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MILLIKEN v. BRADLEY
MILLIKEN v. BRADLEY(1974)
No. 73-434
Argued: February 27, 1974Decided: July 25, 1974
[ Footnote * ] Together with No. 73-435, Allen Park Public Schools et al. v. Bradley et al., and No. 73-436, Grosse Pointe Public School System v. Bradley et al., also on certiorari to the same court.
Respondents brought this class action, alleging that the Detroit public school system is racially segregated as a result of the official policies and actions of petitioner state and city officials, and seeking implementation of a plan to eliminate the segregation and establish a unitary nonracial school system. The District Court, after concluding that various acts by the petitioner Detroit Board of Education had created and perpetuated school segregation in Detroit, and that the acts of the Board, as a subordinate entity of the State, were attributable to the State, ordered the Board to submit Detroit-only desegregation plans. The court also ordered the state officials to submit desegregation plans encompassing the three-county metropolitan area, despite the fact that the 85 outlying school districts in these three counties were not parties to the action and there was no claim that they had committed constitutional violations. Subsequently, outlying school districts were allowed to intervene, but were not permitted to assert any claim or defense on issues previously adjudicated or to reopen any issue previously decided, but were allowed merely to advise the court as to the propriety of a metropolitan plan and to submit any objections, modifications, or alternatives to any such plan. Thereafter, the District Court ruled that it was proper to consider metropolitan plans, that Detroit-only plans submitted by the Board and respondents were inadequate to accomplish desegregation, and that therefore it would seek a solution beyond the limits of the Detroit School District, and concluded that "[s]chool district lines are simply matters of political convenience and may not be used to deny constitutional rights." Without having evidence that the suburban school districts had committed acts of de jure segregation, the court appointed a panel to submit a plan for the [418 U.S. 717, 718] Detroit schools that would encompass an entire designated desegregation area consisting of 53 of the 85 suburban school districts plus Detroit, and ordered the Detroit Board to acquire at least 295 school buses to provide transportation under an interim plan to be developed for the 1972-1973 school year. The Court of Appeals, affirming in part, held that the record supported the District Court's finding as to the constitutional violations committed by the Detroit Board and the state officials; that therefore the District Court was authorized and required to take effective measures to desegregate the Detroit school system; and that a metropolitan area plan embracing the 53 outlying districts was the only feasible solution and was within the District Court's equity powers. But the court remanded so that all suburban school districts that might be affected by a metropolitan remedy could be made parties and have an opportunity to be heard as to the scope and implementation of such a remedy, and vacated the order as to the bus acquisitions, subject to its reimposition at an appropriate time. Held: The relief ordered by the District Court and affirmed by the Court of Appeals was based upon erroneous standards and was unsupported by record evidence that acts of the outlying districts had any impact on the discrimination found to exist in the Detroit schools. A federal court may not impose a multidistrict, areawide remedy for single-district de jure school segregation violations where there is no finding that the other included school districts have failed to operate unitary school systems or have committed acts that effected segregation within the other districts, there is no claim or finding that the school district boundary lines were established with the purpose of fostering racial segregation, and there is no meaningful opportunity for the included neighboring school districts to present evidence or be heard on the propriety of a multidistrict remedy or on the question of constitutional violations by those districts. Pp. 737-753.
(a) The District Court erred in using as a standard the declared objective of development of a metropolitan area plan which, upon implementation, would leave "no school, grade or classroom . . . substantially disproportionate to the overall pupil racial composition" of the metropolitan area as a whole. The clear import of Swann v. Board of Education, 402 U.S. 1 , is that desegregation, in the sense of dismantling a dual school system, does not require any particular racial balance. Pp. 739-741. [418 U.S. 717, 719]
(b) While boundary lines may be bridged in circumstances where there has been a constitutional violation calling for inter-district relief, school district lines may not be casually ignored or treated as a mere administrative convenience; substantial local control of public education in this country is a deeply rooted tradition. Pp. 741-742.
(c) The interdistrict remedy could extensively disrupt and alter the structure of public education in Michigan, since that remedy would require, in effect, consolidation of 54 independent school districts historically administered as separate governmental units into a vast new super school district, and, since - entirely apart from the logistical problems attending large-scale transportation of students - the consolidation would generate other problems in the administration, financing, and operation of this new school system. Pp. 742-743.
(d) From the scope of the interdistrict plan itself, absent a complete restructuring of the Michigan school district laws, the District Court would become, first, a de facto "legislative authority" to resolve the complex operational problems involved and thereafter a "school superintendent" for the entire area, a task which few, if any, judges are qualified to perform and one which would deprive the people of local control of schools through elected school boards. Pp. 743-744.
(e) Before the boundaries of separate and autonomous school districts may be set aside by consolidating the separate units for remedial purposes or by imposing a cross-district remedy, it must be first shown that there has been a constitutional violation within one district that produces a significant segregative effect in another district; i. e., specifically, it must be shown that racially discriminatory acts of the state or local school districts, or of a single school district have been a substantial cause of interdistrict segregation. Pp. 744-745.
(f) With no showing of significant violation by the 53 outlying school districts and no evidence of any interdistrict violation or effect, the District Court transcended the original theory of the case as framed by the pleadings, and mandated a metropolitan area remedy, the approval of which would impose on the outlying districts, not shown to have committed any constitutional violation, a standard not previously hinted at in any holding of this Court. P. 745.
(g) Assuming, arguendo, that the State was derivatively responsible for Detroit's segregated school conditions, it does not follow [418 U.S. 717, 720] that an interdistrict remedy is constitutionally justified or required, since there has been virtually no showing that either the State or any of the 85 outlying districts engaged in any activity that had a cross-district effect. Pp. 748-749.
(h) An isolated instance of a possible segregative effect as between two of the school districts involved would not justify the broad metropolitanwide remedy contemplated, particularly since that remedy embraced 52 districts having no responsibility for the arrangement and potentially involved 503,000 pupils in addition to Detroit's 276,000 pupils. Pp. 749-750.
484 F.2d 215, reversed and remanded.
BURGER, C. J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which STEWART, BLACKMUN, POWELL, and REHNQUIST, JJ., joined. STEWART, J., filed a concurring opinion, post, p. 753. DOUGLAS, J., filed a dissenting opinion, post, p. 757. WHITE, J., filed a dissenting opinion, in which DOUGLAS, BRENNAN, and MARSHALL, JJ., joined, post, p. 762. MARSHALL, J., filed a dissenting opinion, in which DOUGLAS, BRENNAN, and WHITE, JJ., joined, post, p. 781.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General of Michigan, argued the cause for petitioners in No. 73-434. With him on the brief were Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, and Eugene Krasicky, Gerald F. Young, George L. McCargar, and Thomas F. Schimpf, Assistant Attorneys General. William M. Saxton argued the cause for petitioners in Nos. 73-435 and 73-436. With him on the brief in No. 73-435 were John B. Weaver, Robert M. Vercruysse, and Xhafer Orhan. Douglas H. West filed a brief for petitioner in No. 73-436.
J. Harold Flannery and Nathaniel R. Jones argued the cause for respondents in all cases. With them on the brief for respondents Bradley et al. were Jack Greenberg, Norman Chachkin, and Louis R. Lucas. George T. Roumell, Jr., and C. Nicholas Revelos filed a brief for respondents Board of Education for the School District of the city of Detroit et al. John Bruff and William Ross filed a brief for respondent Professional Personnel of Van [418 U.S. 717, 721] Dyke. Robert J. Lord filed a brief for respondents Green et al.
Solicitor General Bork argued the cause for the United States as amicus curiae urging reversal. With him on the brief was Assistant Attorney General Pottinger.Fn
Fn [418 U.S. 717, 721] Briefs of amici curiae urging reversal were filed by Theodore L. Sendak, Attorney General, Donald P. Bogard, Deputy Attorney General, and William F. Harvey for the State of Indiana; by Lewis C. Bose and William M. Evans for the Metropolitan School District of Lawrence Township, Indiana, et al.; by Richard D. Wagner and Richard L. Brown for the town of Speedway, Indiana, et al.; and by Harold H. Fuhrman for the National Suburban League, Ltd.
Briefs of amici curiae urging affirmance were filed by Leonard P. Strickman for the city of Boston, Massachusetts; by Alexander A. Goldfarb for the city of Hartford, Connecticut; by Sanford Jay Rosen for the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund; and by Inter-Faith Centers for Racial Justice, Inc.
Briefs of amici curiae were filed by Charles F. Clippert, Charles E. Keller, Thomas H. Schwarze, John F. Shantz, Raymond McPeters, Walter J. Guth, Jr., Raymond G. Glime, Tony Ferris, and Perry Christy for Bloomfield Hills School District et al.; by Stephen J. Pollak, Richard M. Sharp, and David Rubin for the National Education Assn.; and by David I. Caplan for the Jewish Rights Council.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE BURGER delivered the opinion of the Court.
