0384
AXON MODERNIZES MEDAUDIO, THE APPLICATION GROUPE FORGET USES IN MORE THAN 80 OF ITS HEARING AID CLINICS ACROSS QUEBEC
AXON, the center of expertise in advanced integrated software development and quality assurance, is proud to announce that Group Forget has selected their service and expertise to modernize medAudio, their key application used in all of their auditory health clinics across Quebec.
Group Forget places tremendous importance on providing the best service to its customers and wanted a tool that would help them continue the significant growth the company has experienced in recent years. Groupe Forget sought AXON’s help to modernize the application and improve its features so that it meets their needs for services of outstanding quality and to have software that is evolutionary while mobile ready.
“We have been using medAudio for over 15 years now. Our application has served us very well but we wanted to improve our tool to bring us even further in our growth. This new development will allow our employees to spend less time accomplishing simple operational tasks. Hence, it was clear that we needed to revise our software’s technology and AXON was the right partner to do this with,” said Steve Forget, President of Groupe Forget. “Not only was AXON able to modernize our application, they were able to do it with exceptional quality.”
With the new medAudio application, Groupe Forget’s employees will be more productive, giving them more time to spend with their patients. Information across clinics will become more accessible, more complete and the application much more attractive.
“This project allows us to showcase our unique expertise, which is to modernize, develop and implement leading software that focus on quality,” said Steeve Duchesne, President and co-founder of AXON. “We have the ability, the team and the expertise to successfully lead large development projects while ensuring client satisfaction throughout the process.”
With the first phase of the modernization of the application completed, AXON and Groupe Forget are moving on to the next phases to bring new features to the application.
AXON’S OUTSOURCING CENTER FOR AUTOMATED TESTS GUARANTEES THE QUALITY OF ALL APPLICATIONS
AXON, the center of expertise in advanced integrated software development and quality assurance, announces today the launch of its outsourcing center for software automated testing. This new outsourcing service is part of AXON’s strategic outlook to provide a wide range of comprehensive quality assurance services to meet their clients’ business needs in software development.
Testing is a complex art. The process involves developing, documenting, implementing and correcting bugs detected. These steps are then repeated when an error is identified, which can be long and expensive. With its new outsourcing service, AXON automates software testing for their clients without them having to change their development process. Efforts and costs are reduced, quality is increased, tracking is improved and the deployment of applications is accelerated.
“We understand that testing is complex and is becoming critical in order to succeed. Thus, we offer our customers turnkey services to meet their needs in order to support them during their transition from manual to automated tests. The issue is no longer if we should automate testing but when and how,” says Steeve Duchesne, President and co-founder of AXON. “By outsourcing their testing, our customers can trust that we will automate their tests for less than what manual testing would cost them. Furthermore, all tests remain their property.”
In order to successfully automate software testing, specialized tools, unique methodologies, and most importantly, skills and expertise are essential. With its unique center that outsources software automated tests, AXON transforms how quality assurance is implemented by providing the most effective test solutions that ensure the deployment of applications without any bugs.
AXON is also committed to offering its customers outsourcing services for their manual tests, if needed.
AXON LAUNCHES TRAINING ACADEMY WITH INDUSTRY LEADING SOFTWARE TEST AUTOMATION CERTIFICATION COURSES
AXON, the center of expertise and quality in advanced integrated software development and quality assurance, announces today the launch of its ASKIDATM Academy that will include a syllabus of many certification courses on test automation. The new Level 1 course is now available and introduces participants to the best QA practices.
By launching the first Level of its certification program, AXON aims to revolutionize the way quality assurance is implemented. It establishes a new standard for the IT industry by ensuring that certified professionals have the required knowledge and skills to provide a reliable approach and thus meet the operational automation and quality requirements within their organization.
“We want to train experts about test automation so that they can develop and deliver reliable applications without any bugs,” stated Steeve Duchesne, President and Co-Founder of AXON. “For several years now our techniques and our expertise have proven to be successful for our clients. With our new quality assurance certification program, we want the whole industry to benefit from our practices as well.”
The launch of the ASKIDATM Academy comes at a perfect time. The demand for test automation has been surging as more reliable tools that allow scenarios to be repeated are increasingly replacing manual testing.
Level 1 of AXON’s certification program is the first of an expanding list of courses that will be added to the company’s product portfolio. Level 1, Quality Assurance and Demystifying Software Test Automation, is a two-day course that will take place in Montreal, May 17-18, 2016 and June 14-15, 2016. Professionals interested in the course can register today at certification@axon-id.com
THE FEDERAL GOVERNEMENT OF CANADA CHOOSES AXON’S ASKIDA SOFTWARE TO ENSURE QUALITY OF THEIR BUYANDSELL.GC.CA REGISTRY OF THE PUBLIC WORKS
AXON, the center of expertise and quality in advanced and integrated software development, is proud to announce that its leading test orchestration software, ASKIDATM, has been selected by the Federal Government of Canada to help improve the testing processes of the Buyandsell.gc.ca procurement service applications suite used by the Public Works and Government Services Canada.
AXON’s software ASKIDATM was selected as part of the Build in Canada Innovation Program (BCIP), the Federal Government’s program that subsidizes innovative solutions every year.
“This initiative allows us to showcase our unique expertise, which is to recommend a better approach to their quality assurance practices in the deployment of their application,” said Steeve Duchesne, President and co-founder of AXON. “Over the years, we have demonstrated our ability to successfully carry out extensive quality assurance projects in large corporations and we are confident that we’ll do the same for Buyandsell.gc.ca.”
AXON, in close collaboration with the team at Public Works, will focus on assessing the current quality assurance processes and technologies being used. The collection of performance metrics and current data is underway. AXON is carefully analyzing the data in order to come up with recommendations that will ease the Public Works processes and improve Buyandsell.gc.ca performance. ASKIDATM will be used to help automate the current and future test plans of the application. Further training and support of the resources on AXON’s ASKIDATM software will also be provided.
“With AXON’s help, we expect Buyandsell.gc.ca to become easier to manage, measure performance, and scale since applications testing will be more complete,” said Kenneth McMillan, Project Manager at Public Works and Government Services Canada. “We are looking forward to new and improved quality assurance processes that will increase the overall performance of our applications.”
The implementation of ASKIDATM with Buyandsell.gc.ca is spread over twelve months and the mandate will be finalized in August 2016.
BELL MOBILITY CHOOSES AXON’S ASKIDA SOFTWARE TO AUTOMATE THEIR TESTS, PROCESSES AND ENSURE NO REGRESSION
Bell Mobility’s Network Charging & Value Added Services department (NGCC) has relied on AXON’s expertise and quality in advanced and integrated software development to implement a new automated method into their integration processes. Bell Mobility’s NGCC team will be implementing AXON’s leading test orchestration software, ASKIDATM, to automate their tests and ensure software quality and stability.
“We are very proud to serve the Network Charging team at Bell Mobility with their new project development,” says Steeve Duchesne, President and Co-owner at AXON. “As they need to test, deploy and support the new solution, ASKIDATM will help guarantee the deployment of their application on time, within budget and to the highest standards of software quality assurance.”
ASKIDATM decreases the cost of testing, reduces anomalies, and lowers the test cycle time and the numbers of resources required so that Bell Mobility’s NGCC team can better utilize their time elsewhere within projects. All that while speeding up test cycles and increasing the percentage of automated test cases.
“Over the past month, AXON has been helping us develop a structured test automation approach and provide guidance with the implementation of automation scripts,” mentioned Eric Dessureault, Director of Wireless Network Charging & Value Added Services at Bell Mobility. “As the return on investment seems promising, we appreciated collaborating with AXON and were highly impressed with their flexibility and their vast level of knowledge and expertise in quality assurance.”
AXON will make sure that the adopted approach is effective and can be replicated for future projects.
AXON APPOINTS IT EXPERT MICHEL LACASSE AS ITS NEW ASSOCIATE AND VICE-PRESIDENT OF BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT
AXON, the center of expertise and quality in advanced and integrated software development, today announces the nomination of Michel Lacasse as a new associate and as the Vice-President of Business Development of the company. He will oversee the creation, development, and execution of sales strategies worldwide. With over 30 years of experience, Michel Lacasse represents a strong addition to the company’s executive team, which directs all aspects of AXON’s strategy, planning and operations.
“We are very pleased to welcome Mr. Lacasse to AXON’s executive team. As a true leader, he brings with him unique global leadership skills,” says Steeve Duchesne, President and Co-founder of AXON. “His vision is in line with our long-term strategy and we will surely benefit from his wide experience in developing strong business relationships worldwide through our next phases of growth.”
Before joining AXON, Michel Lacasse has held a variety of positions in the IT industry. He acted as President of Komutel for the past four years. Prior to that, he held important positions in multiple national and international companies, playing key roles in management level positions for Metafore, Hewlett-Packard and Bell Canada, just to name a few.
With his strong experience in the software, value-added reselling, manufacturing and telecommunications sectors, he will be a strong asset to AXON’s international scope of business, focusing in new market developments and contributing to a steady revenue growth.
Michel Lacasse is currently an active advisory committee member for different corporations and serves on the board of Xpertdoc Technologies, Libéo, the Association Québécoise des Technologies (AQT), and the Foundation for diabetic children.
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Practice And Presidency: The Busy Life of Brian Kabateck
Sarah Torres Posted On December 6, 2018
He’s president of the Los Angeles County Bar Association and he sits comfortably in the elite circle of the city’s most preeminent attorneys, but Brian Kabateck still has a struggle.
It’s not holding strong as an advocate at the top of his career. In the bag. It’s not leading the legal community with purpose and vision. Handled. And it’s not championing causes that hold deep personal meaning. Done.
“I think the biggest challenge is figuring out a way to sleep,” says Kabateck, founder and managing partner of the downtown law firm Kabateck LLP. “The number of hours required between my practice and the LACBA presidency is overwhelming.”
PRESIDENTIAL PLATFORM
Not surprising, as his goals for his year of LACBA presidency are numerous and lofty, with membership topping the list.
“The county bar is a big organization that has faced a lot of challenges over the years, particularly in recent years with people not finding the need to join a bar organization,” he says “We need to find a better way to draw people to the organization to make it attractive to all lawyers in all stages of their careers.”
Kabateck says his aim is to make the membership more relevant to the young lawyers getting started in their practices, as well as those with a few years behind them.
“People in the middle of their careers are equally fulfilled,” he adds of bar membership. “We need to find people who recognize its value to their personal lives and their careers.”
Kabateck concedes the bar needs to do more with fewer resources and less money, particularly in sustaining its four non-profit activities: a program in the courts for victims of domestic violence, a legal program to help veterans, access to justice for immigrants and legal services for people with HIV. But he has a solution he would like to enact.
“We need to make those organizations independent fundraising opportunities because it’s great to do good work,” he says. “We need money and contributions to operate those important programs.”
Finally, he says wants the organization to run in an austere fashion so it’s not hiring new people; it’s doing more with less. He wants the organization to be the bar for the entire county and not just downtown Los Angeles. And he wants members to find what they want in an individual bar association.
“What might attract me might not attract you, so I want there to be something for everybody,” Kabateck says. “And mostly I want to restore the faith in the LACBA for all the lawyers in L.A.”
Kabateck’s goals extend far beyond his plans for the bar association. Throughout his career he has been an outspoken force in Sacramento for strengthening consumer protections.
A former president of the Consumer Attorneys of California, Kabateck ran an unsuccessful campaign in 2014 to change medical malpractice laws, which he explains are “plagued” with a cap of $250,000—a number put into place in 1974 that amounts to about $40,000 today.
“It makes it impossible to receive justice in many medical malpractice cases,” he laments.
But that hasn’t stopped him from fighting for the people. In the last decade or so, Kabateck has been actively involved in 25 pieces of legislation that range from changes to the insurance code to making litigation more affordable for litigants.
He was also recently involved in the litigation that was in response to the Wells Fargo fraudulent bank account scandal, as well as the California Consumer Privacy Act in response to the internet data theft from companies including Equifax. This act, which gives California the most aggressive privacy protection for consumers in the country, makes companies that don’t protect the data collected, liable.
“Someone might have their data stolen, but what are the damages?” Kabateck poses. “This legislation is designed to make a company accountable with a minimal amount of damages of no less than $100.”
A WIDE RANGE OF CASES
A mainstay of Kabateck’s practice has been suing insurance companies for bad faith, particularly disaster cases throughout the United States. Most recently, he took on the cause of victims of the wildfires in Northern California and Southern California who were having trouble with their insurance companies.
“It takes people eight to 12 months to realize their insurance companies are treating them unfairly,” he says. “When your insurance company has left you high and dry, you need to go to court.”
School-related sex abuse cases are also on his firm’s docket, from high schools around the state to the high-profile University of Southern California case.
“There have been a number of cases this past year where teachers are caught abusing students,” he says. “We hold the school responsible.”
Holding responsibility doesn’t stop there. He has sued police departments over officers that have raped and abused women while on the job. He has also enacted class action suits over the misclassification of employees as independent contractors to get out of paying benefits—a common issue in the growing gig economy.
In addition, he has taken on a number of personal injury cases for critically injured people, business cases, and other cases where people have to hire a lawyer on contingency because they can’t afford an hourly fee.
While all of Kabateck’s cases are important, one stands out as the closest to his heart.
“Without question it is the involvement I had with the Armenian Genocide case,” says Kabateck, whose mother is Armenian and whose grandparents were survivors. “Many of these insurance companies never paid claims on the lives that were slaughtered.”
Kabateck sued on their behalf and collected $40 million, most of which went to Armenian charities. He says it was one of the most interesting cases he ever handled, and one of the longest instances of jurisprudence from the time of the event (1915 – 1917) to the time of resolution, as far as he knows.
“This case was very personal to me,” he says. “Growing up half Armenian and not entrenched in the Armenian community, it was a way to feel part of the community and to feel what my grandparents went through. I felt in a small way I was bringing justice to the victims of the genocide.”
THE FUTURE OF LAW
Kabateck says he works to pass along his expertise and passion as an advocate to the next generation of attorneys in his firm as well as through his alma mater, Loyola Law School.
“In 2018 and going forward, the rule of law is more important than ever to protect people, and people like me need to lead by example,” he says. “Don’t talk to them, talk with them, and help them understand the practice of law and that it’s important to be part of a team.”
Calling his affiliation with Loyala one of most fulfilling endeavors, he says he likes the energy young people bring to the practice of law.
“I enjoy helping being part of a fantastic institution such as Loyala,” he says. “It’s on a huge upswing to become a world-class law school.”
He says when he left the school, he didn’t look back for 20 years. Now reengaged, he’s working closely with the dean and the 17,000 alumni.
“What I’ve really done is work on a program where the law school feels like it’s part of the community,” he says, adding that his love for the school is personal, too. “If it weren’t for Loyola, I wouldn’t be a lawyer, and more people should feel that way.”
But Kabateck didn’t always want to be a lawyer; as a kid, he wanted to be an actor. But a pivotal, if not puzzling, moment—along with the advice from a family friend who was an actor, to have a backup plan—set him on a different course.
That moment came in an acting class at USC, where his fellow thespians recognized his talent, but his professor shot him down with a grade he still scratches his head over.
“He said, ‘I’m not giving you an A. I’m giving you an A- because you think you’re Robin Williams and you’re not Robin Williams,’” Kabateck laughs.
Still, he likes to think the acting training helped his law career.
“I have no fear about talking in front of people and I’m comfortable on my feet,” he says.
SECRET TO SUCCESS
Charisma aside, what did it take for Kabateck to reach this level of achievement?
“Hard work,” he says. “The first mistake people make is they look at someone successful and think they can take the elevator to the penthouse. There is no substitute for hard work, and you have to work as hard as everyone in your group. Every successful lawyer I’ve ever seen has done exactly that.”
And that success, with a thriving and growing firm that includes 11 attorneys on staff, is not on track to waver.
“I tell my young associates that I thought after 15 years I could work less,” he says. “Now 30 years in, I’m working just as much.”
Sarah Torres
Sarah Torres is the publisher of Attorney at Law Magazine Los Angeles. Sarah regularly interviews attorneys and professionals for Attorney at Law Magazine feature stories. She is a dedicated publishing professional
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Celebrating Grandma Tudor
Yesterday we had a service to celebrate the life of my grandmother, Sarah Tudor. The spirit of the day was precisely what we’d hoped it would be, and I am tremendously grateful to all who helped make it happen and all who attended! My dad, aunt, brother, sister and I all spoke, plus a former neighbor who was like a daughter to my grandmother. Based on my emotional stability when writing and rereading my speech, I felt fairly confident that I would not make it through the talk without going into ugly-cry. Thankfully, I was only a little shaky at the beginning and the end. (I think the pep talk Andrew gave me in the car on the way there helped: “You just need to lock it up. You feel those tears coming, just lock it up.” ;-))
Here’s what I said at the service, for anyone interested:
Many of you who knew Sarah Tudor probably knew her as the hardworking CARITAS leader, or a committed Sunday school teacher for the Mastin class– always willing to help where she was needed, always feisty enough to get the job done. I am fortunate to be one of the few who knew her as “Grandma”, and, as my Aunt Ann said recently, “Of all her roles, I think ‘Grandma’ was her best!” (So, my apologies to most of you in this room for not getting to know her at her best. ;-))
Although she was only “Grandma” to a few, it’s clear to me that she loved anyone standing in front of her with the same sacrificial love that Christ speaks of in John 15:12—“Greater love has no one than this, that he lay down his life for his friends.” From the time I was an infant, she did just that for me, my brother and sister, and as I’ve learned over the years, countless others.
When I was a baby and both my parents had to work, my grandmother moved to Richmond to be our full-time nanny. One of my earliest memories of her was during my nap time as a toddler. Years later, she’d tell me what a good baby I was, but I distinctly remember her holding me, rocking me in a chair, trying to sing me to sleep. I would lie still on her chest for a minute, then lift up my head and ask if it was time to get up yet. Time after time, she would tell me, “Shh…just rest,” and continue to rock me, but never leave me alone.
On school days throughout my childhood, Grandma Tudor would drive to our house early in the morning, start a load of laundry, wake us up for school, cook us breakfast, pack our lunches, and see us off to the bus stop. After school she’d fix us snacks, help us with our homework (sometimes more than others—like in second grade when my dad made me rewrite my paper on James Monroe, after correctly suspecting that the 5-page, single-spaced one I turned in may have been mostly Grandma’s work.) Most days she’d cook us dinner before our parents arrived home. It wasn’t until middle school that I realized other kids ate cereal for breakfast because their grandmothers didn’t make them pancakes, eggs, cinnamon rolls, or whatever else my grandma made us at 6:30 in the morning. The love she showed by serving us was just a normal part of life for me, and at the time I didn’t realize how special that was or what an impact it would have on my life.
But as sweet as Grandma Tudor was, she had equal parts sass and wit, and she was fierce in her convictions. Intentional or not, she was always making us laugh. Even today I have friends who, when we get together, say, “Tell me a Grandma Tudor story!” So in the spirit of making this a time of celebration and remembering the happy times, I have a few Grandma Tudor stories to share with you:
-One year when I was in college, the family had gathered for Grandma’s birthday. All weekend she’d been talking about cake, “There probably won’t be a cake. No one needs to make me a cake. We don’t need to make a big deal about my birthday. Oh, I hope no one goes through the trouble of baking a cake for me.” So after dinner that night when we brought her cake out and sang to her, she said, “My, my, my…there IS a cake.”
-Later that night my sister and aunt were discussing their Pashminas—hand-woven, fine fabric shawls. I didn’t have one, and neither did Grandma Tudor. After they spent a few minutes saying how great they were, how everyone needs one, and so on, Whitney said, “Mine isn’t real; it’s just a lookalike.” At that, Grandma Tudor leaned close to me on the couch and whispered, “Hers isn’t even a real cashima.”
-Grandma was above many of the frivolous things in life, and not afraid to say how she felt about them. A few years ago when the social networking website Twitter had just emerged, she asked my brother, “Ross, are you on the Tweeter?” We chuckled a bit, and Ross said, “No, Grandma. I’m not on the Tweeter.” Then, with no trace of a smile, she looked each of us in the eye, back and forth, conveying the seriousness of what she was about to say, and said, “America… is going to Hell.”
-When Andrew and I had been dating less than three months, our family gathered in Raleigh to celebrate my niece Kendall’s 3rd birthday. Grandma had met Andrew prior to this and liked him very much, though she never could retain his name and called him, “What’s-his-name.” With all the family and Andrew gathered, Grandma said, “So Catherine, when’s the wedding?” I laughed and said, “Well, Grandma, we just started dating. We really aren’t thinking about that yet…” She looked at me, in complete disbelief at my insensitivity, and said, “Well, I’m not going to live that much longer!” How dare I?
She did live that much longer, and she made it to our wedding two years later. In the months leading up to the event, when Alzheimer’s had set in, whenever we’d speak on the phone she would ask about the wedding. “I can’t wait for the wedding! Is it this week?” “No, Grandma, not this week.” I wasn’t sure she knew exactly who I was, but she could associate my voice with the upcoming wedding. When the day came, Grandma Tudor arrived at the site while I was getting ready. My hair was done, complete with a veil, but I was still in my regular clothes. I went out to meet her, and when she saw me, a look of delight crossed her face, and she said, “Oh, I didn’t know it was you who was getting married!”
It meant the world to have her present at my wedding. The woman who rocked me until I fell asleep during naps, who would cook to order whatever I wanted for any meal, who sent me $5 bills when I was in college with notes to, “Buy myself a latte or something,” who spoiled me in every way for as long as she was able… Grandma Tudor loved deeply and actively—her family, friends, and anyone she met. She showed her love by putting herself aside to serve. I know people tend to become “sainted” when others speak of them after they pass away, but Grandma Tudor really was this awesome. A coworker told me this week that he used to call her “Mother Theresa,” and he was not the first person to draw this parallel. I know that my life and the lives of so many others are not the same because of the constant love she demonstrated.
Although I miss her tremendously, I know she is free and dancing with her Heavenly Father these days, and for that, I cannot be sad.
Family gathered at our house after the service…I love these people so much! ❤
My daddy and me 🙂
(My hair was flipped over my shoulder in this photo, but it looks like I had it chopped off; seeing it that length, I may actually get it cut…)
This entry was posted in Family and tagged family, grief, laughter, love, serving by Catherine @ A Two Storey Home. Bookmark the permalink.
3 thoughts on “Celebrating Grandma Tudor”
Pingback: The Weekend: Family, Vegetables, and a Police Report | A Two Storey Home
Amy @ Run with Perseverance on July 22, 2013 at 9:39 am said:
What a beautiful tribute to your grandmother! I just cried reading it in the Atlanta airport 🙂
I’m so sorry for your loss! 😦
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Bolt locks in Australian Open wildcard semi-final berth
December 11, 2019 Marcus Taylor
“I feel like I’m playing at the same level, if not better, at the moment,” Bolt said.
“I’m confident that I can crack the top 100 at some point next year.
“I just need to get my level to a place where I can consistently play big-game tennis day in and day out and I think the results will come.”
Bolt received treatment for a sore glute in the second set, but is confident the issue won’t hinder him when he faces No.3 seed Max Purcell in a semi-final on Friday.
Purcell defeated Tasmanian Harry Bourchier in straight sets 7-6 (7-4), 6-3, 6-1 to advance.
On the other side of the draw, Queensland’s John-Patrick Smith was the first player through to the semis.
The 30-year-old defeated Aleksandar Vukic 6-3, 6-7 (13-15), 6-3, 6-1 in just over three hours in a quarter-final played in cool, gusty conditions on court 8.
“They were tricky conditions with a bit of cloud and swirling wind out there, but I stayed pretty focused and took care of business, which is great,” Smith said.
“I was a little unlucky in the second set, but I just found my groove a bit there in the third and fourth and it worked out well.
“I don’t want to think too far ahead, I just want to relax and have a bit of fun … I’m getting old now so I want to treasure every match I play.”
Smith will play No.8 seed Maverick Banes, who came from two sets to one down to defeat wildcard Tristan Schoolkate 4-6, 6-0, 4-6, 7-5, 7-5.
Health insurers call for public hospital crackdown
Storm coach Bellamy eyes end of the road
December 22, 2019 Marcus Taylor 0
Manchester City hit back to sink Leicester, as Arsenal fire blanks against Everton
Sheffield United and Wolverhampton Wanderers have continued their surprising pursuits of the English Premier League top...
Australia ready to challenge India, says Michael Hussey
Loading It’s unclear if success against India would be enough for Australia to reclaim the No.1...
Phoenix on fire but Sydney escape from Wellington with a draw
“That’s part of football. I’m sure he wanted to score,” said Wellington coach Ufuk Talay. Sydney’s...
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Smithsonian Hosts National Youth Summit on Abolition
Students Connect Legacy of 19th-Century Abolitionists with Modern-Day Slavery
The Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History encourages students and teachers to use the lens of American history to understand current issues through an online-outreach program called the National Youth Summit. A Monday Feb. 11 National Youth Summit on Abolition will link the move to abolish slavery in the 19th century to today’s efforts to eradicate modern-day slavery and human trafficking. Experts, scholars and activists will join together in a live moderated panel discussion that combines film clips from the documentary The Abolitionists which recently aired on the PBS series, American Experience. Participants can visit https://americanhistory.si.edu/nys/abolition to register and view the program streaming live either in classrooms or on personal computers at noon EST.
Through a partnership with the D.C. Arts and Humanities Education Collaborative, more than 240 public school students in Washington will convene at the museum and concurrent programs will take place at two Smithsonian Affiliate museums, the National Underground Freedom Center in Cincinnati and Heinz History Center in Pittsburgh.
The National Youth Summit is designed to provide students with an opportunity to share their views and debate an issue, and the program aligns with the Common Core Standards for Speaking and Listening. Panelists and the audience will explore tactics used by abolitionists and how those tactics are used today against modern-day slavery and human trafficking. Classroom teachers and other participants will receive a conversation kit, designed to provide ideas for leading discussion topics on abolition and modern-day slavery in age-appropriate ways.
The Abolitionists weaves together the stories of five of the abolition movement’s leading figures: Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison, Angelina Grimke, Harriet Beecher Stowe and John Brown. Their stories will be the basis of the Youth Summit panelists’ discussion. Panelists include Lois A. Brown, Class of 1958 Distinguished Professor at Wesleyan University; Kenneth B. Morris Jr., founder and president of Frederick Douglass Family Foundation and descendant of Douglass and of Booker T. Washington; a representative from the U.S. Department of State Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons and Hartford, Conn., student Ana Alarcon, who is president of Student Abolitionists Stopping Slavery. Alison Stewart, an award-winning journalist and former host of the PBS news magazine Need to Know, will moderate the discussion.
“The study of American history illuminates lessons learned and highlights possible ways of moving forward,” said John Gray, museum director. “With 2013 marking the 150th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation and the 50th anniversary of the March on Washington, the National Youth Summit on Abolition will help young people make connections between the past and present day issues.”
The National Youth Summit on Abolition is presented by the museum in collaboration with PBS’s American Experience and Smithsonian Affiliations and through the support of the Verizon Foundation. The program and its supporting materials were developed with the help of the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center, the U.S. Department of State Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Polaris Project and Slavery Footprint.
The museum is currently renovating its west exhibition wing with new galleries on American business, democracy and culture; an education center; new spaces for the Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation; public plazas; a Hall of Music for live performances; and the addition of a first-floor window wall with views to the Washington Monument. For more information, visit https://americanhistory.si.edu. The museum is located at 14th Street and Constitution Avenue N.W., and is open daily from 10 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. (closed Dec. 25). Admission is free.
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FDA Panel Rejects Earlier Use of Erlotinib
by Emily P. Walker Emily P. Walker, Washington Correspondent, MedPage Today December 17, 2009
WASHINGTON -- An FDA advisory panel voted against recommending approval for erlotinib (Tarceva) for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who are stable following chemotherapy.
Erlotinib is already approved to treat NSCLC as a second-line therapy if chemotherapy fails to stop the cancer from spreading.
Erlotinib's manufacturer, OSI Pharmaceuticals, sought approval for patients whose disease remains stable following chemotherapy, but the Oncologic Drugs Advisory Committee voted 12 to 1 on Wednesday that erlotinib should not be approved as a first-line treatment.
The FDA does not have to follow the advice of its advisory committees, but it usually does.
In the company's trial, researchers randomized 889 locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC patients to receive either erlotinib tablets or placebo following four cycles of chemotherapy.
The study found that erlotinib was superior to placebo for both primary endpoints: overall survival in all patients and overall survival in patients positive for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, measured by immunohistochemistry (P=0.0001 for both).
However, the drug did not extend survival among EGFR negative patients and in those with squamous cells, raising the question of whether erlotinib should be approved as a maintenance therapy in those two groups, according to FDA documents released in advance of Wednesday's hearing.
But the main issue, according to FDA, reviewers "concerns other available treatment options."
Another drug, docetaxel (Taxotere), is also approved to treat NSCLC in the case of chemotherapy failure. Both erlotinib and docetaxel improve median survival by about three months compared with placebo, but erlotinib only improves survival by about one month when used as a first-line therapy, according to the FDA.
"This raises the question whether treatment with single agent erlotinib or docetaxel after progression are better options than treatment with erlotinib as maintenance," the reviewers wrote.
Pemetrexed (Alimta) is the only drug approved for maintenance treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC whose disease has not progressed after four cycles of chemotherapy.
But it is only approved for patients with nonsquamous cell cancer.
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Home Discovering Ontario Parks & Recreation Ontario Hidden Jewel – Sibbald Point Provincial Park
By Carlos Perdomo
You only need to travel 70 kilometres north of Toronto to have a pleasant surprise.
Located in Sutton West, Ontario, on the southern shores of lake Simcoe, Sibbald Point Provincial Park is the place that after visiting for a first time you want to come back over and over.
As you might have guessed, I am not the only lucky one; during summer time thousands of people come to enjoy its long sand beaches, campsites, large picnic areas and a forested hiking trail, and on top of it, different activities that this special park offers.
A Little Bit of History
Eildon Hall at the Sibbald Point Provincial Park
Eildon Hall is one of the oldest structures in the area. The building was erected in stages: initially it was a small Regency style cottage built in 1830. Then this beautiful piece of land was bought by Susan Sibbald (1783-1866), a gentlewoman pioneer whose memoirs were published posthumously in 1926. She acquired it from William Kingdom Rains around 1835. Soon after, she decided to change the place from a small cottage to a rural estate. The work was completed in 1840 and Susan named the structure Eidon Hall after the family estate in Scotland. The estate remained in the Sibbald family until 1952.
Renovated and reduced in size since then, Eildon Hall is open to the public. Today, the building serves as a museum that reflects the life in rural Ontario during the nineteen century. The museum is known as Sibbald Memorial Museum and an Ontario Historical plaque was erected by the province to commemorate Eildon Hall in Ontario’s heritage.
After seeing the European weeping ash located in the premises, I was impressed by the effort made by Captain Thomas Sibbald in 1856, bringing to Canada from Italy this special tree that still stands for about 160 years as it was in yesteryears.
St. Georgian Anglican Church
As a visitor you will not miss St. Georgian Anglican Church; built by Susan Sibbald’s son, and was dedicated to her. Completed in 1877 it does still ministering to the community to this day.
Close to the church, there is a small Cemetery which contains the graves of prominent citizens of lake Simcoe such as Stephen Leacock, a Canadian teacher, political scientist, writer, and humourist; Mazo de la Roche, author of the Jalna novels, one of the most popular series of books of her time; musician Jim Schwalm and etc. etc.
Enjoying the Sibbald Point Provincial Park
If you have in mind enjoying a picnic at Sibbald Point, there is enough space for everybody. You will have the opportunity to see people from diverse backgrounds preparing delicious meals protected by elaborated gazebos, special grills and sophisticated pots or from the most basic portable barbeques.
With the smell of cooking mixed with the strong aroma of evergreens and the fresh air coming from the lake, you will feel that all the impurities from the City accumulated in your lungs, are fast disappearing.
Do not forget to bring your swimming gear! More likely than not, you will find a lukewarm water ready to embrace you, especially true in the months of July an August.
Taking it up a notch
If you love water sports and camping, you are at the right spot to enjoy them.
You can spend a few days in the park and get the most out of your time away from stress and responsibilities!
Fast facts from the Sibbald Point Provincial Park’s website
https://www.ontarioparks.com/park/sibbaldpoint
Established in 1957, the 225-hectare park is owned and operated by Ontario, the Sibbald Point Provincial Park features the following:
Day Use Area: Picnic areas can be found in quiet, grassy locations throughout the park and at the main beach. Most are close to flush toilets and drinking water taps.
Park Store: The Park Store sells groceries, fast food, ice cream, park souvenirs and camping supplies. It is open from May to September.
Picnic Shelters: Group picnic shelters in the day-use area accommodate 50–75 people and can be reserved for weekend use. The picnic shelters are also audio device free. Reservations can be made by calling the park Monday through Thursday, starting in early May.
Swimming: The blue waters of Lake Simcoe and the sandy beaches of the park are ideal for family swimming. There is a buoyed swimming area but please note there are no lifeguards posted. Comfort stations and change facilities are close to the beach.
Boating: There is a boat launch, docks for temporary docking, and parking area for boaters.
Canoeing: Paddlers should be aware of weather conditions on Lake Simcoe and it is recommended that you stay close to shore.
Rentals: Personal Floatation devices (PFDs) are available at the Registration Office. For a refundable deposit, you can borrow a properly fitted PFD.
Camping: 10 different campgrounds, offering both electrical and non-electrical sites with pull through trailer sites. There are 12 comfort stations (complete with showers) located throughout the campgrounds and day-use areas. There are barrier-free washroom stalls at all comfort stations and barrier free showers at the comfort stations located in the campground. Audio Device Free Camping for a natural camping experience.
Group Camping: The campground has 6 group sites that accommodate 15 – 50 people. Water taps and vault toilets are available on site. Sites are a 15 minute walk to the beach and a five minute walk to the comfort station. The sites are available primarily for youth groups. Reservations can be made online or by phone. When reserving online select “Group” as your reservation type.
Cycling: Tour the local Hedge Road along the Lake Simcoe waterfront.
Fishing: Lake trout, bass, whitefish, pike, yellow pickerel and jumbo perch are abundant in Lake Simcoe. Enjoy the Learn to Fish Program, a free, hands-on program that teaches new anglers how to fish in Ontario.
Eildon Hall Museum, once home to the Sibbald family, displays 19th century artefacts and furniture. It is open during July and August.
George’s Anglican Church, built in 1877, is located at the northwest corner of the park. Its graveyard is the final resting place of famous Canadian authors Stephen Butler Leacock and Mazo de la Roche.
Discovery Program: Park staff offer weekly educational programs for children and adults from late June to Labour Day. They include nature and historical walks, evening programs with guest speakers, videos, children’s crafts and games.
Maidenhair Fern Trail: 2.0 km, 1-1.5 hours, easy. This self-guided loop trail takes a close look at the variety of ecosystems at Sibbald Point. Pick up the trail brochure at the trailhead, the Registration Office or Park Office.
The Cultural History Trail of Sibbald Point Provincial Park: 1.0 km, 1-2 hours, easy. This walk explores the rich history of the Sibbald Family through an interpretive guide book. Park visitors will explore the Eildon Hall Museum (Sibbald Family Estate Home (ca. 1836), the settlers cabin, a walk down “The Avenue”, St. George’s Anglican Church (ca.1877) and grave yard which is the burial site of famous Canadian authors Stephen Butler Leacock and Mazo de la Roche.
Winter Activities: In winter, Lake Simcoe boasts some of the best ice fishing for perch and whitefish. Other unorganized winter activities within the park include hiking, cross-country skiing and snowshoeing. The main park road and a parking lot are kept open for winter visitors.
I have been enjoying this park for many years and my opinion has not changed: of all parks that I have visited, Sibbald Point is my favourite. Some days I just bring my picnic folding chair and a good book and the day looks brighter!
Most pictures are taken by the author
Ontario Hidden Jewel - Sibbald Point Provincial Park
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Personal injury lawyer hits out at UK insurers
Home /World/Breaking World News/Personal injury lawyer hits out at UK insurers
A leading UK personal injury law firm has hit out at comments by the UK insurance industry trade association after recent personal injury reforms announced by the government, would increase compensation payments.
Manchester based no win no fee solicitors, Freeclaim Solicitors, criticised comments made by Huw Evans, director general of the Association of British Insurers’ (ABI) after he called the recent decision by the Ministry of Justice (MOJ) to lower the personal injury discount rate as “crazy.”
Quentin Underhill, Head of Legal at Freeclaim Solicitors, said Mr Evans had failed to “recognise the decision was made for people whose lives will never be the same again.”
“The personal injury discount rate has remained untouched since 2001, despite falling interest rates and investment returns, particularly since 2008. We are in an environment of low returns and personal injury compensation awards should reflect this.
“Victims left with serious injuries after road traffic accidents and other serious life changing accidents, should now have a fair calculation so their compensation should look after them adequately as they get older.
“Compensation claims are not purely about giving someone a sum of money to compensate them for their injuries; it goes much further than that. Compensation is also calculated to fund the much needed support, treatment and rehabilitation someone needs to live as independently as possible following a serious injury and make the best possible recovery. This support in many cases is life long, and does not end just because the claim has concluded.
“To suggest that the reduction in the discount rate, to care adequately for seriously injured victims of road traffic accidents is ‘crazy’ because the insurers will be forced to increase premiums for motorists, does the insurance industry no favours at all. Especially in view of recent announcements concerning increased profits.”
The announcement by the Ministry of Justice that the rate used to calculate lump sum compensation payments for serious injuries will be reduced from 2.5 percent to -0.75 percent has been met with hostility by the ABI.
Mr Evans called the move a “crazy decision” as it would result in an “inevitable increase in motor and liability premiums for millions of UK drivers and businesses.”
According to the ABI, the decision could affect up to 36 million individual and business motor insurance policies while claimants will be over-compensated.
“We have repeatedly warned the Government this could lead to very significant price rises, with younger drivers, in particular, likely to find it much harder to get affordable insurance.”
From March 20, the reduction in the rate will mean that on a typical lump sum compensation payment of £1,000 ($1,245), an insurance company will now pay an additional 7.5 percent, making the new compensation payment £1,007.50 ($1,254.39) compared to £975 ($1,213) under the old rate.
The rate, known as the Ogden rate, is used to determine the amount of the compensation a court should award based on an expected rate of the return when that money is invested. When a person has suffered serious or life-changing injuries the compensation will provide the necessary financial security to pay for care costs and loss of earnings.
According to the MoJ, -0.75 percent is the “only legally acceptable rate” they can set. The reduction in the rate reflects the fall in index-linked gilt yields, which are used to determine serious injury compensation payments.
The MoJ say the law makes it clear that personal injury claimants must be treated as ‘risk averse investors’ to reflect the fact that because of their injuries they are financially dependent on the compensation they are awarded, often for long periods or the duration of their life.
According to Mr Underhill, individuals unfortunate to suffer serious and life-changing injuries will now receive a lump sum compensation payment based on a much fairer rate than previously.
“Serious injury victims are financially dependent on their compensation award for either long periods or the duration of their lives, the payment should, therefore, be sufficient to put the claimant in the same financial position had they not been injured,” he added.
Signing Contracts As A Freelancer
Insuring Your Health And Wellness
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Mary Richardson
Sheron Serves Up ‘Wesley Snipes’
New Single Out Now
Los Angeles, California – April 2, 2019 – After delivering major moments with “The Most Hated,” “Morphin Time,” and “Momma Said,” west coast rapper Sheron is ready to impress all over again with his April 2019 release; “Wesley Snipes.”
Growing up, Sheron was immersed in the west coast rap scene but found himself seeking out more. Which is why the likes of Michael Jackson and later, Beyonce, introduced him to and kept him in, the world of dance. Sheron notes, “Being a dancer has shaped not only the person I am it has also played a key role in my artistic development. My sound and voice have been influenced by the type of adaptability that dance demands.” That very reason is why Sheron’s music has traditional hip-hop beats but also have wonderful pop elements that allow for rhythmic movements to be not only heard but felt by listeners.
Along with major dance inspirations, Sheron’s music also provides those with a love for nostalgia something to hold onto. Those who loved “Momma Said” were happy to hear samplings from Adam Sandler’s Waterboy tossed into the mix. It’s those little adlibs and additions that set Sheron’s music apart from the rest. He takes pride in his homages to the ’90s, just as much as he does in his status as part of the LGBTQ community. As a gay rapper, he’s had to work twice as hard as his peers but knows the work is worth the reward. Which is why he’s working around the clock in 2019. He’s already dropped four bangers this year, including “Benghazi 2.0.” Now he’s about to repeat the magic with the release of “Wesley Snipes.”
Those interested in featuring “Wesley Snipes” on their playlists, featuring Sheron on their site, or interviewing Sheron on their blog or show – can reach out via the information provided below.
Sheron is a skilled emcee with a pop-infused hip-hop sound who dropped his fifth single of the year on April 1st. Get “Wesley Snipes,” out now.
Sheron Moore
SHERONSMOORE@GMAIL.COM
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/the.most_hated/
Tunecore: http://api.tunecore.com/music/themosthated
Jango: https://www.jango.com/music/Sheron
Source: ArtistPR Press Release
The Rapper Who Can’t Talk Right…Til’ He Has The Mic.
Anti-Millimeter is “Plottin On Mills” with New Single
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Baze9 is a Brand with an online platform that delivers Non-stop Entertainment Contents which consist of Music, Videos, Entertainment gist to Nigerians and Africa as a whole.
Baze9 is growing so Big to Cater for the ever-growing needs of Information on the Internet, Created in 2018 and is steadily growing into one of the Most Visited Nigerian Website.
Is to be the No.1 Nigerian Non-Stop Entertainment Platform for promoting Entertainers and delivering non-stop Entertainment Contents to Africans and the World.
Is to make sure that every serious minded Up-and-Coming Entertainer attain a spot in the industry.
Baze9 offers a platform where Nigerian Music lovers around the world can access, listen, Download and give their opinions on Nigerian Music Content & Talent anywhere and anytime.
Our Music Contents are accessible at any time to our audience in all time zones. Furthermore, Artists find our platform a useful source of direct feedback from their fans and a way to gain insight into what their fans respond to.
In addition to sharing Music, Videos and Other Content, Baze9 also conducts interviews with upcoming and promising Entertainers.
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Vol. 57:2 (2011) ► pp. 204–225
Translating Shakespeare’s imagery for the Chinese audience
With reference to Hamlet and its versions in Chinese and in European languages
Laurence Wong | Department of Translation, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Generally speaking, the message of a poem is conveyed on three levels: the semantic, the syntactic, and the phonological. How translatable each of these levels is to the translator depends on how much cognation there is between source and target language: the more cognation there is, the more translatable each of these levels. Thus, in respect of all three levels, translation between languages of the same family, such as English and French, both of which belong to the Indo-European family, is easier than translation between languages of different families, such as English and Chinese, which belong respectively to the Indo-European and the Sino-Tibetan family.
If a further distinction is to be made, one may say that, in translation between Chinese and European languages, the semantic level is less challenging than both the syntactic and the phonological level, since syntactic and phonological features are language-bound, and do not lend themselves readily to translation, whereas language pairs generally have corresponding words and phrases on the semantic level to express similar ideas or to describe similar objects, events, perceptions, and feelings.
As an image owes its existence largely to its semantic content, the imagery of a poem is easier to translate than its phonological features. Be that as it may, there is yet another difference: the difference between the imagery of non-dramatic poetry and the imagery of poetic drama when it comes to translation. With reference to Hamlet and its versions in Chinese and in European languages, this paper discusses this difference and the challenges which the translator has to face when translating the imagery of poetic drama from one language into another; it also shows how translating Shakespeare’s imagery from English into Chinese is more formidable than translating it from English into other European languages.
Keywords: Chinese audience, Shakespeare’s imagery, European languages, Hamlet
https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.57.2.05won
Chen, Meng-Lin
2019. A corpus-based study on imagery and symbolism in Goldblatt’s translation of Red Sorghum. Babel 65:3 ► pp. 399 ff.
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David Mamet and Other Big Authors Choose to Self-Publish
by warren | Apr 21, 2013 | publishing | 0 comments
David Mamet and other best selling authors choose to self-publish
This year, when Mr. Mamet set out to publish his next one, a novella and two short stories about war, he decided to take a very different path: he will self-publish.
When the Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright and author David Mamet released his last book, “The Secret Knowledge: On the Dismantling of American Culture,” with the Sentinel publishing house in 2011, it sold well enough to make the New York Times best-seller list.
Why Self-Publish?
Mr. Mamet is taking advantage of a new service being offered by his literary agency, ICM Partners, as a way to assume more control over the way his book is promoted.
“Basically I am doing this because I am a curmudgeon,” Mr. Mamet said in a telephone interview, “and because publishing is like Hollywood — nobody ever does the marketing they promise.”
Then there is the money. While self-published authors get no advance, they typically receive 70 percent of sales. A standard contract with a traditional house gives an author an advance, and only pays royalties — the standard is 25 percent of digital sales and 7 to 12 percent of the list price for bound books — after the advance is earned back in sales.
ICM, which will announce its new self-publishing service on Wednesday, is one of the biggest and most powerful agencies to offer the option. But others are doing the same as they seek to provide additional value to their writers while also extending their reach in the industry.
Since last fall, Trident Media Group, which represents 800 authors, has been offering its clients self-publishing…
See full story on nytimes.com
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Hail, Oceania!
January 26, 2017 April 11, 2019 / Beth Younker
“Doublethink means the power of holding two contradictory beliefs in one’s mind simultaneously, and accepting both of them.”
“The Party seeks power entirely for its own sake. We are not interested in the good of others; we are interested solely in power, pure power.”
“The choice for mankind lies between freedom and happiness and for the great bulk of mankind, happiness is better.”
Do those quotes resonate? Do they make you uncomfortable? How about queasy, uneasy, want to look away, or fearful? Do you feel as if you’ve heard them before? You should. George Orwell wrote them in 1948 when he published his now famous novel “1984”, about the dystopian Oceania, a superstate in perpetual war. It’s most famous words are, of course, “Big brother is watching you”, but did any of us ever dream that we would actually live in a world where we would actually start to see this fastasy become our dark, twisted reality?
We’ve already seen the start of impingement on the fourth estate. Threats to who is allowed in the White House press room, press conferences are becoming less Q&A sessions and transitioning to briefing sessions with reduced opportunities for the press to ask questions and challenge inconsistencies, tweets about climate change removed from national park websites with the fllimsiest of excuses. The accusations of “fake news!” were heard recently when our new President would not accept being challenged, in stark contrast to his predecessor who said “it’s your job as the press to challenge me. I may not like it, but it’s your job and it makes me better as a person and as your president.” Now if a member of the media dares to challenge the status quo, they’re belittled, pointed at, scolded like a child, and told they’re being rude, knowing all the while the press room is filled not only with fellow members of the press, but also with something called a “claque”. From The Washington Post:
“In the description of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica, a claque is: an organized body of professional applauders in the French theatres. The hiring of persons to applaud dramatic performances was common in classical times”
So President Trump has apparently arranged to bring along a group of individuals, whose job it is to start the cheering and the clapping. And of course if you’re in that room, when others are cheering and clapping, you’ll probably do so as well, because after all you don’t want to end up being the only one who isn’t, right? Now the President has slammed a reporter and told him he’s nothing and reporting fake news, and the claque begins the clapping making it sound like they approve. How much longer before the only press that is left is the government controlled press? And the only information we recieve is that which we are given when the government wants to give it to us, selecting what limited information they want us to know?
This week we were introduced to alternative facts. I can’t help but wonder if we’ll hear that thrown out now every time we have the audicity to to question what we see, or make a statement about something. What happens when Congress votes on a bill, and it doesn’t go the way President Trump wants? Will he present the results as alternative facts and say that there were other votes we didn’t know about, or count, or should discount for this or that reason?
Let’s call an alternative fact what it is. It’s a lie. I’m not attaching malice or intent to the word, but it is a lie. What scares me, and what should scare each and everyone one of you, is what happens when the impact of the lies moves further out? When it’s not about how many people attended the inauguration, but when he gets into a war of words with North Korea’s leader and tensions start to escalate? What about if his words seem like he will start to make moves in some of the countries that we’ve sworn to protect in Europe and the Middle East? Countries where there is oil, and where he now says we should have just taken it? Folks in these countries are a mite twitchy about this, and aren’t likely to just let us take their precious resources. (If you want to learn more about this, especially if you have family members in the military, please watch this video from The Rachel Maddow show. She does a fantastic job explaining this and why this is a terrifying scenario.)
Totalitarianism is a political system in which the state recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible, without any respect for human rights.
Remember the old saying “when the shoe fits”? Well, get used to that word folks. It’s feeling suspiciously like a shoe that might fit, and I’m starting to think we haven’t heard the last of it. Before too long, maybe this really will be our world:
#resist, 1984, alternative facts, dystopian society, Oceania, Orwellian, Totalitarian, TRMS
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How the Healthcare System Brought This Expert to Her Knees →
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49Langaran
Langara Alum | Social Advocate & Business Leader
When social advocate and business leader Gavin Jones started the Business Administration program at Langara College, he was getting home from his bartending job after 4 a.m. Now graduated, he starts work every day around the same time. And he loves it.
“I start at 5:30 a.m. every morning, but I’m excited to get up, get in to the office and give back to the community,” Jones said.
Originally, Jones thought he’d end up back in the bar and restaurant industry, maybe opening a restaurant of his own, but he stumbled into the Eastside Movement for Business and Economic Renewal Society (EMBERS). EMBERS is a Vancouver-based charity and the only not-for-profit temporary staffing agency in Canada, and he “loved it from day one.”
Through his BBA program, Jones had the opportunity to do a group business project — writing a business plan — with EMBERS as the community partner. After he graduated, he saw the director of operations role was open at EMBERS and decided to apply. He was chosen for the role in 2018 and since then he has implemented some of the business plan he wrote out as a student.
“Expansions were a big part of that plan,” Jones said. Under his direction, EMBERS has doubled its locations, having opened a new location in Abbotsford in summer 2019 and another location in New Westminster in January.
“We want to offer our services in multiple municipalities because our impact is so huge,” he said of their mission to create opportunities for people living on low incomes. “It’s such a simple, but brilliant concept.
“EMBERS helps thousands of people facing barriers to work by offering economic and employment opportunities, including job placements, training, and support.”
Jones said the new locations are doing “phenomenal.”
“There’s so much skilled labour in the Fraser Valley and beyond for us to step in and help find employment, find work, and partner people up with great jobs.”
Ultimately, he said they’re planning to grow EMBERS exponentially, even opening up some housing for workers.
“Employment can be such a motivator to move forward with whatever people are facing, whatever stage of life they’re at,” he said. “We’re planning to grow EMBERS right across Canada.”
Courtesy of Black Press Media.
Langara College, and the surrounding neighbourhood, are named after Admiral Juan Francisco de Lángara y Huarte, who was the head of the Spanish navy when the Spanish were charting the coast of British Columbia in the late 1700s.
Meet more 49 Langarans.
Linda Hudson
Langara Alum | Business Owner
Linda is the President and Owner of Kerrisdale Cameras, a family-owned chain of camera stores, and a long-time supporter of Langara College. Originally opened in 1961 by her father Bob Hudson and grandmother, Mary Hudson, Kerrisdale Cameras is a photographic retailer of new, used, digital, and film photo equipment. The company has seven stores in Metro Vancouver and Victoria. Linda works hard to maintain and grow the family legacy. She has been with Kerrisdale Cameras for over 35 years and learned the secret to running a successful business from her father: treat your employees, customers and suppliers honestly and with respect. Today, over 40% of Kerrisdale employees have been with the company for ten or more years and over 15% are Langara alumni or current students. The company is now the Canada’s second largest independent photo retailer.
Linda has a diploma from Langara College (1981) and a BBA from SFU (1989) and held the Certified Human Resources Professional (CHRP) designation (1999-2013). She was the first retailer in BC to sign the BC Safety Charter. Linda also volunteered for nine years as Treasurer at the BC Retail Safety Society, has been a Strata Council Member in Whistler for 17 years, and is on the Board of Directors of the Kerrisdale Business Association. She also volunteers with the new Kerrisdale Earthquake & Emergency Preparedness (KEEP) working group to help local businesses work together to become disaster resilient.
Barrie Brill
Retired Employee | Langara Pioneer
Barrie was one of the original instructors at the Langara campus when it first opened in 1970. He taught history at the institution for over 38 years and was actively involved in the expansion of the course offerings in the History department. He played an integral part in College affairs throughout his time at Langara, serving as the Chair of History department; Division Chair of Social Sciences on three separate occasions; as well as being the President of the Langara Faculty Association between 1977 and 1978. In addition to his contributions as a faculty member, he was a supporter and regular presenter at the Langara Community Lecture series, a foundational College community outreach event first held at Robson Square and later at the Vancouver Public Library. In 2015, Barrie inspired his colleagues to start a fresh series of public lectures in collaboration with the Dunbar Community Centre.
Theresa Hanson
Former Employee | Athletic Director
Theresa was the Director of Athletics and Intramurals at Langara College from 1994–2004 and is now the Senior Director of Athletics and Recreation at Simon Fraser University, overseeing Canada’s only NCAA varsity program. After her time at Langara, she worked at UBC for over ten years, as the Associate Director of Athletics, managing the operations of 29 varsity sports programs. Theresa acted in several leadership roles in intercollegiate athletics both at Langara and UBC, including CCAA Vice-President, Finance and Administration; Chair, Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA) Finance; Canadian Interuniversity Sport Vice-President, International; Canada West Universities Athletic Association Vice-President, Sport; and member of Canada West Board of Directors. In 2013, Theresa was named Canada’s Chef de Mission for the 27th Summer Universiade in Russia. Her work ethic earned her the admiration of her colleagues at provincial and national levels. She has been recognized with multiple awards, including the Order of the Falcon Award from Langara. She was inducted into the Greater Trail Home of Champions Registry in 2014 to celebrate her career in sports administration and was also inducted into the CCAA Hall of Fame in 2017.
I'm celebrating... 1991-2018... dating back to our separation from VCC in 1994.... – Ian McBain
I will celebrate YOU. 49 is a perfect square (meaning 49, 7 to the power of 2). This college celebrated only 7 of them, but there are plenty of perfect things we can celebrate with our students and faculty. – Nora Franzova
As one of the old timers - I've been teaching at Studio 58 since 1974 - I am thrilled to have witnessed the evolution of Langara from the modest Vancouver City College campus to the outstanding educational institution it is today. The progress has been truly remarkable and we should all be proud of our accomplishments. – Kathryn Shaw
As someone who has been around Langara long enough to hear stories of the original trek, I will definitely be celebrating this historic event. – Antonella Alves
Langara's excellent theatre program and the carving for reconciliation course was magnificent. I was impressed with instructors and support staff. Thank you, there's always more to study. – Amelia G
Celebrating our diversity, achievements, and growth. – Sherry Chin-Shue
I am celebrating taking the first step to build my future. I am celebrating as an international student, my journey to success. Thanks Langara for offering me with this opportunity. Someday I am going to make you and my parents proud. – Gur Kaur
How I have seen the things we do and the way we care transform the lives of so many students. It is uplifting and warms my heart. – Brian McGibney
The success of our students for 49 years. – Marg Heldman
The success of the school. – Austin Everett
Langara is Langara. Best ever. – Narinder Singh Bilkhu
49 Facts — NO. 11
In 2016 Langara was given the name snəw̓eyəɬ leləm̓ by the Musqueam people, which means “house of teachings” in the hən̓q̓əmin̓əm̓ language. Langara was the first public post-secondary institution in BC to be honoured with an aboriginal name by a BC First Nation.
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You are currently browsing the monthly archive for September 2013.
Christians Are to Live in the Midst of Their Enemies According to Dietrich Bonhoeffer
September 30, 2013 in Bonhoeffer for the Twenty-First Century, Bonhoeffer Quotes, Christian Fellowship | Tags: Christian, christian community, dietrich bonhoeffer, dietrich bonhoeffer quotes, enemies, fellowship, Jesus Christ, Life Together | Leave a comment
It is not simply to be taken for granted that the Christian has the privilege of living among other Christians. Jesus Christ lived in the midst of his enemies. At the end, all his disciples deserted him. On the Cross he was utterly alone, surrounded by evildoers and mockers. For this cause he had come, to bring peace to the enemies of God. So the Christian, too, belongs not in the seclusion of a cloistered life but in the thick of foes. There is his commission, his work. “The Kingdom is to be in the midst of your enemies. And he who will not suffer this does not want to be in the Kingdom of Christ; he wants to be among friends, to sit among roses and lilies, not with the bad people but the devout people. Oh you blasphemers and betrayers of Christ! If Christ had done what you are doing, who would ever be spared?” (Luther) (Life Together, p. 17)
Things Change When We Pray For Other Christians According to Dietrich Bonhoffer
September 28, 2013 in Bonhoeffer for the Twenty-First Century, Bonhoeffer Quotes, Christian Fellowship, Confessing Church, Finkenwalde, Prayer, The Church | Tags: brother, christian community, christian fellowship, classic exploration, dietrich bonhoeffer, dietrich bonhoeffer quotes, faith, fellowship, prayer | Leave a comment
“I can no longer condemn or hate a brother for whom I pray, no matter how much trouble he causes me.”
― Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Life Together: The Classic Exploration of Faith in Community
Who is GHK Lall?
September 27, 2013 in Bonhoeffer for the Twenty-First Century | Tags: GHK Lall | Leave a comment
One person can make a difference
I believe one person can make a difference. Here are some examples from history where one person made a difference: In America, Rev Dr Martin Luther King; in South Africa, Nelson Mandela; in Germany, Dietrich Bonhoeffer; in India, Gandhi and Mother Theresa; and in Israel, King David made a difference. Yes, one person can make a difference.
In Guyana, I believe one of the people who can make a difference is GHK Lall. I know what some of you readers are thinking ‒ who is GHK Lall? It’s a fact that most Guyanese don’t know him. The truth is though that most great leaders aren’t known before they become famous.
For example, when Dr King was chosen to lead the Civil Rights movement, he was only 26-years-old, and most people didn’t know him. King David was just a teenager working as shepherd when he was called to lead Israel and most people didn’t know him.
Obamacare State Exchanges May Fund 111,500 Abortions a Year With Your Money
September 26, 2013 in America, Current Events | Tags: abortion, barrack obama, government, obamacare, politics | Leave a comment
by Charles Donovan | Washington, DC | LifeNews.com | 9/26/13 10:55 AM
On January 1, 2014 state health exchanges, or the federal or “partnership” versions that will operate in their stead in a narrow majority of states, are required by law to be up and running.
By October 1, 2013 consumers are supposed to be able to begin researching and comparing insurance options in these exchanges. Delays in the implementation of the Affordable Care Act are evident in nearly all areas of the law, including a feature called “multi-state plans” (MSPs) that are designed to be phased in over a four-year period for every state in the Union.
Despite provisions of law including the Hyde Amendment governing appropriations for abortion; the Hyde-Weldon amendment barring discrimination against physicians, insurers, institutional providers and others with respect to their policies regarding providing, referring or paying for abortion; and the language governing the MSPs themselves, the Obama Administration and abortion funding advocates seem bent on pursuing numerous avenues for the ACA, and MSPs in particular, to make public abortion subsidies available to tens of thousands of girls and women of childbearing age.
Here is how.
Multi-state health plans were created under Section 1334 of the Affordable Care Act.[1] The law provides for a minimum of two such plans in each state, one of which must be a nonprofit plan. The MSPs were a late substitute for the idea of a public option, a fully government-run plan that would have competed with – and, many advocates hoped, eventually supplanted – privately sponsored plans. Instead, the MSPs will be offered by heavily regulated private sector insurers operating under contracts these insurers directly sign with OPM. “Multi-state” is another word for “national” and the degree of regulation of plan content, control of medical-loss ratios, and other factors ensure that these plans will operate more like regulated utilities than truly private insurance.
Beginning in 2014, the MSPs are to be phased in over a four-year period. The ACA requires approved plans to be available in at least 60 percent of the states in the first year (30 states), 70 percent in the second year (35 states), 85 percent in the third year (presumably 43 states), and 100 percent in the fourth year (2017). One core rationale for these plans is to increase “competition” in the state exchanges, a goal in dramatic tension with the concept of heavily regulated plans, which by their heft and complexity are likely to be offered by only a handful of the largest health insurance companies in the country. In order to aid this regulated competition, the MSPs will have to offer price advantages that may well flow from the fact that their administrative (including promotional) costs will be borne by the taxpayer through the Office of Personnel Management. Both the companies and the Obama Administration have incentives to maximize participation in these plans.
What these advantaged plans will do with respect to abortion coverage is not yet fully clear. However, Section 1334(a)(6) of the ACA states that:
In entering into contracts under this subsection, the Director [of OPM] shall ensure that with respect to multi-State qualified health plans offered in an Exchange, there is at least one such plan that does not provide coverage of services described in section 1303(b)(1)(B)(i). (Emphasis added).
The cited section refers to the ACA’s description of the Hyde Amendment regarding abortions that may be covered: those for reasons of rape and incest and a narrow set of conditions regarding physical threat to the life of the mother.
The ACA also included a provision, Section 1303(a)(1), making clear that state legislatures, some of which already had laws in place barring every health insurer in the state from offering abortion in any plans marketed and sold there, could adopt new opt-out legislation barring plans that cover elective abortions from participation in their state’s exchanges. Five states adopted this exchange abortion limit in 2010, and since then the number of states doing so has grown to 23. Twenty-seven states and the District of Columbia currently have no such limitation.
On March 1 of this year, the Office of Personnel Management issued its final rule on the MSPs, acknowledging that a decision by a state to exclude abortion-covering plans from its exchange will apply to any and all MSPs offered in that particular state. Section 800.602(b) of the rule, titled “State Opt-Out,” simply says, “An MSP may not offer abortion coverage in any State where such coverage of abortion services is prohibited by State law.”[2] That states can block all qualified insurers, including MSPs, from their exchanges if they cover elective (non-Hyde) abortions is clear. But a strong case can be made that Section 1303(b)(1)(B)(1)’s reference to excluding abortion coverage can be read, in conjunction with other provisions of federal health law, to forestall the Obama Administration from seeking to compel any private insurance company to include elective abortion in its MSP.
Henry Gerecke: The Spiritual Shepherd of Nazis
September 25, 2013 in Hitler/Nazism | Tags: adolf hitler, Henry Gerecke, nazism, nuremberg trials, pack of wolves, repentance and faith | Leave a comment
by Chad Bird
From Hitler’s Wolves to Christ’s Lambs
They walked to the gallows together, pastor and penitent. Each step up took them closer to the fall—the abbreviated, fatal fall to come. As the criminal stood above the trapdoor that, moments later, would open to rope him into eternity, an officer asked him if he had any final words. “I place all my confidence in the Lamb who made atonement for my sins,” he said. “May God have mercy on my soul.”
Then, turning toward the man who had been the shepherd of his soul during his incarceration—the man who had been his confessor, his preacher, and the one from whose hand he had received the body and blood of Jesus in the Lord’s Supper, he said, “I’ll see you again.” Then noosed, hooded in black, and legs tied, he dropped out of this world into another.
Shepherd Among Hitler’s Wolves
No doubt many condemned men throughout history have found repentance and faith when certain death looms nigh. What makes this story remarkable is that this man, along with many others hanged that day, was among the most hated men in human history, guilty of atrocities so horrific only words forged in hell could adequately describe them. These were Hitler’s men. His closest confidants. His very own pack of wolves.
Yet in the months leading up to their executions or imprisonments, many of them had been transformed from Hitler’s wolves into Christ’s lambs thanks to the ministry of a former farm boy from Missouri. This pastor reluctantly agreed to be the chaplain of the 15 Protestant war criminals during the Nuremberg trials at the close of World War II.
Henry Gerecke was in his early 50s when he went, cell by cell, to introduce himself to his infamous “congregation” and to invite them to chapel services. Some refused, others wavered, and still others promised to be there. Of the 15 chairs set up for the first service, 13 of them were filled. Scriptures were read, sermons preached, hymns sung, prayers offered. And, through it all, hearts were changed.
Soon some of the very lips that had once barked, “Heil Hitler!” spoke a repentance-confessing, faith-affirming “Amen!” as they knelt to eat and drink the body and blood of their forgiving Lord. They expressed a desire for their children to be baptized. One of them, though he began reading the Bible to find justification for his unbelief, ended up being led to faith by the same divine words.
So reliant did these men become upon their pastor that, when a rumor surfaced that he might be relieved of his duty and allowed to return home, they wrote a letter to Mrs. Gerecke, begging her to ask him to stay. On that letter were the signatures of all these former Nazis, men who had enjoyed power and rank, now humbly beseeching a housewife in America, who had not seen her husband for two and a half years, to let him stay. In her brief reply, “They need you,” is packed a whole volume about sacrifice and love.
True Scandal
Pastor Gerecke’s story has already been told (see links below), but it deserves to be retold, again and again, to every generation, for two important reasons. The first has to do with the men to whom he ministered, the ones who repented and believed in Christ. The scandal of Christianity is not that these men went to heaven; it is that God loved them so much that he was willing to die to get them there. Had it been a human decision, many would have thrown these men, guilty of such atrocities, into the flames of hell.
But the truth is that people are not condemned because they murder, or steal, or lie. They are condemned because they reject Jesus as the one who has already endured hell for them on the cross and earned a place for them in heaven. There is no one so vile that he is beyond redemption.
Another reason Pastor Gerecke’s story needs to be remembered involves his vocation and those who share it. What pastor, knowing he was about to visit men such as these, would not have struggled to find any hope in their possible repentance? But Gerecke visited each cell anyway, invited each man to hear the Word, and left it to the Spirit to do the work of making new creations of these hardened criminals.
Faithful Servant
Gerecke did not mince words, surrender his convictions, or water down the truth for them. On the evening before he was to be hanged, one of the men, Hermann Goering, asked to receive communion, just in case he was wrong and there was some truth to the Christian claims. But Gerecke refused to give communion to one who so obstinately refused repentance and treated the Lord’s Supper as if it were an edible, just-in-case, insurance policy.
When Christ calls men into the office of the holy ministry, he calls them to be faithful—not successful, not popular, not practical, not winsome, not cool, but faithful. They are to preach even when they doubt it will bear fruit. They are to give the Word of Christ to sinners and let the Christ of that Word do his work. And he does. He convicts, he calls, he saves, he baptizes, he feeds, and, finally, he welcomes us into his kingdom with the words, “Well done, good and faithful servant.”
In 1961, at the age of 68, Pastor Gerecke passed from this life into the next. He entered that innumerable company of saints who had gone before him, some of whom had been among his flock during his years of ministry, one of whom, atop the gallows, had promised, “I’ll see you again.” And he did.
Dietrich Bonhoeffer: Obedience and Faith Go Hand-in-Hand
September 24, 2013 in Bonhoeffer for the Twenty-First Century, Bonhoeffer Quotes, Costly Grace, Discipleship | Tags: christianity, cost of discipleship, dietrich bonhoeffer, dietrich bonhoeffer the cost of discipleship, disciple, discipleship, humbug, obedience | Leave a comment
Only the obedient believe. If we are to believe, we must obey a concrete command. Without this preliminary step of obedience, our faith will only be pious humbug, and lead us to the grace which is not costly. Everything depends on the first step. It has a unique quality of its own. The first step of obedience makes Peter leave his nets, and later gets out of the ship; it calls upon the young man to leave his riches. Only this new existence, created through obedience, can make possible faith possible.
~ Dietrich Bonhoeffer, The Cost of Discipleship, 1961 edition, 70.
Our Martyrdom May Mean Nothing to Jesus
September 23, 2013 in Bonhoeffer Quotes, Costly Grace, Discipleship | Tags: cost of discipleship, costly grace, dietrich bonhoeffer, dietrich bonhoeffer quotes, dietrich bonhoeffer the cost of discipleship, discipleship, following Jesus, Jesus Christ, martyrdom | Leave a comment
Discipleship without Jesus Christ is a way of our own choosing. It may the ideal way. It may even lead to martyrdom, but it is devoid of all promises. Jesus will certainly reject it.
Dietrich Bonhoeffer on Christianity Without Christ
September 22, 2013 in Bonhoeffer Quotes, Costly Grace, Discipleship | Tags: cost of discipleship, dietrich bonhoeffer, dietrich bonhoeffer the cost of discipleship, discipleship, following Jesus, Jesus Christ, literature, personal obedience | Leave a comment
With an abstract idea it is possible to enter into a relation of formal knowledge, to become enthusiastic about it, and perhaps even to put it into practice; but it can never be followed in personal obedience. Christianity without the living Christ is inevitably Christianity without discipleship is always Christianity with Christ.
~ Dietrich Bonhoeffer, The Cost of Discipleship, 1961 edition, 63-64.
“Bonhoeffer: Agent of Grace” Will Be Shown at Jacksonville Public Library on November 10th.
September 21, 2013 in America, Bonhoeffer for the Twenty-First Century, Bonhoeffer Resources, Conspiracy and Imprisonment, Current Events, Who is Dietrich Bonhoeffer? | Tags: actor mel gibson, “Bonhoeffer: Agent of Grace”, current-events, entertainment, Jacksonville Public Library, macmurray college, media, oscars | Leave a comment
Library, MacMurray team up to take on cinematic war
Film at war
Posted: Saturday, September 21, 2013 6:00 am
Journal-Courier
The Jacksonville Public Library and MacMurray College are co-sponsoring a film festival that will include viewings and discussions about significant movies.
The Humanities Film Series kicks off its inaugural year with “Perspectives on War,” screenings of four seminal war films and discussion periods hosted by MacMurray faculty and the director of the public library.
The events, which will run 6-9 p.m. on the second Thursday of each month, are free and open to the public and will be held in the basement meeting room of the Jacksonville Public Library.
“These films reveal the human condition, particularly in relation to the experience and effect of war,” said Chris Strangeman, assistant professor of history at MacMurray, who organized the series. “The series will give people in the area a chance to screen superb films and discuss them with others in the community who are interested in film.”
The four films are:
• Oct. 10: “Gallipoli” – Set in the failure of the Gallipoli campaign in Turkey during World War I, this movie depicts the loss of innocence and the coming of age of the Australian soldiers and of their country. It was an early lead role for actor Mel Gibson. Discussion led by Strangeman.
• Nov. 14: “Bonhoeffer: Agent of Grace” – Portrays the extraordinary courage of Dietich Bonhoeffer, a German theologian who resisted the Nazi extermination of the Jews and was involved in a plot to kill Hitler, for which he was hung. Discussion led by Eric Berg, MacMurray associate professor of philosophy and religion
Henry Blackaby Found!
September 20, 2013 in Current Events | Tags: blackaby ministries, faithfulness, health concerns, henry blakaby, spirituality | Leave a comment
From the website for Blackaby Ministries:
The Blackaby family would like everyone to know that Henry has been found and is safe. His health concerns are being addressed and we will keep everyone posted with the news. We wish to express to everyone our appreciation and gratitude for the prayers and concern over the last 29 hours. Henry has taught us that we can experience God in the good and the bad times. We thank God that we have experienced his grace, peace, and faithfulness in these times.
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Exploring Christchurch's past through archaeology
The Curious Case of the Red Building
Posted on 29 March 2019 by Clara Watson
The two-storey red building in the centre of Christchurch was like many typical pre-1900 buildings that had been modified over the years. The veranda was enclosed to provide more rooms within the building and multiple other extensions and rooms had been added over the years. The building had even been divided into flats which is not a strange sight for such a large old building in the centre of Christchurch. What was curious about this building was the saltbox cottage butted against its east exterior wall.
The west elevation of the two-storey building at the time of demolition. Due to the proximity of the fence and the overgrown trees detailed photography of this elevation was restricted, so this drawing is the best way to show this elevation. Figure: J. Hearfield.
The south elevation of the saltbox cottage joined to the main two-storey house on the left. Image: P. Mitchell.
There was a building built on this property between 1877 and June 1881. Through historical research we were able to pin down the occupation of this land to this time period due to a map in 1877 showing no dwellings recorded on the town section (Strouts, 1877) and June 1881 was when this building named ‘Gidleigh’ is first mentioned in newspapers as a property advertised for let (Press 3/6/1881:1). During this time the property was owned by Church Property Trustees (CPT) who are likely to have developed the property before renting it out to Mr Neville George Barnett. Until 1884 Barnett consistently advertised his services as an organist and professor of music at this address. In February 1884 Barnett accepted a position in Auckland and relocated to the North Island (Star 16/2/1884:2). In 1884 Barnett assigned his lease to a Mr George Frederick Tendall, who had been living next door at ‘Penwynholme’, with his family (LINZ, 1850: 340; Press 12/9/1882:1).
Within the first year of leasing the property Mr George Frederick Tendall and his wife Mrs G. F. Tendall (Eliza), built an extension, to be used as a school room (Lyttelton Times 3/5/1884:7).
“Mrs Tendall begs to announce, she is about to have built a large and commodious Schoolroom, which will enable her to take an increased number of pupils. She offers a thorough education, including religious instruction, in the subjects usually taught in private schools…” (Lyttelton Times 3/5/1884:7).
Post-1910s additions to the buildings included an extension on the north elevation of the two-storey building that was completed before 1955 and a lean-to on the east elevation of the 1884 extension. During this time the buildings were converted into seven flats, which included the addition of more kitchens and bathrooms and altered the larger rooms with partition walls to create multiple rooms. At some point after 1955 the front veranda on the west elevation of the two-storey building was converted into two more rooms with the addition of a French door on the new west elevation. These additions changed the number of rooms in the two-storey building from the original eight rooms to 22 rooms and in the saltbox cottage it changed the number of rooms from four rooms to five rooms.
Aerial imagery from 1955 shows the north extension and the front veranda still in place. Image: National Library of New Zealand.
The ground-floor layout of the buildings before it was demolished in 2018. Figure: J. Hearfield.
Research into the history of this site provided no insight into what came first – the two-storey building or the cottage. No mention of the cottage could be found in the historical documents. During the recording of the building they both had similar building techniques and materials. These included:
Wide timber floorboards, measuring to 150 mm, are common in pre-1900 buildings and were found within both buildings. Image: P. Mitchell.
Split laths and plaster in the walls and ceilings of both buildings, which is another characteristic of a mid-19th century dwelling; not usually seen in buildings built after about 1880. Image: P. Mitchell.
Example of the bricks found in both buildings in all three original fireplaces. The bricks had frogs but did not have any makers marks and appeared to be pressed but not machine made. Image: J. Hearfield.
These three building materials found throughout the two buildings indicate they were built before 1900 as spilt lath and plaster, large timber floorboards and pressed bricks are common in buildings built in New Zealand before 1900 (Arden and Bowman 2004; 163,170 & 171). With no evidence in the history it could only be hypothesised at this point that both buildings were originally built within the same time period.
It wasn’t until the buildings were demolished that the truth was revealed. Underneath the floor of both buildings was a shared concrete and limestone ring foundation. This provided us with the evidence that these two buildings would have been built at the same time. But how unusual for a large building to have a small cottage butted against it.
An example of the foundations used for both buildings. Image: J. Hearfield.
After much discussion, it became clear exactly why there were two buildings built at the same time on this section – it was actually one large dwelling. Within the two-storey building there was no fireplace with an opening large enough to be the kitchen fireplace. The only fireplace large enough for cooking was in the cottage. This led us to the conclusion that there could have been an internal door from the hall in the two-storey building into the cottage. This means that the cottage would have been used as a utilitarian annex and functioned as the kitchen, scullery and servant quarters.
Newspaper article talking about the lease of the property and mentions servant bedroom and scullery (Lyttelton Times 9/6/1881:8).
What we have concluded may have been the original layout of the building in 1881. Image: J. Hearfield.
Whilst many pre-1900 buildings show evidence of a divide between public and private spheres, including areas that were designated for servants such as the kitchen and their living quarters, this usually is shown in the difference between decorative features such as skirting boards and architraves. However, this building took it to a whole other level by making the servant quarters look like a completely different building. Perhaps this was to give the servants a feeling of having their own space or else was it the owner wanting separatism between the family and their servants?
Jamie-Lee Hearfield
Arden, S., and Bowman, I., 2004. The New Zealand Period House: A conservation guide. Random House New
Zealand, Auckland.
LINZ, 1850. Canterbury Land District Deeds index – A – Town sections and town reserves register. Archives New
Zealand, Christchurch office.
Lyttelton Times. [online] Available at: http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. [accessed 07/18].
Press. [online] Available at: http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. [accessed 07/18].
Star. [online] Available at: http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. [accessed 07/18].
Strouts, F., 1877. Map of Christchurch,
Black Beers and Ring Seals: the underdogs of the artefact world
This week’s blog was inspired by a Facebook comment on our previous blog post. You might remember that in the last blog we went through some of the artefacts we’ve uncovered over the past six months. One set of artefacts we included were black beer bottles of various shapes. In the blog post I wrote that black beer bottles weren’t particularly interesting or unusual as we find them all the time, but I included them in the blog as I liked the photo of the different shapes lined up together. One of our reader’s commented back saying that she found it interesting learning more about black beer bottles and the range of products they held.
This comment somewhat surprised me as I don’t always find black beer bottles the most interesting of artefacts, and led me to ponder the value we place on ‘rarity’. Does an artefact have more value if it’s unusual? Does an artefact have less value if it’s common? Arguably, for archaeologists, the value of an artefact is in its ability to tell us about the people who used it and discarded it – rarity is the realm of collectors and antique dealers. Yet rarity and commonness does have its use in interpretation – artefacts that are commonly found likely represent objects that were cheap, easily available, or fashionable. Artefacts that are more unusual suggest there were other factors behind their purchase. This means the ‘rarity’ or ‘commonness’ of an artefact is useful for interpreting what an artefact means, what it can say about the people who owned it. Yet when it comes to the physical object itself, there’s just not the same feeling of excitement and intrigue when pulling a broken black beer bottle base out of a bag when compared to pulling out a complete porcelain vase. You could say, that all artefacts are valuable, but some artefacts are more valuable than others. Putting that pondering aside, this week on the blog we’re going to focus on two of the artefacts we find in nearly every archaeological site: black beer and ring seal bottles.
Just last week one of our archaeologists exclaimed, “Black beer bottles! Again! Every site! Black beer bottles! We must have thousands of them!”. And I’d say we probably do. Black beer bottles and ring seal bottles are the most common glass artefacts that we find. For those of you who aren’t familiar with these bottles, this is what they look like:
Or at least this is what they normally look like by the time we get to them. If we’re lucky we find complete bottles but most of the time we’re just left with tops and bases. Image: C. Watson.
Black beer bottles appear black (they’re actually a dark olive colour) and ring seal bottles are green in colour (like the one in the top right corner). Black beer bottles come in pint and quart sizes in two different shapes, normal and squat. We refer to them as small, tall, small squat and large squat, but that’s just our terminology and you might see different names for the shapes. Ring seal bottles look like a champagne bottle (they also get called that, along with ring seal beer and ring seal wine bottles). They typically come in pint and quart sizes, although we’ve found miniature ones before as well. In addition to these we also get stout, Bordeaux, hock or rhine, and cognac bottle shapes.
This image brings to mind the song ‘99 bottles of beer on the wall’ (you can thank me later for getting it stuck in your head). Some of the many black beer and ring seal type bottles we get. From left to right: stout, tall black beer, small black beer, large squat black beer, small squat black beer, small ring seal, large ring seal, cognac, Bordeaux. Image: C. Watson.
While many of these names are also a type of alcoholic beverage (such as cognac), they’re used to describe the shape of the bottle rather than the specific contents. Typically, these styles of bottles were used for all types of alcohol, be that beer, wine or spirits. The bottles were usually imported into the country with the alcoholic content already inside – we found hundreds of still sealed bottles that contained Pale Ale at a bonded warehouse site (presumably they went off on the journey over and that’s why they were thrown out). Once in New Zealand the bottles were sold, the contents consumed, and the empty bottles collected by local brewers who refilled the bottles with their own product and re-labelled them. Alternatively, the bottles were just thrown out leaving us to find them quite a few years later. Prior to 1922 all glass bottles were imported into New Zealand, meaning there was a limited supply of bottles and companies often advertised in newspapers for more. Bottle shortages affected all businesses that sold bottled products, not just brewers, which led to companies bottling their product in whatever type of bottle they could get their hands on. In other parts of the country, ring seal and black beer bottles have been found with labels for ginger beer, lemonade, and lemon essence, although in Christchurch we’ve mostly only come across labels for alcoholic drinks.
A typical sight in a nineteenth century newspaper: an advertisement for a company wanting wine and beer bottles.
Some of the labelled ring seal and black beer bottles we’ve found to date in Christchurch: a Bass Ale (that had a message inside), a Crown Brewery, and a Treble London Stout. Image: J. Garland and C. Watson.
When we analyse these bottles, we look at several different attributes. Many of these focus on describing the physical appearance of the bottle – what colour it is, the shape of the different portions including the finish (top), the neck, the shoulder, the body and the base (who knew there were so many parts to a bottle), and which portions are present. Recording these allows us to see what variation exists within a bottle type, and (where possible) to link those variations to specific processes in the manufacture of the bottle.
Typical variation in black beer bottle finishes and bases. Looking at the bottle finishes we have a finish that tapers up on the left, a finish that is flat with a bead or collar below the flat section in the middle, and one that is curved with a skirt below the curved section on the right. The bases are a bit easier to see the differences. The one on the left has a conical profile whilst the one on the right is more domed and has a small pimple off-set from the centre. Image: C. Watson.
We also record how the bottle was manufactured. In the nineteenth century, manufacture of glass bottles was done by hand, with the glass-blower blowing the bottle into a mould. Different types of moulds were used, with each mould leaving different types of seams on the body of the mould. Black beer bottles were normally formed in single or three-piece dip moulds, whilst ring seals were either dip-moulded or turn-moulded. Occasionally they were made in a two-piece cup bottom mould, but this is less common. The types of moulds used by glass blowers changed over the nineteenth century, giving us an indication of when the bottle was likely made. If you’re interested in bottle manufacture, I definitely recommend checking out the SHA Website as it’s an absolute treasure trove of information.
Some of the many moulds used by nineteenth century glass makers. The glass was blown into the mould to form the body and base of the bottle, with the finish applied by hand (finishing the bottle- get it). Images taken from the SHA Website.
Finally, we record any embossing or labels on the bottle. When these are present, they can tell us either who made the bottle or what it likely contained. This in turn can help us to date when the bottle was likely manufactured. Unfortunately, paper labels don’t normally survive being in the ground for over a hundred years and we don’t find them that often. Embossing is more common, normally found on the base of black beer bottles.
Sometimes these marks are just a letter or a number, other times they’re a manufacturer’s initials. Two marks that turn up time and time again are those for Richard Cooper and Thomas Wood. Cooper and Wood were partners at the Portobello glass works in Scotland between 1859 and 1866. During that time the bases of their bottles were embossed with “COOPER & WOOD”. In 1866 the pair broke their partnership and divided the company and factory into two separate glass works. Cooper retained the larger portion of the glass works and operated under the name Richard Cooper and Co until 1895, when the firm became a limited company. Thomas Wood built a new glass works next to the old factories, remaining in business until 1920. Richard Cooper and Thomas Wood both continued to emboss the bases of their bottles using their surname and Portobello.
Cooper and Wood black beer bottle bases. The one on the left was made by Thomas Wood whilst the one on the right was made by Richard Cooper. Both were likely manufactured between 1866 and 1885 after the separate glass works were established. Image: C. Watson.
So there you have it, black beer and ring seal bottles. Not the most unusual or unique of artefacts but still interesting in their own right. And in many ways the fact that these bottles are so common is what makes them valuable, as they represent an everyday quintessential item of nineteenth century life.
One of my favourite photos from the nineteenth century. Entitled “Scandinavian picnic with beer bottles”, it looks like a lot more fun than any picnic I’ve ever been on. I can count at least 23 ring seal bottles in the photograph. From the looks of it they’re all quart sized meaning there’s about 20 litres of beer being or waiting to be drunk. Not bad for an afternoon’s effort. Image: Scandinavian picnic with beer bottles, Lowry Bay. Ref: 1/2-052226-F. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. /records/23033621.
Clara Watson
Bits and Bobs (again)
Posted on 1 March 2019 by Clara Watson
It’s been a while since we last did one of these, so here are some of our most interesting finds from the past six months.
I love this plate, but really, how could you not?! A Roman soldier on a rearing horse standing on a plinth, very majestic. The Latin phrase in the maker’s mark Vincit Veritas translates as Truth Conquers or Truth Prevails, very fitting for the image. This phrase was used by C. and J. Shaw in all their marks, although it’s not known if they were the manufacturers of the vessels, or if they were retailers who applied their own mark to the wares they bought and sold. The pair seem to have been operating roughly between 1841 and 1850, making this plate over 150 years old! Image: C. Watson
Black beer bottles are one of the most common artefacts we find on archaeological sites (I know I promised you interesting finds at the start of this post, but they look so nice all lined up in a row). Black beer is a generic term applied bottles of this style. We divide that into four sub-types: tall, small, large squat and small squat to differentiate between the different shapes and sizes. Whilst they might be called black beers that doesn’t mean they contained beer, these were used as general bottles for all types of alcohol and spirits, along with non-alcoholic beverages and sometimes even condiments and essences. Image: C. Watson.
It’s always exciting when we find multiple plates with the same pattern- leads us to wonder if people were cleaning out their china cabinet, and if so, why? These plates are decorated with the Columbia pattern which was a serial pattern produced by a variety of manufacturers, meaning there’s lots of variations to the design (Coysh and Henrywood 1982: 90). Common elements of this pattern are the shrine, the trees, a central river, distant mountains, and figures in the foreground. These plates were made by Davenport, and due to the “2.65” mark we know they were manufactured in February of 1865 (Gibson 2011: 61). Image: C. Watson.
This style of button, known as a trouser button in Britain and a suspender button in America, was used to fasten work shirts and trousers (Lindbergh 1999: 52). The buttons were made from a single sheet of copper alloy and often have an inscription running around the edge- like this one! Image: C. Watson.
I think I may just like images of bottles all lined up in a row, as none of these are overly unusual either. I guess that’s because so many of the artefacts we find are just fragments, meaning when we have complete or near complete objects it’s always exciting, even if we’ve found them complete before. Here we have a selection of various sauce and salad oil bottles, my favourite is the one in the middle. Image: C. Watson.
How idyllic does the farmhouse depicted on this cup and saucer look. It seems very quaint and summery, possibly the perfect destination for a weekend getaway. Unfortunately, we don’t know who made the cup and saucer, or what the pattern is called, so I’m unable to offer any real commentary other than isn’t it lovely. Image: C. Watson.
This artefact is cool, even if I have absolutely no idea what it is. It’s made from leather and is folded into a roughly cuboid shape, although a crease running diagonally along the front face suggests it might once have been ovoid. There’s no stitching at all, although one side is open so there may have been and it’s worn away. But the thing that makes this artefact so interesting is the small wooden sphere which sits perfectly inside the hole- blocking it. Based on that, the running theory is that it was potentially some type of water bag or storage bag, but we’re really not that sure. The fun and games of finding weird objects! Image: C. Watson.
I assumed this pot lid was going to be for toothpaste when it first appeared on my desk. I was wrong. It actually held anchovy paste, which sounds absolutely revolting. When complete the pot lid would have read “REAL GORGONA/ ANCHOVY PASTE/ SO/ HIGHLY APPROVED OF/ FOR TOAST SANDWICHES &c”. I can certainly think of nicer things to put in a sandwich! Whilst there’s no brand name included on the lid it was most likely made by John Burgess who sold imported luxury foods, including anchovies that were caught by fishing boats off Leghorn, from 1760 onwards. Image: C. Watson.
If you’re into makeup then the brand Rimmel is probably familiar. Believe it or not the company was founded all the way back in 1834 by Eugene Rimmel and his son. Eugene Rimmel was a perfumer and we find these Rimmel perfume bottles relatively often, suggesting the brand was popular even back in the nineteenth century. Image: C. Watson.
Once again, I don’t know the maker of this bowl, or the pattern name. I just think it’s pretty. Image: C. Watson.
Coysh, A., & Henrywood, R. 1982. The Dictionary of Blue and White Printed Pottery 1780-1880. Michigan: Antique Collectors’ Club, 1982.
Gibson, E. 2011. Ceramic Makers’ Marks. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press.
Lindbergh, J. 1999. Buttoning Down Archaeology. Australasian Historical Archaeology, 17, 50–57.
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« Cecil Woolf obituary in The Times
Flowers, reading, writing, quoting, and more on #DallowayDay »
Funeral, memorial service planned for Cecil Woolf
Tuesday 18 June 2019 by Paula Maggio
Cecil Woolf and Jean Moorcroft Wilson at their home in London, June 2017.
The funeral of Cecil Woolf, who died June 10, will be held at Golders Green Crematorium, 62 Hoop Lane, NW11 7NL, on Monday 24 June at 3 p.m.
Golders Green Tube station is a 10-minute walk away. Parking is available both at the crematorium and after 10 a.m. on Hoop Lane.
A memorial service will also be held in late September or early October, but details have not yet been set.
Cecil Woolf, the oldest living relative of Virginia Woolf, was renowned by the Woolf community. Some tributes to his legacy have occurred; others are planned.
O outro garoto na Hogarth Press: homenagem a Cecil Woolf
Dedication of the Virginia Woolf Society of Great Britain’s Dalloway Day events at Waterstones Gower Street to Cecil Woolf.
A special section devoted to Cecil Woolf will be included in an upcoming issue of the International Virginia Woolf Society’s Miscellany. A call for papers will be sent soon.
The next issue of the Virginia Woolf Society of Great Britain’s Bulletin will be dedicated to Cecil Woolf.
Obituary notices
Cecil Woolf’s official obituary was published in The Times on June 15. Photos of the print story are available.
Cecil Woolf’s wife, Jean Moorcroft Wilson, also wrote an obituary that ran in the Camden News Journal. We reprint it below, with thanks to the family for sharing it.
Cecil James Sidney Woolf (20 February 1927-10 June 2019)
Cecil Woolf, the nephew of Leonard and Virginia Woolf, has died aged 92, the last person alive to have known Virginia personally; he was 14 when she committed suicide. But he was equally proud of Leonard, who died when Cecil was 42 and whose London house he shared for nearly a decade. He himself observed of Leonard, ‘How does one sum up a person as many-sided as that?’, a remark equally applicable to his multi-talented nephew, who was a man of many parts. As his schooldays at Stowe revealed, Cecil had an exceptional mind, not only taking the equivalent of A-levels a year early, for example, but also gaining the top mark in the whole country in the English Literature paper. But instead of going on to a top university, as expected, he enlisted in the army at the age of sixteen. Entering as a private in the tank regiment in 1943, he was quickly promoted to the rank of captain for his undoubted ability, fighting in the tail-end of the Second World War in Italy, where he learnt to speak fluent Italian – ‘it’s so like Latin’, he would explain modestly – and Palestine. Italy, Venice in particular, became for him the ‘great good place’.
After demobilization in 1947, Cecil joined the stockbroking firm of Woolf, Christie founded by two of his childless uncles, who wanted him to carry on the family business. Though he rapidly mastered the various branches of the trade, he left after only a few years to start his own antiquarian book business, happily forfeiting the guaranteed money and security of the Stock Exchange for the challenges and independence he anticipated as a free-lance writer and bookseller. It was typical of this fiercely independent man that, although Virginia Woolf was becoming recognized as one of Britain’s greatest novelists by the nineteen-fifties and -sixties, he never traded on his relationship to her, and remained modest and unassuming almost to a fault. Likewise, though he had grown up in a house built by Cardinal Wolsey on James de Rothschild’s Waddesdon Estate and was directly related to James through James’s wife Dorothy, he never boasted of the fact or used it to his advantage. And he never tried for popular fame, though he was gifted enough to do so; he preferred a less obvious route. As a writer his bibliographies of Norman Douglas and Baron Corvo and his editions of Corvo’s novels, poems and letters are models of their kind.
Then in nineteen sixty, Cecil founded his own publishing house, inspired undoubtedly by the example of Leonard Woolf, whom he had helped at the Hogarth Press from an early age. His encouragement of young writers, like Leonard’s, became legendary. Drew Shannon was one of many grateful authors who treasured Cecil’s help, while at the same time becoming a good friend:
I think every Woolfian who met Cecil spent the first bit of time in his presence overcoming the fact that he KNEW VIRGINIA WOOLF. But happily this was really the least of it, at least for me, and I quickly began to love the man for himself: for his wit, his charm, his ceaseless energy, his tack-sharp mind, his kindness and consideration. And, underneath his charm, there was his biting wit. I will forever cherish the occasional whispered remark in my ear at many an event, remarks calculated to make me giggle and which required whatever poise I possess to keep myself straight-faced. And what might’ve seemed like name-dropping to the outsider was simply a catalog of his friendships and acquaintances. He’d say, “Jean, what year was it that we had Edward Heath over for dinner?” (Yes, that Edward Heath.) Or, “I bumped into Quentin Crisp in Regent’s Park, and he said…” Or, “T. S. Eliot once said to me…” And his priceless anecdote about Duncan Grant, looking long-haired and shaggy in the 1960s, wandering around Piccadilly; when questioned by Cecil about his appearance, Duncan spacily replied, “Well…my barber died.”
After Cecil’s first marriage ended in the late sixties, he began a relationship with Jean Moorcroft Wilson, who became his second wife and partner in the publishing business. Together over a period of fifty years they explored their shared and separate interests, Cecil’s obsession with the novelist John Cowper Powys inspiring the John Cowper Powys monographs, Jean’s fascination with the First World War poets, on whom (encouraged by Cecil) she would write a number of biographies, giving rise to their War Poets’ series and their joint admiration for Leonard and Virginia Woolf spawning their Bloomsbury heritage titles, always eagerly awaited at annual Virginia Woolf Conferences in America and England. Together they would edit two highly topical books,Authors Takes Sides on the Falklands and Authors Take Sides on the Gulf and Iraq. Cecil’s meticulous attention to detail ensured books of the highest quality in both content and appearance. He was running Cecil Woolf Publishers with Jean’s help until shortly before his death.
Moving to Camden Town in 1979, Cecil became a familiar figure walking along the High Street in his tweed jacket and corduroys. His burning sense of justice led him to fight long and hard for a number of causes, including the extradition of a local shopkeeper. (This prompted a letter from the Home Secretary but sadly failed to save the shopkeeper.) And he and Jean organized an exhausting but ultimately successful campaign to reopen Mornington Crescent tube station when it was threatened with closure.(At the reopening ceremony, hosted by Humphry Lyttelton, chair of ‘I’m Sorry I Haven’t a Clue’, Cecil was mistaken for Lyttelton, whom he slightly resembled.) Coming late to fatherhood at 47, Cecil was as closely involved in the care and upbringing of their five children, Kate, Philip, Emma, Alice and Trim , as any father could be, introducing them to wonderful books on his nightly readings to them and leaving them with a passionate love of literature and ideas. They were all devoted to him.
Cecil was a man who chose his words very carefully and every one of them counted. And although he thrived in the world of ideas, he was enormously practical: when he and Jean eventually found the ‘little ruin’ in France they had been searching for at the extremely modest price they could afford, it was Cecil who plumbed and wired it, Jean acting as plumber’s and electrician’s mate. Anything, he believed, was possible if you could find the right book to advise you. A man of striking contradictions, he was at the some time one of the most serious yet most humorous and witty people imaginable. Though stubborn, even at time pugnacious in a cause he believed in, he was also conspicuously kind, very gentle and always polite and considerate. An essentially private, rather shy man in his younger years, he took to public speaking in later life with surprising enjoyment. He talked with increasing pleasure of his early memories of staying with Leonard and Virginia Woolf at Monk’s House, Rodmell, or at Tavistock Square, their last house in Bloomsbury, where he helped them pack books for the Hogarth Press orders in the basement.