We granted certiorari in these consolidated cases to determine whether a federal court may impose a multidistrict, areawide remedy to a single-district de jure segregation problem absent any finding that the other included school districts have failed to operate unitary school systems within their districts, absent any claim or finding that the boundary lines of any affected school district were established with the purpose of fostering racial segregation in public schools, absent any finding that the included districts committed acts which effected segregation within the other districts, and absent a [418 U.S. 717, 722] meaningful opportunity for the included neighboring school districts to present evidence or be heard on the propriety of a multidistrict remedy or on the question of constitutional violations by those neighboring districts. 1
The action was commenced in August 1970 by the respondents, the Detroit Branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People 2 and individual parents and students, on behalf of a class later defined by order of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan, dated February 16, 1971, to include "all school children in the City of Detroit, Michigan, and all Detroit resident parents who have children of school age." The named defendants in the District Court included the Governor of Michigan, the Attorney General, the State Board of Education, the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, the Board of Education of the city of Detroit, its members, and the city's former superintendent of schools. The State of Michigan as such is not a party to this litigation and references to the State must be read as references to the public officials, state and local, through whom the State is alleged to have acted. In their complaint respondents attacked the constitutionality of a statute of the State of Michigan known as Act 48 of the 1970 Legislature on the ground that it put the State of Michigan in the position of unconstitutionally interfering with the execution and operation of a voluntary plan of partial high school desegregation, known as the April 7, 1970, Plan, which had been adopted by the Detroit Board of Education to be effective beginning [418 U.S. 717, 723] with the fall 1970 semester. The complaint also alleged that the Detroit Public School System was and is segregated on the basis of race as a result of the official policies and actions of the defendants and their predecessors in office, and called for the implementation of a plan that would eliminate "the racial identity of every school in the [Detroit] system and . . . maintain now and hereafter a unitary, nonracial school system."
Initially the matter was tried on respondents' motion for a preliminary injunction to restrain the enforcement of Act 48 so as to permit the April 7 Plan to be implemented. On that issue, the District Court ruled that respondents were not entitled to a preliminary injunction since at that stage there was no proof that Detroit had a dual segregated school system. On appeal, the Court of Appeals found that the "implementation of the April 7 plan was [unconstitutionally] thwarted by State action in the form of the Act of the Legislature of Michigan," 433 F.2d 897, 902 (CA6 1970), and that such action could not be interposed to delay, obstruct, or nullify steps lawfully taken for the purpose of protecting rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. The case was remanded to the District Court for an expedited trial on the merits.
On remand, the respondents moved for immediate implementation of the April 7 Plan in order to remedy the deprivation of the claimed constitutional rights. In response, the School Board suggested two other plans, along with the April 7 Plan, and urged that top priority be assigned to the so-called "Magnet Plan" which was "designed to attract children to a school because of its superior curriculum." The District Court approved the Board's Magnet Plan, and respondents again appealed to the Court of Appeals, moving for summary reversal. The Court of Appeals refused to pass on the merits of the Magnet Plan and ruled that the District Court had [418 U.S. 717, 724] not abused its discretion in refusing to adopt the April 7 Plan without an evidentiary hearing. The case was again remanded with instructions to proceed immediately to a trial on the merits of respondents' substantive allegations concerning the Detroit school system. 438 F.2d 945 (CA6 1971).
The trial of the issue of segregation in the Detroit school system began on April 6, 1971, and continued through July 22, 1971, consuming some 41 trial days. On September 27, 1971, the District Court issued its findings and conclusions on the issue of segregation, finding that "Governmental actions and inaction at all levels, federal, state and local, have combined, with those of private organizations, such as loaning institutions and real estate associations and brokerage firms, to establish and to maintain the pattern of residential segregation throughout the Detroit metropolitan area." 338 F. Supp. 582, 587 (ED Mich. 1971). While still addressing a Detroit-only violation, the District Court reasoned:
"While it would be unfair to charge the present defendants with what other governmental officers or agencies have done, it can be said that the actions or the failure to act by the responsible school authorities, both city and state, were linked to that of these other governmental units. When we speak of governmental action we should not view the different agencies as a collection of unrelated units. Perhaps the most that can be said is that all of them, including the school authorities, are, in part, responsible for the segregated condition which exists. And we note that just as there is an interaction between residential patterns and the racial composition of the schools, so there is a corresponding effect on the residential pattern by the racial composition of the schools." Ibid. [418 U.S. 717, 725]
The District Court found that the Detroit Board of Education created and maintained optional attendance zones 3 within Detroit neighborhoods undergoing racial transition and between high school attendance areas of opposite predominant racial compositions. These zones, the court found, had the "natural, probable, foreseeable and actual effect" of allowing white pupils to escape identifiably Negro schools. Ibid. Similarly, the District Court found that Detroit school attendance zones had been drawn along north-south boundary lines despite the Detroit Board's awareness that drawing boundary lines in an east-west direction would result in significantly greater desegregation. Again, the District Court concluded, the natural and actual effect of these acts was the creation and perpetuation of school segregation within Detroit.
The District Court found that in the operation of its school transportation program, which was designed to relieve overcrowding, the Detroit Board had admittedly bused Negro Detroit pupils to predominantly Negro schools which were beyond or away from closer white schools with available space. 4 This practice was found to have continued in recent years despite the Detroit Board's avowed policy, adopted in 1967, of utilizing transportation to increase desegregation:
"With one exception (necessitated by the burning of a white school), defendant Board has never bused [418 U.S. 717, 726] white children to predominantly black schools. The Board has not bused white pupils to black schools despite the enormous amount of space available in inner-city schools. There were 22,961 vacant seats in schools 90% or more black." Id., at 588.
With respect to the Detroit Board of Education's practices in school construction, the District Court found that Detroit school construction generally tended to have a segregative effect with the great majority of schools being built in either overwhelmingly all-Negro or all-white neighborhoods so that the new schools opened as predominantly one-race schools. Thus, of the 14 schools which opened for use in 1970-1971, 11 opened over 90% Negro and one opened less than 10% Negro.
The District Court also found that the State of Michigan had committed several constitutional violations with respect to the exercise of its general responsibility for, and supervision of, public education. 5 The State, for example, was found to have failed, until the 1971 Session of the Michigan Legislature, to provide authorization or [418 U.S. 717, 727] funds for the transportation of pupils within Detroit regardless of their poverty or distance from the school to which they were assigned; during this same period the State provided many neighboring, mostly white, suburban districts the full range of state-supported transportation.
The District Court found that the State, through Act 48, acted to "impede, delay and minimize racial integration in Detroit schools." The first sentence of 12 of Act 48 was designed to delay the April 7, 1970, desegregation plan originally adopted by the Detroit Board. The remainder of 12 sought to prescribe for each school in the eight districts criteria of "free choice" and "neighborhood schools," which, the District Court found, "had as their purpose and effect the maintenance of segregation." 338 F. Supp., at 589. 6
The District Court also held that the acts of the Detroit Board of Education, as a subordinate entity of the State, were attributable to the State of Michigan, thus creating a vicarious liability on the part of the State. Under Michigan law, Mich. Comp. Laws 388.851 (1970), for example, school building construction plans had to be approved by the State Board of Education, and, prior to 1962, the State Board had specific statutory authority to supervise schoolsite selection. The proofs concerning the effect of Detroit's school construction program were, [418 U.S. 717, 728] therefore, found to be largely applicable to show state responsibility for the segregative results. 7
Turning to the question of an appropriate remedy for these several constitutional violations, the District Court deferred a pending motion 8 by intervening parent defendants [418 U.S. 717, 729] to join as additional parties defendant the 85 outlying school districts in the three-county Detroit metropolitan area on the ground that effective relief could not be achieved without their presence. 9 The District Court concluded that this motion to join was "premature," since it "has to do with relief" and no reasonably specific desegregation plan was before the court. 338 F. Supp., at 595. Accordingly, the District Court proceeded to order the Detroit Board of Education to submit desegregation plans limited to the segregation problems found to be existing within the city of Detroit. At the same time, however, the state defendants were directed to submit desegregation plans encompassing the three-county metropolitan area 10 despite the fact that the 85 outlying school [418 U.S. 717, 730] districts of these three counties were not parties to the action and despite the fact that there had been no claim that these outlying districts had committed constitutional violations. 11 An effort to appeal these orders to the Court of Appeals was dismissed on the ground that the orders were not appealable. 468 F.2d 902 (CA6), cert. denied, 409 U.S. 844 (1972). The sequence of the ensuing actions and orders of the District Court are significant factors and will therefore be catalogued in some detail.
Following the District Court's abrupt announcement that it planned to consider the implementation of a multidistrict, metropolitan area remedy to the segregation problems identified within the city of Detroit, the District Court was again requested to grant the outlying school districts intervention as of right on the ground that the District Court's new request for multidistrict plans "may, as a practical matter, impair or impede [the intervenors'] ability to protect" the welfare of their students. The District Court took the motions to intervene under advisement pending submission of the requested desegregation plans by Detroit and the state officials. On March 7, 1972, the District Court notified all parties and the petitioner school districts seeking intervention, that March 14, 1972, was the deadline for submission of recommendations for conditions of intervention and the [418 U.S. 717, 731] date of the commencement of hearings on Detroit-only desegregation plans. On the second day of the scheduled hearings, March 15, 1972, the District Court granted the motions of the intervenor school districts 12 subject, inter alia, to the following conditions:
"1. No intervenor will be permitted to assert any claim or defense previously adjudicated by the court.
"2. No intervenor shall reopen any question or issue which has previously been decided by the court.
"7. New intervenors are granted intervention for two principal purposes: (a) To advise the court, by brief, of the legal propriety or impropriety of considering a metropolitan plan; (b) To review any plan or plans for the desegregation of the so-called larger Detroit Metropolitan area, and submitting objections, modifications or alternatives to it or them, and in accordance with the requirements of the United States Constitution and the prior orders of this court." 1 Joint Appendix 206 (hereinafter App.).
Upon granting the motion to intervene, on March 15, 1972, the District Court advised the petitioning intervenors that the court had previously set March 22, 1972, as the date for the filing of briefs on the legal propriety of a "metropolitan" plan of desegregation and, accordingly, that the intervening school districts would have one week to muster their legal arguments on the issue. 13 [418 U.S. 717, 732] Thereafter, and following the completion of hearings on the Detroit-only desegregation plans, the District Court issued the four rulings that were the principal issues in the Court of Appeals.
(a) On March 24, 1972, two days after the intervenors' briefs were due, the District Court issued its ruling on the question of whether it could "consider relief in the form of a metropolitan plan, encompassing not only the City of Detroit, but the larger Detroit metropolitan area." It rejected the state defendants' arguments that no state action caused the segregation of the Detroit schools, and the intervening suburban districts' contention that interdistrict relief was inappropriate unless the suburban districts themselves had committed violations. The court concluded:
"[I]t is proper for the court to consider metropolitan plans directed toward the desegregation of the Detroit public schools as an alternative to the present intra-city desegregation plans before it and, in the event that the court finds such intra-city plans inadequate to desegregate such schools, the court is of the opinion that it is required to consider a metropolitan remedy for desegregation." Pet. App. 51a.
(b) On March 28, 1972, the District Court issued its findings and conclusions on the three Detroit-only plans submitted by the city Board and the respondents. It found that the best of the three plans "would make the Detroit school system more identifiably Black . . . thereby increasing the flight of Whites from the city and the system." Id., at 55a. From this the court concluded that the plan "would not accomplish desegregation . . . within the corporate geographical limits of the city." Id., at 56a. Accordingly, the District Court held that it "must look beyond the limits of the Detroit school [418 U.S. 717, 733] district for a solution to the problem," and that "[s]chool district lines are simply matters of political convenience and may not be used to deny constitutional rights." Id., at 57a.
(c) During the period from March 28 to April 14, 1972, the District Court conducted hearings on a metropolitan plan. Counsel for the petitioning intervenors was allowed to participate in these hearings, but he was ordered to confine his argument to "the size and expanse of the metropolitan plan" without addressing the intervenors' opposition to such a remedy or the claim that a finding of a constitutional violation by the intervenor districts was an essential predicate to any remedy involving them. Thereafter, on June 14, 1972, the District Court issued its ruling on the "desegregation area" and related findings and conclusions. The court acknowledged at the outset that it had "taken no proofs with respect to the establishment of the boundaries of the 86 public school districts in the counties [in the Detroit area], nor on the issue of whether, with the exclusion of the city of Detroit school district, such school districts have committed acts of de jure segregation." Nevertheless, the court designated 53 of the 85 suburban school districts plus Detroit as the "desegregation area" and appointed a panel to prepare and submit "an effective desegregation plan" for the Detroit schools that would encompass the entire desegregation area. 14 The plan was to be based on 15 clusters, each containing part of the Detroit system and two or more suburban districts, [418 U.S. 717, 734] and was to "achieve the greatest degree of actual desegregation to the end that, upon implementation, no school, grade or classroom [would be] substantially disproportionate to the overall pupil racial composition." 345 F. Supp. 914, 918 (ED Mich. 1972).
(d) On July 11, 1972, and in accordance with a recommendation by the court-appointed desegregation panel, the District Court ordered the Detroit Board of Education to purchase or lease "at least" 295 school buses for the purpose of providing transportation under an interim plan to be developed for the 1972-1973 school year. The costs of this acquisition were to be borne by the state defendants. Pet. App. 106a-107a.
On June 12, 1973, a divided Court of Appeals, sitting en banc, affirmed in part, vacated in part, and remanded for further proceedings. 484 F.2d 215 (CA6). 15 The Court of Appeals held, first, that the record supported the District Court's findings and conclusions on the constitutional violations committed by the Detroit Board, id., at 221-238, and by the state defendants, id., at 239-241. 16 It stated that the acts of racial discrimination [418 U.S. 717, 735] shown in the record are "causally related to the substantial amount of segregation found in the Detroit school system," id., at 241, and that "the District Court was therefore authorized and required to take effective measures to desegregate the Detroit Public School System." Id., at 242.
The Court of Appeals also agreed with the District Court that "any less comprehensive a solution than a metropolitan area plan would result in an all black school system immediately surrounded by practically all white suburban school systems, with an overwhelmingly white majority population in the total metropolitan area." Id., at 245. The court went on to state that it could "not see how such segregation can be any less harmful to the minority students than if the same result were accomplished within one school district." Ibid.
Accordingly, the Court of Appeals concluded that "the only feasible desegregation plan involves the crossing of the boundary lines between the Detroit School District and adjacent or nearby school districts for the limited purpose of providing an effective desegregation plan." Id., at 249. It reasoned that such a plan would be appropriate because of the State's violations, and could be implemented because of the State's authority to control local school districts. Without further elaboration, and without any discussion of the claims that no constitutional violation by the outlying districts had been [418 U.S. 717, 736] shown and that no evidence on that point had been allowed, the Court of Appeals held:
"[T]he State has committed de jure acts of segregation and . . . the State controls the instrumentalities whose action is necessary to remedy the harmful effects of the State acts." Ibid.
An interdistrict remedy was thus held to be "within the equity powers of the District Court." Id., at 250. 17
The Court of Appeals expressed no views on the propriety of the District Court's composition of the metropolitan "desegregation area." It held that all suburban school districts that might be affected by any metropolitanwide remedy should, under Fed. Rule Civ. Proc. 19, be made parties to the case on remand and be given an opportunity to be heard with respect to the scope and implementation of such a remedy. 484 F.2d, at 251-252. Under the terms of the remand, however, the District Court was not "required" to receive further evidence on the issue of segregation in the Detroit schools or on the propriety of a Detroit-only remedy, or on the question of whether the affected districts had committed any violation of the constitutional rights of Detroit pupils or others. Id., at 252. Finally, the Court of Appeals vacated the District Court's order directing the acquisition of school buses, subject to the right of the District Court to consider reimposing the order "at the appropriate time." Ibid. [418 U.S. 717, 737]
Ever since Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), judicial consideration of school desegregation cases has begun with the standard:
"[I]n the field of public education the doctrine of `separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." Id., at 495.
This has been reaffirmed time and again as the meaning of the Constitution and the controlling rule of law.
The target of the Brown holding was clear and forthright: the elimination of state-mandated or deliberately maintained dual school systems with certain schools for Negro pupils and others for white pupils. This duality and racial segregation were held to violate the Constitution in the cases subsequent to 1954, including particularly Green v. County School Board of New Kent County, 391 U.S. 430 (1968); Raney v. Board of Education, 391 U.S. 443 (1968); Monroe v. Board of Comm'rs, 391 U.S. 450 (1968); Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, 402 U.S. 1 (1971); Wright v. Council of the City of Emporia, 407 U.S. 451 (1972); United States v. Scotland Neck Board of Education, 407 U.S. 484 (1972).
The Swann case, of course, dealt
"with the problem of defining in more precise terms than heretofore the scope of the duty of school authorities and district courts in implementing Brown I and the mandate to eliminate dual systems and establish unitary systems at once." 402 U.S., at 6 .
In Brown v. Board of Education, 349 U.S. 294 (1955) (Brown II), the Court's first encounter with the problem of remedies in school desegregation cases, the Court noted:
"In fashioning and effectuating the decrees, the courts will be guided by equitable principles. Traditionally, [418 U.S. 717, 738] equity has been characterized by a practical flexibility in shaping its remedies and by a facility for adjusting and reconciling public and private needs." Id., at 300 (footnotes omitted).