It is not for his memories of a literary icon only that Cecil will be remembered by his family and friends, however, or even for his wonderful books, but for his originality as a person, his creativeness, his brilliance, his generosity, his kindness and his essential humanity.
Jean Moorcroft Wilson and Cecil Woolf on stage at the 2016 Annual International Conference on Virginia Woolf at Leeds Trinity University.
Posted in Cecil Woolf, Cecil Woolf Publishers, in memoriam | Tagged Cecil Woolf, Cecil Woolf Publishers, in memoriam, Jean Moorcroft Wilson, Virginia Woolf | Leave a Comment
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Four Degrees | Has climate change changed in the media?
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Has climate change changed in the media?
Marion Ferrat January 14, 2014 Climate change, Science communication 1 Comment
Whether in a concerned, neutral, alarmist or sceptical tone, climate change is often reported in the media. But has the press approached this subject differently over the years? Marion Ferrat takes a look at the UK press coverage of the last two IPCC reports and investigates how the treatment of climate change has changed in British newspapers.
Glaciers outside of Ammassalik in Greenland – Source: Christine Zenino, Wikimedia Commons.
Last week, polling expert Leo Barasi posted the results of a very interesting study in his public opinion blog Noise of the Crowd. Following the waves of flooding that have hit the UK – and been at the centre of the UK press coverage – for the past month, he analysed the trends in flooding stories in the newspapers since 2005. He found that the number of news articles about flooding that also mentioned climate change dropped from 25% in 2009 to 11% last year.
This result reflects a broader trend in the public perception of climate change. Since the 2009 Copenhagen climate change conference, there has been a decrease in the number of people believing in human impacts on climate, and a rise in climate change scepticism.
One of the triggers of this change was the unfortunate email hacking incident at the University of East Anglia, commonly referred to as Climategate. In November 2009, over 1000 private emails between scientists of the Climatic Research Unit were stolen and released online. Some of these emails were interpreted as scientists hiding data in a bid to convince the world of the dangers of global warming. The controversy took the internet by storm and, although a careful investigation later showed that the scientists had not behaved in an untrustworthy way or manipulated any data, the damage was done.
The London Times, 6 July 1863 – Source: Wikimedia Commons.
After the release of the last IPCC report in September 2013, I carried out a similar analysis of climate change coverage in the UK press. I compared the press coverage of this fifth Assessment Report (AR 5) with that of the previous report (AR 4) in February 2007. Using a newspaper database called Factiva, I read all the news articles published in eight UK daily newspapers during the week of the two reports’ release1. Here is what I found.
News coverage of IPCC AR 4 and AR 5
The 5th Assessment Report (2013) saw less coverage than the 4th Assessment Report (2007), with 22 and 33 articles, respectively. The majority were published in The Times, The Guardian, The Independent and The Daily Telegraph. Over 80% of the news stories were covered by specialist science or environmental correspondents in 2013, against 48% in 2007.
What type of climate change?
I was interested in what was actually being reported in the press. Were journalists more concerned by air temperatures or ocean warming, or perhaps extreme events?
In 2007 and 2013, all newspapers talked about changes in temperature (64% in both years). Discussions of changes in sea level increased from 36% to 45% in 2007 and 2013, respectively, and climate extremes from 15 to 27%.
Coverage mentioning the oceans trebled from 9% in 2007 to 27% in 2013. This is interesting given the controversy surrounding the so-called “warming hiatus”. Global atmospheric temperatures have been relatively stable since 1998, and climate sceptics argue this is evidence that CO2 emissions do not dangerously affect temperatures. Scientists have suggested that the oceans have a complex role to play in modulating atmospheric temperatures.
But the most obvious change was the number of articles mentioning climate models. Despite being a central component of scientific results in both reports, references to models in the press were made in only 9% of the 2007 articles against 45% in 2013.
From scared to sceptical: a changing tone
In 2007, 42% of the articles across all news outlets but The Daily Mirror described the report as bleak, sobering, gloomy, frightening, grim, stark or terrifying. These adjectives were absent from the 2013 coverage, which rather used more neutral words such as most comprehensive, most authoritative or making the most overwhelming case (27% of the articles).
One big difference was the number of direct references to climate change scepticism or denial, which doubled from 30% in 2007 to 59% in 2013.
From cataclysm to careful concern in Britain
Newspapers such as The Daily Express, Daily Mail and The Sun were most concerned with consequences of climate change in Britain. Interestingly, these concerns were different in 2007 and 2013. The references were very sensationalist in 2007, with reports in The Daily Express, The Daily Mirror and The Sun that climate change “would devastate Britain”, which would face “disasters similar to the devastation […] caused by Hurricane Katrina”. They were more moderate in 2013, referring only to Britain likely experiencing “wetter winters and drier summers”.
Says who?
Quotes are an important part of a news article. They give weight to particular aspects of a story and enable journalists to convey opinions whilst maintaining the objectivity of their reporting.
In 2007, 39% of all articles contained quotes from scientists, rising to 55% in 2013. The percentage of articles containing quotes from politicians also rose from 36% to 41%. Most quoted politicians in each case were the Environment Secretary David Miliband (2007) and the Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change Ed Davey (2013), both stressing the importance of climate change mitigation.
The largest change can be seen in the percentage of articles including quotes from climate change sceptics, which increased from 6% in 2007 to 27% in 2013.
Overall, the coverage of both IPCC reports was factual, detailed and accurate across all newspapers studied. The 5th Assessment Report saw less coverage than AR 4, suggesting a general dip in public interest in climate change. One interesting point was the discrepancy between the articles’ content and their titles in tabloid papers. Although the articles themselves were generally quite neutral, their titles voiced a much more pronounced scepticism. Given that most people would first and foremost read and remember an article’s title, their wording can have an important impact on public opinion.
The tone of the 2013 coverage was both less sensationalist (e.g. minimal use of words such as stark and terrifying) and more likely to include mentions of- and quotes by climate change sceptics.
In terms of scientific content, the main difference was the inclusion of the concept of climate models and their limitations and strengths in the 2013 press coverage (in 45% of articles against only 9% in 2007). This is possibly also in response to the ‘warming hiatus’, rather than because climate models have been a larger part of AR 5.
The political nature of the climate change debate was seen in the coverage of both IPCC reports, with over one third of the articles quoting politicians in both years.
The biggest difference was the much larger place given to climate change sceptics in the news coverage, nearly doubling from 30% in 2007 to 59% in 2013. Despite the increased certainty of the IPCC results from AR 4 to AR 5 (moving from 90% to 95% certainty that humans are influencing climate), it is clear that there is more room in the media today for uncertainty and climate change scepticism.
1This study covered the release of the Working Group 1 reports. News articles were selected from the News sections only, by searching for the terms climate change and either IPCC or Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
climate climate change climate model IPCC
By Marion Ferrat
Marion is a postdoctoral researcher at Imperial College London, embarking on a science communication career and about to start an MSc in Science Communication. She holds a PhD in Paleoclimatology and Environmental Geochemistry and has worked in China as a climate modeller. She is particularly interested in climate change research and environmental policy. Tweets as @mle_marion.
Four degrees: Discussions on climate change, policy, environmental geochemistry and sustainability
What’s Geology got to do with it? 1 – The Maya civilisation
Citizen science: how can we all contribute to the climate discussion?
Climate and Policy Roundup – January 2014
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Four Degrees explores issues in environmental geoscience published in the scientific literature, discussed in the political chamber and found in the media, and examines policy themes from an inter-disciplinary perspective. Flo Bullough and Marion Ferrat discuss four degrees of geoscience: environmental geochemistry, climate change, policy and sustainability; and bring together ideas and concepts from these fields at the interface between science and society.
Rocks in the right place at the right time…
Geology and the Autumn Statement
Looking to the past to see into the future
What’s geology got to do with it? 5 – Scottish Independence Referendum
What’s geology got to do with it? 4 – Tennis!
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Header image by Christian Mehlführer via Wikimedia Commons
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WE Blog @ AABANY
Official blog of the Asian American Bar Association of New York
About AABANY
Tag: kansas city
Posted on February 3, 2014 December 4, 2018
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On Thursday, January 30, the AABANY Re-enactment Team performed “22 Lewd Chinese Women: Chy Lung v. Freeman” at Cadwalader in New York City. Because not all the cast members who were part of the original production in Kansas City at the NAPABA National Convention were available, we welcomed John Bajit, Yasu Saito, Janicelynn Asamoto and the Hon. Kiyo Matsumoto to the New York staging. More than 250 people registered to attend this event, which played to a full house. After the performance, the audience engaged in a lively Q&A, followed by a reception. Thanks to everyone who came out to see the re-enactment!
From the MCCA’s Diversity & the Bar: BU40
The National Asian Pacific Bar Association (NAPABA) celebrated its 25th Annual Convention in Kansas City, MO, last November. The four-day convention was themed Momentum to celebrate the continuing growth and progress in the Asian Pacific American (APA) legal community, and brought more than 1,200 attendees to the show-me state. Among awards given out at the annual convention is the highly coveted NAPABA Best Lawyers Under 40 (BU40) Award. MCCA’s bi-monthly publication, Diversity & the Bar, profiled these award recipients, including AABANY members and leaders, Mike Huang, Michael Park and Asim Rehman, in the January/February 2014 issue. Read more here.
News from NAPABA: 25th Annual Convention Follow-up
Thank you to everyone who attended 25th Annual NAPABA Convention in Kansas City, MO. Without sponsors and members like you, we could not continue to serve as the national voice for the Asian Pacific American (APA) legal profession and to promote justice, equity, and opportunity for the APA community. We truly appreciate your commitment to NAPABA and to diversity in the legal profession.
Please take a few moments to read these convention updates:
Survey: Your feedback is very important to us. Click here to take our convention survey and you may be eligible to receive an iPad mini!
CLE Credits: Click here to confirm your bar number, jurisdiction, sessions attended, and to download your certificate(s) of attendance. Please note that approval is still pending in New Hampshire and Virginia. Kansas attorneys must submit an affidavit to the Kansas Continuing Legal Education Commission. The form is available on our online CLE site. If you have any questions, please email mrobinson@napaba.org.
Attendee List: Click here for a list of the 2013 Convention attendees.
Photos: Conventions photos have been posted online on NAPABA’s Facebook Page.
I look forward to continuing our relationship as we plan our 26th Annual NAPABA Convention, which will be held on November 6-9, 2014, at the Westin Kierland Resort & Spa in Phoenix/Scottsdale, Arizona. Stay tuned for information about how you can get involved in the 2014 Annual Convention.
I wish you and yours a wonderful holiday season and a very prosperous 2014!
Tina Matsuoka
St. John’s Law Team Achieves at Thomas Tang National Moot Court Competition
On November 8, 2013, Jonathan Yi ‘14 and Lawson Huynh ’16 competed for St. John’s Law at the annual Thomas Tang National Moot Court Competition in Kansas City, Missouri. Coached by Alison Bomba ’14, the team advanced to the quarterfinals and earned second best brief. Lawson was also named second best oralist.
Click on the link in the title to read the full article. Congrats to the St. John team!
NAPABA PRESS RELEASE: NAPABA BESTOWS SPECIAL HONORS AT 25TH ANNUAL CONVENTION
National Asian Pacific American Bar Association
1612 K Street NW, Suite 1400
Contact: Azizah Ahmad
NAPABA BESTOWS SPECIAL HONORS AT 25TH ANNUAL CONVENTION
WASHINGTON — The National Asian Pacific American Bar Association (NAPABA) honored individual and law firm recipients of its annual awards at its 25th Annual Convention in Kansas City, MO, on Nov. 7-10, 2013. The awards bestowed were the Senator Daniel K. Inouye NAPABA Trailblazer Award, Best Lawyers Under 40 Award, President’s Award, Women’s Leadership Award, Affiliate of the Year, APA-Owned Law Firm of the Year, and Law Firm Diversity Award.
The Trailblazer Award, which is NAPABA’s highest honor, recognizes individuals who have demonstrated vision, courage, and tenacity, and who have made substantial and lasting contributions to the Asian Pacific American (APA) legal profession, as well as to the broader APA community. On Friday, November 8, 2013, NAPABA held a special ceremony to rename the Trailblazer Award in honor of the late Senator Daniel K. Inouye and presented the 2013 Senator Daniel K. Inouye NAPABA Trailblazer Award to the following recipients:
Hon. Daniel K. Inouye, U.S. Senator (posthumously awarded)
Lowell Chun-Hoon, Partner, King, Nakamura & Chun-Hoon
Hon. Lynn R. Nakamoto, Judge, Oregon Court of Appeals
Hon. Maryka Omatsu, Justice, Ontario Court of Justice, Canada
Brian A. Sun, Partner, Jones Day
Hon. John M. Tran, Judge, Circuit Court of Fairfax County, VA
The 2013 Best Lawyers Under 40 Awards were presented at NAPABA’s Anniversary Gala and Celebration Dinner on November 9, 2013. This award recognizes talented APA attorneys under the age of 40 who have achieved prominence in the practice of law while demonstrating an unwavering dedication to the APA community. NAPABA proudly announces the 2013 Best Lawyers Under 40 Award recipients:
Jason J. DeJonker, Seyfarth Shaw LLP
Sandra S. Fujiyama, Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati
Albert Giang, Caldwell Leslie & Proctor, PC
Mike F. Huang, Boies, Schiller & Flexner LLP
Jin Y. Hwang, Verizon Enterprise Solutions
Christopher C. Javillonar, Bryan Cave LLP
Christopher D. Kang, Office of the White House Counsel
Winifred V. Kao, Asian Americans Advancing Justice | Asian Law Caucus
Eugene Kim, Gresham Savage Nolan & Tilden
Edward C. Lee, Aetna Inc.
John Park, Waller Lansden Dortch & Davis LLP
Michael H. Park, Dechert LLP
Rudhir Patel, Apple Inc.
Smeeta Ramarathnam, U.S. Securities & Exchange Commission
Steven Y. Reeves, Faegre Baker Daniels, LLP
Asim Rehman, MetLife
Betty Song, Asian Americans Advancing Justice | Los Angeles
Sanya Sukduang, Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow, Garrett & Dunner, LLP
David J. Tsai, Perkins Coie LLP
Rocky C. Tsai, Ropes & Gray LLP
NAPABA Past President Paul O. Hirose was honored with the 2013 President’s Award for his continued dedication to NAPABA and the broader APA community, and, in particular, for his work in fighting human trafficking.
This year, J. Weili Cheng, Senior Vice President and Deputy General Counsel of The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company, LLC, was awarded the 2013 Women’s Leadership Award for her significant contributions to the advancement of women in the legal profession.
The 2013 Affiliate of the Year Award was presented to the Asian American Lawyers Association of Massachusetts. This award was established to recognize outstanding local NAPABA affiliates and their best practices and accomplishments in their respective local communities.
The 2013 Law Firm Diversity Award honors law firms that recruit and retain APA lawyers and promote them to equity partnership and firm leadership. The award celebrates law firm successes in recognizing the potential, supporting the promise, and raising the influence of APA lawyers. The recipients of the inaugural Law Firm Diversity Award were:
Bird, Marella, Boxer, Wolpert, Nessim, Drooks & Lincenberg, P.C.
Lim Ruger
Last year, NAPABA established the APA-Owned Law Firm of the Year Award to recognize law firms that have achieved prominence and distinction in the legal profession while advancing the goals and ideals of NAPABA and APA legal advocacy groups. The award celebrates law practices that embrace the APA community while maintaining the highest ethical and legal standards in our profession. The 2013 APA-Owned Law Firm of the Year Award was presented to Kobre & Kim LLP.
The National Asian Pacific American Bar Association (NAPABA) is the national association of Asian Pacific American attorneys, judges, law professors, and law students. NAPABA represents the interests of over 40,000 attorneys and 67 national, state, and local Asian Pacific American bar associations. Its members include solo practitioners, large firm lawyers, corporate counsel, legal service and non-profit attorneys, and lawyers serving at all levels of government. NAPABA continues to be a leader in addressing civil rights issues confronting Asian Pacific American communities. Through its national network of committees and affiliates, NAPABA provides a strong voice for increased diversity of the federal and state judiciaries, advocates for equal opportunity in the workplace, works to eliminate hate crimes and anti-immigrant sentiment, and promotes the professional development of people of color in the legal profession.
NAPABA PRESS RELEASE: NAPABA CELEBRATES 25 YEARS OF LEADERSHIP IN THE LEGAL PROFESSION
NAPABA CELEBRATES 25 YEARS OF LEADERSHIP IN THE LEGAL PROFESSION
WASHINGTON — Over 1,200 Asian Pacific American (APA) judges, attorneys, law professors, and law students attended the National Asian Pacific American Bar Association (NAPABA) 25th Annual Convention in Kansas City, MO, from November 7-10, 2013. The Annual Convention’s MOmentum theme highlighted and celebrated the monumental achievements of APA attorneys over the past 25 years at the highest levels of the legal profession while also encouraging attendees to collaborate for future progress and successes.
The four-day convention included an annual International Law Symposium, Pro Bono & Public Interest Summit, and over 50 panels and plenaries with some of the brightest minds in the legal profession. Special events included a lunch plenary with special guests Senator Mazie Hirono (D-HI) and Representative Colleen Hanabusa (D-HI), who talked about their experiences as APA women in Congress. The Convention’s sold-out annual basketball tournament tested the talents of attorneys and law students against the Benchwarmers—an all-star line-up of APA judicial luminaries, including Judge Denny Chin of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and Justice Goodwin Liu of the California Supreme Court.
The Honorable Sri Srinivasan of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit gave the keynote address during the 25th Anniversary Gala and Installation Dinner on Saturday, November 9, 2013. During the Gala, Judge Alok Ahuja of the Missouri Court of Appeals, Western District swore in the following members of the 2013-2014 NAPABA Board of Governors:
President: William J. Simonitsch, Partner, K&L Gates LLP
President-Elect: George C. Chen, Partner, Bryan Cave LLP
Vice President for Communications: Cyndie M. Chang, Partner, Duane Morris LLP
Vice President for Finance & Development: Alexander M. Lee, Principal, Law Offices of Alexander M. Lee
Vice President for Membership: Brad Yamauchi, Partner, Minami Tamaki LLP
Vice President for Programs and Operations: Jin Y. Hwang, Assistant General Counsel, Verizon Enterprise Solutions
Secretary: Tacie Yoon, Associate, Crowell & Moring LLP
Treasurer: Pankit J. Doshi, Associate, Sheppard Mullin Richter & Hampton LLP
Immediate Past President: Wendy C. Shiba, retired (former Executive VP, General Counsel & Secretary, KB Home)
Regional Governors
Central Region: David S. Kim, Attorney, Armstrong Teasdale LLP
Northeast Region: Judy H. Kim, Associate Counsel, New York Liquidation Bureau
Northeast Region: Sophia Lee, Chief Counsel – Litigation, Sunoco, Inc.
Northwest Region: Trung D. Tu, Partner, McEwen Gisvold LLP
Southeast Region: John Truong, Assistant U.S. Attorney, U.S. Attorney’s Office, District of Columbia
Southwest Region: Eileen Sullivan, Principal, Sullivan Law Firm, PC
Northern California Region: Quyen Ta, Partner, Keker & Van Nest LLP
Eastern California/Nevada Region: Marlo Nisperos, Deputy District Attorney, Solano County District Attorney Office
Central California Region: Audra Mori, Partner, Perkins Coie
Southern California Region: Lloyd S. Costales, Partner, Page, Lobo, Costales & Preston, A.P.C.
At-Large Members
Curtis Hom, Principal, Innova Legal Group, PLLC
Steven Y. Reeves, Partner, Faegre Baker Daniels LLP
Janet Shih Hajek, Of Counsel, Holland & Hart LLP
Marla Tun Reschly, Of Counsel, Kirkland & Ellis LLP
Please join us next year in Phoenix/Scottsdale, AZ, from November 6-9, 2014, for the 26th Annual NAPABA Convention, Convergence.
AABANY turned out in force for the 25th annual NAPABA National Convention in Kansas City, Missouri.
Among the highlights was the highly popular trial re-enactment “22 Lewd Chinese Women: Chy Lung v. Freeman,” led by Hon. Denny Chin and Kathy Hirata Chin, with a cast that included AABANY members Vince Chang, Yang Chen, Theo Cheng, Francis Chin, Andy Hahn, Lauren U.Y. Lee, Linda Lin, Anna R. Mercado, Vinoo Varghese, Ona T. Wang, and Jessica C. Wong.
Other speakers from AABANY during the convention included: Hon. Pamela K.M. Chen, James R. Cho, Hon. Doris Ling-Cohan, Don Liu, Hugh H. Mo, Chul Pak, Sapna Palla, Helen Wan, Michael Wu, Pauline Yeung-Ha, Michael Yim and James Yu.
AABANY congratulates its Best Under 40 Award Recipients, Mike Huang, Michael Park and Asim Rehman.
All the attendees enjoyed terrific program offerings, well-attended social events, sightseeing excursions, re-connecting with old friends, making new ones, and plenty of barbeque.
Next year’s convention will be held in Scottsdale, Arizona, Nov. 6-9, 2014.
Posted on November 9, 2013 December 4, 2018
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NPR’s Weekend Edition ran a story on Saturday, Nov. 9, about AABANY’s latest trial re-enactment, “22 Lewd Chinese Women,” which premiered at the NAPABA National Convention in Kansas City, MO, on Nov. 8. The online version of the story contains videos of other re-enactments at http://bit.ly/22lcw
NCVAA Dinner at NAPABA Convention Kansas City
Invites you to:
Dinner at Maker’s Mark Bourbon House & Lounge
For those of you who will be attending the NAPABA Convention in Kansas City, please join us on Friday, November 8th, at Maker’s Mark Bourbon House & Lounge. Details are as follows:
Maker’s Mark Bourbon House & Lounge
http://www.makersmarkrestaurant.com/
8:00 p.m. (after Trailblazer Reception)
Approximately $20-25 per person (people will pay individually after dinner)
RSVP to Catherine Than at cthan@aol.com or Hoang Quan Vu at hvu@gardere.com by November 5, 2013. Guests are also invited.
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Email: main@aabany.org
Phone/Fax: +1 (718) 228-7206
This is the blog for the Asian American Bar Association of New York (AABANY). The views expressed by the authors of any particular blog entry are those of the authors only and may not reflect the views of AABANY. The inclusion of any link or re-blog of any post does not imply any endorsement of any views expressed in such post. Nothing on this blog should be construed to be legal advice.
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February 19, 2019 / 12:34 PM / a year ago
Hair Force Un: Vietnamese barber marks summit with free Trump-Kim haircuts
Mai Nguyen
HANOI (Reuters) - For those who like to push the cutting edge of style, two of the world’s most talked-about haircuts are now available for free, in Vietnam.
In honor of an upcoming summit between U.S. President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong Un on Feb. 27-28, a Hanoi barber is offering free haircuts to anyone wanting to copy their distinctive locks.
“I feel happy with this haircut because people will think I look like the leader of North Korea,” said nine-year-old To Gia Huy, whose hair had been moulded to perfectly match the slicked-back top and shaved sides of Kim’s unique coiffure.
Tuan Duong Beauty Academy is running the promotion to Feb. 28 as thousands of officials and journalists descend on the Vietnamese capital for the second summit between Trump and Kim since their historic first meeting in Singapore last June.
“I was doing this for fun only but was surprised at how people have responded,” said Le Tuan Duong, who owns the salon.
“I love peace. I hate war so much. So many people in my family have died, so I support this summit very much,” said Duong, who lost two of his uncles during the Vietnam War.
Le Phuc Hai, 66, said he was relaxing by a nearby lake when Duong asked if he would like to get his hair cut, and dyed, like Trump’s.
Hai agreed, out of curiosity.
“I’m not afraid of this bright orange hair color because after this promotional campaign, the hair salon owner said he would return my hair to normal,” Hai said.
“I like Donald Trump’s haircut. It looks great and it fits my age,” said Hai.
Although warmly welcomed by some, publicity stunts at the expense of the North Korean leadership have the potential to get hairy.
North Korea is very sensitive about anything that could be construed as an insult to the dignity of its “supreme leadership”, a phrase it uses to refer to the ruling Kim family.
In 2014, officials from the North Korean embassy in London complained to a barber who had used the phrase “Bad Hair Day?” under a photograph of the portly Kim to offer discounts on haircuts.
Huy, the nine-year-old Kim lookalike, said he was happy with his haircut though none of his schoolmates would be able to pull off the look.
“No one in my class is as fat as me,” Huy said.
Reporting by Mai Nguyen; Writing by James Pearson; Editing by Robert Birsel
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From Farm to Healthy Body: A Sustainable Model for the Planet and the Individual
October 19, 2019 @ 9:30 am - 3:00 pm
« Alpha Phifa
University of Maine Museum of Art Exhibitions »
The Maine Chapter of the Fulbright Association will host an event titled, “From Farm to Healthy Body: A Sustainable Model for the Planet and the Individual.” The objectives of this event are to improve awareness of how and why practices, conditions and behaviors involved in planting, growing, harvesting, transporting and processing food have, for better or worse, a huge impact on human health.
This event is free; however, space is limited. Attendees who plan to have lunch should RSVP to Dorothy Klimis-Zacas at dorothea@maine.edu no later than Oct. 7.
RSVP by responding to the questions below:
Do you plan to attend the event?
Do you plan to attend the lunch?
If you are bringing a guest, kindly note how many.
Do you or your guest have any dietary restrictions? If yes, describe — vegetarian; vegan; gluten-free; lactose-free; sugar-free; other?
If you need a reasonable accommodation, contact Dorothy Klimis-Zacas at 581.3124 or email dorothea@maine.edu by Oct. 7. If requests are received after this date, we may not have sufficient time to make necessary arrangements.
9:30 a.m. Registration, coffee, networking
10 a.m. Welcome
Faye Gilbert, Executive Vice President for Academic Affairs and Provost
Elaine Potoker, President, Maine Chapter, Fulbright Association
10:15 a.m. Overview and Introduction
Dorothy Klimis-Zacas, Professor of Clinical Nutrition, University of Maine Board Member, Maine Chapter, Fulbright Association
In addition to her role at the University of Maine, Dr. Klimis-Zacas is a collaborating professor at the University of Milan (DeFENs), Italy and Harokopio University of Nutrition and Dietetics, Athens, Greece. She is a Fulbright Fellow and a member of the Fulbright Board, Maine Chapter. She teaches and researches during the role of nutrients and food bioactive constituents on human health and chronic disease.
10:30–11:10 a.m. Local Food Systems, Sustainability and Human Health*
Sarah Alexander, Executive Director, Maine Organic Farmers, Gardeners Association (MOFGA)
Sarah Alexander began working as MOFGA’s executive director on August 13, 2018. She has over 15 years of experience advocating for sustainable, local and fair food systems.
11:15–11:55 a.m. Soil Management for Healthy Food and a Healthy Planet*
John Jemison, Soil and Water Quality Specialist, Special Project Administrator for Scholarship and Research, University of Maine Cooperative Extension
Dr. Jemison develops and delivers educational programs designed to encourage growers and homeowners to implement practices to improve soils and protect surface and ground water supplies. His research program focuses on soil management strategies to improve soil health, reduce risk to water quality, and boost local food production.
Noon–1:15 p.m. Luncheon
1:15–1:55 p.m. How do Post-Harvesting and Processing Methods Influence Food Safety?*
Balu Nayak, Associate Professor of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Maine
Dr. Nayak is an expert in sustainable food processing and engineering and has been extensively investigating the development of sustainable processes and product approaches for high value- added aquaculture seaweed products. He is the director of Food Processing and Engineering Laboratory at the School of Food and Agriculture at UMaine.
2–2:40 p.m. Breeding Cold Hardy Leafy Green Vegetables for Winter Production in Colder Temperate Climates*
John Navazio, Leafy Greens and Root Crops Breeder, Johnny’s Selected Seeds, Albion, Maine
He has spent the past 20 years as both a commercial plant breeder and teaching plant breeding at the College level. He is co-founder of the non-profit advocacy organization, the Organic Seed Alliance, in Port Townsend, Washington.
2:40–2:50 p.m. Summary
*All presentations will include 10 minutes for questions and open discussion.
This program has been made possible by support from the U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs, and by the President’s Office at the University of Maine and the UMaine School of Food and Agriculture.
Lectures & Seminars, Natural Sciences, Forestry, and Agriculture
Wells Conference Center
Orono, ME 04469 United States
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Tag Archives: political activism
“HOME/SICK” – a play by CWW Instructor Stephen Aubrey & the Assembly debuts in Los Angeles tonight!
Posted on June 9, 2016 by cwwboard
Cambridge Writers’ Workshop instructor & playwright, Stephen Aubrey, has written and produced a play with The Assembly Theatre called “HOME/SICK.” “HOME/SICK will debut tonight in Los Angeles, and will run from June 9 – July 3, 2016 at the Odyssey Theatre. In the New York Times, Catherine Rampell has praised “HOME/SICK,” a play about the Weather Underground, for its “cutting-edge young theater collective… By the end we have witnessed a sort of sociological big bang, when this tight, angry ball of political energy suddenly bursts and disbands irreparably.”
“HOME/SICK” is the story of a handful of political activists and leaders from the 1960s student movement who seized control of Students for a Democratic Society in protest to the Vietnam War and the government’s repression of those seeking equality domestically. In doing so, these activists reshaped the society in the name of overthrowing the United States government. Believing violence to be the only means to transform American politics and society, these passionate idealists accelerated a movement to a revolutionary fervor, but left a country behind. Tickets for the play are available now at the Odyessey Theatre in Los Angeles.
Praise for “HOME/SICK”:
“An intelligent and dynamic package…The ensemble’s connection with one another is the truest homage they could offer to the memory of the collective they have clearly, though reservedly, come to admire.” – Jason Fitzgerald, Backstage
“Impressively researched and clear-eyed, home/sick shows us the Underground’s internal contradictions, and we see Bolshevik passion lapsing into self-delusion and then flaring up again, until we are unsure what to admire and what to deplore.” – Helen Shaw, Time Out New York
“This is a group of brilliant artists who will, without question, make their mark in the world of theater for a long time to come.” – Hillary Bettis, OffOffOnline
Tagged Backstage, HOME/SICK, Los Angeles, New York Times, Odyssey Theatre, play, political activism, premiere, Stephen Aubrey, The Assembly Theatre, The Weather Underground, theatre, Time Out New York
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By Wendy Chretien
With a plethora of notification programs and feature sets available, the real challenges are which system to select and deciding how to enroll your campus community.
NO ONE SHOULD BE SURPRISED that emergency notification has become a critical component of every higher education institution's overall emergency plan. Unfortunately, incidents across the country have galvanized campus safety officials to find more ways to notify their campus populations. Nearly everyone is familiar with the Virginia Tech shootings, but sadly that is only one of several similar incidents in the past few years, including a shooting at Northern Illinois University in February. Emergency notification systems can help get and keep students, faculty members, and staff out of harm's way.
Not only is it good common sense to have a notification system in place, today it also is the law. The federal Clery Act originally passed in 1990 and amended in 1992, 1998, and 2000 (previously known as the Crime Awareness and Campus Security Act) includes a "timely warning" provision that requires campuses to alert the community about crimes that pose a serious or continuing threat to safety. For more information about the Clery Act, The Handbook for Campus Crime Reporting is available to download from the US Department of Education.
Watch the Triggers
Violent acts are not the only grounds for sending out an emergency alert. Others include severe weather, bomb threats, hazardous materials spills, gas leaks, and fires. Depending on your campus policies, additional triggering events might include power outages, road closures, missing persons, flooding, traffic accidents, train derailments, or severe disease outbreaks. In the event of a major snowfall, for example, your campus roadways may be clear, but parking lots may not have been plowed. The commuting population would want to know about this in advance.
Some institutions also will send messages about events that may be less immediately threatening but also important to the community, such as heating or cooling failures in buildings, food poisoning incidents, water shortages, and/or inmate escapes from nearby prisons. Today, most colleges and universities assess incidents carefully and do not indiscriminately send out a large number of alerts; to do so may cause recipients to ignore them or opt out of the notification system (the "cry wolf" syndrome).
THE MORE AVENUES OF CONTACT you can provide, the more likely individuals on campus are to get the message. In August 2007, for instance, Wake Forest University (NC) installed a steam whistle on campus to alert the community to consult its other campus information systems for emergency information.
The good news is that there now are abundant options in emergency notification. Distinguishing features among offerings include: whether the system is maintained in-house or outsourced; the means used to contact campus community members; whether alerts can be targeted to specific groups; and whether the emergency notification system stands alone or is integrated with other campus systems.
In-house vs. outsourced. Institutions with large IT staffs are more likely to opt for a system that resides on campus because they have sufficient resources to implement it and provide ongoing support. The primary benefit of an inhouse system is the ability to directly link the notification system to existing records or directory systems, though this may require custom programming. In-house systems typically have a "live" link to one of those other databases so that contact data are always as current as the data in those systems.
Vendors that offer outsourced systems argue they can guarantee greater uptime, as their servers are housed in data centers that have multiple highbandwidth connections to the internet, redundant electrical power and cooling, and are well-secured. Many of these providers also offer 24/7 phone and online support (which your on-campus staffing situation may not allow for). You would want to verify all such claims as part of your due diligence in selecting a system.
If cell phones are routinely muted in classrooms, consider visual alert messages delivered via networked classroom projectors-- an effective method, since the alert message takes precedence over whatever is visible on the screen, rather like the television emergency warning system.
Targeted alerts. A number of notification systems (and especially those that have been around the longest) operate on an all-or-nothing basis: They will send an alert to every person subscribed to the system. This guarantees that everyone registered with the system receives the alert, and some feel this reduces the institution's liability. However, the trend is toward systems that allow campuses to create custom groups, so that alerts can be sent only to those affected. These targeted systems still permit a message to be sent to the entire list, but also offer administrators additional options. For example, if there were a power outage in just one faculty/staff office building, a message could be sent just to individuals with offices in that building.
Clearly, the more avenues of contact you can provide, the more likely individuals on campus are to get the message. (A current buzzword in the technology industry is "multimodal": Firms selling notification systems define this as having multiple methods via which to contact your campus community members.)
Sirens and rudimentary alerts. Early types of notification systems included sirens or bells to indicate an emergency was imminent or in progress; examples still in use are tornado warning sirens and fire alarm systems. In some cases, schools are making use of these more basic alerts to push campus community members to other notification systems. In August 2007, for instance, Wake Forest University (NC) installed a steam whistle on campus to alert the community to consult its other campus information systems for emergency information. A whistle or siren is something nearly everyone understands and is a system for which campus members do not need to be registered or carry any sort of device. However, outdoor systems sometimes cannot be heard inside buildings, and the amount of information you can impart with such systems is very limited-- basically, just that something serious is occurring, and people need to take cover or exit a building or area quickly.
Cellular and landline phones. Today's technology, however, facilitates a much greater range of options with which to contact people and provide them with necessary and useful information. Most of us first think of phones (whether hardwired or cellular) as the best means of contact. In this day and age, higher education institutions no longer can depend on campus community members' homes being equipped with hardwired phones; thus contacting a combination of the two phone types provides greater likelihood of reaching most of the community. As we have learned by now, students are quite likely to communicate by text message and often prefer that mode of contact, but text messages generally are limited to 160 characters and some providers cap the number of simultaneous messages, so be sure to check with providers you intend to use for this method. Text messaging also is a good alternative for reaching people who are hearingimpaired, but it would require that they actually own cell phones. Campuses today still are not at 100 percent mobile phone ownership among faculty, staff, and students, even if they are getting close. And not all cell phone owners are subscribed to or use text messaging.
Classroom alert setups. What about notifying those in classrooms? Some instructors request that students silence their cell phones during class as a courtesy to all, in which case even a text message might not be noticed. In such instances, perhaps a vibrating feature can alert individuals, but there are additional alternatives: These include overhead speaker systems and visual alert messages delivered via classroom projectors. The latter requires the projector systems to be networked and centrally managed (see "Centralized Control," CT June 2008). This method can be very effective since the alert message takes precedence over whatever is visible on the screen at the time of the incident or event, rather like the television emergency warning system. (Another advantage of this notification method: It's not audible. If the urgent situation is caused by criminals or terrorists on campus, they would not be aware that a warning was being broadcast unless they were in one of the classrooms.) Hitachi, for one, advertises projector models with a proprietary "e-Shot" feature that provides this functionality. But campus television systems with local programming capabilities can be used to broadcast emergency messages, as well, and this communication method is yet another one employed by Wake Forest, among other institutions.
E-mail or 'pushed' computer messaging. Messages also can be pushed out to registered computers via e-mail or other specialized software packages, allowing instructors and students to view the alert while class is in session. When considering this option, however, be aware that e-mail may be ignored or running in the background, and thus it may be more beneficial to utilize a system that appears "on top of" whatever is displayed on the user's monitor. Such systems require that a small software package be downloaded to each user's computer. Two options in the desktop alerting arena are BIA Information Network's ActiveAccess and NetSupport Notify. ActiveAccess allows institutions to private-label the application. The George Washington University (DC), for instance, implemented this solution as GW Alert. The product resides as a small icon on the bottom right-hand corner of all users' computer desktops. Daily, it provides temperature and weather reports, and access to GW News and other news feeds. But when activated during a crisis, a text crawler runs at the bottom of computer screens, and a graphical alert provides additional instructions.
NetSupport Notify's latest version includes an option to add audible alerts, can be centrally managed via Microsoft's Active Directory policies, and can target alerts to selected departments. The NetSupport Notify package supports both Windows and Mac desktops, as well as Citrix clients.
The George Washington University's (DC) GW Alert resides as a small icon on the bottom right-hand corner of all users' computer desktops. Daily, it provides temperature and weather reports, and access to GW News and other news feeds. But when activated during a crisis, a text crawler runs at the bottom of computer screens, and a graphical alert provides additional instructions.
Speaker systems. To provide more specific and useful information about emergencies to those in outdoor venues, there are now speaker systems that provide truly intelligible voice quality-- no more straining to decipher words. An advantage of this type of notification is that messages in multiple languages can be broadcast, as well as tones/sirens. One example is ADT's Clear Warning system, which utilizes arrays of speakers attached to light poles or building structures. (For those who know a bit about sound and voice intelligibility, these new systems have a Common Intelligibility Scale [CIS] rating of .95 to 1.0.) The command-center-unit component of ADT's system can interface with video surveillance systems, as well.
IP phone alerts. If your campus has an IP telephone system, there are packages available to send alerts via the phones, both by ringing and by scrolling messages on the display. You also can add IP-based public address speakers to the system, to deliver messages throughout buildings. Brandeis University (NY), the University of Louisville (KY), and the Kentucky Community and Technical College System use the InformaCast system from CDW Berbee for just such paging.
Digital signage. Yet another alert vector ideal for message broadcasting is that of digital signage/bulletin boards. Some of these systems can be linked to other alerting systems, avoiding manual generation of an additional message, and providing yet another method of reaching the campus community. Again, when choosing a notification system, carefully consider a variety of methods to reach your community; most people would rather learn about an emergency from multiple sources, than not hear about it at all.
Standalone or Integrated?
BY CONSOLIDATING DATA from its SunGard Banner student information and Oracle PeopleSoft HR systems, as well as gathering student contact information during registration, Georgia State University hopes to enroll at least 75 percent of all personnel in its emergency notification system.
Standalone systems generally are quick to implement and often less expensive than systems that integrate with existing campus applications. The primary disadvantage of disparate systems is that contact information needs to be updated separately from other sources of current data, such as student information systems and human resources systems. Tying those databases directly to an emergency notification system can eliminate the need to make duplicative changes to individuals' contact information. Another option for integration is to connect the emergency notification system to the network directory system, e.g., Microsoft's Active Directory, Novell's eDirectory, or Apple's Open Directory. Assuming your directory system is already linked to your other data sources, this option is the easiest integration method to undertake, to ensure the data in the emergency notification system are up-to-date. Keep in mind this does not guarantee accuracy of the data, only currency. (Note that if your campus is among those that have implemented a federated identity management system, a standalone emergency notification system might violate established security policies.)
Another line of integration would be to the campus building security system. Some offerings allow building intrusion alarm systems to be tied into the alerting system such that building lockdowns can be triggered automatically.
Who's Using What?
WANT TO GET FIRST-PERSON FEEDBACK on today's emergency notification tech products? Check out the case studies in our story, and for more about which higher ed institutions are opting for various solutions, scan the listing below before you build your own short list.
The University of Alaska Anchorage has selected the 3n (National Notification Network InstaCom Campus Alert mass notification system.
US Air Force Academy (CO) technologists and administrators have opted for AtHoc IWSAlerts for use on campus at Maxwell Air Force Base. The product interfaces with public address systems, sirens, and phones, and sends desktop alerts to PCs and handheld devices; it also can send text messages.
The state of Louisiana has placed three alerting products on a state contract from which Louisiana colleges and universities can purchase. FirstCall Interactive Network, Omnilert's e2Campus product, and MIR3 inCampusAlert were selected. Each product is used by various colleges and universities throughout the US.
Santa Fe Community College (FL) has used its Alcatel-Lucent telephony network to notify the campus community about a man with a gun on campus. The system can deliver messages in seven ways.
Western Kentucky University has implemented the Avaya Communication Manager system, and is now reaching nearly 90 percent of the campus community.
The University of Notre Dame (IN) has selected Connect-Ed (recently purchased by Blackboard) for emergency communications via e-mail, voice, and text messages.
17 Virginia community colleges, George Mason University (VA), UC-Santa Barbara, and the University of New Hampshire have deployed Cooper Notification's Roam Secure Alert Network (RSAN).
Butler University in Indianapolis is now using the Honeywell Building Solutions Instant Alert Plus service, which allows alert recipients to respond via a menu of options and provides call receipts to allow administrators to see if a call was sent and received.
The University of Tampa (FL) has selected ReadyAlert, which provides a base alert notification system and several available options such as text-to-voice conversion and e-mail attachments.
Getting the Word out-- in the Real World
GSU pilot bridges gaps. Mike Raderstorf, director of emergency management for Georgia State University (enrollment: 27,000), went through a solution selection process with an emergency management group of senior-level faculty and administrators. They worked through the process and made a decision quickly, based on multiple factors, not the least of which was that a vast majority of GSU students are commuters and the campus is in the heart of downtown Atlanta. GSU chose FirstResponder by Risk Mitigation Systems, and moved quickly to conduct a pilot. Raderstorf notes that one reason the university selected FirstResponder was that it formulated communications procedures around specific emergency action plans, and bridged the gap between communications and command & control.
GSU now has completed its pilot and will contract with Risk Mitigation Systems at a cost of approximately $1.50 per person, per year. GSU plans to develop a consolidated personnel registry using both its SunGard Banner student information and Oracle PeopleSoft HR systems, and then use the included automated upload feature to bring the data into FirstResponder. Student contact information will be gathered during registration. Using these techniques, GSU hopes to enroll at least 75 percent of all personnel in its emergency notification system. In terms of time to implement the system, Raderstorf notes the system was "immediately available" to create generic call groups and notification plans. But he adds that GSU wants to take advantage of the integration with emergency action plans, and so is beginning to import those, which will take additional time.
Quick implementation and lower cost. Rave Wireless is the emergency notification solution the University of Colorado at Boulder, Saint Michael's College of Vermont, and the University of Louisville have selected, following on the heels of Montclair State University (NJ), which was the first higher education institution to use the system. (Montclair State received an award from the nonprofit Security on Campus organization, for its innovative use of the solution, and was recognized as a 2007 Campus Technology Innovator in the Cellular/ Mobile category.) The Rave Wireless system can send messages via phone, e-mail, text, and RSS-- up to 9,000 texts and 8,000 calls per minute. On May 22, 2008, around 225,000 text messages went out to individuals in Colorado and Wyoming, warning about tornado activity in the region.
According to Malinda Miller-Huey, director of web communications at the University of Colorado at Boulder, the institution selected Rave Wireless for two primary reasons: quick implementation, and cost. Though Miller-Huey doesn't recommend it, UCB implemented the system in less than a month and completed the installation three days before classes started in August 2007. (Importantly, the Rave Wireless messaging system is part of an overall emergency communications plan that includes sirens, UCB's portal, e-mail, and a telephone information line.) UCB has an opt-in system and uses ads and e-mails to promote enrollment in the notification system. When students sign up for classes, they are prompted to verify or update their contact information-- a move that has led to a student enrollment rate of more than 90 percent. Unhappily, the university was the scene of a stabbing incident the very first day of school but, fortunately, Miller-Huey and her team had already discussed scripts for emergency message content and so were able to activate the system right away. UCB has written guidelines regarding who can approve and send out emergency messages; currently a dozen or so people on campus are trained and authorized to perform this function.
The University of Colorado at Boulder has an opt-in emergency notification system and uses ads and e-mails to promote participation. When students sign up for classes, they are prompted to verify or update their contact information-- a move that has led to a student enrollment rate of more than 90 percent.
Peter Soons, director of safety and security at Saint Michael's College (enrollment just under 2,000), chose Rave Wireless partly because the college preferred not to be wholly reliant on its own infrastructure. (The college's emergency notification system is part of an overall continuity plan, which also utilizes campus radio and TV stations, the campus website, and intercoms to communicate emergency information to its population.) The system took about two months to implement, which included making a decision about whether it would be mandatory or optin. Saint Michael's decided to register all of its students' phone and e-mail addresses. Once that was complete, students were invited to confirm their registrations and contact information. More than 80 percent did so, but regardless of whether they confirm, the campus sends emergency messages to all. Soons plans to upload contact information each fall to keep it current. Interestingly, the college is the primary emergency medical service (ambulance/rescue) provider for four nearby towns. It has set up a special distribution group within the Rave Wireless system to allow fire and rescue officers to send text messages to others within the group. Going forward, Saint Michael's plans to define more groups for "narrowcasts" that would go out just to those affected; for example, all students in one residence hall.
People, process, and tools for Louisville. As the assistant director of the Department of Environmental Health and Safety for the University of Louisville, Dennis Sullivan is responsible for the institution's emergency planning. Sullivan reports that when the university decided to implement a notification system, the IT department performed the initial research and presented a number of options to a committee comprised of Public Safety, Communications & Marketing, IT, and Student Life representatives. The system cost for the first year was $36,000 for up to 30,000 enrollees. Sullivan says he was disappointed in the early enrollment in the system (under 8,000 of 21,000 students) for the first year, so to get that figure up, this year's freshmen must twice elect to opt out of the system when enrolling for classes. And in May of this year, the university developed a set of guidelines for its alert system. The concise document describes nine modes of mass communications and clearly identifies the individuals authorized to approve emergency messages in various emergency scenarios. Among the nine methods described are the installation of NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) weather radios on every floor of every campus building, and a collaborative effort with the city of Louisville to post messages on digital displays along the area's interstate highways.
Part of the Bigger Picture
While we've focused solely on notification here, keep in mind that notification is only a single aspect of an overall campus security plan. In fact, even emergency notification itself is comprised of several components. For more on this, see August 2007's "7 Best Practices for Emergency Notification", which details many of those components. And for more on the big picture of campus security in 2008-2009, stay tuned to Campus Technology print and online.
::WEBEXTRAS ::
U Texas San Antonio To Deploy Wireless Outdoor Emergency Notifications
Idaho State Simulates Emergency Response in Second Life
Audio Networking for Higher Education
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Books.ch
Buch.ch
A Translation of the First Book of the Georgics of Virgil, in Blank Verse, with Notes. by R. Hoblyn
BiblioBazaar, 18.05.2016 - 424 Seiten
This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A translation of the first book of the Georgics of Virgil, in blank verse ...
Titel A Translation of the First Book of the Georgics of Virgil, in Blank Verse, with Notes. by R. Hoblyn
Autor Publius Vergilius Maro
Ausgabe illustriert, Neuauflage
Verlag BiblioBazaar, 2016
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Bernanke says financial overhaul will level field for small banks
By PAUL WISEMAN AND MARTIN CRUTSINGER
Published Thu, Mar 24, 2011
Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke told a group of executives from smaller banks Wednesday that the financial overhaul will level the playing field for them with the industry's giants.
Bernanke said it would be important for the banks to adapt to the changing regulatory environment, in remarks to the annual convention in San Diego of small- and medium-sized banks. Bernanke acknowledged their concerns about the new law. But he said most of the requirements are aimed the country's biggest banks and not them.
Congress passed the regulatory law last year in an effort to prevent a repeat of the 2008 financial crisis. Small-bank executives have complained that it will cost them a lot of money to meet the new rules, even though they were not responsible for causing the financial crisis.
Bernanke said that the hundreds of community banks, those with assets below $10 billion, would play a vital role in the nation's recovery because they are an important source of loans for small businesses.
"Although we are not yet where we would like to be, the good news is that many community banks have already been doing their part to meet the credit needs of their customers, notably including small-business customers," Bernanke said in his speech to the Independent Community Bankers of America.
Bernanke said it was fortunate that Congress had decided to preserve the Fed's regulatory connection to small banks. In one version of the measure, the Fed would have lost the power to regulate them. But the law maintained the Fed's powers and even broadened it to include thrift holding companies. The thrifts themselves will be regulated by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. Congress abolished the Office of Thrift Supervision, which was a weak regulator.
The Fed chairman said the broadened role for the central bank benefits everyone.
"We are delighted that, through our supervision, our gathering of economic intelligence and the activities of our community affairs departments, we will be able to remain fully engaged with grass-roots America," Bernanke said.
In response to an audience question, Bernanke said the Fed understood that Congress wanted to shield smaller banking institutions from the impact of a new law that requires large banks to trim debit card fees. At stake is the $16 billion each year that, according to the Fed, stores must pay banks and other credit card issuers when customers use the cards.
The Fed, which must implement a rule to put the new law into effect, understands that banks with assets of less than $10 billion should be protected from losing the fees they now receive, Bernanke said.
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The Ceredigion Herald
Local farmer sentenced for animal welfare offences
Jon Coles
ON JULY 10, Dylan Williams of Neuaddlwyd Uchaf, Neuaddlwyd, Ciliau Aeron appeared before magistrates at Aberystwyth Justice Centre and was sentenced for animal by-products and animal welfare offences.
Mr Williams, 47, had previously appeared at the Aberystwyth Magistrates Court where he entered pleas of guilty to the four offences brought before the court by Ceredigion County Council.
On 11 April 2018, 47 sheep carcasses in various states of decomposition were found on Mr Williams’ land, and these were accessible to live sheep and their young lambs. This formed the basis of the offence brought under The Animal By-Products Regulations which requires carcasses to be disposed of without undue delay, due to the risk to animal and public health.
The majority of the flock inspected on the day were seen with severe wool loss and irritated skin which are signs of sheep scab. Sheep scab is a debilitating condition which can lead to weight loss and thickened skin with scabs due to the intense, uncomfortable itching caused by the condition.
There were three separate offences under the Animal Welfare Act 2006, two of which were for causing unnecessary suffering to two ewes. One ewe was suffering from severe weakness due to scab infestation. Another ewe was found unconscious on the land with her intestines protruding from her flank, likely due to predation as she had also suffered from scab over a prolonged period.
Another offence related to Mr Williams’ failure to ensure the welfare needs of his flock were met by his failure to properly inspect the flock and to manage and treat the sheep scab effectively.
Magistrates sentenced Mr Williams to a community order with a requirement that he carried out 250 hours of unpaid work in the community, he was also ordered to pay the investigation and legal costs of the council which amounted to £1648.
Alun Williams, Ceredigion County Council’s Corporate Lead Officer with responsibility for Policy and Performance said, “The council is deeply saddened that yet another serious animal health offence has been committed within the county. It is to the credit of our staff that they have undertaken a successful prosecution of this case.
Our animal welfare officers and our legal team had no option but to carry the prosecution due to the seriousness of the offences committed. I would urge individual farmers who are facing difficulties in caring for their stock to seek advice from the County Council and the Farming Unions.”
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McDonald'S: Fast-food giant backing Prince Charles' charity
McDonald’S: Fast-food giant backing Prince Charles’ charity
McDONALD’s UK has entered into a three-year partnership with The Prince’s Countryside Fund, supporting the charity’s work in improving the economic resilience of farming families.
The Prince’s Countryside Fund, set up by HRH The Prince of Wales in 2010, works with farming and rural communities throughout the UK, and to date has provided over £10 million in grant and initiative funding.
Since 2016, the Fund’s flagship scheme, The Prince’s Farm Resilience Programme, has supported over 900 farming families to improve their business skills with free training and professional advice, in 60 locations across the British Isles. The programme has a track record of success, with evidence of significant behavioural change occurring – 91% of participating families improve their communication, and 89% have a better understanding of costs as a result of taking part.
McDonald’s works with over 23,000 British and Irish farmers, the partnership with the Prince’s Countryside Fund cements the business’ commitment to their futures, as well as the future of the farming industry.
Thanks to the support of McDonald’s, the Fund is launching the ‘Beef it Up’ scheme in 2020, a series of group workshops aimed at livestock farms in the Farm Resilience Programme alumni network. In order to further strengthen these farm businesses, the workshops will address topics including:
Economic resilience
The ‘Beef it Up’ workshops will help farms to continuously improve their practices and sustainability performance, by introducing them to practical steps they can take to immediately make changes to their production systems.
McDonald’s already has a proven track record in sharing knowledge through Farm Forward – an agriculture programme with three aims; to develop skills and knowledge in the industry, raise animal welfare standards and encourage environmental improvements to help create a sustainable future for British and Irish farming.
The partnership marks the latest step in McDonald’s sustainability journey and together with The Prince’s Countryside Fund and the business’ suppliers, the partnership will create fresh new solutions to the big challenges the industry is facing, promoting innovation that aims to futureproof the sector.
Claire Saunders, Director of The Prince’s Countryside Fund said: “I am thrilled that the Fund will be working again with McDonald’s, in order to help us improve the prospects of family farm businesses across the UK at such a critical time.”
Nina Prichard, Head of Sustainable and Ethical Sourcing at McDonald’s UK & Ireland said: “Our supply chain is absolutely critical to our success – we couldn’t serve the food that we’re famous for without the support and hard work of 23,000 British and Irish farmers. This partnership is an important move in supporting them and securing their future – farming is part of the fabric of our society, and we are delighted to be working with The Prince’s Countryside Fund on this resilience programme.”
Sea change: Could produce colder, drier weather
CROP production in Britain will fall dramatically if climate change causes the collapse of a vital pattern of ocean currents, new research suggests.
The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) brings heat from the tropics, making Britain warmer and wetter than it would otherwise be.
University of Exeter scientists show that, while warming Britain is expected to boost food production, if the AMOC collapses it would not just wipe out these gains but cause the “widespread cessation of arable (crop-growing) farming” across Britain.
Such a collapse – a climate change “tipping point” – would leave Britain cooler, drier and unsuitable for many crops, the study says.
The main problem would be reduced rainfall and, though irrigation could be used, the amount of water and the costs “appear to be prohibitive”.
“If the AMOC collapsed, we would expect to see much more dramatic change than is currently expected due to climate change,” said Dr Paul Ritchie, of the University of Exeter.
“Such a collapse would reverse the effects of warming in Britain, creating an average temperature drop of 3.4°C and leading to a substantial reduction in rainfall (−123mm during the growing season).
“These changes, especially the drying, could make most land unsuitable for arable farming.”
The study examines a “fast and early” collapse of the AMOC, which is considered “low-probability” at present – though the AMOC has weakened by an estimated 15% over the last 50 years.
Professor Tim Lenton, Director of the Global Systems Institute at the University of Exeter, said worst-case scenarios must be considered when calculating risks.
“Any risk assessment needs to get a handle on the large impacts if such a tipping point is reached, even if it is a low-probability event” he said.
“The point of this detailed study was to discover how stark the impacts of AMOC collapse could be.”
The study follows a recent paper by Lenton and colleagues warning of a possible “cascade” of inter-related tipping points.
The new study reinforces the message that “we would be wise to act now to minimise the risk of passing climate tipping points” said Lenton.
Growing crops is generally more profitable than using land as pasture for livestock rearing, but much of northern and western Britain is unsuitable for arable farming.
“With the land area suitable for arable farming expected to drop from 32% to 7% under AMOC collapse, we could see a major reduction in the value of agricultural output,” said Professor Ian Bateman, of Exeter’s Land, Environment, Economics and Policy Institute.
“In this scenario, we estimate a decrease of £346 million per year – a reduction of over 10% in the net value of British farming.”
Speaking about the expectation that moderate warming would boost agricultural production in Britain, he added: “It’s important to note that the wider effects for the UK and beyond will be very negative as import costs rise steeply and the costs of most goods climb.”
The study focusses on agriculture, but AMOC collapse and the resulting temperature drop could lead to a host of other economic costs for the UK.
The AMOC is one reason that average temperatures in Britain are warmer than those of many places at similar latitudes. For example, Moscow and the southern extremes of Alaska are further south than Edinburgh.
395 farms join animal health project
AS 2020 begins, it’s been announced that 395 beef and sheep farmers from across Wales have so far signed up to a pro-active animal health planning project, Stoc+, promoted by Hybu Cig Cymru – Meat Promotion Wales (HCC) in a bid to improve overall health of their flock and ultimately, enhancing animal health planning and boosting production efficiency.
Stoc+ forms one part of HCC’s three-strand, Welsh Government and European Union funded Red Meat Development Programme (RMDP).
During the course of the five-year project HCC will bring together up to 500 commercial sheep and beef producers across Wales and encourage them to adopt a ‘prevention is better than cure’ approach to animal health.
Each participating farmer will receive practical, expert advice and specialist support for up to three years. In addition, all farmers will benefit from a tailor-made Flock and Herd Health Plan and Action Plan to work towards various targets set by their local veterinary practitioner.
As part of the project, the team have identified a small number of ambassadors who include farmers and veterinary practitioners. The ambassadors’ role includes encouraging their peers to get involved and demonstrating the practical benefits of proactive health planning in terms of animal health and farm profitability.
Jonathan Lewis from Llandrindod Wells is one of the ambassadors. Mr Lewis’s upland farm has 80 Simmental, Limousin and Stabiliser cows and 1,680 Lleyn, Mules and Welsh Mountain sheep and lambs. He said, “There were many reasons behind joining the project. I wanted to improve the overall health of my flock as well as increase the number of lambs that I sold whilst reducing the number of days to slaughter. During the course of the project, I would also like to reduce the antibiotics used on the farm and be advised on how to improve biosecurity.”
Claire Jones of Dolgellau Vets is a vet ambassador for the project, and as a vet and farmer’s wife, has a passion for preventative medicine and herd and flock health work. Claire says, “Health planning is something that I feel should be an integral part of all farm management, as it improves the efficiency of the farm and health of the animals and also helps to improve the vet and farmer communication and relationship.”
For more information on the project and to meet other project ambassadors visit the HCC website.
Stoc+ is supported by the Welsh Government Rural Communities – Rural Development Programme 2014 – 2020, which is funded by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development and the Welsh Government.
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© 2019 Herald News International Inc. All content is correct at the time of publication.
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The USTA Serves An Ace With Its First-Ever US Open Experience At The Seaport District In Manhattan
With a fantastic lineup of former and current tennis players, skill activities, and live entertainment, the whole family will love this two-day tennis festival.
For tennis lovers around the world, August means only one thing: the US Open. Tennis’ final and last Grand Slam of the year and the highest-attended sporting event in the world.
But before fan favorites Venus Williams, Roger Federer, and Rafael Nadal—who are all defying father time this season with some incredible match play—descend on Arthur Ashe Stadium to compete for the US Open Trophy, the United States Tennis Association (USTA), which owns and operates the US Open, is hosting a weeklong extravaganza for the best fans in the world: you!
This year, the USTA is debuting its “US Open Experience,” a free, two-day tennis festival featuring current and former players, autograph signings, tennis games, entertainment, and much more! And what’s cool: Instead of schlepping to Queens to take part in this festival, USTA is bringing the experience, energy, and excitement to Manhattan. It will be held on Thursday, August 24 and Friday, August 25 from 10am to 8pm each day at NYC’s historic Seaport District (which is being transformed into a mini USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center) in Lower Manhattan as part of the Seaport Summer lineup.
On Thursday, future tennis stars can participate in Net Generation’s immersive on-court clinic and target hitting game, which is premiering for the first time ever in addition to other fun-filled activities and attractions that will be featured at the Arthur Ashe Kids’ Day.
The next day fans can size up their favorite player’s competition when the US Open Draw is unveiled on the main stage with broadcasters, defending women’s champion Angelique Kerber, and other noteworthy guests.
For die-hard fans who believe their hawk-eyes can tell whether the ball is in or out, you can hop in a replica of the US Open umpire chair for a Instagram-worthy photo-op. Not to be left out, those who imagine beating Roger Federer in their dreams and hoisting up the trophy, can snap a pic with a US Open Trophy in real life, and then pose for more pics next to the Mercedes-Benz car display for the ultimate tweetable moment. Also, Mount Sinai Hospital will be on hand to offer some health and activity tips. What’s more: each night culminates with live musical performances and noted DJs.
With all this excitement, don’t forget to eat. Thankfully, US Open’s food vendor Korilla and beverage purveyor Lavazza will provide some food and coffee tastings so you can refuel, and there’ll be beverage service at the Seaport District’s Garden Bar.
The US Open begins on August 28 and ends on September 10 and is held at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center.
To learn more about the US Open Fan Week, visit usopen.org and the US Open Experience, check out usopen.org. For more information about the US Open schedule and tickets, visit usopen.org.
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Cheeseburgers and the catechism
Stephen Kent
By Stephen Kent • Catholic News Service • Posted July 26, 2013
Workers in fast-food restaurants have walked off their jobs in at least six cities this summer to back up their demands for better pay.
“I make $15 an hour or less and am worth more,” said the statement on one group’s website.
The federal minimum wage is $7.25 an hour.
The job action points out not only the complexity of the U.S. economy but how social changes have affected employment.
How does Catholic social teaching deal with this?
The tendency, reaction, is to have empathy for workers making $8 or $9 an hour. How much more would you pay for a cheeseburger so fast-food restaurant workers could receive a higher wage?
These part-time jobs are part of a business model that was not designed nor never meant to be a career in order to support a family of four.
Part-time jobs in fast-food restaurants were for teenagers, not for careers. “Real” restaurants with tables, tableware, and place settings and tips could be the place for a career.
“We’re the lowest rung in the economic ladder,” said Jim Spady, vice president of a fast-food chain in the Seattle area. “All you need to work for us is the willingness to work hard, be willing to learn and be 16.
“This is not supposed to be a place where you work all your life. We encourage our employees to get a B.A., a B.S., and get a better job in an industry that pays more,” Spady said.
At one time, beginning on the lowest rung held promise. Now, with high unemployment, the next rung on the ladder is no longer there. Life has changed.
Once fast-food restaurant jobs were like others — now mostly memories — of mowing lawns, delivering newspapers, bagging groceries: They were there to earn money to pay for the prom, but not a family.
Owners are allowed to make a return on their investment; workers are entitled to a just wage for their labor. The owners aren’t ogres. Their employees aren’t money grubbing. It’s the system.
Most fast-food operations in the country are franchises. The chains sell the rights to operate a location and receive royalties. They also often require franchisees to pay revenues for advertising, and, in some cases, rent if they are the landlords of restaurants.
Spady, whose family-owned firm operates six outlets, pays $10 an hour to start, plus health insurance and educational assistance.
“We paid off our land a long time ago, and we’re not a franchise, so we don’t to pay a franchiser fee,” he said.
Replacing family-owned operations with national operators affects the ability of conscientious owners such as Spady to make decisions. Rather than increase the wages at the lowest rung, more rungs should be added to the ladder to open better jobs with higher wages.
A shrinking middle-class and fewer ladders to enter it are deep issues of justice as well as an economic problem. The U.S. bishops in November 1996 made this statement in “A Catholic Framework for Economic Life”:
“Workers, owners, managers, stockholders and consumers are moral agents in economic life. By our choices, initiative, creativity and investment, we enhance or diminish economic opportunity, community life and social justice.”
And they followed it with these questions:
“What are the moral responsibilities of workers, owners, managers, stockholders and consumers in ensuring the health and well-being of our economy? How can we help each recognize the moral responsibilities they have?”
These questions remain unanswered almost 17 years later. A national conversation at the level of a constitutional convention is long overdue.
Kent is the retired editor of archdiocesan newspapers in Omaha and Seattle. He can be contacted at: considersk@gmail.com.
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Prev Candace Parker Joins Turner Sports’ NCAA Tournament Coverage13 March 2018Next WNBA All-Star Voting Is Now Live!19 June 2018
This year, Mother’s Day fell on May 13th, Parker’s daughter, Lailaa’s birthday. Nothing could be more fitting that the two share a holiday. Parker planned a surprised trip to the San Diego Zoo to do a private tour because Lailaa loves animals. “I like to say my daughter chose me,” Parker said. “I feel like I’m lucky from that aspect that she’s in such an important part of my career.”
Parker and Lailaa have been able to travel around the world together because of basketball. They have memories of winning a championship and being at the Olympics, which Parker is fortunate to have shared with her daughter.
“I didn’t realize becoming a mother would make me a better teammate, a better friend, a better basketball player, a better daughter. I’ve read somewhere, and I think Obama said it, they’re like little heartbeats. They’re like your heart walking around outside your body. They’re running around, bumping into stuff and falling. You’re able to kind of live life again through them. It’s so special to be able to be a part of her life and to bring her along and to see how she grows and see how much she’s my personality twin. It’s just amazing.”
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Drumline takes fourth in state competition
Sean Goodman|March 20, 2015
The drumline coordinates while performing "Unconditional" on March 7.
The Lincoln Percussion Ensemble performed its latest show, “Unconditional,” on March 7 at the state competition, taking 4th overall at Skyview High School. “This year has been about rebuilding the program as we had lost a lot of our best musicians last year,” senior drummer Ryan Asbury said.
“Unconditional” is based on the concept of the love between a parent and child. The percussionists focus on a child’s life from birth to adulthood, acting out different common stages of life from the parent’s perspective. “Really our audience is more of the parents than the students” Asbury said.
“While most schools buy their shows from organizations, a few years back our directors decided that they would exercise their own creativity,” Asbury said. Director Jeff Bush and Leila Hawana helped to put together the show, while visual instructor Bailey Cook came up with the idea and choreography.
“We have been practicing the piece since November in order to prepare for the competition,” Asbury said. Practice included instructing everyone on marching, playing, performance techniques, and rehearsing the performance music and visuals
“We have a lot of people who are very new to the activity, so it has been very different,” Asbury said. The drumline had less rehearsal time this year due to players getting sick. “With limited rehearsals, every hour counts,” Asbury said.
The next competition for the drumline will take place at Sherwood High School on March 21, followed by the regional championships at Evergreen High School on March 28.
Update: The LPE took 2nd at the final tournament at Evergreen High School on March 28.
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Andre Braugher Talks BROOKLYN NINE-NINE Season 2, Perfecting the Art of the Straight Man, Feeling Reinvigorated by the Series, and More
by Christina Radish September 28, 2014
From Emmy Award-winning writer/producers Dan Goor and Michael Schur, the hit Fox comedy Brooklyn Nine-Nine follows talented-but-carefree Detective Jake Peralta (Andy Samberg), by-the-book Captain Holt (Andre Braugher), and their precinct colleagues. While based in the workplace, the ensemble series focuses on the men and women behind the badge.
During this recent interview to promote the return the show’s sophomore season, actor Andre Braugher talked about what he’s most excited about with Season 2, working with guest star Kyra Sedgwick, what initially drew him to the show and character, whether the atmosphere on set has changed at all, what he’s enjoyed most about being a part of the show, playing the straight man, and whether he might direct an episode. Check out what he had to say after the jump.
Question: What are you most excited about, in this upcoming season of Brooklyn Nine-Nine?
ANDRE BRAUGHER: I don’t have a lot of information about storylines because they pretty much keep that under wraps, in order to give themselves the freedom to develop the storylines as they see fit, but I am excited about Kyra Sedgwick guest starring on the show. We had a really great time. She plays Deputy Chief Madeline Wuntch, an arch-rival and nemesis of Captain Holt. We did three or four episodes earlier this season, and had a really great time.
What is the bone of contention between Holt and Kyra Sedgwick’s character?
BRAUGHER: Well, it’s a long-standing feud. It seems like they’re alter egos of each other. They’re both committed to excellence, to a high degree. They’re both intuitive detective types. They’re both a little strange, in their own way, and a little robotic and quirky, in that way. There was an event, way back in the past, back in 1989, that’s the genesis for their dispute and the bone of contention between the two of them.
What initially drew you to play Captain Ray Holt?
BRAUGHER: Well, I think it was the reputation of Mike Schur and Dan Goor. I am a fan of Parks and Rec and I saw, over the seasons that they created, an ever-expanding world of loveable goofballs, and they were quite adept at creating a mature, interesting comedy. I said to myself that I felt like I would be in good hands playing this character, with these guys at the helm. That was one of the main considerations, as was the opportunity to work with Andy.
Now that you guys are in Season 2, with a successful season behind you, has the atmosphere or approach changed on the set, at all?
BRAUGHER: No. I think they’ve developed a good way of working on the set. It was put into operation last year, and we’re continuing with that. We, as a cast, have gotten to know each other better. We’re working faster and more efficiently, which actually gives us more time to play around. In any given scene, we’re going to do five or six takes of the material that’s scripted and really cover that thoroughly, and then we have enough time to do what we call “fun runs,” which is where everyone pulls the craziest stuff they know out of a bag and throws it into the scene. Fun runs are unpredictable, but they really breathe a lot of life into the process of creating the comedy, and it keeps it loose. I’m having a great time. I’m studying these guys like a hawk. There are a lot of great young comedians on the show and it’s giving me a real thorough education on another aspect of my art form. I’m learning a lot, and I feel reinvigorated by being on the show.
Will we get to see more into the background and personal lives of any characters, to expand their depth?
BRAUGHER: I would only be speculating about that. It’s really a question for the creators, Mike and Dan, but I’m sure they’re going to continue to expand this universe. We see certain characters, again and again, like Patton Oswalt and Fred Armisen, as parts of this Brooklyn universe. I’m hoping that we’ll get a chance to see more of Kyra Sedgwick because she’s in the police hierarchy. Eva Longoria was with us for a little bit. We are opening up and expanding the personal lives, especially of Santiago and Peralta. I couldn’t tell you exactly when it’s going to happen or how it’s going to happen, but I’m sure it will because it’s part of the master plan for Brooklyn Nine-Nine to really create a full and complex universe for all of these characters. But in terms of particulars, there’s nothing I can share.
What has been your favorite aspect of filming this show?
BRAUGHER: I enjoyed the episodes outside the precinct a lot, where we go on our adventures. I enjoyed our Thanksgiving and Christmas episodes. I enjoyed “The Party.” “The Party” was really an opportunity to see everyone in a really drastically different atmosphere than the bullpen, and I just found it to be a lot of fun. It was a great script and a lot of fun to film.
What’s it like to play the stoic Holt, opposite Andy Samberg playing Jake, who just cracks everyone else up in the precinct?
BRAUGHER: I think it’s difficult, to say the least. He’s a very funny guy with a lot of great off-the-cuff humor. I’ve committed myself to perfecting the art of the straight man, so I’m trying very hard to not crack up. We’ve done eight episodes, this year, and I’ve cracked up twice. I’m off my pace from last year, which was three crack-ups in 22 episodes. Obviously, Andy’s getting funnier and I’m relaxing a little bit on the show, but I’ve decided to commit myself to really perfecting the art of the straight man. I’m getting better at it. I have a great cast of comedians. Between Andy, Chelsea [Peretti], Joe [Lo Truglio] and Terry [Crews], it’s really a funny cast and we have a great time doing it. When we get a chance to improv, we go at it whole-heartedly. I pretty much stick to the script because that’s my job, but they really take off. I consider them all to be my kites and I am their string, so I just give them a great opportunity to fly and I hold them to the earth to help tell the story. But, we’re having a really great time this season.
Now that Peralta has been with the FBI and is going to presumably join the Nine-Nine again, what can you tease about how that dynamic might shift?
BRAUGHER: I think it shifts slightly. I will say that Holt is a man who embraces change. As stoic and as conservative as he seems, he is a man who is interested in embracing change. With a new police commissioner and the return of my ace detective, Peralta, I feel as though the entire precinct is poised to get better. That’s what I see in the scripts, to-date, and that’s what has been pitched to me, in terms of what’s going to happen with Holt and the precinct, in the future. I don’t have any information about any episodes past the eight that we have done, but I will say that Holt is embracing the change that’s overcoming the entire department.
Is there a possibility of any of your previous co-stars, like Ray Romano or Kyle Secor, guest starring on the show?
BRAUGHER: I don’t know. I couldn’t say. As an actor, I’m just not in a position to put out an offer, or to write the roles. It would be great to see some of these guys, but I’m not sure that Dan or Mike are planning those kinds of reunions.
Do you feel like Holt is a ground-breaking character, in any way?
BRAUGHER: Groundbreaking is different things for different people. I don’t think he’s groundbreaking. I just think he happens to be a fully fleshed out character. But because fully fleshed out characters aren’t as common as we’d like them to be on television, he seems groundbreaking. In fact, I think he’s simply a fully dimensional character.
You directed Love Songs. Do you think you’ll be going behind the camera during any of the episodes, this season?
BRAUGHER: I may. I directed Love Songs 13 or 14 years ago, so I’ve had plenty of opportunities to go behind the camera, but I have resisted it. We’ll see what happens. It’s not my first preoccupation.
Brooklyn Nine-Nine airs on Sunday nights on Fox.
Andre Braugher Brooklyn Nine-Nine Season 2 Interview
Watch Director Bong Joon-ho Discuss 'Parasite' at FYC Screening Series
Alexander Ludwig and Charles Melton Talk ‘Bad Boys for Life’ and Cuddling Before Every Take
Jordan Peele Considered Making ‘Us’ about One Person Rather Than a Family
GOODBYE TO LANGUAGE Review | NYFF 2014
BROOKLYN NINE NINE Recap: Season 2 Premiere "Undercover"
• Andre Braugher • Brooklyn Nine-Nine • Interview • TV Interview
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Clark School Researchers Are Top Inventors
John Fisher, Parth Modi and Jennifer Lynn Moreau accept the 2005 Life Science Invention of the Year award from UM Division of Research Vice President Jacques Gansler and OTC Executive Director James A. Poulos III.
A process for producing cleaner hydrogen fuels, new materials for tissue engineering and a way to measure biochemical agents in the body and other environments have been named Inventions of the Year by the UM Office of Technology Commercialization.
Each of the projects is the product of a team including a Clark School of Engineering student, professor or both. The prestigious awards help to transfer information, life and physical science inventions developed at the university to business and industry. The awards were announced at a reception last night at the University of Maryland Golf Course.
Physical Science Invention of the Year
The winning team in this category has developed a patent-pending technology that for the first time can produce hydrogen from hydrocarbon fuels without the high levels of carbon monoxide that traditionally occur in this type of process. The majority of commercial hydrogen is produced from hydrocarbon fuels.
Clark School Assistant Professor Gregory S. Jackson, mechanical engineering, was part of team along with UM Prof. Bryan W. Eichhorn and graduate student Shenghu Zhou.
Life Science Invention of the Year
The team that garnered the top prize in the life science category has produced new, patent-pending biomaterials for tissue engineering that avoid problems with premature degradation associated with previous materials developed for growing new cells within the body.
Clark School Assistant Professor John P. Fisher and students Parth Modi and Jennifer Lynn Moreau, all chemical and biomolecular engineering, accompanied UM alum Sachiko Kaihara on this team.
Information Science Invention of the Year
Clark School Assistant Professor Maria I. Klapa and graduate assistant Harin Kanani, both of the chemical and biomolecular engineering department, won in this category for a patent-pending metabolomics technology that enables highly accurate and simultaneous measurement of hundreds of metabolites (e.g. glucose, amino acids) in biological systems, for uses such as early disease diagnosis, personalized nutrition and medicine, functional genomics, and safe use of genetically modified food.
Their new technology helps eliminate errors that are often produced through current metabolomics technologies. The pair also garnered the runner-up prize in the UM $50K Business Plan Competition on April 7.
Award for Entrepreneurship
NetImmune, Inc., a start-up developed by UM inventors from the Clark School's Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) and the Institute for Systems Research (ISR), was presented with this award, sponsored by the Maryland Technology Development Corp. (TEDCO).
The company, which develops products to protect internet networks by mimicking human immune system responses, is a past winner of the UM $50K Business Plan Competition (2004) and a MIPS-funding recipient (2005). The researchers involved are ISR-affiliated Professor Mark Shayman, and Mehdi Kalantari Khandani, an assistant research scientist with ECE.
The Office of Technology Commercialization (OTC) at the University of Maryland was established in 1986 to facilitate the transfer of information, life and physical science inventions developed at the university to business and industry. In the past 19 years, OTC has recorded more than 1,500 technologies, secured more than 225 patents and licensed nearly 750 technologies, generating more than $22.6 million in technology transfer income. In addition, more than 40 high-tech start-up companies have been formed based on technologies developed at the university. See www.otc.umd.edu.
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Research & Creative Work
Home Programs Master of Arts in Anthropology Mentorship Program
Welcome to the Anthropology Department's Mentorship Program! The mentorship program builds bridges between graduate students and their desired careers by pairing incoming students with professionals working in an area of their interest. This page will give you a description of our mentors, most of whom are graduates of our program, and who are now using their MA in Anthropology in the workforce or as doctoral students.
Program Facilitators
Dr. Sarah Horton, Graduate Advisor | Lorena Cannon, Graduate Assistant
Please feel free to contact either Sarah or Lorena with any questions regarding the mentor program.
Mentors - Archaeology
Greg Wolff
Gwendolyn Wallen-Sena
Catherine Johns
Lucas Hoedl
Chris Shelton
Greg Wolff is one of two archaeologists employed at the Colorado Department of Transportation, for whom he conducts statewide archaeological surveys, ensures agency compliance with state and federal historic preservation regulations, and facilitates stakeholder consultation. His background includes the public, private, and academic sectors (State and Federal positions, cultural resource management firms, and university-based archaeological firms). His expertise is in coordinating intergovernmental, tribal, and public consultation within the frameworks of the National Historic Preservation Act (Section 106) and the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), including the development of Programmatic Agreements and Memoranda of Agreement/Understanding. His skill set includes Environmental Compliance, Transportation Planning, Historical Research, Prehistoric and Historical Archaeology, and ArcGIS. He has a Master’s Degree focused in Archaeology from Southern Illinois University (Carbondale) and a Bachelor's Degree (double major in Political Science and Anthropology) from the University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign). He has field experience in numerous Western and Midwestern states, as well as in Central America (Belize and Guatemala). Professional interests include prehistoric and historic archaeology, history, ethnobotany, historic preservation, and environmental planning. His commitment to the discipline includes service on several committees for non-profit professional organizations, including serving as Chair of the Native American Initiatives Committee for the Colorado Council of Professional Archaeologists. In that role, he administers the CCPA Native American Scholarship.
Gwendolyn Wallen-Sena is a historical archaeologist with interests spanning the breadth of the field of anthropology. Gwen earned an M.A. in anthropology with a concentration in archaeology from the University of Colorado – Denver and during her time there assisted in the instruction of courses in biological anthropology and archaeology. Upon graduation, Gwen joined the Register of Professional Archaeologists and continued educating students in field experience as an archaeological crew chief for Adams State University's field school at Fort Massachusetts. While working at Fort Massachusetts, Gwen continued to pursue her interest in gender archaeology and identity. After several field seasons, Gwen returned to the classroom at Pikes Peak Community College as an assistant professor for the Anthropology Department. Beginning in 2016, Gwen has taught courses in cultural anthropology, biological anthropology, and archaeology focusing on methodology and theoretical perspectives of culture and evolution.
Catherine Johns has a B.A. in History from Brevard College and received her MA in Anthropology from CU Denver which she received in 2014. During her time at CU, she traveled with Dr. Beekman to the Tequila Valley in Jalisco, Mexico for ceramic analysis work and archaeological surveying. After graduating she worked with at-risk teens in Florida as an AmeriCorps VISTA. She received an internship with Guilford Courthouse National Military Park and then was hired to be an Interpretive Park Ranger. While there she applied for the National Park to gain a grant to fund Title 1 school trips which they are still using currently. She now serves as the Tour Coordinator and Education Assistant for the Greensboro History Museum.
Dr. Mark D. Mitchell is the Research Director for Paleocultural Research Group (PCRG), a nonprofit that conducts research, trains students, and educates the public on the archaeology and paleoecology of the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains. Previously, he worked for several cultural resource management firms and for the USDA Forest Service in Colorado, Wyoming, and Kansas. Mitchell has more than 35 years of experience in archaeological field and laboratory research. His research explores the archaeology of two different regions: the Northern Plains in central and western North Dakota and Southern Rocky Mountains in Colorado and New Mexico. Mitchell’s Southern Rockies research focuses on American Indian land use in the San Luis Valley and adjacent mountains. His Northern Plains research focuses on the political and economic development of post-A.D. 1200 farming villages of the Missouri River valley. He also studies historic American Indian rock art and the history of archaeology.
Lucas Hoedl is currently an archeologist with the National Park Service duty stationed at Montezuma Castle and Tuzigoot National Monuments. Lucas has worked in the American Southwest and Western Mexico for over 10 years. He earned an M.A. in Anthropology from University of Colorado Denver, and his B.A. at the University of Colorado Boulder. He currently specializes in the management and preservation of prehistoric architecture in central Arizona. His research interests include prehistoric economies and systems of commerce, prehistoric architecture, and cultural resource management.
Christopher Shelton received his M.A. from the University of Texas at Arlington in 2015, where his graduate research focused on sites along the coast of South Africa; more specifically, lithic technology of the Early to Later Stone Ages, raw material selection patterns, and the mechanical testing of lithic raw material. Currently, Mr. Shelton serves as a Project Archaeologist for SWCA Environmental Consultants (Austin, Texas office). His duties include field director, crew supervision, and tribal liaison. His archaeological experience in CRM spans TX, LA, AR, OK, OH, IN, SD, WY, and TN, and includes numerous Phase I investigations, data recovery projects, lithic analyses, faunal analyses, and lab management. His areas of developing expertise include lithic analysis, faunal analysis, and tribal relations.
Mentors - Biological Anthropology
Lucy Bowland
Abby Peterson
Robin Abrams
Elicia Abella
Alex Pelissero
Lucy Bowland is a biological anthropologist interested in paleoanthropology, comparative anatomy, and functional morphology in living and fossil primates. Her MA thesis at the University of Colorado, Denver, focused on the morphology of primate hands. In particular, her thesis utilized a large comparative sample of the first metacarpal of extant primates and fossil hominins to better understand the morphology of the Homo naledi first metacarpal. She has experience working with 3D data, as well as associated data processing software such as Geomagic, Mimics, Landmark Editor, and R. She is currently a PhD student at the University of Arkansas and plans to continue studying the anatomy of primate hands, as well as to learn more about the pros and cons of using 3D data for anthropological research. She has fieldwork experience excavating a “vampire” burial ground in Poland, working at the site of the Laetoli footprints in Tanzania, and excavating at Ashkelon in Israel.
Abby Peterson graduated from the University of Colorado, Boulder with BAs in Ecology & Evolutionary Biology and Anthropology. She now works at the Denver Zoo as a primate keeper, specializing in New World Primates. She participates in the Association of Zoos and Aquariums' New World Primate Steering Committee. Abby also supports conservation initiatives through the zoo's Field Conservation department.
Robin Abrams received her BA in Anthropology from the University of Colorado at Boulder and an Associate’s Degree in Zookeeping Technology from Pikes Peak Community College (PPCC). While at PPCC, she volunteered at a rescue center in South Africa called CARE (the Centre for Animal Rehabilitation and Education). During her time in Africa, she fulfilled many roles, some of which included monitoring large groups of baboons, hand-rearing several orphaned monkeys, and working as a clinic assistant in the veterinary hospital. She worked as a volunteer and then as a keeper assistant in Cheyenne Mountain Zoo's Primate World and Rocky Mountain Wild sections, and spent two years as a primate keeper in the Houston Zoo. She also had the opportunity to work as the paid primate intern at the Denver Zoo and has been a full-time keeper there since 2014. She works primarily with the Denver Zoo's collection of Old World Monkeys, although her favorite species to work with is chimpanzees! Robin finds behavior and group dynamics fascinating. Two of her favorite things to do as a zookeeper are spending time observing the animals and giving keeper chats to guests.
Abella graduated from the Pennsylvania State University with a Bachelor of Science degree in Biological Anthropology. During her time at Penn State, she has participated in research with the Department of BioBehavioral Health - Psychophysiological Lab under Dr. William Gerin, as well as served as an undergraduate teaching assistant for BIOL 129: Mammalian Anatomy. From 2012-2014, Abella attended CU Denver and received her Master’s degree in Anthropology (Biological) under the guidance of Dr. Charles Musiba. During her time at CU Denver, she was the Human Osteology Lab Instructor (SP 2013 & SP 2014) and has participated in the 2013 Tanzania Field School where she was able to assist in the 2013 Olduvai Paleoanthropological and Paleoecological Project (TOPP), as well as excavations at Laetoli. In 2014, Abella was the field teaching assistant for CU Denver’s Tanzania Field School at Laetoli (Site G, Locality 8) and assisted data collection at the National Museum of Tanzania in Dar es Salaam. In 2016, Abella also assisted Dr. Christine Steininger (University of Witswatersrand) and colleagues at the Gondolin Cave excavation.
Currently, Abella is a PhD candidate at the University of Arkansas with Dr. Peter Ungar as her advisor and has worked on collaborative research which has resulted into publications on dental microwear of extinct primates from Kanapoi, as well as on dental microwear of Australopithecus africanus. Her PhD dissertation focuses on dental adaptations and seasonal niche partitioning of a Sumatran primate community. She hopes to use the data collected to enhance our understanding of how primates may have partitioned their environment in the past.
Alex Pelissero received his MA in Anthropology from UCD in 2017. Focusing on biological anthropology, he primarily studies the emergence and evolution of bipedality in hominins. He wrote his thesis on the Laetoli hominin footprints, doing a comparative analysis on the two sets of prints from Site G and Site S using photogrammetry. He participated in two field seasons in Tanzania with Charles Musiba, working at sites across the country. In addition to studying footprints at Laetoli and Engare Sero, he also helped conduct an extensive UAV survey and mapping project at the Middle Pleistocene archaeological site of Isimila. He has presented his research at multiple conferences, such as the AAPA, Paleoanthropology Society, and the East African Association of Paleoanthropology and Paleontology. Outside of academia, he works as a cook and plays guitar in his punk band. He is currently applying to doctoral programs.
Mentors - Medical Anthropology
Dalia Abdulrahman
Paige Backlund
Shelby Chapman
Kevin Darcy
Jaimie Gilliland
Andres Guerrero
Emily Hammad
Eloiss Hulsbrink
Nick Lesley
Cori Marin
Courtney Ricci
Susanna Snyder
Liz Sweitzer
Dalia Abdulrahman graduated from the Medical Anthropology Program in 2016. She has worked with Denver's refugees and immigrants on diverse health issues for agencies such as Ecumenical Refugee & Immigration Services, the Colorado Department of Health & the Environment, and Aurora Mental Health Center since 2012. Having been an asylum seeker in Europe, Dalia is a keen advocate for the cause of refugees and immigrants. While working as a case manager at one of Denver's resettlement agencies she gained insight into the strengths and weaknesses of the resettlement process and the mental and physical toll it takes on refugees. Her Master's thesis, pending publication, explains how the dynamics and shortcomings of the federal resettlement program inadvertently cause lead poisoning among refugee children.
Dalia continues to work with the refugee population in Denver. Currently, she works for the Denver Department of Human Services where she is a social worker for the Unaccompanied Refugee Minor Program. Her long-term career plans are to obtain a PhD degree in migration studies and a position at the federal level to influence resettlement and immigration policy from within.
Paige Backlund Jarqun, DrPH, MPH earned a master's degree in public health, with a focus on community health education, from the Colorado School of Public Health in 2010. She finished her Doctor of Public Health degree in community and behavioral health in 2016, also from the Colorado School of Public Health. Paige has worked in community-based public health for more than 15 years with various organizations including the Peace Corps, Planned Parenthood of the Rocky Mountains' (PPRM) Education Department, and the Colorado Department of Public Health and the Environment (CDPHE), among others.
Paige is the Senior Program Manager for the State Innovation Model Extension Service at the Colorado Health Institute. Paige supports regional health connectors and their host organizations throughout Colorado, as well as program development, training and eval uation activities. Paige has served in mentoring programs through the Institute for Healthcare Improvement's Leadership and Organizing for Change training program, and with the Colorado Public Health Association; she has also had the opportunity to support multiple students through internships and their final projects. She is constantly humbled by the amazing students she gets to work with and feels like she learns more than what she gives! On the weekends you can find Paige hanging out with her partner and their two children, playing the guitar, and digging in their community garden plot.
Shelby Chapman graduated from the University of Colorado Denver with a Master's Degree in Anthropology in 2011. She received a Graduate Certificate in Public Health from the University of Colorado in 2013. Shelby worked for the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment from 2010-2014 as a Health Educator in the Refugee Health Program of Colorado. Her primary duties were to educate newly arrived refugees about preventive health while considering the unique needs of the refugee(s) being served. Shelby also developed presentations and provided training to medical and social services providers along the Front Range about the history and cultural background of the refugee populations in Colorado. Shelby also helped start a Refugee Health Resource Center that assisted refugees in navigating the complex US healthcare system.
Shelby currently works for Children's Hospital Colorado as the Health Literacy Program Manager. The program encompasses all patient/family education and its overall mission is to improve health equity. The three core priorities are providing skills to facilitate spoken communication between staff and patients/families, improving written communication, and improving the navigability of the health system. Shelby is also leading a system-wide effort to screen for and address the social determinants of health (SDoH) as part of the organization's Population Health Strategy. Shelby helped the organization institute universal screening for the SDoH in its primary care clinics and is currently working to expand screening to additional areas of the hospital. Shelby also serves on the Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Steering Committee.
Kevin Darcy earned his MA in Anthropology at CU Denver in December 2014 with a primary focus on applied medical anthropology. Briefly, Kevin was part of the CU Denver Food Systems Research Group, carried out ethnographic fieldwork in Tanzania, Guatemala, and two separate projects in Denver as part of two different courses. Through courses taken at CU Denver, Kevin worked with a local immigrant community, and guided college freshmen through a Qualitative Methods course. Kevin is currently a third year PhD student in Cultural Anthropology at CU Boulder, and is employed as a Lead Researcher with the Accessibility and Usability Lab. In his capacity as Lead Researcher for the Accessibility and Usability Lab, his current interdisciplinary project is focused on the lived realities and experiences of low vision and blind students at the CU Boulder campus.
Kevin's research interests include Critical Medical Anthropology, the Anthropology of Policy and Law, Governmentality, Immigration, Embodiment, and Critical Race Theory. Kevin's dissertation research is motivated by the relationship between immigration and health, with a particular focus on how policy, law, and discourse shape immigrant subjectivities and health outcomes.
Jaime received an MA in anthropology from CU Denver, with her primary interests in migrant health and the Latino day laborer population in Denver. Jaime received her undergraduate degree at Metro State, studying anthropology, African history, and nonprofit administration. Jaime has worked for a nonprofit in Denver that partnered with school districts to administer the School Health Services program, maximizing reimbursement from Medicaid for special education students. Jaime currently works as a research assistant for Health Management Associates, a for-profit healthcare research and consulting firm. In that role, she conducts research and evaluations for a variety of projects ranging from LGBTQIA mental health service delivery to community health needs assessments. Jaime participated in a study abroad program funded by the US State Department that took place in northern Ethiopia as a senior at Metro State.
Andrés holds a Bachelor of Science from Michigan State University in physiology and a Graduate Certificate in Public Health from the Colorado School of Public Health. He is currently pursuing his MPH at the Colorado School of Public Health. Andrés Guerrero began his public health career in the year 2000 working as a research assistant at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center. His work at the university focused on outreach, educating people who inject drugs on harm reduction methods, and assisting them with entry into drug treatment. He then moved to Peer Assistance Services, a private non-profit agency, to manage a federal SAMHSA grant that aimed to reduce the risk of HIV, viral hepatitis and substance abuse among minorities who were recently released from the Colorado Department of Corrections. He began at the Colorado Department of Health and Environment in the summer of 2009 in the Disease Control and Environmental Epidemiology Division. He is currently the Prescription Drug Overdose Unit manager. His professional areas of interest are drug user health, qualitative research, and digital storytelling. In his spare time, he enjoys volunteering, hiking, fishing and backpacking.
Emily has a broad education and training background, including a M.A. in medical anthropology and a double B.A. in history and Hispanic studies. For the past several years Emily has been under the mentorship of Dr. Karen Lutfey Spencer, whose work has contributed greatly to our appreciation of the fundamental relationship of socioeconomic status (SES) and health. In addition to her dissertation research, she has collaborated with Dr. Lutfey Spencer on research examining hospice underutilization among end-stage hospice patients. Their hospice research has resulted in a first-authored publication, presentations at numerous academic conferences and meetings, and an additional co-authored publication. Her professional and educational experiences have provided training in a wide range of methodological research approaches that includes: in-depth interviewing, conducting focus groups, quantitative modeling, digital storytelling, and extensive fieldwork.
Emily is a PhD candidate in the Health & Behavioral Sciences program at UCD. Emily's primary research focus is on SES health disparities and the influence of health insurance policies on the relationship between SES and health care. Her dissertation project uses innovative mixed-methods and case study of access to BRCA genetic testing among Coloradans diagnosed with breast cancer from 2009-2016 to empirically investigate the relationship among SES, type of health insurance plan and access to new medical technology. Outside of her academic pursuits, Emily enjoys spending time outdoors with her family (she has two boys, ages 5 and 2), traveling, and is an amateur filmmaker.
Eloiss graduated from the University of Colorado Denver in 2017 with a Master of Arts in Anthropology, focusing on cultural and medical disciplines. Eloiss is currently working at the State of Colorado Department of Health Care Policy & Financing as the Electronic Visit Verification (EVV) Communications Coordinator. In this position, she develops external communication strategies, working with her team to ensure consistency in messages produced and disseminated by the Department, specifically in regard to the EVV Implementation Project. Eloiss also has extensive experience in research as a Focus Group Leader for National Jewish Health and as a Graduate Research Assistant for her academic advisor at the University of Colorado Denver. Before her work in anthropology, Eloiss received a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee in Global Studies, with an emphasis on Intercultural Communications. Her experiences studying and traveling abroad have cultivated her love of worldly cultures and success in building relationships with diverse groups of people.
Nick holds a BA in Education and a minor in History and Sociology from Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, and a master's degree in Anthropology with a focus on Sustainable Development and Political Economy from the University of Colorado, Denver. Nick has worked at Lutheran Family Services Rocky Mountains Refugee and Asylee Programs as the Employment Team Lead, and was a middle school teacher at Aurora West College Preparatory Academy, where he taught middle school history to a largely immigrant and refugee populations.
Nick has worked in the U.S. refugee resettlement field since 2013. Nick Lesley is the Employment and Training Coordinator at CDHS' Colorado Refugee Services Program (CRSP). Nick has been at CRSP since April, 2016. Mr. Lesley works with refugee-serving agencies and other government entities to help ensure refugees receive a wide range of education and skills training in order for refugees to obtain living wage employment and begin to rebuild their lives in the United States.
Cori graduated from CU Denver in 2015, earning her MA in medical anthropology. While in the program, her main interests included policy, law and government. Cori landed a 2 year policy internship with a Colorado state representative, which gave her the opportunity to gain real, meaningful experience in the world of politics. She put her skills as a qualitative researcher to use, assigned to research a variety of issues on senate and house bills concerning violation of civil rights, impacts on services and funding to healthcare, and many other state actions on health reform. Her goal after graduating was to work in government while also incorporating medical anthropology and was lucky enough to secure a job that gave her that very opportunity.