In further refining the remedial process, Swann held, the task is to correct, by a balancing of the individual and collective interests, "the condition that offends the Constitution." A federal remedial power may be exercised "only on the basis of a constitutional violation" and, "[a]s with any equity case, the nature of the violation determines the scope of the remedy." 402 U.S., at 16 .
Proceeding from these basic principles, we first note that in the District Court the complainants sought a remedy aimed at the condition alleged to offend the Constitution - the segregation within the Detroit City School District. 18 The court acted on this theory of the case and in its initial ruling on the "Desegregation Area" stated:
"The task before this court, therefore, is now, and . . . has always been, how to desegregate the Detroit public schools." 345 F. Supp., at 921.
Thereafter, however, the District Court abruptly rejected the proposed Detroit-only plans on the ground that "while [they] would provide a racial mix more in keeping with the Black-White proportions of the student population [they] would accentuate the racial identifiability of the [418 U.S. 717, 739] [Detroit] district as a Black school system, and would not accomplish desegregation." Pet. App. 56a. "[T]he racial composition of the student body is such," said the court, "that the plan's implementation would clearly make the entire Detroit public school system racially identifiable" (id., at 54a), "leav[ing] many of its schools 75 to 90 per cent Black." Id., at 55a. Consequently, the court reasoned, it was imperative to "look beyond the limits of the Detroit school district for a solution to the problem of segregation in the Detroit public schools . . ." since "[s]chool district lines are simply matters of political convenience and may not be used to deny constitutional rights." Id., at 57a. Accordingly, the District Court proceeded to redefine the relevant area to include areas of predominantly white pupil population in order to ensure that "upon implementation, no school, grade or classroom [would be] substantially disproportionate to the overall pupil racial composition" of the entire metropolitan area.
While specifically acknowledging that the District Court's findings of a condition of segregation were limited to Detroit, the Court of Appeals approved the use of a metropolitan remedy largely on the grounds that it is
"impossible to declare `clearly erroneous' the District Judge's conclusion that any Detroit only segregation plan will lead directly to a single segregated Detroit school district overwhelmingly black in all of its schools, surrounded by a ring of suburbs and suburban school districts overwhelmingly white in composition in a State in which the racial composition is 87 per cent white and 13 per cent black." 484 F.2d, at 249.
Viewing the record as a whole, it seems clear that the District Court and the Court of Appeals shifted the primary [418 U.S. 717, 740] focus from a Detroit remedy to the metropolitan area only because of their conclusion that total desegregation of Detroit would not produce the racial balance which they perceived as desirable. Both courts proceeded on an assumption that the Detroit schools could not be truly desegregated - in their view of what constituted desegregation - unless the racial composition of the student body of each school substantially reflected the racial composition of the population of the metropolitan area as a whole. The metropolitan area was then defined as Detroit plus 53 of the outlying school districts. That this was the approach the District Court expressly and frankly employed is shown by the order which expressed the court's view of the constitutional standard:
"Within the limitations of reasonable travel time and distance factors, pupil reassignments shall be effected within the clusters described in Exhibit P. M. 12 so as to achieve the greatest degree of actual desegregation to the end that, upon implementation, no school, grade or classroom [will be] substantially disproportionate to the overall pupil racial composition." 345 F. Supp., at 918 (emphasis added).
In Swann, which arose in the context of a single independent school district, the Court held:
"If we were to read the holding of the District Court to require, as a matter of substantive constitutional right, any particular degree of racial balance or mixing, that approach would be disapproved and we would be obliged to reverse." 402 U.S., at 24 .
The clear import of this language from Swann is that desegregation, in the sense of dismantling a dual school system, does not require any particular racial balance in [418 U.S. 717, 741] each "school, grade or classroom." 19 See Spencer v. Kugler, 404 U.S. 1027 (1972).
Here the District Court's approach to what constituted "actual desegregation" raises the fundamental question, not presented in Swann, as to the circumstances in which a federal court may order desegregation relief that embraces more than a single school district. The court's analytical starting point was its conclusion that school district lines are no more than arbitrary lines on a map drawn "for political convenience." Boundary lines may be bridged where there has been a constitutional violation calling for interdistrict relief, but the notion that school district lines may be casually ignored or treated as a mere administrative convenience is contrary to the history of public education in our country. No single tradition in public education is more deeply rooted than local control over the operation of schools; local autonomy has long been thought essential both to the maintenance of community concern and support for public schools and to [418 U.S. 717, 742] quality of the educational process. See Wright v. Council of the City of Emporia, 407 U.S., at 469 . Thus, in San Antonio School District v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 1, 50 (1973), we observed that local control over the educational process affords citizens an opportunity to participate in decisionmaking, permits the structuring of school programs to fit local needs, and encourages "experimentation, innovation, and a healthy competition for educational excellence."
The Michigan educational structure involved in this case, in common with most States, provides for a large measure of local control, 20 and a review of the scope and character of these local powers indicates the extent to which the interdistrict remedy approved by the two courts could disrupt and alter the structure of public education [418 U.S. 717, 743] in Michigan. The metropolitan remedy would require, in effect, consolidation of 54 independent school districts historically administered as separate units into a vast new super school district. See n. 10, supra. Entirely apart from the logistical and other serious problems attending large-scale transportation of students, the consolidation would give rise to an array of other problems in financing and operating this new school system. Some of the more obvious questions would be: What would be the status and authority of the present popularly elected school boards? Would the children of Detroit be within the jurisdiction and operating control of a school board elected by the parents and residents of other districts? What board or boards would levy taxes for school operations in these 54 districts constituting the consolidated metropolitan area? What provisions could be made for assuring substantial equality in tax levies among the 54 districts, if this were deemed requisite? What provisions would be made for financing? Would the validity of long-term bonds be jeopardized unless approved by all of the component districts as well as the State? What body would determine that portion of the curricula now left to the discretion of local school boards? Who would establish attendance zones, purchase school equipment, locate and construct new schools, and indeed attend to all the myriad day-to-day decisions that are necessary to school operations affecting potentially more than three-quarters of a million pupils? See n. 10, supra.
It may be suggested that all of these vital operational problems are yet to be resolved by the District Court, and that this is the purpose of the Court of Appeals' proposed remand. But it is obvious from the scope of the interdistrict remedy itself that absent a complete restructuring of the laws of Michigan relating to school districts the District Court will become first, a de facto [418 U.S. 717, 744] "legislative authority" to resolve these complex questions, and then the "school superintendent" for the entire area. This is a task which few, if any, judges are qualified to perform and one which would deprive the people of control of schools through their elected representatives.
Of course, no state law is above the Constitution. School district lines and the present laws with respect to local control, are not sacrosanct and if they conflict with the Fourteenth Amendment federal courts have a duty to prescribe appropriate remedies. See, e. g., Wright v. Council of the City of Emporia, 407 U.S. 451 (1972); United States v. Scotland Neck Board of Education, 407 U.S. 484 (1972) (state or local officials prevented from carving out a new school district from an existing district that was in process of dismantling a dual school system); cf. Haney v. County Board of Education of Sevier County, 429 F.2d 364 (CA8 1970) (State contributed to separation of races by drawing of school district lines); United States v. Texas, 321 F. Supp. 1043 (ED Tex. 1970), aff'd, 447 F.2d 441 (CA5 1971), cert. denied sub nom. Edgar v. United States, 404 U.S. 1016 (1972) (one or more school districts created and maintained for one race). But our prior holdings have been confined to violations and remedies within a single school district. We therefore turn to address, for the first time, the validity of a remedy mandating cross-district or interdistrict consolidation to remedy a condition of segregation found to exist in only one district.
The controlling principle consistently expounded in our holdings is that the scope of the remedy is determined by the nature and extent of the constitutional violation. Swann, 402 U.S., at 16 . Before the boundaries of separate and autonomous school districts may be set aside by consolidating the separate units for remedial purposes or by imposing a cross-district remedy, it must [418 U.S. 717, 745] first be shown that there has been a constitutional violation within one district that produces a significant segregative effect in another district. Specifically, it must be shown that racially discriminatory acts of the state or local school districts, or of a single school district have been a substantial cause of interdistrict segregation. Thus an interdistrict remedy might be in order where the racially discriminatory acts of one or more school districts caused racial segregation in an adjacent district, or where district lines have been deliberately drawn on the basis of race. In such circumstances an interdistrict remedy would be appropriate to eliminate the interdistrict segregation directly caused by the constitutional violation. Conversely, without an interdistrict violation and interdistrict effect, there is no constitutional wrong calling for an interdistrict remedy.
The record before us, voluminous as it is, contains evidence of de jure segregated conditions only in the Detroit schools; indeed, that was the theory on which the litigation was initially based and on which the District Court took evidence. See supra, at 725-726. With no showing of significant violation by the 53 outlying school districts and no evidence of any interdistrict violation or effect, the court went beyond the original theory of the case as framed by the pleadings and mandated a metropolitan area remedy. To approve the remedy ordered by the court would impose on the outlying districts, not shown to have committed any constitutional violation, a wholly impermissible remedy based on a standard not hinted at in Brown I and II or any holding of this Court.