Cori currently works for the City of Boulder, Department of Human Services, and her passion lies in working to contribute positive changes in policies that protect the poorest, most vulnerable people in our community. Cori works closely with the City Council to address a variety of issues that include health equity, civil rights, homelessness, housing, living wage, substance education and awareness, youth and seniors, and much more. There is great potential and value for anthropology in the informing of public health policy.
Courtney graduated in 2012 with a PhD in Health & Behavioral Sciences from CU Denver and has a Masters in socio-cultural anthropology from University of Colorado at Boulder in 2006. Courtney conducted her dissertation research on the impacts of medical tourism on the socialized health care system in Costa Rica. The study was ethnographic in nature and funded by the National Science Foundation and the Wenner-Gren Foundation. Courtney received a fellowship in the Health and Global Change Program at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), an institute that focuses on creating sustainable solutions to global problems. In addition, she has conducted numerous research projects in the field of health and health care, including several studies with the University of Colorado Medical School and Colorado Health Outcomes (COHO). Courtney has also taught classes in public health at the University of Colorado Denver, including Global Health and Capstone in Public Health.
Courtney currently works in research and evaluation at the Colorado Trust, a health and social justice foundation with the mission of achieving health equity here in Colorado. Here, her primary project is in community empowerment and resident-driven change in communities throughout the state. Courtney loves living in Colorado and getting to know different communities throughout the state. She also enjoys travel and outdoor activities here in Colorado with her family and two young children!
Tara received her MA in Medical Anthropology in 2010. During her time at CU Denver, she also worked as a Research Assistant for the Health and Behavioral Sciences department. Tara has held a wide wage of occupations since graduating with her degree, including as a Surveillance Associate at the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment and as a Rate/Financial Analyst at the Colorado Division of Insurance. Tara currently works as a Policy Analyst for the Colorado State Innovation Model (SIM) Office. This program aims to lower the cost of healthcare, better the quality of healthcare, and improve the health of the Colorado population overall.
Tara also works as a Program Coordinator for the State Two Generation Program through the office of Governor John Hickenlooper. This program approaches health with a dual generational focus, with the family as a single unit of focus.
Susanna received her M.A. in Medical Anthropology from the University of Colorado Denver and wrote her thesis on the provision of doulas to support women placing children for adoption. She continued her graduate work in the Reproductive Health Lab at Oregon State University and returned to Denver in 2014 to work with an all options adoption agency. Susanna Snyder is an Applied Medical Anthropologist with eight years of experience in maternal child health research, education, and advocacy.
Susanna has worked as a research coordinator with the Midwives Alliance of North America, a consultant with the Oregon Health Authority and a doula for women seeking a mother-friendly birth experience. She currently serves as the Maternal Child Health Policy Specialist for the Colorado Department of Health Care Policy and Financing (HCPF), the department responsible for administering Health First Colorado, Colorado's Medicaid Program. In her role, she manages special programs for vulnerable populations of pregnant women and drives initiatives to improve the physical and mental health of mothers and their children. From case management to federal reporting, facilitating focus groups to implementing evidence-based practices, Susanna is committed to understanding and alleviating the unique pressures that women face when attending to their reproductive health.
Jamie received her B.A. in anthropology from Colorado College in 1999 with a focus on cultural anthropology and completed her final thesis on the feminist syncretism of the Virgin of Guadalupe and she received her M.A. in Medical Anthropology in 2004 completing her thesis with a health beliefs study of Hispanic women heads of household with Type II Diabetes in the San Luis Valley. From 1999-2000, Jamie was a Fellow with the National Institutes of Health in Phoenix, AZ wåhere she worked in the research clinic and supported a health belief’s study of the Pima (Akimel O’odham) indigenous community. Jamie’s roots are directly in the west Denver community where she and her husband currently call home. She is a third generation Denverite, her grandmother was born in a small house in the Curtis Park neighborhood and grew up in the old Auraria Neighborhood and her grandfather grew up in Sun Valley. Her family moved to Villa Park in the 1960’s where Jamie has now lived for over 30 years. It is her home and the community is her inspiration. Jamie is a community advocate and community connector to her core. She was elected as City Councilwoman for Denver’s District 3 in July 2019. Prior to being elected, Jamie spent 18 years in the Human Rights & Community Partnerships Agency (HRCP) in the City and County of Denver where she helped ensure Denver is focused on the civil rights, human rights, and social justice needs of its residents. Jamie was both Deputy Director of the Agency and Director of the Denver Office of Immigrant & Refugee Affairs, an office she started in 2005 because she saw a need for greater immigrant inclusion. Over the years in working for local government, Jamie worked directly on issues of poverty, equity, food insecurity, community and civic engagement, immigrant integration, and approaching innovative ways of direct leadership development in underrepresented communities.
Liz graduated from the CU Denver Anthropology Department in spring 2017 with a concentration in Medical Anthropology. Her thesis explored the relationship between the often stigmatized dance form of belly dance, and how participation in that culture impacted women’s understandings of their bodies and preferences for medical care. After graduating, she took a full-time position with UCD’s School of Education and Human Development at The Evaluation Center. Her job entails both program evaluation and research largely focused on K12 education, medical education, translational science, and advocacy programs.
B.A. Degree Requirements
Graduate Advising
Transfer Student Information
Minor in Anthropology Requirements
Master of Arts in Anthropology
M.A. Degree Requirements
Thesis Option
Non-Thesis Option
Preparing to Graduate
Honors in Anthropology
Auraria Campus,
North Classroom Building
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The British Motor Show To Make A Welcomed Resurgence
30th December 2019 CCC News Desk Classic Car Events, Classic Car News, The British Motor Show 2020 0
The British Motor Show
Following a 12 year absence, The British Motor Show will return to the automotive showcase arena at Farnborough International from 20th to 23rd August 2020.
Organised by Automotion Events, the all-new venue and organising committee will embrace over 100 years of combined automotive industry experience in a bid to bring something different to an already crowded 2020 calendar. The team will be led by Andy Entwistle as Chief Executive and will include Paul Swift as the show’s technical director, the man behind the Top Gear Live stunt show.
The show will retain a ‘traditional feel’ whilst making use of technological features other shows are now implementing to attract visitors through the doors.
As well as a display of all the latest and greatest new cars, with manufacturers and dealers showing their flagship models, it will also have halls dedicated to classic cars, motorsport and a huge hall dedicated to electric cars and alternatively fuelled vehicles. The involvement of classic electric vehicles has yet to be clarified.
Andy Entwistle, CEO and Show Director, explained:
“I’m incredibly excited to announce that we’re bringing the British Motor Show back, which I could not have done without the great team behind me. This will be like no motor show that has been seen before, and our focus on past, present and future means there will be something for the whole family, as well as every petrol-head. I’m particularly excited about the technology hall where we will be able to get EVs and alternatively fuelled vehicles in front of the masses for the first time.
“At a time when the motor industry has taken a few knocks, I’m proud to be able to support the manufacturers and suppliers and give them a platform to really shout about their products and innovations. We are making the show accessible to everyone, including exhibitors. This is a new breed of motor show with a historic name, that will deliver something completely new, unique and utterly unmissable.”
As ever there will be a Motor Show Marketplace where visitors will be able to check out and buy the latest products available, from technology to clothing, cleaning products and more.
An Imperial Cars Arena will see Live dynamic content whilst the use of a ‘Live Stage’ will host interviews, debates, discussions and general interactive sessions throughout the proceedings. Timetables are yet to be confirmed.
A Technology Hall will also feature a new Tech Theatre, where suppliers and manufacturers will get the chance to display and talk about the very latest in-car technology.
Alternative Drive Experience
The ground-breaking new ‘Alternative Drive Experience” will be dedicated to electric, alternatively fuelled and hybrid vehicles and will give visitors the chance to experience first-hand what it’s like to drive an electric car – a first for many of the visitors to the show.
The organisers have said the dates are ‘user-friendly’ and coincide with school holidays to make it as accessible as possible for all visitors, with around 50,000+ expected to attend the new resurgent event August 20th-23rd.
More information and tickets can be found via this link.
Need A Reproduction Tax Disc For Your Classic? – click here
Mercedes-Benz 300 SEL 6.3 ‘Red Pig’ Re-creation Heads To Paris
‘Grand Avenue’ Axed As ‘Car Stories’ Welcome Rothmans Porsche 962C
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Mothers of the Disappeared – Russel D. McLean
Posted on August 1, 2014 August 1, 2014 by cleopatralovesbooks
I must start this review by saying that this is the fourth book in the Dundee based A.J. McNee series. A.J. McNee is a former Detective, now a Private Investigator who has been suspended from the Association of British Investigators following an incident four years previously. I have to admit I was quite confused for the first couple of chapters as the author filled in the back story on this incident and more importantly, the relationship A.J. McNee has with the police.
The main plot surrounds a mother. Elizabeth Farnham, whose 10 year old son was murdered and now wants McNee to investigate whether the man imprisoned for his murder was actually responsible. In a parallel storyline McNee is being asked to work undercover by the very organisation that is investigating him, the Scottish Crime and Drug Enforcement Agency, to get close to local Crime Lord David Burns. David Burns was in turn offering work in McNee’s direction but this wasn’t work he wanted to be involved in, once a copper, always a copper.
You may have guessed from my précis that this is a book with several strands of sub-plots, a complicated undertaking which the author just about pulls together but the reader will need to concentrate hard to keep up. I liked the main storyline of the investigation into the man convicted of killing Justin Farnham, this was well plotted and interesting. I wasn’t as convinced by some of the rest of the book particularly the investigation which included McNee’s previous lover Susan.
McLean appears to like adding authenticity by including details from true crimes, I have no objection to this when the narrative blends seamlessly with the plot; this wasn’t always the case. At one point the story is rattling towards its conclusion when suddenly the action switches to a piece about the awful killing at Dunblane in 1996 and whether the gun laws introduced were a good idea, it was bizarre (because it was a tenuous link) and it broke the rhythm of the plot.
This truly was a mixture of a book, the writing was on the whole engaging and it was, as the Severn House Publishers state:
‘blends the grit of classic American hardboiled fiction with a distinctly Scottish voice and attitude.’
However the ride through the book was a little bumpy which may be because I started part way through the series and I’m unable to judge which events were retold from previous books and which were introduced in this book.
I’d like to thank the publishers Severn House for giving me a copy of this book ahead of the publication date of today 1 August 2014.
Tagged: Book Review, Crime fiction, Mothers of the Disappeared, Russel D. McLean
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14 thoughts on “Mothers of the Disappeared – Russel D. McLean”
As always, Cleo, I do love your thoughtful and candid reviews. The premise does sound interesting, but I think I’ll wait on this a bit…
Thank you Margot. This was a mixture of good and not so good. I think the author simply tried to cram a little too much in one book but it wasn’t a bad read.
Cleo, just wondered as you say at the start, it’s the first book in this series, then at the end of the review you mention starting part way through the series. Is this an off shoot of a previous series then? I do enjoy books set in Scotland (particularly Glasgow, as I lived there for 16 years. It’s a perfect city for crime fiction, as it has plenty of gangsters and wannabes, although surprisingly little gun crime, more knives.) I might give this one a bash, although I’ll look out for other reviews too. Thanks Cleo, great review as ever.
I’m so sorry I wrote first but meant fourth; I will correct that now. The book is set in Dundee. There is definitely an edge to Scottish crime fiction and this one had a powerful crime lord. Thanks for spotting my mistake 🙂
I’m going to look for this in the shops this week – it’s £15 on Kindle which is WAY too much. No idea why it’s so expensive!
I noticed that when I was putting my review on Amazon – seems exorbitant. The first in the series is only £2.39 and my gut feeling is that this is one of those series where it would make a lot more sense to start at the beginning.
Now that’s a good idea, and a reasonable price. I’m sure it’ll go down in price (the fourth book) but I don’t think I’ve ever came across a crime fiction novel so expensive! And by a relatively unestablished author. Wonder if it’s a mistake??
librarylady says:
Hi Cleopatra, just checking after a long absence. Sounds like a great book. Glad you’re still at it.
Lovely to hear from you again. I’ve found some absolutely fantastic books this year and not all of them involve a murder 😉
You must have been a Sherlock in a past life as you were able to keep track, decipher, and review it for us. For me personally, if I have to concentrate like I’m studying for an exam, that’s a bit much for me.
🙂 For a while I wanted to be a forensic scientist and my current job involves finding evidence from a number of sources and putting it all together into a credible ‘story’ however I work in Intellectual Property which isn’t as scary as ‘baddies’.
Hmm…I was intrigued by this one because of the Glasgow setting, but I’m glad I let you take it for a test run first! The basic premise does sound interesting but it looks as though the author has just tried to cram too much in. Oh well! I’ve spotted that your next review is 5-stars, so I’ll head over there instead…
Always happy to oblige with the test run! This one has promise but the execution let it down slightly. The main plot was good and probably starting at book 4 wasn’t the best idea.
Yes, I wish blurb’s would make it clearer whether books can standalone or should be read in order.
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1. Rates. Unless otherwise specified in Advertising Commitment in connection with a Commitment from Advertiser, Advertiser’s purchase of Ads for display in the Newspapers, on the Digital Properties will be billed at Publisher’s Standard Rates. Advertiser acknowledges that it has been provided a copy of Publisher’s standard rate card. The rate card, including any terms and conditions in such rate card, are hereby incorporated into this Agreement by reference, provided that in the event of a conflict between any terms or conditions in the rate card and the terms of this Agreement, the terms of this Agreement will control. Publisher reserves the right to modify its rate card, including increasing its Standard Rates, at any time and from time to time. Publisher will provide Advertiser with at least 30 days’ prior written notice of any rate increase. If Advertiser objects to any such increase, it shall have the option to discontinue display of the applicable Ads by giving written notice to Publisher prior to the effective date of such changes. Advertiser’s right to discontinue the display of its Ads shall be its sole and exclusive remedy in the event of a rate increase. If Advertiser does not elect to discontinue display of the applicable Ads, then, following the expiration of the notice period, all Ads shall be billed at Publisher’s increased rates.
2. Delivery.
2.1. Deadlines. Advertiser will provide Publisher all applicable Ads by Publisher’s standard deadline (as designated by Publisher), in a format suitable for display in the Newspaper(s) or on the applicable Digital Property(ies), as applicable, via a transmission method mutually agreed upon by the parties. Advertiser shall have the right to change any Ads(s) after submission, provided that it submits any such changes to Publisher no later than Publisher’s standard deadline (as designated by Publisher). Advertiser shall pay all expenses connected with the delivery of the Ad(s) to Publisher. Changes to any Ads after first publication may result in additional charges, which will be disclosed to Advertiser in advance.
2.2. Submission of Advertising Materials. Unless otherwise agreed to by the parties in writing, Advertiser will provide all creative services and necessary text, data, images, illustrations or graphics and/or other materials with respect to the Ads(s). Advertiser will submit the Ad(s) in accordance with the applicable Publisher policies in effect from time to time, including policies regarding artwork specifications, format and submission deadlines.
3. Ad Serving. Advertiser grants to Publisher a license to (a) display Advertiser’s Ads on the Distribution Network; and (b) modify, copy, reformat, transmit and otherwise manipulate the Ads in connection with such display. Advertisements will be served in accordance with one of the following options:
3.1. By Publisher. If Publisher! will be responsible for serving the Digital Ads through its own ad servers, then Publisher will track delivery of the Digital Ads through such servers. The parties agree that Publisher’s final impression measurements will be used to determine the fees due under this Agreement.
3.2. By a Third Party. If a third party (“Third Party”) will be responsible for serving the Digital Ads through such Third Party’s ad server, and such Third Party will track delivery of the Digital Ads through its server. The Third Party’s final audited impression measurements will be used to determine the fees due under this Agreement. If the parties agree to use a Third Party ad server under the terms of this Addendum, Advertiser agrees to provide Publisher with a user login name and password to access the Third Party’s impression measurements for purposes of verification of such measurements.
4. Invoices. Publisher agrees that invoices covering the delivery of Ads hereunder will contain: (a) the dates and times upon which Advertiser’s Ads were displayed in the Newspapers and/or the Digital Properties, and, if applicable, dates and times upon which the Ads could be accessed on the Digital Properties, (b) where applicable, the number of impressions, and/or click-throughs reported during such dates, and (c) the charge to Advertiser. The invoice shall serve as Publisher’s) certificate of performance.
5. Short-Rating. If Advertiser has made a Commitment in accordance with Advertising Commitment of this Agreement and, at the end of the Commitment Term set forth in Advertising Commitment Advertiser has either (i) purchased less volume (inches/pages/impressions) of Ads than agreed to in the Advertising Commitment or (ii) fallen short of the minimum revenue commitment agreed to in Advertising Commitment , then, if Publisher’s Standard Rates are higher than the rates Advertiser was paying during the Commitment Term, (a) Advertiser will be billed for (and will be obligated to pay) the difference between the Standard Rate and the Commitment Term rate for all Ads that ran during the Commitment Term, and (b) Advertiser will be billed at the Standard Rate (as such Standard Rate may be modified in accordance with Section 1, above) for all Ads run after the Commitment Period.
6. Cancellation.
6.1. Cancellation of Print Ads. Cancellations will not be accepted for Print Ads after the Publisher’s standard closing time, as designated by Publisher. Advertiser will be responsible for any production or creative services provided by Publisher regardless of the cancellation of any Print Ads.
6.2. Cancellation of Digital Ads
6.2.1. Cancellation Prior to Initial Distribution. At any time prior to the serving of the first impression of a Digital Ad on a Digital Property under this Agreement, Advertiser may cancel an online advertising campaign on thirty (30) days prior written notice to Publisher.
6.2.2. Cancellation After Initial Distribution Once the first impression of a Digital Ad has been served on any Digital Property, Advertiser may cancel an online advertising campaign by giving Publisher written notice of such cancellation, which cancellation will be deemed effective on the later of: (i) thirty (30) days after serving of the first impression of the applicable campaign; or (ii) fourteen (14) days after providing Publisher with such notice. If Advertiser exercises its right to cancel under this Paragraph 8(b), Advertiser will be responsible for all fees that accrue prior to the cancellation date.
7. Reservation of Rights. Publisher may reject, remove or cancel any Ad, space reservation or position commitment at any time in its sole discretion. Publisher also may edit, reject or remove from its Newspaper(s) and/or Digital Property(ies), at any time, any Ad or other material submitted by Advertiser or its Agency, or place the Ad in any Publisher advertising classification or section that Publisher deems appropriate. Publisher also shall have full latitude with respect to positioning all advertisements in the Newspapers; provided, however, that Publisher will use its reasonable efforts to accommodate Advertiser's positioning requests.
8. Responsibility for Advertisements.
8.1. Technical Quality; Typographical Errors; Incorrect Insertions or Omissions. Publisher is not responsible for any material that is not properly displayed or that cannot be accessed or viewed because the material was not received by Publisher in the proper form, in a timely manner, or in an acceptable technical quality for display on the Digital Property(ies). This Agreement cannot be invalidated, and neither Publisher will be liable for typographical errors, incorrect insertions or incorrect publication or omissions in any Advertiser Content displayed or published pursuant to this Agreement or omitted from display or publication.
9.2 Failure to Display Advertiser Content. Publisher Properties hereunder) are not required to display any Advertiser Content or other material for the benefit of any person or entity other than Advertiser. If there is an interruption or omission of the publication of any Advertiser Content or other material contracted to be published hereunder, Publisher may suggest a substitute time period for the publication of the interrupted or omitted Advertiser Content or material or run the Ads in a different position in the Newspaper(s) or on the Digital Property(ies), as determined by Publisher. Alternatively, in cases where Advertiser is paying on a fixed fee basis or has paid in advance, and if no such substitute time period is acceptable to Advertiser in Advertiser’s good faith business judgment, Publisher shall provide a “make good” in the form of a reduction in the amount of fees due to Publisher (or credit of fees already paid) equal to the proportionate amount of money assigned to the interrupted or omitted Ad(s). Such substitution in time period or placement or reduction in fees shall be Advertiser’s sole and exclusive remedy for any failure to display Ads or other advertising material and Publisher shall have no further liability hereunder for such failure.
9.3 Removal or Change of Content. Publisher, in its sole discretion, may remove or revise its Newspaper(s) and/or Digital Property(ies), including the Newspapers’ and/or Digital Properties’ content, nature, design, and/or organization, during the term of this Agreement. If any such revision materially alters the value of the Ad(s) to be run by Advertiser, Publisher will notify Advertiser of such revisions. If the parties cannot agree upon a satisfactory substitution for the affected ads due to such revision, Advertiser may cancel this Agreement with respect to the affected Ad(s) and shall not have to pay (or shall receive a refund) for Ads not displayed due to such cancellation. Such cancellation shall be Advertiser’s sole and exclusive remedy and Publisher shall have no further liability whatsoever.
10. Pre-Print Policy. All pre-prints must conform to the Publisher’s standard pre-print specifications and recommended waste calculations, which will be provided by each Publisher. Inserts must be delivered to the Publisher at least 10 days in advance of distribution date. The Publisher will invoice pre-print billing quantities based on copies actually distributed (i.e., home delivery net sales, single copy total draw, and other circulation). Advertiser agrees to be billed the ordered distribution in the event that out of specification inserts are received.
11. Branded Content Advertising. This section applies if the campaign(s) described in the Agreement contemplate that Publisher will distribute Branded Content (aka “Native Advertising”) campaigns on behalf of Advertiser. Branded Content can include short-form content or long-form content, videos, emails, or social media posts that is published on Publisher’s print and/or digital platforms and that is either (i) created by or on behalf of Publisher, at Advertiser’s direction, for the purpose of enabling Publisher to run a contextually relevant advertisement on behalf of Advertiser (“Publisher Branded Content”), or (ii) is created or provided by Advertiser or its designee for placement by Publisher in or on its print or digital properties specified herein (“Advertiser Branded Content”). Advertiser, in its sole discretion, will have the right to approve any Publisher Branded Content prior to publication or distribution by Publisher in connection with the campaign described herein, and Publisher, in its sole discretion, will have the right to approve any Advertiser Branded Content prior to publication or distribution by Publisher in connection with such campaign. For clarity, Publisher will not be obligated to publish, via any platform, any Advertiser Branded Content that Publisher determines, in its sole discretion, does not meet Publisher’s content guidelines or is otherwise inappropriate for publication. In addition, Publisher reserves the right, in its sole discretion, to include labels in, on and/or around any Branded Content published on behalf of Advertiser hereunder that indicate that the applicable Branded Content was paid for and/or provided by Advertiser.
11.1 FTC Guidelines. Publisher and Advertiser shall each comply with all applicable laws, rules and regulations, including without limitation the FTC’s Guides Concerning Endorsements and Testimonials and the FTC’s Enforcement Policy for Native Advertising.
11.3 Cancellation of Branded Content Campaign. If Advertiser cancels prior to the start date of the campaign, Advertiser shall be obligated to pay for any fees and costs incurred associated with the Services which have been completed up to the point of cancellation, plus non-cancellable costs and fees which are owed for third party contracts which cannot be cancelled.
12. Pay for Performance / Lead Generation. This section applies to an Advertisement in the Publication or on the Publication’s website which include a designated phone number or a tracking code or a click through from the Publication’s Site to the Advertiser by which Publication and Advertiser can track and verify readers to respond to and offer in the Advertisement. Any specific qualifications for the lead shall be included in the Insertion Order or on the Advertising Commitment. Publication shall have the right to audit the Advertiser’s records to confirm the number of qualified leads generated by the Advertisement. Publication shall be provided with access to the call tracking records and other records maintained by Advertiser. Publication shall be paid a percentage of the revenue generated from the lead or a fee per lead as specified in the Advertising Commitment or Insertion Order. Only unused print and digital inventory will be available for the Advertisements. The frequency, location, and placement of the Advertisements shall be determined by Publisher, in its sole discretion.
ADDENDUM B - DIGITAL MARKETING SERVICES
If Advertiser is purchasing digital marketing services under this Agreement (“Marketing Services”), then the additional terms and conditions set forth in this Addendum B will apply to each Order Advertiser submits for such Marketing Services. ReachLocal and Sweet IQ Analytics, affiliates of Publisher, are Pay Per Click Service, SEO Service, Maps/Reputation Management Service, Social Media Service, Web Design/Development/Hosting Service, and/or other Marketing Services. ReachLocal’s applicable terms and conditions are at https://www.reachlocal.com/us/en/legal/terms-and-conditions/media-product-terms apply to the services it provides. SweetIQ Analytic’s applicable terms and conditions are at https://sweetiq.com/terms-of-service apply to the services it provides. Publisher has engaged G/O Digital to provide Email Marketing Services. If applicable, G/O Digital’s applicable terms and conditions at https://www.godigitalmarketing.com apply to the Email Marketing Service. For clarity, if Advertiser has not purchased a particular Service described below, then the terms below relating to that Service will not apply to Advertiser.
1. Rates. Unless otherwise specified on Advertising Commitment from Advertiser, Advertiser’s purchase of Marketing Services will be billed at Publisher’s Standard Rates. Advertiser acknowledges that it has been provided a copy of Publisher’s standard rate card for Marketing Services. The rate card, including any terms and conditions in such rate card, are hereby incorporated into this Agreement by reference, provided that in the event of a conflict between any terms or conditions in the rate card and the terms of this Agreement, the terms of this Agreement will control. Publisher reserves the right to modify its rate card, including increasing its Standard Rates for Marketing Services, at any time and from time to time. Publisher will provide Advertiser with at least 30 days’ prior written notice of any rate increase. If Advertiser objects to any such increase, it shall have the option to discontinue use of the applicable Marketing Services by giving written notice to Publisher prior to the effective date of such changes. Advertiser’s right to discontinue the use of particular Marketing Services shall be its sole and exclusive remedy in the event of a rate increase. If Advertiser does not elect to discontinue use of the applicable Marketing Services, then, following the expiration of the notice period, all Marketing Services shall be billed at Publisher’s increased rates.
2. Marketing Services.
2.1. Pay Per Click (“PPC”) Service. Publisher will create ads based on the Advertiser Content and will distribute the Ads through the Publisher Distribution Networks. Advertiser will have the opportunity to review and approve all PPC campaigns prior to launch. Advertiser will be solely responsible for all content associated with any PPC campaign. Fees are based upon the number of clicks on ads by users, based on the cost per click (“CPC”) rate set forth in the applicable Order.
2.2. Search Engine Optimization (“SEO”) Service. The SEO Service includes the optimization of the chosen number of keywords (e.g., 5, 10, 15 or custom) and the application of “on page” and “off page” SEO strategies for Advertiser’s website, with the goal of obtaining improved ranking in organic search engine results for selected keywords. To the extent Advertiser’s website is not hosted by Publisher, Advertiser will provide access to its website to enable Publisher to perform the SEO Service. Notwithstanding the foregoing or anything in this Agreement to the contrary, Advertiser acknowledges that, although Publisher will use reasonable efforts to optimize the ranking of Advertiser’s ads based on the selected keywords, Publisher makes no guarantee that Advertiser’s search ranking position will be maintained or optimized. Advertiser agrees that Publisher will not be liable for any unfavorable ranking results of Advertiser’s ads, whether such unfavorable results arise from the SEO Service or from an act or omission of the applicable search engine.
2.3. Maps/Reputation Management Service. This Service is designed to help Advertiser’s business listing appear in the “Google Maps/Places” in response to searches for Advertiser’s optimized keywords. Advertiser acknowledges that search results and search engine rankings are influenced by several factors, and Publisher does not guarantee any placement in the “Google Maps/Places” or a particular position or rank for Advertiser’s website or business listing in any search results.
2.4. Keywords. Advertiser acknowledges and agrees that Publisher, in its discretion, may select keywords for the PPC and SEO campaigns and for Maps Reputation Management Services. Publisher will use reasonable efforts to use Customer provided keywords; however, Publisher cannot guarantee that all of the Customer’s keywords will be used.
2.5. Email Marketing Service. Publisher’s Email Service includes the creation of email marketing messages based on the Advertiser Content and transmission of email messages on behalf of Advertiser. Advertiser will have the opportunity to review and approve all email marketing messages prior to the launch of an email marketing campaign under the applicable Order. Publisher will determine the transmittal date and time. The Order will specify (i) whether Publisher or Advertiser determines the recipient list and (ii) the number of recipients and the number of transmittals to the recipient list. Publisher does not make any representations or warranties about deliverability or open rates. Upon request of Publisher, Advertiser will provide its Do-Not-Email list for Publisher’s use in deleting addresses on such list from the recipient list. Advertiser represents and warrants that its Do-Not-Email list includes addresses for all recipients who have opted out of receiving emails from Advertiser.
2.6. Social Media Service. Publisher’s Social Media Service includes the creation and maintenance of Advertiser’s social media accounts (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, Foursquare, etc.) on the sites as agreed upon by Publisher and Advertiser. To the extent Advertiser’s social media accounts are already claimed by Advertiser or its representative, Advertiser will provide administrative credentials for such social media outlets to enable Publisher to provide the Social Media Service as contemplated herein. Advertiser shall have the opportunity to review and approve all social media posts, tweets, and other social media statements or content prior to publication of the post, tweet, statement or other content distributed by or on behalf of Advertiser via Advertiser’s social media accounts. Advertiser will ensure that all such content complies with applicable law and applicable social media service’s terms of service, as such terms of service may be modified from time to time. Advertiser further acknowledges that Publisher does not operate or otherwise control any third-party social media service. Publisher is not responsible or otherwise liable for any inaccuracy on, or unavailability of, any third-party social media service.
2.7. Web Design/Development/Hosting Service. [Desktop or Mobile]: Publisher will design, develop, and/or update the Advertiser’s website as part of this service. Publisher’s Services may include hosting a website for Advertiser, including performing maintenance and controlling the functionality and accessibility of the website. Publisher may perform these Services directly or through a subcontractor. Advertiser is required to provide Publisher with its terms of use and privacy policy to be displayed on its website.
3. Ancillary Services. In connection Advertiser’s subscription to with one or more of the Marketing Services described above, Publisher may provide the following ancillary Services:
3.1. Proxy Sites. Publisher may provide a mirrored version of the Advertiser’s website (“Proxy Site”). In order to use the proxy service, (i) Advertiser’s website must be operational, functional, and accessible through the Internet, and (ii) the URL visible above the Proxy Site to users clicking on the Advertiser’s ad must reflect the website address for the Proxy Site and NOT that of the Advertiser’s website. Advertiser agrees that Publisher is in no way responsible for the operation and functionality of the Advertiser’s website. Advertiser agrees that it has all rights to the content on the Advertiser’s existing website and Advertiser is able to grant the right to Publisher to use the content in connection with the Services.
3.2 Call Recording Services. If Advertiser elects to use the Call Recording Service in connection with one or more of the Marketing Services described in Section 1, above, Publisher will, on Advertiser’s behalf, record (i) calls between Advertiser and its clients regarding the Services (the “Service Calls”) and (ii) incoming calls to Advertiser from prospective clients of Advertiser (the “Inbound Calls”) (collectively “Call Recording”). Advertiser acknowledges that the purpose for Call Recording is for auditing this Agreement and the Services in the Order. Advertiser grants specific permission to Publisher to administer, monitor, use and access Call Recording and the content of the recorded calls as Advertiser’s agent. Publisher will provide prompt disclosure in Call Recording that the Service Call or Inbound Call may be recorded (“Recording Notification”). Advertiser acknowledges that it is responsible for notifying and/or obtaining the consent to Call Recording from its representatives (including employees, agents and independent contractors) who may be recorded in a Service Call or Inbound Call. For clarity, Advertiser acknowledges and agrees that Publisher is not responsible to provide any notice in connection with Call Recording other than Recording Notification. Advertiser specifically acknowledges that Publisher is not responsible to provide notice of rights of the Advertiser’s clients and prospective clients relating to potentially confidential or privileged communications. Any notice required by law other than Recording Notification is the sole responsibility of the Advertiser.
4. Indemnification for Call Recording. Without limiting Advertiser’s indemnification obligations under Section 8.1 of the Agreement, if Advertiser uses the Call Recording service, Advertiser agrees to indemnify and hold the Publisher Indemnitees harmless from and against any and all Losses arising out of a third-party claim resulting from (i) any failure by Advertiser to comply with the requirements of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or (ii) Advertiser’s use or misuse of the Call Recording service. Advertiser shall not use the Call Recording service to intimidate, harass, or otherwise violate the privacy or other rights of a caller and a Recorded Person. If Publisher learns about any alleged misuse of the Call Recording service, Publisher reserves the right to terminate the totality of Advertiser use of the Call Recording service without notice or liability.
5. Additional Terms. The third party vendors’ (referenced above) policies regarding cancellation and termination of orders, including but not limited to cancellation fees, shall apply. If the Advertiser cancels an order early, the Advertiser will be billed through the next billing cycle. For example, if the Advertiser cancels prior to the end of the month, the Advertiser will be billed through the end of the next calendar month. If the Advertiser cancels prior to the end of the four (4) month minimum commitment, the Advertiser will be billed for four (4) full months. Upon cancellation, the Advertiser must notify Publisher in writing if the online advertising should cease, if no notice is provided, advertising will be active through the end of the commitment.
ADDENDUM A-2
BRANDED CONTENT (Native Advertising)
Statement of Work
If Advertiser’s Order includes Branded Content the following the terms and conditions set forth below will apply to each Order.
Content Distribution:
Media Company has a tiered distribution strategy to reach readers in multiple ways on desktop and mobile web:
Editorial tiles on the homepage and relevant section fronts during launch days for each content piece. Additional days based on availability.
n order to capture side-door traffic Media Company shall provide contextually relevant in-line article placements. These include a thumbnail image and headline that drive readers to the Native Advertising. Media Company’s team will create versions based on the approved Branded Content.
Media Company will create and run ______ promotional unit(s) within articles on mobile.
If included as part of the Order, Branded Content will be distributed via Facebook Instant Articles
If included as part of the Order, the Branded Content will be included in the USA TODAY app during the campaign time
Social: Recognizing the importance of social media in any Native Advertising campaign, the Media Company a dedicated social media expert in-house who will manage all of Advertiser’s social activity. Media Company will deliver social extensions for Advertiser’s Branded Content across relevant social channels. Media Company can review social Key Performance Indicators (KPI’s) specific for Advertiser.
Campaign management:
Targeted promotions & dynamic optimization: In order to drive audience engagement across all pieces of content, Media Company will have a measurement plan in place that includes real time analytics managed through your dedicated program manager. The program manager will seek to dynamically optimize all promotional tactics in real time toward the best possible performing placements across desktop and mobile. All promotional placements will run in relevant content sections (aside from homepage and section fronts) to drive reader response.
Reporting: Media Company will provide content and promotional unit reporting.
Use of Branded Content by Advertiser:
Advertiser may distribute the Branded Content (including videos if applicable) on the below channels as long as there is either attribution (which will be provided by Media Company) or a link back to the Branded Content. If there is a link to the Branded Content attribution is not required. Headlines and images that link back to Media Company do not require attribution. Only when the Branded Content is hosted in its entirety by Advertiser, Advertiser must provide attribution.
Branded Content can only be hosted in its entirety after the first 30-days, and thereafter may be used on:
1) any Advertiser digital owned asset (website, emails, Advertiser app);
2) any non-owned platform where Advertiser has a presence (i.e., Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, social media sites, etc.); and
3) as part of the content in its advertising brand media campaign.
Distribution of the Branded Content (including videos) by Advertiser, is subject to the following conditions:
1) Branded Content (including videos) shall be distributed and/or displayed without any edits or modifications; and
2) Advertiser cannot attribute the Branded Content to USA TODAY or imply that the editorial or news staff of USA TODAY was involved in the creation of the articles or video. Advertiser can attribute the Branded Content to “GET Creative, a division of USA TODAY”.
Media Company’s legally approved label for custom content work is “Story From” which will be included in articles listicles, video, infographics, promotional units, and social media.
Campaign Period: ____________________
Fees for Campaign: __________________
Cancellation Prior to Initial Campaign Launch Date.
Up to thirty (30) days prior to the first date of the campaign, Advertiser may cancel the campaign, with at least 30 days prior written notice to Media Company. Should the Advertiser cancel, it shall pay for any fees and costs associated with the Services completed up to the point of cancellation, and all non-cancellable costs and fees which are owed for third party contracts which cannot be cancelled.
ADDENDUM C – EVENT SPONSORSHIP
If Advertising is purchasing a Sponsorship of or receiving benefits in connection with a Publisher Event, as specified in the Advertising Commitment or the applicable Order, the terms and conditions below shall apply.
1. Cancellations. Sponsorship Fees (i.e., the amount listed on the Advertising Commitment) are non-refundable. Advertiser may not cancel or terminate its sponsorship. If an Event is cancelled by the Publisher and not rescheduled, the Advertiser may receive a refund of a portion of its Sponsorship Fee. The amount refunded will be determined after deducting (i) any non-refundable costs and expenses associated with the Event and (ii) any promotional advertising for the Event that has already been published or displayed. Any trade or complimentary advertising included in the Sponsorship Fee shall be forfeited.
2. Content and Creative. Publisher shall be solely responsible for creating all promotional materials (print and digital), signage, or program(s) for the Event or the Program. Advertiser shall be identified as a promotional sponsor of the Event or Program in the promotional materials, signage and program book (if applicable). Publisher has sole discretion to determine the volume, frequency, number of impressions of any advertising for the Event, placement of advertising (print and/or digital), and positioning of Advertiser’s name. Publisher has sole discretion to determine if any radio, TV or billboard advertising will be provided.
3. Limit of Liability. Publisher is not liable for any interruption, error or omission regarding any advertising (print, online, or other media). Publisher is not liable for cancellation or rescheduling of an Event, due to unavailability of the venue where the Event is being held or due to circumstances beyond its control.
4. Advertising Value. The advertising value being provided to Advertiser shall apply solely to advertising and promoting the Event. Unused advertising will expire on the expiration date the sponsorship and will be forfeited. Advertising value cannot be bartered, sold, transferred to, or used, in whole or in part, by any third party. The advertising value may not be used to fulfill any other advertising commitment between Advertiser and Publisher.
5. Renewal Option. If the Sponsorship is for an annual Event, program, product, or service, the parties must agree in writing upon the terms of the renewal at least thirty (30) days prior to the end of the current Sponsorship. The renewal terms shall be stated in a new Advertising Commitment or Order.
6. Insurance. If the Sponsorship includes the Advertiser attending the Event (as exhibitor or vendor) to market its products and services, the Advertiser shall maintain insurance issued by a company reasonably acceptable to Publisher, for the following insurance: (i) commercial general liability insurance, including coverage for property damage, personal injury, or death in an amount of not less than One Million Dollars ($1,000,000) per occurrence; (ii) automobile liability insurance in an amount of not less than One Million Dollars ($1,000,000) per occurrence; (iii) worker’s compensation insurance in amounts as statutorily required; (iv) product liability insurance in an amount of not less than $1,000,000 per occurrence for bodily injury, illness, and property damage combined; and (v) professional liability insurance in amount of not less than One Million Dollars ($1,000,000) per occurrence. A copy of the certificate(s) of insurance, naming the Publisher, Gannett Co., Inc., and its subsidiaries and affiliates as additional insureds, shall be provided to Publisher prior to the Event.
7. Publicity. Any press releases or public announcements regarding the Sponsorship which will include Publisher’s name, are subject to Publisher’s prior review and approval. Such approval may be granted or denied in Publisher’s sole discretion.
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HomeCollectionLight falling through a dark landscape (A)
Aotearoa New Zealand, b.1919, d.1987
Light falling through a dark landscape (A)
Purchased 1972
Reproduced courtesy of Colin McCahon Research and Publication Trust
Synthetic polymer paint on paper
1410 x 1040mm
Tags: abstraction, black (color), lines (geometric concept), orange (color)
For the exhibition Untitled #1050 (25 November 2017 – 14 October 2018) this work was displayed with the following label:
“As a painter I may often be more worried about you than you are about me and if I wasn’t concerned I’d not be doing my work properly as a painter. Painting can be a potent way of talking.
“Do you believe in the sunrise?
“My painting year happens first in late winter and early spring. I paint with the season and paint best during the long hot summers. I prefer to paint at night or more especially in the late summer afternoons when, as the light fades, tonal relationships become terrifyingly clear.
“At night I paint under a very large incandescent light bulb. I’ve been doing this for a long time. I am only now, and slowly, becoming able to paint in the morning. After a lifetime of working – farming, factories, gardening, teaching, the years at the Auckland City Art Gallery – I find it hard to paint in the world’s usual work-time. It can be difficult to accept that painting too is work.”
—Colin McCahon, 1972
earlier labels about this work
McCahon / Van der Velden, 18 December 2015 – 7 August 2016
When asked in 1976, in response to the use of light and dark in his paintings, if he saw New Zealand as a land of contrasts, McCahon replied:
'Very much, incredibly. You can’t escape that of course, it’s there so it must filter through into things, but I don’t consciously strive for the New Zealand light. It’s just so beautiful, that’s all. You can do such a lot with it. That is if you’re not one of those fools that regards black as something other than colour.'If you regard it as colouring it’s a superb colour.'
In an earlier interview, McCahon described his Necessary Protection works, to which this work directly relates:
'They have to do with the days and nights in the wilderness and our constant need for help and protection. The symbols are very simple. The I of the sky, falling light and enlightened land, is also ONE. The T of the sky and light falling into a dark landscape is also the T of the Tau or Old Testament, or Egyptian cross.'
In this abstract work, Colin McCahon has used light to symbolically represent hope. McCahon often featured light in his works, both as a physical phenomenon and as a metaphor. In 1971 McCahon worked on a series of small acrylic paintings called Necessary Protection in which he used the basic shapes of ‘I’ and ‘T’ to symbolise spiritual associations and humankind's need for help and protection. Light Falling Through a Dark Landscape belongs to this period and is characteristic of his attempt to embody something of the spirituality of the image through the use of colour. McCahon is now widely regarded as New Zealand's most important modern painter. He was born in Timaru and studied art in Dunedin, first exhibiting his work in 1949. He spent time in Christchurch and Nelson but moved to Auckland in 1953, working first at the City Art Gallery, then at the University of Auckland School of Fine Arts. In 1971 McCahon resigned from teaching to paint full-time. He died in Auckland. (Label date unknown)
Related reading: Colin McCahon, McCahon and van der Velden
Light Passing Into a dark landscape
Today is the centennial of the death of one of New Zealand's most treasured artists, Petrus van der Velden.
Light falling through a dark landscape
Colin McCahon: One Direction, Many Mansions
Noted author and literary critic Peter Simpson talks about his new book, Colin McCahon: There is Only One Direction with Grant Banbury.
What We Talk About With McCahon
Where to begin when writing or talking about Colin McCahon? I remember seeing one of his paintings for the first time, a North Otago landscape painted deep green with a sunless white sky on a piece of hardboard, hanging at the Forrester Gallery in Ōamaru while on a family trip when I was a young teenager. I felt like I recognised the landscape depicted from what I saw around me growing up, but I hadn’t seen it reduced to something so stark and primal before.
From the Sun Deck: McCahon’s Titirangi
Colin McCahon’s shift to Titirangi in 1953 was a watershed moment in the artist’s career, providing the inspiration for him to develop his interest in cubism and abstraction.
To Colin McCahon
James K. Baxter’s 1952 poem ‘To Colin McCahon’ is an important marker in the long and sometimes tempestuous artistic relationship the two men shared. On an immediate level, the poem is a response to McCahon’s painting There is only one direction (1952), which he presented to Jim and Jacquie Baxter to mark the birth of their daughter Hilary after they had named McCahon her godfather.
Baxter and McCahon: a conversation
Colin McCahon - As there is a constant flow of light...
Petrus van der Velden - The Dutch Funeral
Colin McCahon - Canterbury Landscape
Colin McCahon - There is only one direction
McCahon / Van der Velden
An exhibition of two of New Zealand's most respected painters.
Canterbury Landscape by Colin McCahon
In 2014 we purchased an important landscape work by Colin McCahon. Curator Peter Vangioni speaks about this new addition to Christchurch Art Gallery’s collection.
‘Where the picture stops and the world begins’
The way a work of art is framed affects our perception of the piece. A bad frame can detract and distract, a good frame enhances and even extends a work. While the Gallery has been closed we have updated frames for a number of works in the collection.
Petrus van der Velden - Mountain Stream, Otira Gorge
Kauri tree landscape by Colin McCahon
This article first appeared as 'Mighty kauris inspired McCahon' in The Press on 10 February 2015.
as there is a constant flow of light
On a recent printer's residency at the Otago University's Otakou Press Colin McCahon's huge mural painting Waterfall Theme and variations dominated proceedings.
Colin McCahon Kauri tree landscape
In 1958 poet and arts patron Charles Brasch, a great supporter of McCahon, said of the Titirangi works: 'These Auckland paintings seem an entirely new departure. The colour and light of Auckland are different from those of the rest of New Zealand; they are more atmospheric, they seem to have an independent, airy existence of their own, and they break up the uniform mass of solid bodies, hills or forests or water, into a kind of brilliant prismatic dance. Some of the paintings are explorations, evocations, of the kauri forest of the Waitakeres. In some you seem to be inside the forest, discovering the structure of individual trees, with their great shaft trunks, their balloon-like cones, and the shafts of light that play among them. In others you look at the forest from outside, as it rises like a wall before you, built up of cylinders and cubes of lighter and darker colour, with its wild jagged outlines against the sky.'
(From the Sun Deck: McCahon’s Titirangi, 17 September 2016 – 6 February 2017)
Petrus van der Velden Nor'western Sky
“‘Colour is light’ and there is no darkness at all – there is light or less light. In each part, even the darkest, there is some light and the difficulty is to get the different kinds of light showing in even quite small parts. There are no hard lines in nature – the light shines in and round everything and breaks all the hardness by modifying and diffusing the apparently sharp edges.” —Petrus van der Velden
(McCahon / Van der Velden, 18 December 2015 – 7 August 2016)
Colin McCahon Kauri Tree
There is only one direction by Colin McCahon
This article appeared as 'Divine Innovation' in the The Press on 31 August 2012.
McCahon rocks
Oh yes he does.
Colin McCahon There is only one direction
This pared back, strikingly modern Madonna and child was painted in the Christchurch suburb of Phillipstown where Colin McCahon, perhaps New Zealand’s most acclaimed twentieth-century artist, lived with his family between 1948 and 1953. In contrast to the typically grander, often lavish treatment of this traditional subject within art history, McCahon’s composition is personal and startlingly bare, reduced to two naked figures framed within a rough oval that emphasises their close and enduring connection. Without haloes, thrones or attending angels, their identity is alluded to only through their grave sense of purpose and the work’s uncompromising title.
McCahon gave There is only one direction to the renowned writer James K. Baxter and his wife Jacqueline, marking the friendship between the two families and McCahon’s position as godfather to their young daughter Hilary. The painting sat above Baxter’s writing desk for many years.
(Unseen: The Changing Collection, 18 December 2015 – 19 June 2016)
As there is a constant flow of light we are born into the pure land
After many, many months in the 'Darkness' of the empty gallery, I can think of no better words than those of Colin McCahon to signify the opening of the new gallery shop at 40 Lichfield Street.
Drop in Mon-Fri 10am-5pm, 10am-4pm Weekends
O'Reilly/McCahon: an Easter meditation
An Easter-themed excerpt from an article published in 2010 in The Journal of New Zealand Art History...
Sutton high-fives McCahon
Nothing made it into a W.A. Sutton painting by accident, and the white line that rises diagonally through the sky in Plantation Series II is no exception.
Gazumped
One of the exhibitions brought to a halt by the 22 February earthquake was De-Building, which critic Warren Feeney had described only days earlier as 'Christchurch Art Gallery's finest group show since it opened in 2003'. Seven months on, the show's curator, Justin Paton, reflects on random destruction, strange echoes, critical distance, and the 'gazumping of art by life'.
Van der Velden vs McCahon
Van der Velden is leaving the building.
Van der Velden: Otira - Introduction
Otira: it's a state of mind
A short road trip to the Otira Gorge was the scene for a conversation between Gallery curator Peter Vangioni and two of the artists included in Van der Velden: Otira, Jason Greig and the Torlesse Supergroup's Roy Montgomery.
Van der Velden: Otira
Leuvehaven in about 1895
A first encounter with a painting by Petrus van der Velden more than twenty years ago was the start of many years of research for Gallery curator Peter Vangioni. Peter is the lead author of the Gallery's new book on van der Velden, and talks here of his fascination with the artist's Otira works.
Colin McCahon - Crucifixion according to St Mark
Colin McCahon - He ōrite āpopo ahakoa tōna rerekē i tēnei
Colin McCahon - Te Ripekatanga ki a St Mark
Colin McCahon - Tomorrow will be the same but not as this is
This exhibition brings together a comprehensive selection of Van der Velden's paintings portraying the wild, untouched natural beauty of the Otira region's mountainous landscape.
Petrus van der Velden: He haemanga maunga, Te Āpiti o Otira
Petrus van der Velden: Mountain Stream, Otira Gorge
Coming Home in the Dark
Fourteen artists with connections to the Mainland are represented in an exhibition that explores the dark underbelly of the region's genteel appearance.
Contrasts: Petrus van der Velden
Colin McCahon: Gates and Journeys
McCahon: A Singular Vision
Colin McCahon: Necessary Protection
Colin McCahon Survey Exhibition
Two decades after Colin McCahon's death, this touring focus exhibition brings together paintings and works on paper by one of the most widely acclaimed New Zealand artists.
Colin McCahon As there is a constant flow of light we are born into the pure land
‘As there is a constant flow of light we are born into the pure land.’ Colin McCahon quoted this text often on works between the mid-1960s and early 1970s: he took it from the writings of a twelfth-century Japanese Buddhist monk, Shinran, who was the founder of a tradition known as Pure Land Buddhism. McCahon had long been interested in light as a metaphor both for faith and enlightenment, and had begun a related series of dramatic semi-abstract waterfall paintings in 1964, in which a curve of white light cleaved through darkness. Here the landscape element has been reduced to a simple horizon, a dividing line between sky and sea, or sky and land, at the very edge of vision. (March 2018)
Colin McCahon Six years I have wrestled...
Colin McCahon Puketutu Manukau
Petrus van der Velden Burial in the winter on the island of Marken [The Dutch Funeral]
Research for the exhibition Closer (16 December 2017 – 19 August 2018) resulted in the restoration of this work's orginal title. In Dutch 'Begrafenis in den winter op het eiland Marken' and in English 'Burial in the winter on the island of Marken'.
One of Petrus van der Velden’s most significant paintings, Burial in the winter on the island of Marken arrived in Christchurch several years before the artist. It was brought to New Zealand by Gerritt van Asch, the pioneering educator for the hearing impaired, who had purchased it from van der Velden in Holland sometime before 1879. Van der Velden himself arrived in Christchurch, sponsored by van Asch, in mid 1890 and made an immediate impact on New Zealand art circles of the time. His genre paintings like this one were widely appreciated by the public and the press often described him in glowing terms as a “distinguished Dutch artist”. Holland’s loss was New Zealand’s gain and van der Velden went on to paint one of New Zealand’s most significant bodies of paintings, his famous Otira series, from the late nineteenth century.
(New Dawn Fades, November 2018)
Colin McCahon Wild the hedgerows...
Colin McCahon Tomorrow will be the same but not as this is
In April 1958 Colin McCahon travelled to the US, responding both to the expansiveness of the American landscape and to the modern American painting that he saw in museums. On his return, his works increased in scale while economising in gesture: the landscape elements of Tomorrow have been reduced to a horizon and lowering sky, with the land bisected by a grey river. He converted his Titirangi garage into a studio, and built an extra bedroom for his children underneath. The studio was gloomy – there was only one small side window for light when the garage door was closed – but it precipitated dozens of new works. Tomorrow was an unfortunate painting, said McCahon, ‘in that it wouldn’t go right, and I got madder and madder. I hurled a whole lovely quart tin of black Dulux at the board and reconstructed the painting out of the mess.’ The black paint (a commercial flooring paint, mixed with sand) dripped down the surface of the work and ran between wide cracks in the studio floorboards, ruining clothes and bed linen in his sons’ room below. He finally finished the painting in May 1959.
Colin McCahon Van Gogh: Poems by John Caselberg
Vincent van Gogh was an artist with whom McCahon strongly identified. He produced this suite of lithographs based on several poems about the troubled Dutch artist written by his close friend John Caselberg.
As an aside, van Gogh had met van der Velden in Holland on several occasions, and in 1883 wrote to his brother Theo of his admiration for the artist:
I met Van der V. once, and he made a good impression on me at the time. I was reminded of the character of Felix Holt [the main character in George Eliot's novel Felix Holt, The Radical, who favoured a life of working class poverty over the comforts afforded through the wealth within his reach]. There’s something broad and rough in him that pleases me greatly – something like the roughness of torchon [a rough-surfaced paper]. A man who evidently doesn’t seek civilization in outward things but is much further inwardly, much, much further than most people. In short, he’s a true artist, and I’d like to get to know him for I would trust him and I’m sure I would learn from him.
Petrus van der Velden Windmill by Moonlight
“The greatest of all lessons is to learn to see. Many are ‘colour blind’ till they have their eyes opened to nature’s lessons, which she is always trying to teach us. But we must always tell what nature says to us, simply and directly without pretence or falsehood. Tell the Truth. Christ was the greatest artist. His words and pictures are a simple telling of nature's lessons – they are always the Truth. ‘We reason with colours. Colours are dead’, but by telling what nature teaches us the dead colours enable us to express the wonders and beauties of the Creator’s work.”
—Petrus van der Velden
Petrus van der Velden Atmospheric Study, Sumner
Petrus van der Velden valued the medium of drawing as highly as painting and was an extremely talented draughtsman. Spontaneously drawn outdoors directly before the subject, this small study shows Van der Velden’s interest in depicting dramatic, stormy atmospheric conditions with strong contrasts of light and dark. In the early 1890s, van der Velden and his family settled in Sumner, Christchurch where they stayed with the Van Asch family. Van der Velden immediately went about sketching in the region, and by the end of the year he had completed several major paintings based on Sumner scenes. Born in Rotterdam, van der Velden established himself as a painter, particularly of marine subjects, before he and his wife emigrated from Holland in 1890. He struggled to make a living in Christchurch, however, and moved to Sydney in 1898. He returned to settle in Wellington in 1904 and died in Auckland.
Petrus van der Velden Mount Rolleston and the Otira River
“For the first three days I did nothing at all but just looked, it took my breath away.” —Petrus van der Velden on his first visit to Ōtira.
Van der Velden sensed something about Ōtira that inspired him to avoid the picturesque in favour of something more powerful, and works like Mount Rolleston and the Otira River contain a great visual energy. The mountains seem to wedge into the landscape, their softness suggests a misty or rainy wind and emphasises the intense silvery light breaking the dauntingly overcast sky. A hint of blue is either a speck of hope or the last gasp of light before the storm completely envelops the land and raging river below.
(Endless Light, 29 June 2019 – 8 March 2020)
In 1958 poet and arts patron Charles Brasch, a great supporter of McCahon, said of the Titirangi works: 'These Auckland paintings seem an entirely new departure. The colour and light of Auckland are different from those of the rest of New Zealand; they are more atmospheric, they seem to have an independent, airy existence of their own, and they break up the uniform mass of solid bodies, hills or forests or water, into a kind of brilliant prismatic dance. Some of the paintings are explorations, evocations, of the kauri forest of the Waitakeres. In some you seem to be inside the forest, discovering the structure of individual trees, with their great shaft trunks, their balloon-like cones, and the shafts of light that play among them. In others you look at the forest from outside, as it rises like a wall before you, built up of cylinders and cubes of lighter and darker colour, with its wild jagged outlines against the sky.' (From the Sun Deck: McCahon’s Titirangi, 17 September 2016 – 6 February 2017)
Colin McCahon Nelson landscape with tobacco kilns
Colin McCahon North Otago
Colin McCahon Blind V
The word ‘blind’ refers to a screen that cuts out light, but Colin McCahon also uses it to refer to an absence of vision. Questions of faith were important to McCahon and he often used references to blindness to suggest the inability to see the real essence and value of things. McCahon’s style was highly personal and distinctive. Blind V is part of a series of five works painted onto window blinds. The abstract forms have the feel of a beach and sky and it has been suggested that the ‘blindness’ which McCahon refers to was the inability of New Zealanders to really see and appreciate their own unique environment.
McCahon is regarded by many as New Zealand’s greatest contemporary artist. Born in Timaru, he studied art in Dunedin. He lived in Christchurch for a time, became keeper and assistant director at Auckland Art Gallery, then lecturer in painting at the Elam School of Fine Arts, University of Auckland, before taking up painting full time in 1970.
Colin McCahon Red and black landscape
For the exhibition I See Red (5 December 2007 - 23 November 2008) this work was displayed with the following label: Colin McCahon’s combination of sky, sea and land is the simplest of landscapes, but by using powerful red and black, he has created a painting filled with mystery and weight.
‘Red sky at morning, shepherd’s warning, Red sky at night, shepherd’s delight’ goes the old saying. This could be sunset or sunrise, a perfect day to come or a perfect storm. Which would you choose?
Petrus van der Velden Sumner
“Colour is light, light is love and love is God and therefore on Sundays instead of going to church I teach my children drawing after nature. I have come to the conclusion that painting or drawing after nature, instead of being a luxury is the most necessary for the education of man. […] The aim of our existence is nothing else than to study nature and with so doing to understand more and more how grand and pure nature is and gives evidence of so much love.”
Colin McCahon Northland
“Once more it states my interest in landscape as a symbol of place and also of the human condition. It is not so much a portrait of a place as such but is a memory of a time and an experience of a particular place.” —Colin McCahon
Colin McCahon Seven dumb beasts of burden...
Colin McCahon The Virgin and Saint Anne
Petrus van der Velden Nor’western Sky
The hot, dry nor'west winds of Canterbury produce dramatic cloud formations and an atmospheric light. Petrus van der Velden has captured these effects with what is probably Christchurch's River Avon in the foreground. He lived near the river between 1890 and 1893. The colonial woman bent over, occupied with her task of work, has echoes of his earlier Dutch paintings, which focused on Dutch peasants at work. Van der Velden painted in a realist manner, which was influenced by his association with the Dutch Hague School of painters who favoured dark sombre tones and a loose style of brushwork. The nor'west scene is created by using strong contrasts of light and shade (chiaroscuro). Born in Rotterdam, Van der Velden established himself as a painter, particularly of marine subjects, in Holland, from where he emigrated in 1890. However, he struggled to make a living in Christchurch and in 1898 went to Sydney. He returned to settle in Wellington in 1904 but died in Auckland.
Contrasts: Works of Petrus van der Velden
The art of Petrus van der Velden
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Dockworkers in Australia, pictured here alongside other trade union members in a march through central Melbourne, acted in solidarity with South African workers in the 1980s. Reuters
Lessons that can be learnt from dockworkers who helped bring apartheid to its knees
By Peter Cole
Dockworkers in Australia, pictured here alongside other trade union members in a march through central Melbourne, acted in solidarity with South African workers in the 1980s.
Peter Cole, Western Illinois University
Today’s complex global economy has brought new forms of worker exploitation. And globalisation has made workers ever-more precarious. For example, factory workers in Bangladesh toil long days in buildings that could very possibly collapse and kill them. Foreign guest workers in the Arab Gulf have no legal protections from physical abuse.
Overwhelmed by the injustices they face, many workers feel helpless and apathetic. But the Anti-Apartheid Movement reminds us that ordinary people can make a difference in the fight for workers’ rights – even halfway across the planet.
The movement was one of the most impressive global social movements of the post-second world war era. What is often forgotten is that it was also a struggle by workers for workers.
Among the workers who mobilised against apartheid were unionised dockworkers and seamen far from South African shores. In collaboration with Peter Limb, I researched the history of Australian and American dockworkers’ mighty contribution to the global movement against apartheid.
Our research compares the transnational solidarity activism of maritime unions in Australia and the US. Strategically positioned, dockworkers exerted real influence on the South African state. They did this principally by refusing to unload South African cargo. In both places, their actions helped drive the local and national anti-apartheid movement.
A Release Nelson Mandela poster issued by the anti-apartheid movement.
Wits University library/Reuters/Radu Sigheti
In Australia, we examine the Waterside Workers’ Federation, the Seamen’s Union of Australia, and related unions. In the 1950s, the two unions contacted the South African Congress of Trade Unions through international labour and peace networks. Over the next three decades, they repeatedly responded to appeals for boycotts by South African unions and the country’s liberation movements, notably the African National Congress.
Thanks to a combination of politicised union leadership and grassroots activism, these organisations undertook numerous boycotts. They also raised and donated significant money to support people struggling in South Africa and in exile.
On the US side, we examined the International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU), especially Local 10 in the San Francisco Bay Area. In the aftermath of the 1976 Soweto students’ uprising, some ILWU Local 10 members, predominantly Pan-Africanists and leftists, formed a rank-and-file committee to support the anti-apartheid movement as well as struggles in Mozambique and then Rhodesia.
Hitting apartheid where it hurt
Their greatest effort was an 11-day action in 1984 when they refused to unload South African cargo. This action came hard on the heels of the apartheid state’s repression of striking black gold miners who belonged to the National Union of Mineworkers, notably the imprisonment of some leaders.
With the support of thousands from the Bay Area committee who rallied in solidarity, San Francisco longshore workers galvanised the region’s commitment to this cause and expanded the struggle.
This activism had a huge impact. Shipping remained an Achilles heel of apartheid because the South African economy was both export-driven as well as dependent on foreign oil. Maritime unions fully understood this reality, so they boycotted the unloading of South African cargo.
They were also positioned to gather information on South African imports, particularly oil, and contribute to the squeeze on South Africa’s industrial economy by denying it oil. South Africa’s lack of oil is why the then-state-owned company Sasol invested so heavily in converting coal into oil, with all its attendant noxious and polluting side effects.
Marine transport workers, part of one of the most heavily unionised industries in the world, contributed to the tightening of the noose around apartheid’s neck. After his release from prison in 1990, Nelson Mandela singled out dockers, in both Sydney and the San Francisco Bay Area, for their contributions when he visited each country.
The power of transnational solidarity
This forgotten history of transnational solidarity in the anti-apartheid movement reminds us that workers, in our increasingly connected global economy, still possess power and exert influence.
For instance, in 2008 dockers in Durban refused to unload weapons aboard a Chinese ship that were intended for Zimbabwe. The provincial leaders in the South African Transport and Allied Workers Union, whom I later interviewed, explained that they did not want to see the weapons used by the government to gun down Zimbabwean workers.
The Durban dockers also knew that many Zimbabwean workers had supported the liberation struggle in South Africa.
Dockworkers in San Francisco and Sydney lifted their voices and downed their tools on behalf of the oppressed in South Africa. They showed that people had power when committed and organised. They also demonstrated a related lesson that is increasingly easy to forget: unionised workers can be central to the struggle for both labour rights and broader political change.
We can and must do the same on behalf of workers and others suffering today. While we might not have the power to boycott a ship, dockers provided a blueprint for action, a useable history for us to adapt to contemporary struggles. We can – as citizens, consumers, and particularly workers – exert political pressure, including in foreign lands.
Peter Cole, Professor of History, Western Illinois University
Nonviolent Direct Action
Aparteid - South Africa
Lessons learned_Reviews_Reflections
Movements_Campaigns - Labor_Worker's rights
Movements_Campaigns – Racism_Racial justice
Author: Peter Cole
Source: https://theconversation.com/lessons-that-can-be-learnt-from-dockworkers-who-helped-bring-apartheid-to-its-knees-46209
Organisation: The Conversation
Attribution-NoDerivs CC BY-ND
Contact a Commons librarian if you would like to connect with the author
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U.S. bishops establish committee to tackle racism
In Church in the US
NATIONAL_CORRESPONDENT
Bishop George V. Murry of Youngstown, Ohio, pictured in a 2016 photo. (Credit: CNS photo/Bob Roller.)
A new anti-racism committee at the U.S. bishops' conference will be chaired by Bishop George V. Murry, SJ of Youngstown, Ohio, and anticipates releasing a new pastoral letter on racism in 2018. The new committee comes on the heels of the conclusion of a previous task force, “Peace in Our Communities,” in response to a series of race-related police shootings.
In the wake of a deadly white supremacist march on Charlottesville, Virginia, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) announced that it had established an Ad Hoc Committee Against Racism.
The announcement on Wednesday comes just over a week after the events of Charlottesville, when neo-Nazis, KKK members, and adherents to the “alt-right” marched in violent, racially charged protests. One person was killed when a white supremacist rammed his car into a crowd of counter-protesters.
The Committee was initiated by Cardinal Daniel N. DiNardo of Galveston-Houston, President of the U.S. bishops’ conference, and will “focus on addressing the sin of racism in our society, and even in our Church, and the urgent need to come together as a society to find solutions.
“Recent events have exposed the extent to which the sin of racism continues to inflict our nation,” said DiNardo in a statement.
“The establishment of this new ad hoc committee will be wholly dedicated to engaging the Church and our society to work together in unity to challenge the sin of racism, to listen to persons who are suffering under this sin, and to come together in the love of Christ to know one another as brothers and sisters.”
The committee will be chaired by Bishop George V. Murry, SJ of Youngstown, Ohio, and anticipates releasing a new pastoral letter on racism in 2018.
RELATED: If bishops want to face racism, own your own complicity, theologian says
The new committee comes on the heels of the conclusion of a previous task force, “Peace in Our Communities,” in response to a series of race-related police shootings.
In an interview with Crux last week, Archbishop Wilton D. Gregory of Atlanta who chaired the previous task force, said bishops are obligated to speak up for minority communities.
“The people in their pews, whether they have African-Americans or Hispanics or Asians, or even Muslim neighbors, they have to know that silence in these matters is construed as approval,” he said.
“We all must raise our voices in condemning the vile acts that have taken place, and also standing in solidarity and union with those who are speaking out in their communities.”
A rally was organized to protest the removal of a Confederate statue of General Robert E. Lee in Charlottesville on August 11-12. The event has been described as the largest gathering of white supremacists – hundreds attended – in recent United States history.
After a state-of-emergency was declared by the City of Charlottesville, a car was driven into a crowd of anti-protestors killing 32 year-old Heather Heyer and injuring twenty others.
The entire country was roiled by the events in Charlottesville and Catholic bishops across the country issued statements condemning racial violence.
DiNardo issued an initial statement saying he condemned “the violence and hatred that have now led to one death and multiple injuries.”
As uproar over the events continued, the next day DiNardo issued a follow-up statement with domestic justice chairman Bishop Frank Dewane of Venice, Florida, in which they denounced “the evil of racism, white supremacy and neo-Nazism.” Since then, scores of bishops throughout the country have condemned the violence in Charlottesville and called for Catholics to resist the sin of racism.
In announcing the bishops’ new task force, DiNardo urged for recent events to serve as an impetus for spiritual conversion.
“May the work of the USCCB serve as a call to conversion for those hiding behind white hoods and Nazi symbols. The vile chants of violence against African Americans and other people of color, the Jewish people, immigrants, and others offend our faith, but unite our resolve,” he said.
“Let us not allow the forces of hate to deny the intrinsic dignity of every human person,” DiNardo continued. “Let the nation and world see the one body of Christ move to the defense of our sisters and brothers who are threatened. May today be a new beginning.”
At a press conference on Wednesday, Murry said the task force is part of the USCCB’s “ongoing efforts to combat the sins of racism.”
“The times demand it. The gospel demands it,” he said.
“For too long the sin of racism has lived and thrived in our community and even some of our churches…In recent years, our divisions have worsened. Hatred is more evident and becoming more mainstream,” he continued.
Murry declined to address the question of whether Confederate statues should be removed, deferring to local governments to decide.
He also noted that the ad hoc committee is the highest structural response of the USCCB, and its first goal would be a summit of religious leaders that would then set the priorities for the task force.
Just hours of the announcement, Bishop Nicholas DiMarzio of Brooklyn released a statement in support of the new committee.
“The USCCB’s ad hoc committee comes as welcome news. In fact, we here in the Diocese of Brooklyn are already establishing something similar. Our diocesan commission for social justice will deal with the social and religious problems that racism presents,” DiMarzio said.
On Thursday, August 24, the diocese of Brooklyn will be holding a Mass for Solidarity and Peace as a direct response to the violence in Charlottesville. DiMarzio will celebrate the mass and will officially announce the launch of the diocese’s commission, which will be named after Monsignor Bernard Quinn.
In a statement to Crux, DiMarzio noted that Quinn was a hero to the diocese of Brooklyn.
“Monsignor Quinn was no stranger to the Klu-Klux-Klan and racism within the Church. The Klan burned down an orphanage he built for African American children here in the Diocese of Brooklyn. They did this not once, but twice, in the same year. Monsignor Quinn received numerous death threats. But he did not back down. He stood up to racism, and rebuilt,” said DiMarzio.
“Statements and acts of solidarity continue to be very important but they must be accompanied by action,” said Murry.
“We will invite people — not only Catholics, but people of goodwill — Protestants, Jews, Muslims, everybody who want to move our country forward and who want to speak out in terms of respect and freedom for all people. We want to invite them to be a part of this and to develop concrete strategies that can work in our community,” he said.
“This is not going to be easy, it is not going to be done quickly. But it is something that needs to be done and we are taking the first step today.”
U.S. bishops’ anti-racism point man calls for day of prayer
After Charlottesville, largest group for African-American Catholics ramps up
U.S. bishops explicitly reject ‘racism, white supremacy and neo-nazism’
Bishop George V. Murry
Cardinal Daniel DiNardo
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10 Most Romantic Places in Buenos Aires
Get Swept Off Your Feet in the Paris of South America
Buenos Aires is a cosmopolitan European city in South America, with well-preserved structures and grand designs. In this breezy port city, the vintage charm of the boom days can still be seen with heavy French and Italian influences in its many landmarks. Architecture aside, though, it’s a really romantic place, where many a marriage proposal and honeymoon has taken place.
Its romanticism is celebrated through the rich history of social movement, the opulent architecture, the diverse cuisine, the Gaucho culture of the noble nomads, and the sensual dance of heartbreak and longing. With its history and culture told through the many small alleys and walkways, along with the kindred spirits of the different ethnicities, Buenos Aires can make anyone reminisce and fall in love.
Caminito in La Boca
European diversity reflected in colourful row houses
Caminito (or ‘little path’) is claimed to be the birthplace of the Tango. It’s also the name of a Tango song, the forlorn lyrics of which express the wistful and longing heart and stories of the working-class struggles. Visitors will find this bright neighbourhood filled with a rich history of immigrants, cobblestone paths, colourful row houses, photogenic details, and its lively people.
Over a century ago, Caminito was a shelter for political exiles, European immigrants looking for opportunities, as well as other South American migrants. The area was once an abandoned railway that was revived by artist Benito Quinquela Martín, who grew up in the neighbourhood. Today, Caminito is a popular site for tourists and has become the world’s first outdoor pedestrian museum, with Tango dancers seducing the visitors, as do craft markets, and nostalgic cafés.
Gorgeous book store with an old-world sparkle
This Buenos Aires landmark has been called the world’s most beautiful bookstore. This century-old bookstore looks like a theatre out of a Wes Anderson film and was, in fact, a 3-level performance theatre in a former life. Built in 1919, it hosted many Tango shows, concerts and plays, and became a movie theatre in 1929. Its original artwork can still be seen on the ceiling, painted by a local Italian-Argentine artist, along with its well-preserved wooden floors and marble columns.
Some sections of the bookstore are used for art exhibits. The stage that’s been converted to a café, where patrons are encouraged to enjoy their coffee while skimming over a book or 2. Visitors can actually stop here for a full meal, and the menu is pretty extensive, with coffee, pastries, salads, and sandwiches that are well-priced. A Frappuccino costs about 185 pesos and a tuna pasta salad is about 300 pesos.
Poloha: Av. Santa Fe 1860, C1123 CABA, Argentina
Otevřeno: Monday–Thursday from 9am to 10pm, Friday–Saturday from 9am to midnight, Sundays from noon to 10pm
Telefon: +54 (0)11 4813-6052
Autor fotografií: Deensel (CC BY 2.0) upraveno
Chic designs on tree-lined streets
Buenos Aires is not all nostalgic charm and vintage houseware. Palermo is an up-and-coming neighbourhood where younger families, artists, the new posh crowd, and hipsters unite. Visitors come here to see the colourful and creative graffiti, along with rows of colourful shops. The graffiti and street art tell the stories of the social movements and the power of the people that helped form Argentina’s strength and diversity.
Shoppers in Palermo Soho can find unique items from mom-and-pop boutiques as well as upscale designer shops. You can stop at a few cafés in between. This district is home to some of the best Italian cuisine in the city, from pizzerias, wine bars and Mediterranean seafood to home-made profiteroles and tiramisu.
Practise the high-art of the Tango swoon
This dance form is not your basic waltz. If you’re confident of your fancy footwork, try a few sessions of Tango. It requires grasping the 5-step, the 8-step, alignment, agility, and a good ear for rhythm. Most importantly, it’s the expression of passion that makes this art so magnetic to watch.
Born in the 1880s from the impoverished working-class districts of Buenos Aires and Montevideo, the Tango is made up of African rhythms, the Polka and the Spanish Habanera. In the early 1900s, when Argentina was one of the wealthiest countries in the world, the elites sent their sons to Paris for education and the Tango entered French societies and became a European craze.
Places like La Viruta Tango studio offers a judgement-free zone that’s affordable, fun, and fast-paced, with professional dancers. The Divino Abasto Escuela de Tango offers a more thorough, methodical way of learning, covering how to align the body, the different postures, and how to ease yourself into the rhythm. All in all, there are more than 15 studios in Palermo that offer various Tango classes, depending on how much time you’re willing to spend.
Coffee and conversations for great thinkers
This place has a mix of both tourists and locals that come here to enjoy the highbrow atmosphere. Inspired by the turn-of-the-century sentiments, this café was opened in 1958 as a utopian thinking ground for authors, politicians, and artists. Famous visitors include Albert Einstein, Robert Duvall, Jorge Luis Borges, and the original Tango crooner, Carlos Gardel. Black and white images on the wall tell stories of writers, singers and great artists of its time.
The additional space in the basement, La Peña, was later constructed in 1926 to host performance artists in jazz, Tango and Gaucho music, and still serves as a Tango studio for its weekly shows. The café has a long menu with very decent prices, such as the Cuban coffee at about 120 pesos, the cognac-flavoured hot chocolate at 140 pesos, the continental breakfast at about 200 pesos and an impressive wine list.
Poloha: Avenida de Mayo, 825, Buenos Aires 1084, Argentina
Otevřeno: Monday–Saturday from 8am to 1am, Sundays from 9am to 1am
Autor fotografií: Ramon Corvera (CC BY-SA 3.0) upraveno
Puerto Madero art galleries
Drinks, tapas, and gallery-hopping on the Rio de la Plata waterfront
Puerto Madero was redeveloped to honour the beloved leading ladies of Argentina. Along with this development are numerous art galleries and museums to showcase its art and architecture. The Colección de Arte Amalia Lacroze de Fortabat is a fine arts museum in the north part of Puerto Madero that houses international masterpieces as well as contemporary exhibits, with 6,000 sq m of art space. Other galleries surrounding the area are independent and boutique sized, but with whimsical exteriors and great conversation pieces.
In between your gallery-hopping, visit some notable bars such as the Kraken Bar Oficial, that serves wine, mixed drinks and American bar food with an Argentinian flair in an al fresco space, right on the dock. The Lupita is another popular restaurant that serves Gaucho-style Mexican cuisine that’s also on the waterfront.
Poloha: The Colección de Arte Amalia Lacroze de Fortabat, Olga Cossettini 141, C1107CCC CABA, Argentina
Otevřeno: Tuesday–Sunday from 12pm to 8pm (closed on Mondays)
Autor fotografií: Roberto Fiadone (CC BY-SA 3.0) upraveno
High tea, fine wine and panoramic views of Buenos Aires
Built in the boom days of the 1920s for the high-society crowd of Argentina, the Alvear Palace Hotel is located right in the Recoleta district, a short walk from restaurants, significant sites, markets, piers and parks. This establishment is a 5-star hotel with French-inspired interiors and endless delicacy and culinary selections.
Because of its upscale accommodation, many honeymooners pick this hotel as their destination stay. Even if you already have your lodgings booked, go there for a fine-dining experience at their breakfast and lunch buffet at the L’Orangerie, averaging about 955 pesos per person. For sunset dining, the Alvear Roof Bar offers great views of Buenos Aires, including the Cultural Centre, the Recoleta cemetery, the Carlos Thays Botanical Garden, and the waterfront horizon. Prices for the rooftop bar can be a bit higher than the lunch buffet.
Poloha: Avenida Alvear 1891, Buenos Aires C1129AAA, Argentina
Autor fotografií: Barcex (CC BY-SA 3.0) upraveno
Riding in Caballos A La Par
Horse riding in scenic pastures
Caballos A La Par is about a 35-minute drive west of Buenos Aires. The park is a pasture of about 10,100 hectares located in Northern Pampas. Visitors can enjoy a guided riding session. The horses selected for their mellow temperament and are suitable for all levels of learners.
Enjoy local baked goods and delicacies known as facturas, and some of the best empanadas in Buenos Aires. There may be some bugs and insects, so jeans and long sleeves are recommended. Riding prices average at 3,500 pesos per person. Most sessions last about 2 hours.
Poloha: Caballos A La Par, Lima 549, Buenos Aires, C1073AAK, Argentina
Telefon: +54 (0)9 11 5248-3592
Jardin Japones
Stroll through cherry blossoms, Zen gardens, and tranquil streams
This 2-hectare Japanese Garden was created to express appreciation to the government of Argentina for extending their home to Japanese immigrants. As a friendship gift that symbolises peace and harmony from Emperor Akihito, this garden was built in 1967, and took less than 50 days to create. Since then, the garden has been thriving with Japanese blossoms, pond lilies, bonsais, koi fish and gingko trees, along with large Buddhist sculptures and Zen ornaments.
There’s also a restaurant that serves sashimi and sushi, as well as tea and desserts that range from mochi to ice cream. The Kobe Wagyu beef entrée is priced at 700 pesos, while other dishes such as the tonkatsu is 315 pesos. The park entrance fee is 150 pesos.
Poloha: Av. Casares 2966, Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina
Cruise along the Tigre Delta
Rivers, streams and quaint towns on the Rio de la Plata
A boat trip along the Rio de la Plata can be a refreshing experience. Tigre is a quaint, enchanting town on an island with surrounding streams and rivers that connects to the Rio de la Plata. As referred to in the name, this place was once a hunting ground for jaguars, but is now a thriving port for timber processing and transportation.
Located in the northern part of the city, there are a few cruise companies that can take you out to the Tigre Delta to get a peek at how the locals live in their river communities. Visitors will pass the beautiful wooden homes, stilted houses, the famous football stadium, waterfront mansions, the San Isidro Cathedral, and get dropped off the island to visit local shops, cafés, and markets. Also note that this place can get busy on weekends with tourists and canoeing activities.
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Off the main stage, Griebel pitches his deficit solution
by Keith M. Phaneuf and Mark Pazniokas
ctmirror.org
Independent gubernatorial candidate Oz Griebel, right, and running mate Monte Frank.
Independent gubernatorial candidate Oz Griebel, who has struggled to attract financial and political support, told reporters Thursday that he would empty the Rainy Day Fund and suspend contributions to the state’s underfunded pension system to help close a huge, post-election state budget deficit.
Shut out of Wednesday night’s debate between Democrat Ned Lamont and Republican Bob Stefanowski, Griebel tried to grab attention the following day with a proposal that echoes a darker chapter of Connecticut’s fiscal past — adding to one of the nation’s biggest unfunded pension liabilities by deferring hundreds of millions of dollars in actuarially required contributions.
Griebel, who said his goal is to provide business and estate tax relief in a way that distinguished him from Lamont and Stefanowski, acknowledged his plan could run into a tangle of legal and fiscal complications.
And while he also conceded this is similar to the approach — taken between 1939 and 2010 — that left Connecticut with one of the nation’s largest per capita pension debts, Griebel insisted it could give the state’s sluggish economy a badly-needed chance to grow.
“If we don’t have these discussions you are guaranteed to stay on the slide,” Griebel told Capitol reporters during a late morning press conference.
The “slide” to which Griebel referred are the nonpartisan projections that state finances, unless adjusted, will run $2 billion, or 10 percent, in deficit in the first new fiscal year after the November elections. The situation worsens by 2020-21, to $2.6 billion, or 13 percent, and the potential shortfalls worsen on average by $550 million annually for two years after that.
But with Connecticut still recovering from major state tax hikes in 2015 and 2011, Griebel said he wants to avoid another increase. If possible, he added, he also would begin to phase out the business entity and estate taxes, which would provide between $200 million and $250 million in annual relief.
So how would he eliminate $4.6 billion in red ink?
The first step would be draining the $1.1 billion emergency budget reserve, commonly known as the Rainy Day Fund.
The next step centers on the fastest-growing major expense in the $19 billion General Fund — required contributions to pension funds for state employees and for municipal school teachers.
Those contributions total more than $2.6 billion in each of the next two fiscal years.
And while Griebel didn’t say how much he would seek to strip from them, he acknowledged he would need a significant amount to put his tax relief plan into play.
But the plan itself raises a host of legal and fiscal complications.
The state bargains not only pension benefits with its employees, but also how it saves for those benefits. And Griebel conceded his administration could not alter contributions to this pension without negotiating a deal with labor unions.
While specific payments into the teachers’ pension aren’t mandated by labor contracts, they are required through another binding agreement. When Connecticut issued bonds and borrowed $2 billion in 2008 to shore up this fund, it pledged in the bond covenant — the contract between the state and investors — not to short-change pension contributions until the bonds are paid off. This isn’t scheduled to happen until 2032.
The state’s pension funds also are cash poor, and withholding contributions could place a strain on the state’s ability to pay benefits.
Griebel said he’s confident the fund could survive for two years without full contributions. He added he would try to mitigate these raids by transferring other state assets, such as the Connecticut Lottery Corporations’ $300 million-per-year revenue stream, as well as underutilized state land and buildings, into the pension funds.
Connecticut’s pension debt per capita is significantly higher than that of many other states.
Pension programs for state employees and municipal school teachers, collectively, hold assets equal to just 41 percent of their long-term obligations.
States’ pension costs have nearly doubled — when analyzed as a percentage of their revenue — since 2000, as Connecticut tries to make up for its past fiscal sins.
Griebel’s campaign for governor has struggled to gain traction. A Quinnipiac University poll issued earlier this month showed him supported by just 4 percent of voters and badly trailing Lamont and Stefanowski.
Griebel, the former leader of the MetroHartford Alliance, has also struggled to raise money. His last campaign finance filing showed that as of June 30 he had $12,624 in available cash after raising $138,958 from others and contributing $81,700 of his own funds.
Griebel charged that both major party nominees were sorely lacking in details when asked during Wednesday’s debate in New London how they would solve state government’s fiscal woes.
“We want to set a contrast to what you heard last night,” said Griebel, who was not invited to participate in the debate.
Keith M. Phaneuf A winner of numerous journalism awards, Keith Phaneuf has been CT Mirror’s state finances reporter since it launched in 2010. The former State Capitol bureau chief for The Journal Inquirer of Manchester, Keith has spent most of 31 years as a reporter specializing in state government finances, analyzing such topics as income tax equity, waste in government and the complex funding systems behind Connecticut’s transportation and social services networks. A former contributing writer to The New York Times, Keith is a graduate of and a former journalism instructor at the University of Connecticut.
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Magazine > French-Filipino tandem introduces Philippine contemporary art to France
By Lai DEL ROSARIO
French-Filipino tandem introduces Philippine contemporary art to France
Contributed by Lai Del Rosario
Manila Vice is a group exhibition of 23 artists from the Philippines which is currently showing at the Musée International des Arts Modestes (MIAM) in Sète, France. It is curated by Manuel Ocampo, an internationally recognised Filipino artist, in partnership with MIAM founder and fellow artist Hervé Di Rosa, and Pascal Saumade, the museum’s resident curator. Through thought-provoking, satirical, and at times shocking contemporary art pieces, the exhibit aims to present Manila to France as a living and breathing cultural hub with a unique identity. The show has already made a significant impact in Sète, with a front-page feature in Midi Libre and an off-shoot art project taking place between the participating artists and a local art and music festival. Given all this, Manila Vice is a good example of a fruitful artistic collaboration between the Franco-Philippine art communities. It is also proof of France’s growing interest in the Philippines, whose art and culture remain relatively undiscovered by the French audience.
Philippine art is making headway this year in France. For their main exhibition this spring, the Musée International des Arts Modestes (MIAM) in Sète have decided to focus on Manila. Manila Vice, curated by Manuel Ocampo, is a collective show of 23 contemporary artists from the Philippines. The show aims to feature works that suggest the unique personality of Filipino culture - humorous, sarcastic, and sometimes perverted.
Manila is a place with 20 million inhabitants. It has been a port and trade centre since the 1500s, and has seen the reign of Spain, Great Britain, the United States, and Japan through the years. Today, it is a hodgepodge of classic European architecture, American urban planning, and shanties brought about by poverty. From its Southeast Asian roots, cosmopolitan vibe, and Catholic underpinnings, Manila is a place of contrast and texture. Given these qualities, it is no wonder that Ocampo has chosen it as the theme for his latest project.
Manila Vice includes artists who are able to show their personality in their art. “I like art that is like Manila, which is unsafe, sleazy, sexy, dirty, subversive, politically incorrect,” says Ocampo. He wanted to present the city as a living and breathing cultural hub with an unusual, if sometimes confused, identity. The result is an exhibit - made up of paintings, photographs, sculptures, videos, and art installations - that either shocks, tickles, or invites viewers to get to know Manila through artistic expressions and exploits. Dina Gadia, for one, has come up with a disturbing yet amusing stylised image that seemingly combines remnants of vintage comics, cheesy B-movies, and Americanised popular art in the Philippines. Painter, musician, vinyl collector - among others - Romeo Lee, himself having a sort of "identity crisis", presents a flurry of surrealistic paintings on the museum's widest wall while not forgetting to perform punk songs on the opening night. Installation artist Kawayan de Guia, on the other hand, mocks the idea of war by transforming aerial bombs into flamboyant disco balls.
Manuel Ocampo is a Philippine-born painter who lived and studied in California for years before deciding to move back to Manila to settle down. His art combines punk and religious iconography and are political or satirical. He has exhibited the world over, in the Venice Biennale and Berlin Biennale among others, and his works often allude to his Filipino heritage. In 2010, he curated his first big exhibit, Bastards of Misrepresentation, which opened in the Freies Museum in Berlin. The show similarly examined contemporary Philippine society and featured mainly Filipino artists.
When asked how Manila Vice developed, Ocampo recounts, “It came about when the artist, Hervé Di Rosa, with the help of Pascal Saumade, invited me to curate a show. The museum is focusing on unfamiliar art scenes outside of the typical art centres. Last year, the museum directed their attention to the art scene in Winnipeg, Canada.” As Di Rosa describes,
MIAM is a place that “provokes encounters that will never happen elsewhere, welcomes artists that are unknown in the area, forgets the conventions of the art market and institutions, and attempts to go against rules that often limit contemporary art.”
With Manila Vice, MIAM has proven to be a good platform for presenting “undiscovered” art, particularly contemporary Philippine art which is otherwise still unknown or often overlooked in Europe.
Hervé Di Rosa, French artist and co-founder of MIAM, wanted to introduce to France mind-blowing art pieces from a city he describes as wild and “stronger than our most unimaginable dreams and nightmares”. He went to Manila in 2011 on an artist residency, was impressed by the Filipino artists he met - notably punk icon Romeo Lee - and has since wanted to work with them. During his stay, he incidentally had a one-man show, Hervé di Rosa - MANILA, in Ocampo’s gallery.
Thanks to Di Rosa’s endorsement, Manila Vice was supported by the Embassy of France in the Philippines who then helped with promotion and public relations. Meanwhile, Pascal Saumade, resident MIAM curator, worked alongside Ocampo and oversaw the logistics.
When asked if he sees the exhibit as a collaboration between France and the Philippines, Ocampo explains, “I would say that it is a collaboration between artists. The French Embassy would not have supported us if Hervé had not pushed for the project.” But Ocampo also expressed dismay, complaining that no Filipino institution supported his cause, save for the Vice-Consul of the Philippine Embassy, André Estanislao, who came to the inauguration from Paris.
On the day of the opening, billboards screaming “Manila Vice by Manuel Ocampo” adorned the streets of Sète, quite an unexpected image for a city with no immediately recognisable links to a country in Southeast Asia. On the other hand, it wasn’t hard to see how the show succeeded in catching the attention of the community. The opening night gave way to a full house, while Midi Libre, Sète’s local newspaper, came out with a front-page feature the day after announcing how Philippine art “heated up” the MIAM. In the meantime, participating artists Romeo Lee, Carlo Ricafort, and Jayson Oliveira were invited to be part of K-Live, a local festival promoting urban art. The result was the creation of a mural found in one of Sète’s landmark spaces in the Place de la Revolution. This collaboration further proves the community’s appreciation of Philippine art.
But it seems that Sète is not the only region in France paying attention to the Philippines. Another exhibit, this time supported by the Quai Branly Museum in Paris, has also opened this spring. Archipelago of Exchange (“Archipel des échanges”) is a show revolving around Philippine artefacts dating back to pre-colonial time and is dubbed as the first major exhibition in France dedicated to the Philippines. The Embassy of France describes it as “an excellent venue in strengthening Franco-Philippine relations in culture and the arts.”Archipelago of Exchange and Manila Vice, while different in theme, share one objective in common - to present Philippine art and culture to France by exhibiting works that are rarely seen or heard of in Europe.
These milestones should serve to encourage further artistic collaborations between the Philippines and other countries in Europe. In fact, plans are already in motion to bring Manila Vice to Santander, Spain. These initiatives are also a good platform for exchange, discovery, and association between seemingly distant cultures. Lastly, they serve as a reminder for artists to continue cultivating and making use of their networks, and for institutions to be more cognisant of these valuable partnerships.
Manila Vice is on display in MIAM until September 2013.
For more information about the exhibit and participating artists, please see https://culture360.asef.org/event/Sète-france-manila-vice-exhibition/.
http://www.miam.org/telechargements/dossier%20de%20presse%20Manila.pdf
http://www.ambafrance-ph.org/Herve-di-Rosa-Manuel-Ocampo.
http://www.sete.fr/index.php/Accueil?idpage=61&idmetacontenu=2531
http://www.ambafrance-ph.org/Herve-di-Rosa-Manuel-Ocampo
http://www.manilaartblogger.com/2011/12/17/herve-di-rosa-in-manila/
http://asemus.museum/event/paris-largest-exhibition-indigenous-filipino-art/
Lai del Rosario is a freelance writer and photographer. She started her professional writing career in 2006 as a copywriter in an advertising agency and has since been writing articles on culture, lifestyle, art exhibitions, and taking photographs of her adventures and travels.
She is currently based between France and Switzerland.
Sète, France | Manila Vice exhibition
Bastards of Misrepresentation | Contemporary art from Manila | H Gallery Bangkok
On worldmaking, new empires, and Philippine art | One on one with Patrick Flores
On selfies, sewers, and art residencies | Q&A with Poklong Anading
A shared vision from studio to stage | Opera as collaboration
The ebbs and flows of creative spaces in Metro Manila
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Carrie Fisher To Appear In ‘Star Wars: Episode IX’ Without CGI
Filed Under:Carrie Fisher, CGI, Death, Episode IX, Star Wars, Todd Fisher
Carrie Fisher as General Leia-Solo in "Star Wars: The Force Awakens" (credit: Disney•Lucasfilm)
(CBS NEWS) – Carrie Fisher, who died last December after filming her role as Princess Leia in “Star Wars: Episode XIII,” will return to the screen for “Episode IX,” but without the filmmakers resorting to computer-generated FX.
The New York Daily News reports that Todd Fisher confirmed that his family has given permission to Disney and Lucasfilm to use recent footage of Carrie in “Episode IX.”
Unlike last year’s “Rogue One,” in which CGI was used to create a younger version of Princess Leia, and to bring back the late Peter Cushing as Grand Moff Tarkin, computer-generated effects will not be used to recreate Fisher’s character.
Attending the TCM Film Festival in Los Angeles, Todd Fisher said he and Carrie’s daughter, Billie Lourd, agreed that Princess Leia should return. “Both of us were like, ‘Yes, how do you take her out of it?’ And the answer is you don’t.”
“She’s as much a part of it as anything,” he told the Daily News, “and I think her presence now is even more powerful than it was, like Obi Wan — when the [light] saber cuts him down he becomes more powerful. I feel like that’s what’s happened with Carrie. I think the legacy should continue.”
After Fisher’s death, at age 60, there has been much speculation how Leia would figure in the next film, titled “The Last Jedi,” which premieres December 15, 2017. It was previously reported that she had completed filming her scenes, but her fate in subsequent Star Wars films was unsure, except for a promise by Disney not to digitally recreate her.
Fisher said he did not know how Leia would factor into the story of “Episode IX,” due out in 2019, but said that Star Wars fans “deserve to have her.”
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A Game Of Snakes And Ladders
Fanny Burney would not approve of some of my chapters, but it was my affection for the novels of her school, in which the heroine goes through all kinds of distresses but emerges in a sweeping triumph at the end, that made me long to try my hand at the same theme—treating it, however, in our down-to-earth twentieth-century way.
This brilliant homage to the 19th century novel begins with two young women—Lucy, sturdy and unflappable, and Daisy, charming but self-interested—performing with a theatre company in Egypt after World War I. The show closes, and Daisy stays on with a well-to-do businessman while Lucy eagerly plans her return to England. But then she falls seriously ill, then in debt to Daisy’s lover. She finds that Daisy, anxious not to alienate her meal ticket, has rashly promised that Lucy will remain in Egypt and work for him until he’s repaid.
Thus in Egypt they remain, over the course of nearly 20 years, while Moore’s intricate, lovely plot unfolds. Frivolous Daisy, the cause of Lucy’s woes, ascends the ladder of wealth while Lucy, downtrodden but diligent, slaves and toils. Misunderstandings, deceptions, and self-deceptions abound, and finally the stage is set for Lucy’s “sweeping triumph”, as giddy and satisfying a climax as any a 19th century master could have conceived. A Game of Snakes and Ladders may remind readers of Fanny Burney or George Eliot, or even Jane Austen, but it’s always, definitively and incomparably, Doris Langley Moore. This new edition includes an introduction by Sir Roy Strong.
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Full Version Of Michael Scott’s ‘Threat Level Midnight’ From ‘The Office’ Has Been Released Online
By Michael Haskoor Twitter @Tweetskoor Dec 14, 2019 at 11:01am 133 Shares
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A full version of Michael Scott’s Threat Level Midnight film has been released online. The action film from The Office, which Steve Carell’s famous character on the show had envisioned and created, had previously only been available as a bonus feature on the show’s Season 7 DVD.
Fans have long awaited a quality release of the film online in its glorious entirety and now their wishes have come true, just in time for the Holidays. The team behind the show has just released the full official version of the film via the show’s YouTube page and you can check it out above.
The concept for the action film was first introduced in Season 2 when Pam (Jenna Fischer) came across the script for a spy flick film written by her boss, Scott (Carell). Viewers eventually got to see a few scenes of the final cut in Season 7 when the band of coworkers screened the film together. Until now, however, the full short had never been available online.
In Threat Level Midnight , Scott plays a super spy named Michael Scarn, who goes undercover as a hockey player to prevent the evil Goldenface portrayed by Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) from destroying the NHL All-Star Game. The mission is a personal one for Scarn, as his wife Catherine Zeta-Scarn was killed during a previous WNBA All-Star Game.
You may now have the pleasure of watching how Scarn tackles the task and see where all the other Office cast members fit into the plot.
In related news, NBC has discussed the possibility of a The Office reboot as “a goal” for its upcoming streaming service Peacock. The platform will also house the show’s original nine seasons after they officially leave Netflix in 2021.
Michael is a music and television junkie keen on most things that are not a complete and total bore. You can follow him on Twitter — @Tweetskoor
WHERE TO STREAM THE OFFICE
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Oceans Are Dying
in Climate Change — by Deirdre Fulton — June 18, 2016
(Photo: Daryl Wallace/flickr/cc)
Threatened by climate change, pollution, overfishing, and oil spills, the world’s oceans are suffering, scientists warned on Wednesday—the day designated by the United Nations as one to honor the deep blue sea.
From widespread coral bleaching to floundering fish species to garbage stretching across the water’s surface and hundreds of feet down, it’s clear that human activity is taking its toll on the world’s oceans, which cover more than 70 percent of the Earth’s surface.
Indeed, dead coral reefs “are perhaps the starkest reminders—like the melting Arctic—that a thickening blanket of greenhouse gases is irrevocably changing the face of the Earth,” Inside Climate News wrote on Wednesday.
And, as the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Coral Reef Watch warned in April, those “ghostly underwater graveyards” are only going to grow.
“There’s even worse news ahead,” Mark Eakin, coordinator of NOAA’s Coral Reef Watch, told Inside Climate News. “There are a lot of places with similar mortality rates. We’ve got bleaching going on from the east coast of Africa to French Polynesia. Right now, it’s basically covering half the Southern Hemisphere.”
A separate study published Tuesday in the journal Nature found that overfishing and polluted run-off from farms and lawns made corals more vulnerable to above-average temperatures.
“Although the research showed that controlling pollution and overfishing can help corals survive in a warming world,” John Uptonreported on the study for Climate Centeral, “the scientists said curbing pollution from fuel burning, farming and deforestation, which is causing water temperatures to rise, would be the best way to protect them in the long run.”
Deron Burkepile, a University of California-Santa Barbara ecologist involved with the research, told Upton: “We have to start controlling carbon emissions and start cooling our planet again for coral reefs to really have a chance in the future.”
In fact, Inside Climate News warned that “[a]t the current rate of emissions, the average global temperature is expected to rise at least 2.5 degrees Celsius by 2100, a level that would be fatal to nearly all reefs.”
Even a temperature rise of 1.5 degrees by 2050 would put 90 percent of coral reefs at risk, said Michiel Schaeffer, a scientist with the Berlin-based research institution Climate Analytics.
Meanwhile, the ocean conservation group Oceana used World Oceans Day to warn of how “rubbish dumping and waste pollution”—the impacts of which it has witnessed during its many expeditions at sea—”is hampering global conservation efforts to protect marine habitats and to restore depleted fish stocks.”
The group says it has seen marine litter far below the water’s surface, a “worrying problem [that] is often overlooked in reports on plastic pollution, which tend to focus on waste floating on the sea surface or in shallow waters.”
“[W]e cannot continue to treat our seas as an out-of-sight, out-of-mind dumping ground,” said Lasse Gustavsson, executive director of Oceana in Europe.
As ocean scientist and explorer Sylvia Earle wrote Wednesday at the Daily Beast: “If the ocean is in trouble, so are we. It is time to take care of the ocean as if our lives depend on it, because they do.”
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 License
This article was first published in CommonDreams.org
Tags: Climate Change, Coral Reef Death, Global Warming, Ocean Warming
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Clinical Counseling Services
Cultural Diversity & Competency
The Intake Interview
Medication Consultation
A Disclaimer About Electronic Mail
http://covenantuniversity.edu.ng/About-Us/Counselling-Centre
Welcome Note from the Director
“Integrating the past, present and future”
On behalf of the management, faculty, staff and students of Covenant University I specially welcome you to the Covenant University Counselling Centre (CUCC). The University’s mission includes raising a new generation of leaders. The word “new” in the mission statement implies that there is an old or existing generation of leaders and the rest of the mission statement also acknowledge current endeavors and future needs for a new generation of leaders. The University’s emphasis on human development as reflected in all her academic majors is a deliberate action and to support the driving of the vision, the Counselling Centre was established to provide an array of integrated services. The Centre’s approach is to provide individualized care to members of the University community (especially students), by assessing current situation of the individuals and integrating their past in order to help the individuals function more effectively.
Guided by the code of ethics of Psychology and Counselling professions, the Centre promotes privacy and confidentiality of client information obtained during counseling sessions. Clients can, however, sign a request that their information be released to a third party for further intervention if the need arises. The Centre works in collaboration with the health centre, the chaplaincy, student affairs, international office & linkages and student council. A potential client can self-refer or be referred by anyone; including a parent or guardian.
Once again, welcome to Covenant University Counselling Centre.
The CUCC’s vision is to be highly visible and recognized as provider of integrated supports that are integral parts of the mission of Covenant University. The CUCC aims at facilitating physical, emotional, intellectual and spiritual health of students, faculty and staff of Covenant University.
The CUCC as a progeny of Covenant University mission is a comprehensive support Centre, established to serve the students, faculty and staff of the University. This Centre is committed to creating a campus environment that supports and values the unique contributions of all individuals.
STATEMENT OF PHILOSOPHY AND GOALS
The CUCC’s goals are:
To promote campus community’s awareness on the various CUCC’s services through provision of professional information and education.
To enhance the client’s ability to function normally and maximize his or her potentials, the CUCC offer’s an array of individualized services by effectively dealing with client’s bio-psychosocial needs.
To provide training and professional development in the various areas of its services.
OBJECTIVES OF THE CENTRE
The Centre exists to develop and offer services designed to assist students, faculty and staff so as to acquire those skills, attitudes, and resources necessary to pursue productive and satisfying lives and to succeed on Covenant University campus. The goal of the Centre includes contributing to the overall educational mission of the Covenant University by facilitating the academic and career development; social and emotional well-being of students, faculty and staff.
In addition, the Centre is also to train new clinical professionals, provide consultation to the campus community, and engage in on-going research activity aimed at program evaluation and the assessment of student needs. The Centre considers it an important part of it mission to design and deliver programs and services to all that seeks it services in ways that recognize, respect, and value diverse backgrounds, characteristics and abilities of students, faculty and staff.
The Centre’s practices rests upon the spiritual and humanistic values of self-reflection, life-long learning and the development of the whole person. Services of the Centre will enable students, faculty and staff to fully participate in and contribute to the academic and community life of Covenant University. The CUCC promotes the psychological health of students and the campus community through preventative programming, clinical interventions and professional consultations.
At CUCC, services are tailored to the needs of individuals, including assessment, consultation, brief psychotherapy, and referrals. Through collaboration with other campus support services, CUCC contributes to student success, academic excellence and the creation of a vital, engaged campus life at Covenant University.
A self-service Resource Room of the CUCC is underway and will provide information on various topics that include anxiety, career exploration, depression, trauma, self-esteem, test anxiety, and much more. Books, videotapes, compact disks (CD), audiotapes, and computer programs at the centre are available for self-help.
The clinical professional staff helps clients explore, understand, and work through problems on an individual basis. Individual counseling can help students find alternatives, expand choices and overcome obstacles that interfere with personal development and a sense of well-being. The clarification and resolution of personal problems often facilitate a person’s ability to concentrate, increase clarity regarding academic direction, productivity, career choice, stability, and enhance relationships.
A wide variety of issues and concerns are brought to the Centre. While some are short- termed and may be easily addressed after one or few counselling sessions, other issues have been present for a longer period of time. In either case, meeting with an appropriate competent professional can help a person address such issues and enhance his/her productivity and life satisfaction.
The issues that could be brought to CUCC include:
Anti- Social Behaviour
Adjusting to College life
Self Esteem and Body Image Concerns
Relationship Concerns
Family Conflicts
Victim of Abuse – physical, sexual and emotional
Learning Disability.
Group Counselling
All groups require a pre-group screening in order to learn more about the group and whether or not it will meet the individual’s particular needs. A therapy group consists of a small number of people, usually not more than eight or ten, and one or two trained group Counsellor(s). Group therapy offers a unique opportunity of joining a small group of people who share common concerns. The purpose of the group is to provide a safe as well as challenging place in which to work on personal and interpersonal concerns. Members can discuss perceptions of each other and give and receive feedbacks on how they are perceived by others. Therapy groups are different from other groups because everything that happens in the group is confidential; what is talked about or disclosed is not discussed outside the group.
Establishing a level of trust allows group members to talk openly and honestly. The group members and therapists work together to establish trust and commitment to the group. The first few sessions usually focus on the establishment of trust, as well as other ground rules for the group. Groups are designed to foster active learning, a place to work on issues rather that just talk about them. Members often experience in the group the same difficulties they have elsewhere. The group, with the help of the therapist, is able to give support and understanding, offer suggestions, or gently confront the person. Groups offer opportunities to experiment with different ways of communicating with others and to try new behaviors. Those who benefit most are usually those who take an active part in the process and who allow themselves to give and receive honest, helpful feedback. Group counselling also provides opportunities to learn that others have similar difficulties and to also learn about oneself as others works on their own problems. In an atmosphere of mutual concern, members can care about and help each other.
The CUCC is committed to helping individuals work through problems they might be having in their relationships with others. Couples seek counselling to address issues such as: frequent conflicts, interpersonal communication, power or control struggles, sexual concerns or other threats to their relationships.
Interpersonal relationship skills such as healthy communication, conflict resolution, and cooperative goal setting are often fostered as key parts of treatment. With the assistance of the therapist, many couples develop a more intimate, satisfying, and healthy relationship and learn skills, which help the relationship continue to grow after counselling has ended. Couple counselling is available to students, faculty and staff, even if their partner is neither a student nor employee of CU.
Crisis Counselling
University students typically encounter a great deal of stress (i.e., academic, social, family, and finance etc) during the course of their life on campus. While most students cope successfully with the demands of college life, for some, the pressures can become overwhelming and unmanageable. Students in difficulty have a number of resources available to them. These include close friends, relatives, the chaplain, and coaches. In fact, anyone who is seen as caring and trustworthy may be a potential resource in time of trouble. Competent clinical professionals who can assist students in times of personal crisis are available at the CUCC. Staff at the Centre can also provide debriefing for traumatic events that may occur on campus, such as in the student’s Halls of Residence, or in an academic department for faculty and staff.
Confidentiality and Privacy of Records
It is the policy of the CUCC that clinical counsellors and staff must adhere to the policies and procedures of the centre, CU policies and regulations and the ethical guidelines of the respective professions. All client records will be kept as private data and may only be reviewed by the client or the client’s designated representative with a written authorization from the client. It is the policy of the CUCC clinical counseling services to have a statement of these practices available to clients in the form of a statement of “Client Rights and Responsibilities” which is given to the client at the time of registration and initiation of services.
Reporting Physical and other forms of Abuse of Minors and Vulnerable Persons
Physical or other forms of abuse of vulnerable persons will be reported to the appropriate university authorities.
If and when a clinical staff learns of sufficient information to report abuse of a vulnerable person, a report will be made. When possible and deemed advisable, the client will be told of the need to make a report and will be given the option of self-reporting with the support of the clinical counsellor or staff involved. The staff will discuss the action taken with a supervisor or the Director or during a case consultation meeting.
The CUCC’s Testing Services offers CU students and students of other institutions access to a variety of standardized testing and test preparation materials. The CUCC represents many international Testing and Assessment Organizations and maintains a library of reference and resource guides for the various tests offered. The CUCC Testing Services administers a variety of tests, including computer-based testing (CBT), paper and pencil testing and counselling tests.
Career CounselLing, Assessment and Resources
Anyone who wishes to explore career and vocational choices, as well as academic majors and changes in goals, can benefit from career counselling. The CUCC often uses personality and interest inventories and other assessment measures to assist in the process of choosing and developing a major or career.
The ultimate goal is to assist individuals in developing sound self-evaluation techniques. In addition, the center has a variety of current reference material about careers, as well as a computer-based system that includes information on specific occupations, job characteristics, employment outlook, training and educational facilities.
Student Practicum and internship Experiences
The CUCC is an available facility to students of Covenant University Psychology Department and appropriate departments of other universities to participate in counselling practicum and internship, which provides an intensive supervised experience in counselling with individuals, groups and/or couples. The practicum students are exposed to the process and conduct of clinical assessments, psycho-education, consultations, and crisis intervention services.
These courses are designed to help students gain increased competence as counsellors/therapists-in-training, as well as to expose them to a variety of clinical activities and topical issues. Eligibility of an interested applicant is based on criteria set by both CUCC and the academic department of the student. Academic programs may include psychology and counseling.
These supervised experiential opportunities provide students from the appropriate academic programmes opportunity for development and expansion of basic counselling and psychotherapeutic skills, promote insight regarding human development, behavior and motivation, greater awareness of ethical issues, and an increased sense of professional competence. Practicum/internship students obtain counselling experience under the individual supervision of professional staff members of CUCC. In addition, they have opportunities to co-lead groups and participate in various educational and outreach activities. Through the training experience, students develop their clinical and consultative skills so that they can take on new professional roles.
The philosophy that guides both student practicum and internship programmes is the practitioner-scholar model, which is grounded in “learning by doing”, utilizing research findings to direct the counselling process. Practicum/internship students are engaged in multiple activities, which give them experience in individual, couple and group counselling, testing, and other related functions at the centre. The CUCC believes that the greatest trainee growth transpire through ongoing feedback in a sensitive and supportive climate.
Practicum/internship students also work in a supervisory capacity to one another through case conferences, training seminars and case review meetings. It is the aim of the Center that the training program assist each student to develop professionally, ethically, and therapeutically so that she or he becomes a competent clinician.
LINKAGES, COLLABORATIONS AND COMMUNITY IMPACT
The CUCC, on behalf of Covenant University in partnerships with Small and Medium Entrepreneurial Development Agency of Nigeria (SMEDAN), Prison Fellowship Nigeria (PFN) and Nigerian Prison Service, runs “the Onesimus Project” in Kirikiri Medium Prison. This is a rehabilitative “life recovery” project for inmates who are at six months to their release dates. The components of the project consists of psychological services including assessment and psychotherapy, spiritual development and counseling, entrepreneurial training, vocational skills training and one-on-one mentoring that starts six months before an inmate’s release date and continues for at least six months after release date. “The Onesimus Project” involves recruitment and training of mentors from various church denominational memberships of Prison Fellowship of Nigeria, screening and selection of eligible inmates, admission and matriculation, instructional training of inmates, provision of individualized psychotherapy and graduation ceremony.
CUCC is being actively represented and playing a major role in the University’s Faculty Support Programme (FSP), which plays an in-loco parentis role to students by ensuring that the physical, social, and spiritual needs of students are met and continually improved upon.
CUCC is daily represented on Hebron FM which is the university’s community radio station. The centre’s segment tagged “Body & Soul” is transmitted live to the community. This programme provides practical solutions on relationships, mental and emotional health issues. Staff of CUCC also serves as on-air counsellors for Hebron FM’s other programme where issues concerning marriage and clinical counselling are broadcasted to members of the community.
Outreach and Consultation Services
The CUCC is committed to reaching out to the university community. Outreach services that include presentations and workshops on various emotional/mental health topics and interpersonal issues comprise other important component of service the centre offers. The Centre sponsors programs that range from specific psychological and interpersonal topics to simply informing members of the CU community about the range of available services. The CUCC staffs are also involved with other members of the university community such as chaplain, faculty, and healthcare professionals in providing collaborative programmes. In addition to workshops and presentations, CUCC staffs are available upon request to consult with faculty or other university officials about the psychological and academic well-being of students or employees. Whether responding to concerns about an individual who is in a crisis, speaking to a group of students regarding specific concerns they may have, or simply being available following a more public crisis or trauma, the CUCC staffs are constantly available to assist the campus community.
FUTURE PARTHWAYS
Efforts to accredit CUCC as authorized Test Centre for different standardized assessments and foreign universities admission tests are at various stages. The Centre, in no distant future, will be able to offer many testing services and assessments to the university community and the general public.
CU students and students of other institutions will have access to a variety of standardized testing and test preparation materials from this centre. CUCC will spare no effort to continuously represent many international Testing and Assessment Organizations and maintain a library of reference and resource guides for the various tests offered. The CUC Centre Testing Services administers a variety of tests, including computer-based testing (CBT), paper and pencil testing and counseling tests. The current plan to offer these services per fee as may be prescribed authors and organizations that publish them.
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A last post on Makhlouf
June 29, 2019 June 29, 2019 Michael Reddell Treasury
One final post before the waters close over the issue.
When I wrote my post on Thursday afternoon about the SSC report on Gabs Makhlouf’s conduct in the “Budget leak” affair, Makhlouf himself had still made no comment. By then, he had made no comment at all for four weeks, since the press release put out – hand in hand with one from SSC – at 5am on Budget day. Among other scrutiny he had avoided, he’d deliberately stayed away from a select committee hearing he would normally have attended, thus denying MPs any last chance to question his conduct.
But later on Thursday afternoon, Makhlouf issued a short statement (4:41pm being about as close to close of business as he could possibly get). In the circumstances, it is worth quoting in full.
“Mr Ombler’s investigation was conducted thoroughly and fairly. I have read the report carefully and encourage others to do so. I apologise that Budget information was not kept secure. The inquiry that I asked the SSC Commissioner to undertake will help us understand exactly how that happened and how to stop it happening again.
The report confirms I acted at all times in good faith and with political neutrality. It also confirms that I acted reasonably, other than in my descriptions of the incident. I am pleased that my honesty and integrity are not in question.
It has been my privilege to have had the opportunity to serve New Zealanders and I’m very proud of what my Treasury team has achieved over the last 8 years.”
He’d probably have been better off to have said nothing, and left us wondering. We already knew from the SSC report that Makhlouf disputed all the report’s adverse findings, and showed no sign of any contrition, or even of a sense that with the benefit of hindsight he should have done things differently. But, perhaps, (we might have wondered) in his heart of hearts he really knew things hadn’t been handled well.
What does Makhlouf’s statement actually say?
The first paragraph is, in context, mostly an exercise in distraction. He apologised that the Budget information itself hasn’t been kept secure but (a) he had more or less taken institutional responsibility for that a month ago, and (b) that wasn’t the subject of the SSC inquity that had been released earlier on Thursday. That report was about Makhlouf’s own conduct after the premature access to Budget information came to light. It was a pretty damning report, especially when read in full (which I join him in encouraging people to do), and read knowing it was written by and for people who had worked closely with Makhlouf, including at the height of the “Budget leak” affair (the timeline in the report has Peter Hughes in two meetings with Makhlouf, Ombler in one, and there was sufficient coordination and discussion that Treasury and SSC were issuing simultaneous press statements on 30 May). It was only two weeks since Hughes had gushed about Makhlouf: if they had thought they could acquit him of everything, most likely that would happily have done so.
The final paragraph is irrelevant to the topic of interest on the day.
Which leaves simply that second paragraph. A very senior public servant needs to draw attention to the fact that an inquiry judged that he was acting in good faith. “Good faith” is an incredibly weak standard, and I don’t recall anyone – through the whole affair – suggesting that his actions were taken other than in good faith. 16 year olds probably mostly act in “good faith”, but it doesn’t mean they make good calls.
And what of political neutrality? Sure, there is no suggestion that Makhlouf was some Labour hack, but who ever thought otherwise? After all, he had been appointed and reappointed, with the consent of ministers, under a National government. Had the tables been turned, and Labour MPs had done the same thing under a National government presumably Makhlouf would have handled things in exactly the same way.
That is, badly.
And then we get the central sentence of the short statement
It also confirms that I acted reasonably, other than in my descriptions of the incident.
As I pointed out in my earlier post, the “reasonableness” test used by Ombler was a very weak one – nothing about whether the actions were what could reasonably be expected from a senior longserving Secretary to the Treasury – and yet there were still three explicit findings against him, about “unreasonable” choices. Read the report itself and Ombler could easily have identified several more (for example, Makhlouf’s refusal to accede to the urging of the head of the GCSB – actual technical experts – to correct the inappropriate use of the word “hack”, or his meeting with the Minister in which he was reading out the draft of the infamous press release (containing “hack”) but clearly didn’t understand enough to be able to answer the question of why GCSB wasn’t investigating).
But stick with the three adverse findings by Ombler. Gabs attempts to diminish them, calling them just being about how he “described the incident”.
It is barely even accurate and is highly misleading. Here is the extract from the report
Mr Makhlouf did not act reasonably in relation to:
his use of the phrase “deliberate and systematically hacked” in his media statement issued at 8:02pm on Tuesday 28 May
his use of the bolt analogy in media interviews on the morning of Wednesday, 29 May
in his media statement on the morning of Thursday, 30 May, continuing to focus on the conduct of those searching the Treasury website rather than the Treasury failure to keep Budget material confidential.
The first involved a press release – on what was already a very sensitive political issue – the second involved a sustained round of interviews (he had chosen to do, at the request of the Minister) with four of New Zealand’s main media outlets, and the third – about a release on the morning of Budget day, amid seriously escalated political tensions – goes directly not just to description but to mindset and perspective (as Ombler noted, even during the inquiry interviews Makhlouf continued to hold to an interpretation of Budget confidentiality conventions that (a) no other serious observer holds, and (b) which Ombler politely takes apart).
Those alone were really serious failings, and Makhlouf accepts not one of those findings.
He might take comfort (as he does)
I am pleased that my honesty and integrity are not in question.
But that isn’t really the point is it? What is in question is his competence, his judgement, his ability to lead under fire, his willingness to listen to others, his ability to recognise mistakes and learn from them – let alone his willingness to account to the people of New Zealand for his handling of this episode, played out in the full glare of the public spotlight.
The whole episode, right to the very end, reflects pretty poorly on Makhlouf and on SSC, including the fact that Makhlouf didn’t front up to the media at all, and that SSC didn’t insist (Makhlouf was still their employee on Thursday). No one could force him to hold views that he didn’t, but if he is going to refuse to accept any responsibility, or acknowledge any misjudgements, he should at least have had the decency to have fronted up to the media and faced, and answered, serious questioning. As it is, he got off without even a formal reprimand – enabling him to get away with spin like this press statement – and simply refused to explain his view. Peter Hughes argued that Makhlouf’s reputation had taken a big hit anyway, and that that was really what mattered for those in these “big jobs”. But it isn’t. The old biblical maxim is relevant here
“For unto whomsoever much is given, of him shall be much required,”
People in those “big jobs” have money, power, influence, status, connections – in Makhlouf’s case even citizenship – bestowed on them. We should expect much higher standards of responsibility and accountability for them. Sure, there are then bigger costs (to those individuals) when they fail and are held to account, but that is how the system is supposed to work – the quid pro quo for all those things society bestows on them. It reminded me of Victoria academic Lisa Marriott’s work
Associate Professor Lisa Marriott, from Victoria Business School, has spent six years looking at the unequal treatment of people who commit welfare fraud compared with those who commit tax fraud, with her research showing that beneficiaries are treated more harshly at every turn.
I don’t suppose it is conscious choice, but it seems to happen anyway. In Makhlouf’s case, the system worked to minimise the price he paid, the accountability, for some really severe misjudgements and a refusal to accept he’d done anything wrong. (Of course, the circumstances of the calendar helped too – had his term still had six months to wrong, it is hard to see how he could have survived in office, avoiding facing media or parliamentary questions, all while maintaining he had done nothing wrong.)
Pottering around doing chores this morning, I listened again to Makhlouf’s Radio NZ interview on 29 May, and the discussion with RNZ’s political editor immediately after the interview. It was fascinating to do so having to hand the SSC report and the detailed timeline it contains. We now know a lot about what Makhlouf really knew (or should have), what advice he’d taken (and rejected) and so on…..and it was a reminder of just how much of a political firestorm this was (a point the SSC report largely ignores, even though Makhlouf was – in good faith no doubt – inflaming it): the RNZ political editor was talking of this as an episode that could cost with Bridges or Robertson their jobs (at this point, Makhlouf was the unquestioned good guy). It would be tedious to run through many details, but suffice to say that although Makhouf had a fair idea of the nature of what had gone on (the report makes that clear) he made no effort in the interview to hose down talk of a serious cyber-attack and he explicitly rejected the idea that there had been any incompetence or sloppiness at the Treasury end (when the report makes clear that Treasury had a good idea on the previous afternoon that the clone site indexing issue was a probable explanation). He fed the frenzy, played distraction……and was still playing distraction in his statement this Thursday, as he headed out the door, refusing to take any questions,
In my very first post on this business I wrote
Whatever your view of how Gabs came to be appointed and reappointed, or of his overall stewardship of the office of Secretary to the Treasury, it is a sad business in many ways.
And, of course, it has only gotten worse – and sadder – since then. What a sad, rather tawdry, way to end an eight year term as the most senior public servant in New Zealand.
And yet it was (and remains) all of his own making, as – instead of hosing things down, making amends, apologising – he climbed onto the pyre as if determined to commit reputational-suttee.
Perhaps acknowledging nothing, conceding nothing, avoiding a formal reprimand, helps him in some short-term sense – harder for the Irish to backtrack perhaps? – but he leaves a severely-dimished figure, and you have to suppose his future colleagues around the ECB Governing Council will always look rather askance at him, wondering about his judgement, pressure under fire and so on.
It is sad to see, especially when it is someone one has had a little to do with. As an outside observer and commentator I’ve been a bit ambivalent about Makhlouf. Mostly critical of his stewardship to be sure, but there was a reasonable speech just a couple of weeks ago, and it is only a couple of months ago since, out of blue, one Saturday afternoon I had an umprompted text from him. He must have been reading this blog. He chose to remark on two “particularly good posts on [ ] and [ ] this week”.
Cavalier lawlessness
June 28, 2019 June 28, 2019 Michael Reddell OIA, Reserve Bank, Reserve Bank Act reforms
There does seem to be a growing sense among far too many public agencies that laws don’t really apply to them, only to other people. This is particular so in respect of the Official Information Act.
A TVNZ journalist nicely illustrated this sort of contempt for the law in a tweet the other day
A government department, which can't answer an OIA in 20 working days, seeks an extension, misses the next due date – and when I ask what happened – says sorry for the inconvenience and it'll get back to me "when it can" #fixtheOIA pic.twitter.com/EComc11F7K
— Kim Baker Wilson (@kimbakerwilson) June 26, 2019
In similar vein, I had an experience a couple of months back in which the Police simply ignored the statutory deadline (“no later than 20 working days”). Since they were the Police – ideally, examplars of upholding the law – I lodged a complaint with the Ombudsman. The Ombudsman actually dealt with the complaint reasonably promptly and I had a letter from them basically saying “we pointed this out to the Police, who accepted that they had missed the deadline”, and “and now there is nothing more we can do”. There are no sanctions in the Act, and not even the pretence of an apology from Police.
The Ombudsman also dealt reasonably promptly with a similar complaint about the Reserve Bank. They had delayed and slow-walked (using the formal extension provisions in the OIA) the release of material supporting their position on the bank capital proposals – material which, when finally released, turned out to be quite limited, and which had been given to other members of the public long before. The extension looked to have been pure delaying tactics, deliberately obstructive, and so I complained to the Ombudsman. And, much to my surprise, I had a letter earlier this week from a new Assistant Governor at the Bank
That was a first.
Sadly, it doesn’t seem to be a marker of a genuine change of approach, just that they are a bit more bothered (than Police, say) of falling foul of the Ombudsman. They tend to delay until the Ombudsman belatedly determines there is a problem, and then suddenly play nice.
In late March, the Minister of Finance announced the appointment of the members of the new Monetary Policy Committee. On 29 March (three months ago tomorrow) I lodged Official Information Act requests with the Minister of Finance and with the Reserve Bank Board (responsible for determining the names the Minister could accept or reject). Given that, on paper at least, this was a powerful new body, it seemed not unreasonable to ask questions, including about any back channels through which (say) the Minister might have sought to get his preferred people onto the Board’s list (in most countries, the Minister of Finance can simply appoint directly the people conducting monetary policy).
Both the Minister and the Board initially extended my request. I didn’t have much problem with that (plausibly there was quite a bit of paperwork to sift through etc) and the issue wasn’t overly urgent. The Minister of Finance complied with the law and released a set of papers to me a few weeks ago.
Not so the Board (or the Bank handling the processing for them). They initially extended my request to the same date as the Minister had done. That didn’t seem unreasonable, even if the delay was quite long, and I’d envisaged there might need to be consultation between the two offices. But deadline day arrived. The Minister responded, and sent the requested material. But the Reserve Bank Board (staff on their behalf) sent me an email saying they were further extending the deadline to 26 June (Wednesday this week)
“because of the consultations necessary to make a decision on the request such that a proper response to the request cannot be made within the original time period”
And so time passed. I fully expected a response on Wednesday – it was, after all, almost three months they’d had by then. But midnight came and went and there was nothing.
And so, having had that nice letter from the Bank’s Assistant Governor early in week, I sent her an email yesterday morning, reminding her that the extended deadline, set by the Bank itself, had passed. I ended
I hope this further delay is pure oversight and that I will have a response very very shortly.
But no. I didn’t actually get a reply to that email, but it clearly sparked action because much later in the day I had an email from someone down the line.
Well, that’s nice isn’t it. Not even a new deadline, just an indication.
So this is the third extension on a single request. The first was made (well) within the orginal 20 days, the second was made on the final day of the extended period, and the third quasi-extension, well it came after the second deadline had already expired, and it looks as if it might not have made at all if I hadn’t approached the Assistant Governor.
But there is this thing called the law, under which agencies are required to operate. It is not voluntary, or just a nice idea, it is the law. And here is what the Ombudsman’s office has to say about agencies extending request (the document is their guidance to government agencies on handling OIA requests).
Nothing in the OIA prevents multiple extensions being made, providing any extensions are made within the original 20 working day time period after receiving the request. For example, if an agency notifies the requester of a one week extension, and then later realises that a two week extension is actually necessary, a second extension may be notified as long as the original 20 working day time period has not yet passed.
You simply can’t extend a request again once the initial 20 day period has passed (in this case, that date would have been in late April). That isn’t my reading of the Act, my opinion, it is the determination of the Ombudsman, who is responsible for enforcing the Official Information Act and holding agencies to account. As it happens, the State Services Commission has also issued OIA guidance to agencies, and their text on extensions repeats the Ombudsman’s stance, without question or challenge.
Perhaps the Reserve Bank’s lawyers have a different interpretation (untested in the courts, the only way the Ombudsman’s view could be overturned). Or perhaps the Bank just doesn’t care. Laws are for other people.
The Ombudsman even offers some suggestions for agencies (I guess unexpected obstacles do come up from time to time). It is commonsense really, the sort of thing any decent public-spirited person would want to do anyway (but not apparently the Bank).
If it looks like it will not be possible to meet either the original or an extended maximum time limit, the agency should consider contacting the requester to let them know the current state of play and reasons for the delay. Requesters will appreciate being kept informed, and may be more understanding if the agency ends up in breach of the timeframe requirements.
Agencies should be aware, however, that a failure to comply with a time limit may be the subject of a complaint to the Ombudsman.
And so, in the spirit of sweating the small stuff – how are public agencies to be held to account if we don’t make a fuss and use the avenues that are open to us? – but with a somewhat heavy heart (couldn’t they just obey the law instead?), I will be lodging another complaint with the Ombudsman later this morning.
The request was made to the Board of the Reserve Bank. They don’t work for the Governor or the staff, rather the staff provides secretarial and adminstrative support to the Board. Neil Quigley, vice-chancellor of Waikato University, is chair of the Board, and he and the Governor between them need to take responsibility for this lawless obstructionism. “Culture and conduct” is one of the Bank’s trendy mantras. It really needs to start close to home.
UPDATE: The Governor recently told an acquaintance of mine that he doesn’t read this blog, but clearly someone at the Bank does. I finished the post, went off to clean the house, and came back to find this.
Again, that’s nice, and slightly better than nothing. But, the law……. As the law is written, and applied by the Ombudsman, the response was finally due on 11 June.
The law.
The SSC on Makhlouf
The SSC report (undertaken by Peter Hughes’s deputy) on Gabs Makhlouf’s conduct in the “Budget leak” affair late last month was finally released this morning, along with a statement from the State Services Commissioner himself, and a press conference (for which we appear to have to rely on media reports). It was a very mixed bag but (remarkably) manages to show Gabs Makhlouf’s conduct and judgement in an even worse – materially worse – light than most would have expected, even having followed the media stories at the time and since. Had it not been his last day in office anyway, his position would surely have been utterly untenable.
As it is, Peter Hughes appears to find himself betwixt and between. He is clearly keen to distance himself from Makhlouf. (As one small example, I was bemused that he had his comms person contact me last night to correct a mistake in my post yesterday, expressed thus: “in the current political climate, Peter feels it important to make clear that he did not reappoint Makhlouf” (previous Commissioner Iain Rennie had): not exactly standing behind your employee.) And many of the words in his official statement, and (particularly) those reported from the press conference sound good, and pretty hardhitting. From the official statement
“I have concluded that Mr Makhlouf failed to take personal responsibility for the Treasury security failure and his subsequent handling of the situation fell well short of my expectations. Mr Makhlouf is accountable for that and I’m calling it out.”
At a press conference on the report, Hughes said his expectation of what chief executives should do when things go wrong was “very clear” and the chief executives knew it.
“They need to own it, fix it and learn from it. And I expect people to stand up and be accountable, and I am disappointed that Mr Makhlouf did not do that on this occasion,” Hughes said.
“The right thing to do here was to take personal responsibility for the failure, irrespective of the actions of others and to do so publicly. He did not do that.”
There were no hugs for Makhlouf (see Iain Rennie/Roger Sutton). And yet that was it. Hughes is reported as saying that were Makhlouf not leaving anyway he’d have looked at some formal reprimand (easy to say now, all hypothetical), and yet to do so now would be “cynical and meaningless”. I don’t see anything cynical about it at all, and the meaning would be to show citizens and voters that there is at least some degree of formal accountability for people at the top. Hughes went on to say that in these ‘big jobs” reputation is everything, and Gabs’s will have taken a big hit. That is no doubt true, and as report makes clear it was entirely self-inflicted. But what employers and governments can do is to make formally clear – endorse the reputational hit – that conduct of this sort is utterly unacceptable, and judgement this poor would not be tolerated in very senior public servants.
And it got worse
“We can’t run the public service on the basis that you’re only as good as your last mistake. We can’t do that – that’s The Apprentice, it’s not Fair Go New Zealand. I have to look at this in the round, I have to look at this in terms of his eight years of service, and that’s what I’ve done…
What message does that send? That really severe misjudgement by one of the most senior public servants in the end doesn’t matter that much, cos’ he’s a good bloke? It is fine to talk in terms of learning from mistakes – and just possibly, if this were a new Secretary to the Treasury one week into the job it might be applicable here – but this was someone who had held top office for eight years and yet, when the heat really came on, performed very badly. And, worse, as the report makes clear still today does not accept that he did anything wrong. No “learnings” in that case.
And, of course, this was the same Peter Hughes who just two weeks ago at the gala farewell for Makhlouf, hosted by the Minister of Finance at the Beehive said
“Thank you from the people of New Zealand. Our country is a better place for your work.”
He said Makhlouf had brought “strong leadership and a great deal of personal integrity” to Treasury.
He had been “authentic and straight up” and had been calm and unflappable.
“I will certainly miss your calm authority,” Hughes said.
As I noted in a post at the time
In no conceivable universe (except perhaps some parallel one inhabited by SSC) could Makhlouf during that Budget episode be said to have displayed “calm and unflappable” leadership. Had he done so, there’d have been no inquiry.
And the inquiry report demonstrates just how far from calm and unflappable Makhlouf’s conduct appears to have been, and how little “strong leadership” and “personal integrity” has been on display. That gush, when Hughes must already have known much of what would be in the report – a lot of it was in the media, some involved meetings he himself had attended – seems both borderline dishonest, and if not then casting some doubt on the judgement of the State Services Commissioner himself.
It is perhaps worth noting too that the Minister of Finance has been playing the whole thing down even more than the Commissioner. His statement makes no reference at all to the adverse findings in the Deputy Commissioner’s report (even though in my reading of the report, the Minister emerges not too badly – recognising that the report dealt only with his, and his staff’s, interaction with officials).
But what of the Deputy State Service Commissioner’s report itself. There was a great deal of interesting material, which puts Makhlouf in a very poor light, even though the standard Mr Ombler was asked to use was a fairly weak one, interpreted in ways that made it weaker still. The standards he was asked to use were whether Makhlouf acted in “good faith”, “reasonably”, and “maintaining political neutrality”. I didn’t have too much difficulty with how he interpreted good faith and the political neutrality (and as I’ve said before I thought most likely Gabs acted in good faith, and was not knowingly partisan), but here “reasonable” is defined as an action/decision that was “one that was open to be reached and is within the limits of reason”. Either in how his mandate was written or how he interpreted it, there is no sense of a standard being whether actions/decisions were of a standard that might be reasonably expected from the most senior public servant in the land, who had held that high office for eight years.
And yet even on that rather generous standard, Mr Ombler still found that Makhlouf failed to act reasonably in three important respects.
Very little of what Makhlouf did during this period, after the first few hours, seems to meet a standard a fair-minded observer should expect from such a senior public servant.
Among the puzzles is just who Makhlouf was taking counsel from, if anyone, during this period. Paragraph 10 of the report list the people Ombler talked to in the course of his investigation, but although various Treasury officials are listed, only one of Makhlouf’s second tier is mentioned (a new acting Chief Operating Officer on secondment from elsewhere in the public sector). But none of the rest of his second tier – the people he’d been working with for years, and who had a better sense of The Treasury, the Budget – is mentioned. It is most unlikely – in Budget week – they were all away. Did he really not talk at all to Struan Little, the Deputy Secretary responsible for the Budget, who takes over as Acting Secretary tomorrow. Did people like him not take Gabs aside and suggest he was losing perspective? If not – based on all else in the report – that reflects poorly too. We know that when Makhlouf decided – late on the Tuesday night – to do a round of media interviews the next morning, he explicitly rejected his Communications Manager’s offer to help him prepare lines/answers (he went on to do those interviews with no outside prep, and not that much sleep apparently either).
What also becomes clear is that, although Treasury staff initially thought there had been a leak, by pretty early on (1pm on the Tuesday) they were converging towards recognising that the material may well have been taken from searches of their own website (all that clone site indexing stuff), and by 3pm that day they had turned off the function that was creating the snippets (of the sort that had been released earlier that morning). They told Makhlouf this by 5pm, before Police, GCSB or anyone else was much involved (although one gap in the report is there is no discussion of contact between Treasury staff and the Minister’s office during the afternoon – it is just impossible to believe there was none).
What is more, the report records that Makhlouf told the Minister of Finance (7;15pm on the Tuesday) that it was ‘very likely” that the information released had been accessed through deliberate searches on the website (all that clone indexing stuff again was explicitly mentioned). Sure, they don’t seem to known that with certainty, but a calm chief executive would surely have taken it as the most likely explanation and tailored his actions and comments accordingly (while not closing down other lines of inquiry).
The timeline in the report has a lot of detail on the back and forth among Treasury, GCSB, and Police over this period. GCSB seem to have made clear that it wasn’t a matter for them, and – since Treasury already knew the likely nature of the way the information had got out – to the extent there was anything for Police, it was already clear that it probably wasn’t about what had gone on, but on the narrower question of whether that activity had been illegal.
But none of that stopped Makhlouf. At 8.02pm he had gone out with his, now infamous, “deliberate and systematic hacking” statement, and (by implication) associating GCSB with his statements/actions. He had sufficiently little understanding himself that he told the Minister he didn’t know why GCSB weren’t investigating, and yet went on to tell the Minister he thought he (Makhouf) had to make a statement. He read out the draft statement to the Minister – hadn’t even given him a draft in advance to reflect on – and at the same time said he wasn’t going to do media interviews. The report notes that the Minister’s staff who were in the meeting gained the impression that what had gone on was a far more serious computer system intrusion than what (Treasury staff already knew was most likely) the case. It looks a lot like a chief executive, stung by the breaches on his watch, probably rather emotional, not turning to wise counsellors, and not ensuring that he had himself fully understood what staff were telling him. Any statement should have been toning down the issue, accepting (probable) responsibility, not amping it up and (a key point in the SSC report) attempting to shift responsibility.
It got worse. Treasury hadn’t shown GCSB their draft statement (with the word “hack”) and when Andrew Hampton saw it he texted Makhlouf and said Treasury needed to correct the statement (Hampton’s comms adviser then lodged a complaint with Treasury at not being shown the draft statement – as would be conventional when one government department refers to another in a statement). Makhlouf and Hampton talked and Makhlouf simply rejected the advice (even though GCSB is a key adviser on cybersecurity threats etc).
Earlier in the evening, Makhlouf hadn’t intended to do media interviews. That was about his last good call in the whole affair. But late in the evening, the Minister’s press secretary rang to ask him to do so, and Makhlouf agreed. He seems to have taken no advice, including on possible responses, and instead got up at 4:30 on the Wednesday morning to prepare himself, where he came up with the infamous and highly misleading bolt analogy.
According to the report, by about 1:40pm on the Wednesday Treasury not only had a high degree of confidence that the “leaks” had simply involved systematic searches, but they had been told Police weren’t taking the matter any further. Makhlouf told the Minister this at about 5:30 on the Wednesday. He said he would make a media statement (and a parallel one from SSC) but thought it could wait until Friday, after the Budget was out of the way. It was just another in a series of extraordinary lapses of judgement. Wisely, the Minister’s office got back to Makhlouf shortly thereafter to indicate the statement should go out before the Budget. (Presumably it was about this time the National Party had indicated they would hold a briefing in the morning to reveal how they got the information. The report is endlessly cute on this point – despite the fact that Treasury had a near-certain view of how the information had been found, we are expected to believe that they had no strong sense, even quite late in the piece, that National staffers had done the searching).
A reasonable person might have supposed that, having amped the issue up in his press release on Tuesday night, raised the stakes further in the media interviews on Wednesday, and (as background noise) having had senior ministers alleging all sort of impropriety, that a statement would be rushed out just as soon as it could possibly be got together (perhaps even a press conference with Makhlouf and his head of IT). But no. And Ombler concludes that this was all quite reasonable because “it takes time to draft an appropriate media statment and to appropriately consult other agencies”. Except that the decision to do a press statement had been done by 6pm, the draft was sent off to various agencies – including SSC (who thus saw the draft of the statement they now rightly criticise Makhlouf for) – at about 8pm, the Minister’s office had it by 8.53pm, and the whole thing was finalised and sent out to various officials under embargo just after 9:30, There was no reason why it could not have gone public then, not released into the dead of dawn, at 5am the following day.
Except, of course, that the statement was not well done. As the report concludes, Makhlouf ended up focusing more on the people who had found the information than on the failures of The Treasury itself, and played up an extraordinary interpretation of Budget confidentiality conventions that surely no one else would have regarded as reasonable – and which Ombler decisively picks apart. Such conventions bind ministers and public servants, not people who find information through weaknesses in your website. According to the report, Makhlouf even now rejects this interpretation.
The report suggests that Treasury staff themselves seem to have got caught up in a similar defensive mindset. In a way that is understandable: the “leak” would have been deeply embarrassing, but it was Makhlouf’s job to lead the organisation above the embarrassment and to do the right thing. He simply didn’t do that, and no one else – in his department or elsewhere in the public sector (the very top tier of public servants) – was willing or able to stop him. Where, for example, was his employer – Peter Hughes – after the first statement, after the interviews, or when he got the draft of Thursday’s statement (and the timeline records he was in two meetings with Makhlouf on the Wednesday afternoon, but the report tells us nothing about what he said or did with those opportunities).
Bottom line seems to be that Makhlouf does not regard himself as having done anything wrong. Even with the benefit of hindsight, the report contains no sense of Makhlouf looking back with regret or wishing some things had been done differently (and he had a draft of the report, so had the opportunity to inject such perspectives if Ombler had missed them). Consistent with that there was no contrition or apology at the time, and not a word from Makhlouf since. He deliberately avoided parliamentary scrutiny at FEC the other day, and there has been not a word from him today. And at the close of business today he is off, no longer accountable to anyone in New Zealand at all. It is a shockingly poor standard of conduct on display. He could not have survived in office – with these findings and no contrition – had it not been his final day. It must be a tough day for Treasury staff, many of whom will probably be going out of their way to stay clear of Makhlouf (even those who otherwise have good impressions of him).
We – citizens – deserve much better. We deserve more answers from SSC themselves. And, one would have to say, the people of Ireland – and of Europe – deserve much better: if this is how their new Governor (and ECB Governing Board member) reacts under pressure when something goes wrong on his watch, it is a real worry as economic and financial pressures and tensions build. And it is a reminder of how utterly crucial it is for anyone near the top to have at least one person they trust who is willing to tell them to their face when the top person has stuffed up, lost perspective, got it wrong. If Gabs had such a person, they were missing in action in Budget week.
Thoughts prompted by the OCR review
June 27, 2019 Michael Reddell Monetary policy
When I read yesterday’s OCR review release from the Reserve Bank, my first thought was actually about process. This was the first interim – ie between full Monetary Policy Statements – OCR review since the new Monetary Policy Committee took over responsibility.
The actual statement from the committee was about 175 words long. It was accompanied by the summary record of the meeting (“the minutes”) that was about 530 words long. That looks anomalous. When there is a full MPS (with projections), the minutes are – in normal times – not much more than a modest supplement. But when there are no numbers and the press release itself is so short, the minutes are always likely to be the main event. Given the way the Minister of Finance has chosen to set up the new system – “minutes” released simultaneous with the policy decision (not done in plenty of other countries), and minutes not generally conveying individual views – I wonder what the point is of having both statements on the occasion of interim OCR reviews. There is nothing in the press release that couldn’t quite easily have been included in the minutes (almost all of it is there anyway) and having two documents just opens up risks of conflicting wording or differences of emphasis (in this case, the minutes are clearer on the likelihood of another cut than the statement is), for no obvious benefit. It isn’t a big issue, but if I were in their shoes I’d be taking another look in the light of experience. As it is, when one document has three times as many words as the other, the focus of attention is likely to fall on the longer fuller document.
Having said that, (with a sample of only two cases admittedly) experience is already confirming that the summary record of the meeting is really just a long-form version of the policy statement (whether the OCR review one, or the first page of the MPS). I get that, for largely inexplicable (and unexplained) reasons, the Minister of Finance was keen on encouraging consensus decisions – not an approach we take, for example, in the appellate courts, when individual judges are responsible for their own views and free to express them – but the minutes we’ve so far really add nothing. Take the possibility of an OCR cut yesterday. This what they said, all of it.
The Committee discussed the merits of lowering the OCR at this meeting. However, the Committee reached a consensus to hold the OCR at 1.5 percent. They noted a lower OCR may be needed over time.
Wouldn’t a useful summary record have given some indication of the arguments members (perhaps only some) found persuasive in favour of a cut and the considerations that led them (by consensus) to conclude that it wasn’t an appropriate decision right now. There is no sense of richness to the discussion, no insight into the thought processes or arguments or models being used, just nothing. And this is early days, when presumably the Committee wants to put the best foot forward, to suggest real change, real gains in transparency. It was predictable that the new-look committee would probably become little more than a slightly different front window for the Bank’s longstanding preference to tell us only what they think we need to know, only when they want to tell us. It could have been different, even under the severe limitations of this legislation, but it would have been an uphill battle even with the right people – and there is now documentary evidence that several of the likely best people were simply excluded from consideration from the start. MPC members are free to speak publicly, but thus far none has. It is a shame, but it is what I pointed out in my submission on the legislation last year, that the monetary policy reforms always appeared more cosmetic than real.
As for the actual OCR decision, I think it was the wrong decision (although I wouldn’t make too much of the point). Data have weakened here and abroad, inflation is – and has persistently been – below target, the exchange rate is holding up, and there is little real prospect of a sustained reacceleration of growth or of inflation pressures. Oh, and market measures of medium-term inflation expectations are around 1 per cent, not 2 per cent. In that climate, being a little pro-active and cutting the OCR now looks to have been the better choice. It isn’t clear what the risks to moving would have been. It is only six weeks until the next MPS, but (a) the MPC won’t have a lot more domestic information between now and then (eg the labour market data come out only 27 hours before the next release, and won’t be properly incorporated – or in the projections at all) and (b) the way the global situation is going one can’t rule out the possibility that another cut could have been warranted by then. Then again, markets strongly anticipate central banks.
Perhaps the saddest bit of the press release was this plaintive, orphaned, line
Inflation is expected to rise to the 2 percent mid-point of our target range,
The Bank has been saying this for years. December 2009 was the last time annual core inflation (on the Bank’s sectoral factor model was as high as 2 per cent). There is no support offered for their view, either in the press statement or in the minutes, and no evidence even of any discussion to risks around the story. I guess anything is possible, but it simply doesn’t seem the most likely story any longer. The Bank’s former chief economist used to argue that they had to say this (that inflation was heading back to 2 per cent) because if they didn’t, it meant they should have been changing the OCR. Well, quite. But in these circumstances, the line should just have been quietly dropped – or some more analysis/argumentation provided to support their beliefs.
Earlier in the week, the NZIER released their Shadow Board exercise, in which a group of economists and business people offer their advice, and their range of views, on where the OCR should be set (conditioned on the target the Bank is given). I know various readers are dismissive of the exercise – and it does appear to be limping on towards eventual termination, rather than helping shape the debate – but I’ve always had a geeky interest in exercises like this, even while noting that the Shadow Board tends to adjust into line with the Reserve Bank, rather than providing much collective leadership or independence of perspective. This was in evidence in the NZIER press release this week
NZIER’s Monetary Policy Shadow Board has adjusted their recommendation in the wake of the Reserve Bank’s OCR cut in May.
It is strange that experts would adjust their view of what the OCR should be just because the Reserve Bank – with no monopoly on knowledge and huge margins for error – changed its view. But here were the individual views of the panellists.
I’ve always been puzzled too by how anyone could be 100 per cent confident of their view of where the OCR should be. When I was on the Reserve Bank’s OCR Advisory Group (a forerunner to the MPC), we introduced a survey of this sort, where each member’s advice to the Governor had to include a probability distribution (summing to 100 per cent) on what the OCR should be (eg 50% 1.5 per cent, 25% 1.25 per cent, 25% 1 per cent). Being a bit stubborn, and reminded of the breadth of the historic confidence intervals in OCR forecasts, I always tried to discipline myself to spread my probabilities over perhaps six alternative OCR settings, with not too high a probability on the OCR I actually recommended. Apart from anything else, it was a helpful prompt to think about what would invalidate my central view. Most of these respondents don’t seem to do anything similar. For what it is worth, my current distribution might look something like this
0.5 or less 5
2 or more 5
The most interesting view in the chart (setting aside how tightly bunched his views were) is that of former Reserve Bank chief economist Arthur Grimes, who indicated a 50 per cent probability that the OCR now should still be 1.75 per cent. In his comments he notes
Conditions imply no need to change the OCR right now, but that has to be balanced against the unnecessary (and unwise) cut to the OCR at the last decision. Hence it is a 50:50 call as to whether the cut should be restored or whether to leave the OCR as is.
It is an interesting stance, more “hawkish” (for example) than the (typically) most hawkish of the local banks (BNZ), and it is a shame no media seem to have asked Arthur to elaborate on his view. He must hold it strongly – the words are much more forceful than just the numbers would have been – and it would be interesting to read his fuller reasoning. After all, although my central view appears to be substantially different to his, the margins of error/uncertainty in this game are quite large enough that he could prove to be correct (my own probabilities – above – overlap with his). Perhaps it is just that Arthur is downplaying the target midpoint, even though it is highlighted in the target given to the committee, and in that case it is just a personal policy preference. But if it is a genuine difference of model, of making sense of current or prospective economic or inflation developments, it would be interesting to see his reasoning.
But for me, the downside risks, and the asymmetric nature of the consequences of being wrong – surprising high inflation means getting into the top half of the target range for the only time in more than a decade, while the approaching limits of conventional monetary policy mean that any further slippage in inflation expectations could really aggravate the next significant downturn, arguing for erring – if it all – on the side of a lower OCR.
Secretary to the Treasury
Gabs Makhlouf finishes as Secretary to the Treasury tomorrow, and there is still no sign of the SSC report on his conduct in the “Budget leak” affair. (Although the State Services Commission doesn’t really seem to live in the 21st century – when it publishes press releases it seems not to put them on its website simultaneously with sending them out to the favoured list of journalists – so it is always possible it is in fact out.) Even if the report finally emerges in the next day or so, they’ve basically run out the clock. And that would, surely, be convenient for everyone – government, SSC, Makhlouf, and the public sector CEs club – except those actually seriously concerned about accountability in public life.
But yesterday we did finally get an announcement of an appointment of a new Secretary to the Treasury. The job was advertised more than six months ago (the fact that there would be a vacancy on Friday was known three years ago), suggesting that SSC had some difficulty finding a good person for the job. In a well-functioning organisation/system, there would have been at least two or three really impressive, and pretty obvious, internal contenders (not necessarily internal to The Treasury, but to the New Zealand public service) and it wouldn’t have taken that long for a decision to have been made in favour of one of them. A decision would have been announced several months ago, and the chosen person would have taken office on Friday. Serious questions should be asked – but no doubt won’t be answered – about the process, and (more fundamentally) about the state of the upper levels of the public service (supposedly developed and nurtured by first Iain Rennie and now Peter Hughes) when twice in succession, SSC has chosen to turn to outsiders, with no knowledge or experience of New Zealand, to fill the premier position in the New Zealand public service. Successful organisations mostly appoint from within.
Of course, The Treasury isn’t a high-performing organisation these days – use any standard you like, but including stakeholder surveys, reviews of the technical quality of policy, the perspectives of capable staff who have now left, or even just the telling anecdotes (someone told me the other day about their dealings with Treasury social policy analysts, who reportedly struggled with the difference between average and marginal). There are some good stories too, and some very able people, but few now view it with the mix of fear and awe that once characterised official Wellington. But the degradation of the public sector institutions’ isn’t unique to The Treasury – after all, if it were just a Treasury problem, it shouldn’t have been hard to find a new Secretary to the Treasury from elsewhere in the high-performing policy parts of the public sector.
But what to make of the new appointee, Dr McLiesh? The only honest answer is that it is very hard to know, and only time will tell. That isn’t really good enough, in someone stepping the role – in Peter Hughes’s own words – in which they will be (not the organisation, but the individual)
“is the principal economic advisor to the Minister of Finance and the Government.”
It appears that very few people in New Zealand – at least those in a position to comment – know her, and so we are left having to take Peter Hughes on trust. But then he was the person who reappointed Gabs Makhlouf, and that choice doesn’t inspire much confidence (even less now than at the time it happened).[UPDATE:SSC has got in touch and pointed out that the reappointment decision was made by Iain Rennie.]
I may be in a small minority here – although I suspect not – in that, however able someone is, I just don’t think it is appropriate to be recruiting foreigners – especially not ones with no background in or experience of New Zealand – for such critical and sensitive roles. Few other countries – at least ones that had got beyond either colonial status or complete dysfunction – would, and we shouldn’t. Countries have interests that are, at times, in conflict with those of other countries, and that is true even for someone coming from the UK (Makhlouf) or Australia (McLiesh) – and, in fact, those potential conflicts are much greater as regards Australia than the UK (just think of the banking sector for example). One needn’t criticise the individuals concerned to think that we really should be capable of running our own country, and if the Secretary to the Treasury is not an elected policymaker, the person who holds that office should be a highly influential counsellor to elected governments, and hugely influential on what should be the premier department of state. Someone rushed in from another country – even a very friendly one – just does not have primary loyalties to New Zealand, or a sense that their own future, and that of their children and grandchildren, depends on a job done excellently. And they have no historical, social or political context for their advice. We don’t have foreigners with no background in New Zealand as MPs or ministers, no matter how able. And we went through a big debate 15+ years ago in which we decided that we didn’t want foreign judges either – even though, at least in principle, judges simply apply Parliament’s law, and should be much less influential than the Secretary to the Treasury.
One might also add some comment about selection bias. Really top-notch foreigners – really well suited to be premier economic adviser to the government of a sovereign state – might normally expect to be recognised and rewarded best at home. The New Zealand public sector isn’t spectacularly well-paid (unlike, say, Singapore or Hong Kong) and New Zealand is a poorer and smaller country than either the UK or Australia. And it isn’t as if, these days, New Zealand is at the leading edge of reform, economic thinking, or public adminstration. As far as we are aware, neither Makhlouf nor McLiesh had compelling family connections to New Zealand that made them want to give up the glittering prizes of home, make the sacrifice and just happened to be available to serve New Zealand. Neither, at the time of appointment to the New Zealand Treasury secretary rule, seem likely to have been serious contenders for the comparable appointment in their home country. Perhaps they were the best we could get……but that then is an indictment on the SSC handling of the New Zealand public service.
At the time Makhlouf was appointed, it was made known that the government had rushed through an emergency grant of New Zealand citizenship to enable Makhlouf to have the job (as if, somehow, a label transformed loyalties). The question should be asked now as to whether Dr McLiesh is also being given a rushed grant of citizenship. And if not, what is going to happen when really sensitive issues arise? When I worked at The Treasury for a couple of years, there were a couple of second and third-tier people who were Australian citizens, and care was taken around NZEO (New Zealand eyes-only) documents to ensure that those people did not see them. Perhaps that works down the line, but how appropriate is it as an option for the Secretary to the Treasury? If, for example, an Australian banking group, and/or their New Zealand subsidiary, is in crisis?
(The point here is not that any such appointments would be likely to consciously seek to serve another country’s interests, but that (a) the rules are designed to protect against extreme eventualities, and (b) appearances matter greatly. I have worked as a mid-senior level official in two foreign countries’ national bureaucracies, and so know something of which I speak – fortunately perhaps there were few/no Zambia/NZ issues.)
And what of the individual? Eric Crampton has been the most vocal (public) critic of The Treasury under Makhlouf. He is quite positive, if guardedly so, on the new appointee, who has a PhD in finance, and during a term on the staff of the World Bank was the co-author of several journal articles with highly-regarded academic authors. I put less weight on that, partly because I’m not convinced of the cult of the PhD (in non-academic contexts, where I’ve seen people with top degrees from even better universities and with pretty strong publication records who simply weren’t suited to senior public sector roles).
I guess I put more weight on (a) what she has, and hasn’t, been doing and saying in the last decade or so (since moving into the New South Wales public sector), and (b) on who appointed her, and so the likely criteria being used to make the choice.
The new Secretary to the Treasury joined the New South Wales Treasury in 2008. New South Wales, you will have noted, is not a country but a state. Quite a few people live there, but in the end it is still more than a city council but less than a country. So much power and functionality has been centralised in Australia, that technocrats regularly ask what the point of state bureaucracies really is. Where this matters, in thinking about the New Zealand Treasury role, is not around managing a budget, or even dealing with individual (perhaps very complex) infrastructure projects, but around most everything else. Tax policy for example. Or monetary policy (The Treasury has just been handed a seat on the new MPC), financial system regulation, or even much of the big picture around health, education or welfare policy. McLiesh has precisely no experience – according to the SSC’s statement, which will have been putting the best foot forward – in advising national governments on critical areas of national policy. And there is a pretty good chance that, until the last couple of months, she has never given New Zealand economic policy, and its major failures (productivity) and challenges, a moment’s thought – unless perhaps on a skiing trip she happened to pick up a local newspaper. Frankly, this new appointee appears about as substantively well-equipped to be the key economic adviser to a sovereign national government, in a country with its own currency etc, as Makhlouf does to sit on the ECB Governing Council.
Perhaps one doesn’t really expect fairly senior state public servants to be making speeches, writing articles etc. Mostly, it isn’t the day job. I went looking and couldn’t find any evidence of anything. But people who nurture a longstanding commitment to excellence in economics and policy advice often find avenues – and avenues are found for them – to tap that expertise, in papers, commentaries, discussant comments or whatever. But I couldn’t find anything with her name on done since she left the World Bank. Perhaps I missed something – I’d be keen to know if so – but she looks like someone who has successfully transformed herself into a fairly well-regarded public sector operator. There is a place (an important one) for those skills.
In eleven years in the New South Wales public sector, McLiesh has had five jobs. From the look of the documents, they weren’t a succession of stellar promotions, but of frequent rotations, and then a move last year to run what seem to be the NSW equivalent of polytechs (in the wake of a sudden departure of the previous incumbent). One of the questions that should interest anyone in thinking about the New Zealand Treasury is the management record: especially so for anyone uneasy about the current state of The Treasury. Perhaps the new appointee really is a stellar change-manager and someone with a demonstrated track record of lifting performance in troubled organisations. But when you are on your fifth job in eleven years, there have to at least be questions about whether you’d stayed around long enough for anyone to really tell the good that might have been done.
Which brings me to the final relevant set of considerations: who made the appointment, and what is the evidence on their predispositions? I wrote about the appointment process, and the advertising for the job, in a post back in January (skip the first few paras). From that post
The procedure for the appointment of public service chief executives is set out in the State Sector Act. Section 35 provides that when there is a vacancy the State Services Commissioner must
invite the Minister to inform the Commissioner of any matters that the Minister wishes the Commissioner to take into account in making an appointment to the position.
That is the Minister’s opportunity to scope the job, and identify his or her priorities. And although there is now a perception that appointments are made by the State Services Commissioner, in fact the law is clear that the Cabinet can not only reject a nomination, but can appoint their own preferred nominee. In other words, while Peter Hughes (the State Services Commissioner) has considerable influence, appointments ultimately reflect to a substantial degree the choices and priorities of ministers.
And, writing about the capabilities SSC said it would be assessing people on
All probably fine and reasonable in their own way – if what you want is some generic public service manager – but again what is notable is the absences. Neither here, nor anywhere in any of the documents, is there any sense of wanting someone who might model excellence as a policy adviser, or lift the performance of the organisation in a way that might deliver credible and compelling answers to the appalling productivity underperformance of the New Zealand economy.
And why not? Presumably because neither Grant Robertson, nor his boss, nor his party, nor the parties they govern in league with, care. Nothing – in these documents, in speeches, interviews or anywhere – suggests otherwise.
Perhaps Grant Robertson really was made uncomfortable by Makhlouf’s extraordinary behaviour in the “Budget leak” affair, but that aside we’ve not heard or seen a word suggesting that he wants something materially better or different in The Treasury. Only yesterday he was out promising more wellbeing and Living Standards Framework stuff.
And Hughes? His track record isn’t one of promoting people with real expertise, and leadership capability, in the subject area they are responsible for – what does Andrew Kibblewhite know about Justice, or Andrew Bridgman about Defence, or Carolyn Tremain about economic development. to take just three high profile examples. Real expertise might not be disqualifying – people seem to speak highly of the new MFAT head – but it scarcely seems to be a prerequisite. Nothing in the Treasury advert really suggested he’d made an exception in that case. The focus seems always to be on appointing general public service managers, who won’t rock the boat, won’t upset Peter Hughes, and will get along nicely with ministers. If that is what you want in the job, quite probably the new Secretary to the Treasury may do quite well, while probably seeking to use the job as a stepping stone to something bigger, better, and better-paid (richer country and all that) back home. But count me sceptical that the appointment presages a substantial improvement in The Treasury. (And, as always with public service heads these days, the likelihood now of disrupting the Treasury second tier, so that the incumbent has their own people: some might argue that change is warranted – but the sun/moon feeling card senior manager has already gone – but where are better candidates likely to be found in the diminished New Zealand public sector?).
Near the end of my earlier post I wrote
I guess there is nothing to stop the person who is eventually appointed choosing to make productivity a priority and foster work developing compelling analysis and recommendations. But it doesn’t seem very likely. Even if Treasury isn’t as resource-constrained as some government agencies, there won’t be lots of capable staff resources readily able to be diverted to something that just isn’t a government priority. But more importantly, what sort of person do we suppose is likely to get the job? And why would such a person, who got through the selection process (acceptable to both SSC and the Minister) be likely to change their spots once in office. What would be their incentive? And how likely is it that they’d be the sort of person who would even care much, or understand the issues well enough to know where to start.
That still feels about right now.
I’d love to be wrong about this, and truth is that at present we have only very very partial data. If the new Secretary to the Treasury really is the agent of transformation, dramatically lifting the performance and standing of the organisation, I’ll be delighted – and, I hope, ready to highlight my pleasant surprise. But it isn’t clear, on the information to hand now, why we should expect anything more than a competent generic public service manager, with little expertise in national economic management, no background in New Zealand, and – perhaps most importantly – no mandate or imperative for anything much better or different.
Our institutions have been in decline for some time, and there is little reason to suppose that Peter Hughes – or the ministers he works for – will be the agents of reversal, or that this latest appointment is a sign that change (for the better) is really in the wind.
Not tenable in a crisis
June 25, 2019 Michael Reddell bank capital requirements, deposit insurance
On a quick read through the Executive Summary of the latest consultation document from the review of the Reserve Bank Act, there look to have been a range of not-entirely-unreasonable in-principle decisions made by the Minister of Finance. Some even look thoroughly welcome, if long overdue, including the in-principle decision to end the charade that the Board of the Reserve Bank could or would adequately do the job of holding the Governor to account. In turn, the decision to stop the Governor being the sole decisionmaker on banking regulatory policy can’t be implemented soon enough.
The other major change that I welcome, and have championed for some years inside and outside the Reserve Bank, is the decision to introduce a deposit insurance system. Among advanced countries, New Zealand has been increasingly unusual in not having such a system. The discussion of deposit insurance issues is from page 85 onwards in this document.
There are lots of details still to be sorted out, but the headline-grabber in the announcement yesterday was the aspect of what is proposed that I have most problem with.
The Minister has also made an in-principle decision that the scheme will protect eligible depositors’ savings up to an insured limit, proposed to be in the range of $30,000-$50,000 per depositor.
This has the feel of a bureaucratic compromise, including with the staff at the Reserve Bank who have consistently opposed deposit insurance. More importantly, it is a ridiculously low limit which would almost certainly prove untenable, unsustainable, in an actual crisis. David Tripe, at Massey University, calls it “a joke”, but it is (of course) more serious than that.
I favour deposit insurance mostly for second-best reasons. You can advance various arguments for why deposits should, in principle, be specially favoured and protected. I’m not really convinced by any of them. If people really wanted rock-solid assets, and were willing to pay for them, the market could and would provide. The evidence is, quite strongly, that people don’t (look, for example, at the tiny number of people holding government retail Kiwi Bonds, in contrast to the amount in bank term deposits etc). And that isn’t surprising. Not only are banking crises rare, in countries where markets are allowed to work – how much different the literature and mindset in this area might be if for 150 years Canada had had US banking etc laws, and the US had had Canadian ones – but in the course of our lives many of us are much more likely to have serious – larger – unexpected losses (financial or otherwise) from other sources. A leaky home, a lost job, a serious relationship break-up, health problems, a business plan that just didn’t work out, an unexpected change in government policy, living in a town that economic activity moved away from, and so on.
I’m not even persuaded by arguments about bank runs, that seem to have appealed to the authors of the consultation document (and the IMF and OECD). There is little evidence of irrational runs and – as we saw globally in 2008/09 – wholesale creditors are at least as capable of running for their money, rationally or otherwise, as small depositors.
No, I support a credible deposit insurance system because governments – abroad, and here – have a demonstrated track record of bailing out depositors, and whole banks, when faced with a crisis, and political incentives that mean it would be difficult to change that track record – perhaps especially in a political system such as our own, where so much power is bested in the executive, and the executive governs by commanding a majority (at least on supply issues) of Parliament. If we believe in the importance of market discipline (beyond simply shareholders) – and I do – then we need to do what we can to identify and recognise the pressure points and to internalise the costs of the protection they result in. In this case, it is a concentration of (likely) voters, facing (potentially) large and visible immediate losses.
I’ve run through the likely political calculus in earlier posts (eg here), but suffice to say that I just do not believe that a plausible New Zealand government, faced with a plausible failure scenario for a major New Zealand bank, would let a bank fail, and use the OBR tool on all creditors, with protection only (via a deposit insurance scheme) for $30000 to $50000 per depositor.
The government has sought to argue that the proposed cap on coverage is somehow internationally mainstream, but I don’t know who they are trying to fool (themselves apart?). This chart is from the official document.
You can ignore the strained attempt to split OECD countries into two separate classes and just focus on the data. Whether you look at the limit in simple dollar terms, or as a ratio to GDP per capita, the range of coverage the government proposes here would be lower than in all but two OECD countries. And perhaps the thing that stands out to me most starkly from the chart is how many of those red dots (the other country limits in NZD terms) are at or near $150000.
Not unimportantly, the limit in Australia is A$250000 (just a bit more than that in NZD terms). The government has probably noticed that the big banks in New Zealand are all subsidiaries of Australian banks. It is probably aware that if a big New Zealand bank ever gets to the point of failure, it is highly likely to be a situation in which the parent is also on the brink of failure. And anyone who has ever thought about the issue recognises the high likelihood that the resolution of a failed Australian banking group, with major operations in New Zealand, is likely to be handled at a trans-Tasman political level (including because of pressure from the Australian government to keep the banking groups together, which might well be the best way to realise value for creditors). Most likely, the big banks would simply be bailed out completely. But if they weren’t, how credible do you suppose it is that a New Zealand government will simply walk away from depositors with amounts in excess of, say, $50000 – left to the tender mercies of OBR – while their Australian siblings (in a bank with the same brand) are protected to A$250000? Not very, would be my answer. (And bear in mind the complication that it is generally recognised that if OBR is ever used, the non haircut deposits in any failed bank will need to be government guaranteed, and that such a guarantee may even need to be extended to other banks, to avoid a big loss of funds to the failed bank.)
I’m not arguing that we need the same limit as Australia – apart from anything else, New Zealanders are poorer on average (but would it have hurt to have looked at common model?) – but a $30000 to $50000 limit will simply strike people as so low that it won’t be persisted with if and when a crisis hits. Deposit insurance limits get changed on the fly – it happened all over the advanced world in 2008/09 – and when they are, those who get the protection won’t have paid for it. Failing to get this right, ex ante, simply increases the risk that when the crisis comes we’ll end up bailing out wholesale creditors (including foreign ones) too.
Much better to put in place a credible limit (indexed to inflation or nominal per capita, to remain sensible) – perhaps $150000 per depositor – and charge depositors directly for the protection the Crown is proposing to offer. Don’t – as the discussion document talks of – build up a modest fund and then stop charging the levy. Remember that major bank failures are (and are supposed to be) very rare events: a levy of 15 basis points per annum on insured deposits for 150 years, would cover losses of (say) 20 per cent of all insured deposits (an extraordinarily large loss). But just like your house insurance, the best outcome is if you pay your premium all your life and never need to make a claim.
The consultation document discussion on deposit insurance is itself something of a mixed bag. At a technical level, some of its seems solid enough, but then they attempt to buttress it with overwrought claims. There was this, for example
The GFC showed that a loss of confidence in one bank can rapidly spread throughout the financial system through ‘contagion’ that causes instability and destroys financial and social capital.
“One bank”???? And, even more far-fetched
The OECD (2013) and IMF (2017) have both warned that, without depositor protection, New Zealand is particularly vulnerable to contagious bank runs that can escalate into banking crises that destroy social and financial capital. The financial costs alone could be profound and long-lasting: experience overseas suggests that in a bank crisis GDP might fall 20 percent below trend, and the Government debt-to-GDP ratio might increase by 30 percentage points for a decade.
As we have seen, in analysing the Reserve Bank’s claims around bank capital, most of those “cost of crises” analyses simply don’t withstand serious scrutiny. But, even if they did, no serious observer would claim that the presence or absence of deposit insurance in the difference sparing us staggering GDP losses. Here, officials and the governments are attempted to sell us a model in which financial crises arise out of nowhere, and they know – even the Minister really should – that that is simply not so.
But I was left wondering quite how much the Minister of Finance understands when I saw him reported as suggesting that
A bank deposit protection scheme may help defuse the battle between the Reserve Bank and the country’s biggest trading banks over how much extra capital they should have to hold on their balance sheets, Finance Minister Grant Robertson indicated today.
It is a lot more likely to amp up the tensions I’d have thought. From a fiscal perspective – the Crown as underwriter of a deposit insurance scheme – deposit insurance increases your interest in having bank capital ratios as high as possible (and the discussion document talks of funding deposit insurance with a levy on bank profits, rather than directly on insured deposits). But it was noticeable that there was no discussion at all of the interaction between the two: in principle, the higher your minimum capital ratios, the cheaper the deposit insurance should be. I guess we will know the Governor’s final decision on capital before the Minister tries to legislate deposit insurance, but you would hope for some more joined-up discussion at some stage.
On which note, on the Radio New Zealand news last night, I heard the Prime Minister quoted as saying (apparently at her post-Cabinet press conference)
“Our banking system is one of the strongest and most resilient in the world”
I suspect she is probably right about that (floating exchange rate, vanilla loan books, little or no government interference in housing finance markets, no history of recent financial crises, banks part of much bigger overseas groups (from a similarly governed country).
But, if she is right, if that is what she has picked up from her briefings, from Grant Robertson, and perhaps even from the Governor, what possible grounds are there for requiring the huge increases in minimum bank capital ratios that the Governor is currently proposing? We’ve not seen a cost-benefit analysis (but, who knows, perhaps she has). On the face of it, let alone digging more deeply, there is no such case. She is content, it appears, to let an unelected bureaucrat impose potentially large costs on the New Zealand economy – over a period (next few years) when things are likely to be difficult anyway – for little or no gain (given the strength and resilience of the banking system, of which she spoke, and the inability to commit to such capital standards for more than a few years ahead).
Some material on Makhlouf’s performance
Someone – perhaps a current public servant or someone who depends on access/opportunities – sent me a carefully anonymous email with a collection of material (all public) that the compiler thought relevant to judging the performance of Gabriel Makhlouf as Secretary to the Treasury. I’m passing it on as I received it (deleting only the – meaningless to me – email address I received it from). I’m not sure if the person was just trying to persuade me (I suspect not) or wanted to get the material out more broadly and wanted to use me as a conduit.
I’m not sure I read all the material in quite the same way the sender does: so-called “gender pay gap” data are just meaningless, and I’m not going to criticise someone for not “doing better” against a meaningless benchmark – even if the person concerned was a champion of the “diversity and inclusion” movement, which is full of vapid rhetoric. Similarly, I’m not persuaded that the proportion of women in senior management is a meaningful statistic, even if Makhlouf himself did once come out and suggest he’d adopted internal quasi-quotas. If people on the left want to attack him on those grounds I’ll leave that to them.
I also couldn’t play the Bloomberg TV pre-election clip, so I’m not sure what to make of that (although I never thought of Makhlouf as partisan per se). I had my own post earlier this year in which Makhlouf participated in some craven – and highly inappropriate in a serving senior public servant – adulation of the Prime Minister.
But since I do care, a lot, about the quality of analysis and policy advice, I thought the table in the very last section (below) was pretty telling and – on the face of it – almost scandalous. And the best evidence of poor judgement under pressure was, surely, what we all saw in the “Budget leak” affair a couple of weeks ago, compounded by his retreat behind closed doors and public silence – no apology, no contrition, no explanation – since.
Beyond that, make of it what you will. Here is what I was sent.
Publicly available evidence regarding the actual performance of Makhlouf as Secretary
In what state does Makhlouf leave the capability, culture, performance and reputation of the Treasury – below his actual LEGACY from observable statistics
EVIDENCE REGARDING OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE
Some recent examples of operational failure
Technology: Website security failure May 2019
Comms: Heartwork the Wellbeing Game
Comms: 2019 Budget Cover photo
Technology: Coding error in Treasury child poverty calculations 2018
Can NZ be confident there won’t be further significant operational failures at the Treasury
EVIDENCE REGARDING POLITICAL NEUTRALITY AND JUDGEMENT:
Breach of public sector pre-election protocol – Interview 9 days before 2017 Election
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2017-09-15/new-zealand-s-makhlouf-on-election-rbnz-video
http://www.ssc.govt.nz/parliamentary-elections/general-election-2017-political-neutrality-q-and-a
EVIDENCE OF DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION ACTUAL PERFORMANCE versus RHETORIC
1. Actual impact according to http://www.ssc.govt.nz/sites/all/files/2018%20Public%20Service%20Workforce%20Data_pdf_0.pdf
TREASURY has the LOWEST % of women in senior leadership in the entire public service
TREASURY has the 4th largest gender pay gap in the entire public service
https://www.championsforchange.nz/champions/gabriel-makhlouf
2. Why was the Treasury’s 2016 Cultural Audit withheld from OIA
https://treasury.govt.nz/sites/default/files/2017-11/oia-20170007.pdf
EVIDENCE REGARDING STAKEHOLDER SATISFACTION AND REPUTATION
2017 Stakeholder survey results:
2. Inability to recruit locally for entry level roles reflecting weak reputation and culture – Treasury’s HR team travel to London to recruit analysts / senior analysts
https://www.workingin-newzealand.com/employer-profiles/the-treasury
EVIDENCE REGARDING QUALITY OF POLICY ADVICE
From Treasury’s 2018 annual report
https://treasury.govt.nz/publications/annual-report/2018-html#section-5
It would be interesting to OIA what the score would have been if “methodical robustness of at least 80%” was not applied as was the case in previous years
Consistent decline is evidenced by observing this measure over the last 4-5 years – all in Annual Reports
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David Cockerton
Global real estate, business and property market dynamics, education, qualification and dispute resolution – commentary, views and news
RICS Training
HomePosts tagged 'Chartered Surveyor'
Chartered Surveyor
RICS – what is it all about?
27/06/2013 05/07/2013 gromaticus RICS Chartered Surveyor, Construction, Dispute Resolution, Ethics, Global, Property, Real Estate, RICS, Standards
RICS – Five Wives & One Husband (5W1H)
The RICS (Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors) is the world’s leading professional body for regulation and setting standards for the land, property and construction industry.
As an expanding global property professional body, the RICS aims to:
Regulate and promote the land, property and construction profession
Encourage and maintain the highest educational and professional standards
Protect clients and consumers through a strict code of ethics
Provide impartial advice, analysis and guidance on real estate matters
The RICS (www.rics.org) has more than 100,000 members operating in almost 150 countries. There are also some 500 RICS accredited university degree courses with currently over 34,000 students to ensure that membership remains strong in the future.
Members are known as Chartered Surveyors, recognised by the designation after their name – FRICS (Fellow) or MRICS (Member).
The RICS can trace its history as far back as 1792 when the Surveyors Club was formed in London. In its current form, the RICS was created in 1868 in the United Kingdom receiving a Royal Charter in 1881.
The RICS represents the oldest and most established professional body in the field of land, property and construction in the world.
As an independent organisation, the RICS acts in the public interest setting and regulating the highest standards of competence and integrity amongst its members and providing impartial, authoritative advice on key real estate issues for business, society and governments worldwide.
RICS members specialise in all matters across the property lifecycle – from development and construction advice to valuation of assets and investments, from project management to property management and dispute resolution services across all aspects of land, property and construction – in total, there are more than 160 specialisms!
Today, the RICS has more than 100,000 members globally, with the majority of new membership growth being outside the UK.
The RICS works closely with other professional organisations around the globe to promote professional standards and has a network of offices (with over 500 staff) reaching across the world’s major and emerging economies to support the delivery of its objectives.
The focus of the RICS as an organisation is firmly set on professional standards. RICS practice standards and codes of practice are internationally renowned and regarded as a true mark of quality – a valuable asset that demonstrates to clients and the market that the advice provided adheres to the highest standards in the world. Globally, financial institutions, corporations and governments depend on the consistent and reliable level of expertise and advice on real estate that qualified RICS members provide.
The RICS publishes over 500 industry research and policy papers every year – leading real estate thinking globally. Members have access to the world’s largest online property, land and surveying library together with professional guidance and market-leading survey information.
The RICS seeks to influence governments, international organisations and key stakeholder groups around the world with the aim of developing and embedding truly international standards and creating a vibrant and sustainable land, property and construction sector.
As people, governments, banks and commercial organisations continue to demand more assurance of certified standards and ethics, attaining RICS status is the most highly regarded and recognised mark of property professionalism.
Why did I decide to join the RICS?
The RICS designation means that you are a member of the world’s pre-eminent professional organisation in real estate. By qualification, it is clear evidence that you have achieved high standards of competence and ethics in your chosen career. This provides an international passport opening doors to business, networking and career opportunities globally.
An RICS qualification provides me with unrivalled credibility and status in the market and, at the same time, provides confidence to my clients and business partners. I carry a valuable designation after my name (FRICS); a mark that is both globally recognised and highly valued throughout the land, property and construction industry.
This gives me a competitive edge as the RICS qualification is highly regarded by clients – in fact, everyone that I come into contact with in business. It also sets me apart with employers and ensures that
Arbitrating Property Disputes in the UAE
23/06/2013 17/10/2013 gromaticus Dispute Resolution, RICS ADR, Arbitration, Chartered Surveyor, Construction, Dispute Resolution, Middle East, Property, RICS
Arbitration is growing in popularity and now there is increasing emphasis on getting access to arbitrators who are experts in the subject matter
Arbitration, as one form of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), is growing in importance as a way to resolve property and construction disputes in the UAE. As a business community, the UAE is actively supporting arbitration as an alternative to litigation in the courts.
Using arbitrators who are experts in property and construction can reduce costs and ensure arbitral awards are based on commercial realities that the parties understand and can more readily accept.
There is a real commitment to arbitration as an alternative to litigation in the UAE and this is evidenced by the fact the UAE is a signatory to the New York Convention on Arbitration Awards. There are clear signs too that the UAE has been rapidly improving access to arbitration by creating modern arbitration institutions and developing rules which draw on best international practices.
Under the UAE legal system, a contract which contains an agreement to arbitrate a dispute is binding on the parties and no party can withdraw from such an agreement unilaterally. When arbitral proceedings are completed and an award has been issued, that is the end of the matter and parties may not take the same dispute on appeal to the courts.
The fact that the UAE is a member of the New York Convention on Arbitration Awards sends out a clear signal that the UAE will ensure that the courts support the decisions of arbitrators. It also reinforces the international status of awards made by arbitrators in the UAE. The Dubai International Arbitration Centre (DIAC) says that “arbitral awards made under DIAC have the same effect as final and conclusive judgments awarded by courts under the law” and “as a result of the UAE’s active participation in several regional and bilateral treaties, its arbitral awards are enforceable in many neighbouring Arab states, in addition to other countries worldwide.”
It is evident that, over the last few years, the courts have become increasingly supportive of arbitration, and are indeed leading the development of arbitration in the UAE. For example, the UAE courts have ruled that arbitration clauses are separable from the rest of a contract. This has been incorporated into the rules of UAE arbitral institutions and it means that parties cannot argue that an arbitration clause is no longer valid because the rest of the contract has been terminated. In making this ruling, the UAE courts have confirmed a principle that exists in other countries where arbitration is used viz that an arbitrator has the authority not only to determine his own jurisdiction, but also the validity of the contract which gives rise to his appointment in the first place.
Figures currently provided by DIAC reveal that the number of arbitrations taking place in Dubai has increased year on year since 2007. Interestingly, and perhaps unsurprisingly, the subject matter of the majority of disputes has been real estate. The increasing use of arbitration to resolve real estate disputes is crucial to business confidence in this sector and the continuing emergence of the UAE as the regional commercial centre for the Middle East.
As the number of property disputes increases, we are seeing more and more businesses choosing arbitration over slow and costly litigation. Whilst some people may argue that arbitration can be expensive, in reality it can offer a far more cost-effective and expeditious resolution than the courts. This is particularly so if the arbitrator has a great deal of experience and knowledge of the subject matter, understands the issues and arguments put forward by the parties in detail and so can deal with the arguments and evidence quickly and efficiently.
There are many other advantages to using arbitration instead of litigation. In arbitration, parties have a greater degree of freedom over the proceedings and timetable. Unlike court hearings, arbitration allows parties to resolve their disputes privately. But perhaps the most significant advantage of arbitration is the fact that parties can choose their arbitrator.
The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) sets, maintains and monitors high quality standards for its Members (Chartered Surveyors). The RICS is therefore able to guarantee that Chartered Surveyors who take on arbitration appointments are both experts in the subject matter of disputes and are regulated according to the highest international professional standards.
The RICS has a well-established process of training and accrediting Chartered Surveyors to be arbitrators for real estate and construction disputes. A small number of Chartered Surveyor arbitrators based in the UAE have recently been assessed and accredited by the RICS. They are the beginnings of a panel which will grow over time.
Moving forwards, the RICS will be working closely with the UAE government and courts to assist the further development and growth of arbitration in the region. The objective is to help ensure that parties will be able to easily access experienced arbitrators who have deep understanding of property and construction disputes and who can provide an internationally recognised level of cost-effective and expert arbitration.
An abridged version of this article first appeared in the RICS UAE National Association Annual Review 2012-2013 – see Publications.
ADR Arbitration Business Management Chartered Surveyor CIArb Construction Dispute Resolution Ethics Global Investor Confidence Leadership MECO Mediation Middle East Property Real Estate Regulation RICS Standards UAE
Real Estate Markets (1)
RICS (5)
MECO/RICS Research Paper Infographics: Office Environments and Productivity in the Middle East 16/07/2016
Regulation of Real Estate Markets – The Expectation Game 19/10/2013
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR): Arbitration Part V – Mediation as an Alternative to Arbitration 09/07/2013
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR): Arbitration Part IV – Challenging An Arbitration Outcome 08/07/2013
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR): Arbitration Part III – Arbitration Process 07/07/2013
Capital House
CIArb
International Tower
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Consumer & Society
Where citizens meet consumers
Researchers to begin testing monthly oral contraceptive pill
December 5, 2019 Howard Crimsen News, Public Health 0
The combined oral contraceptive pill is used by millions of women around the world. When used effectively, it’s around 99% effective; however, studies show that almost half of users forget to take their pills at the right time and will occasionally miss doses, reducing its effectiveness.
To try and help these women and give them more control over their fertility, researchers in the US have developed a new oral contraceptive pill that can be taken once a month. After being swallowed, the pill stays in the stomach and slowly releases hormones to prevent pregnancy.
The pill is designed to resist an immediate attack by acid in the stomach, making it a long-lasting contraceptive, in line with other long-term choices, such as monthly or bi-monthly injections, implants, and patches that need to be changed each week.
At the moment, the daily pill’s actual effectiveness is around 91%, which means 9 out of every 100 women taking it will get pregnant each year. The researchers say this is a good option for women who want to take an oral contraceptive, but are worried about forgetting doses.
The prototype is an easy-to swallow star shaped dissolvable capsule, roughly the same size as a fish oil tablet. Once it reaches the stomach, it releases hormones through its arms and, at the end of the month, it will be broken down and excreted from the body.
Dr Giovanni Traverso, from Harvard Medical School, who developed the prototype with colleagues at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, said: “Our studies suggest there shouldn’t be any problem with blockages or digesting and passing food. We take safety very seriously.”
The team, who are funded by The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation have tested the product in pigs and hope to start running human trials in the next few years. They have also began testing the design in patients to see if it could be used in future, not just for contraceptives, but for other drugs, too.
With the funds they are received, it’s hoped that the new contraceptive pill could be developed in the coming years.
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ASA ruling bans vaping adverts from Instagram
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Youth & Criminal Justice in Scotland
The young person’s journey
Committal of offence & routes to court
Community-based disposals
Secure care
Transport to secure care
Induction and assessment
Placement review meeting and planning
Programmes, support and reviews
Movement into custody
Return to the community
Release on licence
Young offenders institutions
Transport to custody
Sentence planning and case management
Pre-release preparations
Release on licence and home detention curfews
Post-sentence support
As far as possible children and young people should be kept out of the youth and criminal justice system, with considerable progress having been made over recent years in achieving this. However for those children and young people who do end up in formal systems, the experience can be confusing and frightening and it can be difficult for children and young people, their families, and professionals to know where to find readily accessible, coordinated information. Therefore this guide describes the stages in the youth and criminal justice process for under 18s in Scotland, from suspicion of having committed an offence through to support after completion of sentence.
The law, processes, practices, guidance and responsibilities are explained with links to further information and resources. It supports – but does not replace – the skills and requirements of relationship-based practice, partnership working and information sharing.
For simplicity the guide shows the journey as a sequence of stages on a map: in reality, local practice may vary and children and young people may move back and forth between different stages. The dominant focus is also on those children and young people who progress to court and possible disposals, but as stated it a number of children and young people involved in offending will not enter formal systems or will exit the youth and criminal justice system prior to court.
It’s important to remember that youth justice is practiced within the wider context of child and adult support and protection. Getting it Right for Every Child (GIRFEC) and the youth justice strategy ‘Preventing Offending Getting it right for children and young people’ provide the overarching policy framework while Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements and equality are also relevant. For more details about the law and practice in these topics see the Appendix.
We have also developed Journey through Justice, which is an interactive online resource designed specifically to help children and young people understand the journey through the youth justice system, following being charged with an offence by the police.
The map portrays the young person's journey as a series of stages. It reads from top to bottom with some stops offering branches onto other paths – for example the Sentence stage branches onto Community-based disposals, Secure Care or Young Offender's Institutions, reflecting the sentencing options of the youth and criminal justice system in Scotland.
There are three ways to traverse the map: by using the links on the map illustration itself, by using the 'next' or 'previous' links at the bottom of every page, or via the site menu that can be revealed by activating the menu icon at the top right of your window.
Start the journey
© Iriss 2016–19
Last updated: June 2019 Iriss
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Current Affairs Quiz for NDA, CDS and CAPF: 11th October
Current Affairs is an important subject in various exams like NDA, CDS, AFCAT, CAPF and other Defence Exams. You cannot master current affairs in one day and so you need to prepare them regularly. Here at Defence Adda, we provide you with the quizzes based on daily event affairs that are important for your exams.
Q1. A famous International personality Nikki Haley has resigned recently from her post. She was __________________.
(a) Indian Ambassador to the USA
(b) Indian Ambassador to China
(c) US Ambassador to the United Nations
(d) US Ambassador to India
Q2. Which of the following player has become the first-ever Indian woman to win gold at Youth Olympics?
(a) Harsh Bhanwala
(b) Jitu Rai
(c) Manu Bhaker
(d) Arvind Kharbanda
Q3. India stood at ____ place in Henley Passport Index Power Ranking 2018.
(a) 36th
(b) 81st
(c) 69th
(d) 130th
Q4. Which country's passport has been named the most powerful in the world, according to the Henley Passport Index 2018?
(a) Japan
(b) The USA
(c) The UK
(d) Singapore
Q5. The Indian Air Force has launched an innovative mobile health App recently. What is the name of the app?
(a) MedForce
(b) MedEd
(c) MedWatch
(d) MedAid
Q6. ACC Under-19 Asia Cup was recently won by __________.
(a) Afghanistan
(b) Pakistan
(c) India
(d) Bangladesh
Q7. Manu Bhaker is representing India at Youth Olympics. She belongs to which of the following game?
(a) Sprint
(b) Shooting
(c) Boxing
(d) Judo
Q8. . Which city is hosting Asian Para Games 2018?
(a) Jakarta
(b) Tokyo
(c) Seoul
(d) Bali
Q9. The Centre has reconstituted Supreme Court-empowered Environment Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority or the EPCA. Who is the Chairman of this Panel?
(a) Bhure Lal
(b) Anupama Das
(c) Harish Rawat
(d) Manohar Panghariya
Q10. Union Minister Nitin Gadkari recently laid the foundation stone for the development of National Waterway 40 in Uttar Pradesh, which will be built on _______ river?
(a) Ganga
(b) Yamuna
(c) Ghaghra
(d) Narmada
Q11. _________is setting up country's 1st biofuel plant in Odisha.
(a) HPCL
(b) BPCL
(c) IOCL
(d) SAIL
Q12. Which of the following state has joined Goa as a partner state to organise Goa International Film Festival that will be held in November 2018?
(a) Uttar Pradesh
(b) Maharashtra
(c) Jharkhand
(d) Gujarat
Q13. UNICEF and NASSCOM Foundation have signed an agreement to strengthen child rights. The headquarters of UNICEF is in ______.
(a) Washington DC
(b) Paris
(c) Geneva
(d) New York
Q14. World Mental Health Day is celebrated on _______.
(a) 10 October
(b) 15 October
(c) 7 October
(d) 2 October
Q15. The "Clear Sky 2018" war games, a series of large-scale air force exercises are held in _______.
(a) Russia
(b) The UK
(c) The USA
(d) Ukraine
Sol. Indian-American Nikki Haley has resigned from her post. She was US Ambassador to the United Nations.
Sol. Sixteen-year-old shooter Manu Bhaker has become the first-ever Indian woman to win gold at Youth Olympics. Bhaker achieved the feat after winning the women's 10m Air Pistol event.
Sol. The Indian passport has secured the 81st rank with visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 60 destinations.
Sol. Japan's passport has been named the most powerful in the world, overtaking Singapore, according to the Henley Passport Index 2018.
Sol. On the occasion of 86th anniversary, the Indian Air Force has launched an innovative mobile health App named ‘MedWatch’ in keeping with the Prime Minister’s vision of ‘Digital India, Ayushman Bharat and Mission Indradhanush’.
Sol. Indian under-19 cricket team has defeated Sri Lanka by 144 runs in the summit clash of the 2018 ACC Under-19 Asia Cup in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Sol. Shooter Manu Bhaker has become the first-ever Indian woman to win gold at Youth Olympics. Bhaker achieved the feat after winning the women's 10m Air Pistol event with a score of 236.5 at 2018 Youth Olympic Games in Argentina's Buenos Aires.
Sol. Jakarta, Indonesia is hosting Asian Para Games 2018.
Sol. The Centre has reconstituted Supreme Court-empowered Environment Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority or the EPCA, which is tasked with taking various measures to tackle air pollution in the National Capital Region. Former secretary Bhure Lal is the chairman of this panel.
S10. Ans.(c)
Sol. Union Minister Nitin Gadkari recently laid the foundation stone for the development of National Waterway 40, which will be built on Ghaghra river. This project undertakes development work of 354 km stretch of Ghagra river under the Sagarmala Programme of Ministry of Shipping.
Sol. Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd (BPCL) will complete commissioning of its second generation (2G) ethanol bio-refinery at Baulsingha village in Bargarh district of Odisha by 2020. This is the first biofuel plant in the country where ethanol will be produced from rice straw.
Sol. The Goa International Film Festival that will be held in November 2018 will have Jharkhand as a partner state. This will allow Jharkhand to showcase its culture and favourable filmmaking incentives announced by the state government.
Sol. UNICEF and NASSCOM Foundation have signed an agreement to strengthen child rights through "meaningful business interventions. UNICEF stands for United Nations Children's Fund and its headquarters is in New York, USA.
Sol. World Mental Health Day is celebrated on 10 October every year. The theme for 2018 WMH day is 'Young People and Mental Health in a Changing World'.
Sol. Ukraine began a series of large-scale air force exercises with the United States and other NATO countries. The "Clear Sky 2018" war games are being held in western Ukraine.
Current Affairs Quiz for NDA, CDS and CAPF: 11th October Reviewed by Roshan Kumar on October 11, 2018 Rating: 5
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← O Christmas Tree
Continuing Education →
Collecting Images
Posted on January 19, 2013 by Administrator
A double feature on the opening weekend of the Detroit Film Theatre’s Winter 2013 season helped me better understand and appreciate how images are combined to create film and film-like experiences.
That education came courtesy of two immensely creative minds. On the afternoon on Saturday, January 12, 2013, the DFT 101 series started the new year with the 1924 silent film Strike by Russian director Sergei Eisenstein. In the evening, I discovered the amazing world of the subject of the 2012 documentary Gregory Crewdson: Brief Encounters.
Both the film director Eisenstein and the photographer Crewdson combined images to create larger effects. Eisenstein used quick edits and personal closeups to show a scene from different angles. Crewdson created heavily detailed photographs out of multiple shots of the same scene.
Both movies showed examples of a description of Eisenstein in the book A History of the Cinema from Its Origins to 1970 (1976) by Eric Rhode: “He had come to the conclusion that montage should be a collision of images, so strongly contrasted that when they were joined together they would create a dynamic interaction greater than the sum of the individual parts.”