In dissent, MR. JUSTICE WHITE and MR. JUSTICE MARSHALL undertake to demonstrate that agencies having statewide authority participated in maintaining the dual school system found to exist in Detroit. They are apparently of the view that once such participation is [418 U.S. 717, 746] shown, the District Court should have a relatively free hand to reconstruct school districts outside of Detroit in fashioning relief. Our assumption, arguendo, see infra, at 748, that state agencies did participate in the maintenance of the Detroit system, should make it clear that it is not on this point that we part company. 21 The difference between us arises instead from established doctrine laid down by our cases. Brown, supra; Green, supra; Swann, supra; Scotland Neck, supra; and Emporia, supra, each addressed the issue of constitutional wrong in terms of an established geographic and administrative school system populated by both Negro and white children. In such a context, terms such as "unitary" and "dual" systems, and "racially identifiable schools," have meaning, and the necessary federal authority to remedy the constitutional wrong is firmly established. But the remedy is necessarily designed, as all remedies are, to restore the victims of discriminatory conduct to the position they would have occupied in the absence of such conduct. Disparate treatment of white and Negro students occurred within the Detroit school system, and not elsewhere, and on this record the remedy must be limited to that system. Swann, supra, at 16.
The constitutional right of the Negro respondents residing in Detroit is to attend a unitary school system in that district. Unless petitioners drew the district lines in a discriminatory fashion, or arranged for white students [418 U.S. 717, 747] residing in the Detroit District to attend schools in Oakland and Macomb Counties, they were under no constitutional duty to make provisions for Negro students to do so. The view of the dissenters, that the existence of a dual system in Detroit can be made the basis for a decree requiring cross-district transportation of pupils, cannot be supported on the grounds that it represents merely the devising of a suitably flexible remedy for the violation of rights already established by our prior decisions. It can be supported only by drastic expansion of the constitutional right itself, an expansion without any support in either constitutional principle or precedent. 22 [418 U.S. 717, 748]
We recognize that the six-volume record presently under consideration contains language and some specific incidental findings thought by the District Court to afford a basis for interdistrict relief. However, these comparatively isolated findings and brief comments concern only one possible interdistrict violation and are found in the context of a proceeding that, as the District Court conceded, included no proof of segregation practiced by any of the 85 suburban school districts surrounding Detroit. The Court of Appeals, for example, relied on five factors which, it held, amounted to unconstitutional state action with respect to the violations found in the Detroit system:
(1) It held the State derivatively responsible for the Detroit Board's violations on the theory that actions of Detroit as a political subdivision of the State were attributable to the State. Accepting, arguendo, the correctness of this finding of state responsibility for the segregated conditions within the city of Detroit, it does not follow that an interdistrict remedy is constitutionally justified or required. With a single exception, discussed later, there has been no showing that either the State or any of the 85 outlying districts engaged in activity that had a cross-district effect. The boundaries of the Detroit School District, which are coterminous with the boundaries of the city of Detroit, were established over a century ago by neutral legislation when the city was incorporated; there is no evidence in the record, nor is there any suggestion by the respondents, that either the original boundaries of the Detroit School District, or any other school district in Michigan, were established for the purpose of creating, maintaining, or perpetuating segregation of races. There is no claim and there is no evidence hinting that petitioner outlying school districts and their [418 U.S. 717, 749] predecessors, or the 30-odd other school districts in the tricounty area - but outside the District Court's "desegregation area" - have ever maintained or operated anything but unitary school systems. Unitary school systems have been required for more than a century by the Michigan Constitution as implemented by state law. 23 Where the schools of only one district have been affected, there is no constitutional power in the courts to decree relief balancing the racial composition of that district's schools with those of the surrounding districts.
(2) There was evidence introduced at trial that, during the late 1950's, Carver School District, a predominantly Negro suburban district, contracted to have Negro high school students sent to a predominantly Negro school in Detroit. At the time, Carver was an independent school district that had no high school because, according to the trial evidence, "Carver District . . . did not have a place for adequate high school facilities." 484 F.2d, at 231. Accordingly, arrangements were made with Northern High School in the abutting Detroit School District so that the Carver high school students could obtain a secondary school education. In 1960 the Oak Park School District, a predominantly white suburban district, annexed the predominantly Negro Carver School District, through the initiative of local officials. [418 U.S. 717, 750] Ibid. There is, of course, no claim that the 1960 annexation had a segregative purpose or result or that Oak Park now maintains a dual system.
According to the Court of Appeals, the arrangement during the late 1950's which allowed Carver students to be educated within the Detroit District was dependent upon the "tacit or express" approval of the State Board of Education and was the result of the refusal of the white suburban districts to accept the Carver students. Although there is nothing in the record supporting the Court of Appeals' supposition that suburban white schools refused to accept the Carver students, it appears that this situation, whether with or without the State's consent, may have had a segregative effect on the school populations of the two districts involved. However, since "the nature of the violation determines the scope of the remedy," Swann, 402 U.S., at 16 , this isolated instance affecting two of the school districts would not justify the broad metropolitanwide remedy contemplated by the District Court and approved by the Court of Appeals, particularly since it embraced potentially 52 districts having no responsibility for the arrangement and involved 503,000 pupils in addition to Detroit's 276,000 students.
(3) The Court of Appeals cited the enactment of state legislation (Act 48) which had the effect of rescinding Detroit's voluntary desegregation plan (the April 7 Plan). That plan, however, affected only 12 of 21 Detroit high schools and had no causal connection with the distribution of pupils by race between Detroit and the other school districts within the tri-county area.
(4) The court relied on the State's authority to supervise schoolsite selection and to approve building construction as a basis for holding the State responsible for the segregative results of the school construction program in Detroit. Specifically, the Court of Appeals asserted [418 U.S. 717, 751] that during the period between 1949 and 1962 the State Board of Education exercised general authority as overseer of site acquisitions by local boards for new school construction, and suggested that this state-approved school construction "fostered segregation throughout the Detroit Metropolitan area." 484 F.2d, at 241. This brief comment, however, is not supported by the evidence taken at trial since that evidence was specifically limited to proof that schoolsite acquisition and school construction within the city of Detroit produced de jure segregation within the city itself. Id., at 235-238. Thus, there was no evidence suggesting that the State's activities with respect to either school construction or site acquisition within Detroit affected the racial composition of the school population outside Detroit or, conversely, that the State's school construction and site acquisition activities within the outlying districts affected the racial composition of the schools within Detroit.
(5) The Court of Appeals also relied upon the District Court's finding:
"This and other financial limitations, such as those on bonding and the working of the state aid formula whereby suburban districts were able to make far larger per pupil expenditures despite less tax effort, have created and perpetuated systematic educational inequalities." Id., at 239.
However, neither the Court of Appeals nor the District Court offered any indication in the record or in their opinions as to how, if at all, the availability of state-financed aid for some Michigan students outside Detroit, but not for those within Detroit, might have affected the racial character of any of the State's school districts. Furthermore, as the respondents recognize, the application of our recent ruling in San Antonio School District v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 1 (1973), to this state education financing system is questionable, and this issue was not [418 U.S. 717, 752] addressed by either the Court of Appeals or the District Court. This, again, underscores the crucial fact that the theory upon which the case proceeded related solely to the establishment of Detroit city violations as a basis for desegregating Detroit schools and that, at the time of trial, neither the parties nor the trial judge was concerned with a foundation for interdistrict relief. 24
Petitioners have urged that they were denied due process by the manner in which the District Court limited their participation after intervention was allowed, thus precluding adequate opportunity to present evidence that they had committed no acts having a segregative effect in Detroit. In light of our holding that, absent an interdistrict violation, there is no basis for an interdistrict remedy, we need not reach these claims. It is clear, however, that the District Court, with the approval of the Court of Appeals, has provided an interdistrict remedy in the face of a record which shows no constitutional violations that would call for equitable relief except within the city of Detroit. In these circumstances there was no occasion for the parties to address, or for the District Court to consider whether there were racially discriminatory acts for which any of the 53 outlying districts were responsible and which had direct and significant segregative effect on schools of more than one district.
We conclude that the relief ordered by the District Court and affirmed by the Court of Appeals was based upon an erroneous standard and was unsupported by record evidence that acts of the outlying districts effected the discrimination found to exist in the schools of Detroit. [418 U.S. 717, 753] Accordingly, the judgment of the Court of Appeals is reversed and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion leading to prompt formulation of a decree directed to eliminating the segregation found to exist in Detroit city schools, a remedy which has been delayed since 1970.
[ Footnote 1 ] 484 F.2d 215 (CA6), cert. granted, 414 U.S. 1038 (1973).