Or, as Frank Sinatra sang in How Little We Know: “That sudden explosion when two tingles intermingle.”
Although both artists were masters of intimate touches, they also communicated through medium and long shots that showed individuals as part of a larger, sometimes impersonal, landscape of desire and frustration and all of the other emotions of the human condition.
While watching both movies, some questions ran through my mind that were my own creative yearning to see beyond what was happening on the screen.
Strike was a sympathetic portrayal of some manufacturing workers during the Tsarist era that had ended just a few years earlier. As the title describes, they went on strike for better working conditions. For modern audiences, its message probably resonated a lot with people who feel that wealthy individuals have an unfair advantage in society.
But what message was intended for Russian audiences of 1924? I kept reminding myself that Strike portrayed a Russian economic system that no longer existed. The government sponsors of the film weren’t trying to change anything—they wanted to build support for the current economic system by showing the previous system in the worst possible light.
But that current system eventually led to millions of deaths under Stalin, the Cold War, and the Berlin Wall. When that system collapsed in many countries in the late 1980s and early 1990s, many celebrated. In late February, the DFT will screen the 2012 German film Barbara, about a woman plotting her escape from East Germany during the Cold War.
Strike helped connect visitors to other recent DFT movies. It was part of the next phase of Russian film following the Tsarist era that was shown in a series of movies last fall at the DFT (Ancient Images). And Eisenstein’s next film was the famous Battleship Potemkin, an earlier offering in the DFT 101 series (Two Rides on the Potemkin).
Photographic Vision
The documentary about Gregory Crewdson gave a very close view of his working process. Patient and perfectionist would be one way to describe it. He kept making small adjustments in photographs in which the people, the main setting, and scattered details of the environment played equal roles.
I kept wondering, what keeps people working for someone who has such a private, possessive, controlling attitude about the job at hand? How long could the set designers, the camera operator, the lighting crew, and others subordinate their own egos and ambitions to one person’s uniquely personal view?
I guess the answer comes in the different ways they appreciate the vision of the artist, and how he gives them the opportunity to work at their craft and specialties without the burden of authority. Many of Eisenstein’s co-workers might have felt that same way with the many different camera setups that his montage style demanded.
I also kept wondering about the nonparticipants affected by Crewdson’s camera setups, which often involved shutting down public areas. The director of the documentary, Ben Shapiro, might have wondered the same thing.
A photography shoot on a snowy street provoked a small confrontation between one of Crewdson’s co-workers and a shopkeeper trying to keep his front walk clean and safe. Apparently, the swept sidewalk messed up the image in Crewdson’s mind. I could find no fault with the shopkeeper’s point of view and I wondered how Crewdson defined the limits of his rights as an artist.
DFT Renovation
This opening weekend was especially enjoyable because the DFT was fully functional after many months of renovation.
Once again, patrons could use restrooms without having to cross to another part of the Detroit Institute of Arts. The beautiful back steps facing John R were no longer blocked by construction equipment. And the Crystal Gallery Café, which has become an essential part of my DFT experience, once again gave me a sophisticated feeling of elation as I gazed at its elegant windows and high arched ceiling as I enjoyed a snack.
The café also helped me more fully appreciate the Crewdson documentary. Many of Crewdson’s photographs were slightly surreal still lifes of people in ordinary situations. The documentary conditioned my view of things so effectively that when I left the balcony after the movie ended, the people in the cafe waiting for the next movie seemed to have that Crewdson glow.
Detroit Movie Palaces Home Page
Copyright © 2013 by Robert Hollberg Smith, Jr.
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Documentary Lovers
Top Documentaries
Movie Wall
2012 Crossing Over: A New Beginning
Home»All Films»Conspiracy
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December 21st, 2012 is on everyone’s mind. What will this date bring? Is it the end of the world? A new beginning for mankind? Or just another year on the calendar?
2012 Crossing Over: A New Beginning explores a spiritual perspective on the events of December 21, 2012. The film investigates the galactic alignment, consciousness awakening, cycles of evolution, our binary star system with Sirius, the fear agenda in the media, who’s behind it, love vs fear and much more.
The film is loaded with amazing revelations of the current times we live in, from exceptional astrologer and teacher Santos Bonacci, spiritual leaders Bud Barber, George Neo and much more.
Participants featured in this film say that we’re at that time when great transition takes place. The society, the way we live now, is changing very rapidly.
We have to go along with the change that’s happening as opposed to fear it and resist it. We have all heard about “2012” It’s the doomsday. The world will end, the mankind will end.
Watch Online Now
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4.50 01:20:00
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Home » Pitt Publications » "France" (x) » "History and criticism" (x) » "Astronomy" (x) » "Beds" (x) » "Radio publication ; no. 1" (x) » "Pennsylvania Western" (x) » "Poland" (x)
Stained glass windows (2) + -
Archaeology (1) + -
Armenian Nationality Classroom (Cathedral of Learning, Pittsburgh, Pa.) (1) + -
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Fairy tales in art (1) + -
Indian Nationality Classroom (Cathedral of Learning, Pittsburgh, Pa.) (1) + -
Interior design (1) + -
Israel Heritage Classroom (Cathedral of Learning, Pittsburgh, Pa.) (1) + -
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The Scottish Classroom in the Cathedral of Learning, University of Pittsburgh
Pitt Publications, Pitt Nationality Rooms
The Czechoslovak Room in the Cathedral of Learning, University of Pittsburgh: dedication ceremonies, March 7, 1939, Commons Room
The Swedish Classroom in the Cathedral of Learning, University of Pittsburgh
University of Pittsburgh presentation ceremonies for the Scottish, German, Swedish and Russian Rooms
The Syria-Lebanon Classroom in the Cathedral of Learning, University of Pittsburgh
The Yugoslav Classroom in the Cathedral of Learning, University of Pittsburgh
The Polish Room in the Cathedral of Learning, University of Pittsburgh: dedication ceremony, February 16, 1940, Commons Room
The China Memorial Room in the Cathedral of Learning, University of Pittsburgh: dedication ceremony, October 6, 1939, Commons Room
The Romanian Classroom in the Cathedral of Learning, University of Pittsburgh
The Hungarian Room in the Cathedral of Learning, University of Pittsburgh: dedication ceremonies, September 29, 1939, Commons Room
The Russian Classroom in the Cathedral of Learning, University of Pittsburgh
The Yugoslav Room in the Cathedral of Learning, University of Pittsburgh: dedication ceremonies, March 31, 1939, Commons Room
The Nationality Rooms
Bruhns, E. Maxine.
Classrooms in the Cathedral of Learning
The Irish Room in the Cathedral of Learning, University of Pittsburgh: formal opening, Saturday afternoon, May 18, 1957, at four o'clock in the Commons Room
Presentation of the Fairy Tale Windows in the German Classroom of the Cathedral of Learning to the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Sunday afternoon, February 7, 1954, Commons Room, Cathedral of Learning
The China Memorial Classroom in the Cathedral of Learning, University of Pittsburgh
English Room in the Cathedral of Learning, University of Pittsburgh: November 21, 1952, eight o'clock
Presentation of five historical Hungarian windows to the University of Pittsburgh: Sunday afternoon, October 28, 1956 at 3 p.m., Commons Room, Cathedral of Learning
The Greek Classroom in the Cathedral of Learning, University of Pittsburgh
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Marketo Documents
Effective Date: September 16, 2016
Amended: December 27, 2019
Marketo, Inc. and its Affiliates (Marketo International, Ltd.; Marketo EMEA, Ltd.; Marketo Australia Pty Ltd.; Marketo K.K.; Marketo Solutions Limited (UK); Marketo Solutions, Ltd. (Israel) aka Insightera, Inc.; Marketo Corporation Canada; Bizible; ToutApp, Inc.; Zubhium Inc.) (collectively, "Marketo", "we" or "us") know that you care about how the personal data we receive about you is used and shared, and we take your privacy seriously. This Privacy Notice describes Marketo’s privacy practices in relation to information that we collect through websites operated by us from which you are accessing this Privacy Notice (collectively, the “Domains”), through the software applications made available by us for use on or through computers and mobile devices that link to this Privacy Notice (the “Apps”), through our social media pages and apps located at https://www.facebook.com/Marketo, https://twitter.com/marketo, https://plus.google.com/+marketo and https://www.linkedin.com (collectively, the “Social Media Pages”), and other services provided by us both online and offline; as well as through email messages that we send to you that link to this Privacy Notice (collectively, including the Domains, the Apps and the Social Media Pages, the “Sites”). “You” or “user” refers to any individual who visits or otherwise uses the Sites.
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To allow you to participate in sweepstakes, contests and similar promotions and to administer these activities. Some of these activities have additional rules, which could contain additional information about how we use and disclose your Personal Data, so we suggest that you read these rules carefully.
For our business purposes, such as data analysis, audits, fraud monitoring and prevention, developing new products, enhancing, improving or modifying our Sites and services, identifying usage trends, determining the effectiveness of our promotional campaigns and operating and expanding our business activities.
As we believe to be necessary or appropriate: (a) under applicable law, including laws outside your country of residence; (b) to comply with legal process; (c) to respond to requests from public and government authorities including public and government authorities outside your country of residence; (d) to enforce our terms and conditions; (e) to protect our operations or those of any of our Affiliates; (f) to protect our rights, privacy, safety or property, and/or that of our Affiliates, you or others; and (g) to allow us to pursue available remedies or limit the damages that we may sustain.
Our legal basis for collecting and using the Personal Data described above will depend on the Personal Data concerned and the specific context in which we collect it. We will collect and use your Personal Data where the processing is in our legitimate business interests, such as for direct marketing and sales of Marketo’s Marketing Automation Platform and Applications to prospective Business-to-Business (B2B) customers. Our legal basis for processing Personal Data in certain circumstances will also be based on your consent to do so or where we need the Personal Data to perform a contract with you or in order to enter into a contract with you. In some cases, we may also have a legal obligation to collect Personal Data from you.
If we ask you to provide Personal Data to comply with a legal requirement or to enter into a contract with you, we will make this clear at the relevant time and advise you whether the provision of your Personal Data is mandatory or not (as well as of the possible consequences if you do not provide your Personal Data).
4. How Will Marketo Share Personal Data It Receives?
Subsidiaries and Affiliates:
We disclose Personal Data to our subsidiaries and Affiliates for the purposes described in this Privacy Notice. Marketo, Inc. is the party responsible for the management of the jointly-used Personal Data.
Third-Party Business Partners:
Marketo partners with a variety of businesses and works closely with them to market or sell products or services. In certain situations, these businesses operate within the Sites. We may disclose Personal Data to our partners for the purposes described above. Some of our third-party business partners co-sponsor events and other offerings with Marketo. We may share Personal Data with these co-sponsors when you sign up for events or offerings to allow our partners to send you marketing communications and information that may be of interest to you, as permitted under applicable law.
Agents and Service Providers:
We contract with other companies and people to perform tasks on our behalf and share your Personal Data with some of them to provide products or services to you, or to otherwise communicate with you, such as to provide marketing or offers on our behalf. Examples include removing repetitive information from customer lists, analyzing data, providing marketing assistance, conducting billing, processing credit card payments, engaging technical support for our services, providing customer service, and performing analysis related to our products or services. We also provide your Personal Data to agents and service providers to verify or compile aggregate usage data that we provide to our partners. When we share this information in this way, we require the agent or service provider to maintain the privacy, confidentiality and security of the Personal Data.
Sweepstakes:
We share Personal Data with business partners or other third party sponsors of sweepstakes, contests and similar promotions from time to time.
Marketo Blog and Social Media Pages:
Personal Data may also be disclosed by you through the Sites, on message boards, chat, profile pages and blogs and other services to which you are able to post information and materials (including, without limitation, our Marketo Blog, at https://blog.marketo.com and the Social Media Pages). This information can appear in public ways, such as through search engines or other publicly available platforms, and can be “crawled” or searched by third parties. Please do not post any information that you do not want to reveal to the public at large.
In some cases, we buy or sell assets or businesses. In these types of transactions, user information is typically one of the business assets that is transferred. Marketo will disclose Personal Data to a third party in the event of any reorganization, merger, sale, joint venture, assignment, transfer, or other disposition of all or any portion of our business, assets, or stock (including in connection with any bankruptcy or similar proceedings).
Profiling and Automated Decision-making:
Marketo combines data obtained by the methods described in Section 2 to help us determine what products and services might be of interest to you and when you might be ready to make a purchase based on repeated interaction with Marketo websites, emails, and content. Marketo marketing and sales personnel are involved in this process and no automated decisions are made that would result in legal effects or similarly significantly affect an individual.
Protection of Marketo and Others:
We release Personal Data as we believe necessary and appropriate to law enforcement, tax, fraud prevention, credit risk agencies and other companies and organizations for the reasons given in the last bullet point under Section 3 above.
5. How Does Marketo Use and Disclose Other Information?
We use and disclose Other Information for any purpose, except where we are required to do otherwise under applicable law. If we are required to treat Other Information as Personal Data under applicable law, then we would use or disclose it in the same way that we use and disclose Personal Data.
In some instances, we may combine Other Information with Personal Data (such as combining your name with the name of your organization). If that combination permits you to be identified, we will treat the combined information as Personal Data for as long as it is combined.
6. How Does Marketo Secure Personal Data About Me?
We have implemented appropriate organizational, technical, and administrative measures to protect Personal Data within our organization, including security controls to prevent unauthorized access to our systems. While we take reasonable steps to secure your Personal Data from loss, misuse, interference and unauthorized access, modification and disclosure, you should be aware no security procedures or protocols are ever guaranteed to be 100 percent secure from intrusion or hacking, and there is therefore always some risk assumed by sharing Personal Data online. If you have reason to believe that your interaction with us is no longer secure (for example, if you feel that the security of your account has been compromised), please immediately notify us in accordance with the “Questions, Concerns and Complaints” section below.
7. How Can I Access, Correct, Amend or Remove Information About Me?
If you would like to access, correct, amend, remove or limit the use or disclosure of any Personal Data about you that has been collected and stored by Marketo, or have it transferred to another organization, please notify us at [email protected] so that we may consider and respond to your request in accordance with applicable law. If you would like to object to the processing of your Personal Data for direct marketing purposes, please use the mechanisms outlined in Section 9 (“What Choices Do I Have?”).
For your protection, we only implement requests with respect to the Personal Data associated with the particular email address that you use to send us your request, and we need to verify your identity before implementing your request. We will respond to your request within 30 days.
Please note that we need to retain certain information for recordkeeping purposes and/or to complete any transactions that you began prior to requesting such access, change or deletion.
8. For How Long Will Marketo Retain My Personal Data?
We will retain your Personal Data for a period of time consistent with the original purpose of collection, including to pursue our legitimate business interests, comply with our legal obligations, resolve disputes and enforce applicable agreements.
9. What Choices Do I Have?
You can always opt not to disclose information. However, if you elect to do so, we will likely be limited in responding to your inquiry or providing services to you.
You can opt-out of receiving marketing messages from Marketo or our Affiliates by unsubscribing through the unsubscribe or opt-out link in an email, or by unsubscribing via the Marketo Subscription Center at https://pages2.marketo.com/emailsubscription, or by sending an email to [email protected] We will comply with your request(s) as soon as reasonably practicable. Please note that if you opt-out of receiving marketing-related emails from us, we may still send you important administrative messages.
10. What Rights Do I Have if I Am A California Consumer?
In addition to the rights set out above, California law also provides for some additional rights for California consumers, which are summarized below.
Categories of Personal Data:
You have the right to obtain a list of the categories of Personal Data collected about you, and other related information such as the source of the Personal Data, categories of Personal Data shared or sold to third parties, and the purpose for such sharing. Marketo has provided this information in this Privacy Notice.
Additional information on exercising your rights:
You have the right to exercise the rights listed above free of charge or penalty, but we may limit the number of requests you make or charge reasonable fees as legally permitted.
You may designate an authorized agent to exercise some of your rights; however, in order to help protect the security of your Personal Data, the authorized agent must follow the same authentication procedures that are required if you exercise your rights without using an agent. Marketo will verify requests made through authorized agents to help ensure the safety of your account and to comply with our policies and procedures.
11. Can Children Use Marketo's Sites?
The Sites are not intended for minors under the age of 18. Marketo does not knowingly or specifically collect information about minors under the age of 18 and believes that children of any age should get their parents’ or legal guardians’ consent before providing any Personal Data. If you believe that we have mistakenly or unintentionally collected such information, please notify us at [email protected] so that we can delete the information from our servers.
12. Third Party Sites
The Sites permit you to link to other websites on the Internet through direct links or through applications such as “share” or “like” buttons, and other websites likewise may contain links to the Sites. The information practices or content of such other websites is governed by the privacy statements of those websites and not by this Privacy Notice. We encourage you to review the privacy policies found on such other websites, services, and applications to understand how your information is collected and used by them.
Similarly, please note that we are not responsible for the collection, use and disclosure policies and practices (including the data security practices) of other organizations, such as Apple, Facebook, Google, LinkedIn, Microsoft, RIM, Twitter or any other app developer, app provider, social media platform provider, operating system provider, wireless service provider, or device manufacturer, including any Personal Data you disclose to other organizations through or in connection with the Apps or the Social Media Pages.
13. Sensitive Information
We ask that you not send us or disclose any sensitive Personal Data (e.g., social security numbers, information related to racial or ethnic origin, sexual orientation, political opinions, religion or other beliefs, health, biometrics or genetic characteristics, criminal background, or trade union membership) on or through the Sites or via other means.
14. Changes to this Privacy Notice
Marketo may amend this Privacy Notice from time to time. The “Effective Date” legend at the top of this page indicates when this Privacy Notice was last revised. Any changes to this Privacy Notice will become effective when we post the revised Privacy Notice on the Sites.
15. International Transfer of Data
Your Personal Data may be stored and processed in any country where we have facilities or in which we engage service providers, and by using the Sites or disclosing information to us you consent to the transfer of information to countries outside of your country of residence, including the United States, Australia, Germany, Ireland, Israel, Japan, and the UK, which could have different data protection rules than those of your country or the country in which you were located when you initially provided the information. Where required, we put in place a solution to ensure that Personal Data transferred outside of the EEA is subject to adequate protection, namely the European Commission Standard Contractual Clauses.
EU-U.S. and Swiss-US Privacy Shield
When transferring any Personal Data from the EEA and Switzerland to the U.S., we adhere to the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield Framework and the Swiss-U.S. Privacy Shield Framework as set forth by the U.S. Department of Commerce. Marketo has certified to the Department of Commerce that it adheres to the Privacy Shield Principles of notice, choice, accountability for onward transfer, security, data integrity and purpose limitation, access, and recourse, enforcement and liability.
Marketo U.S. affiliates ToutApp, Inc. and Bizible are Covered Entitiesunder Marketo’s Privacy Shield certification and comply with the Privacy Shield Principles.
For the purposes of enforcing compliance with the Privacy Shield, we are subject to the investigatory and enforcement authority of the U.S. Federal Trade Commission.
If we have received your Personal Data in the U.S. and subsequently transfer it to a third party agent or service provider for processing, and such third party agent or service provider processes your Personal Data in a manner inconsistent with the Privacy Shield Principles, we remain responsible under the Privacy Shield unless we can prove we are not responsible for the event giving rise to the damage.
An individual has the possibility, under certain conditions, to invoke binding arbitration for complaints regarding Privacy Shield compliance not resolved by any of the other Privacy Shield mechanisms. Please refer to Privacy Shield Annex I for additional information: https://www.privacyshield.gov/article?id=ANNEX-I-introduction
If there is any conflict between the terms in this Privacy Notice and the Privacy Shield Principles, the Privacy Shield Principles shall govern. To learn more about the Privacy Shield program, and to view Marketo’s certification, please visit https://www.privacyshield.gov/ or see our Privacy Shield Notice at https://legal.marketo.com/privacyshield.
16. Questions, Concerns or Complaints
Your privacy is important to us. If you have any questions, concerns, or complaints regarding the way we collect and handle your information as a data Controller, please contact our Data Protection Officer (DPO) by email at [email protected], or by mail at: 601 Townsend St, San Francisco, CA 94103 ATTN: Privacy, Legal. Or, you may contact Marketo’s Representative to the European Union, Marketo EMEA Ltd, by email at [email protected] or by mail at: Level 2, Red Oak North, South County Business Park, Leopardstown, Dublin 18 Ireland.
Because email communications are not always secure, please do not include credit card information or other sensitive information in your emails to us.
Marketo will take any privacy complaint seriously and any complaint will be assessed by an appropriate person with the aim of resolving any issue in a timely and efficient manner. We request that you cooperate with us during this process and provide us with any relevant information that we may need.
In compliance with the Privacy Shield Principles, Marketo commits to resolve complaints about our collection or use of your Personal Data. EU and Swiss individuals with inquiries or complaints regarding our Privacy Shield policy should first contact Marketo’s Data Protection Officer as indicated above.
Marketo has further committed to refer unresolved Privacy Shield complaints to the Association of National Advertisers (ANA) Association’s Privacy Shield Dispute Resolution Mechanism, an alternative dispute resolution provider located in the United States. If you do not receive timely acknowledgment of your complaint from us, or if we have not addressed your complaint to your satisfaction, please visit https://thedma.org/resources/consumer-resources/privacyshield-consumers/ for more information or to file a complaint. These dispute resolution services are provided at no cost to you.
If your dispute remains unsatisfactorily resolved once both Marketo and ANA have investigated and responded to your complaint, you have the right to seek binding arbitration as a last resort.
If you have a complaint that involves a matter of national security, please contact the Ombudsperson at the U.S. Department of State.
You may have the right to complain to a data protection authority about our collection and use of your Personal Data. For more information, please contact your local data protection authority. (Contact details for data protection authorities in the EEA, Switzerland and certain non-European countries (including the US and Canada) are available here.)
Marketo Documents → ²
© Copyright 2020 Marketo, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Is it a REDD Christmas? not really, not yet.
Santa's red suit got me wondering if there's any kid out there who asked Santa to do something about the REDD mechanism and put life into it. I'm not sure about it, but it sure looks like REDD needs some help, even after Copenhagen, when for a minute it looked like the only shining star around.
The agreement that came out of the negotiations in Copenhagen (Copenhagen Accord) includes a reference to REDD, as follows:
"We recognize the crucial role of reducing emission from deforestation and forest degradation and the need to enhance removals of greenhouse gas emission by forests and agree on the need to provide positive incentives to such actions through the immediate establishment of a mechanism including REDD-plus, to enable the mobilization of financial resources from developed countries."
The translation of this language is that basically there's a lot of good will and understanding of the need to initiate a mechanism with financial incentives that will protect the forests, but no promises are made and no time frame is provided.
There was also a draft that went into more details about the REDD mechanism, but as mongabay.com reported, it was weakened from earlier versions. REDD-Monitor adds that this draft "includes no mention of targets for stopping deforestation. There are no commitments for long-term finance. Safeguards are weak to the point of non-existent. Leakage is not meaningfully addressed. The principle of free, prior and informed consent by indigenous people is nowhere to be seen."
And there's also some money on the table as a result of the negotiations. The US, UK, France, Japan, Australia and Norway pledged $3.5bn in Copenhagen to start REDD in the over the next three years. Still, as Carbon Positive reports, there is some doubt as to whether these promises still stand in the absence of a comprehensive climate agreement.
Are these results satisfying? well, it depends who you're speaking with. It's depressing," Kevin Conrad, executive director of the Coalition of Rainforest Nations, a group of 40 forested nations, told the Associated Press. "REDD gets punted along for another year." John O. Niles of the Tropical Forest Group also didn't like the results and told mongabay.com that "The REDD text published is a major backdown from what almost everyone thought was an advanced text on many regards."
Others, like Jeff Horowitz, founding partner of Avoided Deforestation Partners, a group pushing for U.S. leadership on REDD, were more optimistic. He told mongabay.com that "We cannot let this procedural setback diminish our resolve to create policy frameworks that addresses this immediate and scalable solution to climate change. I am certain this delay in Copenhagen will serve to fire up the US environmental community, and our private sector partners, to be more motivated than ever to see the U.S. Senate pass climate legislation that includes robust international forest protection provisions in the first quarter of 2010."
The bottom line is that even though it looked for a couple of days that the REDD issue can be finalized separately and does not have to be dependent on a general agreement, it looks like it won't work this way. I think it's a bit naive to believe that REDD has a life of its own and can be launched successfully no matter what framework is agreed upon, if at all. Strong and effective REDD mechanism is possible only as a part of a strong and effective global accord.
This is I believe one of the main lessons from Copenhagen and I hope it will drive all of us who are worried about the forests to keep pressing the politicians to agree on a meaningful global accord with a meaningful REDD mechanism in it.
More articles about REDD:
Everything you always wanted to know about forestry carbon credits - A special interview with Paulo Lopes of Carbon Clear
Is REDD going bad? Is it going to enable conversion of natural forests into industrial plantations?
The potential and risks of forest-based carbon offsets:
Part 1 - the Carbon Canopy
Part 2 - Noel Kempff and the Greenpeace report
Part 3 - How it can actually work?
Happy Holiday!
Labels: christmas, climate change, copenhagen, eco-libris, forests, redd
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Reporting Units
Eminent Scholar
Eminent Scholar Award
Faculty Accomplishments
John R. Raymond Fellowship
Advancement of Women Faculty
External Grant Review
Short-Term Teleconferencing
Post-Doc Events
Focused Leadership
Eminent Scholar Award Recipients
Dr. Nancy Hopkins, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus at MIT - Dr. Hopkins has focused her career on cancer research for 40 years, identifying tumor heterogeneity associated with treatment resistance, developing methods of insertional mutagenesis on zebrafish, and isolating greater than 550 developmental mutations with human analogs. She is a member of the National Academy of Science Health and Medicine Division (previously the Institute of Medicine), a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and previous winner of the MD Anderson Cancer Center Margaret L. Kripke Award. In addition, she has been extensively involved in equalizing the status of women faculty and is credited with launching a national re-examination of gender bias in academia, making her an ideal recipient of this award celebrating exceptional women scholars.
Lynda Chin, M.D. - Associate Vice Chancellor for Health Transformation and Chief Innovation Officer for Health Affairs for the University of Texas System. She was the founding chair of Genomic Medicine and scientific director of the Institute for Applied Cancer Science at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. She is a renowned physician scientist recognized for her research in cancer genomics and personalized cancer medicine and was recently elected to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.
Diana J. Wilkie, Ph.D., RN, FAAN - Professor in the Department of Biobehavioral Health, Endowed Chair for Nursing Research, and Director of the Center of Excellence for End-of-Life Transition Research at the University of Illinois at Chicago.
Barbara Gilchrest, M.D. - Professor and former chair of the Department of Dermatology at Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center.
Pamela J. Bjorkman, Ph.D. - Max Delbruck Professor of Biology, Investigator Howard Hugues Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology presented her keynote, "Overcoming HIV Pathways for Escape using Rationally-Designed Anti-HIV Antibodies", and received the 2012 MUSC Eminent Scholar Award.
Cynthia Kenyon, Ph.D. - Herbert Boyer Distinguished Professor of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco - Director of the Hillblom Center for the Biology of Aging at UCSF presented her keynote, "Cells and Pathways that Control the Aging of C.elegans", and received the 2011 MUSC Eminent Scholar Award.
Kristi Anseth, Ph.D. - Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator and Distinguished Professor, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering at the University of Colorado-Boulder, presented her keynote "Swell Gels: Engineering Biomaterials to Promote Healing" and received the 2010 MUSC Eminent Scholar Award.
Elaine Fuchs, Ph.D. - Investigator Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Rebecca C. Lancefield Professor of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development from The Rockefeller University, presented her keynote “Stem Cells of the Skin: Biology and Clinical Promise” and received the 2009 MUSC Eminent Scholar award.
Catherine D. DeAngelis, M.D., M.P.H. - Editor-in-Chief of JAMA and Scientific Publications and Professor, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, presented her seminar and received the 2008 MUSC Eminent Scholar Award (PDF).
Constance Cepko, Ph.D. - Professor of Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator, Harvard Medical School, presented her seminar and received the inaugural MUSC Eminent Scholar Award.
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Meredith Weaver
Email: mweaver@dralegal.org
Attorneys, Past Fellows
Meredith J. Weaver joined Disability Rights Advocates in 2015 as a Fellowship Attorney. Since then, Ms. Weaver has represented the American Council of the Blind and its state affiliates, the California Association of the Deaf, the Center for Independent Living, and individuals around the country in litigation and non-litigated negotiations to ensure accessibility for individuals with disabilities. Ms. Weaver’s experience includes advocacy in the areas of health care, technology, entertainment, and architectural accessibility.
Prior to joining DRA, Ms. Weaver was a public service legal fellow at the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, San Francisco District Office, where she worked on litigation to address discrimination based on race, national origin, and disability. Ms. Weaver graduated from Brown University in 2010 with an A.B. in International Relations and received her J.D. from the University of Texas School of Law in 2014. At UT Law, Ms. Weaver was a Human Rights Scholar at the Bernard and Audre Rapoport Center for Human Rights and Justice, and Symposium Editor for the Texas International Law Journal. She also worked as a student attorney in the UT Law Immigration Clinic and interned with Disability Rights Texas.
Ms. Weaver is admitted to the State Bar of California and to the U.S. District Court of California for the Northern and Central Districts.
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Summia Tora ‘20 named first Rhodes Scholar from Afghanistan
An Earlham College senior double majoring in Economics and Peace & Global Studies has earned the Rhodes Scholarship, one of the world’s most prestigious academic awards. The Rhodes funds up to three years of graduate level coursework at the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom, beginning in fall 2020.
Summia Tora, a native of Afghanistan, is just the latest global scholar to emerge from Earlham, building upon the College’s reputation as a leader in the liberal arts and sciences for its commitment to peace, justice, and global understanding. Tora is the first woman from Earlham and the first student from Afghanistan to be awarded the scholarship. She is the second Earlham student in three years to earn a Rhodes Scholarship.
“As soon as I learned that I was selected for this award, I messaged all of my professors and family because I truly believe that this has not just been awarded to me, but it’s been awarded to everyone who has supported me,” Tora says. “I don’t think I would have been able to do it if I didn’t get all of the support from my professors and my peers.
“I think what helped me stand out among other applicants is that we make time in the classroom to openly share what we are thinking about, but also critically think about a lot of issues we see in the world,” she says. “It really taught me the importance of listening, but also being able to talk about things from multiple perspectives without getting comfortable with any one way of thinking.”
Tora plans to pursue coursework in refugee studies, forced migration studies, and social entrepreneurship while in Oxford. Her focus will be on scholarship related to internally displaced people in Afghanistan but also refugees in Pakistan and different parts of the world.
Tora’s academic pursuits in Oxford will build upon her Earlham education and her own life’s experiences. When she was a child, she fled to Pakistan with her family to escape violence and other economic factors threatening their safety. Most of her formal education was in Pakistan, but she received a scholarship to study at the United World College in Montezuma, New Mexico, for the final two years of high school. As a UWC student, she advocated for refugees seeking asylum in the United States by spreading awareness about the conditions of undocumented immigrants living in detention centers.
When she arrived at Earlham in 2016, her coursework and co-curricular pursuits helped her gain a more sophisticated understanding of the factors that contributed to forced migration in locations around the world.
In the summer of her first year, she earned funding from Earlham in support of an internship at Exodus Refugee Immigration in Indianapolis, and worked closely with Congolese and Afghan refugees seeking a new life in Indiana. During her third year at Earlham, she spent a semester abroad in Athens, Greece, and gained further experience providing translation services for Doctors of the World, an international human rights organization that provides emergency and long-term medical care to refugees and other vulnerable populations. Later on Earlham’s campus, Tora and other Earlham students conducted a fundraiser for refugee families that she had met at a solidarity shelter during her time in Greece.
“It was a form of reliving my own experience, but also realizing that I had some form of privilege in the way that I was living my life as a refugee,” Tora says of her internship and experiences in Greece. “I’ve wanted to give back, because I know what this hardship is like.”
On Earlham’s campus, Tora benefited from a liberal arts curriculum that exposed her to coursework beyond her two majors, resulting in mentorship from faculty in the departments of Economics, Peace & Global Studies, African & African American Studies, History, English, and Global Management. Similarly, she worked extensively with interdisciplinary teams of students on a number of entrepreneurial projects that broadened the scope of her interest in refugee studies. She also worked more broadly with the entire student body as co-president of Earlham Student Government for 2018.
In 2018 and 2019, she worked with four students to establish the Mashinani Farmers Initiative, a social venture aiming to partner with small-scale farmers in Kenya to address poor farm yields and a shortage of food. The team won first place in the 2018 Earlham Prize for Creative Capitalism, earning $20,000 in seed money to advance that venture’s work. The team also competed twice in the Hult Prize, the world’s largest student social entrepreneurship competition, and earned a second-place finish in a 2019 regional event.
In 2019, she also earned funding from the Davis Projects for Peace program to launch the Dosti Initiative, a collaboration with Maida Raza ’22 that provided workshops about menstrual education for girls in Afghanistan and Pakistan.
“I’m thrilled that Summia was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship," says Jonathan Diskin, Professor of Economics and Co-Director of the Earlham Center for Social Justice. "But all of us who know and work with Summia are not surprised. She is deeply committed to and informed about her focus on issues of displacement and I think all her interviewers recognized that. Her character, commitment and intelligence shine through in every interaction.”
Hashem Abu Sham’a, a 2017 Earlham graduate and the College’s last Rhodes Scholar was one of the first two awardees from the State of Palestine as part of the inaugural Syria, Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine program. George E. Hamilton, Class of 1905, and Joseph Clyde Little, Class of 1917, also were Earlham Rhodes Scholars.
Four Peace & Global Studies students dressed up on a recent Saturday afternoon to simulate a hard-hitting mock interview for Tora, according to Joanna Swanger, Director of Earlham's Peace & Global Studies program.
“I never doubted her ability, as she has been a dedicated and conscientious student of Peace & Global Studies and of Economics, and she has already demonstrated her talents in peacebuilding and governance,” Swanger says. “Both Summia and Hashem are bringing important questions of justice to bear on the work of peacebuilding and leadership, through directly confronting and challenging legacies of racism and colonialism. I congratulate Summia on this marvelous accomplishment."
Rhodes Scholars are chosen on the basis of exceptional intellect, character, leadership and commitment to service. It is one of the most prestigious academic awards in the English-speaking world, and one that broadened its reach in recent decades. At its founding in 1902, the award was only open to men from the British colonies, Germany and the United States. The program began including women in 1978 and, in recent years, has been extended even further to include students from around the world.
About 100 students are now chosen for Rhodes Scholars annually. Tora was one of just two Rhodes Scholars chosen in her region as part of the Global Scholars program, which debuted in 2018. About 600 students from 50 different countries participated in the application process, and students from 12 different countries were finalists, she says.
Now Tora is planning for her next steps as she prepares to join other Rhodes luminaries, a list that includes former Secretary of State Dean Rusk; South Bend Mayor Pete Buttigieg; former U.S. Sen. J. William Fulbright; philosopher Naomi Wolf; U.S. Sen. Cory Booker; and Marc Kielburger, co-founder of Feed The Children.
“I have been awarded a scholarship that is a reminder not only of this world’s colonial past but also the social injustices,” Tora says. “My hope is to use the education I gain at Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar to address such issues in our present world.
“I want to work with people on the ground and mobilize social movements by taking a grassroots approach and addressing real issues within communities, working side-by-side people and making them actual contributors in society that take positions and make a difference.”
Additional faculty support for Summia Tora
"I was delighted when I heard of Summia's success. At Earlham, Summia has worked with focus and purpose both inside and outside the classroom, and the Rhodes is a fitting reward for her efforts. That it is Earlham's second Rhodes in three years suggests that we can make it a habit!"
— Rajaram Krishnan, Professor of Economics
“My immediate reaction other than being so happy for her is that it shows how much the liberal arts matter. As a PAGS major, Summia has studied the core humanistic disciplines — Philosophy, Sociology, History, and Economics among many others — and the Rhodes committee clearly saw the value in that. Summia’s success shows the importance of our core, long-standing liberal arts mission.”
— Ryan Murphy, Associate Professor of History
“At Earlham I have been very impressed with Summia’s quite-yet-persistent moral force of character, and her unyielding concern for the condition of world. On our campus, if you have ever spoken with her, you will notice that she embodies a serious human encounter with life-affirming truth, courage, kindness, devotion, as well as a deep humanity tied to her leadership instincts. These virtues are all highly consistent with the attributes of Rhodes Scholars the world over.
“Summia is a gift, and I am so pleased for her, her family, her nation of Afghanistan, and beyond. She, alongside other gifted ones from her generation, will guide the hopeful future of this world.”
— James Logan, Associate Academic Dean; Professor of Religion;
Professor and Director of African & African American Studies
“Summia's intellect, character, leadership, and commitment to service made her a natural candidate for the Rhodes. Summia has discovered who the world needs her to be. It's an honor, and humbling, to be a part of that process for any student, regardless of where their education takes them.”
— Nate Eastman, Associate Professor of English
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Home › CIA › How to Spot a False Flag
How to Spot a False Flag
A false flag is a covert operation event, usually perpetrated by a group belonging to or allied with our own government. It is designed to control populations through fear via a manufactured enemy; and often results in mass-casualty deaths. Some of these events use crisis actors as victims, which means that there are no real casualties, though it is staged to seem like it.
The term false flag has different, but related meanings in warfare, cyber-attacks, espionage, psychology, political campaigning, and civilian usage.
The actual use of the term false flag can be traced to pirate warfare in the 1700s, though probably the same tricks were used before, even if with a different name. Unlike what we are accustomed to seeing in movies, successful pirates wouldn’t really fly their own Jolly Roger flag (black background with a white skull and crossbones) but will fly a flag from any other country so as to not alarm any other ships or boats passing by. When they got close enough, the ship could launch a surprise attack on the unprepared victims, thus gaining a strong advantage.
But not only pirates did this. Navy ships and officials would often fly a Jolly Roger flag in order to hide their identity. Either because they didn’t want to be ambushed themselves by pirates, or simply to gain an advantage over enemy flotillas. In short, the term ‘false flag’ came to mean ‘hiding one’s identity’.
In modern civilian use, as stated in the first paragraph, the term false flag is synonymous with covert operations designed with the sole purpose of population control through public fear. After any such an event, there will always be a push for a certain political agenda. The most common being gun control (as seen after the Las Vegas Shooting).
False flags operations are often labeled as ‘conspiracy theories’ both by government officials and in media outlets. Since 9/11, however, people have wised up to the fact that the media is nothing more than an extension of the Shadow Government; and every single hit piece we see in the press and television has been manufactured by the CIA and passed along to every news channel and station. This CIA operation is commonly known as Operation Mockingbird.
Since mainstream media outlets (and a lot of the so-called independent ones) are in fact, nothing but Deep State propaganda, a similar principle applies to false flags events. The catalyst is typically an explosive, spectacular event, which is followed by immediate media saturation. There seem to be certain patterns that are easy to spot and occur both before and after the event.
The false flag formula follows a few simple rules:
Drills. There are always military drills, or police drills or fire brigade drills on the day of the event at a nearby location. This is no small feat and actually takes some major planning and coordination. Drills are done so key personnel are removed from the scene, or slowed down in their effectiveness to reach to events, i.e. victims. It also provides optimal cover as to why there were lower security and defenses in or around the area.
The Aurora shooting had a drill going on just 16 miles away from the site of the massacre; which staged an identical exercise in which students trained how to react to a gunman firing at people in a cinema.
The shooting at San Bernardino had planned drills every single month. Coincidentally, the shooting just happened in the building that was well-prepared to deal with shootings.
In the case of 9/11, there were no less than 46 drills occurring simultaneously during the event.
The Norway attacks, the Boston Marathon, Sandy Hook, Charleston shooting, and many others, all had active drills going on, on the same day that the events took place.
Immediate and widespread news coverage. The media, law enforcement, and government agencies already have a set narrative that is not to be questioned. The narrative encourages citizens to understand the tragedy through emotions, rather than critical thinking.
The official story has geopolitical advantages for the government. The narrative serves to leverage emotions like patriotism. In the case of 9/11, that meant launching a ‘War on Terror that lead to the attack of several countries as well as the adoption of the “Patriot Act” that increased intelligence gathering and surveillance.
Emotion manipulation. They play on our fear and employ propaganda, essentially controlling our minds and the way we perceive events in order to get citizens to consent to previous controversial issues such as gun control legislation in exchange for increased “safety”
Patsy. The media is quick to name and shame an enemy that gets demonized with little to-no-trial or investigation into other possibilities
The lone gunman or autistic person. Oftentimes, it will even be both: a lone gunman with Asperger’s syndrome.
Autistic people are not violent per se, (reports show that violence only happens when is combined with other Conduct Disorders); and depending on how mild they are on the spectrum, they prefer to follow repetitive patterns of behavior, meaning that they are more comfortable on a daily routine with little to no variations. They aren’t particularly comfortable in social situations and will hardly go out of their way to commit mass-murder of a bunch of people they never met or cared for in the first place.
The person, in most cases, is just a lone gunman, has no military training whatsoever, yet can shoot extremely fast and accurately. In the case of San Bernardino, a young wife and mother was strong and skilled enough to participate in the killing of 14 people and injuring another 17 while holding heavy weaponry.
No obvious motive for the attacks. Media leads you to believe that attacks just happen without reasons behind them. Somebody just snaps one day and goes on a murderous rampage.
Patsy quickly gets killed or ‘Suicide’. If they are not killed on the scene, the subject gets drugged to the point that he or she becomes a zombie and is unable to articulate anything, as in the case of Aurora’s mass murderer James Holmes. This behavior was also exhibited by Nikolas Cruz in his court appearance after the Parkland shooting.
The Manifesto. Shooter conveniently leaves a manifesto that seems to provide a perfect explanation for the official story.
Evidence is destroyed. Evidence gets conveniently destroyed.
In the Sandy Hook event, the entire school was demolished. In the San Bernardino case, mainstream media journalists were allowed to touch and poke around everything in the suspect’s house, with complete disregard for what it was or could have been a potential crime scene. In the case of 9/11, the ruins of the WTC were actually shipped to China and India.
Conflicting stories from witnesses. During the Sandy Hook alleged massacre, we were told over and over that Adam Lanza was the perpetrator. However, the first reports from law enforcement, we saw three men running into the woods.
In San Bernardino, two eyewitnesses described the shooters as three athletic white males, in conflict with the husband-wife official narrative.
Advanced foreknowledge of events. There are many instances of events in which people were forewarned that an event was going to take place and certain individuals were able to avoid it.
During the WTC attacks, the law firm Sidley Austin, (Michelle Obama’s former employers), the entire six hundred people workforce didn’t turn up from work and no lives from that particular firm were lost except for one, Rosemary Smith, who appears not to have gotten the memo that was sent out by the company. Sidley Austin also took out an insurance policy mere weeks before the attacks, which conveniently covered everything from art to terrorist attacks. So when the Twin Towers fells, they made billions on the insurance.
As a matter of fact, BBC News, -in the UK, reported the collapsed of WTC7 building twenty minutes before it actually happened.
Sandy Hook did have several websites set up for donations and vigils days before the event.
Sandy Hook: Foreknowledge and Preparation
Fake victims. Most commonly known as crisis actors. Every false flag has them, and in fact, they seem to recycle them at different events. Some of them seem to die a few times at different events and locations, only to be miraculously resuscitated and play the part of another distraught victim.
Below are examples of crisis actor companies, as well as renting crowds for political events or mobs of people to stage any other rally or activity:
http://crisiscast.com/
http://www.flashpointrbt.com/
https://crowdsondemand.com/
http://www.crowdsforrent.com/
http://www.rentacrowduk.co.uk/
http://rentacrowd.info/index.html
http://fls-s.com/
http://www.e-9.com
https://www.academi.com
https://constellis.com
Connection to Elites. Most crisis actors in false flags events do have, in fact, acting listed as part of their resumes. But most interesting is that the vast majority of them are connected to the ‘Elites Club‘. This can be anything from the Federal Reserve Bank to members of different political parties closely affiliated with the top people, to FBI and CIA connections, etc.
Shoes. There seems to be a correlation with false flag events and shoes left behind for grand effect. But this seems to happen only in some events. I believe this is strongly related to specific deaths and ritual sacrifices, and hence why they are left behind.
There are some Youtube videos that expose the shoes left behind in false flags events, though nobody satisfactorily explains why.
Though the civilian term for false flags is associated with a mass-casualty event, false flags can indeed take the form of less deathly happenings. Economical false flags would be one of them. The most recent one happened back in February when the stock market closed 666 points down. This happened exactly when President Trump released the FISA memo and was done, most likely, to distract from the memo itself.
Originally Published 14-08-2018
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_influence_on_public_opinion
The False Flag Formula – 15 Ways to Detect a False Flag Operation
CrisisCast
http://fls-s.com/http://www.e-9.com
https://www.academi.comhttps://constellis.com
BREAKING: San Bernardino Mass Shooting – False Flag with Active Shooter Drills
http://historycommons.org/timeline.jsp?before_9/11=militaryExercises&timeline=complete_911_timeline
http://911proof.com/9.html
Norway Terror Attacks a False Flag: More Than One Shooter on Island; Oslo Police Drilled Bomb Blasts; Was It NATO’s Revenge for Norway’s Decision to Stop Bombing Libya?
https://www.infowars.com/norwegian-police-confirm-drill-identical-to-breiviks-attack/
https://www.infowars.com/eerie-coincidence-colorado-university-had-identical-drill-on-same-day-as-batman-massacre/
Real life shooting imitates training exercise at Parker medical school
http://humansarefree.com/2013/04/the-boston-bombing-is-inside-job.html
http://fortfairfieldjournal.com/ffj/2014/01031501a.html
https://www.fletc.gov/training-program/active-shooter-threat-instructor-training-program
False flag? Charleston shooting happened during federal active shooter drill
http://humansarefree.com/2015/06/active-shooter-drills-took-place-in.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_Act
https://www.aclu.org/issues/national-security/privacy-and-surveillance/surveillance-under-patriot-act
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/abcs-child-psychiatry/201705/the-link-between-autism-and-violence-isn-t-autism
http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/sandy-hook-demolished-winterized
https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/san-bernardino-shooters-home_us_5661d125e4b08e945fef418b
Propping Up the War on Terror: Lies about the WTC by NIST and Underwriters Laboratories
http://www.911hardfacts.com/report_11.htm
http://911research.wtc7.net/wtc/groundzero/cleanup.html
https://rense.com/general19/WTCscrap.htm
https://www.silive.com/september-11/2010/09/rosemary_smith_61_planned_to_o.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidley_Austin
https://www.naturalnews.com/files/NobodyDiedAtSandyHook.pdf
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Categories: CIA, false flags, FBI, hoax
Tags: 9/11, 9/11 drills from NORAD, Adam Lanza, Charleston shooting drill, conspiracy theory., covert operations, crisis actors sandy hook obama, cyber-attacks, Deep State, espionage, false flag crisis actor, false flags, Federal Reserve Bank, http://humansarefree.com/2015/06/active-shooter-drills-took-place-in.html, Jolly Roger flag, Norway Attacks, operation mockingbird, pirate warfare, political campaigning, population control through public fear, propaganda, psychology, Rosemary Smith, San Bernardino, San Bernardino shooting, Sandy Hook, Shadow Government, Sidley Austin, The Aurora shooting, the ruins of the WTC were actually shipped to China and India., War on terror, WTC7
Brother Paddock
Qanon: the Qult and the legend- Part 5
Qanon: the Qult and the legend – Part 3
Angela Littleton
Lately I’ve been seeing so many false flags in the news that at some point I even considered stopping reading any news at all. That’s not realistic, however…
lampros (@lamfil)
I enjoyed reading the article, really explains everything in detail about how to spot a false flag, the article is very interesting and effective. Thank you for sharing with us. GOOD JOB.
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A Different Kind of Weather
Find sources: "A Different Kind of Weather" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A Different Kind of Weather is the third and final studio album by English band the Dream Academy. It was released on 15 June 1990 by Reprise and Blanco y Negro Records. The album saw the return of David Gilmour as the main producer, six years after he had produced their debut album. However, the album failed to enter the charts, despite the band performing their first and only tour of the United Kingdom to promote the release of this album in 1991.
The Dream Academy
Reprise, Blanco y Negro
Nick Laird-Clowes
Gilbert Gabriel
The Dream Academy chronology
Remembrance Days
(1987) A Different Kind of Weather
(1990) Somewhere in the Sun... Best of the Dream Academy
Track listingEdit
1. "Love" John Lennon 3:43
2. "Mercy Killing" Laird-Clowes, Gabriel 4:44
3. "Lucy September" Laird-Clowes, Gabriel 3:06
4. "Gaby Says" Laird-Clowes, Gabriel 5:04
5. "Waterloo" Laird-Clowes, Gabriel 5:04
6. "Twelve-eight Angel" Laird-Clowes, Gilmour 4:19
7. "St. Valentine's Day" Laird-Clowes, Gabriel 2:45
8. "It'll Never Happen Again" Tim Hardin 3:33
9. "Forest Fire" Laird-Clowes, Gabriel 4:15
10. "Lowlands" Laird-Clowes, Gabriel 3:47
11. "Not for Second Prize" Laird-Clowes 2:53
Singles from the albumEdit
"Angel of Mercy" ("Twelve-eight Angel")
^ "A Different Kind of Weather Info". AllMusic. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
This 1990s rock album–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Countless stones
Swinside stone circle, in the English Lake District, has a countless stones tale associated with it.
The countless stones is a motif that appears in English and Welsh folklore. It is associated with various megalithic monuments, including chambered long barrows from the Early Neolithic and the stones circles of the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age. The motif holds that an individual attempting to count the number of stones in the monument will be unable to do so.
The earliest textual accounts of the story date from the late sixteenth century, where it is linked to the stone circle of Stonehenge in Wiltshire. Multiple sources from the seventeenth-century also link the story to Stonehenge, although also apply it to The Hurlers in Cornwall and Long Meg and Her Daughters in Cumberland.
The countless stones motif was the subject of a study by folklorist S. F. Menefee, published in the Folklore journal in 1975, and was part of Leslie Grinsell's catalogue of folkloric motifs associated with prehistoric sites in Britain.
1 Historical development
1.1 Early Modern accounts
2 Subtypes
3 Modern influence
4 Associated megalithic monuments
5.1 Footnotes
Historical developmentEdit
Early Modern accountsEdit
The circle of Stonehenge, depicted here in a 1645 illustration, has been associated with the story since at least the 16th century.
The earliest textual reference to the countless stones story comes from Philip Sidney's The 7 Wonders of England, which was written prior to 1586. Sidney related the story when discussing the stone circle of Stonehenge in Wiltshire, commenting "Neere Wilton sweete, huge heapes of stones are found, But so confusde [sic] that neither any eye, Can count them just."[1] The second oldest known account was produced by Richard Carew for his book, The Survey of Cornwall, which was published in 1602 and probably authored in manuscript form between 1590–94. Carew was aware of the tradition at Stonehenge, comparing it with that found at The Hurlers, a group of three stone circles near Liskeard in Cornwall.[2]
The next textual appearance of the story dates from 1604, and can be found in the Scottish poet Alexander Craig's book The Poetical Essays of Alexander Craige Scotobritane. Here, it features in reference to Stonehenge as part of the poem "To His Calidonian Mistris".[2] The Stonehenge countless stones story is again mentioned in William Rowley's play The Birth of Merlin, which was published in 1662 but probably authored forty of fifty years previously.[3]
On 7 October 1651, the British monarch Charles II visited Stonehenge, where he counted the number of stones. There, one of those who were accompanying him, Colonel Robert Phelips, commented that "the King's Arithmetike gave the lye to that fabulous tale".[3] Around the same time, a number of other individuals decided to count the stones, including Inigo Jones, John Evelyn, and Samuel Pepys, thus suggesting that they were familiar with the story.[3] The tale was next recorded in the journal of Celia Fiennes, who visited Stonehenge in about 1690; elsewhere in her journals, Fiennes also recorded it among local people living in the vicinity of the stone circle of Long Meg and Her Daughters in Cumberland.[3]
SubtypesEdit
In their study of the countless stones story, S. F. Menefee divided the recorded tales into three sub-types.[4] Menefee insisted that these categories "should not be regarded as rigid and exclusive, but rather as divisions which may better help us to understand the belief as a whole."[4]
Modern influenceEdit
Ethan Doyle White argued that at the Rollright Stones, the tale of the countless stones exerted an influence on practitioners of the contemporary Pagan religion of Wicca in the mid-20th century. He highlighted that Wiccans such as Doreen Valiente were aware of the folklore of the site, and that it influenced them in choosing the prehistoric monument as a sacred site for their own magico-religious practices, which were taking place there by the late 1950s.[5]
Associated megalithic monumentsEdit
A list of sites with which the motif has been associated can be found in Grinsell.[6]
Stonehenge, Wiltshire (1586)
The Hurlers, Cornwall (1602)
Long Meg and Her Daughters, Cumbria (c. 1690)
Stanton Drew, Avon (1749)
Little Kit's Coty House, Kent (mid-19th century)
Rollright Stones, Oxfordshire (1853)
Meini Cyvriol, Cardiganshire (1856)
Y Naw Carreg, Carmathenshire (1917, although site destroyed 1915)
Swinside, Cumbria (c. 1939)
Coldrum Long Barrow, Kent (1946)
FootnotesEdit
^ Menefee 1975, p. 146.
^ a b Menefee 1975, pp. 146, 155.
^ a b c d Menefee 1975, p. 147.
^ a b Menefee 1975, p. 154.
^ Doyle White 2014, p. 69.
^ Grinsell 1976, p. 63.
Doyle White, Ethan (2014). "Devil's Stones and Midnight Rites: Folklore, Megaliths, and Contemporary Pagan Witchcraft". Folklore. The Folklore Society. 125 (1): 60–79. doi:10.1080/0015587x.2013.860766.
Grinsell, Leslie V. (1976). Folklore of Prehistoric Sites in Britain. London: David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-7241-6.
Menefee, S.P. (1975). "The 'Countless Stones': A Final Reckoning". Folklore. The Folklore Society. 86 (3–4): 146–166. doi:10.1080/0015587x.1975.9716017. JSTOR 1260230.
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When 21 Elephants Marched on the Brooklyn Bridge: A Little Dive into Brooklyn’s History
By Jsbdsl @jonnyblair
Whether you ask a native or a foreign traveller, the answer will probably be the same: if you get to visit one city in the US, it’s got to be New York. The Big Apple encompasses so much of what it means to be American and the US culture: the diversity of its people and its neighbourhoods, the intense contrast between the vibrant streets of Manhattan and the quiet life at the suburbs, the abundance of things to do and see both in terms of sightseeing and of culture.
Everyone who goes to New York tends to stay in Manhattan, and we think that is a big mistake. Other boroughs, like the hip, alternative and artistic Brooklyn have so much to offer – so today we decided to take a little historical tour around America’s first suburb and tell you about what it has to offer. For example, did you know that with a population of 2,629,150 it ranks as the most populous borough of New York? And more than 37% of its residents are foreign-born – now we are talking some serious multiculturalism here!
Breuckelen: The Origins of Brooklyn
How does Brooklyn do it? It started out as the home of the Canarsie Native American tribe, who were mostly fishermen and worked the land. Then, the settlers began coming in around the 1600s. All of them Dutch, they took over the land from the Canarsie and with each wave they founded their own little town, which was chartered by none other than the Dutch West India Company: six colonies were built on the soil that is modern-day Brooklyn, from 1645 to 1661. One of them, founded in 1646, was named “Breuckelen” – does that name ring a bell? Variations of the name floated around for nearly a century before it was established as “Brooklyn”.
In 1664, the English came and it was the conquerors’ turn to become the conquered: Brooklyn was incorporated into the colony of New York. The British would never yield in the area and defeated the Americans at the famous Battle of Brooklyn in 1776 – in fact, the still largely inexperienced army led by George Washington was nearly annihilated in that battle, but many soldiers managed to escape thanks to a fog that provided enough cover for them to allow them to cross the East River at night and safely reach Manhattan. Yet the city of New York was officially handed over to the American revolutionaries with the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783. It was Brooklyn’s time to begin flourishing!
Home to Twizzlers and the Original Teddy Bear
A lot more interesting and fun stuff happened in Brooklyn over the years; and it is the city of many firsts. Steeplechase Park held the first (so far) “Most Beautiful Grandmother Contest” annually from 1932 to 1970. The first slot machine was invented in Brooklyn in 1891, by two guys named Sittman and Pitt. Their gambling machine had five spinning drums holding a total of 50 card faces – if, when the spinning stopped, the five cards displayed a winning poker hand, the winner was rewarded in free beer or cigars by bar owners who saw the machine’s popularity soar across the city. Also, Twizzlers, a candy very popular in the USA as well as its neighbor Canada, were also first made in Brooklyn in 1845!
Speaking about candy, did you know that the first teddy bear hails from Brooklyn and was originally meant as a candy advertisement? A candy shop owner, Morris Michtom, and his wife, got inspiration from President Theodore Roosevelt’s hunting trip, on which he refused to shoot a wounded bear. They made two stuffed toy bears and placed them alongside their candy at the shop window – they named them “Teddy” after the President himself. The toy became so popular that Michtom decided to abandon candy and turn to toy making!
A Borough of Artists and Entertainers
Artists and people of culture always found a welcome home in Brooklyn. Renowned American poet Walt Whitman was the editor of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle back in 1846. He convinced the city’s authorities to set aside land including the Fort Greene to make room for the city’s first park in 1847 – the Fort Greene Park. People like the famous composer Leonard Bernstein and actress Mae West were born here – and it is no secret that the borough continues to this day to be home to many aspiring and up-and-coming actors and artists.
It was in 1898 that Brooklyn was officially incorporated in New York – but in 1883, it was connected to Staten Island with one of the city’s most famous landmarks: the Brooklyn Bridge. Emily Roebling, the chief engineer’s wife, was the first person to travel across what was at the time the longest suspension bridge in the world. But the public was worried that the bridge would not stand, so P. T. Barnum, a famous circus owner of the time, offered to prove its safety: He marched 21 elephants, 10 dromedaries and 7 camels along the bridge, including his star, a seven-ton African elephant named Jumbo!
New York never ceases to amaze with its incredibly rich history, and Brooklyn is surely a huge part of its legend. Next time you are in town, make sure to pay a visit to this great borough!
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Mutual respect and tolerance for others must be raised by all, UN Secretary-General tells the General Assembly Forum on the Culture of Peace
ban_ki_moon_bokova_infocus_drup_1.jpg
Today in New York UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon made the following remarks before the General Assembly High-level Forum on the Culture of Peace:
The concept of a culture of peace was born 25 years ago with the UNESCO [United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]-supported International Congress of Peace in Yamoussoukro.
As the Yamoussoukro Declaration states: “Peace is more than the end of armed conflict. Peace is a mode of behaviour.” It is a “deep rooted commitment to the principles of liberty, justice, equality and solidarity among all.”
This declaration echoes UNESCO’s own Constitution, which reminds us that “Since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men that the defences of peace must be constructed.”
We know that peace cannot be decreed solely through treaties — it must be nurtured through the dignity, rights and capacities of every man and woman. It is a way of being, of interacting with others, of living on this planet.
Peace means access to education, health and essential services — especially for girls and women. It means giving every young woman and man the chance to live as they choose. It also means developing sustainably and protecting the planet’s biodiversity. More than ever, it means living with others on the basis of tolerance, respect and mutual understanding.
We are challenged today. We join forces here to promote a culture of peace, and yet all around us we see a spreading virus of war — of conflict, extremism, violence, hatred and terrorism.
But I am convinced that our strongest arsenal in the face of these threats is not weapons or missiles or guns. It is our shared values, our common vision for peace, development and human rights, our universal aspiration for a meaningful culture of peace.
Every day, I see the need to build a new culture of mediation, conflict resolution, peacebuilding and peacekeeping.
We need new forms of cultural literacy and diplomacy, between societies and within them. We need more effective policies to harness diversity, to foster the creativity and innovation all societies need in the twenty-first century. We need educational curricula to deepen global solidarity and citizenship. We need a stronger commitment by all to respecting the shared cultural heritage of humanity. And we can help deliver these essential instruments of peace through the post-2015 global development agenda.
We can shape a new vision of peace integrated with poverty eradication and sustainable development, founded on human rights, guided by a sense of shared destiny. There is no one-size-fits-all.
We are many cultures, but we are a single family, bound by respect for human rights and dignity for all. This message stands at the heart of the UN Decade for the Rapprochement of Cultures initiated by the General Assembly, launched last year in Astana, Kazakhstan and led forward by UNESCO.
We need a new commitment to respect the right to be different and to make the most of diversity as a strength to share among all people, regardless of where you are coming from, what kind of ethnicities or languages and traditions and history one may have. We need mutual respect and mutual tolerance. We have to raise the level of tolerance among all of us.
This is the culture of peace. Let us pledge to work together to spread and deepen these shared values across our world. Thank you for your commitment.
Link to the press release
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UNESCO supports recovery of Vanuatu's culture sector following Tropical Cyclone Pam
vanuatu_nakamal.jpg
© K. Masuda
In the aftermath of the devastating Tropical Cyclone Pam, which struck Vanuatu in March, UNESCO engaged with partnering UN agencies, the European Union, and the World Bank in a government-led Post-Disaster Needs Assessments (PDNA). After three weeks of extensive information gathering and analysis of the impact and overall damages, the PDNA report was released to the public today.
Cyclone Pam caused severe and widespread damage across the entire country composed of 83 islands, directly affecting more than half of its population.
The main goal of the detailed needs assessment is to gauge the full extent of a disaster’s impact on the country and, based on these findings, to implement an adequate recovery strategy. The needs assessment report estimates that 268.4 million USD is needed for the total recovery and reconstruction activities.
UNESCO has led the assessments in the field of culture, surveying the impact of Cyclone Pam on traditional buildings, archaeological sites, Vanuatu Cultural Centre complex and other cultural institutions. The team identified the most pressing needs for the rapid recovery of affected culture sector.
An estimated 1.4 million USD is required for the reconstruction of the cultural sector, which will include the rehabilitation of affected traditional nakamals, archives, libraries, art centers, historical buildings and churches in Port Vila, as well as the Chief Roi Mata’s Domain – a World Heritage Site that was badly affected by the cyclone.
The assessment report also highlighted the value of traditional knowledge, as an element of resilience, particularly traditional building techniques. Traditional nakamal buildings that were constructed with modern materials and techniques were much more affected than nakamals constructed using local materials and traditional building skills. The traditional structure of Malvatumauri chief Nakamal, a national treasure, sustained significant damage to its thatched roof and walls but the main structure survived. The performance of nakamals during Cyclone Pam proves the value of traditional knowledge and its need to be preserved as part of living heritage and culture.
Cultural heritage underpins community identity and plays a critical role in social cohesion. The cyclone had a profound impact on community facilities and historical records. Cultural tours are the primary mechanism to transmit the values of the place within and beyond the community. Production and sale of handicrafts is a significant contributor to tourism and the national economy. The revitalization of cultural sector is essential as its prolonged disruption could threaten livelihoods.
Thanks to the detailed needs assessments, UNESCO and partners will be able to address the most pressing needs in the field of culture. The Organization remains committed in assisting the Government and the people of Vanuatu on their path to full recovery.
Crisis Preparedness and Response
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Catania and Mount Etna
31.1 cm × 48.3 cm (12.2 in × 19.0 in)
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City
Catania and Mount Etna is a mid 19th century oil sketch by the British artist and poet Edward Lear. Done in oil on board, the work depicts Mount Etna and the surrounding Sicilian countryside near Catania. The drawing is currently in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.
1.2 Drawing
Description[edit]
A member of the British middle class, Edward Lear (1812—1888) traveled extensively in Continental Europe.[1] In 1842 Lear began a series of excursions in Italy (then a divided series of states), during which he visited a number of regions and cities. Lear's trips to the Italian peninsula took place over a number of years, and in the summer of 1847 (after spending the winter in Rome) he visited the island of Sicily.[2] Lear was impressed by Sicily's history, scenery, and the artist went on to paint dozens of works depicting the island.[1][2]
In June 1847, Lear and his friend John Proby visited the countryside near Mount Etna, a volcano near the Sicilian city of Catania. On 16 June, Lear sketched a notable drawing of Mount Etna and Catania, now known as Catania and Mount Etna. The following evening, Lear and Proby traveled to the mountain and ascended the volcanic cone.[2]
Drawing[edit]
Lear's drawing depicts the landscape of Eastern Sicily. The city of Catania can be seen in the midground, and a snow-capped Mount Etna can be seen in the background.[2]
^ a b Sutton, Charles William (1892). "Lear, Edward" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. 32. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
^ a b c d "Catania and Mount Etna". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 2019-07-26.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catania_and_Mount_Etna&oldid=919793505"
1847 in art
Paintings of the Metropolitan Museum of Art
This page was last edited on 5 October 2019, at 20:51 (UTC).
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Isotopes of carbon
"Carbon-15" redirects here. For the firearm, see Carbon 15.
Find sources: "Isotopes of carbon" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Main isotopes of carbon (6C)
Isotope
abundance
half-life (t1/2)
product
syn 20 min β+ 11B
98.9% stable
1.1% stable
1 ppt 5730 y β− 14N
Standard atomic weight Ar, standard(C)
[12.0096, 12.0116][1]
Conventional: 12.011
Carbon (6C) has 15 known isotopes, from 8C to 22C, of which 12C and 13C are stable. The longest-lived radioisotope is 14C, with a half-life of 5,700 years. This is also the only carbon radioisotope found in nature—trace quantities are formed cosmogenically by the reaction 14N + 1n → 14C + 1H. The most stable artificial radioisotope is 11C, which has a half-life of 20.334 minutes. All other radioisotopes have half-lives under 20 seconds, most less than 200 milliseconds. The least stable isotope is 8C, with a half-life of 2.0 x 10−21 s.
1 List of isotopes
2 Carbon-11
3 Natural isotopes
4 Paleoclimate
5 Tracing food sources and diets
List of isotopes[edit]
Nuclide[2]
Isotopic mass (u)[3]
[n 1]
[resonance width]
Spin and
[n 4][n 5]
Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Normal proportion
Range of variation
8C 6 2 8.037643(20) 3.5(1.4) × 10−21 s
[230(50) keV] 2p 6
[n 6] 0+
9C 6 3 9.0310372(23) 126.5(9) ms β+, p (61.6%) 8
[n 7] (3/2−)
β+, α (38.4%) 5
10C 6 4 10.01685322(8) 19.3009(17) s β+ 10
11C[n 9] 6 5 11.01143260(6) 20.364(14) min β+ (99.79%) 11
3/2−
EC (0.21%)[4][5] 11
12C 6 6 12 exactly[n 10] Stable 0+ 0.9893(8) 0.98853–0.99037
13C[n 11] 6 7 13.00335483521(23) Stable 1/2− 0.0107(8) 0.00963–0.01147
14C[n 12] 6 8 14.003241988(4) 5,730 years β− 14
0+ Trace[n 13] <10−12
15C 6 9 15.0105993(9) 2.449(5) s β− 15
1/2+
16C 6 10 16.014701(4) 0.747(8) s β−, n (97.9%) 15
β− (2.1%) 16
17C 6 11 17.022579(19) 193(5) ms β− (71.6%) 17
(3/2+)
β−, n (28.4%) 16
18C 6 12 18.02675(3) 92(2) ms β− (68.5%) 18
19C[n 14] 6 13 19.03480(11) 46.2(23) ms β−, n (47.0%) 18
β− (46.0%) 19
β−, 2n (7%) 17
20C 6 14 20.04026(25) 16(3) ms
[14(+6-5) ms] β−, n (70%) 19
β− (30%) 20
21C 6 15 21.04900(64)# <30 ns n 20
(1/2+)#
22C[n 15] 6 16 22.05755(25) 6.2(13) ms
[6.1(+14-12) ms] β− 22
^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
^ Modes of decay:
EC: Electron capture
n: Neutron emission
p: Proton emission
^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
^ # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
^ Subsequently decays by double proton emission to 4He for a net reaction of 8C → 4He + 41H
^ Immediately decays into two 4He atoms for a net reaction of 9C → 24He + 1H + e+
^ Immediately decays by proton emission to 4He for a net reaction of 9C → 24He + 1H + e+
^ Used for labeling molecules in PET scans
^ The unified atomic mass unit is defined as 1/12 the mass of an unbound atom of carbon-12 at ground state
^ Ratio of 12C to 13C used to measure biological productivity in ancient times and differing types of photosynthesis
^ Has an important use in radiodating (see carbon dating)
^ Primarily cosmogenic, produced by neutrons striking atoms of 14N (14N + 1n → 14C + 1H)
^ Has 1 halo neutron
^ Has 2 halo neutrons
Carbon-11[edit]
Carbon-11 or 11C is a radioactive isotope of carbon that decays to boron-11. This decay mainly occurs due to positron emission, with around 0.19–0.23% of decays instead occurring by electron capture.[4][5] It has a half-life of 20.364 minutes.
e + 0.96 MeV
e−
It is produced from nitrogen in a cyclotron by the reaction
Carbon-11 is commonly used as a radioisotope for the radioactive labeling of molecules in positron emission tomography. Among the many molecules used in this context are the radioligands [11
]DASB and [11
]Cimbi-5.
Natural isotopes[edit]
Main articles: Carbon-12, Carbon-13, and Carbon-14
There are three naturally occurring isotopes of carbon: 12, 13, and 14. 12C and 13C are stable, occurring in a natural proportion of approximately 93:1. 14C is produced by thermal neutrons from cosmic radiation in the upper atmosphere, and is transported down to earth to be absorbed by living biological material. Isotopically, 14C constitutes a negligible part; but, since it is radioactive with a half-life of 5,700 years, it is radiometrically detectable. Since dead tissue does not absorb 14C, the amount of 14C is one of the methods used within the field of archeology for radiometric dating of biological material.
Paleoclimate[edit]
12C and 13C are measured as the isotope ratio δ13C in benthic foraminifera and used as a proxy for nutrient cycling and the temperature dependent air-sea exchange of CO2 (ventilation) (Lynch-Stieglitz et al., 1995). Plants find it easier to use the lighter isotopes (12C) when they convert sunlight and carbon dioxide into food. So, for example, large blooms of plankton (free-floating organisms) absorb large amounts of 12C from the oceans. Originally, the 12C was mostly incorporated into the seawater from the atmosphere. If the oceans that the plankton live in are stratified (meaning that there are layers of warm water near the top, and colder water deeper down), then the surface water does not mix very much with the deeper waters, so that when the plankton dies, it sinks and takes away 12C from the surface, leaving the surface layers relatively rich in 13C. Where cold waters well up from the depths (such as in the North Atlantic), the water carries 12C back up with it. So, when the ocean was less stratified than today, there was much more 12C in the skeletons of surface-dwelling species. Other indicators of past climate include the presence of tropical species, coral growths rings, etc.[6]
Tracing food sources and diets[edit]
The quantities of the different isotopes can be measured by mass spectrometry and compared to a standard; the result (e.g. the delta of the 13C = δ13C) is expressed as parts per thousand (‰):[7]
δ C 13 = ( ( C 13 C 12 ) sample ( C 13 C 12 ) standard − 1 ) × 1000 {\displaystyle \delta {\ce {^{13}C}}=\left({\frac {\left({\frac {{\ce {^{13}C}}}{{\ce {^{12}C}}}}\right)_{\text{sample}}}{\left({\frac {{\ce {^{13}C}}}{{\ce {^{12}C}}}}\right)_{\text{standard}}}}-1\right)\times 1000} ‰
Stable carbon isotopes in carbon dioxide are utilized differentially by plants during photosynthesis.[citation needed] Grasses in temperate climates (barley, rice, wheat, rye and oats, plus sunflower, potato, tomatoes, peanuts, cotton, sugar beet, and most trees and their nuts/fruits, roses and Kentucky bluegrass) follow a C3 photosynthetic pathway that will yield δ13C values averaging about −26.5‰.[citation needed] Grasses in hot arid climates (maize in particular, but also millet, sorghum, sugar cane and crabgrass) follow a C4 photosynthetic pathway that produces δ13C values averaging about −12.5‰.[8]
It follows that eating these different plants will affect the δ13C values in the consumer's body tissues. If an animal (or human) eats only C3 plants, their δ13C values will be from −18.5 to −22.0‰ in their bone collagen and −14.5‰ in the hydroxylapatite of their teeth and bones.[9]
In contrast, C4 feeders will have bone collagen with a value of −7.5‰ and hydroxylapatite value of −0.5‰.
In actual case studies, millet and maize eaters can easily be distinguished from rice and wheat eaters. Studying how these dietary preferences are distributed geographically through time can illuminate migration paths of people and dispersal paths of different agricultural crops. However, human groups have often mixed C3 and C4 plants (northern Chinese historically subsisted on wheat and millet), or mixed plant and animal groups together (for example, southeastern Chinese subsisting on rice and fish).[10]
Cosmogenic isotopes
Environmental isotopes
Isotopic signature
^ Meija, Juris; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
^ Half-life, decay mode, nuclear spin, and isotopic composition is sourced in:
Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S. (2017). "The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 41 (3): 030001. Bibcode:2017ChPhC..41c0001A. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001.
^ Wang, M.; Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Xu, X. (2017). "The AME2016 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs, and references" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 41 (3): 030003-1–030003-442. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030003.
^ a b Scobie, J.; Lewis, G. M. (1 September 1957). "K-capture in carbon 11". Philosophical Magazine. 2 (21): 1089–1099. Bibcode:1957PMag....2.1089S. doi:10.1080/14786435708242737.
^ a b Campbell, J. L.; Leiper, W.; Ledingham, K. W. D.; Drever, R. W. P. (1967-04-11). "The ratio of K-capture to positron emission in the decay of 11C". Nuclear Physics A. 96 (2): 279–287. Bibcode:1967NuPhA..96..279C. doi:10.1016/0375-9474(67)90712-9.
^ Tim Flannery The weather makers: the history & future of climate change, The Text Publishing Company, Melbourne, Australia. ISBN 1-920885-84-6
^ Miller, Charles B.; Wheeler, Patricia (2012). Biological oceanography (2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. p. 186. ISBN 9781444333022. OCLC 794619582.
^ https://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~polissar/OrgGeochem/oleary-1988-carbon-isotopes.pdf
^ Tycot, R. H. (2004). M. Martini; M. Milazzo; M. Piacentini (eds.). "Stable isotopes and diet: you are what you eat" (PDF). Proceedings of the International School of Physics "Enrico Fermi" Course CLIV.
^ Hedges Richard (2006). "Where does our protein come from?". British Journal of Nutrition. 95 (6): 1031–2. doi:10.1079/bjn20061782. PMID 16768822.
Isotopes of the chemical elements
Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Pnictogens Chalcogens Halogens Noble gases
Iso's · List
Categories: Isotopes
Tables of nuclides
Metastable isotopes
Isotopes by element
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isotopes_of_carbon&oldid=932284847"
Lists of isotopes by element
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Trump and Kurz: not best friends, after all
Sebastian Kurz sees eye-to-eye with Donald Trump on migration and Israel, but not trade (Photo: Council of the European Union)
By Stephanie Liechtenstein
Vienna, 21. Feb 2019, 08:01
The current rift in transatlantic relations seems to be deepening by the day.
The visit of the Austrian chancellor, Sebastian Kurz, to the White House on Wednesday (20 February) - the first such summit in 13 years - only underlined this even further.
White House: The US is Austria's second biggest trading partner after Germany (Photo: Tracy Russo)
And this is despite the fact that Trump and Kurz share a common conservative agenda and a number of foreign policy goals.
They share a similar stance on migration.
Trump just declared a "national emergency" to gain access to billions of dollars to pay for a border wall with Mexico.
Meanwhile, Kurz is known in Europe for having closed the so-called 'Balkan route' to refugees trying to reach Austria and Germany via south-eastern Europe.
When Austria held the six-month rotating presidency of the European Union in the second half of 2018, Kurz also pushed for strengthening the EU's external borders and for increasing the number of border guards of the EU border agency.
Just like the US, Austria also withdrew from the UN migration pact, causing much dismay in many other European capitals.
Kurz and Trump also pursue a similar policy towards Israel.
Trump has excellent relations with Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu. He moved the US embassy to Jerusalem and supports Israel in every way.
The Austrian chancellor also undertook a significant policy shift during his last visit to Israel in June 2018 when he ended the so-called 'Kreisky-Doctrin' from the 1970s, which had viewed Israel's role in the Middle East conflict in critical and neutral way.
"The security of Israel is non-negotiable," Kurz said. For him, this was a matter of "national interest for Austria".
But it seems that it was more the issues that divide Europe and the US which dominated Wednesday's talks at the White House.
Kurz and Trump held a private conversation for 30 minutes, which was followed by a longer meeting between both delegations, also joined by US vice-president Mike Pence, secretary of state Mike Pompeo, and national security advisor John Bolton.
Aware of the delicate mission, Kurz phoned European Commission president Jean-Claude Juncker just before he departed for Washington.
"Trump has very strong opinions, he is very direct, and not always very diplomatic, especially with regard to topics that are important to him such, as trade between the US and the EU," Kurz said in an interview with the Austrian television ORF, immediately following his meeting at the White House.
"We argued against this and therefore the discussions were very controversial," he added.
The US is Austria's second biggest trading partner after Germany and finding a solution to the trade dispute is in Vienna's interest.
When asked about the possibly of tariffs to be imposed on European cars, Kurz said that "he (Trump) is using this as a threat and he is trying to exert pressure, even if he continues to mention that the talks are ongoing".
"I believe that Trump is indeed ready to conclude an agreement with the EU. We, as the EU, want that, but positions are very far apart. While no decision has been taken yet, we cannot exclude that tariffs will be imposed," Kurz added.
Trump himself also told press on Thursday that car tariffs remained a possibility.
"We are negotiating with them [the EU]. If we don't make the deal, we will do the tariffs," the US leader said, referring to talks on a free-trade deal.
Kurz added in his ORF interview that Trump was adamantly opposed to Germany's plan to build a new gas pipeline with Russia called Nord Stream 2, involving Austrian energy firm OMV.
"We in Austria are supporting this project because we have an interest in securing our gas supply", the chancellor said.
When asked about the opinion of some observers and diplomats - that Trump's ultimate aim was to weaken and even destroy the EU - Kurz said that he did not entirely share this view.
"Trump's main focus is the US. He believes that the US is unfairly treated in the areas of trade and military spending. These two topics overshadow everything else", he said,
Trump's request for Austria to increase its military spending also did not go down well.
As a neutral country, Austria has a long tradition of supporting international law and has spoke out in favour of international disarmament.
"We are taking our own decisions when it comes to how we spend our budget," Kurz said.
"We argued that we instead prefer to spend more money on education, research, development, and internal security", he added.
Trump, on Wednesday also praised Austria as a "beautiful" country and joked that the 32-year old Austrian leader was "a very young guy".
But while new avenues of transatlantic cooperation are badly needed, it seems that Trump and Kurz did not become best friends despite their many shared opinions.
The EU's relations with the US were going through a "difficult period", the EU's ambassador in Washington, David O'Sulllivan, told Irish broadcaster RTE the same day as Kurz came to town.
"The disruptive policies practiced by this [US] administration are inevitably going to disrupt," O'Sulllivan said.
Trump right for once: Europe should take back foreign fighters
Merkel defends Russia ties, ridicules Trump on cars
Trumped-up: EU-US trade deal spells climate disaster
EU and China edge closer in Trump's 'America First' world
Kurz's 'new EU treaty' - election noise or necessity?
EU countries and US should take every opportunity to shrink the group of wandering Islamist fighters in the Middle East and neighbouring regions.
Russia could be a Cold War-type "partner" for Europe, German leader Angela Merkel has said, but Donald Trump's car tariff ideas were "scary".
With the new transatlantic trade deal, the EU is providing financial and political support for an increase in imports of fracked gas from the US.
Top EU and Chinese officials meet next week in Beijing as unilateral US measures push the two sides closer together despite major disputes between the trading giants.
Sebastian Kurz's call for a new EU treaty has raised some eyebrows, as policy experts and politicians in his native Austria questioned why the chancellor had not made those reform proposals last year - during the actual Austrian EU presidency.
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Every 'Canadian Idol' performance by Carly Rae Jepsen, compiled for your viewing pleasure
By Grady Smith
June 15, 2012 at 08:58 PM EDT
Five years before “Call Me Maybe” singer Carly Rae Jepsen became a Hot 100-topping protegé of Justin Bieber, she was a bright-eyed, bushy-tailed Canadian Idol hopeful with nothing but a guitar and a dream.
Jepsen made it all the way to the Final 3 during season 5 of Canadian Idol in 2007 and was the last girl standing. Although she didn’t take the crown, she did serve up 16 solo performances on the show, and although you’re probably satisfied by simply listening to “Call Me Maybe” (or one of its awesome mashups) 400 times on repeat, we figured we’d compile them all in one place just because we love you so much (and also, it’s Friday).
Jepsen fared best with classic lady pop — songs like “Torn” and “At Seventeen” showcased her breathy tone well — and although she’s less convincing on belty tunes like “Come to My Window” and “Breathe,” it’s still fun to hear pop’s current princess covering songs and singing one original on a now-defunct reality competition. Check out all the videos — except for Macy Gray’s “I Try,” which somehow hasn’t made its way onto the Internet:
Audition: “Sweet Talker” (original)
Top 80: “I Try” by Macy Gray
We wish it were here too! We reached out to both CTV and Insight Productions, who produced the show, to see if they could provide us with an archived performance video, but no dice. Sorry!
Top 40: “Breathe (2 A.M.)” by Anna Nalick
Top 22: “Put Your Records On” by Corinne Bailey Rae
Top 18: “Sweet Ones” by Sarah Slean
Top 14: “Waiting in Vain” by Bob Marley and the Wailers
http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2iqr2_carly-rae-jepsen-waiting-in-vain_music
Top 10: “Inside and Out” by the Bee Gees
http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2n8v8_carly-rae-jepsen-inside-and-out_music
Top 9: “Georgia on My Mind” by Hoagy Carmichael
http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2ntgt_carly-rae-jepsen-georgia-on-my-mind_music
Top 8: “Torn” by Natalie Imbruglia
http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2nure_carly-rae-jepsen-torn_music
Top 7: “Killer Queen” by Queen
http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2qnfs_carly-rae-jepsen-killer-queen_music
Top 6: “Come to My Window” by Melissa Etheridge
Top 5: “Chuck E’s in Love” by Rickie Lee Jones
http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2sw2m_carly-rae-jepsen-chuck-e-s-in-love_music
Top 4: “My Heart Belongs to Daddy” by Mary Martin
Top 4: “I Got It Bad (and That Ain’t Good)” by Ivie Anderson
Top 3: “At Seventeen” by Janis Ian
Top 3: “White Flag” by Dido
http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x67c2u_03-carly-rae-jepsen-white-flag_music
What do you think Music-Mixers? Which of these performances is your favorite?
More on EW.com:
Carly Rae Jepsen’s ‘Call Me Maybe’ tops the Hot 100
‘Call Me Maybe’ and ‘Walking on Broken Glass’ get a sweet mashup!
By Grady Smith @gradywsmith
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What are Compound Fractures?
HomeConditionsSkeletal
By Jimmy, Facty Staff
Compound fractures, also known as open fractures, occur when a broken bone penetrates the skin, causing an open wound. This is a serious injury that requires urgent medical treatment. Compound fractures have a far higher likelihood of developing serious complications than fractures that do not break the skin. The more severe the wound is, the longer it will take to heal and the greater the chance of complications.
1. Causes of Compound Fractures
It takes a lot of force to break a bone severely enough for it to penetrate a person's skin. Therefore, compound fractures usually occur as the result of a high-impact trauma. Road traffic collisions at higher speeds are one of the most common causes. Falls can also cause compound fractures, especially if the person has fallen from a considerable height. This type of injury can also occur due to sports-related accidents.
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Curtis S. Fallgatter
Harold H. Catlin
Lisa Varon
White-Collar Defense
Legal Pleadings
Legal Pleadings: Motions to Dismiss
Motion to Dismiss – Mortgage Fraud
COMES NOW the Defendant, by and through his undersigned counsel, pursuant to Rule 12(b), Fed. R. Crim. P., and hereby respectfully files this Motion to Dismiss, due to (1) Pre-Indictment Delay and (2) the Absence of any Allegation or Proof of Knowing or Willful Joinder in Any Unlawful Plan, and in support hereof, states as follows:
1. On December 14 – over 3 ½ years ago (and one year prior to the V. trial) – the client was interviewed by an FBI Special Agent (“SA”), at his home, regarding an alleged mortgage fraud investigation.
2. On January 5 – over 3 years ago (and one year prior to the V. trial) – the client received a grand jury subpoena requesting records, for which he promptly and timely provided the records.
3. On February 14, a nine count Indictment, alleging mail, wire and bank fraud, was filed against the client. Doc. 1. This indictment was returned 38 months after the V. indictment was returned, and 26 months after Mr. V. was convicted, at trial, on December 16.
B. Pre-Indictment Delay
4. The Indictment in this case asserts conduct that occurred between November and April. Doc. 1 at 3. Hence, the conduct dates back almost seven years, and the most recent conduct is alleged to have occurred some four years before the Indictment was returned.
5. During that large lapse of time, witnesses have clearly suffered memory loss, as graphically evidenced by the government’s case agent herself not even being able to recall whether she took notes of the interview of the Defendant. See United States’ Amendment to Response to Defendant’s Motion to Produce Handwritten Notes (Doc. 34), and Client’s Response to United States’ Amendment to Response to Defendant’s Motion to Produce Handwritten Notes (Doc. 35).
6. Moreover, the only witness the government has [had] to establish any direct conversations with the client with regard to their alleged conspiracy is now deceased, having passed away on March 17 – almost two years before the February 14 Indictment. Clearly, the government was aware that the only co-conspirator named in the client’s Indictment – D. W. V. – was deceased, and lost his life, during their prosecution of him.
7. Not only is Mr. V. the only government witness who has any direct evidence with regard to the allegations against the client, but, as evidenced by Exhibit A, he was an incredibly exculpatory witness – who would have exonerated the client.
8. Indeed, the government waited almost two years (that is, 23 months) after Mr. V. expired to bring this charge – knowing he was a crucial exculpatory witness. Ex. A at ¶16.
9. Worse yet, the government knew they could not properly prosecute the client without the testimony of Mr. V. (Ex. A at ¶16), and, rather than pursuing charges against the client while Mr. V. was alive, waited until two years after his death to file charges. In other words, the government knew they could not properly prosecute the client without the testimony of Mr. V., and, knowing that testimony to be exculpatory, waited two years after his death to charge the client, thereby seeking to pretermit admission of this exculpatory testimony that would exonerate the client of their theory of prosecution.
10. This pre-indictment delay is all the more significant in light of the unique nature of the government’s theory of prosecution of the client. As will be discussed further in Part C, infra, whereas the government asserted traditional badges of mortgage fraud against V., M. R., and others, in their prior prosecutions, in reality, as to the client, the only claim of his involvement with any alleged “fraud” is his involvement in allegedly assisting with buyer’s rebates and/or down payment assistance. As noted, the allegations regarding the client relate solely to him (1) showing up at the closing, as the seller, and (2) allegedly reimbursing V. for any funds advanced “in the amount required to be paid by the buyers or on the buyers’ behalf at the closing.” Part C, ¶19. The client had no involvement with any alleged false mortgage applications. It is on this narrow issue of down payment assistance the government well-knew Mr. V. was an exculpatory witness for the client.
11. Further facts demonstrating the pre-indictment delay, and its prejudice, are recited in Part C, infra, and re incorporated in this Part by reference.
C. No Knowing or Willful Joinder in Any Unlawful Plan
12. As noted in our Motion to Strike and/or Motion in Limine (“Motion to Strike”), filed contemporaneously herewith (Doc. 43), the Indictment in this case is a standard form indictment, repeatedly utilized by the government in mortgage fraud cases – and specifically used in the related cases of (1) United States v. M. R., (2) United States v. D. V., and (3) United States v. M. D.
13. As also noted in our Motion to Strike, the government has incorrectly left in the client’s Indictment badges of fraud that apply only to V., R. and D. – but absolutely do not apply to the client – since he had no involvement with them whatsoever.
14. In summary, all traditional badges of fraud (with regard to the falsifying of mortgage loan applications) involve conduct for which the client was not involved, had no knowledge, and was not part of any unlawful plan to which he could have possibly agreed.
15. The client’s Indictment alleges only one person with whom the client supposedly conspired – that is, D. W. V. Indictment (Doc. 1) at Count 1, ¶B, p. 3. However, the government has also provided the defense with a Bill of Particulars, a copy of which is attached as Exhibit B, listing three other individuals as coconspirators, that is, M. R., P. G. (R.’s sister who was never indicted), and M. D.
16. Importantly, the only person with whom the client had any direct conversations with regard to the alleged payment of down payment funds on behalf of buyers was Mr. V. On information and belief, he had no such conversations with Ms. R., Ms. G. and/or Ms. D. Thus, as the government has well known for many years, the only witness that could possibly implicate the client in any alleged conspiracy was Mr. V.
17. Indeed, the government had previously reported to Mr. V.’s counsel that they would not be able to charge the client without testimony from Mr. V. – thus acknowledging their knowledge of the essential nature of any proof regarding the client. Ex. A at ¶16.
18. Nevertheless, having acknowledged the importance of Mr. V. to any prosecution of the client, the government waited until two years after Mr. V. died to indict the client – fully knowing Mr. V. would exculpate the client.
19. Of course, just as they have named Mr. V. in the client’s Indictment, the government could readily have included the client in the V. Indictment, as the “coconspirator” they claim him to be.
20. A comparison of the client and V. indictments reflects not only their startling similarity, but, in the client’s indictment, their express reliance on the conduct of V. to establish true badges of fraud – badges (that is, an agreement to commit fraud), that do not apply to the client, and for which the client was not a conspiratorial member.
21. As with their standard form indictment, the government, in Count One, Part A, Introduction, lists the steps and parties in real estate transactions. Absent differences irrelevant to their alleged conspiracy, Part A (Introduction) of both indictments is essentially the same. The dates of the alleged conduct are virtually identical (with V.’s dates starting one month later and ending three months later). The fraud charges are identical (though a 1344 object was added to the client’s indictment).
22. A review of Part C (the Manner and Means) of the client’s indictment makes it manifest the government is relying principally on the conduct of V. (and mortgage broker M. R.), to define their alleged fraud conspiracy. Indeed, the only conduct alleged against the client is that he attended the closings (¶C.13, p. 6), and provided funds to V. for the cashier’s checks (¶C.19, p. 7). All of the conduct regarding assisting the buyers in obtaining financing, filling out the Form 1003 mortgage loan application “that set forth false financial information,” gift letters, submitting “false financial information” to lenders with these Forms 1003, obtaining cashier’s checks, and presenting them to the title agency – are alleged to be conduct of V. and mortgage broker R. See Part C, ¶¶5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, and 13.
23. As noted, the allegations regarding the client relate solely to him (1) showing up at the closing, as the seller, and (2) allegedly reimbursing V. for any funds advanced “in the amount required to be paid by the buyers or on the buyers’ behalf at the closing.” Part C, ¶19.
24. Indeed, in the Trial Brief of the United States, filed as Doc. 52 in the V. case, the government specifically identified the fact that Mr. V. “partnered with the client.” Id. at 3. Consistent with the allegations in the client’s indictment, the government factually identified V. as the person (along with M. R.) engaged in conduct they now improperly attribute to a conspiracy with the client. Having placed those factual allegations on the record, the government is bound by them. For the convenience of the Court in ascertaining the government’s factual position as to the conduct of V., we recite from their Trial Brief, at pp. 3 – 4, as follows:
The defendant [V.], who usually acted through a corporation he formed, partnered with the client, who usually acted through a corporation he formed, to buy and sell residential real estate in lower to middle income neighborhoods on the north side of Jacksonville. The client found financing for and bought the properties. The defendant [V.] coordinated either the building of a new home or the renovation of an existing home on the property, and this construction was financed through the client.
In addition to being in charge of the construction, the defendant [V.] also sought potential buyers, showed them homes that he had for sale, negotiated the terms of the Purchase and Sale Agreement, and, in most cases, signed the agreement as the seller. After the agreement was signed, the defendant [V.] helped the buyer obtain a mortgage loan. For most of the transactions alleged in the indictment, the defendant [V.] worked though [sic] a licensed mortgage broker, M. R., who owned and operated a mortgage brokerage. However, for a few of the later transactions, the defendant [V.] arranged the buyer’s financing himself through a loan officer at a bank, a federally insured financial institution. The closings for most of the transactions alleged in the indictment took place at a Jacksonville title company. After the transactions closed, the defendant and the client split the proceeds of the sale – net of acquisition, construction, and other expenses – according to their agreement with each other.
(emphasis added; footnotes omitted).
25. As can be seen from the government’s Trial Brief in the V. case, they have always asserted the client to be a partner with V. in what they fashion to be a conspiracy. More importantly, their factual description of that partnership is void of any of the traditional badges of fraud applying to the client. Rather, they all apply, if at all, to V. and R. Their factual description clearly, and correctly, asserts that V. helped the buyer obtain a mortgage loan and V. arranged the buyer’s financing himself – not the client – who had no such involvement, participation or knowledge.
26. Moreover, the government specifically addressed, at Part V of their Trial Brief, the status of the client (id. at 22-24), and specifically noted the representations of counsel that “the client has not committed any crime.”
27. As further evidence of this prejudicial delay, as the Court knows, having presided over both cases, M. R. testified in the V. trial. She was charged, by way of information (not indictment), on October 30 – three months prior to the FBI interview of the client, and some 39 months prior to the client’s indictment. The filing of a single count information clearly reflects she was cooperating with the government, as confirmed by her April 19 waiver of indictment and cooperation plea agreement – all of which was known by and acknowledged by the government. V. Trial Brief of the United States (Doc. 52), at 4, n. 4. She was identified as a “coconspirator” in the V. case – just as she has been in this case. As a cooperating witness, the government could readily have used her testimony to indict the client, along with V. (or even in a separate indictment). Instead, they waited 39 months to indict the client – after the demise of Mr. V.
28. As further evidence of this prejudicial delay, as the Court knows, having presided over the case of M. D. as well, Ms. D. – who is alleged to be a coconspirator with the client – had her indictment filed on June 15 (Doc. 1), and her cooperation plea agreement filed on March 19 (Doc. 35) – roughly two years and one year, respectfully, prior to the client’s indictment. Thus, the government waited an additional year, after her cooperation agreement, to file charges on the client. As we just observed in ¶27, n. 7 regarding the client, and for all the reasons set forth herein, and in our contemporaneously filed Motion to Strike, the government knows V. is the only witness to have any direct conversations with the client – and was the only witness who could have established the existence of an unlawful agreement to defraud lenders as to down payment assistance. However, Mr. V., in conjunction with Ms. R., believed the assistance by sellers with the buyer’s down payment was perfectly lawful, and could thus not have been part of an unlawful agreement to defraud lenders as to down payment assistance. In other words, adding Ms. D. as a named “coconspirator” is disingenuous, in that the government well knows she cannot establish the existence of any such conspiracy with the client – thus making their delay in indictment, long after the passing of Mr. V., all the more prejudicial.
29. Thus, although the government could readily have indicted the client at the same time as Mr. V. – as evidenced by their own pleadings and representations to the Court – they elected not to do so, but rather waited two years until after Mr. V. expired. Worse yet, as noted, the client’s indictment relies on the conduct of V. – to attempt to convict the client – conduct the government knew Mr. V. would disavow being any part of an alleged “conspiracy” with the client – yet they waited until his demise, to seek to use such irrelevant conduct to convict the client.
30. Regarding the testimony of Mr. V., a review of Exhibit A demonstrates how incredibly exculpatory Mr. V. would have been to the client.