[ Footnote 2 ] The standing of the NAACP as a proper party plaintiff was not contested in the trial court and is not an issue in this case.
[ Footnote 3 ] Optional zones, sometimes referred to as dual zones or dual overlapping zones, provide pupils living within certain areas a choice of attendance at one of two high schools.
[ Footnote 4 ] The Court of Appeals found record evidence that in at least one instance during the period 1957-1958, Detroit served a suburban school district by contracting with it to educate its Negro high school students by transporting them away from nearby suburban white high schools, and past Detroit high schools which were predominantly white, to all-Negro or predominantly Negro Detroit schools. 484 F.2d, at 231.
[ Footnote 5 ] School districts in the State of Michigan are instrumentalities of the State and subordinate to its State Board of Education and legislature. The Constitution of the State of Michigan, Art. 8, 2, provides in relevant part:
"The legislature shall maintain and support a system of free public elementary and secondary schools as defined by law."
Similarly, the Michigan Supreme Court has stated: "The school district is a State agency. Moreover, it is of legislative creation. . . ." Attorney General ex rel. Kies v. Lowrey, 131 Mich. 639, 644, 92 N. W. 289, 290 (1902); "`Education in Michigan belongs to the State. It is no part of the local self-government inherent in the township or municipality, except so far as the legislature may choose to make it such. The Constitution has turned the whole subject over to the legislature. . . .'" Attorney General ex rel. Zacharias v. Detroit Board of Education, 154 Mich. 584, 590, 118 N. W. 606, 609 (1908).
[ Footnote 6 ] "Sec. 12. The implementation of any attendance provisions for the 1970-71 school year determined by any first class school district board shall be delayed pending the date of commencement of functions by the first class school district boards established under the provisions of this amendatory act but such provision shall not impair the right of any such board to determine and implement prior to such date such changes in attendance provisions as are mandated by practical necessity. . . ." Act No. 48, 12, Mich. Pub. Acts of 1970; Mich. Comp. Laws 388.182 (1970) (emphasis added).
[ Footnote 7 ] The District Court briefly alluded to the possibility that the State, along with private persons, had caused, in part, the housing patterns of the Detroit metropolitan area which, in turn, produced the predominantly white and predominantly Negro neighborhoods that characterize Detroit:
"It is no answer to say that restricted practices grew gradually (as the black population in the area increased between 1920 and 1970), or that since 1948 racial restrictions on the ownership of real property have been removed. The policies pursued by both government and private persons and agencies have a continuing and present effect upon the complexion of the community - as we know, the choice of a residence is a relatively infrequent affair. For many years FHA and VA openly advised and advocated the maintenance of `harmonious' neighborhoods, i. e., racially and economically harmonious. The conditions created continue." 338 F. Supp. 582, 587 (ED Mich. 1971).
Thus, the District Court concluded:
"The affirmative obligation of the defendant Board has been and is to adopt and implement pupil assignment practices and policies that compensate for and avoid incorporation into the school system the effects of residential racial segregation." Id., at 593.
The Court of Appeals, however, expressly noted that:
"In affirming the District Judge's findings of constitutional violations by the Detroit Board of Education and by the State defendants resulting in segregated schools in Detroit, we have not relied at all upon testimony pertaining to segregated housing except as school construction programs helped cause or maintain such segregation." 484 F.2d, at 242.
Accordingly, in its present posture, the case does not present any question concerning possible state housing violations.
[ Footnote 8 ] On March 22, 1971, a group of Detroit residents, who were parents of children enrolled in the Detroit public schools, were permitted to intervene as parties defendant. On June 24, 1971, the District Judge alluded to the "possibility" of a metropolitan school system stating: "[A]s I have said to several witnesses in this case: [418 U.S. 717, 729] `How do you desegregate a black city, or a black school system.'" Petitioners' Appendix 243a (hereinafter Pet. App.). Subsequently, on July 16, 1971, various parents filed a motion to require joinder of all of the 85 outlying independent school districts within the tri-county area.
[ Footnote 9 ] The respondents, as plaintiffs below, opposed the motion to join the additional school districts, arguing that the presence of the state defendants was sufficient and all that was required, even if, in shaping a remedy, the affairs of these other districts was to be affected. 338 F. Supp., at 595.
[ Footnote 10 ] At the time of the 1970 census, the population of Michigan was 8,875,083, almost half of which, 4,199,931, resided in the tri-county area of Wayne, Oakland, and Macomb. Oakland and Macomb Counties about Wayne County to the north, and Oakland County abuts Macomb County to the west. These counties cover 1,952 square miles, Michigan Statistical Abstract (9th ed. 1972), and the area is approximately the size of the State of Delaware (2,057 square miles), more than half again the size of the State of Rhode Island (1,214 square miles) and almost 30 times the size of the District of Columbia (67 square miles). Statistical Abstract of the United States (93d ed. 1972). The populations of Wayne, Oakland, and Macomb Counties were 2,666,751; 907,871; and 625,309, respectively, in 1970. Detroit, the State's largest city, is located in Wayne County.
In the 1970-1971 school year, there were 2,157,449 children enrolled in school districts in Michigan. There are 86 independent, [418 U.S. 717, 730] legally distinct school districts within the tri-county area, having a total enrollment of approximately 1,000,000 children. In 1970, the Detroit Board of Education operated 319 schools with approximately 276,000 students.
[ Footnote 11 ] In its formal opinion, subsequently announced, the District Court candidly recognized:
"It should be noted that the court has taken no proofs with respect to the establishment of the boundaries of the 86 public school districts in the counties of Wayne, Oakland and Macomb, nor on the issue of whether, with the exclusion of the city of Detroit school district, such school districts have committed acts of de jure segregation." 345 F. Supp. 914, 920 (ED Mich. 1972).
[ Footnote 12 ] According to the District Court, intervention was permitted under Fed. Rule Civ. Proc. 24 (a), "Intervention of Right," and also under Rule 24 (b), "Permissive Intervention."
[ Footnote 13 ] This rather abbreviated briefing schedule was maintained despite the fact that the District Court had deferred consideration of a motion made eight months earlier, to bring the suburban districts into the case. See text accompanying n. 8, supra.
[ Footnote 14 ] As of 1970, the 53 school districts outside the city of Detroit that were included in the court's "desegregation area" had a combined student population of approximately 503,000 students compared to Detroit's approximately 276,000 students. Nevertheless, the District Court directed that the intervening districts should be represented by only one member on the desegregation panel while the Detroit Board of Education was granted three panel members. 345 F. Supp., at 917.
[ Footnote 15 ] The District Court had certified most of the foregoing rulings for interlocutory review pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 1292 (b) (1 App. 265-266) and the case was initially decided on the merits by a panel of three judges. However, the panel's opinion and judgment were vacated when it was determined to rehear the case en banc, 484 F.2d, at 218.
[ Footnote 16 ] With respect to the State's violations, the Court of Appeals held: (1) that, since the city Board is an instrumentality of the State and subordinate to the State Board, the segregative actions of the Detroit Board "are the actions of an agency of the State," id., at 238; (2) that the state legislation rescinding Detroit's voluntary desegregation plan contributed to increasing segregation in the Detroit schools, ibid.; (3) that under state law prior to 1962 the State Board had authority over school construction plans and therefore had to be held responsible "for the segregative results," [418 U.S. 717, 735] ibid.; (4) that the "State statutory scheme of support of transportation for school children directly discriminated against Detroit," id., at 240, by not providing transportation funds to Detroit on the same basis as funds were provided to suburban districts, id., at 238; and (5) that the transportation of Negro students from one suburban district to a Negro school in Detroit must have had the "approval, tacit or express, of the State Board of Education," ibid.
[ Footnote 17 ] The court sought to distinguish Bradley v. School Board of the City of Richmond, 462 F.2d 1058 (CA4 1972), aff'd by an equally divided Court, 412 U.S. 92 (1973), on the grounds that the District Court in that case had ordered an actual consolidation of three school districts and that Virginia's Constitution and statutes, unlike Michigan's, gave the local boards exclusive power to operate the public schools. 484 F.2d, at 251.
[ Footnote 18 ] Although the list of issues presented for review in petitioners' briefs and petitions for writs of certiorari do not include arguments on the findings of segregative violations on the part of the Detroit defendants, two of the petitioners argue in brief that these findings constitute error. This Court's Rules 23 (1) (c) and 40 (1) (d) (2), at a minimum, limit our review of the Detroit violation findings to "plain error," and, under our decision last Term in Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver, Colorado, 413 U.S. 189 (1973), the findings appear to be correct.
[ Footnote 19 ] Disparity in the racial composition of pupils within a single district may well constitute a "signal" to a district court at the outset, leading to inquiry into the causes accounting for a pronounced racial identifiability of schools within one school system. In Swann, for example, we were dealing with a large but single independent school system, and a unanimous Court noted: "Where the . . . proposed plan for conversion from a dual to a unitary system contemplates the continued existence of some schools that are all or predominantly of one race [the school authority has] the burden of showing that such school assignments are genuinely nondiscriminatory." 402 U.S., at 26 . See also Keyes, supra, at 208. However, the use of significant racial imbalance in schools within an autonomous school district as a signal which operates simply to shift the burden of proof, is a very different matter from equating racial imbalance with a constitutional violation calling for a remedy. Keyes, supra, also involved a remedial order within a single autonomous school district.
[ Footnote 20 ] Under the Michigan School Code of 1955, the local school district is an autonomous political body corporate, operating through a Board of Education popularly elected. Mich. Comp. Laws 340.27, 340.55, 340.107, 340.148, 340.149, 340.188. As such, the day-to-day affairs of the school district are determined at the local level in accordance with the plenary power to acquire real and personal property, 340.26, 340.77, 340.113, 340.165, 340.192, 340.352; to hire and contract with personnel, 340.569, 340.574; to levy taxes for operations, 340.563; to borrow against receipts, 340.567; to determine the length of school terms, 340.575; to control the admission of nonresident students, 340.582; to determine courses of study, 340.583; to provide a kindergarten program, 340.584; to establish and operate vocational schools, 340.585; to offer adult education programs, 340.586; to establish attendance areas, 340.589; to arrange for transportation of nonresident students, 340.591; to acquire transportation equipment, 340.594; to receive gifts and bequests for educational purposes, 340.605; to employ an attorney, 340.609; to suspend or expel students, 340.613; to make rules and regulations for the operation of schools, 340.614; to cause to be levied authorized millage, 340.643a; to acquire property by eminent domain, 340.711 et seq.; and to approve and select textbooks, 340.882.
[ Footnote 21 ] Since the Court has held that a resident of a school district has a fundamental right protected by the Federal Constitution to vote in a district election, it would seem incongruous to disparage the importance of the school district in a different context. Kramer v. Union Free School District No. 15, 395 U.S. 621, 626 (1969). While the district there involved was located in New York, none of the facts in our possession suggest that the relation of school districts to the State is significantly different in New York from that in Michigan.
[ Footnote 22 ] The suggestion in the dissent of MR. JUSTICE MARSHALL that schools which have a majority of Negro students are not "desegregated," whatever the racial makeup of the school district's population and however neutrally the district lines have been drawn and administered, finds no support in our prior cases. In Green v. County School Board of New Kent County, 391 U.S. 430 (1968), for example, this Court approved a desegregation plan which would have resulted in each of the schools within the district having a racial composition of 57% Negro and 43% white. In Wright v. Council of the City of Emporia, 407 U.S. 451 (1972), the optimal desegregation plan would have resulted in the schools' being 66% Negro and 34% white, substantially the same percentages as could be obtained under one of the plans involved in this case. And in United States v. Scotland Neck Board of Education, 407 U.S. 484, 491 n. 5 (1972), a desegregation plan was implicitly approved for a school district which had a racial composition of 77% Negro and 22% white. In none of these cases was it even intimated that "actual desegregation" could not be accomplished as long as the number of Negro students was greater than the number of white students.
The dissents also seem to attach importance to the metropolitan character of Detroit and neighboring school districts. But the constitutional principles applicable in school desegregation cases cannot vary in accordance with the size or population dispersal of the particular city, county, or school district as compared with neighboring areas.
[ Footnote 23 ] People ex rel. Workman v. Board of Education of Detroit, 18 Mich. 400 (1869): Act 34, 28, Mich. Pub. Acts of 1867. The Michigan Constitution and laws provide that "[e]very school district shall provide for the education of its pupils without discrimination as to religion, creed, race, color or national origin." Mich. Const. 1963, Art. 8, 2; that "[n]o separate school or department shall be kept for any person or persons on account of race or color," Mich. Comp. Laws 340.355; and that "[a]ll persons, residents of a school district . . . shall have an equal right to attend school therein," id., 340.356. See also Act 319, Part II, c. 2, 9, Mich. Pub. Acts of 1927.
[ Footnote 24 ] Apparently, when the District Court, sua sponte, abruptly altered the theory of the case to include the possibility of multidistrict relief, neither the plaintiffs nor the trial judge considered amending the complaint to embrace the new theory.
MR. JUSTICE STEWART, concurring.
In joining the opinion of the Court, I think it appropriate, in view of some of the extravagant language of the dissenting opinions, to state briefly my understanding of what it is that the Court decides today.
The respondents commenced this suit in 1970, claiming only that a constitutionally impermissible allocation of educational facilities along racial lines had occurred in public schools within a single school district whose lines were coterminous with those of the city of Detroit. In the course of the subsequent proceedings, the District Court found that public school officials had contributed to racial segregation within that district by means of improper use of zoning and attendance patterns, optional-attendance areas, and building and site selection. This finding of a violation of the Equal Protection Clause was upheld by the Court of Appeals, and is accepted by this Court today. See ante, at 738 n. 18. In the present posture of the case, therefore, the Court does not deal with questions of substantive constitutional law. The basic issue now before the Court concerns, rather, the appropriate exercise of federal equity jurisdiction. 1 [418 U.S. 717, 754]
No evidence was adduced and no findings were made in the District Court concerning the activities of school officials in districts outside the city of Detroit, and no school officials from the outside districts even participated in the suit until after the District Court had made the initial determination that is the focus of today's decision. In spite of the limited scope of the inquiry and the findings, the District Court concluded that the only effective remedy for the constitutional violations found to have existed within the city of Detroit was a desegregation plan calling for busing pupils to and from school districts outside the city. The District Court found that any desegregation plan operating wholly "`within the corporate geographical limits of the city'" would be deficient since it "`would clearly make the entire Detroit public school system racially identifiable as Black.'" 484 F.2d 215, 244, 243. The Court of Appeals, in affirming the decision that an interdistrict remedy was necessary, noted that a plan limited to the city of Detroit "would result in an all black school system immediately surrounded by practically all white suburban school systems, with an overwhelmingly white majority population in the total metropolitan area." Id., at 245.
The courts were in error for the simple reason that the remedy they thought necessary was not commensurate with the constitutional violation found. Within a single school district whose officials have been shown to have engaged in unconstitutional racial segregation, a remedial decree that affects every individual school may be dictated by "common sense," see Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver, Colorado, 413 U.S. 189, 203 , and indeed may provide the only effective means to eliminate segregation "root and branch," Green v. County School Board of New Kent County, 391 U.S. 430, 438 , and to "effectuate a transition to a racially nondiscriminatory school [418 U.S. 717, 755] system." Brown v. Board of Education, 349 U.S. 294, 301 . See Keyes, supra, at 198-205. But in this case the Court of Appeals approved the concept of a remedial decree that would go beyond the boundaries of the district where the constitutional violation was found, and include schools and schoolchildren in many other school districts that have presumptively been administered in complete accord with the Constitution.
The opinion of the Court convincingly demonstrates, ante, at 742-743, that traditions of local control of schools, together with the difficulty of a judicially supervised restructuring of local administration of schools, render improper and inequitable such an interdistrict response to a constitutional violation found to have occurred only within a single school district.
This is not to say, however, that an interdistrict remedy of the sort approved by the Court of Appeals would not be proper, or even necessary, in other factual situations. Were it to be shown, for example, that state officials had contributed to the separation of the races by drawing or redrawing school district lines, see Haney v. County Board of Education of Sevier County, 429 F.2d 364; cf. Wright v. Council of the City of Emporia, 407 U.S. 451 ; United States v. Scotland Neck Board of Education, 407 U.S. 484 ; by transfer of school units between districts, United States v. Texas, 321 F. Supp. 1043, aff'd, 447 F.2d 441; Turner v. Warren County Board of Education, 313 F. Supp. 380; or by purposeful, racially discriminatory use of state housing or zoning laws, then a decree calling for transfer of pupils across district lines or for restructuring of district lines might well be appropriate.
In this case, however, no such interdistrict violation was shown. Indeed, no evidence at all concerning the administration of schools outside the city of Detroit was presented other than the fact that these schools contained [418 U.S. 717, 756] a higher proportion of white pupils than did the schools within the city. Since the mere fact of different racial compositions in contiguous districts does not itself imply or constitute a violation of the Equal Protection Clause in the absence of a showing that such disparity was imposed, fostered, or encouraged by the State or its political subdivisions, it follows that no interdistrict violation was shown in this case. 2 The formulation of an interdistrict remedy was thus simply not responsive to the factual record before the District Court and was an abuse of that court's equitable powers. [418 U.S. 717, 757]
In reversing the decision of the Court of Appeals this Court is in no way turning its back on the proscription of state-imposed segregation first voiced in Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 , or on the delineation of remedial powers and duties most recently expressed in Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, 402 U.S. 1 . In Swann the Court addressed itself to the range of equitable remedies available to the courts to effectuate the desegregation mandated by Brown and its progeny, noting that the task in choosing appropriate relief is "to correct . . . the condition that offends the Constitution," and that "the nature of the violation determines the scope of the remedy . . . ." Id., at 16.