31. Specifically, the following paragraphs are particularly relevant:
a. ¶10 – If there were any errors, omissions or improper and/or false entries on these mortgage loan applications (including Forms 1003), that would have occurred without the knowledge, participation, approval and/or acquiescence of the client. To the extent the government has asserted and/or still asserts the existence of an unlawful plan with regard to the preparation and/or submission of these mortgage loan applications, the client had no knowledge, participation, approval and/or acquiescence in such a plan, and never joined in any such plan.
b. ¶11 – Mr. V. believed that providing buyers’ rebates or down payment assistance to buyers was lawful. His belief in that regard was based on a number of factors, including his past experience in the construction and housing industry, and, most importantly, the fact that M. R., who was the mortgage broker with whom he mostly dealt, assured him it was lawful. Indeed, Mr. V.’s belief in that regard was reinforced by her sworn testimony, provided during his trial, in which she repeatedly testified she believed providing such down payment assistance was lawful.
c. ¶12 – As the mortgage broker responsible for implementing loan requirements of the lender, Mr. V. absolutely believed he could rely on Ms. R.’s understanding and representation that such buyers’ rebates or down payment assistance was lawful.
d. ¶13 – Because of his belief in the lawfulness of buyers’ rebates or down payment assistance, as reinforced by the representations made to him by mortgage broker R., Mr. V. could never have believed that any assistance with regard to reimbursement of down payments, by the client, could have been unlawful. Thus, to the extent the government wishes to assert that the client participated in an unlawful plan with Mr. V. to provide down payment assistance to buyers, Mr. V. would testify it was impossible for them to have an “unlawful plan” with regard to any assistance with down payments for buyers, because he and M. R. believed it to be lawful.
32. As noted above, to the best of Mr. V.’s understanding, he was the only person with whom the client would have had any direct conversations with regard to down payments to buyers. Ex. A at ¶14.
33. Similarly, M. R., as the mortgage broker, and the gatekeeper for the lenders, testified, under oath, in the V. trial, she thought providing assistance to buyers, by helping them and/or providing them the down payment, was perfectly lawful. A copy of her transcript is attached hereto as Exhibit C. Extracts of her testimony in that regard including the following quotes:
a. Q: Yesterday you said at the close of your testimony that you really didn’t think you were doing anything wrong. Did you?
A: Not at the time I didn’t.
Q: Okay. You weren’t purposely trying to disobey the law, were you?
A: No sir.
Q: And you didn’t think you were acting with bad purpose to disobey or disregard the law, did you?
Q: Okay. And this was just the way business was being done, correct?
A: Yes
Q: And it was – you thought you were actually helping people who normally couldn’t buy a house take advantage of the market and take advantage of some of these programs that existed to get them in a home, correct?
Doc. 86, pp. 10-11.
b. Q: … you really didn’t think you had been doing anything wrong and there wasn’t anything in your mind telling you, you had done something wrong until you ran into the FBI; is that right?
Id. at 18.
c. Q: Okay. You didn’t think it made any difference who provided the gift, as long as it really was a gift and didn’t have to be repaid, right?
Q: Is that correct?
A: Correct.
Q: That’s why you didn’t even think you were committing a crime, right?
A. Yes.
Q: Or doing anything wrong, right?
34. Moreover, as noted above, Ms. R. never had any direct discussions with the client with regard this down payment assistance issue – let alone having any discussions with him with regard to what she and/or V. may have done with regard to mortgage applications – thus further verifying that Mr. V. was the only person who could possibly provide any testimony that would implicate the client in any knowing and willful plan to do that which was unlawful.
35. With regard to each of these allegations in ¶C.6, C.7, and C.8, the government asserts it was Mr. “V. and other conspirators” who did so. Nowhere did they allege – nor could they – that the client had any involvement or complicity in that conduct. He did not. The client had nothing to do with these applications, and was not aware of any conduct involving them. He read about it for the first time in his Indictment.
36. In anticipation of filing this motion, counsel conferred with counsel for the government, and made the observations noted herein to him. Government counsel advised the government was unwilling to delete these paragraphs, based on their belief they needed to show this conduct as “part of the conspiracy.”
37. Respectfully, this conduct is not part of the alleged client’s conspiracy. Rather, this was solely the conduct of V., done in conjunction with mortgage broker M. R. (and/or her employees). They were the persons qualifying the prospective buyers, communicating with the lenders, and transmitting what the government alleges to be false information.
38. As to the client, the government alleges that the client assisted buyers with the down payment, at the time of closing, and he did so, not directly, but indirectly, by providing funds to V., who purchased down payment cashier’s checks for the buyers, at the time of the closing, and V. took those checks to the title agency and presented them “to the title agency.” Manner and Means, ¶C.11 and C.12, Indictment at 6.
39. The Court, from its previous proceedings in these cases, as well as from the government’s allegations, is aware the government alleged that M. R., D. V., and M. D. (who worked for R. and herself was a mortgage broker), were engaged in preparing false and fraudulent mortgage loan applications (Forms 1003) to submit to their lenders. As the Court is also aware, the mortgage brokers act as agents for and on behalf of the mortgage lenders, in processing the loan applications. The client had absolutely no involvement whatsoever with the preparation of loan applications, and/or the qualifying of the borrowers with the lender.
40. Specifically, the Information of Russell, and indictments of V. and D., charge this type of conspiratorial conduct, that is, the falsifying of loan application by mortgage brokers. The components of their respective information and/or indictments that so allege are as follows:
a. M. R. – Manner and Means, ¶C.2-4;
b. D. V. – Manner and Means, ¶C.2-4 (which are identical to the allegations in the R. Indictment); and
c. M. D. – Manner and Means, ¶C.2-3.
41. Both R. and D. entered guilty pleas. In the R. plea agreement, the Factual Basis specifically stated that she engaged in Form 1003 fraud by falsifying applications. Moreover, nowhere in the Factual Basis does the government reference to the client (nor could they), and the property identified as part of the fraud has no relation to any of the properties alleged with regard to the client.
42. The Plea Agreement in M. D. likewise specifies, in her Factual Basis, Form 1003 mortgage loan application fraud (p. 3), including falsifying account balances for the borrowers (p. 6). Moreover, nowhere in the Factual Basis does the government reference to the client (nor could they), and a review of the nine properties to which Ms. D. pled reveals that none of them involve the properties charged with regard to the client.
43. Thus, it cannot be gainsaid that the conspiracy involving R., D. and/or V., with regard to falsification of mortgage loan applications, was not a conspiracy in which the client was involved.
44. The 11th Cir. Pattern Jury Instruction on conspiracy (Offense Instruction 13.1), requires that a conspirator must be a person who “knew the unlawful purpose of the plan and willfully joined it.” Offense Instruction 13.1, Element 2.
45. Here, clearly the client had absolutely no knowledge of and/or involvement in that separate conspiracy, in which R., V. and others are alleged to have engaged. Thus, it is improper to seek to convict the client – with the objects of a conspiracy in which (1) he did not join, that were objects (2) not agreed to by him, and were indeed (3) unknown to him, and were only part of a (4) separate conspiracy between R. and V.
46. This effort by the government to put in this evidence to “prove the conspiracy” misses the mark. Yes – they do have to prove the conspiracy in which the client was a member – but not some separate conspiracy engaged in by persons completely without his knowledge, consent or support.
47. Inclusion of this separate conspiratorial action is particularly prejudicial and harmful to the client, for obvious reasons. Everyone knows that falsifying a loan application to the lender, and misstating, among other things, the financial information for the borrower, in order to get approval from the lender for the loan, is a commonly accepted badge of fraud. Conversely, merely helping a borrower with the down payment is not inherently fraudulently at all. Indeed, it is a beneficial thing for borrowers to be able to achieve the American dream of home ownership. On its face, there is nothing fraudulent about it at all. Indeed, it was entirely consistent with and analogous to perfectly lawful mortgage loan programs. In this case – the only evidence for which the government seeks to convict the client is that he assisted with down payments for certain buyers – an inherently lawful practice.
48. Thus, allowing introduction of well-recognized badges of fraud with what may be viewed by many others (including the government’s own star witness) as badges of innocence would create huge prejudice to the client. Rule 403, FRE.
49. In summary, the government cannot properly assert the existence of a conspiratorial “agreement” – as to the down payment assistance – when the only two persons with whom the client dealt believed what they were doing was lawful. He could not possibly have any willful intent to defraud when there was no intent by the two persons who the government characterizes as his primary coconspirators. Nor could any of the three harbor the requisite intent and knowledge of an “unlawful plan” – since they all thought the plan was lawful. Nor could their exist the requisite unlawful agreement between two or more persons – since the only two with whom he dealt believed their conduct to be lawful.
MEMORANDUM OF LAW
A. Rule 12(b) Motions to Dismiss an Indictment – Generally
The purpose of a Rule 12(b) motion to dismiss an indictment is to conserve judicial resources by facilitating the disposition of cases without trial. United States v. Smith, 866 F.2d 1092, 1097 (9th Cir. 1989). In reviewing a motion to dismiss a criminal indictment pursuant to Fed.R.Crim.P. 12(b), the Court must determine whether the motion is capable of determination without trial of the general issue. United States v. Adkinson, 135 F.3d 1363, 1369 n.11 (11th Cir. 1998); Fed.R.Crim.P. 12(e).
Ordinarily, the Court may not look beyond the facts as alleged in the indictment in determining whether the charge is legally supportable. United States v. Critzer, 951 F.2d 306, 307 (11th Cir. 1992). However, if there is an “infirmity of law in the prosecution,” dismissal is appropriate. United States v. Belcher, 927 F.2d 1182, 1185 (11th Cir. 1991); United States v. Torkington, 812 F.2d 1347, 1354 (11th Cir. 1987); United States v. Korn, 557 F.2d 1089, 1090 (5th Cir. 1977). Moreover, where the parties do not disagree on the operative facts, or stipulate to them, a motion to dismiss the indictment may be capable of determination without a trial of the general issue. United States v. James-Robinson, 515 F.Supp. 1340, 1342 (S.D.Fla. 1981).
In reaching such determinations, courts will look beyond the face of the charging document itself. Moreover, courts may rely on extrinsic evidence to grant such motions. Indeed, the court may conduct an evidentiary hearing on the motion.
The Tenth Circuit has upheld a pretrial dismissal under Rule 12(b) based on the insufficiency of the evidence where the underlying facts were essentially undisputed. See Brown, 925 F.2d at 1304.
Counsel reasonably assumes the government does not dispute the operative facts that form the basis of this motion. Indeed, as noted above, they are on record, repeatedly, agreeing with these facts. Thus, because the dispute involves a legal rather than factual analysis, the issues before the Court are “capable of determination without the trial of the general issues.” United States v. Adkinson, 135 F.3d at 1369 n.11.
A number of cases establish dismissal as the appropriate remedy for pre-indictment delay, where an intentional delay and/or inaction can be demonstrated, and actual prejudice resulted. A sampling of that case law follows.
1. United States v. Gouveia, 467 U.S. 180, 192 (1984) (claim that preindictment delay violated due process valid if defendant proves government intentionally delayed for tactical advantage and actual prejudice resulted).
2. United States v. Marion, 404 U.S. 307, 324-25 (1971) (no due process violation because defendant failed to prove government intentionally created delay for tactical advantage or to harass defendant).
3. United States v. Marion, 404 U.S. 307, 324 (1971) (to succeed on claim of preindictment delay, petitioner must show actual prejudice and that delay was due to intentional government inaction).
4. United States v. Mmahat, 106 F.3d 90, 94 (5th Cir. 1997) (claim that death of witness during 9-year delay prejudiced defendant insufficient because witness’s testimony preserved in transcripts of prior civil action for same conduct), overruled in part on other grounds by U.S. v. Estate of Parson, 367 F.3d 409, 418 (5th Cir. 2004).
5. United States v. Brown, 498 F.3d 523, 528 (6th Cir. 2007) (claim that delay caused actual prejudice insufficient because defendant unable to show that lost testimony would have significantly aided defense).
6. United States v. Henderson, 337 F.3d 914, 920 (7th Cir. 2003) (claim that 5-year delay caused actual prejudice insufficient because defendant did not show that deceased witness’s testimony would have aided him).
7. United States v. Henderson, 337 F.3d 914, 920 (7th Cir. 2003) (denial of motion to dismiss proper despite preindictment delay of 3 years because no showing of actual prejudice and unclear how witnesses would have helped defense).
8. United States v. Young, 906 F.2d 615, 620 (11th Cir. 1990) (denial of motion to dismiss proper despite preindictment delay of almost 3 years because no showing of actual prejudice).
Here, it cannot be gainsaid that the lost testimony of Mr. V. is incredibly harmful to the client – and thus the “actual prejudice” is manifest – unlike the circumstances in the cases cited above.
Moreover, as noted, this loss occurred long after the government was well-aware of the importance of that testimony to the client, and that it was the antithesis of their prosecution theory. As also noted, the government had earlier acknowledged they could not prosecute the client without the testimony of Mr. V. However, it is clear their strategy is to take advantage of the death of Mr. V., in their belated zeal to prosecute the client.
As noted above, as to the client, the only “scheme” of which he could possibly have been a member was the agreement to provide down payment assistance to buyers. It is incumbent on the government to establish he knowingly and willfully joined a scheme to engage in an unlawful plan to do so. 11th Cir. Pattern Jury Instruction on conspiracy (Offense Instruction 13.1).
As with any conspiracy, or fraud scheme, there always exists a mens rea element. It is not sufficient for the government to simply prove that down payment assistance was provided. They must prove it was provided as part of a knowing and willful scheme and conspiracy to participate in an unlawful plan to do so.
To prove that, the government must rely, as they do, on the alleged coconspirators of the client. Of those, only one (V.) had any direct conversations with the client, and the other key alleged coconspirator was M. R. Both believed the conduct of sellers assisting with down payment assistance was lawful. For that reason, and based on the authorities cited in paragraph 49, supra, no conspiracy and no scheme to defraud can exist. However, and regretfully, the government had one alleged coconspirator plead to that which she did not even believe was a crime and the stress of prosecution for the other led to the loss of his life.
In any event, the record is clear, and undisputed, that no evidence exists to establish that the client had any mens rea – let alone with the only two alleged coconspirators with whom he is alleged to have conspired.
Hence, the government’s proof, as already established by the record before this Court, must fail, and this motion is capable of determination without trial of the general issue, thereby creating a dramatic savings in judicial economy, and accomplishing a just end to a lengthy and traumatic road for the client and his family.
WHEREFORE, Defendant respectfully requests the Court to grant the relief requested herein.
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U.S. Candidates
Donna Shalala (D-FL-27)
Donna Shalala is one of the most accomplished congressional candidates in history. Florida’s 27th district voted for Hillary Clinton by a 20-point majority but has been represented by a popular Republican, Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, since 1989. Ros-Lehtinen is not running for re-election.
Background and Achievements
Shalala received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honor, after serving in the Carter, Clinton, and Bush administrations. Shalala began her career in government after President Carter appointed her to be Assistant Secretary for Policy Development and Research at the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development before serving as the U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services under President Clinton and the co-chair of the Commission on Care for Returning Wounded Warriors. In the early 1980s, Shalala was the chancellor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Shalala held a nearly 15-year term as President of the University of Miami. Under her Presidency, she raised billions of dollars for scholarships in order to ensure the right to higher education for all students. Shalala has spent her life fighting for Americans and will continue to do so in Congress.
Positions on Key Issues
Strongly supports women’s rights, including equal pay, ending gender discrimination, and reproductive rights
Gun control, including universal background checks and a ban on assault weapons
Traffic reform in Miami through expansion of public transportation
• Healthcare protections, including defense of the Affordable Care Act, Medicare, and CHIP, which she created together with then-Senator Hillary Clinton
Prospects & Opponents
The incumbent, Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, is not running for re-election this fall. The Cook Political Report, Crystal Ball, and Inside Elections all rate the district as Lean Democratic. Shalala leads all polls in her crowded primary.
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Posts Tagged With: Serengeti
Paving Paradise: the Road to Disaster
Posted on March 23, 2014 by Tisha Wardlow
The Serengeti is a National Heritage Site, home to one of the most highly diverse groups of animals and habitats on the planet. The majestic ecosystem stretches from Tanzania to Kenya, and 80% of it is currently protected by both governments.
The Serengeti is an infamous tourist destination, giving ample opportunities to view the Big Five, and of course the Great Migration. The Migration is an annual phenomenon, during which time hundreds of thousands of wildebeests, zebra and antelope move in herds from one grazing area to the next, spanning approximately 1800 miles.
Tourism is a significant part of Kenya’s economy, and it has emerged as the top foreign exchange earner in Tanzania last year as well. According to Africa Travel and Tourism, basing on its great potential, the sector has much to be confident about in 2014.
Paving Paradise
In 2010, the Tanzania government announced a plan to construct a paved commercial highway across the Serengeti. They believe this will more easily facilitate trade and travel, linking the country’s coast to Lake Victoria and countries to the west, including Uganda, Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
The group Serengeti Watch conducted a survey of over 300 scientists from varying countries who all concluded this would have adverse effects on the Migration. The annual routes of millions of animals would be disrupted, the area would become fragmented, and obviously the human-wildlife conflict would become an urgent concern. (Not to mention, making life “easier” for the poachers and game hunters.)
This photo taken during the Migration, in nearly the exact place where the proposed Serengeti highway would bisect this part of Serengeti and Loliondo. Not far from this spot there are survey ribbons hanging on trees.
Since then, there has been international public outcry, as obviously this disturbs one of the most precious ecosystems in the world. Serengeti Watch has brought attention to this devastating proposal and last year a legal case was filed by Africa Network for Animal Welfare (ANAW). In addition, on Tanzania’s behalf, Serengeti Watch contacted dozens of organizations and more than three hundred experts in an attempt to find expert witnesses. Sadly, no one came forward, out of fear of serious repercussions in their ability to enter, work or remain in Tanzania in the future.
Alternative Plan: the Southern Route
In addition to the Serengeti Watch, the Frankfurt Zoological Society, African Wildlife Foundation and many other conservation groups and NGO’s are pushing for a route AROUND the Southern end of the park. This will accomplish the goal of connecting Arusha with the Lake Victoria region which is one of the “purposes” of the highway.
It would help five times as many people and would cost less. The Frankfurt Zoological Society estimates that it would only take 1 HOUR longer to drive!
Although this seems a feasible compromise, protecting both the wildlife and the opportunity for further development, it is still not decided.
The Way It Stands
Currently there will be paved roads on both sides of the Serengeti, connecting Arusha with the Lake Victoria region, things are in the final stages of planning. Contractors have been selected and the government of Tanzania has funds in its 2013-2014 Budget.
The roads will not be built within the Serengeti National Park itself, but they will border it and cross areas where large numbers of wildebeest and zebras migrate. Wildlife will be forced to cross tarmac roads with commercial traffic, including the Wildlife Management Area in Loliondo.
For updates, join Serengeti Watch on facebook: STOP THE SERENGETI HIGHWAY
Please sign and share the petition to: Protect Tanzania’s wildlife.
Categories: Rhino Ramblings | Tags: Africa, Africa Network for Animal Welfare, African Wildlife Foundation, animals, antelope, Conservation, development, ecosystem, environment, fight for rhinos, Great Migration, highway, Kenya, Serengeti, Serengeti Watch, Tanzania, tourism, wildebeests, wildlife, zebra | 2 Comments
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New Zealand terrorism, Chelsea Clinton and the sickness that runs deep
Posted by Mel Reeves on March 20, 2019
Before the dead in New Zealand victims of a terrorist murder spree could be properly mourned in the United States people had turned their attention away from the “real” victims and turned Chelsea Clinton, a White Christian woman and daughter of a former head of the US government into the victim. This misplaced victimization, along with the US “newspaper of record,” New York Times’ refusal to call the murders, terrorism, along with the insistence on seeing the White assailant as sick rather than a murderous thug, are indications that little self-reflection or inspection of the prejudices of White society will be conducted as a result of this crime.
Just a few days after the attack, it has already been removed from the pages of the US and European mainstream news. There are few signs showing solidarity with the victims of the attack. But there has been lots of commentary surrounding the incident, much of it exposes why these kinds of attacks will likely continue: there is something dark, buried deep in the European subconscious that rejects everything that is not European.
Incidentally, the reason the MSM the Times and others refuse to call the massacre terrorism is not complicated. The US and European countries need Islamaphobia (which is propped up by overstating claims of Muslim terrorism), as justification to continue their pillaging of Muslim countries. By insisting that terrorism is a term that can only be applied when Muslims commit mass murder, the State may be on some unconscious level giving terrorism committed by Whites a kind of justification.
Many, especially conservative media have tried to paint the shooter as someone who is sick.
No doubt someone has to be sick to do something so heinous, but the shooter was inflicted by a sickness, an ailment that is much more pervasive than the bourgeois press wants to let on. Arguably a large segment of European society or White society, which includes New Zealand, Australia Europe and North and South America shares a disdain for the “other.” This disdain allows people who are considered White and primarily Christian to look upon the rest of humanity as an aberration, not a part of God’s planned community of humanity.
The seeds of this sickness are firmly ensconced in Western society, which are used to justify the West’s invasion and destruction of Middle Eastern Muslim countries primarily for oil, other resources and acquisition of new markets. In the US many institutions have contributed to a constant drumbeat of Islamaphobia. Conservative Christian doctrine has labeled Islam as evil, a cult and out of God’s favor. The educational system refuses to give Islamic society its due, while exaggerating the accomplishments of Western society. Even the entertainment industry has added to the climate with its constant diet of Muslim villains in movies, mini series and TV shows. And the US justice department through the FBI has manufactured Islamic bogeyman and fake Muslim terrorist plots that has incidentally sent several innocent Black men to prison over the last two decades. These plots and exaggerated prosecutions all give credence to the proposition that Muslims are dangerous and cannot be trusted.
Apparently this shooter and the Dylan Roof’s of the world took all of this propaganda and hatred for the other to its logical conclusion.
Chelsea Clinton was confronted by a young Palestinian activist when she attended a vigil in support of the survivors of the ChristChurch massacre, who accused Clinton of contributing to the anti-Muslim climate. Clinton’s response was condescending and telling, “I’m so sorry you feel that way,” she responded. She did not ask in what way she had added to the problem, because she knew, but chose to invalidate and discredit the questioner’s position by attributing it to a feeling, rather than a fact. She went on to explain that it was never her intention to cause harm and she recognized that “words matter”
The students are right to place some of the blame at Clinton’s feet because falsely accusing Rep. Ilhan Omar of anti-semitism opened the door for Omar to be attacked because she is Muslim.
Incidentally it is particularly misguided to center anti-Jewish hatred in the Black community. Few Blacks have the power to make the lives of Jewish people miserable. It is the anti- Jewish hatred of Europeans in general and White people in particular that have resulted in real harm to Jews. And in fact it has been people who call themselves White, Europeans, not Black Africans, who since the Middle Ages have committed pogroms, genocide and other violence against Jews.
Clinton, by tweeting that Omar was anti-semitic played into anti-Black and anti Muslim tropes/propaganda, the narrative that says Black people are bad and are somehow represent everything bad in the world, along with the anti Muslim propaganda that precludes that all Muslims are anti-Jewish.
Her tweet said anti-semitism had no place in public office, but the US government is anti-Jewish and anti-Muslim. Where does she think invading and attacking and bombing Muslims countries indiscriminately comes from?
The New Zealand terrorist massacre was not the result of someone who had briefly lost his mind, he took time to write and explain why he was doing what he was doing. Notably he commented quite a bit about the idea of Europeans being replaced by darker immigrants. He cited inspiration from Donald Trump and even the self hating, historical revisionist and so-called Black conservative Candace Owens, proving that words do count. Ironically for a few dollars, Owens is providing justification to racists and bigots, who if she succeeds in inspiring them, will put a rope around her neck as well.
“We only look at fires, but we smell the burning smoke for miles and miles away and we ignore it,” Abbas Barzegar, of the Council on American Islamic Relations (CAIR), said after the attack.
We ignore the smoke at our own peril. Those in power want to build a society in which we are purposely set upon one another, so they can continue to exploit and rob us until there is nothing left. Ultimately we regular folks will have to make a choice, we will have to move beyond words we will have to decide if we want to live together as fellow human beings or continue on the path that will lead to our mutual destruction.
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Tag: Civil Rights Act of 1964
Divorce is a $50B Business
Child Trafficking American Style
Shocking Facts On Child Support Costs
LET’S MAKE CHILD SUPPORT REFORM HAPPEN
Watch the latest YouTube Video from Divorce Corp on Child Support Costs, then read the letter below from Vicky Turetsky of the OCSE, and share both with your state elected officials.
This DCL is available on the OCSE website:
Continue reading Divorce is a $50B Business
Posted on 21/07/2016 11/08/2016 Author afla2016Categories Class Actions, Contact Denial is Child Abuse, Family Courts, Family Law Reform 2016Tags Abuse, Adversarial system, Advocacy group, Affidavit, Affirmative action, After the Madness:: A Judge's Own Prison Memoir, Alimony, American Civil Liberties Union, American Jobs, Associated Press, Attachment theory, Attorney at law, Attorney general, attorneys, Barack Obama, Best interests, Boutique law firm, Center for Public Integrity, Chief judge, Chief Judge Bertila Soto, Chief Justice John Marshall, Child abuse, Child Custodial Rights, Child custody, Child protection, Child Protective Services, Child support, Child Support Agency, Child Support Reform, Children, Children’s Rights, Christmas, Civil law (common law), Civil Procedure Rules, Civil Rights, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Class action, Computer program, Contact (law), Contempt of court, Coparenting, Corruption, Court order, Court Ordered Parental Alienation, Court reporter, Custody, Custody Evaluators, David Carlin, DCF, Declaratory judgment, divorce, Domestic violence, Due process, Education, Facebook, Family, FAMILY COURT, FAMILY COURT JUDGES, Family law, Family Law Reform, Family therapy, Father, Fathers 4 Justice, Fathers' rights movement, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Federal government of the United States, Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Florida, Florida Circuit Courts, Florida Department of Law Enforcement, florida lawyers, Florida Legislature, Florida Senate, Fort Lauderdale, Forum (Roman), Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, fundamental rights, Human Rights, Joint custody, Joint custody (United States), Judge Bernstein, Judge Maria Espinoza Dennis, Judge Valerie Manno-Schurr, judicial accountability, judicial checks and balances, Judicial Misconduct, Judicial Reform, judicial system, Judiciary, Jury, Law, Lawsuit, Lawyer, Legal abuse, Legislature, Liar Joel Greenberg Broward Lawyer, Liar Joel Greenberg-Broward Attorney, Linda Gottlieb, Litigant in person, marriage, Miami, Miami-Dade County, Miami-Dade County FL, Mother, National Fatherhood Initiative, Nixa Maria Rose, Noncustodial parent, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Palm Beach County, parent, Parental Alienation, Parental alienation syndrome, Parental Rights, parenting, Parenting plan, Parenting time, Parents' rights movement, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Rick Scott, Second-class citizen, Shared Parenting, Single parent, State court (United States), Supreme Court of Florida, Supreme Court of the United States, The Florida Bar, Tort Reform, Trafficking of children, United States, United States Constitution, United States Department of Justice, VoteFamily.US, YouTube8 Comments on Divorce is a $50B Business
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The people behind Malört, the liquor Chicago loves to hate
Posted 1:15 pm, April 11, 2019, by Tribune Media Wire Service
CHICAGO -- Malört: it's a Chicago thing people love (to hate). Sold as "medicinal" liquor during prohibition, today the bitter booze is a right of passage. Meet the people bringing the legendary spirit back to its hometown, telling the story in their own words.
Tremaine Atkinson, CEO and Head Distiller, CH Distillery
I don't exactly remember my first shot of Malört, but it was about 20 years ago when I moved here. I have an old friend who is from here and he was like, 'oh you gotta have this, this is a Chicago thing, you'll love it.'
"It's a little bit like Chicago, that it's a little bit sweet, but it's mostly like a big fist."
What I do remember is that reaction, which is: "why?" It's a little bit like Chicago, that it's a little bit sweet, but it's mostly like a big fist.
The story goes that during Prohibition, if Carl Jeppson got in trouble with the Feds, he would pour them a shot and then they would say, "of course, no one would ever drink that for pleasure."
Sam Mechling
Sam Mechling, Cultural Ambassador and "Keeper of the Flame," Jeppson's Malört
Carl Jeppson was living in Chicago pre-Prohibition. He found out about a loophole in the Volstead Act, which is what enforced Prohibition, that you could sell medicinal alcohol. When Prohibition hit he was selling it borderline illegally door-to-door to the Swedish community.
He actually sold the company because in his mind he thought, "what's the point of selling medicinal alcohol when regular booze is legal?" No one's gonna want this, but he came to be pretty surprised with the fact that people had woven it into their culture so much that they still wanted it. It was very Chicago.
It became a tradition, especially within families. There's a gentlemen named Tony Izardo who would drink a shot of it at 4 p.m. every single day, because his dad used to do it every single day.
"For me, if I was a sommelier for example, I would say that it tastes like a baby aspirin, wrapped in grapefruit peel, bound with rubber bands and soaked in well gin. It kinda tastes like a Werther's Original that's already been inside an old man's mouth."
There are a lot of different ways to enjoy Malört. It's kind of like why people watch a show like "Twin Peaks," some people like it because on the surface it's a good show, some people are absolutely terrified of it because it's so weird. I think it's very interpretive.
For me, if I was a sommelier for example, I would say that it tastes like a baby aspirin, wrapped in grapefruit peel, bound with rubber bands and soaked in well gin. It kinda tastes like a Werther's Original that's already been inside an old man's mouth.
Tremaine Atkinson
I started CH in 2013 and we bought the Jeppson's Malört Company in 2018. We're only the fourth owners in 80 or 90 years.
Carl Jeppson sold Malört to George Brode, who started really making it into a company. George was a lawyer among other things, but George had a legal secretary named Pat (Gabelick), and Pat took care of him when he was older. And then when he passed away, he left the company to her.
When we started the distillery, I found out that it was made in Florida, and I thought "oh that's not right, 'cause this is a Chicago thing."
I just kept bugging Pat to say, "Hey, we'll make it in Chicago for you." I didn't even care about making any money on it, I just wanted to bring it back here. But she kept saying no. So about a year ago, I gave up on it. Then Sam (Mechling) called me, and said, "she wants to sell the company." And I said, "oh, ok." And he said, "no, she wants to sell the company to you." And I said, "Oh!" As soon as the possibility came up I was like, "yeah, it's got to be part of our family."
Nick White, CH Distillery
I am from Chicago, born and bred. I've maybe been out of the city two months total of my life.
I mean, Malört is such a treasured product. A friend of mine had to search hard and wide in Baltimore to see if he can get a bottle, and it was really hard because it was such small distribution.
"I finally had a taste and I saw for myself what it really was, and I was like, 'oh...' You're not gonna see me drink half a bottle in one night that's for sure."
I finally had a taste and I saw for myself what it really was, and I was like, 'oh...' You're not gonna see me drink half a bottle in one night that's for sure.
So the actual recipe for Jeppson's Malört is top secret, so we don't tell anybody what exactly is in it except we all know that there's, it's got wyrmwood in it. And it has alcohol in it. So, but that's about all we can really say.
The recipe is old, it was written down a long time ago and it probably just evolved over time and no one bothered to write down the changes
It took us a couple of months, we made countless test batches. And the protocol when you're tasting Malört, you do a shot. So you can imagine how many shots we did around here in testing the recipe. It was a true labor of love.
I feel like it's really kind of important to carry on the traditions of the brand, and the ethos of the brand. Because it's not a slick marketing campaign, corporate kind of spirit.
#MalortFace on the WGN Morning News, 2012
If you go back to the 60s and 70s, it was actually, it was actually doing really really well back then. And then it did kind of drop off. And so right around 2007, 2008 it was kind of a groundswell of people on the Internet, and it was a collection of Malört faces with the hashtag #MalortFace, and they were all so funny cuz it was Packers fans at tailgates, it was aunts and uncles. You know, so it was, the reactions were so classic.
Bartenders like Malört . We serve so many fruity shots and weak shots to our customers that we crave something stronger than that. It was Jägermeister back in the 90s, and then it was a big Jameson town, and kind of the next step up was your fernets and your Malört, and it kind of became like a badge of pride. It's our way of showing we're wise guys.
It's kinda like a litmus test for being a Chicagoan, because it does prepare you for the sweet and the bitter and all that.
People who love Malört, they genuinely love it, they haven't been told to love it. They've come to love it themselves.
I mean people get, you know, tattoos of the Malört logo on their bodies. I mean we laugh about it, and it's important to us.
Whether you just want to be very happy and warm about missing Chicago, grab a bottle of Malört that you love. Or you miss cleaning your car in the snow and the grime, and you just want something to be angry about, you grab a bottle of Malört you hate.
Filed in: Business
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Energy, Environment, and Everyday Life
Université de l'Illinois à Urbana-Champaign
For a sample of what this course will include, see the video "Energy, Environment, and Everyday Life MOOC with University of Illinois Professor David Ruzic" - http://go.citl.illinois.edu/Energy-MOOC This course teaches you everything you need to know about energy, the environment, and at least a number of things in everyday life. It starts by talking about energy itself and where it comes from. This includes how much we have, who has it, who uses it, and what that all means. The video clips are produced in a fast-paced multimedia format during which Professor Ruzic throws in fun and demonstrations. There are multiple-choice questions to check your understanding and some more in-depth exercises to guide you deeper into the subject. After explaining the main things we use energy for – our cars and electronics! – fossil fuels are examined in detail. Want to really learn about fracking or pipelines? Watch these segments. The environmental effects of fossil fuels are taught as well. Global warming, acid rain, and geoengineering all are in this part of the course. Part of their solution is too. Renewables follow, with clips on solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, biofuels, etc. You’ll even see Professor Ruzic in a corn field and in the middle of a stream showing how you could dam it up. Finally, nuclear power is taught in detail – how it really works and what happens when it doesn’t work, as in Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima, as well as how we are making it today, which is shown here without political preconceptions. In this course, economics takes center stage. People will ultimately do whatever costs the least, so energy policy is most effective when it is targeted at the user’s wallet. Throughout the course there are 24 segments on “How Things Work." These guides to everyday life are tremendously varied, covering everything from fireworks to making beer to what happens backstage at a theater. The course is designed to be enjoyable as well as informative. We hope you will take a look!
Week 3: Why Coal Is Dirty
Fossil fuels still dominate the energy landscape, and this week we go into them deeply, starting with coal. What is it? Where does it come from? Who has it? Who uses it? What problems does it cause? We will explore global warming and, more importantly, what can be done about it. You get to control the world in a climate model and see how bad (or how good) the future can be. “How Things Work” takes you into a coal power plant, a trash transfer station, and a waste treatment plant, so grab your shovels and hard hat, and let’s dig in!
Acid Rain14:52
Trading Smoke Works10:35
Cleaning Coal (I.e., Dropping Acid)7:09
How Things Work: What Happens to Our Garbage21:11
David N. Ruzic
Abel Bliss Professor
[SOUND] [NOISE] All right. So let's start talking about acid rain. This was a really big topic through the 70s. People were noticing that forests were starting to decompose. That rivers, or particularly lakes, were starting to have fish die off. Incidences of asthma-like symptoms, or even if you look statistically, higher causes of mortality from lung problems, would occur in regions that were very rich with coal power plants. And maps, that would map out what is the pH of the rain? Were developed and done throughout the world, particularly in the United States. Before you actually try to understand the topic of course, we need to understand what an acid is. So when we're talking about acids, we need to have some numbers. And the scale we use is called pH. It's actually the concentration of hydronium ion. It's a log concentration. So 7.0 is neutral. Anything lower, like 6.0, is ten times more acidic. 5.0 would be a hundred times more acidic. And this keeps going, these numbers could keep going down. These are all acids. Higher numbers are bases. These are things that each larger digit is again, a factor of ten or a factor of 100 or a factor of 1000. These are bases. So this is the scale. So perfect distilled neutral water, 7.0. Now you might think okay, so I guess clean pure rain is 7.0. But it isn't. Take a look at this graph. This is a graph of a chart, that shows the pH level of the rain across the country in 1980. If you look out on the California coast, where the only thing the prevailing winds which go west to east are going to bring us is, clean air that's been over the Pacific Ocean. And you look at those pH levels and they're 5.6. And you wonder why is this? Why is pure, clean, pure rainwater have a pH of 5.6? Why is it somewhat acidic? Well, you should not despair. 5.6 is normal. That is the pH of the rain. More or less very close to that number, has been the pH of the rain. That is what we actually would consider wonderful water to drink, to use, to consume. That's rain water. The reason it's slightly acidic is that, when the water drips through the air, it hits some carbon dioxide molecules. We're not talking about global warming and the CO2 going up, this has always had some level of CO2 in our atmosphere. And when the rain goes through it, it picks up a little of this and turns to a carbonic acid. A rain level of 5.6 is normal. That's what life has evolved having. If you go lower than that. If you go to those regions on the map that have four, 4.2, these are below the levels where things go well. The effect of having this type of acidity can be very bad. If this happens to be in certain types of vegetation, it will kill the vegetation. If you breathe this in. Right. If somehow this type of acid level water vapor gets into your lung tissue, it can damage it over time. Or certainly give you more distress If it falls into the lakes and the whole acidity level of the lake goes down, it'd kill the vegetation and marine life in that lake. Buildings can fall into disrepair. Marble in particular, is an extremely soft type of mineral. A demonstration with a piece of chalk and vinegar, not all that strong of an acid, demonstrates what happens quickly to a marble building in just acid rain, over many decades. Features of ancient sculptures have actually disappeared. As the acid rain from the air has slowly over time, ruined these works of antiquity. So acid rain is something that was recognized as being a culprit. Recognized as being something that we should prevent. Well the first question was, how is it caused? Let's look for a moment at this graph of the sulfur dioxide being made in power plants or factories, across the United States in 1980. Notice any similarity to the Ph map? In fact maybe just shifted a little up wind. Those darkest colored states, were ones where the most sulfur-rich coal was being burned. And just like coal is designed to have carbon turn into carbon dioxide, sulfur will turn into sulfur dioxide by being burned. Now sulfur dioxide itself is relatively stable. But if I take some ash, some dust. Coal power plants are really good at producing a lot of fine dust. Plus SO2 and plus a little more oxygen from the air. I can get sulfites, SO3. And these are on the dust surface. This SO3 containing dust is called dry acid precipitate. So this SO3 that's on the dust surface. What happens to it? Well let's say you're standing around and there's a slight amount of this in the dust, because you're somewhere down wind of a coal power plant. And you breathe. [SOUND] Some of that dry acid precipitate has now gone into your lungs. What does it encounter there? [LAUGH] SO3 + water, the surface of your lung tissue goes to H2SO4, this is sulfuric acid. You have just created sulfuric acid on your lung tissue. A little bit of an accelerated demo that shows, what happens if you take some type of nice hydrocarbon type material, paper which is sort of like what your body is made out of, some carbon, hydrogen, oxygen compound, and we take some concentrated sulfuric acid. And by the way, nitrous oxide is produced in power plants as well. You might say whoa, you mean there's some nitrogen in the coal? Well yes, there is some nitrogen in the coal. But that's not our main culprit. When we burn coal, the air is 80% nitrogen. Some of that will actually burn, well combine chemically into nitrous oxide compounds. They're called NO with an X. You might say what is X? Well X is a number. X could equal one half, one, two or three. In other words, I could make N2O that's the one half, NO, NO2, or NO3. Those nitrous oxide compounds also will do this same type of reaction. And instead of turning into sulfuric acid, it turns into nitric acid. Now I have water vapor, that will have sulfuric acid in it and a nitric acid in it. Or dry acid precipitate that has nitrates and sulfites on the material, that will turn into those acids when it reaches my lung tissue. This demonstration illustrates what happens, when I take some nitric and sulfuric acid and drip it onto simulated long tissue, or simulated plant matter. Actually there's nothing simulated about it, paper is plant matter. And we'll watch here a little bit over time, what acid can do to these type of substances. So lets get back to your lungs. 30% of the sulfur dioxide that goes up the smoke stack, comes back to the earth in this dry acid precipitate, which will turn into acid as soon as it hits water. 70% is washed out of the atmosphere by the rain. Which meant it hit water up there and came down as slightly acidic rain, acid rain. You and I, sitting here today, can overlay the acid pH level map with the, here is where the sulfur dioxide is produced map, and say clear one to one correspondence. Because after all, this is the reaction that's going on. Even in the face of scientific fact, often a community is skeptical. Hey, I'm not really convinced that this acid rain thing is true because, look that lake over there that's down-wind the my coal power plant. The fish in it are fine, the fishing tournaments go on, no one's ever been better, nobody's complaining. Why do think, you're saying I am making acid rain here in my factory? Well, you're absolutely right. Some lakes were not affected, because they were made of limestone! All right? Limestone is a natural buffer. We've talked about pollution controls, and when you want to actually get the sulfur dioxide out of a system, you can buffer it. You can combine it with calcium carbonate, limestone. So if you have a lot of limestone in your lake, the pH level is going to stay just fine, at the level that that lake evolved with. If your lake is not so lucky, you get a dead lake. There was more evidence too. And I like this because of course, I'm a nuclear scientist. And along came a diagnostic that was able to distinguish very small traces, nuclear reaction analysis. And you could determine parts per billion levels of material. Certainly parts per million, levels of rare earth elements. Things that are called on the periodic table rare earths, in part because they're really rare in the Earth. It turns out that many power plants, coal power plants, had long-term contracts with a given coal mine. They would always get their coal from that nearby coal mine. And that makes a lot of sense. Transportation cost is high. Why should I buy my coal from someone really far away, probably the cheapest solution is to buy it from the nearby mine. And this means over a long time span, that coal power plant is burning that type of coal. With nuclear reaction analysis, you can go to the coal and analyze it for these rare earths. Two part per billion of europium, five parts per billion of some other rare earth elements, 70 parts per billion of this rare earth. It's a chemical footprint, a signature of that particular coal that's unique to that particular coal. Then you can go to the dead lake, a hundred miles upwind of the power plant. And you can pull up the muck at the bottom of the lake, that's been settling there and accumulating over being downwind of this power plant, for the last 50 years while it's been burning that coal. And you can look at the same rare earths and see them in the same magnitude, the same signature. That coal, the unburned parts of that coal, were ending up in that Lake. Evidence like that, the overwhelming evidence of just looking at the maps, the understanding of the chemistry, led the country to say yes burning sulfur, turning sulfur into sulfur dioxide, turning nitrogen into nitrous oxides, produces acid rain. We better do something about it. And the Clean Air Act was passed. And it set a limit coming up by a certain date, of 2.4 pounds of sulfur dioxide produced for every million British thermal units of energy produced. A lot of British i.e. American, units there. But it's a limit of the amount of sulfur dioxide per amount of energy, heat made. [MUSIC]
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Global Non-Compliance website > Dangerous Cybercrime Treaty Pushes Surveillance and Secrecy Worldwide
Dangerous Cybercrime Treaty Pushes Surveillance and Secrecy Worldwide
Source: EFF
s part of an emerging international trend to try to ‘civilize the Internet’, one of the world’s worst Internet law treaties--the highly controversial Council of Europe (CoE) Convention on Cybercrime--is back on the agenda. Canada and Australia are using the Treaty to introduce new invasive, online surveillance laws, many of which go far beyond the Convention’s intended levels of intrusiveness. Negotiated over a decade ago, only 31 of its 47 signatories have ratified it. Many considered the Treaty to be dormant but in recent years a number of countries have been modeling national laws based on the flawed Treaty. Moreover, Azerbaijan, Montenegro, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom are amongst those who have ratified within the last year. However, among non-European countries, only the U.S. has ratified the Treaty to date, making Canada and Australia’s efforts unique. The Treaty has not been harmless, and both Australia and Canada are fast-tracking legislation (Australia's lower house approved a cybercrime bill last night) that will enable them to ratify the Treaty, at great cost to the civil liberties of their citizens.
Leaving out constitutional safeguards
Australia’s invasive bill highlights one of the fundamental flaws of the Convention on Cybercrime: the Treaty’s failure to specify proper level of privacy protection necessary to limit the over-broad surveillance powers it grants law enforcement agencies. This creates problems in countries like Australia since, as the Australia Privacy Foundation points out, Australia lacks the legal constitutional safeguards afforded to many other democratic countries:
The CoE Convention has to be read within the context that applies in CoE countries – where there are substantial and actionable constitutional protections for human rights. The absence of any such countervailing protection for human rights in Australia makes it completely untenable for the Convention to be implemented in Australia without very substantial additional provisions that achieve a comparable balance.
Bills proposed in Canada (read here and here) are also affected by the Convention’s flaws as they adopt the lowest possible standard of protection against many of the invasive powers they grant. The bills provide law enforcement access to sensitive data on the mere suspicion it might be useful to an investigation. Indeed, at times they leave out the safeguards altogether, as noted in a letter from Canadian privacy scholars and civil society organizations:
[the legislation] will give state agents the power to access ...highly sensitive personal information, even where there is no reason to suspect it will assist in the investigation of any offense...What [this] facilitates, simply put, are unjustified and seemingly limitless fishing expeditions for private information of innocent and non‐suspicious Canadians.
Gag orders in place of oversight: Cultivating a culture of secrecy
The Convention’s most systemic flaw is that it seeks to impose invasive surveillance powers without legal protections. Aside from failing to specify adequate safeguards, it also leaves out the types of oversight mechanisms necessary to ensure its broad powers are not abused. Worse, the Convention takes active steps to reduce oversight and transparency by calling for limitations on when individuals can and cannot be notified that they are being surveilled upon.
The Australian bill even criminalizes any attempt to disclose the fact that the powers it grants to law enforcement have been used to spy on an individual. These gag orders will prevent anyone from disclosing the existence and content of interception warrants, all but ensuring innocent individuals will never know their civil liberties have been violated:
...it should be possible for individuals to find out that their communications have been subject to a preservation order or disclosed to law enforcement agencies once there is no longer any prejudice to an ongoing investigation.
Nigel Waters, Australia Privacy Foundation, Parliamentarian hearing on the Cybercrime Bill.
Proposed Canadian legislation also paves the way to blanket and perpetual gag orders that will apply by default to the most invasive of the seizure powers it authorizes. These gag orders can insulate abuses of power --when innocent people are surveilled for no good reason--and they will never find out nor will be able to challenge the abuse of their rights, even in situations where there is no longer any risk to an ongoing investigation.
The far-reaching powers this legislation puts in place, if adopted at all, should be accompanied by equally far-reaching oversight regimes, not gag orders. Instead of preventing abuses from ever seeing the light of day, individuals should be notified when they have been surveilled, and the extent, nature and frequency of such surveillance must be subject to rigorous external oversight.
Tamir Israel, staff attorney, Samuelson-Glushko Canadian Internet Policy & Public Interest Clinic.
Blanket gag orders are strongly disfavored under U.S. law, and at least one U.S. court of appeals has found a similar gag order provision partially unconstitutional. A provision of the PATRIOT Act permitted the government to obtain electronic communication transaction records from an Internet Service Providers without a court order. The law imposed a gag order on “National Security Letter” recipients, with extremely limited judicial review that required courts to accept the FBI’s assertions as true and placed the burden on the ISP to challenge the gag order after it had been issued. As EFF argued, such gag orders stifle free expression, and without any judicial oversight, the government was free to do what it wanted. The court agreed that the gag order provision was unconstitutional as written, but it construed the gag rules narrowly so as to pass First Amendment muster. The court found that the U.S. Justice Department could adopt additional procedures to cure the remaining defects—a result that EFF disagrees with because it is Congress’s job to write laws.
Forcing service providers to record your online activity
Countries are also using the Convention to put in place powers aimed at forcing service providers to store customer information for extended periods of time. While the Convention itself foresees targeted preservation orders in scenarios where there is a reason to believe the information would otherwise be vulnerable to loss or modification, Australian and Canadian bills ignore this important limitation. Also, while the Convention envisions a distinction between orders forcing service providers to preserve data they have already collected and orders aimed at forcing service providers to intercept and record data in real time, the misuse of proactive or ‘ongoing’ preservation orders aims to undermine this distinction.
In the U.S. and in Canada, for example, there have been cases where preservation powers have been misused to proactively compel service providers to retain data such as email or text messages that are not yet in their possession or control. Proactive preservation force service providers to record data they would never have otherwise retained, effectively bypassing legal protections in place for real-time electronic interceptions. As the U.S. DOJ notes in its manual on seizing electronic communications:
...should not be used prospectively to order providers to preserve records not yet created. If agents want providers to record information about future electronic communications, they should comply with the electronic surveillance statutes discussed in Chapter 4.
Instead of attempting to avoid such problems, the Australian bill embraces this confusion, and expressly grants law enforcement the right to order ‘ongoing preservation’. This, combined with the complete lack of any obligation to ensure preservation orders are narrowly targeted to capture relevant data at risk of deletion, opens the door to blanket retention orders aimed at real-time interception of communications services on a mass scale:
The Australian law, for example, is phrased in such broad terms that it could be applied indiscriminately, without any assurance that it will only be used to preserve data that is at risk of being destroyed:
The Bill could require an Internet Service Provider to preserve all stored communications (e.g. traffic and content data) for a telecommunications service (e.g. email, text messaging, mobile phone) for a specified period of time. Unless our concerns about the meaning of a ‘service’ are addressed, then under an ongoing domestic preservation notice, a Commonwealth agency could arguably request that a major carrier such as Telstra or Optus, preserve all emails used on its service for a 30 day period.
Australia Privacy Foundation Submission to the Parliament.
The proposed Canadian legislation also fails to ensure preservation demands will be used in a targeted manner and is likely to lead to voluntary retention of personal information that would not otherwise have been kept by telecommunications service providers.
Convention premised on outdated concepts of online data
The flaws inherent in the Convention itself are exacerbated by the fact that it was drafted over ten years ago and much has changed since then. The Convention was premised on the notion that ‘traffic data’ (data generated by computers as a by-product of online interactions) is ‘less sensitive’, and so should be more readily accessible to law enforcement. That was then, and this is now: Today’s ‘traffic data’ can include such sensitive information as your otherwise anonymous online identity or your social network of contacts. Mobile companies and our Internet services providers are now recording our whereabouts at every moment, and we are leaving far more detailed footprints that reveal sensitive information of our daily lives. Sensitive data of this nature warrants stronger protection, not an all-access pass.
Other things have changed in the online environment as well. The ongoing move towards cloud computing means that more and more of our information will be stored online. Nowadays, countless millions are trusting web-based email services such as Google Gmail to store years worth of private correspondence, and cloud services such as Dropbox or Google Docs store your most private documents. The Treaty could not envision this reality when it was drafted in 2001.
Ratifying the Cybercrime treaty would introduce not just one bad Internet law into each country's lawbook but invite the enforcement of all the world's worst Internet laws. Australia and Canada should hold this invasive treaty at bay.Governments must now think carefully about what the Treaty’s increased law enforcement powers will mean for citizen rights in this new digital context.
Dangerous Cybercrime Treaty Pushes Surveillance and Secrecy Worldwide | Dangerous | Cybercrime Treaty | Pushes | Surveillance | Secrecy | Worldwide
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Where to find Hong Kong's history > Old Hong Kong buildings > Annual reports, Public Works Department >
Submitted by David on Thu, 2012-02-16 21:58
A copy of the original document is available online at HKGRO. (You may need to click the link twice to see the document.)
4. The following particulars of Land Sales and Survey Work are taken from figures furnished by Mr King, at present in charge of this branch:-
Inland Lot 1625, to the South of Morrison Hill Road, was granted to the Natives of Northern India for a "Dharma Sala"; and Inland Lot 1613 Kennedy Town was granted to the Trustees of the Tung Wah Hospital for extensions, both under 75-year leases. There were also two free grants at Kowloon, one of 30,000 square feet to the Church Missionary Society for the erection of a Home for Chinese Girls at Kau Pui Shek; and the other of 15,000 square feet to the Hildesheim Mission for Blind Girls at To-kwa-wan.
28. Governor s Peak Residence. —The plans for this building, which promises to be the largest and handsomest building at the Peak, were prepared by Messrs. Palmer & Turner. The site and approach roads had been formed under special votes at a cost of $5,575.46. A contract for the building was let to Mr. Sang Lee for $97,715.69 and fair progress was made with the work during the year. The kitchens and servants’ quarters were nearing completion when the typhoon of 10th November occurred, and, as the masonry of the walls was unset and the roof only partly framed, considerable damage was done. The stone foundations of the main building were well advanced before the close of the year, and the woodwork of the doors and windows was in course of preparation.
29. Pokfulam Conduit Road.—This new road was carried as far as inland Lot 1,549 during the year at a cost of $9,684.73. The amount of premium from sale of sites for houses on the road has already reached $48,050, with an annual income from Crown Rent of $1,991 besides the rates and taxes. Similar results have followed the opening of all new roads in the Colony. Plans and Estimates are ready for the completion as far as a junction with Robinson Road.
30. Harlech Road.—The road from the upper Tram Station to High West, which has been thus named, was commenced (owing to an arrangement kindly suggested and carried out by His Excellency Major-General Gascoigne) by working parties of the Royal Welch Fusiliers. The earth cutting and removal of boulders was completed for three-quarters-of-a-mile by the soldiers, at a total cost of $990.61. Owing to the extravagant demands by Chinese contractors, the rock blasting and masonry works have not been commenced. It is now decided that this road should be taken over and completed by the Military Authorities, to give access to sites for batteries on High West and sites for buildings beyond and to the North of the saddle.
31. Gaol Extension.—A new wing containing 78 separate cells was completed during the year, but could not be used owing to the non-arrival from England of the special Gaol locks ordered. They have since been received. The upper yard was surfaced with concrete and covered in. The total expenditure under this heading in the year was $16,959.06.
32. Quarters for Gaol Staff.—These quarters should have been completed in the year and available for use from the 1st January, but owing to the dilatoriness of the contractor were unfinished, The brickwork is completed and the roofs are being fixed. The total expenditure in the year was $20,855.93.
‹ 1899 Public Works Report up 1901 Public Works Report ›
4. Land Sales and Survey Work
Permalink Submitted by Herostratus on Thu, 2017-09-14 20:28.
The owners of 53 lots on Praya Reclamation amounting to 290,289 square feet were permitted to enter into occupation,The annual rental on the lots being $5,346.
The principal item under extensions during the year was Quarry Bay Marine Lot 2; the area so granted amounting to 323,800 square feet, Crown Rent $1,487 and the premium $32,380.
The Conversion of Farm and Garden Lots in Hong Kong were as follows: - Portion of Farm Lot No 64 owned by Mr HO Tung was converted into Inland Lot 1611 with an area of 11,314 square feet, Crown Rent $31.00 per annum and a premium of $905.12. Garden Lot 1, was converted into Inland Lot No 932 with an area of 17,050 square feet, Crown Rent $79.00 and a premium of $511.50
Survey Branch
The demand for land, as evidenced by the large sales effected, necessitated an unusual amount of work in the survey branch
Special surveys were also made, one in connection with the extension of water Storage in the Tytam Valley, a re-survey of Wong Nei Chong reservoir in order to ascertain the exact storage capacity, and a survey of the Military Reserve North of Austin Road Kowloon. In all it is estimated that nearly 1,000 acres were surveyed.
5. Plans
5. Plans were deposited for 148 European and 752 Chinese houses, and for 1,332 Miscellaneous structures. Certificates were granted under section 52 of Ordinance 15 of 1889 for 368 houses, and permission was given for the erection of 227 Verandahs.
7. Private buildings
7. Private buildings have been going up very rapidly both in HongKong und in British Kowloon, there was probably never such activity in the building trade before, and this, in spite of greatly enhanced prices of all materials and of wages. Many new and handsome houses designed for European occupation have been completed on MacDonnell Road and elsewhere, but the wealthier Chinese now purchase and occupy such houses and are willing to pay enormous prices for them, the scarcity of houses for Europeans increases and rents still go up.
8. Land Sales
8. Large blocks of land have been sold with the express condition that only European houses should he erected thereon, and a very good number of such buildings were completed and came into use in 1900, while others in the Happy Valley are nearing completion. But there is no law by which such buildings can be reserved for European occupation, so the relief in rents is not felt.
9. Maintenance of Praya Walls and Piers
9. Maintenance of Buildings
Maintenance of Praya Walls and Piers
9.19. General repairs and tarring were executed to the timber pier at Stonecutters’ Island and to the Police pier at Tsim Sha Tsui. Under authority of C.S.O. 816/1899 the Ice House Street Wharf was rented to the “Star” Ferry Co. on the completion of the Blake Pier. The timber pier at Sham Shui Po was washed away by the heavy gale which occurred during the Autumn ; it was in a decayed state. No works requiring special mention were executed to the Praya Wall.
9. Maintenance of Roads and Bridges in and out of Victoria
Maintenance of Roads and Bridges in Victoria
9.21. In accordance with the scheme set forth in C.O. Tel. of 6th August, 1897, the work of widening Queen’s Road was undertaken by the Naval Authorities, the surfacing. kerbing and channelling, &e. being carried out by this Department at their expense. The portion from the City Hall to Murray Road has been completed with the exception of the strip to be taken off the Cricket Ground opposite Garden Road, which may convenient to be left over until the widening of Murray Road is taken in hand. The widening of Queen’s Road East in the neighbourhood of Wellington Barracks was about completed at the close of the year.
Maintenance of Roads and Bridges out of Victoria
9.22. With the exception of Pokfulam Road nearly all these roads are surfaced with decomposed granite or such material as can be found within a reasonable distance, consequently they suffer much in the rainy season. During the period under review the Road leading from Wanchai Gap to Aberdeen was coated with small broken granite obtained along the roadsides, although the material is soft, yet it makes a sufficiently good surface for Bridle Roads. The old wooden Bridge near the top of this road, having fallen into decay, was replaced by a brick arch at :1 considerably higher level, thereby much improving the gradient of the road which was very steep at this place
9. Maintenance of Roads and Bridges in Kowloon
Maintenance of Roads and Bridges in Kowloon
9.23. lt can hardly be said that the main Roads in Kowloon have been maintained in a satisfactory condition during the year, for they have been very much cut up by the Siege Train connected with the China Expeditionary Force. The roads were not constructed to stand such heavy traffic and consequently a considerable expenditure, not met by the ordinary maintenance vote, will he necessary before the principal thoroughfares in Kowloon can he thoroughly repaired and I believe the time has arrived to lay down Macadam here, as the Peninsula. has grown to such an extent that the requirements of the ordinary traffic must be provided for.
9. Private Streets Improvements
Private Streets Improvements
9.34. During the year the important work of improving private streets by concreting, channelling, draining and providing them with lighting apparatus at the owners’ expense under the authority of sections 9 and 10 of Ordinance 34 of 1899 was begun. Eleven private streets running from Queen's Road Central to Des Voeux Road and immediately West of the Central Market, were taken in hand. Most of those streets were paved with large stone slabs which were very uneven and loose, and laid with wide joints through which Water found its way and lodged underneath causing a most insanitary state of things. The drainage was inadequate, and the streets were either very badly lighted or not lighted at all. New surfaces were formed by laying on the top of the stone paving from 4 to 6 inches of lime and cement concrete. The Drainage was properly provided for and sufficient gas lamps erected, the total expenditure being $7,491.82 chargeable against the owners of the land abuttmg on the streets.
Miscellaneous Works
The following were the principal items carried out under the vote for Miscellaneous Works:
10. The Extension to the general post office was taken in hand and completed in November
11. The approaches to Belilios Reformatory were improved and the slopes turfed at a cost of $800.(CSO 726/1898)
12. A public latrine of 40 seats Was built in the Taipingshan district at a cost of $2,644.41.
13. A new service reservoir above Glenealy was built at the expenditure of $3,995.
14. The landing pier at Kowloon City, referred to in last year’s Annual report, the timber work of which had become rotten and dangerous, was renewed at a cost of $2,316 additional to the sum spent in 1899
THE WATER SUPPLY OF THE COLONY.
17. The necessity for further storage in Hongkong again became apparent by the necessity which arose on the 1st May of putting the City on an intermittent supply, which, however, owing to the timely commencement of the rains, only had to be continued for 13 days. Wongneicheong reservoir, holding 33,000,000 gallons was completed in 1899 and the full benefit of it was obtained for the last dry season. The rainfall of 1899 had only reached 72.71 inches, or 16.29 inches below the average, and 1900 was again short, only reaching 73.71 inches. It has been decided to proceed with the construction of three more reservoirs in the Tytam Valley, and one will be commenced in 1901. The transfer of Mr. CROOK to Gibraltar and the delay in filling up the vacancy caused some delay in starting these works. These reservoirs arc estimated to contain 70,000,000, 40,000,000 and 20,000,000 gallons respectively and no doubt in a wet year all will fill and thus 530,000,000 gallons will he held up in Tytam Valley alone. Two of them till at the expense of Tutam, that is they are in the same watershed and above it. lt is also intended to raise Pokfulam two feet which will add 4,000,000 gallons to the supply.
18. The extension of buildings on the higher levels of the city rendered it necessary to construct a new service reservoir, to replace that to the south of Belilios Terrace. This new reservoir was completed at the end of the year, at a cost of $5,440.03 and now supplies all the new houses on the Pokfulam Conduit Road, besides affording greater pressure for Belilios Terrace and the Robinson Road houses. It is filled by the Arbuthnot Road motor and at new main of larger dimensions has been laid connecting them. Another new service reservoir, to be filled front the Bowen Road filter beds and reservoir, is required above the site of the Military Hospital and was commenced before the end of the year. A hydraulic motor is being fixed at Bowen lload.to pump up water to this reservoir, as well as to a third new reservoir to be built on the summit of Mount Gough.
19. Owing to the large and permanent increase in the population at the Peak, the supply in the summer months, was maintained with much diificulty, and not without more than one break down. The engine house at Bonham Road was enlarged during the year, and a new and much larger boiler fitted up. Steps have been taken and the necessary materials obtained from England to duplicate the rising main from Bonham Road to Victoria Peak, but the Peak; supply will be in a somewhat precarious and unsatisfactory state, until the Mount Gough reservoir is completed, and filled from Bowen Road motor. Particulars as to increased consumption of water, &c., will be found in Mr. HOLLINGSWORTH’S report and in the appendices.
21. lt is however now certain that in a few years Kowloon will have a plentiful supply of good water without any pumping from a reservoir to the North of the hills bounding the harbour,5&¼ miles from Tsim Sha Tsui below the new road leading to Taipo. Here an excellent site has heen found for a large reservoir, intercepting several perennial streams, and having a drainage area of 517 acres. A masonry dam is being designed which will eventually be 10o Feet high, or equal to the main dam at Tytam. It will impound 310,000,000 gallons of water with a top level of 455 feet above ordnance datum, thus allowing ample head after filtration and to command the highest part of British Kowloon as well as Kowloon City, Sam Shuipo and other places in New Kowloon still dependent on wells. The completion of this work will be a great boon to Kowloon in many ways, and will no doubt enhance the value of property greatly. At the same time the valleys now reserved for the present water supply will be available tor sale. and good building sites both for Europeans and Chinese will be opened up by the construction of cross roads between Hunghom and Yaumati, and similar roads traversing the peninsula from East to West. It is not unreasonable to suppose that before many years British Kowloon will rival Victoria in population and trade. With this in view broad and straight roads are being, and should continue to be laid out, and open spaces for parks and recreation grounds reserved.
22. New Law Courts
22. New Law Courts: - The design for this building were, by direction of the Right Honourable the Secretary of State, prepared in England by Messrs. Aston Webb & Ingress Bell, Consulting Architects to the Colonial Office. The plans were carefully scrutinized and approved of locally with some slight alterations. The plans for the piled foundations were prepared locally, a satisfactory contract for the work was let in July, and good progress has since been made.
The Public Works Department Store at Wanchai
23. The Public Works Department Store at Wanchai was completed early in the year, the total cost being; $17,843.96. To it all the stores previously kept at Crosby Store and the rented building on Praya East were removed and then properly arranged and catalogued. The Storekeeper lives in the quarters built on the premises, and the work has proved a great success in every way, except that already more room is required.
24. No. 7 Police Station and Branch at Kennedy Town
24. No. 7 Police Station and Branch at Kennedy Town. A new Police Station was built on a site selected above the Cattle Depots on the road leading to the PokFulam Road. The work was completed on the 1st October at a total cost of $6,737.37. It is said to be a healthy and convenient station. Before Work could be commenced on the new No. 7 Station, temporary matshed quarters had to he erected to accommodate the Police required in this neighbourhood and this was done on the Government Reclamation opposite the Sailors’ Home. Good well built sheds including all necessary out-offices and cells were completed and are now occupied.
25. Disinfector Station and Quarters.
25. Disinfector Station and Quarters. - Plans and estimates were prepared for this building on a site close below the No. 8 Police Station in the Taipingshan resumed area, and a contract let for the work. It was completed after much delay on the part of the contractor in November at a cost of $11,508.43 after deducting a fine of $810 for delay. The old and unsightly building previously used near the Medical Staff Quarters has since been removed.
26. Chair Shelter at the Peak Tram Station
26. Chair Shelter at the Peak Tram Station: - This Building should have been completed in November, but for various causes the constructor is much behind his time, and the work will not he out of hands until February. The masonry is completed and the roof on so that the coolies can even now obtain shelter from the weather. The building being in an exposed position is built in a very solid and massive way to defy Typhoons.
33. Swine Depot, Kennedy Town:
33. Swine Depot, Kennedy Town: - This work which was commenced in the previous year was completed in February, the total cost being $9,115.33. lt is a handsome and well built structure. Further accommodation is already required.
34. Police Station at Sai Kung
34. Police Station at Sai Kung - Plans and Estimates were prepared and a contract let for the erection of a Police Station at Saikung. Owing to much sickness among the workmen probably due to their own careless manner of living rather than the unhealthiness of the site, there has been delay in the progress of the works, but thc masonry was well advanced towards completion before the end of the year.
35. Police Station at Shataukok:-
35. Police Station at Shataukok:- Plans and Estimates were prepared, and a contract let for this work situated on a commanding site near the head of Starling Inlet, close to the Northern boundary of the New Territory. This work was completed and the station occupied before the end of the year. It is hoped that the Police stationed in the New Territory will enjoy better health when housed in these comfortable and well built permanent stations.
36. Taipo Road:
36. Taipo Road: -This important trunk road leading through the heart of the New Territory,and eventually to be carried on to Samchun on the Northern boundary, is described in paragraph 41 of the Annual Report for 1899. Early in 1900 the road was completed to the 9th mile from Kowloon Ferry Pier, a point a little beyond Tai-Wai village. Here the first stream of an any importance. one draining the Southern and Eastern slopes of the Tai-mo-shan range, has to be crossed. After an examination of the river and flood marks, and consulting the oldest inhabitants of Taiwai. the decision to leave 90 Feet of waterway and to make the platform of the bridge 16 feet above the bed of the stream was arrived at. One span of 90 feet would have been provided for but for the difficulties of transport of heavy iron work, and good stone was fairly plentiful in the vicinity, it was decided to build two piers in the river’s bed, and have three spans of 30 feet clear, bridged by rolled steel joists and a concrete platform. The foundations for both abutments and piers were formed of cement concrete in mass, resting on hard gravel 6 feet below the river-bed. The masonry was completed in 1900 and the iron work shipped from London early in December. The contractor who had constructed the road to the 9th mile, was so exorbitant in his demands for the next section that no terms could be made with him, and utter much delay a new contractor was found, but the progress during the year fell far short of that made in 1899 and of what was hoped for. The 10th and 11th miles are perfectly level, and for the most part run on embankments close along the seashore, the slope on the seaside being pitched with stone laid in mortar and jointed in cement. Two more bridges occur in this section, one of 30 feet span and one of 10 feet span. In both cases cement concrete in mass was used for foundations, sand extending to a great depth below the surface. After reaching the large village of Fo-tan, it was decided to carry the road on a causeway direct across the bay a distance of 1,740 feet, rather than hug the coastline and so make a long detour. This proved a somewhat diificult work; as the tides topped the embankment daily, and a good deal of material deposited got washed away. The causeway was so far advanced in December that the flow of seawater was stopped except through the opening of 100 feet left at the Western end. This opening will be bridged by a timber bridge of 5 spans on piles. The 11th mile ends near the centre of this causeway.
The trace for the extension of the road on to Taipo has been completed, and a footpath opened along the same, which seems to be a good deal used, as it only rises 300 feet above sea level while the old path by which the Telephone line runs crosses a gap 1,000 Feet above the sea level.
37. Pier in Deep Water, Taipo:
37. Pier in Deep Water, Taipo:— This is rather a misleading title for this work which consists in connecting an island, up to which deep water extends and on which a small pier existed, by a causeway, across a shallow tidal flat, with the hills on which the Police Station and the official quarters, &c stand. A contract amounting to $4,887.70 was let for this work in April, and provided for a causeway tour feet wide on the top, the sen face pitched with stone. The work when well advanced was twice partially destroyed by storms. and consequently progress has been very slow. It was also found necessary to pitch the inside slope of the embankment as the action of the tides and rain constantly destroyed the banks. This is now being done. lt will be advisable to carry the Taipo road along this line when the causeway can be widened and considerably strengthened. The pier from the Island was totally destroyed by gales during 1900, and a permanent iron or stone pier running into 9 feet of water will have to he constructed later on.
38. Survey of the New Territory
38. Survey of the New Territory: - Mr TATE, the officer in charge of this work, reports that an area of 4,000 square miles has been triangulated and that the stations established in the New Territory for this purpose are being marked in order to preserve them.
For the production of a topographical map, on a scale of l inch to the mile, an area of 300 square miles has been surveyed and plotted.
Of the cadastral survey, 45,000 acres have been completed and mapped to scales of 16 and 32 inches to the mile. The former scale has been adopted in the wide valleys where the fields were of considerable area, but it was found necessary to adopt the larger scale for the narrow valleys situated among the hills.
A special survey of Kowloon City, including the walled portion was also made and plotted to a scale of 64 inches to a mile.
39. Praya Reclamation:
39. Praya Reclamation:- The report of Mr. J. R. Mudie Executive Engineer in charge of the Praya Reclamation Works, is quoted in full below:
Owing to scarcity of labour, and the starting of the Naval Yard extension works, and the reclamation and Dock works at Quarry Bay, the progress on the Praya reclamation during the year has not been very satisfactory. However, good and useful work has been done, sections 4 and 5 from Wing Wo Street to the end of Wing Lok Street where the Nam Pak Hong Pier stood, have come into full use although the roadways are unsurfaced. Building operations on the reclaimed land are in active progress and the draining and sewering of the land has been completed, as well as the laying of gas mains, erection of street lamps, &c., &c. The new Canton steamer wharf was completed and opened for use in November, just in time to take the place of the temporary pier at the end of Wing Lok Street which was almost completely destroyed by the typhoon on the 10th November.
40. Blake Pier
40. The new pier opposite the end of Pedder Street, 200 feet. long by 10 feet wide, was completed in October, and opened to the public on the 29th November by His Excellency Sir HENRY A. BLAKE, G.C.M.G., who was graciously pleased to consent to name “Blake Pier."
The pier projects from a solid base of granite masonry 126 feet wide projecting 40 feet from the line of the Praya wall, with a flight of stone landing steps at each side. It is 200 feet long by 40 feet wide with eight flights of steps, four at each side. It was constructed by the Horseley lron Works Company from designs and specifications prepared by Messrs. Coode, Son & Matthews. It was erected here by Messrs. KINGHORN and MACDONALD under the supervision of Messrs. J. F. BOULTON and J.R. MUDIE, Executive Engineers. Difficulties were encountered, but successfully dealt with, owing to the great depth to which the piles had to be screwed, and the nature of the bottom -some of the piles being upwards of 60 feet below the high water mark. The base was designed to carry the new Clock Tower which it is proposed to erect to take the place of that which stands in Pedder Street and which has become an obstruction to the traffic. The cost of the Blake Pier was $122,771.00.
This typhoon which was of considerable severity —the centre passing within a few miles of the city did no damage to the Praya wall or piers, but the heavy seas which broke over the roadway of the Kennedy Town reclamation scoured out deep holes in it and washed off all the surfacing.
41. Typhoon of November 9th-10th
41. The following is a copy of the report on the damaging typhoon which occurred on the night of November 9th-10th :
Report on the damages to Government property and buildings due to the Typhoon which passed over Hongkong on the night of the 9th and morning of the 10th November 1900
This report deals only with damage done to roads, works and buildings in charge of the Public Works Department. The typhoon, which had been signalled for two days, seems to have rapidly approached the Colony during the night of the 9th and to have acquired damaging intensity and force about 2 a.m. on the 10th, apparently reaching a climax between 5 and 6 a.m. when the rapid veering of the wind from North and North-West to West caused the greatest damage.
Roads:—The force of the wind raised a very heavy sea in the harbour which (especially in the West) broke over the Praya Wall scouring away the surface and in some instances forming deep pits in the roadway. Owing to the Praya Wall resting on it rubble mound, the earth filling gets drawn out from under the road surface and subsidences such as described take place.
The heavy rainfall which accompanied the storm brought down much debris and silt from the hill sides, obstructing the side and cross drainage, and so causing damage to the road surfaces. The roads in Kowloon suffered much in this way, and the road into the New Territory slightly.
The damage was in no case so extensive as to stop the traffic. The repairs are being carried out as rapidly as possible, and will entail an expenditure of about $1,000.
Buildings (Permanent):- Every public building in the Colony suffered more or less, tiles and guttering and downpipes were torn from the roofs, causing leakage which damaged the ceilings and plastering; jalousies were smashed and the hinges and fastenings twisted and broken, while the destruction of glass was considerable in the eases where the shutters or jalousies gave way. The sun blinds of the Government Civil Hospital were destroyed and will cost $250 to replace. The cost of repairs to Government buildings will be about $2,000 and can be borne on the Estimate for Maintenance, (annually recurrent).
Buildings (Temporary):- Temporary matshed buildings were destroyed everywhere, the principal being the official matsheds at Tai-po which would cost about $1,500 to replace; the Government bungalow at the same place was badly damaged; the Police matshed at Sha-tin occupied by the Indian Police; the Assistant Engineer’s bungalow and out-buildings at Tai Wai which cost upwards of $1,000; the Kanpuishek Customs Station occupied by the Temporary Surveyor and his family, and an Overseer; the plague sheds at the Kennedy Town Hospital, which will cost $850 to replace; and the sheds lately erected on the top of Green Island in connection with the new Signal Station.
If all these temporary buildings had to be replaced, the cost would not he less than $8,000 to $10,000, but some can be dispensed with until permanent buildings take their place, so that the expenditure on this account in restoring buildings absolutely necessary will probably not exceed $3,000.
Telephones.— The Government telephone lines were much damaged, both iron and wooden posts being thrown down, the wires blown down, twisted, and broken so that they could not be again utilized, the estimated cost of fully restoring the Government lines is $700.
Government Piers.—Very trifling damage was done to the Government Piers in Hongkong Harbour, except the timber pier at Sam-shuipo which was worn out and condemned and about to be replaced by a new pier. This was completely destroyed. The temporary pier used by the Harbour Master was carried away and an iron ladder connected with it. As a new pier for Sam-shuipo has been already sanctioned and provided for in the Estimates no special expenditure on this account is rendered necessary.
Lighthouses.—At Gap Rook the Derrick Crane lately renewed was broken and 12 counterpoint weights lost, the winding gear was damaged, and the telegraph wire broken, also one stay and halyards carried away from the flagstaff and sundry other damage done to the doors and windows of the buildings, all of which it will cost about $1,500 to restore.
Miscellaneous: - The yard of the signalling flagstaff at Tsim Sha Tsui was smashed and is being replaced by the Dock Company, -$170.
The turfed slope in front of the Belilios Reformatory was washed away and damaged to the extent of about $200.
On the whole, considering the severity of the storm, the damage caused was not great.
42. Praya Reclamation Works:
42. The following is Mr. Mudie’s report on the Praya Reclamation Works:
Section No. 1 West.—This work was commenced in April 1898, but owing to exceptional difficulties met with in forming the Toiliidations, progress has been very slow.
In his report for last year Mr. BOULTON narrated the unfortunate subsidences that over and over again occurred to the rubble mound when in course of being weighted and the slow and difficult work of recovering the weighting blocks by divers. The difiiculty was much increased by the great inconvenience it entailed of taking the plant away from Section No. 6—the busiest and most congested part of the whole line of \work.
On 23rd February, Mr. CHAN A Torre entered into an agreement supplementary to his original contract, to reform the mound -and he has deposited 4,828 cub. yds. of “Pierre Perdue ” which has brought the work almost into shape again, and as soon as the divers can be spared from Section No 6., a commencement to re-level and set the concrete blocks will be made. This, I trust, will be in the course of a fortnight. One advantage to be put against the delay is the large quantity of filling in that has been done by casual dumping from house building operations. Thousands of yard have been so filled in at the mere cost of a Watchman.
1,240 Blocks weighing 9,100 tons have been shifted onto the section for re-weighting.
Sections No. 4 and 5.—The work remaining to he executed viz. :—
5,414 cubic feet of Seawall Coping,
54,334 cubic yards Filling in,
9,000 lineal feet Curb and Channel,
103 Ring-bolts to fix,
1,366 square yards Cement paving,
2,979 lineal feet Storm-water drain pipes,
on contract No. 51 let to TSANG KENG on these Sections, was finished during the year, but the surfacing of roadways which was not included in contract has been most unreasonably delayed. An agreement was made by TSANG KENG to execute this work at the rates fixed in his contract No. 53 for Section No. 6, but only a small portion has yet been done. The reason given was the scarcity of workmen and the difliculty of getting materials, but as the contractor has acquired the Quarry farm for 1901, it is now probable that the work will proceed without further delay.
Section No. 6 W. Work is proceeding fairly well on this section. The whole of the rubble in foundations has been put in by contractor and the diving stafi is busy levelling off, laying concrete bed, and setting blocks 650 lineal feet out of a total of 1,221 lineal feet has been finished ready for setting first course of granite masonry.
The principal items of work executed by TSANG KENG during the year were :—
35,482 cubic yards “Pierre Perdue,”
250 cubic yards Portland Cement Concrete,
200 lineal feet Storm Water Drains completed
640 lineal feet formed, but left unfinished for settlement.
The whole length of work has been weighted with the usual load of 22 tons per lineal foot.
Sections Nos. 6 E. and 7 W: - The portion of roadway and stone platform — work which was suspended pending erection of Blake Pier - were completed by the middle of November and this work is now finished.
Blake Pier.—This work was completed by the contractors for its erection - Messers KINGHORN & MACDONALD - and opened for public use in November. its erection was commenced on the 1st December, 1899, and the somewhat lengthy period occupied was owing to considerable difficulties experienced in screwing the piles home. These difficulties were successfully overcome and the work satisfactorily completed.
His Excellency Sir Henry Blake GCMG, inaugurated the Pier on the 29th November.
9. Annually recurrent expenditure
Permalink Submitted by Klaus on Fri, 2019-07-19 23:56.
MAINTENANCE OF ROADS AND BRIDGES IN KOWLOON.
23. It can hardly be said that the main roads in Kowloon have been maintained in a satisfactory condition during the year, for they have been very much cut up by the Siege Train connected with the China Expeditionary Force. The roads were not constructed to stand such heavy traffic and consequently a considerable expenditure, not met by the ordinary maintenance vote, will be necessary before the principal thoroughfares in Kowloon can be thoroughly repaired and I believe the time has arrived to lay down Macadam here, as the Peninsula has grown to such an extent that the requirements of the ordinary traffic must be provided for.
Hong Kong Cricket Club
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Nutrition and Your Health:
Dietary Guidelines for Americans
PART D: SCIENCE BASE
Section 5: Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates—the sugars, starches and fibers found in fruits, vegetables, grains and milk products—are an important part of a healthy diet. Sugars and starches supply energy to the body in the form of glucose, which is the primary energy source for the brain, central nervous system and red blood cells. Fibers, unlike sugars and starches, do not supply glucose to the body. They promote healthy laxation and decrease the risk of certain chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease and diabetes.
NOMENCLATURE FOR CARBOHYDRATES
The nomenclature for carbohydrates is somewhat confusing. Sugars can be one sugar unit (monosaccharides) such as glucose, fructose, and galactose; and they can be two sugar units linked together (disaccharides) such as sucrose, lactose, and maltose. A further distinction is sometimes further made between intrinsic and extrinsic sugars. The term intrinsic sugar means those sugars that are naturally occurring within a food, whereas extrinsic sugars are those that are added to foods. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has defined added sugars as sugars and syrups that are added to foods during processing or preparation, and also includes sugars and syrups added at the table. There is no difference in the molecular structure of sugar molecules, whether they are naturally occurring in the food or added to the food.
Starches are many glucose units linked together (polysaccharide). Although most starch can be broken down by human enzymes into glucose for absorption, some starch does not undergo digestion in the small intestine and is called resistant starch, which is found in plant foods such as legumes, pasta, and refrigerated cooked potatoes. Fibers, like starches, are polysaccharides made up mostly of glucose units (in the case of cellulose) or other combinations of monosaccharides. However, the monosaccharides in fibers are bonded to each other differently than they are in starches, and human enzymes cannot break the bonds in the fibers. Thus, fibers are not absorbed from the small intestine and pass relatively intact into the large intestine, as does resistant starch.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE INTAKE OF SUGARS AND STARCHES
The Institute of Medicine report Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (IOM, 2002) established a Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for carbohydrate of 130 g per day for adults and children. This value is based upon the amount of carbohydrate (sugars and starches) required to provide the brain with an adequate supply of glucose. Glucose is the only energy source for red blood cells and the preferred energy source for the brain, central nervous system, placenta, and fetus. When muscle cells operate anaerobically (without oxygen), they rely 100 percent on glucose. If glucose is not provided in the diet and the body's storage form of glucose (glycogen) is depleted, the body will break down protein in muscles to maintain glucose blood levels and supply glucose to the brain (IOM, 2002).
The Institute of Medicine (IOM) also set an Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for carbohydrate of 45 to 65 percent of total calories. At the low end of this range it is very difficult to meet the recommendations for fiber intake, and at the high end of the range overconsumption of carbohydrates may result in high blood triglyceride values. A comparison of the RDA to the AMDR shows that the recommended range of carbohydrate intake is higher than the RDA. For example, if an individual with a caloric intake of 2,000 kcal per day were to consume 55 percent of calories as carbohydrate (the mid-range of the AMDR) that would mean that 1,100 kcal would be from carbohydrate. This equates to 275 g carbohydrate (1 g carbohydrate = 4 kcal), well above the RDA of 130 g per day. In summary, the primary beneficial physiological effect of sugars and starches, and the basis for setting an RDA for carbohydrate, is the contribution of glucose as an energy source for the brain. However, the amount of glucose needed by the brain is lower than the AMDR for carbohydrate (45 to 65 percent of total calories).
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE INTAKE OF FIBER
Fibers are different from sugars and starches in that they are not digested and absorbed in the small intestine and converted to glucose. Humans do not have the necessary enzymes to break down fibers into their constituent parts so that they can be absorbed into the body. Therefore, fibers pass from the small intestine into the large intestine relatively intact. There they can be fermented by the colonic microflora to gases such as hydrogen (H2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) and to short chain fatty acids. Although fibers are not converted to glucose as are sugars and starches, some of these short chain fatty acids are absorbed and can be used for energy in the body. However, determining the amount of calories supplied by fiber is complex since it depends on such factors as the fermentability of the fiber, the individual's colonic microflora, how long fiber stays in the colon, etc. The IOM has set an Adequate Intake (AI) value for fiber of 14g of fiber per 1,000 kcal. This AI is based on the totality of the evidence for fiber decreasing the risk of chronic disease and other health-related conditions, but the actual numbers for the AI were derived from the data supporting a decreased risk for the development of coronary heart disease (CHD). The major food sources of fiber are fruits, vegetables (particularly legumes), and grains. Milk does not contain fiber although certain milk-containing products may.
MAJOR FOOD SOURCES OF CARBOHYDRATES (FRUITS, VEGETABLES, GRAINS, AND MILK PRODUCTS)
Since the RDA for carbohydrate is relatively easy to meet, and carbohydrates (sugars and starches) supply calories, it is important to choose food sources of carbohydrates carefully to maximize nutrient value per calorie. Also, since fiber has known health benefits (e.g., promoting a healthy laxation and decreasing the risk of CHD and diabetes) it is advisable to select high-fiber foods where possible. For example, fruits provide sugars, usually at a relatively low calorie cost, and they are important sources of fiber and at least eight additional nutrients. Some vegetables are high in starch and some are very low in both starch and sugar, but they all are important sources of fiber. They also are important sources of 19 or more nutrients, including vitamins A, E, and folate and potassium, and, in general, do not supply many calories. Whole grains are high in fiber and starch, but most of the fiber is removed when grains are refined. Milk and milk products contain the sugar lactose and generally do not contain any fiber but may in certain milk products.
OVERVIEW OF QUESTIONS ADDRESSED
Five of the questions about carbohydrates and carbohydrate-rich foods are specific to carbohydrates and are found in this section. Other questions that also involve carbohydrate-related issues are found elsewhere in this report but are summarized here to provide a better overview of the role of carbohydrates in health.
The following questions specific to carbohydrates are found in this section
What is the relationship between intake of carbohydrates and dental caries?
How important to human health is the glycemic response to carbohydrates?
What is the utility of the glycemic index/glycemic load for providing dietary guidance for Americans?
What is the significance of added sugars intake to human health?
What are the major health benefits of fiber-containing foods?
In the interest of presenting a more comprehensive section on carbohydrates, below is a list of related questions, the section of the report in which they are found, and conclusions in brief.
What are the major health benefits of carbohydrate-containing foods?
This information is found in Part D, Section 6, "Selected Food Groups (Fruits and Vegetables, Whole Grains, and Milk Products)." The conclusions are
Greater consumption of fruits and vegetables is associated with a reduced risk of stroke and perhaps other cardiovascular diseases, with a reduced risk of cancers in certain sites, and with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes (vegetables more than fruit). Moreover, increased consumption of fruits and vegetables may be a useful component of programs designed to achieve and sustain weight loss.
Consuming at least three servings of whole grains per day can reduce the risk of diabetes and coronary heart disease and may help with weight maintenance. Thus, daily intake of three or more servings of whole grains per day is recommended, preferably by substituting whole grains for refined grains.
Consuming three servings per day of milk and milk products can reduce the risk of low bone mass and contribute important amounts of many nutrients. Furthermore, this amount of milk product consumption is not associated with increased body weight. Therefore, the intake of three servings of milk products per day is recommended.
What are the optimal proportions of dietary fat and carbohydrate to maintain body mass index and to achieve long-term weight loss?
This information is found in Section 2, " Energy," Question #3. The conclusion is weight maintenance depends on a balance of energy intake and energy expenditure, regardless of the proportions of fat, carbohydrate, and protein in the diet. For adults, well-planned weight loss diets that are consistent with the AMDRs for fat, carbohydrate, and protein can be safe and efficacious over the long term.
What is the evidence to support caloric compensation for liquid versus solid foods?
This discussion and review of the literature is found in Section 2, "Energy," Unresolved Issues. The conclusion is that the evidence is conflicting that liquid and solid foods differ in their effect on calorie compensation (the ability to regulate energy intake with minimal conscious effort, such as reducing the amount of food consumed on some occasions to compensate for increased consumption at other times).
QUESTION 1: WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTAKE OF CARBOHYDRATES AND DENTAL CARIES?
The intake of carbohydrates (including sucrose, glucose, fructose, lactose and starch) contributes to dental caries by providing substrate for bacterial fermentation in the mouth. Drinking fluoridated water and/or using fluoride-containing dental hygiene products help reduce the risk of dental caries. A combined approach of reducing the frequency and duration of exposure to fermentable carbohydrate intake and optimizing oral hygiene practices is the most effective way to reduce caries incidence.
Overview. The process of dental caries formation involves three steps: the fermentation of substrate by cariogenic bacteria in the mouth to produce acid, demineralization of the enamel surface by the acid, and subsequent bacterial invasion. Factors that affect this process include the type and amount of substrate, the bacterial population, the length of time the substrate is available to the bacteria, and the susceptibility of the tooth to acid demineralization.
Review of the Evidence
The Substrate for Bacterial Fermenation. The major substrates for bacterial fermentation are sugars, including sucrose, glucose, fructose, and lactose) and starch (Bibby, 1975; Lingstrom et al., 2000; Moynihan and Petersen, 2004; Walker and Cleaton-Jones, 1992;). In contrast, certain dietary fibers (e.g., cellulose and pectin) (Touger-Decker and van Loveren, 2002) and dietary sugar alcohols and certain other sugar substitutes (e.g., xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, maltitol, isomalt, lactitol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, hydrogenated glucose syrups, erythritol, or a combination of these) are much less cariogenic than other carbohydrates (FDA, 1997, 2002; Makinen et al., 1995). However, evidence as to whether or not substituting sucrose with sugar substitutes to reduce caries occurrence is effective remains inconclusive (Lingstrom et al., 2003).
Other Factors That Affect Caries Formation. Formation. Despite the known ability of both sugar and starch to be fermented to acids that can induce demineralization of enamel, their overall contribution to caries formation is less clear and not a simple cause-and-effect relationship (Walker and Cleaton-Jones, 1992). Other important considerations are the form of the food, how long it remains in the mouth, and the frequency of consumption. The longer a cariogenic substance remains in the oral cavity, the greater the probability of extended acid production and demineralization (Kashket et al., 1996). The duration of acid production also is affected by the frequency and amount of fermentable carbohydrate consumed (Lingstrom et al., 2000). Sugars that are slowly released (e.g., from hard candies) or sweetened beverages that are sipped over time or held in the mouth provide greater access to bacteria than the same amount of sugar in foods or beverages that are swallowed quickly. Other important factors for clearing fermentable substrate from the oral cavity include the activity of salivary enzymes and saliva flow. Clearance of high-starch foods such as cookies and potato chips has been found by some to be slower than clearance of high-sugar, low-starch foods such as caramels and jelly beans (Edgar et al., 1975; Kashket et al., 1996; Luke et al., 1999).
Dental hygiene may have a greater role in the development of dental caries than do the type of carbohydrate and its retention time in the mouth. For example, in a systematic review of the literature from 1980 to 2000 addressing the question of whether individuals with a high level of sugar intake experience greater caries severity relative to those with a lower level of intake. The authors report that only 2 papers found a strong relationship between sugar consumption and caries development, 16 found a moderate relationship, and 18 found a weak-to-no relationship (Burt and Pai, 2001). A separate study investigated the relative importance of dietary sugars, toothbrushing frequency, and social class as predictors of caries among 1,450 British preschool children. The strength of the association between social class and caries was twice that between toothbrushing and caries, and approximately three times that between sugar confectionery and caries (no other diet component was statistically significant) (Gibson and Williams, 1999). The relationship between sugar confectionery and caries was significant only in those children who brushed less than twice a day (Gibson and Williams, 1999). The authors concluded that regular brushing with a fluoride toothpaste may have greater impact on caries in young children than does restricting sugary foods (Gibson and Williams, 1999).
Heller et al. (2001) came to the same conclusion in their report on the association between sugared soda consumption and caries. Using the dietary and dental examination data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Study (NHANES III), they found no relationship between soft drink consumption and caries in individuals under age 25 but did find a positive association in people over age 25 (Heller et al., 2001). They attributed the lack of association in the younger age group to increased use of fluorides since the 1960s. They attributed the significant association in the older group to the cumulative effects of long-term soft drink consumption. In the development of dental caries, the role of sugar and other carbohydrates is not independent of factors such as fluoridation and oral hygiene ( Holbrook et al., 1995; Mascarenhas, 1998; McDonagh et al., 2000; Navia, 1994; Shaw, 1987; Tougher-Decker and van Loveren, 2002). Caries have declined in areas where the water has been fluoridated (McDonagh et al., 2000).
The impact of sugar intake on dental caries was reviewed by the IOM (IOM) to determine whether or not the science supported an upper level (UL) of intake for sugar based on its contribution to tooth decay (IOM, 2002). The report concludes, "Because of the various factors that can contribute to dental caries, it is not possible to determine an intake level of sugar at which increased risk of dental caries can occur." (IOM, 2002). Studies published since those cited in the IOM report and reviewed by the Dietary Guidelines Committee (the Committee), including a systematic review (Burt and Pai, 2001), support the IOM's conclusion (Anusavice, 2002; Campaign, 2003, Heller et al., 2001; Tougher-Decker and van Loveren, 2002).
Most of the studies of preschool children report a positive association between sucrose consumption and dental caries (Paunio, 1993; Wendt and Birkhed, 1995). Here again, however, other factors (particularly frequent brushing with fluoridated toothpaste) are more predictive of caries outcome than is sugar consumption (Gibson and Williams, 1999; Grindefjord et al., 1996; Paunio, 1993; Stecksen-Blicks and Holm, 1995; Wendt, 1996). Some studies report increased risk with sugar-sweetened beverages (Wendt et al., 1996), others with candy consumption (Grindefjord et al., 1996), others with a variety of sugar-containing products (Paunio et al., 1993), and still others report that intake of certain sucrose-containing products may be predictive of caries in children with poor dental hygiene (e.g., brushing once a day or less) but not in children with better dental hygiene (Gibson and Williams, 1999). In a longitudinal study tracking caries and diet in children just prior to and after starting school, increased consumption of sugar-containing foods was associated with increased caries in 5-year-olds (Holbrook et al., 1995). In Finland, Ruottinen et al. (2004) followed two groups of boys (one in the highest 5 percentiles and the other in the lowest 5 percentiles for sucrose intake; n= > 66,000 boys) from infancy to age 10 years. They found that children with the highest sucrose intake had a higher score for dental caries than those in the low-sucrose intake group (Routtinen et al., 2004).
Possible Confounding Factors
Interpretation of the cross sectional studies showing a relationship between sugar intake and dental caries needs to consider the possibility that frequent use of candy, sodas, and other sugar-containing foods may be a proxy for a less than optimal healthy lifestyle, rather than a direct effect of the sugar itself. In addition, a large proportion of the studies on children and dental caries have been conducted outside of the United States making extrapolation to the U.S, population somewhat difficult. Not only are eating habits different in other countries, but the degree of fluoride availability is different. Nevertheless, there is little doubt that the primary initiating event in caries formation is the fermentation of carbohydrates, particularly sugars and starch.
QUESTION 2: HOW IMPORTANT TO HUMAN HEALTH IS THE GLYCEMIC RESPONSE TO CARBOHYDRATES?
A potential health concern for foods that raise blood glucose levels and initiate an insulin response is that they may eventually lead to diabetes. Current evidence suggests that there is no relationship between total carbohydrate intake (minus fiber) and the incidence of either type 1 or type 2 diabetes. The intake of fiber-containing foods is associated with a decreased risk of type 2 diabetes in a number of epidemiological studies.
Overview. The glycemic response is defined as the effects that carbohydrate-containing foods have on blood glucose concentration during the time course of digestion. A number of factors influence the glycemic response to food, including the amount of carbohydrate (Gannon et al., 1998), the type of sugar (glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose) (Wolever et al., 1994), the nature of the starch (amylose, amylopectin, resistant starch) (O'Dea et al., 1981), cooking and food processing (degree of starch gelatinization, particle size, cellular form) (Snow and O'Dea, 1981), food structure (Jarvi et al., 1995), and other food components (fat and natural substances that slow digestion—lectins, phytates, tannins, and starch-protein and starch-lipid combinations) (Hughes et al., 1989). Other factors affecting the glycemic response to food include fasting and preprandial glucose concentrations (Nielsen et al., 1989, Rasmussen and Hermansen, 1991, Fraser et al., 1990; Schvarcz et al., 1993), the severity of glucose intolerance (Parillo et al., 1996), and the second meal or lente effect (Jenkins et al., 1982). A major concern with increasing postprandial glucose and insulin levels is that there may eventually be a diminished insulin response that could lead to diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is an immunological disease in which the beta-cells of the pancreas are destroyed by auto-immune processes. Although a number of food-based substances have been invoked as important in the process, there is no clear evidence for any of them. Type 2 diabetes is a disease that is manifested by insulin resistance and a gradual deterioration of B-cell function. Any dietary insult that abets either of these processes could play a role in its etiology. Does carbohydrate intake predispose to type 2 diabetes? Evidence from four prospective observational studies indicates that it does not (Lundgren et al., 1989; Marshall et al., 1991; Salmeron et al., 1997a, 1997b). In these four studies, there was no association between an increased amount of total carbohydrate in the diet and the development of diabetes mellitus in the cohorts studied over periods as long as 16 years. Also, in an analysis of cross-sectional data from NHANES III, Yang et al. (2003) found no association between carbohydrate intake and HgbA1c (the amount of glycosylated hemoglobin in blood that provides an estimate of how well diabetes is being managed over time), plasma glucose, or serum insulin concentrations. In fact, there was an association between lower total carbohydrate intake and an elevation of serum C-peptide concentration, suggesting a possible association between low-carbohydrate diets and increased basal insulin secretion.
Furthermore, there is no evidence that total sugar intake is associated with the development of type 2 diabetes (Colditz et al., 1992; Janket et al., 2003). These two prospective longitudinal studies show no relationship between the total intake of sugar and the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. One study actually shows a negative association between sugar intake and diabetes risk (Meyer et al., 2000). Clinical trials show that total dietary sugar does not increase plasma glucose concentrations to a greater extent than do isoenergetic amounts of dietary starch (Mann et al., 2002). However, further analysis within the Nurses' Health Study indicates that there may be an association between consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, other than fruit juices, and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in women, possibly by providing excessive calories and large amounts of rapidly absorbable sugars (Schulze, 2004).
In contrast, intake of fiber has been inversely associated with type 2 diabetes in a number of epidemiological studies (Hu et al., 2001; Meyer et al., 2000; Montonen et al., 2003; Salmeron et al., 1997a, 1997b). For example, in the Nurses' Health Study, Salmeron et al. (1997a) reported on fiber intake and its relationship to diabetes. There was a 28 percent risk reduction from the highest to the lowest quintile of fiber intake. However, the source of fiber appears to be important, as cereal fiber but not fruit or vegetable fiber intake has been inversely associated with risk for diabetes in several studies (Salmeron et al., 1997b). In the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (Hu et al., 2001), the risk of developing diabetes did not decrease with higher total fiber intakes, but a risk reduction of 30 percent was observed in the highest quintile of cereal-fiber intake (median 10.2 g per day) compared to the lowest quintile (median intake 1.14 g per day). Again, as in the Nurses' cohort, cereal fiber but not fruit or vegetable fiber intake was associated with the protective effect. Similarly, in the Finnish Mobile Clinic Survey (Montonen et al., 2003), cereal fiber intake also was associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes. The relative risk between the extreme quartiles of cereal fiber intake was 0.39; P=0.01.
QUESTION 3: WHAT IS THE UTILITY OF THE GLYCEMIC INDEX/GLYCEMIC LOAD FOR PROVIDING DIETARY GUIDANCE FOR AMERICANS?
Current evidence suggests that the glycemic index and/or glycemic load are of little utility for providing dietary guidance for Americans.
Overview. The glycemic index is a classification proposed to quantify the relative blood glucose response to consuming carbohydrate-containing foods. Operationally, it is the area under the curve for the increase in blood glucose after the ingestion of a set amount of carbohydrate in a food (e.g., 50 g) during the 2-hour postprandial period, relative to the same amount of carbohydrate from a reference food (white bread or glucose) tested in the same individual under the same conditions and using the initial blood glucose concentration as a baseline.
The glycemic load is an indicator of the glucose response or insulin demand that is induced by total carbohydrate intake. It is calculated by multiplying the weighted mean of the dietary glycemic index of the diet of an individual by the percentage of total energy from carbohydrate.
The glycemic response is defined as the effects that carbohydrate-containing foods have on blood glucose concentration during the time course of digestion.
Review of the Evidence Glycemic Index. Although the use of food with a low-glycemic index may reduce postprandial glucose, there is not sufficient evidence of long-term benefit to recommend general use of diets that have a low-glycemic index.
Glycemic Load. The glycemic load has been used primarily in observational epidemiological studies to examine the effect of diet on the risk of developing chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer (IOM, 2002). The glycemic load has been reported to be positively associated with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in men and women (Salmeron et al., 1997a, 1997b). In a cross-sectional study of healthy postmenopausal women, dietary glycemic load was inversely related to plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and positively related to fasting triglycerides (Liu et al., 2001). In the analysis of the NHANES III results, a high glycemic load was associated with a lower concentration of plasma HDL cholesterol (Ford and Liu, 2001).
The findings from epidemiological studies indicate a possible relationship between the propensity of diets with a high glycemic load to raise blood glucose levels and increase in the risk of type 2 diabetes. To determine the utility of glycemic load in predicting risk, long-term trials are needed in which diets with high glycemic load are compared to low glycemic load diets with regard to outcomes. Also, it is necessary to examine the effect of glycemic load of a mixed meal diet on postprandial glucose and insulin levels. A 4-week study by Wolever and Mehling (2003) comparing high-and low-glycemic index diets in impaired glucose tolerance subjects showed the high-glycemic index diet to have no significant change in glucose, but a lower insulin level than the low-glycemic diet.
Relationship of Glycemic Index and Load. The relationship of glycemic index and load has been examined in long-term prospective studies. These have shown inconsistent results. A followup study within the Nurses' Health Study confirmed the association between glycemic load and risk of type 2 diabetes. However, the Iowa Women's Health Study showed no significant relationship between glycemic index or load and the development of diabetes (Meyer et al., 2000).
The inconsistencies among studies are likely due to the poor tools available to measure these dietary components. Food frequency questionnaires can be extremely inaccurate, even in the best of hands. In addition, the food frequency questionnaires used in these studies were not designed to measure glycemic index or load. The validation data are weak. Prospective, randomized studies are needed to answer this question. The relationship between glycemic index and glycemic load and the development of type 2 diabetes is unclear at this time.
QUESTION 4: WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ADDED SUGARS INTAKE TO HUMAN HEALTH?
Compared with individuals who consume small amounts of foods and beverages that are high in added sugars, those who consume large amounts tend to consume more calories but smaller amounts of micronutrients. Although more research is needed, available prospective studies suggest a positive association between the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain. A reduced intake of added sugars (especially sugar-sweetened beverages) may be helpful in achieving recommended intakes of nutrients and in weight control.
Overview. Added sugars are sugars and syrups that are added to foods during processing or preparation or at the table. Major sources of added sugars include soft drinks, cakes, cookies, pies, fruitades, fruit punch, dairy desserts, and candy (USDA/DHHS, 2000). Specifically, added sugars include white sugar, brown sugar, raw sugar, corn syrup, corn-syrup solids, high-fructose corn syrup, malt syrup, maple syrup, pancake syrup, fructose sweetener, liquid fructose, fruit-juice concentrate, honey, molasses, anhydrous dextrose, and crystal dextrose. In 1994–1996 USDA food consumption survey data, nondiet soft drinks were the leading source of added sugars in Americans' diets, accounting for one-third of the intake of added sugars (Guthrie and Morton, 2000). Soft drinks were followed by sugars and sweets (16 percent), sweetened grains such as cakes and cookies (13 percent), fruitades/drinks (10 percent), breakfast cereals and other grains such as breakfast bars (10 percent), and sweetened dairy (9 percent). Together, these foods and beverages accounted for 90 percent of the Americans' intake of added sugars.
Solid foods with added sugars have a high energy density, while beverages that contain added sugars often are relatively low in energy density because of their high water content. The addition of sugar to a food (e.g., adding sugar to grapefruit or coffee) increases the energy density of the food or beverage as consumed. The issue with added sugars is not that sugars themselves are detrimental to health. Rather, as sugars are added to the diet they provide calories only. Thus, at some amount of additional added sugars, either one compensates by decreasing intake of more nutrient-dense foods, and/or one adds sugars on top of an existing diet and increases caloric intake. Increased calorie intake, in turn, may result in weight gain.
Does Intake of Added Sugars Contribute to Excess Intake of Energy?
The analysis of dietary data on added sugars may underestimate intake because of the underreporting of food intake, which is more pervasive among obese adolescents and adults than among their lean counterparts (Johnson, 2000). It appears that foods high in added sugars are selectively underreported (Krebs-Smith et al., 2000).
Cross Sectional Studies. Despite these research challenges, most cross-sectional studies have found that an increased intake of added sugars is associated with increased total energy intakes (Bowman, 1999; Gibson, 1996; Lewis et al., 1992; Overby et al., 2004; Storey et al., 2003). An analysis performed by the USDA Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion (Britten et al., 2000), using the 1994–1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals, divided the data set into four groups of equal number according to intake of added sugars expressed in teaspoons. About 59 percent of the group with the highest intake of added sugars consumed more than their 1989 Recommended Energy Allowance, in contrast with only 22 percent of all others (median added sugars consumption for the highest quartile was the equivalent of 36.7 teaspoons).
Teens who reported consuming 26 or more ounces of soft drinks per day consumed a mean of 2,604 kcal per day in contrast to nonconsumers of soft drinks, who consumed 1,984 kcal per day (Harnack et al., 1999). Using NHANES III data, Troiano and colleagues (2000) found that soft drinks contributed a higher proportion of daily energy intake for overweight than for nonoverweight children and adolescents. However, a large number of cross-sectional studies show an inverse correlation between the consumption of added sugars and either body weight or BMI (Bolton-Smith and Woodward, 1994; Gibson, 1996; Lewis, 1992). Not all studies, however, adequately adjust for physical activity levels of the study subjects, suggesting that active people can consume added sugars without gaining weight.
Prospective Studies. The study by Newby et al (2004) compared changes in BMI in 1345 2-5 year-old children over 8 months with their sweetened drink intake. While no correlation was found, the very-low level of soda intake (~1 oz per day) weakens the generalizability of this finding. It should be pointed out that the study neither found correlations between BMI and drinks consumed in larger quantities, like milk (20 oz per day) or fruit juice (10 oz per day).
Other recent prospective studies, however, found a weak association between the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain. An observational study by Ludwig et al. (2001) reported a positive association between energy intake and the change in consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages in a group of 548 ethnically diverse schoolchildren followed for 19 months. After adjustments for physical activity and other variables, the increased consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages was a factor independently associated with a minor but statistically significant increase in absolute BMI values in children. Additionally, the change in consumption of diet soda intake was negatively associated with the incidence of obesity, which was defined on the basis of both BMI and triceps-skinfold thickness greater than or equal to the 85th percentile of age- and sex-specific reference data.
Berkey et al. (2004), in a large two-year prospective cohort study of boys and girls age 9 to 14, found that the consumption of sugar-added beverages was associated with small BMI gains. They concluded that the consumption of sugar-added beverages may contribute to weight gain among adolescents, probably because of their contribution to total energy intake.
In a short-term longitudinal study of 30 children, Mrdjenovic and Levitsky (2003) reported that excessive sweetened drink consumption (>12 oz per day) resulted in a reduction in milk intake and an increase in daily energy intakes. Also, these investigators found that the greater the sweetened-drink consumption, the greater the weight gain.
A study of women in the Nurses' Health Study examined the association between the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight change (Schulze et. al., 2004). Those with a stable consumption pattern of sugar-sweetened beverages (whether high or low) did not show a difference in weight gain. However, those who increased their sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption from low (<1 per week) to high (>1 per day) had the highest weight gain (4.69 kg in 4 years (1991–1995) and 4.20 kg for (1995–1999)). Those who decreased their intake of sugar-sweetened soft drinks had the smallest weight gain (1.34 kg for 1991–1995 and 0.15 kg for 1995–1999).
Another study, however, provided mixed results (Phillips et. al., 2004) followed 196 nonobese girls and found no relationship between total energy-dense food consumption and either BMI or the percentage of body fat. The energy-dense foods included baked goods, ice cream, chips, sugar-sweetened soft drinks, and candy. Sugar-sweetened soft drinks were the only food that was significantly related to BMI z-score1 over the study period, but it was not related to the percentage of body fat.
Intervention Studies. A study by James et al. (2004) is one of the few intervention trials published so far in which a decreased intake of carbonated beverages was a specific target. The goal of the intervention was to prevent excessive weight gain. The study, which included British schoolchildren age7 to 11, randomized classrooms within each of six schools rather than randomizing individuals. In this cluster scheme, the consumption of carbonated drinks over 12 months decreased modestly by 0.6 glasses per day in the intervention group and increased by 0.2 glasses in the control group but had no effect on BMI or on Z score. The number of clusters with mean BMI above the 91st percentile increased by one in controls (7.5 percent) and did not change in the intervention Water intake increased in both groups, but there was no difference in water intake between intervention and control clusters. The findings may have been affected by the study design in that it allowed for intervention and control classrooms to coexist in the same school, a likely source of contamination.
Mattes (1996) suggests that the form in which carbohydrates are consumed (solid or liquid) may be important since, at subsequent meals, people tend to compensate less for energy consumed in liquids than in solids; but this is controversial (see "What Is the Evidence To Support Caloric Compensation for Liquids versus Solid Foods?" in Section 2). Rolls (2002) found, however, that meals including sugar-sweetened beverages are higher in energy content than meals without drinks by an amount roughly equal to the calorie content of the beverage.
In summary, although the evidence is not large and there are methodologic problems with this research, the preponderance of prospective data available suggest that added sugars (particularly in beverages) are associated with an increase in energy intake. As a result, decreasing the intake of added sugars (particularly in beverages) may help prevent weight gain and may aid in weight loss.
Does Intake of Added Sugars Have a Negative Impact on Achieving Recommended Nutrient Intakes?
The Committee reviewed 19 published papers on the intake of added sugars and corresponding micronutrient intake; 9 were used to develop this rationale. Each of these papers (see Appendix G3 or Web site www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines) shows a decreased intake of at least one micronutrient with higher levels of added sugar intake (Bolton-Smith and Woodward, 1995; Bowman, 1999; Forshee and Storey, 2001; Gibson, 1997; Lewis et al., 1992; Nelson, 1991; Nicklas et al., 2003; Rugg-Gunn et al., 1991). For example, the Bowman study (Bowman, 1999) used data from CSFII (1994-1996) (n=14,707) and divided the intake data into three groups: (1) Less than 10 percent of total energy from added sugars (5,058); (2) 10 to 18 percent of total energy (n=4,488); (3) greater than 19 percent of total energy (n=5,158) (mean = 26.7 percent). Group three had the lowest mean intakes of all the micronutrients, especially vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin B12, folate, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and iron. The individuals in Group 3 did not meet the 1989 RDA for vitamin E, vitamin B6, calcium, magnesium, and zinc. In terms of food groups, Group 3 consumed more soft drinks, fruit drinks, punches, ades, cakes, cookies, grain-based pastries, milk desserts, and candies. They had lower intakes of grains, fruits, vegetables, meat, poultry, and fish compared to those in Groups 1 and 2.
In addition, an IOM panel developed tables to address the association between added sugars and specific micronutrient intakes at every fifth percentile of added sugar intake using data from NHANES III, 1988–1994 (IOM, 2002, Appendix J). Taken collectively, these data show a drop off in micronutrient intake at approximately 25 percent of calories coming from added sugars. The specific drop-off point depends upon the specific micronutrient and the age/sex of the group. Therefore, the IOM recommendation to keep added sugars intake below 25 percent of calories was based solely on the data of added sugar intake and micronutrient dilution—not on whether or not the people consuming added sugars were, for example, consuming more calories than required to meet their energy needs.
As noted previously, concern about added sugars arises when nutrient-poor foods are consumed at the expense of nutrient-dense foods. Not all foods that contain added sugars are poor sources of nutrients. Sugars can improve the palatability of foods and beverages that otherwise might not be consumed (FAO/WHO, 1998). Interestingly, a review of Appendix Table 1-9 in Appendix J of Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (IOM, 2002) shows that individuals consuming 5 to 10 percent of their calories as added sugars have higher micronutrient intakes than those consuming 0 to 5 percent of their calories as added sugars. Figure D5-1 illustrates this point.
A possible reason for this apparent beneficial effect of small amounts of added sugars is from a recent paper (Frary et al., 2004). These investigators conclude that, on average, the consumption of sweetened dairy foods and beverages and presweetened cereals had a positive impact on children and adolescents' diet quality, whereas sugar-sweetened beverages, sugars and sweets, and sweetened grains had a negative impact on their diet quality. The potential negative effects of added sugars appear to be excess calories or micronutrient dilution rather than a direct negative effect of sugar itself.
Added Sugar Intake and Discretionary Calories. Section 3 has a full discussion of the concept of discretionary calories. Added sugars fit into the category of discretionary calories because they are part of the difference between a person's energy requirement and his or her essential calories. As shown in Figures 3-1, 3-3a, and 3-3b in that section, individuals may have very few discretionary calories, particularly persons who are sedentary.
QUESTION 5: WHAT ARE THE MAJOR HEALTH BENEFITS OF FIBER-CONTAINING FOODS?
Diets rich in dietary fiber have a number of important health benefits including helping to promote healthy laxation, reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes, and decreasing the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Prospective cohort studies suggest that decreased risk of heart disease is associated with the intake of 14 g of dietary fiber per 1,000 calories.
Overview. The conclusion regarding the recommended intake of dietary fiber is consistent with the IOM's AI value of 14 g of fiber per 1000 kcals (IOM, 2002). This AI for fiber intake was based on the totality of the evidence for certain health benefits of dietary fiber, placing emphasis on fiber's protective role against CHD but also including its effect on laxation (Burkitt 1972; Cummings, 1992; Kelsay et al., 1978) and diabetes (Colditz et al., 1992; Salmeron et al., 1997a). The Committee evaluated the potential effects of fiber on laxation and diabetes and focused on the effects of fiber on CHD, since that was the basis of setting a value for fiber intake. Particular attention was paid to studies published since the IOM report. Studies on the association between fiber and diabetes are discussed under Question 2 in this section: How important is the glycemic response to carbohydrates to human health? Summaries of the studies on the relationship of fiber to healthy laxation and to risk of CHD are shown below.
Fiber and Laxation. Chronic constipation is one of the most common disorders in Western countries (Roma et al., 1999). Although there is no one accepted definition of what constitutes normal laxation, constipation has been defined as difficulty in passing stools or an incomplete or infrequent passage of hard stools (Anderson, 2003). Epidemiological studies have reported a negative correlation between per capita fiber consumption and the incidence of chronic constipation (Graham et al., 1982). Dietary fibers from whole grains, fruits, and vegetables (including legumes) increase stool weight, which promotes normal laxation in children and adults. In general, the greater the weight of the stool, the more rapid the rate of passage through the colon (Birkett et al., 1997) the better the laxative effect. The water holding capacity and bulking ability that result in increased laxation are thought to reduce intracolonic pressure and lower the risk for diverticular disease as well (Bodribb et al., 1976).
Several factors affect stool weight, including the fermentability of the fiber (the less fermentable, the greater the fecal bulk) the water holding capacity of the fiber, and the contribution of the fiber to microbial mass, which also contributes to fecal bulk (Bach Knudsen et al., 1997; Blackwood et al., 2000 Chen et al., 1998). In addition, certain fibers may contain unfermented gel, which acts as an emollient and a lubricant (Marlett et al., 2000). Cummings reviewed over 100 studies of the effect of fiber intake on stool weight and calculated the increase in weight of the stool as a function of fiber intake (Cummings et al., 1992). There was a wide range of the contribution of dietary fiber to fecal weight (e.g. an increase of 5.7 g fecal bulk per gram of wheat bran fed compared to an increase of 1.3 g per gram of pectin in the diet). A meta-analysis of 11 studies in which daily fecal weight was measured accurately in 26 groups of people (n = 206) on controlled diets of known non-starch polysaccharide content shows a significant correlation between fiber intake and mean daily stool weight (r = 0.84) (Cummings et al., 1992). Although stool weight continues to increase as fiber intake increases (Burkitt et al., 1972; Wrick et al., 1983), there is a plateau effect for both intestinal transit time and fecal frequency. In general, most studies show that once intestinal transit time was less than 1 day and fecal frequency reached two to three per day the only effect of extra fiber in the diet was increased stool weight (Haack et al., 1998). The fecal weight required to achieve normalcy is variable, but the effect on decreasing transit time appears to plateau at fecal outputs >160 to 180 g per day (Burkitt et al., 1972). Many fiber experts have interpreted this as fiber having a "normalizing" effect on laxation: once normal laxation has been achieved, additional fiber may contribute to other health benefits but not to laxation.
A number of recent feeding studies of healthy individuals provide further evidence to support the role of a fiber-rich diet in normal laxation and other purported benefits to colonic health ( Bach Knudsen et al., 1997; Blackwood et al., 2000; Chen et al., 1998 Haack et al., 1998). There are a large number of recent publications on the use of pre- and pro-biotics to alter the colonic microflora. Although a change in the microflora has been documented in several studies, functional endpoints are lacking at this time. (Cummings et al., 2002). Certain clinical studies have reported successful management of chronic constipation with fiber supplementation (Cummings, 1984; Hein et al., 1978; Loening-Baucke, 1994; Shafik et al., 1993).
Children. Consumption of adequate dietary fiber is associated with important health benefits throughout the lifecycle, but certain populations may require specific comment. For example, since the new AI for fiber is based on a decreased risk for CHD, some may assume that meeting the AI for fiber is less important for children than for adults. However, chronic constipation is one of the most common causes of morbidity in childhood (Bakwin, 1971; Leung, 1996; Loening-Baucke, 1995). Some studies have shown that up to 10 percent of children have chronic constipation (Bakwin, 1971; Leung, 1996; Loening-Baucke, 1995), which accounts for 25 percent of visits to pediatric gastroenterology clinics (Loening-Baucke, 1994). Several cross-sectional surveys on U.S. children and adolescents found inadequate dietary fiber intakes (Champagne et al., 2004; Cavadini et al., 2000). A randomized study of Greek children (291 with constipation and 1,602 controls) age 2 to 14 found that constipated children had lower caloric and nutrient intakes (P < 0.001), lower body weight/height (P < 0.001), and reported a higher prevalence of anorexia (P < 0.001). Despite the age of onset of constipation, dietary fiber alone was inversely correlated with chronic constipation (P < 0.001) (Roma et al., 1999). Another study found that children with constipation consumed approximately half as much fiber as a control group that was not constipated (McClung, et al., 1995). Similarly, Morais et al. (1999) reported that children with chronic constipation ate less fiber than their age-matched counterparts.
Elderly. There are a number of issues regarding healthy laxation and the elderly, some of which are summarized in Imershein et al. (2000). Some of these issues involve varied definitions of what constitutes normal laxation. However, there are also very real issues of drug interactions with laxation and lack of appropriate hydration due to concerns about urinary incontinence. Diuretics (often prescribed for hypertension) may result in hard stools, which are difficult to pass. Limitations on mobility also contribute to constipation. Not only is the prevalence of constipation higher in the elderly than in the general population (Grant, 1999), but the impact on quality of life appears to be greater (Pettigrew et al., 1997). Constipation may affect up to 20 percent of people over 65 years of age (Rouse et al., 1991).
Fiber and CHD. Evidence from a large number of epidemiological studies supports a protective role for dietary fiber against CHD (Fraser et al., 1992; Humble et al., 1993; Kromhout et al., 1982; Kushi et al., 1985; Khaw and Barrett-Connor et al., 1987; Morris,1977; Liu et al., 1999; Pietinen et al., 1996; Rimm et al., 1996; Wolk et al., 1999). The actual numbers used to set the AI were from three well-designed, adequately powered prospective epidemiological studies that measured the intake of fiber in healthy people and related the intake to later development of CHD (Pietinen et al., 1996; Rimm et al., 1996; Wolk et al., 1999) (see Table D5-1). Specifically, in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, in which 43,757 men were followed, the relative risk for CHD for men in the highest quintile of fiber intake was 0.59 compared to 1.0 for the men in the lowest quintile of fiber intake (p<0.001). In the Nurses' Health Study, involving 68,782 U.S. women, the relative risk for the highest quintile of fiber intake was 0.77 compared to 1.0 for the lowest (Wolk et al., 1999). In the Finnish Men's Study, involving 21,930 men, the relative risk for CHD for men in the highest quintile of fiber intake was 0.45 compared to the lowest quintile (P <0.001) (Pietinen et al., 1996). As can be determined from data rows one through three of Table 5-1, the AI of 14 g of fiber per1,000 kcal was calculated using the average intake of fiber in the "protected group" in each of the studies (i.e., the highest quintile of fiber intake) and dividing that intake by the average energy intake for that quintile to obtain grams of fiber per calorie. Fiber intake then was expressed as grams per 1,000 calories to provide a more useable number. In brief, to be in the group with the lowest risk for CHD, an average intake of 14 g of fiber per 1,000 kcal would need to be consumed.
Two more recent prospective cohort studies (Bazzano et al., 2003; Liu et al., 2002) provide further evidence that supports the AI of 14 g of fiber per 1000 kcal (Table D5-1). Liu et al. used prospective data from the Women's Health Study over a 6-year period to assess the relationship between total dietary fiber, soluble and insoluble fiber, and fiber sources on the risk of cardiovascular disease or myocardial infarction. A significantly smaller number of cardiovascular disease cases occurred in the highest quintile of intake than in the lowest quintile of intake (99 cases vs. 140 cases). The age and randomized treatment-adjusted relative risk (RR) of cardiovascular disease was 0.65 (P for the linear trend = 0.001) comparing the highest and lowest quintiles (Liu et al., 2002). Liu et al. also reported a pooled analysis of nine published dietary fiber and CHD epidemiological studies. This pooled analysis shows an RR of 0.83 associated with 10 g increases in dietary fiber intake (Liu et al., 2002). Bazzano et al. (2003) examined the relationship between total and soluble dietary fiber intake and the risk of CHD and cardiovascular disease in 9,776 adults who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1 Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. They report that individuals in the highest quartile for dietary fiber intake (20.7 g per day) had an RR of 0.88 for CHD events compared to those in the lowest quartile (5.9 g per day).
A meta-analysis by Pereira et al. (2004) compared intakes of dietary fiber and its subtypes (cereal, fruit, and vegetable fibers) and risk of CHD. This pooled analysis of 10 large prospective studies reported that each 10 g per day increment of dietary fiber was associated with a 14 percent decreased risk of coronary death. Fiber from cereals and fruits also had a strong, inverse association with CHD risk (RR 0.75 and 0.70, respectively). This association was not found for vegetable fiber (RR 1.00).
When setting the AI for fiber, the IOM also took into consideration small-scale clinical intervention trials and potential mechanisms for this observed protective effect against CHD. As reviewed by Fernandez (2001), a large number of relatively small-scale clinical intervention trials have shown that viscous fibers can lower serum cholesterol. It is generally accepted that a decrease in serum cholesterol is protective against CHD (see Part D, Section 4, for further information). Notably, in the studies in the Types and Sources of Dietary Fiber Summary Tables, Appendix G-3, total dietary fiber from foods was shown to be protective against CHD, not just those fibers that lower cholesterol. Whole grains, fruits, and vegetables are the food sources of fiber. Other possible mechanisms for the protective effect of high-fiber diets include the delayed absorption of macronutrients; a decrease in serum triglyceride levels; and a lowering of blood pressure. Also, whole grains, fruits and vegetables contain substances, such as phytochemicals, that may contribute to their beneficial effect in protecting against CHD.
Carbohydrates—the sugars, starches, and fibers found in grains, fruits, vegetables, and milk products—are an important part of a nutritious, healthy diet. The intake of carbohydrates (including sucrose, glucose, fructose, lactose and starch) contributes to dental caries by providing substrate for bacterial fermentation in the mouth. Drinking fluoridated water and/or using fluoride-containing dental hygiene products help reduce the risk of dental caries.
Compared with individuals who consume small amounts of foods and beverages that are high in added sugars, those who consume large amounts tend to consume more calories but smaller amounts of micronutrients. Although more research is needed, available prospective studies suggest a positive association between the consumption of sweetened beverages and weight gain. A reduced intake of added sugars (especially sugar-sweetened beverages) may be helpful in weight control and in achieving recommended intakes of nutrients.
To reduce the risk of CHD disease and promote healthful laxation, the Committee recommends the intake of 14 g of dietary fiber per 1,000 calories.
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1 The z-score, which represents the number of standard deviations away from the population mean in a normal distribution, indicates the degree to which an individual's measurement deviates from what is expected for that individual.
Table D5-1. Dietary Fiber Intake and Coronary Heart Disease (CHD): Prospective Cohort Studies
Select icon to view table
Figure D5-1. Calcium Intake in 4- to 8-year-old Children as a function of added sugar intake
A. Executive Summary
B. Introduction
C. Methodology
D. Science Base
Section 1. Aiming To Meet Recommended Intakes of Nutrients
Section 2. Energy
Section 3. Discretionary Calories
Section 4. Fats
Section 5. Carbohydrates
Section 6. Selected Food Groups
Section 7. Fluid and Electrolytes
Section 8. Ethanol
Section 9. Food Safety
Section 10. Major Conclusions
E. Translating the Science into Dietary Guidance
F. Research Recommendations
G. Appendices
Description of USDA Analyses
Summary Tables from Systematic Review
IOM Tables
(Institute of Medicine tables referenced in the 2005 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee Report are available at http://www.nap.edu)
History of Dietary Guidelines
Summary of Recommendations
Biographical Sketches of DGAC Members
Read Public Comments
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Great news for melanoma patients & immunotherapy research
September 28, 2019 · by vickyunwin · in My Doc, News. ·
Half of people diagnosed with advanced melanoma, which once had dismal survival rates, are now living for five years or more when they receive a combination immunotherapy treatment, a study has shown.
A decade ago, only one in 20 patients were still alive after five years. Most died within six to nine months. Researchers from the Institute of CancerResearch and the Royal Marsden hospital in London, who have pioneered the work, said the five-year survival rate for just over half of their patients was a landmark.
While they could not talk of a cure, they said they hoped some people would go on to have a normal life expectancy.
Immunotherapy, which teaches the immune system to fight the cancer and is an alternative to bombing tumours with drugs, has had remarkable results. Ipilimumab and nivolumab, two monoclonal antibodies, have both helped prolong lives and the new study showed that, in combination, the results were even better.
“By giving these drugs together you are effectively taking two brakes off the immune system rather than one so that the immune system is able to recognise tumours it wasn’t previously recognising and react to that and destroy them,” said Prof James Larkin of the ICR who presented the results at the European Society for Medical Oncology meeting in Barcelona.
In their paper published in the New England Journal of Medicine, the team explain that they recruited 945 patients with advanced melanoma and randomly assigned them to one of three groups: 314 patients received the “double-hit” of nivolumab plus ipilimumab; 316 patients received nivolumab plus a placebo; and 315 patients received ipilimumab plus a placebo. Each nivolumab arm was compared with ipilimumab by itself, and was administered until the disease progressed or until any side effects became unacceptable.
The best results were seen in the group who had the combination treatment, 52% of whom survived to five years or more. Most of those, 74%, were no longer receiving any treatment by that time. The overall survival for nivolumab alone was 44%, and 26% for ipilimumab.
Larkin said there had been little change in their patients between three and five years and they were hopeful they would continue to do well.
“The chance of being alive at five years is quite similar to three years and four years,” he said. “For those patients getting to five years, many or most are off treatment and leading normal lives.”
At the Royal Marsden, Larkin said he had now treated about 100 patients with advanced melanoma or advanced kidney cancer with the combination, which has been approved for use in the NHS for both conditions.
The drugs have only been available for 10 to 15 years so the long-term outlook cannot be certain until people have survived into old age. “The definition of a cure is to have a normal life expectancy and die of something else,” he said.
Some people cannot tolerate the side effects of immunotherapy drugs and have to stop them within weeks of starting. But the researchers found that did not matter; even taking immunotherapy for a limited period appeared to kick-start the immune system into recognising and fighting the tumours. The survival rates among those who stopped were as good as in those who continued.
For advanced melanoma, the standard course of treatment is two years, but some people may need much less, Larkin said.
Pamela Smith, 67, joined the immunotherapy trial in January 2014, soon after discovering her melanoma had spread.
“It was inoperable, so the trial was my only option,” she said. “I’d been having treatment every two weeks for about four months when I developed diarrhoea that was so bad I had to come off treatment. Amazingly, the first scan and every scan since has shown that in that relatively short time it worked. My tumour shrank to less than half its original size and it hasn’t changed in five years.
“I’ve not had any treatment since and I feel brilliant. At every appointment at the Royal Marsden, they ask how I feel on a scale of one to 100 and I answer 100. I feel well and very lucky to be alive.”
Thanks to Sarah Boseley in The Guardian
Tags: cancer, immunotherapy, melanoma, Royal Marsden
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The Doc
The Doc has been a friend for over 30 years. Based in the East of England she leads a team researching cancer diagnosis and treatment, and has published more than 60 peer-reviewed articles over the last ten years. She is also a mother, wife, cook, gardener, dog-walker, music-lover, traveller, naturalist, snorkeler…. and continues to work as a GP.
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Home News Channels Business & Finance Galvanize And City Of New York Deliver Tech Training To Underrepresented New...
Galvanize And City Of New York Deliver Tech Training To Underrepresented New Yorkers
NEW YORK, Nov. 12, 2019 /PRNewswire-HISPANIC PR WIRE/ — As we celebrate National Entrepreneurship Month, the city of New York and technology leaders, including Galvanize, are making progress in building a qualified, local talent pool to fill in-demand tech jobs by delivering tech training to underrepresented New Yorkers.
Galvanize, the nation’s leading provider of software engineering and data science immersive training, is eagerly anticipating the first round of graduates of an innovative new program that is preparing New Yorkers with limited tech experience for in-demand data analyst jobs.
The Data Analyst Training Accelerator (DATA), part of the NYC Tech Talent Pipeline (TTP) portfolio managed by the NYC Department of Small Business Services (SBS), aims to provide an accessible pathway to data analyst careers for underrepresented New Yorkers, including those who are seeking an alternative to a four-year degree.
In August, Galvanize welcomed the program’s first 16 students to its unique data science technology ecosystem to learn in-demand skills such as advanced Excel, SQL, Python, and digital marketing-related analytics, as well as career advancement and interview skills. These students will graduate in January. Upon completion, students will get the opportunity to present their Capstone Project at a hiring day event attended by employers from New York City.
More than 60 percent of the class identifies as a minority and 56 percent identifies as female, two demographics that are traditionally underrepresented in the tech world.
The program will begin taking new applications in February 2020 for its next class of 34 students. Eligible applicants must be 18, be unemployed or make under $45,000 a year and have no professional experience as a data analyst.
“Galvanize is dedicated to closing the skills gap that exists in technology today, and we’re thrilled that the City of New York not only recognizes this need as well, but has dedicated resources toward equipping New Yorkers with the tools they need to participate in the city’s growing technology economy today and in the future,” said Harsh Patel, CEO, Galvanize.
The training initiative was designed in partnership with New York City’s Tech Talent Pipeline and leading New York City-based tech companies to build a qualified, local talent pool to fill in-demand tech jobs. According to Burning Glass Technologies, over the past five years, demand for data analysts in New York City has grown by 50%, and demand for data analysts early in their careers, with 0-2 years of experience, has increased by 112%.
DATA is made possible through over $800,000 in funding from New York City Department of Small Business Services and a partnership with Galvanize. For more information on DATA, visit ttp.nyc .
About Galvanize
Galvanize offers the Galvanize Data Science Immersive bootcamp and the Hack Reactor Software Engineering bootcamp across all of its campuses. Galvanize has nine physical campuses across the U.S. where innovative startups, aspiring students and large enterprises come together. In addition to its physical campuses, Galvanize offers full-time and part-time immersive bootcamps remotely. Galvanize is backed by investors including, but not limited to, Catalyst Investors, ABS Capital Partners, University Ventures, New Markets Venture Partners and Colorado Impact Fund. Learn more at Galvanize.
About the NYC Tech Talent Pipeline
Launched by Mayor Bill de Blasio in 2014, the NYC Tech Talent Pipeline is the City’s tech Industry Partnership, designed to support the inclusive growth of the NYC tech sector by delivering quality jobs for New Yorkers and qualified talent for the City’s businesses. The Tech Talent Pipeline works with 275 companies, 17 local colleges, and additional public and private partners to define employer needs, develop training and education models to meet these needs, and scale solutions throughout the City, delivering quality talent for the City’s businesses and quality jobs for New Yorkers. The NYC Tech Talent Pipeline is a public-private partnership between the NYC Department of Small Business Services, the Workforce Funders, and JPMorgan Chase Foundation. techtalentpipeline.nyc/
About NYC Department of Small Business Services’ Industry Partnerships
The NYC Tech Talent Pipeline is one of SBS’s five industry partnerships that work with employers, industry and trade organizations, organized labor, non-profits, training providers and educational institutions, private philanthropy, and workforce organizations to build a sustainable and robust pipeline of local talent to fill New York City’s jobs, create formal career paths to good jobs, reduce barriers to employment and sustain or increase middle-class jobs. Other industry partnerships include the construction, healthcare, hospitality, and industrial fields.
About the Department of Small Business Services (SBS)
SBS helps unlock economic potential and create economic security for all New Yorkers by connecting New Yorkers to good jobs, creating stronger businesses, and building a fairer economy in neighborhoods across the five boroughs. For more information on all SBS services, go to nyc.gov/sbs, call 311, and follow us on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram.
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SOURCE Galvanize
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The Historical Truth Project
"The further a society drifts from the truth, the more it will hate those who speak it." George Orwell
Tag Archives: Argentina disappeared
President Jorge Rafael Videla: He Saved His Country from a Brutally Attempted Communist Takeover.
December 4, 2015 By Dan "Danny Boy" White in A couple of years ago, on May 17, 2013, an 87-year-old man was found dead in his bed. While he appeared to have passed in his sleep of natural causes, an autopsy later revealed that he died as the res, Uncategorized Tags: Argentina, Argentina Civil War, Argentina Coup, Argentina disappeared, Argentina Right Wing Dictatorship, Argentina Torture, Dirty War, General Jorge Rafael Videla, General Videla Argentina, Isabel Peron, Juan Peron, President Videla, Videla Leave a comment
A couple of years ago, on May 17, 2013, an 87-year-old man was found dead in his bed. While he appeared to have passed in his sleep of natural causes, an autopsy later revealed that he died as the result of untreated fractures to his skull and internal hemorrhaging caused by his slipping in the shower fives days earlier. Had he been taken to a hospital or even properly treated, he likely would have survived his injuries. Yet, his keepers seemed indifferent with regard to seeing that the old man received proper medical attention.
All of this transpired at the Marcos Paz Prison in Argentina. The 87-year-old deceased man was a devout Catholic as well as a loving husband and father to his five children. He was also his nation’s former President, who was once beloved by his people and who waged a successful war against Leftist terrorists in Argentina during the 1970s. Had he lost that war, Argentine society might now resemble something akin to Venezuela, North Korea or the former Soviet Union.
His name was Jorge Rafael Videla, a fearless and once popular patriot who save Argentina from the brink of oblivion. His thanks for this Herculean achievement was to be imprisoned by the very progressive-socialist-Marxist terrorists he once successfully fought. Videla, like most who have stood up to the Progressive-Socialist-Marxist Left, had his character destroyed – in addition to being imprisoned and, ultimately, left to die. Yet, to understand this miscarriage of justice, one must know some of the relevant history.
In the mid-20th Century, economists generally concurred that Argentina had the potential to become a world economic power. Rich in resources with a rapidly advancing socioeconomic infrastructure, Argentina enjoyed a population whose culture favored a strong work ethic. Politically stable, Argentina also boasted a well developed agricultural industry. It’s capital city, Buenos Aires had all the trappings of a large, metropolitan city in Western Europe.
Yet, this national promise, like that of so many other nations, was destroyed by Progressive Marxism. One need only listen to the Communist polemics of the current Pope, himself from Argentina, to understand how Argentina was deprived of her destiny and turned into a listless, socialistic welfare state. While it avoided the totalitarian form of Communism that might have been forced upon it had the terrorists won their guerrilla war, nobody today anticipates Argentina becoming a world power and, despite massive wealth redistribution, it’s large population of poor people are now further worse off, economically, than ever before. Not that this will dissuade Argentina’s Progressive leaders from their current economic policies. In the end, the Left engages in wealth redistribution not to help the poor as much as to limit the challenge to their monopoly on power that the wealthy pose.
Jorge Rafael Videla came from a long line of public officials and elites. It was therefor surprising to those who knew him that, although unquestionably patriotic, he had no interest in politics, political parties or ever holding public office. He had different plans for his life. Videla’s dream of serving as an officer in the Argentine Army was fulfilled in 1944 when he was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in that Army upon his graduation from the prestigious National Military College (Colegio Militar de la Nacion).
Concerning himself with mastering the technical and tactical skills needed to become a proficient Army leader, the young Lieutenant Videla also established himself as a talented athlete and devout practitioner of Catholicism who was known for his hard work and seemingly limitless potential. He excelled in all of his assignments as a Army Lieutenant and then, a few years later, as a Captain. He was soon identified as a young man who was destined to go places in the Argentine Army. Unlike many of his peers in the officer corps, Videla distanced himself from political matters and ideological discussions.
In the 1960s, still young but now, an Army Colonel, Jorge Rafael Videla, like most other Argentines, became concerned with the growing actsvof terrorism being committed by a well organized Progressive-Socialist-Marxist guerrilla front operating throughout Argentina. These terrorists were being well funded, equipped and supplied by the communist dictatorships in Cuba, The former Soviet Union and their Warsaw Pact allies. The terrorists were particularly brutal and had no qualms with shedding innocence the blood.
In the 1970s, this well funded terrorist insurgency would become so prevalent and prolific in committing mass murder and destruction, the entire Argentine society looked as if it would succumb to this bloody red tide and collapse as a free society. Later, the very Progressive-Socialist-Marxist front itself would be successful in relabeling this conflict as a “Dirty War” against them and a war of “government genocide,” but, in the end, the Argentines faced, in the 1970s, a terrorist campaign which, comparatively speaking, was just a bloody and just as perilous as the current war on terrorism involving the United States and Europe. The primary difference is that the Argentine War Against Terrorism took place primarily within it’s own borders and, as stated above, it was a war that they almost lost.
Perhaps a few things should be established up front. The guerrilla war in 1970s Argentina was a terrorist campaign by a Progressive-Socialist-Marxist movement which espoused unpopular, discredited ideas and were hence fighting to win on the battlefield that which they were, at the time, incapable of winning at the ballot box through open and fair democratic elections. The Argentine government and its society, on the other hand, were fighting for their very survival. So, yes, insurgents were tortured – just like the US and it allies have terrorist suspects tortured (now the US lets some of it’s Eastern European allies do the torturing). The reason western countries torture their terrorist enemies is because this torture reveals important information about other terrorists and their plans and hence, saves lives. Lots of lives! Nations and societies have a right to survive and defend themselves.
So, to be clear, usually, often the only way to successfully fight well organized terrorists and survive is to commit torture. People of the Left need to come to terms with this reality and deal with it. We are are not going to enter into a suicide pact with you just because you are mentally ill and believe than an entire society should be killed off before a single hair on a darling terrorist’s head is harmed.
Now, during the terrorist attacks in Argentina, the Argentines were only able to prevail and hence, survive as a society, by committing acts of torture. However, let’s be clear, only terrorists who were captured on the battlefield or who were exposed by other admitted terrorists were tortured. Let’s also be clear that contrary to the prevalent Progressive-Socialist-Marxist propaganda, the Argentine government did not go out and kidnap, arrest and torture college students, dissenters or other critics who were not terrorists. Therein is the truth regarding the big lie propagated about the so called “Dirty War.”
In the end, through the use of torture, the Argentines were able to prevail on the battlefield and win the military war against progressive-socialist-Marxist terrorism. However, the political war against the Liberal-Progressive-Socialist-Marxist coalition was lost over the ensuing three decades due to that coalition maintaining an iron clad grip on the culture through films, television and radio as well as the news and publishing industries in addition to the educational system. With complete control over the national system of academia and the flow of information, they have been able to rewrite history and shape the cultural norms and attitudes of the post war generations (sound familiar?). In the process of reshaping the Argentine society into a watered down, albeit democratic, version of what they were seeking during the Terrorist Wars, they took special care to seek revenge against those in the old Argentine government who defeated them on the battlefield three decades ago. First on their list to be paid back was the former Argentine President, Jorge Rafael Videla.
Most are familiar with Juan Peron, himself a former Army General, and still more know of his wife Evita. Juan Peron, and his wife, governed Argentina from 1946 until 1955 (Evita died in in 1952). As a First Lady, Evitia Peron was immensely popular with the peasant class and had an unprecedented role in making policy. The Perons were a strange political force from an ideological standpoint. While appearing, nationalistic and outwardly conservative (some labeled them as Fascists) the also supported social(ist) justice and wealth redistribution all while being aggressively anti-communist. A few years after his wife’s death, Peron was deposed in a military coup and forced into exile.
From 1953 to 1973 Peron lived in exile – mostly in Panama. Always the ladies man, Peron met a night club dancer some 35 years his junior by the name of Isabel Martínez. Isabel, while possessing stunning beauty, had come from a lower middle class family and dropped out of school in the 5th grade. This did not deter Juan Peron from taking this simple night club dancer as his wife making her Isabel Martínez de Perón. Unfortunately and unbeknownst to anyone at the time, this act would place Isabel on a collision course with the people of Argentina.
Peron, like many other great men throughout history, had an impressive second act. Peron’s encore came after a coup in Buenos Aires brought him out of exile and back as President of Argentina – he was sworn in in 1973 and, as with Evita, he made his 5th grade educated wife, Isabel, his Vice-Present. Early upon his return, he was happy to approve the recommendation of General Rafael Videla to the post of Army Chief of Staff. By this time, Peron, the old Army General was a competent war time leader at a point when the Progressive-Socialust-Marxist guerrilla terrorists were stepping up their nation-wide campaign of terror. As popular as ever, Peron was successful in containing the terrorist threat. Had his regime continued he might have made short shrift of the terrorist and things might have turned out much differently for Argentina. Unfortunately, on July 1, 1974, President Juan Peron died, after suffering a series of heart attacks days before, leaving, by law, his 5th grade educated wife
Isabel Martínez de Perón, the former nightclub dancer, to succeed him as President and she did just that.
Isabel was not remotely qualified to lead Argentina, much less during their war on terror. Lacking any meaningful knowledge of the governmental departments, economics or military operations, Isabel was forced to rely on the advice of underlings. Still, things might have fared much better for Argentina had she chosen the right underlings to seek advice from. She did not and the Argentine government and economy dove into a sudden and precipitously downward spiral. Inflation jumped to 35%, the economy was close to collapse and the now emboldened terrorist seemed on the verge of winning. Some among the upper classes began to flee the country. Argentina, as most everyone knew it then, seem to be on the verge of being no more. One particularly notorious terrorist group, The ERP, (People’s Revolutionary Army) had gained particular infamy by engaging in the widespread murder and kidnapping for ransom of prominent Argentine citizens as well as an attack in force on the Azulejo Army Barracks. With the shocking and swift collapse of Batista’s Cuba still in their memory, senior government officials and military leaders began discussing options to save Argentina from a similar fate.
Early in the morning hours of March 21, 1976, Alicia Videla awoke to find her husband, General Jorge Videla, pacing anxiously throughout their tastefully decorated home. Videla, now the commander of the entire Argentine Army, bore the signs of a man under considerable stress.
It was only after she attempted to consul her beloved husband that she understood the weight of the dilemma her husband faced. A
large group of his fellow military officers as well as many Argentine government and industrial elites had been made a decision to act. They were not going to see their beloved Argentina destroyed without a fight. All the plans were complete. For the very survival of Argentina and Argentine society, the ineptly perilous administration of Isabel Peron had to end – preferably without incident or harm to her or her supporters. With this proposition, General Videla very reluctantly agreed. After all, he had eschewed politics throughout his entire adult life. He believed strongly in the rule of law and the virtues of a democratic society. For the survival of his country, he could hold his nose and agree with Peron’s removal – that was not what was weighing on his conscious – causing him to frantically pace throughout his home, as his family slept, in the wee hours of that March morning.
That which had floored Videla was set in motion the previous day when the political and military leaders of the coup d’etat, that would take down the Isabel Peron’s disastrous reign, informed him that he, for the sake of his country and his people, must assume Presidency after Peron’s removal. He was “most qualified” they told him. His unequalled “military leadership was required” to turn the tide against the Progressive-Socialist-Communist terrorists they pleaded. They reminded him of his “popularity with the public” and that someone of his gravitas was needed for the new government to succeed.
Still sensing Videla’s reluctance to take on a political leadership role, they reassured him that the job would be “temporary” and that his would be a “caretaker’s government” and that he was leading a governmental “reorganization.” Their pleas and the pressure they exerted on Videla were compelling – for sure. Yet he resisted.
Telling them he needed more time to consider their proposition, Videla left the meeting uncommitted. General Videla found the whole matter to be well outside his comfort zone. He was, above all, a soldier and a man of honor. The thought of his taking on a political role, under such circumstances, much less the Presidency of Argentina, was personally distasteful to him.
Were this all General Jorge Rafael Videla had to consider his decision would have been so easy, so effortlessly to make and would have been a resounding no. Yet, there was more he to factor into his deliberations. So much more he couldn’t sleep.
The very fabric of Argentine society was unraveling under the emboldened Progressive-Socialist-Marxist terrorist front. There seemed to be no safe place. Half of all of the people they murdered were innocent bystanders caught in the wrong place at the wrong time. Recently, the popular Buenos Aires Police Chief, Alberto Villar and his wife had been murdered in broad daylight by the leftists. Videla knew that his beloved Argentina was perilously close to collapse. He knew that no society could withstand the duel threats of a well armed and supplied fifth column of leftist terrorist coupled with the ravages visited upon the economy by the terrorists themselves to say nothing of the damage caused by Isabel Peron’s ill-advised fiscal polices.
Videla knew the survival of the nation required bold military leadership and a new tactical approach. Despite his trying to rationalize a justification for his refusing the Presidency, in the end, he knew he alone was the best qualified to save his country from the deadly terrorism practiced by the ad hoc progressive-socialist-Marxist front.
The next day, he made contact with the others and reluctantly accepted their offer of leadership under two important conditions. First, they should strive to ensure the coup would be a bloodless one. Second, his role as the new President would be a transitional one and he would represent a temporary caretaker government that would allow for elections after the leftist terrorist threat had been placed in check. His coconspirators agreed and the next day, as the dangerously incompetent Isabel Peron boarded an Air Force helicopter, her flight was diverted to a military base where she was temporarily detained.
When the new government, that replaced Isabel Peron, was announced, the people of Argentina breathed a long, collective sigh of relief. When it was announced that General Jorge Videla would be the interim, caretaker President, the people began to again express hope that disaster could be averted.
With the support of his people, General Videla, knew that the first priority would be to take the offensive against the coalition of progressive-socialist-Marxist terrorist. This was required to save the country. The economy would take longer to fix and, in the end, would require that the terrorists be defeated.
Right from the start, Videla recognized the overarching challenge in effectively fighting the leftist terrorist network in his country. Although they espoused ideology and leanings different than their conservative Catholic countrymen, they could effectively blend in with society. Like all terrorists, whether they be the very cowardly progressive-socialist-Marxist terrorists who threatened Argentina’s survival then or today’s Islamo-Fascist Jihadist, they wore no uniform and, after committing their cowardly acts of bloodshed, would slip back into their homes, schools or workplaces and pass themselves off a decent, lawful citizens.
As Argentina’s new President, Videla’s plan of attack against the leftist terrorist was enacted swiftly and boldly. Significant manpower was committed to securing Argentina’s borders to prevent the resupply and reinforcement of the terrorists with leftist volunteers from other countries within Latin America. This included a new treaty with Argentina’s neighbor Chile to jointly patrol their shared border to intradict the flow of terrorists moving between both countries. Deals were struck with other neighboring countries to share intelligence on terrorist networks and captured leftist terrorists working within their borders. This significantly reduced the ability of terrorists within the progressive-socialist-Marxist coalition to easily seek sanctuary or to base their operations or seek refuge in neighboring countries. Further, Videla’s plan also called for other partner countries within Latin America to screen criminals for terrorist involvement upon arrest. This program in particular provided the law enforcement and intelligence agencies of partner countries a treasure trove of information on terrorists operations and organization and caused the detainment of criminals, who might otherwise have been released, due to their terrorist ties. This program was most effective due to the high rate of non-terrorist related criminal contact and moral depravity within the progressive-leftist-Marxist terrorist front. Many of these leftists were active homosexuals or otherwise depraved sexual predators who engaged in rape and child molestation. Most had significant drug habits or addictions and would engage in theft and other crimes to sustain their habits (many progressive-socialist-Marxist can be thus described even today). The arrest of these people, initially, for non-terrorist offenses lead to the identification and removal of many progressive-socialist-Marxist terrorists. In fact, in Argentina as well as in Uruguay and Bolivia, nearly one third of all pederasts (child molesters) arrested turned out to have a direct connection to the progressive-socialist-Marxist terrorist front. In Chile, the number was close to one in two.
Yet, General Videla knew that this would not be enough to root out the leftist terrorist scum. He revamped Argentina’s capabilities in gathering both human and electronic intelligences. Soon, terrorist radio and telephone communications were being intercepted and, were applicable coded messages were being cracked. Agents became successful in infiltrating ostensibly non-terrorist organizations that were, in actuality, used as recruiting ground for the terrorists such as University student and faculty organizations, labor unions, nominally non-violent liberal groups and underground homosexual cells. These efforts began to break the back of the leftist terrorist groups which had grown large, unwieldy and overconfident.
Yet, the most effective method to quickly gain the information necessary to thwart planned terrorist attacks and save innocent lives was torture which was administered in a similar way as it is in the western world’s war against terrorism today. Interestingly enough, those progressive-socialist-Marxist terrorists who chose to candidly confess their complicity in terror and fully share the necessary information needed to stop the loss of innocent life were spared any type of torture.
In fact, the Argentine military, intelligence network as well as Videla himself were amazed at how quickly many of the leftist terrorist would turn (by talking) on their own comrades to avoid torture. Videla famously made note that many of the progressive-socialist-Marxist terrorists “lacked the courage of their convictions -” unlike today’s Islamic terrorists.
Few and far in between are those who were tortured who did not have ties to terrorist organizations. Yes, some rare mistakes were made and yes, some of the braver terrorists died under interrogation or, fearing their inability to hold up under torture, committed suicide. Yes, some were, in extreme circumstances executed for their terrorist acts and murder after receiving trial, with full due process of the law, by military tribunals.
Further, one can’t help but take notice of the facts that there are so many still alive today who were arrested and claimed to have been tortured. First, unless there was a rare case of mistaken identity, all of these people were working with or for the terrorists at some level and are today still all members of the far left wing. Second, and most important, they are alive today because, they were eventually released by the Videla government and not “disappeared” as today’s progressive-socialist-Marxists in Argentina would have us believe.
The myth of the “disappeared” in Argentina, both during the war against terror and today, should be addressed here and now. For decades, members of the progressive-socialist-Marxist front have used their control over the flow of information to perpetrate a myth that, under Videla, good law abiding Argentine citizens, who were merely minding their own business and had nothing to do with terrorism were all abducted, tortured, murdered and then had there bodies buried or otherwise hidden so as to never be found again.
First, as has been fairly well established in subsequent court proceedings against President Videla and others in his administration, the vast majority of the so called “disappeared” were progressive-socialist-Marxist terrorists who were lawfully killed in open combat with government troops or security forces. Even some of the more honest among the former terrorists in Argentina today readily admit this. The progressive-socialist-Marxist have been able to gain much traction out of the “disappeared” fabrication through the governments policy, at the time, of not returning the bodies of terrorists to their families after the were a) killed in battle b) executed after a confession to or guilty finding by a military tribunal or c) committed suicide while in custody. The governments policy of not returning the bodies of the progressive-socialist-Marxist terrorists was to avoid making martyrs out of them through the leftists practice of making a huge media production out of their funerals fully supported by their leftist accomplices in the Argentine and international media would propagate false claims that they were innocents who were “murdered merely for criticizing the government.” Finally, the practice of not returning the bodies of killed guerrilla or terrorist combatants was anything but new. Even in the then recently concluded conflict in Vietnam, the United States forces and those of their allies would routinely burry killed enemy NVA or Viet Cong in mass, unmarked graves. Seldom was any effort made to identify the dead. Perhaps, most of all, the Argentine government simply didn’t believe that terrorist traitors deserved a proper burial.
The Argentine government, by their own admission did go to lengths in order to destroy or otherwise conceal terrorist bodies. Sometimes buried in mass graves, sometimes burned and sometimes, the terrorist dead were placed in Argentine Air Force transport planes and dumped over the Atlantic Ocean. In the later case, the progressive-socialist-Marxist terrorists propagated wild tales of the Argentine military throwing live prisoners out of planes over the ocean. Yet, like most of the leftist propaganda, there was never any credible evidence to support the charges. That didn’t stop their ideological allies in the American and international media from disseminating these lies as though they were fact.
In the end, all freedom loving Argentines owe their late President, Jorge Videla, a debt of gratitude. His aggressive measures saved Argentina from a total collapse and Communist take over. While aggressive and controversial, Presidents Videla’s actions won the fight against the terrorists and he showed, that by doing what the US lacked the stomach to do in Viet Nam in his own country, any progressive-socialist-Marxist guerrilla-terrorist movement could be defeated by infiltration and interdiction through aggressive human and electronic intelligence. In fact, the techniques utilized by President Videla have been studied, refined and are in full use today by the western world in the ongoing global war against terrorism. In short, we all owe this late great President a debt of gratitude.
Yet what if President Videla had lacked the courage and fortitude to do what was necessary to save his country from the progressive-socialist-Marxist campaign of terror? Few objective observers would disagree that the people of Argentina would have faced a similar fate to those of the people who endured the communist takeovers in Cuba, South Vietnam, Cambodia or the eastern block. Undoubtedly hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of Argentinians would have been really “disappeared” or worked to death in gulag style concentration camps or “reeducation centers.” Private property would have been seized and the due process of law would have been destroyed along most other freedoms just as it has been in virtually every other country which has been forcibly taken over by Communists.
Thank you President Jorge Videla! For those who still care about the truth, you are our hero.
Vivi Videla!
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HomeCommunityNational Underground Railroad extended to Florida
National Underground Railroad extended to Florida
January 21, 2019 Community 0
Historic City News readers are patriotically invited to attend the open meeting of the Saint Augustine Tea Party on Tuesday, January 22nd at 6:30 p.m., at the Village Inn located at 900 North Ponce de Leon Boulevard, St. Augustine. The returning special guest will be author, film director and historian, Derek Boyd Hankerson, M.A.
“Florida’s Underground Railroad: Southern Route to Freedom”
Knowledge of a Southern Route to Freedom isn’t new. As early as 1587, Spain’s La Florida was recorded to be “a safe haven for freedom seekers resisting enslavement”. The Underground Railroad ran South from South Carolina and Georgia to St. Augustine, Florida.
In 1738, Fort Mose became the first legally sanctioned community of free blacks. Home to former slaves who fled the Carolinas, they formed a militia and established a fort north of St. Augustine to help protect the city. The community grew to include soldiers and their families, as well as craftsmen and artisans. By 1740, the militia defended St. Augustine against the British in the Battle of Bloody Mose.
Derek Hankerson’s family is native to St. Johns County, and his ancestry here can be traced as far back as the 18th century. Members of his family have proudly served in every American conflict dating back to and including the American Revolution. Several family members fought on both sides of the civil war, including the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment and Stalling’s Battalion.
Tuesday evening, Hankerson will discuss the origin and history of the National Underground Railroad, as well as the importance of Fort Mose and those veterans who earned their freedom in the Florida territory. He will also present a short film that he co-produced for the 2012 National Underground Railroad Conference. Question and answer session to follow.
There is no admission charge and you do not need to be a member of the Saint Augustine Tea Party to attend and participate.
FDOT road repairs and maintenance report
Adamec headed to prison
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Our education programmes
Training tomorrow's scientists and engineers
The founding Convention recognised the important role that CERN could play in training Europe’s scientists and engineers. The Laboratory offers a unique environment for training – a rich and stimulating melting pot of people and ideas giving its young people an exceptional opportunity to hone their communication and analytical skills.
As a large accelerator laboratory, CERN relies on expertise in many engineering subjects, all of which feature in the recruitment and training programmes. There are opportunities for students in applied physics, engineering and computing to learn on the job at CERN and for technicians to train in fields at the cutting edge of technology. The comprehensive range of training schemes and fellowships attracts many talented young scientists and engineers to the Laboratory. Many go on to find careers in industry, where their experience of working in a high-tech, multi-national environment is highly valued.
Moreover, CERN’s education and outreach programmes cover all ages from high-school students to university students. Specifically, CERN offers the tailor-made High-School Students Internship Programme several times per year and the Beamline for Schools Competition, challenging high-school students from around the world to propose an experiment to carry out at a real research laboratory. Indeed, of the 100 000 visitors who come to CERN each year, the majority are high-school students who also participate in a hands-on workshop in CERN’s S’Cool LAB.
The Laboratory also runs residential programmes for high-school teachers from around the world and a summer programme for undergraduate students. For professionals further on in their careers, CERN organises highly regarded schools in particle physics, computing and accelerators.
CERN Teacher Programmes
S'Cool LAB
High-School Students Internship Programme
Beamline for Schools
From interns to doctoral students
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US (United States) Code. Title 18. Chapter 232: Miscellaneous sentencing provisions
18 USC CHAPTER 232 - MISCELLANEOUS SENTENCING PROVISIONS 01/06/03
TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
PART II - CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
CHAPTER 232 - MISCELLANEOUS SENTENCING PROVISIONS
3661. Use of information for sentencing.
3662. Conviction records.
3663. Order of restitution.
3663A. Mandatory restitution to victims of certain crimes.
3664. Procedure for issuance and enforcement of order of
restitution.
3665. Firearms possessed by convicted felons.
3666. Bribe moneys.
3667. Liquors and related property; definitions.
3668. Remission or mitigation of forfeitures under liquor laws;
possession pending trial.
3669. Conveyances carrying liquor.
3670. Disposition of conveyances seized for violation of the Indian
liquor laws.
3671. Vessels carrying explosives and steerage passengers.
3672. Duties of Director of Administrative Office of the United
States Courts.
3673. Definitions for sentencing provisions.
1996 - Pub. L. 104-132, title II, Sec. 204(b), 206(b), Apr. 24,
1996, 110 Stat. 1229, 1236, added item 3663A and substituted
''issuance and enforcement of order of restitution'' for ''issuing
order of restitution'' in item 3664.
1990 - Pub. L. 101-647, title XXXV, Sec. 3594, Nov. 29, 1990, 104
Stat. 4931, substituted ''Conveyances'' for ''Conveyance'' in item
1984 - Pub. L. 98-473, title II, Sec. 212(a)(5), 235(a)(1), Oct.
12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2010, 2031, as amended, added chapter heading
and analysis of sections for chapter 232 consisting of items 3661
to 3673, effective Nov. 1, 1987.
Pub. L. 98-473, title II, Sec. 212(a)(1), (3)-(5), 235(a)(1),
Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 1987, 2010, 2031, as amended, enacted
heading, analysis, and section 3673 of this chapter (Sec. 3661 to
3673), provided that sections 3577, 3578, 3579, 3580, 3611, 3612,
3615, 3617, 3618, 3619, 3620, and 3656 of this title are renumbered
as sections 3661, 3662, 3663, 3664, 3665, 3666, 3667, 3668, 3669,
3670, 3671, and 3672, respectively, of this chapter, and amended
section 3663 of this chapter, effective Nov. 1, 1987, and
applicable only to offenses committed after the taking effect of
this chapter. Section 235 of Pub. L. 98-473, as amended, relating
to effective dates, is set out as a note under section 3551 of this
title.
18 USC Sec. 3661 01/06/03
Sec. 3661. Use of information for sentencing
No limitation shall be placed on the information concerning the
background, character, and conduct of a person convicted of an
offense which a court of the United States may receive and consider
for the purpose of imposing an appropriate sentence.
(Added Pub. L. 91-452, title X, Sec. 1001(a), Oct. 15, 1970, 84
Stat. 951, Sec. 3577; renumbered Sec. 3661, Pub. L. 98-473, title
II, Sec. 212(a)(1), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 1987.)
Pub. L. 101-421, Sec. 1, Oct. 12, 1990, 104 Stat. 909, provided
that: ''This Act (amending provisions set out as a note under
section 3672 of this title) may be cited as the 'Drug and Alcohol
Dependent Offenders Treatment Act of 1989'.''
Pub. L. 99-570, title I, Sec. 1861(a), Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat.
3207-53, provided that: ''This section (amending sections 3672 and
4255 of this title, enacting provisions set out as a note under
section 3672 of this title, and amending provisions set out as a
note under section 4255 of this title) may be cited as the 'Drug
and Alcohol Dependent Offenders Treatment Act of 1986'.''
Sec. 3662. Conviction records
(a) The Attorney General of the United States is authorized to
establish in the Department of Justice a repository for records of
convictions and determinations of the validity of such convictions.
(b) Upon the conviction thereafter of a defendant in a court of
the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of
Puerto Rico, a territory or possession of the United States, any
political subdivision, or any department, agency, or
instrumentality thereof for an offense punishable in such court by
death or imprisonment in excess of one year, or a judicial
determination of the validity of such conviction on collateral
review, the court shall cause a certified record of the conviction
or determination to be made to the repository in such form and
containing such information as the Attorney General of the United
States shall by regulation prescribe.
(c) Records maintained in the repository shall not be public
records. Certified copies thereof -
(1) may be furnished for law enforcement purposes on request of
a court or law enforcement or corrections officer of the United
States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto
Rico, a territory or possession of the United States, any
instrumentality thereof;
a court or law enforcement or corrections officer of a State, any
instrumentality thereof, if a statute of such State requires
that, upon the conviction of a defendant in a court of the State
or any political subdivision thereof for an offense punishable in
such court by death or imprisonment in excess of one year, or a
judicial determination of the validity of such conviction on
collateral review, the court cause a certified record of the
conviction or determination to be made to the repository in such
form and containing such information as the Attorney General of
the United States shall by regulation prescribe; and
(3) shall be prima facie evidence in any court of the United
instrumentality thereof, that the convictions occurred and
whether they have been judicially determined to be invalid on
collateral review.
(d) The Attorney General of the United States shall give
reasonable public notice, and afford to interested parties
opportunity for hearing, prior to prescribing regulations under
this section.
Sec. 3663. Order of restitution
(a)(1)(A) The court, when sentencing a defendant convicted of an
offense under this title, section 401, 408(a), 409, 416, 420, or
422(a) of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 841, 848(a),
849, 856, 861, 863) (but in no case shall a participant in an
offense under such sections be considered a victim of such offense
under this section), or section 46312, 46502, or 46504 of title 49,
other than an offense described in section 3663A(c), may order, in
addition to or, in the case of a misdemeanor, in lieu of any other
penalty authorized by law, that the defendant make restitution to
any victim of such offense, or if the victim is deceased, to the
victim's estate. The court may also order, if agreed to by the
parties in a plea agreement, restitution to persons other than the
victim of the offense.
(B)(i) The court, in determining whether to order restitution
under this section, shall consider -
(I) the amount of the loss sustained by each victim as a result
of the offense; and
(II) the financial resources of the defendant, the financial
needs and earning ability of the defendant and the defendant's
dependents, and such other factors as the court deems
(ii) To the extent that the court determines that the
complication and prolongation of the sentencing process resulting
from the fashioning of an order of restitution under this section
outweighs the need to provide restitution to any victims, the court
may decline to make such an order.
(2) For the purposes of this section, the term ''victim'' means a
person directly and proximately harmed as a result of the
commission of an offense for which restitution may be ordered
including, in the case of an offense that involves as an element a
scheme, conspiracy, or pattern of criminal activity, any person
directly harmed by the defendant's criminal conduct in the course
of the scheme, conspiracy, or pattern. In the case of a victim who
is under 18 years of age, incompetent, incapacitated, or deceased,
the legal guardian of the victim or representative of the victim's
estate, another family member, or any other person appointed as
suitable by the court, may assume the victim's rights under this
section, but in no event shall the defendant be named as such
representative or guardian.
(3) The court may also order restitution in any criminal case to
the extent agreed to by the parties in a plea agreement.
(b) The order may require that such defendant -
(1) in the case of an offense resulting in damage to or loss or
destruction of property of a victim of the offense -
(A) return the property to the owner of the property or
someone designated by the owner; or
(B) if return of the property under subparagraph (A) is
impossible, impractical, or inadequate, pay an amount equal to
the greater of -
(i) the value of the property on the date of the damage,
loss, or destruction, or
(ii) the value of the property on the date of sentencing,
less the value (as of the date the property is returned) of any
part of the property that is returned;
(2) in the case of an offense resulting in bodily injury to a
victim including an offense under chapter 109A or chapter 110 -
(A) pay an amount equal to the cost of necessary medical and
related professional services and devices relating to physical,
psychiatric, and psychological care, including nonmedical care
and treatment rendered in accordance with a method of healing
recognized by the law of the place of treatment;
(B) pay an amount equal to the cost of necessary physical and
occupational therapy and rehabilitation; and
(C) reimburse the victim for income lost by such victim as a
result of such offense;
(3) in the case of an offense resulting in bodily injury also
results in the death of a victim, pay an amount equal to the cost
of necessary funeral and related services;
(4) in any case, reimburse the victim for lost income and
necessary child care, transportation, and other expenses related
to participation in the investigation or prosecution of the
offense or attendance at proceedings related to the offense; and
(5) in any case, if the victim (or if the victim is deceased,
the victim's estate) consents, make restitution in services in
lieu of money, or make restitution to a person or organization
designated by the victim or the estate.
(c)(1) Notwithstanding any other provision of law (but subject to
the provisions of subsections (a)(1)(B)(i)(II) and (ii), (FOOTNOTE
1) when sentencing a defendant convicted of an offense described in
section 401, 408(a), 409, 416, 420, or 422(a) of the Controlled
Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 841, 848(a), 849, 856, 861, 863), in
which there is no identifiable victim, the court may order that the
defendant make restitution in accordance with this subsection.
(FOOTNOTE 1) So in original. Probably should be ''(ii)),''.
(2)(A) An order of restitution under this subsection shall be
based on the amount of public harm caused by the offense, as
determined by the court in accordance with guidelines promulgated
by the United States Sentencing Commission.
(B) In no case shall the amount of restitution ordered under this
subsection exceed the amount of the fine which may be ordered for
the offense charged in the case.
(3) Restitution under this subsection shall be distributed as
(A) 65 percent of the total amount of restitution shall be paid
to the State entity designated to administer crime victim
assistance in the State in which the crime occurred.
(B) 35 percent of the total amount of restitution shall be paid
to the State entity designated to receive Federal substance abuse
block grant funds.
(4) The court shall not make an award under this subsection if it
appears likely that such award would interfere with a forfeiture
under chapter 46 or chapter 96 of this title or under the
Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 801 et seq.).
(5) Notwithstanding section 3612(c) or any other provision of
law, a penalty assessment under section 3013 or a fine under
subchapter C of chapter 227 shall take precedence over an order of
restitution under this subsection.
(6) Requests for community restitution under this subsection may
be considered in all plea agreements negotiated by the United
(7)(A) The United States Sentencing Commission shall promulgate
guidelines to assist courts in determining the amount of
restitution that may be ordered under this subsection.
(B) No restitution shall be ordered under this subsection until
such time as the Sentencing Commission promulgates guidelines
pursuant to this paragraph.
(d) An order of restitution made pursuant to this section shall
be issued and enforced in accordance with section 3664.
(Added Pub. L. 97-291, Sec. 5(a), Oct. 12, 1982, 96 Stat. 1253,
Sec. 3579; renumbered Sec. 3663 and amended Pub. L. 98-473, title
II, Sec. 212(a)(1), (3), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 1987, 2010; Pub.
L. 98-596, Sec. 9, Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 3138; Pub. L. 99-646,
Sec. 8(b), 20(a), 77(a), 78(a), 79(a), Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat.
3593, 3596, 3618, 3619; Pub. L. 100-182, Sec. 13, Dec. 7, 1987, 101
Stat. 1268; Pub. L. 100-185, Sec. 12, Dec. 11, 1987, 101 Stat.
1285; Pub. L. 100-690, title VII, Sec. 7042, Nov. 18, 1988, 102
Stat. 4399; Pub. L. 101-647, title XXV, Sec. 2509, title XXXV, Sec.
3595, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4863, 4931; Pub. L. 103-272, Sec.
5(e)(12), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1374; Pub. L. 103-322, title IV,
Sec. 40504, 40505, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1947; Pub. L. 104-132,
title II, Sec. 205(a), Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1229; Pub. L.
104-294, title VI, Sec. 601(r)(1), (2), 605(l), Oct. 11, 1996, 110
Stat. 3502, 3510; Pub. L. 106-310, div. B, title XXXVI, Sec.
3613(c), Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1230.)
-REFTEXT-
The Controlled Substances Act, referred to in subsec. (c)(4), is
title II of Pub. L. 91-513, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1242, as
amended, which is classified principally to subchapter I (Sec. 801
et seq.) of chapter 13 of Title 21, Food and Drugs. For complete
classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set
out under section 801 of Title 21 and Tables.
2000 - Subsec. (c)(2)(B). Pub. L. 106-310 inserted ''which may
be'' after ''fine''.
1996 - Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 104-132, Sec. 205(a)(1)(A)-(E),
substituted ''(a)(1)(A) The court'' for ''(a)(1) The court'',
inserted '', section 401, 408(a), 409, 416, 420, or 422(a) of the
Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 841, 848(a), 849, 856, 861,
863) (but in no case shall a participant in an offense under such
sections be considered a victim of such offense under this
section),'' before ''or section 46312,'', ''other than an offense
described in section 3663A(c),'' after ''title 49'', and '', or if
the victim is deceased, to the victim's estate'' before period at
end, and added subpar. (B).
Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 104-294, Sec. 601(r)(1), inserted at
end ''The court may also order, if agreed to by the parties in a
plea agreement, restitution to persons other than the victim of the
offense.''
Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 104-132, Sec. 205(a)(1)(F), as amended by
Pub. L. 104-294, Sec. 605(l), amended par. (2) generally. Prior to
amendment, par. (2) read as follows: ''For the purposes of
restitution, a victim of an offense that involves as an element a
scheme, a conspiracy, or a pattern of criminal activity means any
person directly harmed by the defendant's criminal conduct in the
course of the scheme, conspiracy, or pattern.''
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104-132, Sec. 205(a)(2), (3), added subsec.
(c) and struck out former subsec. (c) which read as follows: ''If
the court decides to order restitution under this section, the
court shall, if the victim is deceased, order that the restitution
be made to the victim's estate.''
Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 104-294, Sec. 601(r)(2), inserted ''or
chapter 96'' after ''under chapter 46''.
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104-132, Sec. 205(a)(2), (3), added subsec.
(d) and struck out former subsec. (d) which read as follows: ''To
the extent that the court determines that the complication and
prolongation of the sentencing process resulting from the
fashioning of an order of restitution under this section outweighs
the need to provide restitution to any victims, the court may
decline to make such an order.''
Subsecs. (e) to (i). Pub. L. 104-132, Sec. 205(a)(2), struck out
subsecs. (e) to (i), relating to provisions for restitution to
persons who had compensated victims for their loss as well as
offsets for restitution received by victims against amounts later
recovered as compensatory damages, court orders that defendant make
restitution in specified time period or in specified installments,
payment of restitution as condition of probation or of supervised
release, enforcement of restitution orders by United States or by
victim, and supervision, termination, or restoration of eligibility
for Federal benefits of persons delinquent in making restitution,
respectively.
1994 - Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 103-272 substituted ''section
46312, 46502, or 46504 of title 49'' for ''under subsection (h),
(i), (j), or (n) of section 902 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958
(49 U.S.C. 1472)''.
Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 103-322, Sec. 40504(1), in introductory
provisions, inserted ''including an offense under chapter 109A or
chapter 110'' after ''victim''.
Subsec. (b)(3) to (5). Pub. L. 103-322, Sec. 40504(2)-(4), struck
out ''and'' at end of par. (3), added par. (4), and redesignated
former par. (4) as (5).
Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 103-322, Sec. 40505, added subsec. (i).
1990 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 101-647, Sec. 2509, designated
existing provisions as par. (1) and added pars. (2) and (3).
Subsec. (f)(4). Pub. L. 101-647, Sec. 3595, substituted
''604(a)(18)'' for ''604(a)(17)''.
1988 - Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 100-690 amended subsec. (h)
generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (h) read as follows: ''An
order of restitution may be enforced by the United States in the
manner provided in sections 3812 and 3813 or in the same manner as
a judgment in a civil action, and by the victim named in the order
to receive the restitution in the same manner as a judgment in a
civil action.''
1987 - Subsec. (f)(4). Pub. L. 100-185 inserted ''or the person
designated under section 604(a)(17) of title 28'' after ''Attorney
General''.
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 100-182 substituted ''revoke probation or a
term of supervised release,'' for ''revoke probation,'' in two
places and inserted ''probation or'' after ''modify the term or
conditions of'' in two places.
1986 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99-646, Sec. 20(a), which directed
that subsec. (a)(1) be amended by inserting '', in the case of a
misdemeanor,'' after ''in addition to or'', was executed to subsec.
(a) to reflect the probable intent of Congress and the prior
amendment to subsec. (a) by Pub. L. 99-646, Sec. 8(b), below.
Pub. L. 99-646, Sec. 8(b), struck out par. (1) designation, and
struck out par. (2) which read as follows: ''If the court does not
order restitution, or orders only partial restitution, under this
section, the court shall state on the record the reasons
therefor.''
Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 99-646, Sec. 79(a), substituted ''such
offense'' for ''the offense''.
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 99-646, Sec. 77(a), amended subsec. (d)
generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (d) read as follows: ''The
court shall impose an order of restitution to the extent that such
order is as fair as possible to the victim and the imposition of
such order will not unduly complicate or prolong the sentencing
process.''
Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 99-646, Sec. 78(a), substituted ''in the
manner provided for the collection of fines and penalties by
section 3565 or by a victim'' for ''or a victim''.
1984 - Pub. L. 98-473, Sec. 212(a)(1), renumbered section 3579 of
this title as this section.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 98-596, Sec. 9(1), substituted ''court'' for
''Court'' after ''If the''.
Subsec. (f)(4). Pub. L. 98-596, Sec. 9(2), added par. (4).
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 98-473, Sec. 212(a)(3)(A), amended subsec.
(g) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (g) read as follows:
''If such defendant is placed on probation or paroled under this
title, any restitution ordered under this section shall be a
condition of such probation or parole. The court may revoke
probation and the Parole Commission may revoke parole if the
defendant fails to comply with such order. In determining whether
to revoke probation or parole, the court or Parole Commission shall
consider the defendant's employment status, earning ability,
financial resources, the willfulness of the defendant's failure to
pay, and any other special circumstances that may have a bearing on
the defendant's ability to pay.''
Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 98-473, Sec. 212(a)(3)(B), amended subsec.
(h) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (h) read as follows:
''An order of restitution may be enforced by the United States in
the manner provided for the collection of fines and penalties by
section 3565 or by a victim named in the order to receive the
restitution in the same manner as a judgment in a civil action.''
Amendment by Pub. L. 104-132 to be effective, to extent
constitutionally permissible, for sentencing proceedings in cases
in which defendant is convicted on or after Apr. 24, 1996, see
section 211 of Pub. L. 104-132, set out as a note under section
2248 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 100-182 applicable with respect to offenses
committed after Dec. 7, 1987, see section 26 of Pub. L. 100-182,
set out as a note under section 3006A of this title.
Amendment by section 8(b) of Pub. L. 99-646 effective Nov. 1,
1987, see section 8(c) of Pub. L. 99-646, set out as a note under
section 3553 of this title.
Amendment by section 20(a) of Pub. L. 99-646 effective Nov. 1,
1987, see section 20(c) of Pub. L. 99-646, set out as a note under
Section 77(b) of Pub. L. 99-646 provided that: ''The amendment
made by this section (amending this section) shall take effect on
the 30th day after the date of the enactment of this Act (Nov. 10,
1986).''
the date of the enactment of this Act (Nov. 10, 1986).''
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENTS
Amendment by Pub. L. 98-596 applicable to offenses committed
after Dec. 31, 1984, see section 10 of Pub. L. 98-596.
Amendment by section 212(a)(3) of Pub. L. 98-473 effective Nov.
1, 1987, and applicable only to offenses committed after the taking
effect of such amendment, see section 235(a)(1) of Pub. L. 98-473,
set out as an Effective Date note under section 3551 of this title.
Section effective with respect to offenses occurring after Jan.
1, 1983, see section 9(b)(2) of Pub. L. 97-291, set out as a note
under section 1512 of this title.
PROFIT BY A CRIMINAL FROM SALE OF HIS STORY
Section 7 of Pub. L. 97-291 required the Attorney General to
report, by Oct. 12, 1982, to Congress regarding any laws that are
necessary to ensure that no Federal felon derives any profit from
the sale of the recollections, thoughts, and feelings of such felon
with regards to the offense committed by the felon until any victim
of the offense receives restitution.
This section is referred to in sections 43, 1593, 2248, 2259,
2264, 2327, 3525, 3556, 3563, 3613, 3664, 4048 of this title; title
12 section 1831k.
18 USC Sec. 3663A 01/06/03
Sec. 3663A. Mandatory restitution to victims of certain crimes
(a)(1) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, when
sentencing a defendant convicted of an offense described in
subsection (c), the court shall order, in addition to, or in the
case of a misdemeanor, in addition to or in lieu of, any other
the victim of the offense or, if the victim is deceased, to the
victim's estate.
(3) The court shall also order, if agreed to by the parties in a
offense.
(b) The order of restitution shall require that such defendant -
impossible, impracticable, or inadequate, pay an amount equal
to -
(i) the greater of -
loss, or destruction; or
(ii) the value (as of the date the property is returned) of
any part of the property that is returned;
victim -
(3) in the case of an offense resulting in bodily injury that
results in the death of the victim, pay an amount equal to the
cost of necessary funeral and related services; and
necessary child care, transportation, and other expenses incurred
during participation in the investigation or prosecution of the
offense or attendance at proceedings related to the offense.
(c)(1) This section shall apply in all sentencing proceedings for
convictions of, or plea agreements relating to charges for, any
offense -
(A) that is -
(i) a crime of violence, as defined in section 16;
(ii) an offense against property under this title, or under
section 416(a) of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C.
856(a)), including any offense committed by fraud or deceit; or
(iii) an offense described in section 1365 (relating to
tampering with consumer products); and
(B) in which an identifiable victim or victims has suffered a
physical injury or pecuniary loss.
(2) In the case of a plea agreement that does not result in a
conviction for an offense described in paragraph (1), this section
shall apply only if the plea specifically states that an offense
listed under such paragraph gave rise to the plea agreement.
(3) This section shall not apply in the case of an offense
described in paragraph (1)(A)(ii) if the court finds, from facts on
the record, that -
(A) the number of identifiable victims is so large as to make
restitution impracticable; or
(B) determining complex issues of fact related to the cause or
amount of the victim's losses would complicate or prolong the
sentencing process to a degree that the need to provide
restitution to any victim is outweighed by the burden on the
sentencing process.
(d) An order of restitution under this section shall be issued
and enforced in accordance with section 3664.
(Added Pub. L. 104-132, title II, Sec. 204(a), Apr. 24, 1996, 110
Stat. 1227; amended Pub. L. 106-310, div. B, title XXXVI, Sec.
3613(d), Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1230.)
2000 - Subsec. (c)(1)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 106-310 inserted ''or under
856(a)),'' after ''under this title,''.
Section to be effective, to extent constitutionally permissible,
for sentencing proceedings in cases in which defendant is convicted
on or after Apr. 24, 1996, see section 211 of Pub. L. 104-132, set
out as an Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note under section 2248
of this title.
This section is referred to in sections 43, 228, 1593, 2248,
2259, 2264, 2327, 3556, 3563, 3613, 3663, 3664, 4048 of this title;
title 21 sections 853, 856.
Sec. 3664. Procedure for issuance and enforcement of order of
(a) For orders of restitution under this title, the court shall
order the probation officer to obtain and include in its
presentence report, or in a separate report, as the court may
direct, information sufficient for the court to exercise its
discretion in fashioning a restitution order. The report shall
include, to the extent practicable, a complete accounting of the
losses to each victim, any restitution owed pursuant to a plea
agreement, and information relating to the economic circumstances
of each defendant. If the number or identity of victims cannot be
reasonably ascertained, or other circumstances exist that make this
requirement clearly impracticable, the probation officer shall so
inform the court.
(b) The court shall disclose to both the defendant and the
attorney for the Government all portions of the presentence or
other report pertaining to the matters described in subsection (a)
of this section.
(c) The provisions of this chapter, chapter 227, and Rule 32(c)
of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure shall be the only rules
applicable to proceedings under this section.
(d)(1) Upon the request of the probation officer, but not later
than 60 days prior to the date initially set for sentencing, the
attorney for the Government, after consulting, to the extent
practicable, with all identified victims, shall promptly provide
the probation officer with a listing of the amounts subject to
(2) The probation officer shall, prior to submitting the
presentence report under subsection (a), to the extent practicable
(A) provide notice to all identified victims of -
(i) the offense or offenses of which the defendant was
convicted;
(ii) the amounts subject to restitution submitted to the
probation officer;
(iii) the opportunity of the victim to submit information to
the probation officer concerning the amount of the victim's
losses;
(iv) the scheduled date, time, and place of the sentencing
hearing;
(v) the availability of a lien in favor of the victim
pursuant to subsection (m)(1)(B); and
(vi) the opportunity of the victim to file with the probation
officer a separate affidavit relating to the amount of the
victim's losses subject to restitution; and
(B) provide the victim with an affidavit form to submit
pursuant to subparagraph (A)(vi).
(3) Each defendant shall prepare and file with the probation
officer an affidavit fully describing the financial resources of
the defendant, including a complete listing of all assets owned or
controlled by the defendant as of the date on which the defendant
was arrested, the financial needs and earning ability of the
defendant and the defendant's dependents, and such other
information that the court requires relating to such other factors
as the court deems appropriate.
(4) After reviewing the report of the probation officer, the
court may require additional documentation or hear testimony. The
privacy of any records filed, or testimony heard, pursuant to this
section shall be maintained to the greatest extent possible, and
such records may be filed or testimony heard in camera.
(5) If the victim's losses are not ascertainable by the date that
is 10 days prior to sentencing, the attorney for the Government or
the probation officer shall so inform the court, and the court
shall set a date for the final determination of the victim's
losses, not to exceed 90 days after sentencing. If the victim
subsequently discovers further losses, the victim shall have 60
days after discovery of those losses in which to petition the court
for an amended restitution order. Such order may be granted only
upon a showing of good cause for the failure to include such losses
in the initial claim for restitutionary relief.
(6) The court may refer any issue arising in connection with a
proposed order of restitution to a magistrate judge or special
master for proposed findings of fact and recommendations as to
disposition, subject to a de novo determination of the issue by the
(e) Any dispute as to the proper amount or type of restitution
shall be resolved by the court by the preponderance of the
evidence. The burden of demonstrating the amount of the loss
sustained by a victim as a result of the offense shall be on the
attorney for the Government. The burden of demonstrating the
financial resources of the defendant and the financial needs of the
defendant's dependents, shall be on the defendant. The burden of
demonstrating such other matters as the court deems appropriate
shall be upon the party designated by the court as justice
requires.
(f)(1)(A) In each order of restitution, the court shall order
restitution to each victim in the full amount of each victim's
losses as determined by the court and without consideration of the
economic circumstances of the defendant.
(B) In no case shall the fact that a victim has received or is
entitled to receive compensation with respect to a loss from
insurance or any other source be considered in determining the
amount of restitution.
(2) Upon determination of the amount of restitution owed to each
victim, the court shall, pursuant to section 3572, specify in the
restitution order the manner in which, and the schedule according
to which, the restitution is to be paid, in consideration of -
(A) the financial resources and other assets of the defendant,
including whether any of these assets are jointly controlled;
(B) projected earnings and other income of the defendant; and
(C) any financial obligations of the defendant; including
obligations to dependents.
(3)(A) A restitution order may direct the defendant to make a
single, lump-sum payment, partial payments at specified intervals,
in-kind payments, or a combination of payments at specified
intervals and in-kind payments.
(B) A restitution order may direct the defendant to make nominal
periodic payments if the court finds from facts on the record that
the economic circumstances of the defendant do not allow the
payment of any amount of a restitution order, and do not allow for
the payment of the full amount of a restitution order in the
foreseeable future under any reasonable schedule of payments.
(4) An in-kind payment described in paragraph (3) may be in the
form of -
(A) return of property;
(B) replacement of property; or
(C) if the victim agrees, services rendered to the victim or a
person or organization other than the victim.
(g)(1) No victim shall be required to participate in any phase of
a restitution order.
(2) A victim may at any time assign the victim's interest in
restitution payments to the Crime Victims Fund in the Treasury
without in any way impairing the obligation of the defendant to
make such payments.
(h) If the court finds that more than 1 defendant has contributed
to the loss of a victim, the court may make each defendant liable
for payment of the full amount of restitution or may apportion
liability among the defendants to reflect the level of contribution
to the victim's loss and economic circumstances of each defendant.
(i) If the court finds that more than 1 victim has sustained a
loss requiring restitution by a defendant, the court may provide
for a different payment schedule for each victim based on the type
and amount of each victim's loss and accounting for the economic
circumstances of each victim. In any case in which the United
States is a victim, the court shall ensure that all other victims
receive full restitution before the United States receives any
(j)(1) If a victim has received compensation from insurance or
any other source with respect to a loss, the court shall order that
restitution be paid to the person who provided or is obligated to
provide the compensation, but the restitution order shall provide
that all restitution of victims required by the order be paid to
the victims before any restitution is paid to such a provider of
(2) Any amount paid to a victim under an order of restitution
shall be reduced by any amount later recovered as compensatory
damages for the same loss by the victim in -
(A) any Federal civil proceeding; and
(B) any State civil proceeding, to the extent provided by the
law of the State.
(k) A restitution order shall provide that the defendant shall
notify the court and the Attorney General of any material change in
the defendant's economic circumstances that might affect the
defendant's ability to pay restitution. The court may also accept
notification of a material change in the defendant's economic
circumstances from the United States or from the victim. The
Attorney General shall certify to the court that the victim or
victims owed restitution by the defendant have been notified of the
change in circumstances. Upon receipt of the notification, the
court may, on its own motion, or the motion of any party, including
the victim, adjust the payment schedule, or require immediate
payment in full, as the interests of justice require.
(l) A conviction of a defendant for an offense involving the act
giving rise to an order of restitution shall estop the defendant
from denying the essential allegations of that offense in any
subsequent Federal civil proceeding or State civil proceeding, to
the extent consistent with State law, brought by the victim.
(m)(1)(A)(i) An order of restitution may be enforced by the
United States in the manner provided for in subchapter C of chapter
227 and subchapter B of chapter 229 of this title; or
(ii) by all other available and reasonable means.
(B) At the request of a victim named in a restitution order, the
clerk of the court shall issue an abstract of judgment certifying
that a judgment has been entered in favor of such victim in the
amount specified in the restitution order. Upon registering,
recording, docketing, or indexing such abstract in accordance with
the rules and requirements relating to judgments of the court of
the State where the district court is located, the abstract of
judgment shall be a lien on the property of the defendant located
in such State in the same manner and to the same extent and under
the same conditions as a judgment of a court of general
jurisdiction in that State.
(2) An order of in-kind restitution in the form of services shall
be enforced by the probation officer.
(n) If a person obligated to provide restitution, or pay a fine,
receives substantial resources from any source, including
inheritance, settlement, or other judgment, during a period of
incarceration, such person shall be required to apply the value of
such resources to any restitution or fine still owed.
(o) A sentence that imposes an order of restitution is a final
judgment notwithstanding the fact that -
(1) such a sentence can subsequently be -
(A) corrected under Rule 35 of the Federal Rules of Criminal
Procedure and section 3742 of chapter 235 of this title;
(B) appealed and modified under section 3742;
(C) amended under subsection (d)(5); or
(D) adjusted under section 3664(k), 3572, or 3613A; or
(2) the defendant may be resentenced under section 3565 or
(p) Nothing in this section or sections 2248, 2259, 2264, 2327,
3663, and 3663A and arising out of the application of such
sections, shall be construed to create a cause of action not
otherwise authorized in favor of any person against the United
States or any officer or employee of the United States.
Sec. 3580; renumbered Sec. 3664, Pub. L. 98-473, title II, Sec.
212(a)(1), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 1987; amended Pub. L. 101-647,
title XXXV, Sec. 3596, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4931; Pub. L.
104-132, title II, Sec. 206(a), Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1232; Pub.
L. 107-273, div. B, title IV, Sec. 4002(e)(1), Nov. 2, 2002, 116
Stat. 1810.)
The Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, referred to in subsecs.
(c) and (o)(1)(A), are set out in the Appendix to this title.
2002 - Subsec. (o)(1)(C). Pub. L. 107-273 substituted
''subsection (d)(5)'' for ''section 3664(d)(3)''.
1996 - Pub. L. 104-132 amended section generally, substituting
provisions relating to procedure for issuance and enforcement of
orders of restitution for provisions relating to procedure for
issuing orders of restitution.
1990 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 101-647 substituted ''3663'' for
''3579''.
This section is referred to in sections 1593, 2248, 2259, 2264,
2327, 3556, 3563, 3613, 3663, 3663A of this title; title 21 section
Sec. 3665. Firearms possessed by convicted felons
A judgment of conviction for transporting a stolen motor vehicle
in interstate or foreign commerce or for committing or attempting
to commit a felony in violation of any law of the United States
involving the use of threats, force, or violence or perpetrated in
whole or in part by the use of firearms, may, in addition to the
penalty provided by law for such offense, order the confiscation
and disposal of firearms and ammunition found in the possession or
under the immediate control of the defendant at the time of his
arrest.
The court may direct the delivery of such firearms or ammunition
to the law-enforcement agency which apprehended such person, for
its use or for any other disposition in its discretion.
(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 839, Sec. 3611; renumbered Sec.
3665, Pub. L. 98-473, title II, Sec. 212(a)(1), Oct. 12, 1984, 98
HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES
Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Sec. 645 (June 13, 1939, ch.
197, 53 Stat. 814).
The condensation and simplification of this section clarifies its
intent to confiscate the firearms taken from persons convicted of
crimes of violence without any real change of substance.
Sec. 3666. Bribe moneys
Moneys received or tendered in evidence in any United States
Court, or before any officer thereof, which have been paid to or
received by any official as a bribe, shall, after the final
disposition of the case, proceeding or investigation, be deposited
in the registry of the court to be disposed of in accordance with
the order of the court, to be subject, however, to the provisions
of section 2042 of Title 28.
(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 840, Sec. 3612; May 24, 1949, ch.
139, Sec. 55, 63 Stat. 96; renumbered Sec. 3666, Pub. L. 98-473,
title II, Sec. 212(a)(1), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 1987.)
1948 ACT
Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Sec. 570 (Jan. 7, 1925, ch.
33, 43 Stat. 726).
Changes were made in phraseology.
This section (section 55) corrects section 3612 of title 18,
U.S.C., so that the reference in such section will be to the
correct section number in title 28, U.S.C., as revised and enacted
1949 - Act May 24, 1949, substituted ''section 2042'' for
''section 852''.
Sec. 3667. Liquors and related property; definitions
All liquor involved in any violation of sections 1261-1265 of
this title, the containers of such liquor, and every vehicle or
vessel used in the transportation thereof, shall be seized and
forfeited and such property or its proceeds disposed of in
accordance with the laws relating to seizures, forfeitures, and
dispositions of property or proceeds, for violation of the
internal-revenue laws.
As used in this section, ''vessel'' includes every description of
watercraft used, or capable of being used, as a means of
transportation in water or in water and air; ''vehicle'' includes
animals and every description of carriage or other contrivance
used, or capable of being used, as a means of transportation on
land or through the air.
Based on sections 222 and 224 of title 27, U.S.C., 1940 ed.,
Intoxicating Liquors (June 25, 1936, ch. 815, Sec. 2, 4, 49 Stat.
Section consolidates sections 222 and 224 of title 27, U.S.C.,
1940 ed., with changes in phraseology and arrangement necessary to
effect the consolidation. Said section 222 is also incorporated in
Definition of ''State'' in section 222 of title 27 U.S.C., 1940
ed., as meaning and including ''every State, Territory, and
Possession of the United States,'' was omitted because the words
''Territory, District,'' and so forth, appear after ''State'' in
sections 1262, 1265, of this title, which are the only sections in
chapter 59, constituting sections 1261-1265 of this title, to which
such definition would have been applicable.
Changes made in phraseology.
The internal-revenue laws, referred to in text, are classified
generally to Title 26, Internal Revenue Code.
Sec. 3668. Remission or mitigation of forfeitures under liquor
laws; possession pending trial
(a) Jurisdiction of court
Whenever, in any proceeding in court for the forfeiture, under
the internal-revenue laws, of any vehicle or aircraft seized for a
violation of the internal-revenue laws relating to liquors, such
forfeiture is decreed, the court shall have exclusive jurisdiction
to remit or mitigate the forfeiture.
(b) Conditions precedent to remission or mitigation
In any such proceeding the court shall not allow the claim of any
claimant for remission or mitigation unless and until he proves (1)
that he has an interest in such vehicle or aircraft, as owner or
otherwise, which he acquired in good faith, (2) that he had at no
time any knowledge or reason to believe that it was being or would
be used in the violation of laws of the United States or of any
State relating to liquor, and (3) if it appears that the interest
asserted by the claimant arises out of or is in any way subject to
any contract or agreement under which any person having a record or
reputation for violating laws of the United States or of any State
relating to liquor has a right with respect to such vehicle or
aircraft, that, before such claimant acquired his interest, or such
other person acquired his right under such contract or agreement,
whichever occurred later, the claimant, his officer or agent, was
informed in answer to his inquiry, at the headquarters of the
sheriff, chief of police, principal Federal internal-revenue
officer engaged in the enforcement of the liquor laws, or other
principal local or Federal law-enforcement officer of the locality
in which such other person acquired his right under such contract
or agreement, of the locality in which such other person then
resided, and of each locality in which the claimant has made any
other inquiry as to the character or financial standing of such
other person, that such other person had no such record or
(c) Claimants first entitled to delivery
Upon the request of any claimant whose claim for remission or
mitigation is allowed and whose interest is first in the order of
priority among such claims allowed in such proceeding and is of an
amount in excess of, or equal to, the appraised value of such
vehicle or aircraft, the court shall order its return to him; and,
upon the joint request of any two or more claimants whose claims
are allowed and whose interests are not subject to any prior or
intervening interests claimed and allowed in such proceedings, and
are of a total amount in excess of, or equal to, the appraised
value of such vehicle or aircraft, the court shall order its return
to such of the joint requesting claimants as is designated in such
request. Such return shall be made only upon payment of all
expenses incident to the seizure and forfeiture incurred by the
United States. In all other cases the court shall order disposition
of such vehicle or aircraft as provided in section 1306 of title
40, and if such disposition be by public sale, payment from the
proceeds thereof, after satisfaction of all such expenses, of any
such claim in its order of priority among the claims allowed in
such proceedings.
(d) Delivery on bond pending trial
In any proceeding in court for the forfeiture under the
internal-revenue laws of any vehicle or aircraft seized for a
violation of the internal-revenue laws relating to liquor, the
court shall order delivery thereof to any claimant who shall
establish his right to the immediate possession thereof, and shall
execute, with one or more sureties approved by the court, and
deliver to the court, a bond to the United States for the payment
of a sum equal to the appraised value of such vehicle or aircraft.
Such bond shall be conditioned to return such vehicle or aircraft
at the time of the trial and to pay the difference between the
appraised value of such vehicle or aircraft as of the time it shall
have been so released on bond and the appraised value thereof as of
the time of trial; and conditioned further that, if the vehicle or
aircraft be not returned at the time of trial, the bond shall stand
in lieu of, and be forfeited in the same manner as, such vehicle or
aircraft. Notwithstanding this subsection or any other provisions
of law relating to the delivery of possession on bond of vehicles
or aircraft sought to be forfeited under the internal-revenue laws,
the court may, in its discretion and upon good cause shown by the
United States, refuse to order such delivery of possession.
Stat. 1987; amended Pub. L. 107-217, Sec. 3(d), Aug. 21, 2002, 116
Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Sec. 646 (Aug. 27, 1935, ch.
740, Sec. 204, 49 Stat. 878).
A minor change was made in phraseology.
The internal-revenue laws relating to liquor, referred to in
subsecs. (a) and (d), are classified generally to chapter 51 (Sec.
5001 et seq.) of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code.
2002 - Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107-217 substituted ''section 1306 of
title 40'' for ''sections 304f-304m of Title 40''.
Sec. 3669. Conveyances carrying liquor
Any conveyance, whether used by the owner or another in
introducing or attempting to introduce intoxicants into the Indian
country, or into other places where the introduction is prohibited
by treaty or enactment of Congress, shall be subject to seizure,
libel, and forfeiture.
Based on section 247 of title 25, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Indians (Mar.
2, 1917, ch. 146, Sec. 1, 39 Stat. 970).
Words ''Automobiles or any other vehicles or'' at beginning of
section were omitted, and ''any conveyance'' substituted to remove
possible ambiguity as to scope of section.
Words at conclusion of section ''provided in section 246 of this
title'' added nothing and were therefore omitted. (See also rule 41
of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure.)
Minor changes were made in arrangement and phraseology.
This section is referred to in sections 1161, 3670 of this title.
Sec. 3670. Disposition of conveyances seized for violation of the
Indian liquor laws
The provisions of section 3668 of this title shall apply to any
conveyances seized, proceeded against by libel, or forfeited under
the provisions of section 3113 or 3669 of this title for having
been used in introducing or attempting to introduce intoxicants
into the Indian country or into other places where such
introduction is prohibited by treaty or enactment of Congress.
(Added Oct. 24, 1951, ch. 546, Sec. 2, 65 Stat. 609, Sec. 3619;
renumbered Sec. 3670 and amended Pub. L. 98-473, title II, Sec.
212(a)(1), 223(k), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 1987, 2029.)
1984 - Pub. L. 98-473 renumbered section 3619 of this title as
this section and substituted ''3668'' for ''3617'' and ''3669'' for
Amendment by section 223(k) of Pub. L. 98-473 effective Nov. 1,
1987, and applicable only to offenses committed after the taking
Sec. 3671. Vessels carrying explosives and steerage passengers
The amount of any fine imposed upon the master of a steamship or
other vessel under the provisions of section 2278 of this title
shall be a lien upon such vessel, and such vessel may be libeled
therefor in the district court of the United States for any
district in which such vessel shall arrive or from which it shall
depart.
(Added Sept. 3, 1954, ch. 1263, Sec. 36, 68 Stat. 1239, Sec. 3620;
renumbered Sec. 3671, Pub. L. 98-473, title II, Sec. 212(a)(1),
Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 1987.)
Sec. 3672. Duties of Director of Administrative Office of the
United States Courts
The Director of the Administrative Office of the United States
Courts, or his authorized agent, shall investigate the work of the
probation officers and make recommendations concerning the same to
the respective judges and shall have access to the records of all
probation officers.
He shall collect for publication statistical and other
information concerning the work of the probation officers.
He shall prescribe record forms and statistics to be kept by the
probation officers and shall formulate general rules for the proper
conduct of the probation work.
He shall endeavor by all suitable means to promote the efficient
administration of the probation system and the enforcement of the
probation laws in all United States courts.
He shall, under the supervision and direction of the Judicial
Conference of the United States, fix the salaries of probation
officers and shall provide for their necessary expenses including
clerical service and travel expenses.
He shall incorporate in his annual report a statement concerning
the operation of the probation system in such courts.
He shall have the authority to contract with any appropriate
public or private agency or person for the detection of and care in
the community of an offender who is an alcohol-dependent person, an
addict or a drug-dependent person, or a person suffering from a
psychiatric disorder within the meaning of section 2 of the Public
Health Service Act. This authority shall include the authority to
provide equipment and supplies; testing; medical, educational,
social, psychological and vocational services; corrective and
preventative guidance and training; and other rehabilitative
services designed to protect the public and benefit the
alcohol-dependent person, addict or drug-dependent person, or a
person suffering from a psychiatric disorder by eliminating his
dependence on alcohol or addicting drugs, by controlling his
dependence and his susceptibility to addiction, or by treating his
psychiatric disorder. He may negotiate and award such contracts
without regard to section 3709 of the Revised Statutes of the
He shall pay for presentence studies and reports by qualified
consultants and presentence examinations and reports by psychiatric
or psychological examiners ordered by the court under subsection
(b) or (c) of section 3552, except for studies conducted by the
Bureau of Prisons.
Whenever the court finds that funds are available for payment by
or on behalf of a person furnished such services, training, or
guidance, the court may direct that such funds be paid to the
Director. Any moneys collected under this paragraph shall be used
to reimburse the appropriations obligated and disbursed in payment
for such services, training, or guidance.
title II, Sec. 212(a)(1), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 1987; Pub. L.
99-570, title I, Sec. 1861(b)(1), Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207-53;
Pub. L. 99-646, Sec. 18(a), Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3595; Pub. L.
100-182, Sec. 20, Dec. 7, 1987, 101 Stat. 1270.)
Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., Sec. 728 (Mar. 4, 1925, ch.
521, Sec. 4(a), as added June 6, 1930, ch. 406, Sec. 2, 46 Stat.
The only change made in this section was the substitution of the
''Director of the Administrative Office of the United States
Courts'' for ''Attorney General''. (See reviser's note under
section 3654 of this title.)
This amendment (see section 57) conforms the language of section
3656 of title 18, U.S.C., to that of title 28, U.S.C., section
604(a).
Section 2 of the Public Health Service Act, referred to in the
seventh undesignated par., is classified to section 201 of Title
42, The Public Health and Welfare.
Section 3709 of the Revised Statutes, referred to in the seventh
undesignated par., is classified to section 5 of Title 41, Public
Contracts.
1987 - Pub. L. 100-182, Sec. 20(1), amended seventh undesignated
par. generally. Prior to amendment, seventh undesignated par. read
as follows: ''He shall have the authority to contract with any
appropriate public or private agency or person for the detection of
and care in the community of an offender who is an
alcohol-dependent person, or an addict or a drug-dependent person
within the meaning of section 2 of the Public Health Service Act
(42 U.S.C. 201). This authority shall include the authority to
social, psychological, and vocational services; corrective and
preventive guidance and training; and other rehabilitative services
designed to protect the public and benefit the alcohol-dependent
person, addict, or drug-dependent person by eliminating his
dependence on alcohol or addicting drugs, or by controlling his
dependence and his susceptibility to addiction. He may negotiate
and award such contracts without regard to section 3709 of the
Revised Statutes (41 U.S.C. 5).''
Pub. L. 100-182, Sec. 20(2), added ninth undesignated par.:
''Whenever the court finds that funds are available for payment by
for such services, training, or guidance.''
1986 - Pub. L. 99-570 and Pub. L. 99-646 added substantially
identical seventh and eighth undesignated pars. containing
provision relating to authority to contract with any appropriate
addict, or a drug-dependent person and provision relating to
payment for presentence studies and reports by qualified
and psychological examiners ordered by the court under section
3552(b) or (c).
1949 - Act May 24, 1949, inserted in fifth par. of section ''and
direction'' after ''supervision''.
the date of the taking effect of such redesignation (section 3656
of this title renumbered section 3672 effective Nov. 1, 1987).''
Section 1861(b)(2) of Pub. L. 99-570 provided that: ''The
amendment made by this section (probably should be ''subsection'',
amending this section) shall take effect on the date of the taking
effect of such redesignation (section 3656 of this title renumbered
section 3672 effective Nov. 1, 1987).''
AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS
Section 4(a) of Pub. L. 95-537, as amended by Pub. L. 98-236,
Sec. 2, Mar. 20, 1984, 98 Stat. 66; Pub. L. 99-570, title I, Sec.
1861(d), Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207-53; Pub. L. 100-690, title
VI, Sec. 6291, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4369; Pub. L. 101-421, Sec.
2, Oct. 12, 1990, 104 Stat. 909, provided that: ''To carry out the
purposes of this Act (amending sections 3651 and 4255 of this
title) and the 7th paragraph of section 3672 of title 18, United
States Code, there are authorized to be appropriated sums not to
exceed $3,500,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1980;
$3,645,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1981;
$12,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1987;
$40,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1991; and
$45,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1992.''
INCREASE IN COMPENSATION RATES
Increase in compensation rates fixed under this section, see note
under section 603 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.
This section is referred to in title 5 section 4521.
Sec. 3673. Definitions for sentencing provisions
As used in chapters 227 and 229 -
(1) the term ''found guilty'' includes acceptance by a court of
a plea of guilty or nolo contendere;
(2) the term ''commission of an offense'' includes the
attempted commission of an offense, the consummation of an
offense, and any immediate flight after the commission of an
offense; and
(3) the term ''law enforcement officer'' means a public servant
authorized by law or by a government agency to engage in or
supervise the prevention, detection, investigation, or
prosecution of an offense.
(Added Pub. L. 98-473, title II, Sec. 212(a)(4), Oct. 12, 1984, 98
Stat. 2010; amended Pub. L. 99-646, Sec. 2(a), Nov. 10, 1986, 100
1986 - Pub. L. 99-646 redesignated pars. (a) to (c) as (1) to
(3), respectively, and inserted ''the term'' after ''(1)'',
''(2)'', and ''(3)''.
Section 2(b) of Pub. L. 99-646 provided that: ''The amendments
the date of the taking effect of section 3673 of title 18, United
States Code (Nov. 1, 1987).''
Section effective Nov. 1, 1987, and applicable only to offenses
committed after the taking effect of this section, see section
235(a)(1) of Pub. L. 98-473, set out as a note under section 3551
Codificación normativa de EEUU (Estados Unidos) Legislación Federal estadounidense # Crimes and criminal procedure
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Archives for posts with tag: Archbishop John Sentamu
Enthusiasm in Christ
Sermon for Choral Evensong on Whit Sunday 2019
Exodus 33:7-20; 2 Corinthians 3:4-18 – see http://bible.oremus.org/?ql=427016797
‘O King of Heaven, thou the comforter and spirit of truth,
Thou who art everywhere and bringeth all things to perfection,
Treasury of goodness and life-giver,
Come and dwell in us, cleanse us from all our sins,
And save us, O Lord.’
This is the prayer, originally from the Orthodox church, one of the so-called ‘trisagion’ prayers, ‘thrice-holy’ prayers, which Godfrey uses as a vestry prayer before all our services at St Mary’s. It is a prayer for the Holy Spirit to come; it is in effect a restatement of that great line of the Lord’s Prayer, Thy Kingdom Come, which has been the subject of the ‘wave of prayer’ from Ascension Day until Pentecost. The prayer movement called ‘Thy Kingdom Come’ was originally started by our Archbishops, Justin and John, in 2016, and has spread out all over the world.
Even now, at the same time as we are worshipping at St Mary’s, there is a big outdoor service taking place on Stag Hill outside the Cathedral in Guildford, bringing to an end the nine days of prayer and celebrating the coming of the Holy Spirit among the disciples, the tongues of fire on their heads and the ability, all of a sudden, to speak in a variety of languages; so that each person who heard them thought they were speaking in his or her own native language. It was described in Acts 2, one of the lessons this morning.
It is a time to celebrate; a time to be close to God. Being close to God, in the Old Testament, at the time of Moses, meant not being allowed to see Him, so great was the splendour of the Almighty. He led the Israelites, concealed in a pillar of cloud: and he showed himself to Moses in the burning bush; but the splendour, the glory of the Lord, was so great that Moses’ face reflected the glory of the Lord so brightly that nobody could look straight at him. He had to cover himself up, be veiled, when he came out of the tabernacle when he had been meeting the Lord. As we heard in our first lesson from the book of Exodus, no-one apart from Moses could look on the face of God and survive.
But now, as St Paul says, in our second lesson from his second Letter to the Corinthians, the veil has fallen away, because of the presence of Jesus. It’s no longer the case that no-one can look at God and survive; because God is with us, God is in us. St Paul has this great idea of our being ‘in Christ’, which is a sort of upside-down way of saying that we have Christ in us – and the Christ that is in us is the Holy Spirit.
We pray, ‘Come and dwell in us; cleanse us from all our sins, and save us, O Lord.’ Thy Kingdom come. That Kingdom really has two sides to it. There is the Holy Spirit coming and dwelling in us, so that we are in Christ, which is a personal salvation for us as individuals: and there is the coming of the Kingdom which we pray for in the Holy Communion service, when we pray for that day ‘when your kingdom comes, and justice and mercy will be seen in all the earth’ [Common Worship: Holy Communion Order One, Eucharistic Prayer E – p 197]: where we pray for a public salvation, we could say. Being in Christ is private salvation, and when ‘justice and mercy rule in all the earth’, that is public salvation.
The Holy Spirit is everywhere, public and private. ‘Thou who art everywhere and bringeth all things to perfection’. Christians receive the Holy Spirit in various ways. We here are cool Northerners, I don’t mean ‘North of Watford’, but Northern Europeans. Singing a Moody and Sankey hymn, and responding ‘Amen’ with feeling after a rousing sermon, is as hot as it gets for us.
But not far away there are ‘house churches’, Pentecostal churches, where they invite the Spirit to come, literally to inspire the worshippers, to get them to speak in tongues and reach heights of ecstasy. Gerald Coates and the Cobham Fellowship, which evolved into the Pioneer People and the Pioneer churches, had its origins around here, and Pioneer still attracts many people to worship in this charismatic way.
But still, we in the Church of England are cool customers. Just as Martin Luther wasn’t keen on what he called ‘madness’ or ‘Schwärmerei’ in other parts of the Reformed church, so in the 18th century in England, during the evangelical revival, at the time of the start of Methodism – which was, after all, originally an Anglican movement – Sermon 32 of the 44 collected sermons of John Wesley, (which all Methodist preachers have to familiarise themselves with during their training) is called ‘The Nature of Enthusiasm’, and is a sermon on that line in the Acts of the Apostles, 26:24, when Festus, the Roman governor, was questioning Paul, after Paul had explained the Gospel to him and explained how he had been converted to Christianity, Festus ‘said with a loud voice, Paul, thou art beside thyself’; that is, you are mad.
John Wesley says, “… if you aim at the religion of the heart, if you talk of ‘righteousness, and peace, and joy in the Holy Ghost’, then it will not be long before your sentence is passed, ‘Thou art beside thyself.’” People will think that you are mad. [Revd John Wesley, A.M., 1944, ‘Sermons on Several Occasions’, Peterborough, The Epworth Press: Sermon 32, Paragraph 1]
The term ‘enthusiasm’, in this context, is supposed to come from Greek origins, but John Wesley pours cold water on this supposed etymology. He sums up by saying, ‘Perhaps it is a fictitious word, invented from the noise which some of those made who were so affected.’[Paragraph 6].
If he was being too sniffy about this, and ‘enthusiasm’ was in fact derived from the Greek εν θεω, ‘in God’, and so, metonymically, ‘in Christ’, the word was perhaps coined to distinguish a sort of religious ‘madness’, as opposed to being completely bonkers. People could be perfectly normal and rational in the rest of their lives, but behave irrationally when it came to religion: in this they were being ‘enthusiasts’.
This was, of course, the time of Reason, the time of the Enlightenment, the time of John Locke and David Hume, of Descartes; a time of great challenge to Christianity as well as a time of evangelical revival. Today, as we look back on the Novena of prayer, nine days of prayer between the Ascension and Pentecost, today, if you have been following in the online app [https://itunes.apple.com/gb/app/thy-kingdom-come/id1377639052?mt=8, or website https://www.thykingdomcome.global] which the Church of England has provided, you will have been enjoying some lovely short videos of various church leaders talking about the implications of the prayer ‘Thy Kingdom Come’.
One of these videos is one of our two Archbishops, who between them dreamed up the idea of praying ‘Thy Kingdom Come’ in order to fill up the emptiness after the Ascension with a ‘wave of prayer’. That great wave is breaking now, on Whit Sunday.
There’s a video by John Sentamu, our Archbishop of York. [See https://www.thykingdomcome.global/resources/day-6-prayfor-archbishop-sentamu-prayed-five-people-last-year-and-was-astounded-result]
He recommends that you should write down the names of five friends, five friends who are not churchgoers, and whom you pray for, ‘Thy Kingdom come’, so that they come to ‘know Christ’, as Archbishop John says. I suspect that Archbishop John is a little bit ‘enthusiastic’, in John Wesley’s terms. I would say, as a cool Northern European, that I can’t ‘know’ Christ in the same way that I know any one of you. But I can know about Christ, and I can be open to perceive the operation of the Holy Spirit in my fellow-Christians and in our church.
Indeed, we often do say that we can see the Holy Spirit at work in our church. Why did Revd John Waterson stick out for the really beautiful and grand Frobenius organ, when the Diocesan Advisory Committee sanctioned only something far more modest? It was to the greater glory of God, and this wonderful organ has enabled us to make more music, more beautiful music, ever since. Again, it was the Holy Spirit at work in this and the other churches in this area in the Churches Together in Cobham and Oxshott meeting, which led to the creation of the Foodbank. Who knew? Who knew that, under our noses, there are dozens of people who have to face the choice between paying the rent and buying some food. Right here in Stoke, in Cobham and Oxshott, in the Horsleys, Effingham and Downside. In all these prosperous areas – who knew? The Holy Spirit knew, and inspired us to do something about it. Where will the Spirit lead us next? We must watch and pray. We must pray, ‘Thy Kingdom Come.’
Tags Acts of the Apostles, Archbishop John Sentamu, Archbishop Justin, Churches Together, Cobham Fellowship, Cobham Surrey, Corinthians, descartes, enthusiasm, Exodus, Festus, Fetcham, food bank, Gerald Coates, Guildford Cathedral, Heathrow, Holy Spirit, Hume, John Wesley, Locke, Lord's Prayer, Martin Luther, Moody and Sankey, Moses, Novena, Orthodox Church, Oxshott, pentecost, Pentecostal churches, Pioneer People, Reason, Revd John Waterson, St Paul, Stag Hill, Thy Kingdom Come, trisagion, whit sunday
Must Rhodes Fall?
January 22, 2017 //
Sermon for Evensong on the third Sunday of Epiphany 22nd of January 2017
Ecclesiastes 3:1-11; 1 Peter 1:3-12
I said when I welcomed everyone at the beginning of the service, this is the Sunday in the middle of the Week of Prayer for Christian Unity. It’s particularly nice to have Father Jonathan and some of our friends from Sacred Heart here to worship with us. That of course goes for all our friends from all the other churches, but today I have a particular thing to discuss with our Roman friends.
This morning I preached on Christian unity and tried to reconcile our modern tendency, to elevate our tastes and our wish to be able to choose, with the clear biblical imperative that we should all be one in Christ Jesus.
Tonight I want to be more specific in touching on the fact that this week is not only the Week of Prayer for Christian Unity, but also that we are beginning to celebrate the 500th anniversary of the Reformation, or to be more precise, the 500th anniversary, on 31st October, of Martin Luther’s 95 Theses protesting against various practices in the then Roman Catholic Church; in particular, the sale of ‘indulgences’ in order to shorten one’s time in ‘purgatory’.
In those days, the belief was that, after death, your soul went into a halfway house, purgatory, where it was tested and purified so as to eradicate from it any traces of sin. This could be a lengthy and painful process, which you could shorten by buying indulgences. Without going into the theology involved in Martin Luther’s challenge, I would just point out that this dispute about indulgences was the beginning of the split between the Roman Catholic Church and the churches which are subsequently described as Protestant.
What I am interested in tonight is to some extent influenced by our first lesson from Ecclesiastes, the famous lesson about time, a time to be born and a time to die, a time to get, and a time to lose, and so on. Everything in its season and a season for everything
As some of you may know, I was an undergraduate at Oriel College, Oxford. The College has been in the news recently because it has become the subject of protests by a movement called ‘Rhodes Must Fall’, started originally in South Africa, protesting against memorials to Cecil Rhodes, who, as well as founding the famous Rhodes scholarships, and paying for the building of Rhodes House, where the Rhodes Scholars could meet, gave to my old college, Oriel, enough money to fund the building of a new Rhodes Building which was finished before the First World War and which has just been subject to a complete refurbishment including the building of a new additional top floor with very splendid penthouses for students looking over the rooftops towards the dreaming spires of Oxford.
On the side of the building which faces the High Street there is a large statue of Cecil Rhodes, and the protesters have been demanding that the statue be removed, just as a similar statue in Cape Town has been removed as a result of their protest. The protesters have argued that Cecil Rhodes exploited his workers in his diamond mines, that he had been a racist and colonialist of the worst type, and he should not be remembered favourably in any way.
This has prompted a huge amount of soul-searching in the governing body of the College, who have in their turn consulted the old boys like me – and the old girls; this consultation taking the form of a seminar which took place recently with three distinguished academic speakers and open discussion aimed at placing the heritage of Cecil Rhodes in the appropriate ‘context’.
I have to say that I was rather disappointed that, with the exception of one speaker, none of the discussion concerned the moral question whether or not it was acceptable to judge people by contemporary standards when, at the time they were active, moral judgement would have viewed them differently. Or, if even then Cecil Rhodes was a bad man, was it a good thing to accept gifts, albeit generous ones, from such a bad man?
Then having regard to our lesson today, what difference does time make? If at that time the gifts were made, Cecil Rhodes was not a bad man, according to the standards prevalent at the time, what difference does it make that in time that perception may have changed?
Those sort of perceptions seem to me to affect our view of the Reformation as well. There is a statement from our two archbishops, Justin and John Sentamu, about the Reformation, celebrating the good things that have come from it, the proclamation of the gospel of grace, the availability of the Bible for people to read in their own languages, and the recognition that lay people are called to serve God in addition to those who are ordained. This is an echo of Calvin’s idea of the priesthood of all believers.
At the same time the archbishops express regret, and acknowledge that the time of the Reformation was a time of violence and strife between the Christian people on either side of the Reformation process, all claiming to know the same Lord.
We have been using tonight – as we do every Sunday at St Mary’s at 6 – the Book of Common Prayer, which was originally written by Thomas Cranmer in 1549. It was – and still is – the finest expression of reformed theology in the English language. Even so Thomas Cranmer was burned at the stake as a heretic seven years later. The turmoil in the English Church did not really subside until nearly 100 years later. The prayer book which we are using is the 1662 edition.
The Reformation in England claimed many lives. England had see-sawed between Henry VIII’s version of Protestantism, which really was Catholicism minus the Pope, (because of his inconvenient objections to Henry’s desire to obtain a divorce), to the Catholicism of Mary, back to Protestantism under Elizabeth and so on. Until after the Civil War and the death of Charles I, under the reign of Cromwell and the Puritans, extreme Protestants; England had lived out the Reformation for over 100 years. It was a live issue, and unfortunately, an extremely violent time. The poor Roman Catholics suffered a lot.
There has always been a paradox in the area of religious belief and tolerance of other people’s beliefs. Jesus preached a message exclusively of love and caring for one’s neighbour. But at the same time he foresaw that divisions would be caused by his gospel. Matthew 10:34f: ‘Think not that I am come to send peace on earth: I came not to send peace, but a sword.’ But he told them to love their enemies and turn the other cheek.
Unfortunately his followers did not listen, because for them, for someone not to believe what they regarded as being fundamental and true, was sacrilege, blasphemy and had to be completely eradicated, even by killing the person who had expressed the unacceptable view.
Is very difficult for us to understand why people should have been horribly killed like this, for example by being burned at the stake; but of course we do see the same sort of religious violence today, this time between Muslims and other religions including our own, in the Middle East. Converting from the Muslim religion to another religion is regarded in many Islamic countries as a capital offence.
Does Ecclesiastes have anything to say about this? Is it a recipe for moral relativism? It seems to say that at different times, the same thing is both good and bad. We see the same issue in the context of safeguarding and sexual misconduct. Those of us who grew up in the swinging 60s were frankly not terribly shocked by what rock musicians got up to after concerts with adoring groupies.
But now it is recognised that there was a great inequality of bargaining power, if I can put it that way, and great scope for glamorous individuals, usually men, in effect to coerce impressionable young girls. What is it that makes things right and wrong? What is it that makes things right at one time and wrong at another?
I think that among the various Christians here in Cobham there is more that unites us than divides us. We are all looking to follow Jesus’s message of love and care for our neighbours, and that is the standard which we seek to apply to our conduct. Not everything is what it seems at first. Apparently the first student to win a Rhodes Scholarship was a black African.
Tags Anglican-Methodist Covenant, Anglicans, apostasy, Archbishop John Sentamu, Archbishop Justin, ARCIC, Cecil Rhodes, contextualisation, Ecclesiastes, faith, Gus Casely-Hayford, islam, Methodists, Oriel College, Oxford, religion, Rhodes Must Fall, The Pope, toleration
The Multitude of Camels
Sermon for Evensong on the Fifth Sunday after Easter, 3rd May 2015
‘Arise, shine; for thy light is come, and the glory of the LORD is risen upon thee. … The multitude of camels shall cover thee, the dromedaries of Midian and Ephah; all they from Sheba shall come: they shall bring gold and incense; and they shall shew forth the praises of the LORD.’ [Isa. 60:1 and 6]
This is a vision of the City of God, the new Jerusalem, ‘Jerusalem the golden’, that we just sang about in our second hymn. What is the City of God? Is it stretching things to think of Jerusalem, City of God, as being in England’s ‘green and pleasant land’? Is it even more risky to have that kind of vision four days before a General Election? Let’s consider it.
I’m not sure what the ‘multitude of camels’ would be, in today’s ‘new Jerusalem’ – let alone the ‘dromedaries of Midian and Ephah’. Perhaps in today’s world the camels, the ships of the desert, would be super-yachts, and the dromedaries, the ‘road-runners’, Ferraris and Porsches. But they are all signs of riches, surely. We have an echo of the entry of the Queen of Sheba in the back of our heads, of course, as soon as we hear it – perhaps accompanied in our mind’s eye by a picture of a beautiful diva, say Danielle De Niese or Joyce Di Donato, singing Handel’s oratorio Solomon, where that lovely music comes from.
What splendour could rival the entry of the Queen of Sheba today? Do you think that the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games is the sort of thing that we would put up against it? Or, now we have a royal baby, a royal christening? Maybe so. We certainly can do grand spectacles and grand ceremony here in England’s ‘green and pleasant land’.
But, you might say, surely this is the time of austerity. There’s no money, no money for showy ceremonies! I don’t suppose that you have room in your minds for any more politicians, each one claiming to be leaner and more fiscally correct than the next: everything is costed; nobody will have to pay any more tax; miraculously, important services will be preserved, even though we will spend less money on them. Our arts, our great opera houses, our concert halls, will continue to lead the world – running on air. Our National Health Service has been promised £8bn by one party – but only after £20bn of ‘efficiency savings’. That’s really £12bn of cuts.
Both the leading parties want to ‘cut the deficit’, and offer to do it at different speeds, but both do promise to make cuts in public expenditure. It’s interesting that at least one Nobel Prize-winning economist, Paul Krugman, has written recently under the title ‘The Austerity Delusion: the case for cuts was a lie. Why does Britain still believe it?’ We are, after all, the sixth-richest nation on earth. [http://www.theguardian.com/business/ng-interactive/2015/apr/29/the-austerity-delusion]
I’m sure it would be quite wrong for me to say anything political from the pulpit. But our bishops have written a pastoral letter – which is still well worth reading: you’ll find a hard copy at the back on your way out, if you want to pinch one – it’s called ‘Who is my Neighbour?’ Archbishop John Sentamu has also assembled a very interesting collection of essays, designed to inform Christian voters, called ‘On Rock or Sand?’ and every newspaper has contributed its six-penn’orth of economic and political analysis. You don’t really need me to add to the Babel chorus.
I think also that one has to be realistic in our own local context. We inhabit a ‘safe seat’; so safe that the retiring MP didn’t feel it was necessary actually to turn up at the hustings which Churches Together arranged up at St Andrew’s in Oxshott on Thursday. Which was a pity, because all the other candidates made a very good effort to explain their positions and to answer questions.
I’m going to assume that St Mary’s will follow the national statistic, as I understand it, which is that 55% of the faithful in the Church of England vote Conservative – and I might risk a guess that here, the percentage might be even higher! So I wouldn’t dare try to persuade you out of your ancient loyalties; but I do hope that all the excitement and debate which the election has caused in the last few weeks will at least have stirred up in you renewed interest in what it is to be the City of God, what the good society, the Common Good, as the Archbishops call it, should be.
St Augustine’s great work was called that, City of God, De Civitate Dei. Anyone who thinks that the church shouldn’t become involved in politics should remember that they have to contend with Archbishops John and Justin, both of whom passionately disagree with that proposition. The Archbishops passionately believe that the church should be engaged in modern society, and that that engagement necessarily involves contributing to the political debate.
That tradition goes right back to St Augustine, if not earlier. The City of God was written in the fifth century AD, right at the end of the Roman Empire, after the Goths had sacked Rome. There is of course also a lot of Biblical authority for the idea of the city of God: the hymn, Glorious things of thee are spoken, Zion City of our God, is based on Psalm 87. Citizenship was pretty important to St Paul. In Acts 22:25 he raised the matter of his being a Roman citizen – perhaps he quoted Cicero, ‘Civis Romanus sum’ – ‘I am a Roman citizen’ (Marcus Tullius Cicero, In Verrem, 2.5.162), in order to stop the authorities imprisoning him without charge. ‘Is it lawful for you to scourge a man that is a Roman and uncondemned?’ he said to the centurion.
And of course, Jesus himself said, ‘Render unto Caesar’. [Mark 12:17, or Luke 20:25] That wasn’t a command not to engage in human society, but rather positively to do one’s duty both to God and to mankind.
So whichever way you vote on Thursday – and of course I do think that you should vote rather than not vote – even if the result in Esher and Walton, our constituency, is rather a foregone conclusion, I do think that we all ought to keep alive in our minds the vision of the City of God. In our new Jerusalem, will we be covered by camels, will God smile on us in our abundance – or will we forget who our neighbours are? Let us pray that even those MPs who don’t have to make much of an effort to be elected, will still bear in mind what Jesus said about neighbours.
Think about what Jesus said about the last judgment in Matthew 25: ‘I was hungry, and you gave me food; when thirsty, you gave me drink; when I was a stranger you took me into your home, when naked, you clothed me; when I was ill you came to my help, when in prison you visited me.’ You remember the story. The righteous people asked when they had done these good deeds, and Jesus replied, ‘Verily I say unto you, Inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least of these my brethren, ye have done it unto me.’ (Matt. 25:40)
So following this, Jesus’ explanation of who was his neighbour, and following the bishops’ letter, does our government policy on refugees, especially those risking their lives in the Mediterranean, square up? Our MP wrote to me recently that the Mediterranean refugees should be the concern just of the states with Mediterranean coastlines, like Italy, France, Greece or Spain. I wonder whether his parents, who were Czech refugees from Nazism in 1938, would have made it to safety here if we had had such a narrow policy then.
‘I was hungry,’ said Jesus. Would He have thought that it was acceptable that over a million people turned to food banks last year? 1,300 food parcels were given out in Cobham alone between April 2014 and March 2015.
‘When I was ill,’ He said. I think that the answer today is not just to buy private health insurance, and stand idly by while the NHS is steadily and stealthily run down, but to look out for each other: everyone in their hour of need deserves help. That help, in the NHS, depends on proper funding. That massive enterprise, the National Health Service, was founded when the national debt was several times the current size.
As the bishops have said, we should be good neighbours internationally as well. Would our Lord have approved cuts in overseas aid, or threats to withdraw from the EU? He wanted us to care for those poorer than ourselves, and to look out for others who might need our skills. I think He would have praised the EU for giving 70 years of peace in Europe.
I could go on, but you know the areas where the bishops have focussed. Civil rights and freedoms should be balanced by obligations, human rights. British lawyers drafted the European Human Rights Convention on which the Human Rights Act is based. Is it really right to want to get rid of it?
Think of the multitude of camels. Whatever government we end up with, whoever is our MP, after Thursday, we must press them, we must speak up for the City of God. We must try to ensure that our leaders work to create a fairer, more neighbourly society. Or else, as Isaiah said at the end of our first lesson, ‘For the nation and kingdom that will not serve thee shall perish; yea, those nations shall be utterly wasted.’
[The House of Bishops’ Pastoral Letter, ‘Who is my Neighbour?’ is at https://www.churchofengland.org/media-centre/news/2015/02/house-of-bishops%27-pastoral-letter-on-the-2015-general-election.aspx%5D
Tags Archbishop John Sentamu, Archbishop Justin, austerity, Babel, Bishops' Pastoral Letter, Camels, Cicero, City of God, Civis Romanus, Conservative Party, Danielle de Niese, De Civitate Dei, Dominic Raab, dromedaries, England's green and pleasant land, Ephah, Esher and Walton, European Union, food banks, general election, Goths, Handel, Human Rights Act, Hustings, in Verrem, Jerusalem, Jesus, Joyce di Donato, Matthew 25, Mediterranean, Midian, nhs, Nobel prize, Olympic Games, On Rock or Sand?, Oxshott, Paul Krugman, Psalm 87, Queen of Sheba, refugees, Rome, royal baby, Solomon, St Andrew's Oxshott, St Augustine, St Mary Stoke D'Abernon, St Paul, The Austerity Delusion, The Common Good, Who is my Neighbour?
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Episode 17: Dietary Fasting ft. Dr. Jason Fung
researchfasting
Episode 17 features Dr. Jason Fung, a world-renowned nutritionist and author of "The Obesity Code". Geoff, Michael, and Dr. Fung discuss the nuances of health, diet, and fasting!
Geoff: Hey thinkers, welcome to this week's THINKING Podcast. I'm your host, Geoff Woo.
Michael: And I'm Michael.
Geoff: And we're really excited to have Dr. Jason Fung today as our guest. He's a Toronto based nephrologist, but he's made waves as the author of The Obesity Code. It's really making waves in the nutritional space and the fasting space, and has laid out a new way of thinking about weight, diet, and daily regimes. So we're excited to have you here and dive into some of the ideas, and get your thoughts on the whole biohacking movement.
I think one thing that I want to start off with is that, I think for a lot of our community members and our listeners, we came to this notion of intermittent fasting from an enhancement perspective. Where, I think we were always relatively healthy people, most biohackers are generally into fitness, into increasing their cognitive performance. And one of the interesting notions that we stumbled upon when we're looking into nootropics and other interventions was that, fasting was one of the most compelling ways to increase adult neurogenesis and very interesting data around ketone metabolism for brain function, cognitive function. And it's interesting to see that you've come to intermittent fasting from a weight loss perspective. I wanted to lay it out and start from there. What brought you into nephrology, into diets and intermittent fasting?
Jason: Yeah, it's quite interesting because the thing about it is that it's a ... So, I deal with kidney disease, that's my specialty. By far and away, the most common cause of kidney disease is diabetes, type 2 diabetes specifically. And I spent a lot of years just treating people with dialysis, that kind of thing. It kind of dawned on me that we weren't really doing a lot of good. That is, that we could treat their kidney disease but they were still getting it, so they were still sick. And it was kind of obvious after a while to see that if you have diabetes, which is causing kidney disease, then obviously, you don't want to treat the kidney disease, you really want to treat the diabetes. Right? Isn't that like super obvious?
It is to me now, but it wasn't then. It's because they tell people, including doctors, that type 2 diabetes is a chronic and progressive disease, but it's not. It's actually completely reversible. Because again, and everybody already knows this, that if you lose weight, then your diabetes goes away. So if it's completely reversible, so then why don't you reverse it? So, that's kind of how I got into it.
I started first by saying, okay, how are you going to reverse the diabetes? Well, you got to fix the obesity. Then, how are you going to fix the obesity? Because again, that's one of these things that everybody seems to have given up on. Right? Because the current treatment paradigm is so bad, that is cut a few calories here and there, portion control, eat less, move more, which is what every single person medically ... Medical person, doctors, dieticians tells you. It's so abysmally bad, the results, that everybody's kind of given up, well, obviously you can't treat it.
Well, it's like, okay, but the disease of obesity has only been here for 35 years, since the mid '70s, obviously it's not a genetic disease. All these people talking about the genetics of obesity, it's like, you're so wrong, because our genetics have not change.
Geoff: Yeah, I think if you look at ... I think there's an interesting graphic that you really show the curves go viral, infestation of obesity, growing, about 30 years ago. The curve just spiking just 30 years. Yeah, if it was a genetic condition we should always ... Two-thirds of Americans or people should be fat, and that's clearly not the case.
Jason: And it's the same with India, and China, and places like this, that have become Westernized. We're seeing exactly the same sort of thing. And again, there's no possible way that anything genetic has anything to do with what has happened. So it therefore, must be a diet lifestyle. So then, that's what you have to fix.
So for all the money that we spent on genetics of obesity, it's not useful. And I don't know why nobody kind of gets that?
So, then you have to go back to what causes obesity, and it turns out that calories is really the wrong thing to be talking about because calories ... Your body just doesn't care about calories.
Geoff: Yeah, calories in does not equal calories out, is one of the key taglines.
Jason: You reduce your calories in, your calories out goes down. Okay, we've known that for 100 years. If you eat less, your metabolism slows. It's just like if you earn less money, then you will spend less money. They're not independent. And it's the same thing for the body, and this is the reason that these weight loss solutions never work, because you reduce your calories, your body reduces calories out. You don't lose weight, the weight comes back. And that was really the thing. It's not a caloric problem.
Geoff: And, what are some of the ways that your body reduces the calorie expenditure there?
Jason: It's called the Basal Metabolic Rate, you can measure that, and that's the energy that it takes to keep generating body heat, keep your heart working, keep your brain working, and all that kind of stuff.
The thing is that this is why people on a diet just feel like crap, because they are expending less energy. So your brain is getting less energy, your heart's getting less energy. You're feeling cold. You feel like crap. And the worst part is that you're not losing weight.
And, despite this complete failure, all the kind of obesity gurus just keep harping about calories. Well, does your body count calories? No. Does your body somehow have some kind of sensor for calories? No. So, then, who the hell cares about calories, right?
What the body actually cares about is hormones. That's the language of the body. So, certain hormones tell us to store energy as fat, and certain hormones will tell us to burn it and get our brain working better. So you have to fix the hormonal problem. That's how I kind of came to it. But more specific to your group, I recently released a second book called The Complete Guide to Fasting, which is kind of a follow-up to The Obesity Code.
The Obesity Code talks all about obesity and to a smaller extent, type 2 diabetes. And one of the solutions that works very well is intermittent fasting as well as low-carbohydrate diets, ketogenic diets, and so on.
Geoff: Yeah, I wanted to jump in here and ask. Kind of related the homeostasis question, if you have less calorie intake than your body sort of naturally adapts, it's very hard to get your ... I mean, the body's a well adapted machine to balance itself out. So one of our community members actually asked, well intermittent fasting is a timing version of caloric restriction, so why is intermittent fasting different from just like less calories in?
Jason: Yeah, it's completely different. And this is the thing that always gets me. The frequency of anything is not irrelevant. That is to say if you jump off a one-foot wall a hundred times, it's completely different then jumping off a 100-ft wall once. You jump off that wall, you die. You do a 100 of these one-ft things, you don't die. So it's completely different. If you have the average temperature of Death Valley, California, is 25 degrees Celsius. Oh hey, great place to go for a vacation, right? No, you're gonna like die in the day, and freeze yr ass off at night.
So, I don't understand why calorie should be completely ... Like, oh, frequency doesn't matter. Well it matters in everything. This is the same thing. It's not about calories. We have to get it out of our minds, calorie reduction has nothing. It has nothing to do with the body. The body just doesn't measure it, doesn't count it, doesn't have anything to do with it. The only thing that matters is the hormonal signals that it gets. So, the question is, eating the same number of calories all at once, versus spread out over the 16 hours of your waking day, is there a difference? Yes, there's a huge hormonal difference between the two.
If you look at the way that hormones are secreted, they're not spread out evenly throughout the day. There's a burst, and then it stops. So why does it matter. Well, think about the story of the boy who cried wolf. The way our body works is we react to change, and if something is constant, then we basically zero it out. Okay? So, if that boy cries wolf, then everybody starts to ignore him. That's just the way it works. So, if you yell at your kids, the first time, they go, "Whoa". When you yell all the time at the kids, they're like, "Yah, whatever." Right?
This is the same thing. It's homeostasis, your body gets used to a certain level. You see a baby sleeping in an airport. It's loud, but he's sleeping soundly. You put the same baby in a quiet house, and the slightly creak of the floorboard, that baby's up and crying and you're like, "Oh, my God."
This is the same thing. Your body actually adapts. If you keep a high level of insulin all the time, which is the major hormone that we're talking about with obesity, you develop insulin resistance.
Geoff: Yeah, I think that's one thing that I think it's interesting, where there's people that recommend eating six or eight meals a day, constantly eating. And given our understanding, and especially how you talk about insulin as a primary driver for obesity ... In your book, I think you make a very good argument, it is the causal, ultimate cause. Literally, that is bad for people because you're constantly having insulin spikes throughout the day. And yr basically, if your eating six, eight meals a day, that's like bad for people, which I think is very interesting.
Jason: Right, and if you think about it logically, it's like, well, how are you going to gain weight? Well, eat all the time. That's how you're going to gain weight. Yeah, that's how you're going to gain weight, so why would you eat all the time?
Geoff: So, you have this notion of your bodies set weight, and that's triggered by insulin sensitivity. Your insulin sensitivity drives the set weight that your body's going to try to return to. Can you unpack that a little bit? How that takes place?
Jason: Yeah, in The Obesity Code, one of the things that doesn't really get talked about is the time of time dependence of obesity. That is to say, if you've been obesity for 30, 40, 50 years, that weight is just really, really hard to come off. And the carbohydrates notion, like low-carb, is great, but it doesn't really address that because your diet can change. How do you account for the fact that your body has this kind of memory. It has this kind of set weight. It doesn't. And neither does the calories.
So, you have to really look at the way that the body works. If you develop more and more resistance, then what's happening is that your body keeps the insulin levels high in order to try and overcome that resistance. This is the knee jerk reaction, but it's actually detrimental because that high insulin tends to cause more resistance.
Like for instance, if you listen on your headphones all the time to load music, what happens is that you go a little deaf. So you turn up the volume. Right? Great idea, except that it's the high volume that's causing your deafness. So, you get a little more deaf, and then you turn it up again. And that's what the body does.
Geoff: The death spiral. Its really bad death spiral where-
Jason: Exactly. And that's what the body does. You have too much insulin, that's the primary causes. Because one, you're eating constantly throughout the day. And two, we're eating meals that are highly processed, which tend to spike insulin. So, as opposed to the '70s where we ate kind of three meals a day, we're eating kind of closer to six meals a day now. So that insulin is high all the time, which causes the body to become resistant to insulin, and in response the body secretes more insulin. That's your death spiral.
High insulin leads to resistance, which leads to higher insulin, which leads to more resistance. And that's your death spiral.
Geoff: And meanwhile, the insulin's causing you to store that fuel that you're eating. Signals to store fat, and also, I think you make a good point, that it's the counterbalance leptin which is the satiety hormones.
Jason: Yeah, the leptin, I think is a minor player in the whole thing. I don't spend a lot of time on it. People spend a lot of money researching leptin, thinking this was going to be the holy grail, but turned out not to be. What happens in common obesity is that you become resistant to leptin, and it's a question of why.
Insulin is telling your body to gain fat. Fat then secretes leptin, which tells your body to lose fat. But the problem is that if we're eating all the time, that insulin is kind of wins. So if the leptin stays high all the time, you just become resistant to it.
So, if you want to see in terms of power, what happens is that the insulin is primary whereas the leptin is secondary. If leptin were to win of course, then we'd all lose that weight again, which is what we want to do. But clearly, it's getting overwhelmed by the insulin.
Geoff: Right. Seems like you've gained leptin insensitivity, basically, as well.
Jason: Yeah, exactly. So, then you're not sensitive to it, so then it's not having its affect, and that's one of the problems. But the primarily reason it's not having its affect, is its getting stimulated all the time, but it's really getting beaten by insulin.
Geoff: I think one thing that you are highlighting to me, I think, just with a lot of conversations for more forward thinking, more ... I would say, just more disciplinary thinking medical practitioners, and doctors, is that it seems like a lot of the healthcare system, a lot of the classic medical school training, is very much about treating symptoms, and not treating ... And I think what you've called approximate charges, or like the symptoms, as opposed to the ultimate cause. And I think that you really break it down in terms of obesity, and obesity quite nicely. I think zooming out a little bit, why is that the structure? Because I think from an engineers approach and I think from ... I'm a computer scientist by training, so is Michael, and a lot of our community members tend to be in more physical science or engineering disciplines. That seems to be the training, always go down to first principles and build up the foundation from initial causes.
Can you help unpack that and get a sense of why is the health community so just focused on sort of the last proximate cause?
Jason: Yeah, and that's the real thing that is the problem because everybody's focused on that. It's just like if you are saying, why is somebody rich? Well, there's more money coming in than going out. Well, it's like, that's a useless answer. Or, why is so packed in this auditorium? Well, there's more people coming in than leaving. And every time you say, well, that's not helpful, somebody says, "That's the first law of thermodynamics. You know, calories in, calories out. It's a law. It's not just a suggestion."
Okay, but you're missing the whole point, which is what you're saying. Is that, you don't care so much that yes, there's more people coming in the room than out, the question is why are there more people coming in the room, than out? And that's when you have to start going back.
And the problem with medicine is that it's really focused on that last thing and I think because it's the most obvious and it's the most kind of ... The fastest way to make a drug kind of thing. It's like the shortcut. It's like, oh, here's the problem, just fix it kind of thing.
Geoff: Which is interesting, right, because where people get develop insulin ... They become insensitive to insulin and then we're treating it by giving them more insulin. Oh, you're not sensitive to it, so let's give you more insulin-
Michael: And you don't make money to not eat...
Geoff: And prices of insulin have been going up and to the right over the last what, 100 years? They've been steadily up and to the right?
Jason: Yeah. Well, the other thing is this whole calories idea. And you got to understand, that the calories is that kind of last proximate, oh, there's more people coming in than leaving. Or, there's more money coming in than leaving. Calories is the same. It's that last bit.
But you got to realize that it's ... So, everywhere else you can realize that just focusing in on the last little bit is useless, but there are a lot of vested interest in promoting this calories model. Why? Because they don't want you to know that say, "Hey, sugar makes you fat." Well, everybody knows that, right? But Coca-Cola doesn't want you to say well, "Coke kind of makes you fat." They want you to say, "Coke has calories, sure, but so does your broccoli. So, don't eat your broccoli, drink your Coke, yeah, you're good." Or they want to shift it to, "Oh, hey, you can drink a Coke or Gatorade, and if you run a couple miles, you're good." You're not good because your diet sucks and that's the real problem.
So there's a huge number of people that want you to believe. And I talk about this sometimes on my blog, is that there's all these people that ... In fact, my last week's blog was all about how Coca-Cola actually wants you to believe all about calories because calories is the perfect scape goat. Nobody sells calories. Nobody has a brand called calories. So, it's the perfect scape goat. Nobody gets hurt and you can deflect all your blame from your sugar water onto this nebulous thing called calories. Then you can say, well, it's not because you drank Coke that you're fat, it's because you're sitting on your ass all day. It's like-
Geoff: We're too lazy. Then you just have too many of those callers. Yeah, I think that's interesting. Yeah.
Jason: Exactly. For 50 years, and unfortunately what happens is that they spent millions of dollars paying doctors, paying researchers, to promote this idea that it's all about calories, when your body just doesn't give two shits about calories. It don't care at all.
Geoff: I think a couple of examples in your book I thought were really interesting about, that really put a point on it, are the fact that when you are stressed your hormone levels change, that your appetite and metabolism change. And also, pregnancy, similarly affects hormonal balance and your appetite, and your metabolism. It's not just your calorie usage drives your calorie intake, it's obviously a hormonal system that's driving that.
Jason: Well, look at puberty for example. If you take a boy and a girl going through puberty, at the end of puberty, that girl has about 50% more fat than the boy. That's just the fact, everybody knows that. They gain fat in their breasts and their hips, and so on. So what? Are 50% of the population, all girls are just lazy and gluttonous, and slothful-like? Hardly. It's clearly a hormonal signal that tells you to gain fat, because they need to reproduce.
It's a survival mechanism. It's something that you want to do. You have this idea, no, it's about calories in, calories out. So every single girl in the world decided to eat more and exercise less to gain more fat, and the boys all of a sudden didn't? Come on, that's just ridiculous.
The entire notion, when you actually think about it logically. When you think about it from a kind of scientific point of view, is ridiculous, but ... It's just like this whole thing about eat all the time. Well, where did that come from? Eat all the time, and you'll lose weight?
Geoff: Yeah, I think it really reflects onto like what are the interests. I think Coca-Cola, the sugar lobby, the corn lobby in the United States, these huge corn subsidies. There's corn farms in the middle of our country where they can only survive by government subsidies. Your General Mills, your food companies, they almost have to be promoting, hey, consume more things.
Jason: But they've got the money to do it. It's not just advertising. Advertising's fine because you and I know when you see an ad on TV it's paid for by Coke. Right, so that's fine. The worst part is when Coca-Cola pays scientists and doctors, and influences the American Heart Association. They take millions of dollars. These doctors are making out like bandits. They are taking millions of dollars to say that sugars not so bad. It's like, okay, well ...
And I wrote about this one time, I called them traitors because really they're supposed to be looking after our health, but what they've done is taken a lot of money to say that these things, which are clearly detrimental to our health are okay, and it's all about calories. Yeah, it's a real mess out there.
Geoff: Yeah, and I think that's why I think your work, and just having our grassroots community's important. I want to ... I think it's legitimately, fasting is the cheapest intervention that we can all promote with the biggest outcome. I think that ratio ... There's no drug that we're making money off of, it's literally about something about, hey, consuming less, being thoughtful about the timing of consumption, and that's free. And I think, no one makes money off of that, which is why I think no one ... There's no money interest pushing this into people's faces.
Jason: Well, there was a very interesting documentary on the BBC a few years ago called "The Men Who Made Us Fat", and what they showed was that this idea of eating all the time actually didn't come from science, it came from Cadbury actually, so there was breakfast, lunch, dinner, and Cadbury wasn't making any money because they needed to sell snacks. So they were able to introduce this kind of idea of a healthy snack, and they pushed it and pushed it, and over decades it kind of morphed into this eat all the time, that's good for you.
It's like, okay, when in the history of humanity have we pushed this? Like never, because people are too busy or don't have enough food to eat constantly throughout the day. It doesn't even sound logical. You cannot eat all the time. Every time you eat, you tell the body to store energy. So why would you want to do that? You're trying to let it use energy.
So that's the thing, these commercial interest kind of get into that. But getting back to the fasting in terms of what's really interesting about it. I think this is more towards your kind of demographic, is that there's actually a huge number of benefits about it. so once I started looking into it ...
Now, I'll tell you that when I started using this, I used it from a health and wellness, diabetes, obesity standpoint. I actually didn't start with fasting, I started with low-carb diets. Totally disaster. Nobody did what I told them to do. And part of it was that they actually just didn't understand. They have certain food cultures and so on, and they didn't understand what I was talking about. So I said, I need to do something simpler because I'm not treating people who are on the internet like five hours a day. I'm treating 65 year-old Pilipino grandmothers who really have no idea what I'm talking about and have no email.
I said okay, i need something that's simply, because they need to understand it. Somehow I caught into some conversation with some friends and fasting came up. I thought, wow, that's the dumbest idea ever. That's what my initial reaction is, and that's almost everybody's initial reaction.
Geoff: Uh-huh. I was going to die when I 36-hour fast. How do you even ... Am I literally going to die? How are you doing that?
Jason: Exactly. And people have been pushed out of this idea of fasting for so long, but when you go back in history it's all over the place. Every single major religion has this. So that's why I said, okay, there was nobody doing it ...
Geoff: I mean we've evolved. There was this famine and feast cycles all the time in pre-historic humans. I mean we are animals, right? You got to hunt, you got to starve a little bit, you got to find the next meal.
Jason: There's so many myths around fasting, so what I did was nobody was using it therapeutically at the time so I just kind of made it up as I went. We've been doing it for quite a few years now, so we have a large experience with it. But as we understood more and more about it, there's actually so many interesting things. So you're talking about enhancing performance, and there's actually a cognitive performance I think is totally fascinating because there is a huge advantage to fasting, and you can actually start to look back at some of the studies that people have done on fasting, and you realize that there's a significant advantage. So the Ancient Greeks, this is 2000 years ago, fasted a lot.
So all the hypocrites, Plato, all those guys fasted. No because they needed to lose weight, there is very little obesity and virtually no diabetes at the time. But the reason they fasted was because they understood that it made their cognitive function much, much higher. They're working on a different level, and we still talked about the great Greek thinkers now. And that was their kind of secret sauce, and everybody thinks, "Wow if I don't eat I'm not going to be able to concentrate." It's actually the exact opposite once you start understanding. So think about a time you ate a huge meal like Thanksgiving. It's coming up, right? You ate a huge meal. Well do you feel really mentally sharp? No. You feel sluggish, right?
Geoff: You want to go to sleep.
Michael: Evolved in there. But on the other hand I think a lot of people used the word "hangry" right? On the other hand I think a lot of people use the word "hangry" where they say, "Oh man by the time lunch comes around, I'm hangry.", "I got to eat." Or, "I get a headache.", "I'm in a bad mood." You're telling me I'm not only going to skip lunch, I'm also going to skip breakfast and dinner? No way.
Jason: Yeah that happens if you're on a very carbohydrate diet, that does happen. You get the spikes, you get glucose spikes. So that's why when you eat bacon and eggs, and yeah everybody knows this, if you eat a big protein and fat meal at the beginning of the day, three eggs and three sausage, you're really just not that hungry for that whole morning. You eat a couple of slices of toast and some sugary cereal. Your insulin spikes up, then it spikes down, and then you get that big crash at 10:30am, and then you go, "Oh I need a muffin" right? Or, "I need a donut" right? Then you get that big spike up, then you get that big spike down, and then at lunch you're like, "Oh yeah I could really use some pasta" right? Then you get the big spike up. And people assume that eating is what stops the hunger. So therefore it's like, "Wow good thing I ate that donut" right? Okay well the donut is what may cause the problem where as it's a total spiral.
Geoff: It's a spiral effect again. The death spiral.
Jason: If you look at satiety, for example, things like fat and protein. So if you eat protein, you will stimulate hormones in your body and pretend there's Peptide YY and policystichynine for fat, which are satiety factors. So you eat fat, you eat, you eat protein, your body says, "I'm full." You eat refined carbohydrates, you stimulate none of those satiety factors, you can eat again. So again, think about it for a second.
You've just eaten a huge meal. You went to the buffet, you had a huge meal, right? Now could you sit down and have two pork chops? No, it's like man that's nauseating, right? So the satiety factors are very strong. But if you had this big meal and said, "Oh yeah, do you want some candy or some apple pie, or some highly refined carbohydrates?" Which is what desserts mostly are. Chocolate cake, or whatever. You're like, "Yeah I can do that" right? And we all know that. As kids we called that the second stomach. You have a second stomach for desserts, right? The reason is those highly refined carbohydrates do not stimulate satiety hormones. Therefore you can keep packing them down, right? Without feeling full.
You have to think about it for a second. I used to wonder about this as a kid that you could eat a big meal, which has say 500 calories, and drink water, and be the same fullness as if you ate a big meal and drank, and it had a big thing of coke. Now that coke has 250 calories, 300 calories, or the big gulp of pop, whatever. It's like how come those calories doesn't turn into you feeling more full? Why? Because it's all sugar. There's no satiety hormones that are activated, right? And that's the reason why you can't eat all those refined carbohydrates because they won't make you full. Then you'll eat again. You'll get "hangry" and so on.
Fasting is completely different. In fact, the thing about hunger is actually quite interesting because hunger actually, when you're doing extended fast, hunger first of all comes in waves. It's not constant. So everybody assumes that it's just going to get worse and worse, but in reality what happens is when it passes, it passes. So when lunch time passes and I haven't eaten, I feel like I'm fine until dinner time because it goes in a wave. What you've done in essence is, in fasting, is you've changed the hormones which you don't do with caloric restriction, which is a major difference, but what you're doing is you're basically feeding your body with your body fat, right? So imagine if you're fasting for say seven days, like Jimmy Mort in 21 days, my co-author on this other book The Complete Guide to Fasting. What he's doing is his body is actually eating breakfast, lunch, and dinner of fat, right? And after about three, four days, the hunger actually goes down.
So this is the one thing that we see. We've treated a thousand patients. And the one thing they're always surprised at is they said, "I thought I could never do this because I thought I would be super hungry all the time. I actually can't eat very much anymore, and then I get full." I'm like, "Perfect. That is exactly what we want." And he says "I think my stomach shrunk." I'm like, "Well your stomach didn't actually physically shrink, but that's what it feels like because now you're resetting your body set weight downwards and you're actually working with your body to lose weight. Now your body wants to be at that lower weight." Which is great. So now as soon as you get full, you get full and you can't eat anymore, which is great because before if your body weight is high, you want to keep eating and you're using will power to stop yourself, but that doesn't get you very far.
Geoff: I think you brought up a couple of good notions, and I want to bring us back to from the side track, back to the cognitive enhancement part because I think we're going to a very interesting train of thought there. And you're mentioning breaking out fat as an energy source. So a lot of the interesting ... I'm curious to get your thoughts around what you think the mechanisms are for increasing cognitive function while fasting. Is that the ketone to metabolism?
Jason: I think it certain does have a lot to do with the ketones, but I think that there's actually more to it than that. In terms of cognitive ability, I think that there's actually two parts which I think are interesting which I'll try and touch on, is one the cognitive boost, and two is Alzheimer's disease which I think the data coming out of that totally fascinating. So in terms of-
Michael: I've heard of it like that. People almost call Alzheimer's "Diabetes Type 3". I think you might be touching upon some of this.
Jason: Yeah, and that's kind of the idea. And also, remind me if I don't talk about it via autophagy which is again a super hot topic. So what happens during fasting is that your body has very little glucose, right? Because you're not eating sugar. So you switch over your metabolism to a fat metabolism. Your brain uses a lot of glucose and what's a huge, huge myth that's always perpetuating is that your body needs 130 grams of carbohydrates and your brain needs 130, otherwise it'll shut down, right? It's like okay, right. So if I don't eat for 24 hours, I should be a blubbering idiot, right? That doesn't happen because what happens is that after your glucose stores run out, your body produces ketones which could supply up to 75% of the energy needs of the brain. That's why you don't actually need 130 grams of carbohydrates a day.
It's actually sort of true, you just don't need to eat 130 grams of carbohydrates a day. Your body will provide the glucose that it needs. So it's a process called gluconeogenesis, it will actually manufacture glucose for your brain. The rest of it runs on-
Geoff: Breaking down protein, right? Breaking down-
Jason: Breaking down proteins and breaking down fat. You got to remember that fat is called a triglyceride, which is a glycerol backbone attached to the three fatty acids. You break the three fatty acids off and your muscles and so on can use those. But the glycerol gets turned into glucose which goes to the brain. But you can't supply the entire energy needs of the brain by glucose. There's too much for that, so you produce from the fat ketone bodies which cross blood brain barrier go in. And it's thought-
Geoff: And that happens in the liver, just to help people follow along so that fatty acids that break off get turned into ketone bodies, beta hydroxy beauterates, and a couple of other minor ketone bodies. But BHB is a primary one. It's in the liver, and as you mentioned is permeable across the blood brain barrier, and it ends up being this fuel for the brain.
**Jason: Yeah and it's thought that a lot of the brain actually functions a lot, at a lot higher level on ketones. So some people ... If you look back in history, there is a fascinating book called Unbroken, by Laura Hillenbrach which is about American prisoners of war in Japan during World War Two. In it, as I was reading it, I was totally fascinated because they say that they noticed these prisoners were doing absolutely incredible mental things. One guy would read a book entirely from memory, and another guy learned Norwegian in a week, and they were all very blasé about it because they're like, "Oh yeah it's the astonishing mental clarity of starvation." I'm like, "Whoa! This is incredible because starvation is uncontrolled fasting." Fasting is a controlled version of pot. Eating starvation is the uncontrolled version of not eating. I'm like, "How is it that these people, first of all they face it everyday so they kind of knew what was going on but we forgotten that." You can read these accounts through history where people have realized that when you don't eat, your brain goes into hyper drive, right? It's working at such an incredible level that you cannot even comprehend because the ketones are there and it's working so well.
So now what people have done is looked at caloric restriction, which is kind of a watered down version of fasting, but that's what they do in laboratories and looked at memory and you can clearly see that when you restrict calories, memory goes way up. And the other thing that's really interesting in terms of Alzheimer's-
Michael: I haven't seen that in healthy human models yet. Usually the cognition is in rat models, right? But I think they're trying to replicate-
Jason: There's a lot of rat ones, but there's a few small ones in humans as well. And this is where a lot of the things come out. So Alzheimer's disease is a huge problem, right? And Alzheimer's disease is caused by these abnormal proteins that kind of gum up the brain, right? So what you stimulate during fasting is a process called autophagy, okay? And this is a super hot topic because one of the key researchers of autophagy won the 2016 Nobel Prize for medicine.
So what is autophagy? Autophagy is a process where you body breaks down these junky old proteins and burns them for sugar, right? And everybody thinks that getting rid of protein is bad, but it's actually really good because if you want to ... If you have a disease like the Alzheimer's disease example, which is all this excessive protein that's gumming up your brain, if you could do fasting, and all of a sudden encourage your body to get ride of all this excess protein, you are going to increase the ability of your brain to work. So you see that in small human trials where cognition increases, memory increases, all the cognitive function increases, you can see it back in history where people have these amazing things. The Ancient Greeks for example, there are stories of them forcing people to fast. So the head philosopher, whoever. I can't remember if it's Plato or whatever, he would force his students to fast for 40 days or something like that. Then he's like, "Come back when you've done that." Right? Because you're too dumb otherwise. That was the implication, which I think is just an amazing story.
So here's the super boost to mental capacity that's available for free. That's insane. And people have tried to shortcut this, right? With exogenous ketones, right? So people sell these exogenous ketones. But it doesn't really work because if you still have glucose floating around in your brain, your brain may just say, "Hey, why don't I just use this glucose. I'm used to it anyway. There's ketones running around, but hey I don't know if it's back there." I mean there's anecdotal evidence everywhere.
Geoff: Yeah, but I think I've seen some data that show that if you have high enough levels of exogenous ketones, you can actually ... When I actually tried some ketone esters, I was running a blood glucose monitor, and after 30 minutes, it dropped my blood glucose levels from 6.7 per milliliters to 5. So that keto had rushed as some people would say. So I think there's a lot of different types of exogenous ketones and I think it can be it's own separate conversation on the ketone salts, ketone precursors like MCT oils, or ketone esters are a little bit more pure. But I think ...
Jason: Well one of the fascinating things is that ... So they're looking at ketones in ... Dominic Agostino who does a lot of the research into that.
Geoff Right.
Jason: He does it for the department of defense, right? Because they're looking for physical enhancement and cognitive enhancement. We haven't talked about the physical enhancement. So what's interesting is that it doesn't even make any sense. If you're sending soldiers into combat and packing them some exogenous ketones, here you go, why don't you just fast them? They have a month worth of food carried on their own body, right? If they're not eating, then they're going to start burning that fat, they're going to have mega ketones. They're going to have this cognitive boost, this physical boost, and that's amazing, and it's all for free and you don't have to weigh them down with exogenous ketones, or even food, right? That's amazing.
So now think about the astronauts going to Mars. This big thing about going to Mars, right? "Oh how are we going to do the food?" Why don't you just not have them eat, right? If you don't eat ... So a fast of one day burns about a half a pound of fat roughly. So if you've got about 30 pounds overweight, and most of us have that amount of fat, right? So an ultra lean person is about 10% fat. These are the marathon runners that look like little sticks, right? They're about 10% body fat, 5 to 10. So if you're 150 pounds and you're 10% body fat, that's 15 pounds of fat. Most of us are nowhere close that, right?
Geoff: Being devils advocate here. I mean glucose is really beneficial for power, right? Like basically bursting. So if you just literally have no ... Probably something more optimal like cycling with some glucose, and also fasting in certain areas. I imagine that if you're constantly in a fasted state, your muscles ... I mean glucose is still a very powerful, readily available energy source, right?
Jason: And it depends, right? So if you go from glucose to fat, there's actually a period of adaptation called keto-adaptation which takes a couple of weeks, but you got to realize that people at the very highest levels are already there. So Frum, who won the Tour de France is all taking ketogenic stuff, right? LeBron James talking super low carb, right? Kobe Bryant, right? Who prolonged his career. They're all doing it, right? And these are guys whose livelihood depends on being at peak athletic performance. So other guys like Sammy Heineken who rode from ... He and his wife rowed from I think San Francisco to Hawaii, right? They all did training in the fasted state. So you got to realize that fasting actually provides a physical boost as well. So this is kind of another huge, huge area that people are getting into. So if you look at national teams, rugby, cricket, they're all going low carb. Why? Because the thing about training in the fasted state is that you have to look at the hormonal adaptations.
So what happens is that your neural adrenaline goes up, your sympathetic system goes up, it's a general activation, and growth goes up. Those are also called counter-regulatory hormones. They counter the effect of insulin. Insulin makes your blood-glucose goes down, this makes your blood-glucose goes up. So if you're in the fasted state, you want your body to start pulling out some of that glucose putting into the blood. So those are the counter-regulatory hormones. So your adrenaline level goes up ... Neural adrenaline to be specific, and your growth hormone goes up. The more adrenaline goes means you have a lot of energy. That's what people find. They have more energy which means you can train harder. Then your growth hormone is up so that when you start eating again, you recover faster. That's a huge advantage for any athlete. If you could train harder-
Geoff: I would add that the oxidative stress of ketosis is less than that of breaking down glucose, right? If that because you're not producing lactic acid buildup, that experience of feeling the burn is also less present.
Jason: And again hitting the wall which is bonking or whatever, that happens when your body is used to using glucose, and it runs out of glucose, right? But you have almost unlimited supplies of fat. So if you train your body to burn fat, you almost cannot hit the wall, or bonk or whatever in the ultra endurance. The ultra endurance guys have all gone over to super low carb. You can actually measure. If you do muscle biopsies, you can actually measure that the gene products that are involved in fatty acid oxidation increases as you go. And again, you can look at things like V02's.
So if you do four days of fasting, you actually see no decrease in V02 which means that your capacity to do exercise is actually higher than when you started fasting. Four days of no food, and your resting metabolic rate, and this is super important for weight loss, is higher. Remember when I said that when you try and cut your calories, 500 calories a day, your resting metabolic rate or your BMR (Basal metabolic rate) goes down. It does not do that in fasting, and that's why people can keep their weight off with fasting because you don't have that disadvantage.
So the Biggest Loser, for example, did this. They used a caloric reduction model, right? And then what they did was they measured their metabolic rate. At the end of it, they're burning 780 calories a day less, right? That's a huge disadvantage. That means simply to stay still you have to eat 700+ calories less per day, and that's the reason everybody fails is because your metabolic rate slows down, and they call this starvation mode. So what's ironic is that caloric reduction puts you into starvation mode. But doesn't put you into starvation mode is actual starvation because the controlled version, fasting ... So four days of no food, you're at 10% higher metabolic rate. So you're feeling good. You're generating body heat, your brain is working, and your V02 is 10% higher. You have as much or more exercise capacity than you did before. Once you get through that adaptation phase then the muscles start using it too because glucose is a good source of energy but the muscle glycogen is carried separately from the liver glycogen.
So you can still use it on a short term, but again with the lactic acid with the hitting the wall, there's all these advantages with fasting/low carb, which is getting you over to burning a sort of fatty acids like burning fat versus burning sugar. There's just a huge advantage.
Geoff: So I'm curious to dive into the low carb ... A straight ketogenic diet is 70% calorie from fat, 15/15 from carb and protein. And I think that seems like a very ... Realistically that's very hard to maintain. 70% from fat is super hard, and some of our community members....they're hardcore keto followers. I'm thinking of one of our members, her name is Ayumi and she's a software engineer, and an aspiring DJ that goes by the name of Keto God. That's literally her DJ name. She brings sticks of butter to breakfast so she can get enough fat calories. Obviously there's interesting data that show that hey we're placing a ton of saturated fats, as in animal fat, isn't actually great for heart health. You probably want to supplement with at least poly-unsaturated fats, etc. For those who are trying to eke out performance benefits, as you mentioned, how would one do that realistically? Or is it just like, "Hey you got to be crazy disciplined now."?
Jason: No you don't have to because the thing is that the fasting is not nearly as hard as people say. So rather than bringing sticks of butter, why don't you just not eat, right? If you don't eat, if you fast, what happens? Your body switches to burning body fat. So, good, right? Instead of burning that butter that you brought in, and eating butter is super gross, right? Well not super gross, it's a little bit gross. Why don't you just eat body fat, right? It's easy. You drink your coffee, drink your green tea, drink whatever, stay hydrated and let your body eat the body fat. That's 100% fat, right? Ketones will go up. It's a short way to get into ketosis, and that means you can come in and out of ketosis whenever you want because you can always bring it on, you can bring it off. There's so many advantages to the fasting, right? That's why fasting is not the same as spreading it out over 24 hours, right?
So some days, for instance, I'll eat 250 calories, but the way you have to think of it is that, "Oh hey I ate 500 calories of body fat at breakfast. I ate 700, 800 calories of body fat for lunch, and I'm-
Geoff: It's interesting to look at it, yeah.
Jason: "... 350 of dinner." So what the hell is wrong with that, right? But everybody is saying, "Oh 250, you're going to go into starvation!" No I'm not. I'm burning body fat because I want to, and now hey that's like a 90% fat diet. Good thing most of it is body fat, right? So then you start to get into the ketosis again, and if you don't want to do that because you like to eat donuts, then you can. You'll break it, but next week you can go back in and say, "Hey guess what? I'm going back, I'm fasting again. I'm going to start burning all that body fat I put on because I ate all those donuts." Right? So it's flexible, right? There's so many advantages to the fasting because-
Geoff: As opposed to trying to keep a ketogenic diet by eating constantly.
Jason: Yeah. It's hard.
Geoff: I think the big thing that we've seen is ... Yeah. Basically be really disciplined for short bursts of time where will power is limited, focus that on controlled sets of time, then you can have breaks and you can get back onto it as opposed to be disciplined forever.
Jason: Yeah the thing is that the fasting is completely different than any other diet. It's almost the anti-diet, right? Because it's not making things more complicated. All our lives are complicated. It's making things simple, right? You don't have think what you're going to eat. You don't have to think, "Oh what's your macros?" You don't have to think, "Oh I have to go shopping. I have to get this-
Geoff: Just don't eat.
Jason: Just don't eat, right? There's no shopping. There's no food cost. There's no cleaning up. Oh you get an extra 45 minutes because you didn't lunch. Oh hey you get an extra half and hour because you didn't eat breakfast. Oh hey, you're saving time, you're saving money, it's amazing, right? That's amazing! And you're going to get the cognitive boost, you're going to get the physical boost, you can use it when you want to. Hey you're on vacation, you're not going to be the guy who never eats dessert, right? You're not going to be the guy at the wedding saying, "Oh no I can't eat wedding cake." Right? You can do because you know that next week you can go back in and fast and burn all that off, right? Because the whole idea of fasting is not something you're going to do, it's something that you're going to not do, right? So it's the opposite of everything. Ketogenic diets are complex. That was the problem I had when I tried to put people on low carb diets. It's adding complexity to their lives. I'm trying to free people from that.
You realize when you do it for a while the tyranny of the breakfast, lunch, dinner. And even worse if you have to throw in all your snacks. "Oh what am I going to have for breakfast?" "I'm not even hungry." "Oh but you got to eat breakfast." I'm like, "Well eating when you're not hungry is not a winning strategy." Right? Grab your coffee and go. That's what I do almost-
Geoff: Hey one question I want to make sure we touched on during this conversation was just there's different hormonal systems from men to women, and I think that it's a common question that we get from women is, "Is fasting okay for me? It's a different hormonal balance. I don't want to do this, it's not good for me personally." Can you comment a bit on the difference in effect there?
Michael: Yeah I think we've gotten feedback where, "Hey longer fast for women." People start losing their cycles, getting their cycles off balance.
Jason: Yeah. First of all, fasting for women is fine. We have treated hundreds and hundreds of women, and there's no problem. There's no problem with women and fasting. Again, you go back into human history, people have been fasting for at least 5000 years, right? Look at the Muslims, Ramadan, look at the Buddhists and all the Hindus, and Mormons, all these people who fast. Women do it too, and they have no problem. Because the thing is that the hormone that is involved in eating predominantly is insulin, insulin-glucagon. The difference between men and women is sex hormones, estrogens. So yes there is a point. There is a lower point when you fall below a certain body fat percentage that you will lose your cycles, right? But after that it's no problem. In fact some of the people who are on the overweight side, they get this polycystic ovarian syndrome where they're improved.
So it's just a giant myth, and it got very popular because one person wrote a blog post about it, talked about a bunch of rat studies, obviously had never fasted herself or never supervised people fasting and said, "Oh it's really bad." And then Mark Sissen re-posted that and everybody in the world thinks that women shouldn't fast. I'm like, "Okay well what do you think happened in 1800? Women who didn't have anything to eat or fasted because of religious purposes all of a sudden they didn't have children anymore?"
Geoff: Maybe the argument is that maybe their fertility goes down during that fasting state, right? The body conserves like, "Hey there's lots of fat in our bodies now, we shouldn't have babies so we're going to shut down."
Jason: If you're at that lower level, definitely. So if your body mass index is below 20, I'd say you shouldn't fast. Obviously. If your weight is too low, you should not fast. If you're malnourished, you shouldn't fast. That's just common sense, right? But if your Body Mass Index is 30, and your 50 pounds overweight, and you're a woman, yes, it's okay.
Michael: How about if you're a healthy woman who wants to get some of the enhancement aspects?
Jason: Yeah, again it's no problem because the thing is that what you don't want to do is try and mix the fasting with caloric restriction. Your body will tell you what you need. So if you don't eat for 24 hours, yes you may eat 2000 calories. You may eat your full days worth. You got to listen to your body and eat it. You don't want to say, "Whoa, now I want to cut down this much to 500 calories so I lose weight." You don't want to mix the two up. It's not about calories. So you got to listen to your body because you can eat the same number of calories. There's still a difference in terms of insulin sensitivity and they've done these studies where they've matched the calorie for calorie that had one group do it as a steady reduction, and one was an intermittent reduction, and there are big differences in insulin and insulin sensitivity. So there's still benefits to doing it even if you match it calorie for calorie.
So that's what's important. That's what I'm saying. The frequency of how you eat still makes a difference. You can still eat the same amount, but change the timing of it and get those benefits. And people are kind of crazy because it's like ... When I ask people to do fasting blood work, they fast. When I ask people to do it for routine colonoscopies, everybody over the age of 55 is supposed to get a colonoscopy, fast for either 24 or 48 hours before to get rid of all the stool so that people can see. Nobody ever raises a fuss. "Oh I'm a woman! I can't fast!" I'm like, "Yes. Everybody does that!" Or you do an ultrasound and they tell you not to eat, or you go in for an operation and you don't eat, you're fasting! That's it.
Everybody has got this in their heads that this is such a crazy, crazy thing. But remember, the word itself "breakfast", "break" "fast" means that fasting is a part of everyday life. It's normal. It's only the flip side of eating. And you want your eating and your fasting to be balanced, right? What we've done is we put people into this state where we think we have to be in the fed state constantly, and people are sick because of it. So you got to balance it. I'm not saying you should fast all the time, like anorexic or anorexic nervosa, but you got to make sure they're balanced. So if you're too far one way into the fed state, then you got to bring it back.
Geoff: Good. I think that's good clarity and hopefully we want to give you the platform, keep spreading that good knowledge and really fundamental science. I think that's one of the interesting things about this whole space, right? It's a lot of different cycles of thinking every five years. It's like really focus on things that we believe come from true fundamental science.
Jason: Yeah and I think it is coming around. We spent so long trying to kind of suppress this idea that fasting can be good. But if you think about it-
Geoff: Yeah I mean what do you think about the whole thing? I feel like we're at a tipping point. I think from the New York Times article, really opening up the sugar lobby as pushing different health associations, doctor groups, I feel like we're at a tipping point. We're just seeing the growth of the we fast-
Michael: I think fasting is the new exercise. I feel like it's at the tipping point. I'm sure our listeners think it's a tipping point. What do you think from your ... sort of last question here as I'm sensitive to your time, do you feel like it's a tide shift?
Jason: I think so, and I think that you're right. It's a grass roots movement because nobody makes money for it, but it's about the people trying to take power over their own health back into their own hands, right? Because what they're saying is that I can take care of my weight problem, I can take care of this problem, that problem naturally without paying somebody a lot of money, or taking this drug or whatever. Because what people have recognized over the millennia is that fasting is not something that's harmful, and it's not really a treatment for illness, what is is really a treatment of wellness. This is the way you stay well, and it used to be called that, a detox, a cleanse, that's exactly what it was, right? What you did was you fasted, and you cleaned your body out of all that excess glucose that was killing you, all the excess fat that was killing you, all that junky protein that is gumming up your brain and gumming up your system. Then as you fast your human growth hormone goes up and your body starts to lay down new cells.
So now what you've got is a real anti-aging process that is amazing and free. It feels like that people are starting to understand that the little bit more ... That yes this is something that we can actually do, like your group the We Fast group is amazing because what you do in this sort of groups is your able to help each other get through it, because there are problems that come up. Let's be honest there's hunger pains, and there's problems with feeling-
Michael: Yeah people aren't used to it, yeah.
Jason: You're not used to it. You'd be getting the headaches, for example, then you'd go talk to your friend and your friend says you're crazy. Then you talk to your doctor, and your doctor said, "Stop it right now!" You talk to your dietician and she'd say, "Oh you're going into starvation mode! Stop it right now!" And then you'd go, "Oh I give up." Right? But you come to a group and they say, "Hey, no problem. I had that the other day. This is what you do." Right? And that's the power of connecting people and having that knowledge you can share that's peer to peer support which is really important in a group like yours. I actually think it's fantastic. And that's what you need to do because there's so many benefits, we didn't even talk about the cancer benefits, right? People talk, and there's a huge literature-
Geoff: The metabolic theory on cancer, right?
Jason: The metabolic theory on cancer and also the autophagy part of things which is clearing out those junky cells, and it truly is a way to clean out your body, and if you never do. So the three most influential people in the history of the world, Jesus Christ, the Prophet Mohammed, and Buddha, probably only agreed on one thing which is the power of fasting. And they don't do it because they want to kill off their parishioners, right? They do it because there's something unique and intrinsically good about the fast.
Geoff: I think we're here to say anything for growing. I appreciate that last nugget of morsel of food for thought there. I think that leaves a great framework of how to think about how fasting is not some crazy new age thing, this is almost the most original fundamental truth that different religions, and really just how we evolved as humans. And we have to have you back on the talk about a couple of these other topics that you've mentioned, cancer, and also would love to talk about the second part of obesity ... I guess the second installment, The Full Fasting Guide.
Jason: Yeah for sure. That'd be great.
After the show...
Geoff: That was an awesome conversation with Dr. Jason Fung. I'm sure we'll all have some food to churn on there, and if you guys have any questions for him, send them our way. We love your questions. One of our most recent and the most dedicated We Fast members Dr. Manuel Lam has given us a ton of questions and we love that. So I know more of you out there are listening. Send us a bunch of questions for the second time we bring Dr. Fung on the program here.
See you next time thinkers!
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MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR PATHOGENESIS
Motility Is Required To Initiate Host Cell Invasion by Yersinia enterocolitica
Glenn M. Young, Julie L. Badger, Virginia L. Miller
Glenn M. Young
Department of Molecular Microbiology, 1
Julie L. Badger
Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095 2
Virginia L. Miller
Department of Molecular Microbiology, 1 Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095 2 and Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, 3 Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, and
DOI: 10.1128/IAI.68.7.4323-4326.2000
Invasin-mediated invasion of host cells by the pathogenYersinia enterocolitica was shown to be affected by flagellar-dependent motility. Motility appears to be required to ensure the bacterium migrates to and contacts the host cell. Nonmotile strains of Y. enterocolitica were less invasive than motile strains, but the reduction in invasion could be overcome by artificially bringing the bacteria into host cell contact by centrifugation. Mutations in known regulatory genes of the flagellar regulon, flhDC and fliA, resulted in lessinv expression but did not have a significant effect on invasin levels. However, invasin levels were reduced for strains that harbored flhDC on a multicopy plasmid, apparently as a result of increased proteolysis of invasin.
Infection and Immunity Jul 2000, 68 (7) 4323-4326; DOI: 10.1128/IAI.68.7.4323-4326.2000
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Artists Who Recorded WestCoast Music
NuCoast Artists from the New Millennium
WestCoast Artists from Around the World
WestCoast Artists from Hawaii
WestCoast Artists from the US
WestCoast Contemporary Christian Music Artists (CCM)
How The West Was Smooth
The History of West Coast Pop
NuCoast from the New Millennium
Posted on December 2 by The WestCoast Breeze
As we begin to wrap up the second decade of the 21st Century, let’s take a look back on some of the great NuCoast artists and songs from the past twenty years:
The Westcoast Soul of James Ingram
Posted on February 2 by The WestCoast Breeze
When Quincy Jones started recording The Dude in 1980, he was coming off of a monster collaboration with Michael Jackson. He had just helped MJ rebrand himself as an adult superstar, and the world was ready to hear Quincy’s next project. Quincy split the vocals on The Dude between jazz vocalist Patti Austin and a new singer called James Ingram and became one of the definitive early 80s Westcoast albums. And the world was introduced to James’ gruff yet warm tenor a sound that could elevate a simple ballad into a world-weary plea with his inimitable upper register howl.
Just Once & One Hundred Ways would be Quincy’s first Top 20 pop hits after an up-to-then 30-year career in music. Ingram would go on to create some of the best crafted WestCoast Soul of the 80s and early 90s working with some of the best studio musicians of the day [Steve Lukather, Greg Phillenganes, Michale Boddicker, Nathan East, Paulinho DaCosta] all the while being branded as the consummate singing partner. In fact, out of his 8 Top 40 hits, only one them was credited to him as a solo singer, 1990’s #1 I Don’t Have The Heart, also producer Thom Bell’s last notable pop hit.
James had hits as a featured guest with Quincy Jones as well as duets with Patti Austin (Baby Come To Me, #1), Michael McDonald (Yah Mo B There, #19), and Linda Ronstadt (Somewhere Out There, #2). He also had a hit as a trio with Kenny Rogers & Kim Carnes (What About Me?, #15) and a quartet with Barry White, Al. B Sure & El Debarge (The Secret Garden, #31). He also sang duets with Anita Baker & Dolly Parton and teamed up with John Tesh and The Boston Pops Orchestra. He was nominated for 14 Grammys winning 2 and co-wrote P.Y.T (Pretty Young Thing) on Thriller, which hopefully kept him and his family comfortable throughout his life.
James left us on January 29th, 2019, but he lives on through his unique one-of-a-kind howl.
From America to Zervas & Pepper
Posted on November 19, 2018 by The WestCoast Breeze
Folk pop from the late 60/early 70s has been a very enduring and influential genre of music all around the world. Read my latest article for Culture Sonar in which I draw the parallel from the music of 70s hitmakers America to the UK duo, Zervas & Pepper.
Why the hell am I playing Africa at a Wedding?
Posted on October 18, 2018 by The WestCoast Breeze
Full disclaimer – I love Toto and I love the song Africa, ever since it’s release 35 years ago. But I am very intrigued and fascinated by how this song has grown in popularity to the point that it was in the Top 20 of the Pop Digital Sales Chart this Summer. Why Africa? Why Toto? Why now? [You can read the story of how the song, Africa, was created here.]
My initial feeling is who cares; people like it and so do I. People in the US have finally come around on Toto and have begun to appreciate their work, wanting to see them live – welcome to the party – even though they haven’t stopped working in during their 40 years together and have been loved for decades by the Europeans.
Africa was recently covered by Weezer, in what I feel is a weak version, but it did reach #1 on the alternative charts. But you can’t tell me that 2018 Weezer has enough cred to make Toto seem cool. If anything, their cover made more people want to hear the original.
But let’s try to tackle my original question – why the hell am I playing Africa at a wedding? Most folks have roughly 2-3 hours tops to have any danceable songs they want to be played. Yet I can segue from Timberlake or Lil Jon right into that opening samba shuffle of Jeff Porcaro’s and people lose their minds. Friends and family gather into a tight little pod, gently sway and as Jeff hits that drum fill before the chorus, they all raise their hands and scream to the heavens, “gonna take a lot to drag me away from you….” or whatever their version may be. It’s pretty cool to watch, a communal experience inside of one of life’s most important personal events. And isn’t that what’s cool about music, its ability to bring us together and make us feel happy? Maybe that sounds cliche or a bit overwrought, but as popular music rarely connects all age groups, genders, race, economic groups, etc, it can be quite comforting to know that in 2018 an almost-40-year-old song has the power to do that.
So how could I ever imagine that a song that I first enjoyed as an eleven-year-old would give me a new joy as a forty-plus-year-old? Maybe trying to answer the question of why its popular is just wasting the energy I could instead spend on pulling out my copy of Toto IV and playing the last song on Side 2.
All Men are Brothers: The Backing Vocals of the Eagles
Posted on October 5, 2018 by The WestCoast Breeze
When you sell as many albums and have as much success as the Eagles did in the mid to late 70s, everyone’s gonna want a piece of you. Here’s a compilation of Top 40 songs that feature backing vocals by one or more of the Eagles:
NuCoast Band Spotlight: Monkey House
Posted on September 15, 2018 by The WestCoast Breeze
While some pop rock artists in the 70s tried to be the next Eagles or Fleetwood Mac, Steely Dan is the rare mainstream artist to have very few, if any, imitators. Their style of jazz infused rock with precise production and tight performance has no doubt influenced many yet yielded few peers. Maybe it just took us some time to catch up to them and their innovative sound because in the last few decades I have heard more bands especially from other countries that have heavily added some of that Steely spice into their cookbook.
One of my favorite NuCoast bands is a Canadian quartet from Toronto called Monkey House. Formed in the early 90s by singer/songwriter Don Breithaupt, who also wrote one of the Continuum 33 1/3 Series of books on Steely Dan’s Aja, Monkey House have released 6 albums with each one sounding more and more like a lost Fagen and Becker session. Their last release in 2016, Left, featuring past and current Steely collaborators, Michael Leonhart and Jay Graydon, reached #24 on the Billboard Jazz albums chart, but that may be misleading as tracks like My Top 10 List and the Purdie Shuffle-esque It’s Already Dark In New York lean more towards WestCoast jazz rock.
The track I feel Steely fans may enjoy the most is the tune, It Works For Me off of the Left album. If you ever wondered what the Dan would have sounded like in 2000 had they used the Pretzel Logic era rather than the Gaucho era as a jumping off point, this would be it. It Works For Me is a concise pop song that still leaves room to breathe, featuring horn riffs that are reminiscent of My Old School, lead guitar by Reelin In the Years soloist, Elliott Randall and mu chords galore, utilizes the best of Steely’s assets, transforming them into a contemporary pop arrangement that should have received wider recognition. Lyrically reflecting a world where thinking for yourself means taking a stand against those who always tell you what to do, Don B’s vocal stylings come off a little smoother than Don F’s but the words that are sung are still reminiscent of the latter’s wry humor and unique outlook.
Monkey House is planning their seventh release late this year, so get in on these guys before they break out.
Tryin’ To Hard Create What Had Already Been Created
Posted on August 24, 2018 by The WestCoast Breeze
When the Doobie Brothers had their second #1 hit in early 1979, the Grammy-winning What A Fool Believes, it was a career high for the band, but also represented the pinnacle of a decade long struggle for success by its singer and co-writer, Michael McDonald. The song made him a star, with his voice his most recognizable asset. So powerful and popular was that song that other artists from various genres tried to capture some of that Fool magic, with some succeeding and some not.
Here’s a short clip of those who tried to reason away ripping off the Doobies….
Michael Franks: The Cool School Is In Session
Posted on July 24, 2018 by The WestCoast Breeze
In these chaotic and mind-scrambling times, we need to relax to something mellow, something hip, something cool. And who better to deliver that than the professor of the Cool School, Mr. Michael Franks, with his first album in 7 years, The Music In My Head.
But if you would like to get a crash course in Franks-ology, check out this article on my 9 favorite Michael Franks tunes from his 50-year career.
West Coast Pop from the Early 80s
Posted on June 28, 2018 by The WestCoast Breeze
In order to escape the sharpening political climate of the 1980s, we needed something to assuage the chaos. Moving into the Me decade, West Coast music grabbed a strong foothold of the pop charts.
Here’s a sample of Top 40 West Coast pop from 1980-1984:
How A Supermodel Saved Steely Dan
Posted on June 6, 2018 by The WestCoast Breeze
“We don’t meet people by accident. They are meant to cross our path for a reason…”
Have you had a chance to enjoy watching Steely Dan on tour over the past 20 years? Do you enjoy your evenings by cranking up Two Against Nature for a little Jack Of Speed? None of that may have been possible had Donald Fagen and Walter Becker separately engaged in a musical project by a former supermodel. Read the story about the catalyst which sparked one of the greatest and improbable comebacks in rock.
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West Coast Music Magazine
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Morris L. Quast Sr.
Morris L. Quast Sr. 75, , HPROA Member, joined his heavenly father on Sunday, Sept. 11, 2011, after a short illness. He is preceded in death by two children Morris Jr. (Butch) and Susie Q. Abney, and his parents, Myrtle and Willie Quast. He is survived by his wife, Carol Ann, daughter, Jennifer Thomas and husband, Dean, two grandsons, Dean Jr (DJ) and Nicolas (Nico) Thomas, his longtime companion, Natalie Ilao, two brothers, Billy and Mike (Ava) Quast, and many, many friends and family.
Morris was born and raised in Houston. He served 25 years with the Houston Police Dept. (Academy Class #21- 1959) 17 years as an accident investigator and 8 years in the Criminal Intelligence Division and retired in January, 1984. He and his wife owned the "The Nut House" donut shop in Northwest Houston for 18 years and he thoroughly enjoyed his retirement. He was a lifetime member of the Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, Arabia Shrine Temple and a member of the Scottish Rite Temple. He loved his family and held his friends near to his heart while sharing his love for the outdoors. He loved spending time hunting, fishing, traveling, volunteering for TPW teaching kids to fish and helping anyone in need. He will be sorely missed...
Visitation will be 5:00 - 8:00 p.m. Wednesday, September 14, 2011 at Earthman Resthaven. Morris' Celebration of Life will be 2:30 p.m. Thursday, September 15, 2011 in the Chapel of Earthman Resthaven. Interment will follow in Earthman Resthaven Cemetery. Please visit www.earthmanresthavenfuneralhome.com.
Morris will be carried to his final resting place by Dean Thomas, D. J. Thomas, Nico Thomas, Christopher Lohse, Frank Kologinczak and Ray Buchanan
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