The disposition of this case thus falls squarely under these principles. The only "condition that offends the Constitution" found by the District Court in this case is the existence of officially supported segregation in and among public schools in Detroit itself. There were no findings that the differing racial composition between schools in the city and in the outlying suburbs was caused by official activity of any sort. It follows that the decision to include in the desegregation plan pupils from school districts outside Detroit was not predicated upon any constitutional violation involving those school districts. By approving a remedy that would reach beyond the limits of the city of Detroit to correct a constitutional violation found to have occurred solely within that city the Court of Appeals thus went beyond the governing equitable principles established in this Court's decisions.
[ Footnote 1 ] As this Court stated in Brown v. Board of Education, 349 U.S. 294, 300 : "[E]quity has been characterized by a practical flexibility in shaping its remedies and by a facility for adjusting and reconciling public and private needs. These [school desegregation] cases call for the exercise of these traditional attributes of equity power."
[ Footnote 2 ] My Brother MARSHALL seems to ignore this fundamental fact when he states, post, at 799, that "the most essential finding [made by the District Court] was that Negro children in Detroit had been confined by intentional acts of segregation to a growing core of Negro schools surrounded by a receding ring of white schools." This conclusion is simply not substantiated by the record presented in this case. The record here does support the claim made by the respondents that white and Negro students within Detroit who otherwise would have attended school together were separated by acts of the State or its subdivision. However, segregative acts within the city alone cannot be presumed to have produced - and no factual showing was made that they did produce - an increase in the number of Negro students in the city as a whole. It is this essential fact of a predominantly Negro school population in Detroit - caused by unknown and perhaps unknowable factors such as in-migration, birth rates, economic changes, or cumulative acts of private racial fears - that accounts for the "growing core of Negro schools," a "core" that has grown to include virtually the entire city. The Constitution simply does not allow federal courts to attempt to change that situation unless and until it is shown that the State, or its political subdivisions, have contributed to cause the situation to exist. No record has been made in this case showing that the racial composition of the Detroit school population or that residential patterns within Detroit and in the surrounding areas were in any significant measure caused by governmental activity, and it follows that the situation over which my dissenting Brothers express concern cannot serve as the predicate for the remedy adopted by the District Court and approved by the Court of Appeals.
MR. JUSTICE DOUGLAS, dissenting.
The Court of Appeals has acted responsibly in these cases and we should affirm its judgment. This was the fourth time the case was before it over a span of less than three years. The Court of Appeals affirmed the District [418 U.S. 717, 758] Court on the issue of segregation and on the "Detroit-only" plans of desegregation. The Court of Appeals also approved in principle the use of a metropolitan area plan, vacating and remanding only to allow the other affected school districts to be brought in as parties, and in other minor respects.
We have before us today no plan for integration. The only orders entered so far are interlocutory. No new principles of law are presented here. Metropolitan treatment of metropolitan problems is commonplace. If this were a sewage problem or a water problem, or an energy problem, there can be no doubt that Michigan would stay well within federal constitutional bounds if it sought a metropolitan remedy. In Bradley v. School Board of City of Richmond, 462 F.2d 1058, aff'd by an equally divided Court, 412 U.S. 92 , we had a case involving the Virginia school system where local school boards had "exclusive jurisdiction" of the problem, not "the State Board of Education," 462 F.2d, at 1067. Here the Michigan educational system is unitary, maintained and supported by the legislature and under the general supervision of the State Board of Education. 1 The State controls the boundaries of school districts. 2 The State supervises schoolsite selection. 3 The construction is done through municipal bonds approved by several state agencies. 4 Education in Michigan is a state project with very little completely local control, 5 except that the schools are financed locally, not on a statewide basis. Indeed [418 U.S. 717, 759] the proposal to put school funding in Michigan on a statewide basis was defeated at the polls in November 1972. 6 Yet the school districts by state law are agencies of the State. 7 State action is indeed challenged as violating the Equal Protection Clause. Whatever the reach of that claim may be, it certainly is aimed at discrimination based on race.
Therefore as the Court of Appeals held there can be no doubt that as a matter of Michigan law the State itself has the final say as to where and how school district lines should be drawn. 8
When we rule against the metropolitan area remedy we take a step that will likely put the problems of the blacks and our society back to the period that antedated the "separate but equal" regime of Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 . The reason is simple.
The inner core of Detroit is now rather solidly black; 9 and the blacks, we know, in many instances are likely to [418 U.S. 717, 760] be poorer, 10 just as were the Chicanos in San Antonio School District v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 1 . By that decision the poorer school districts 11 must pay their own way. It is therefore a foregone conclusion that we have now given the States a formula whereby the poor must pay their own way. 12 [418 U.S. 717, 761]
Today's decision, given Rodriguez, means that there is no violation of the Equal Protection Clause though the schools are segregated by race and though the black schools are not only "separate" but "inferior."
So far as equal protection is concerned we are now in a dramatic retreat from the 7-to-1 decision in 1896 that blacks could be segregated in public facilities, provided they received equal treatment.
As I indicated in Keyes v. School District No. 1 Denver, Colorado, 413 U.S. 189, 214 -217, there is so far as the school cases go no constitutional difference between de facto and de jure segregation. Each school board performs state action for Fourteenth Amendment purposes when it draws the lines that confine it to a given area, when it builds schools at particular sites, or when it allocates students. The creation of the school districts in Metropolitan Detroit either maintained existing segregation or caused additional segregation. Restrictive covenants maintained by state action or inaction build black ghettos. It is state action when public funds are dispensed by housing agencies to build racial ghettos. Where a community is racially mixed and school authorities segregate schools, or assign black teachers to black schools or close schools in fringe areas and build new schools in black areas and in more distant white areas, the State creates and nurtures a segregated school system, just as surely as did those States involved in Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 , when they maintained dual school systems.
All these conditions and more were found by the District Court to exist. The issue is not whether there should be racial balance but whether the State's use of [418 U.S. 717, 762] various devices that end up with black schools and white schools brought the Equal Protection Clause into effect. Given the State's control over the educational system in Michigan, the fact that the black schools are in one district and the white schools are in another is not controlling - either constitutionally or equitably. 13 No specific plan has yet been adopted. We are still at an interlocutory stage of a long drawn-out judicial effort at school desegregation. It is conceivable that ghettos develop on their own without any hint of state action. But since Michigan by one device or another has over the years created black school districts and white school districts, the task of equity is to provide a unitary system for the affected area where, as here, the State washes its hands of its own creations.
[ Footnote 1 ] Mich. Const., Art. 8, 2, 3.
[ Footnote 2 ] See 484 F.2d 215, 247-248; Mich. Comp. Laws 340.402, 340.431, 340.447, 388.681 (1970).
[ Footnote 3 ] Mich. Comp. Laws 388.851 (1948), as amended by Act 231, Mich. Pub. Acts of 1949, and Act 175, Mich. Pub. Acts 1962.
[ Footnote 4 ] See Mich. Comp. Laws 132.1 and 132.2 (1970); 3 App. 157.
[ Footnote 5 ] See 484 F.2d, at 248-249.
[ Footnote 6 ] See Detroit Free Press, Nov. 8, 1972, p. 1A, col. 3. Michigan has recently passed legislation which could eliminate some, but not all, of the inequities in school financing. See Act 101, Mich. Pub. Acts of 1973.
[ Footnote 7 ] See 484 F.2d, at 246-247; Mich. Const. Art. 8, 2, 3.
[ Footnote 8 ] See n. 2, supra.
[ Footnote 9 ] A tremendous change has occurred in the distribution of this country's black population since World War I. See Hauser, Demographic Factors in the Integration of the Negro, Daedalus 847-877 (fall 1965). In 1910, 73% of all blacks lived on farms and in rural areas; by 1960, 73% lived in urban areas, mainly in the largest metropolitan areas. Moreover, due to the fact that the black population is younger than the white population, the concentration of blacks in the cities is even more pronounced for the school-age population. The pattern of change which has existed since World War I is continuing, and hence the proportion of blacks in the urban North and West will continue to increase. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, J. Coleman et al., Equality of Educational Opportunity 39-40 (1966).
[ Footnote 10 ] "There are some definite and systematic directions of difference between the schools attended by minorities and those attended by the majority. It appears to be in the most academically related areas that the schools of minority pupils show the most consistent deficiencies." Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Coleman et al., supra, n. 9, at 120.
[ Footnote 11 ] That some school districts are markedly poorer than others is beyond question. The California Supreme Court has noted that per-pupil expenditures in two different districts - both located in the same county - were $2,223 and $616. Serrano v. Priest, 5 Cal. 3d 584, 600 n. 15, 487 P.2d 1241, 1252 n. 15 (1971). In New York the Fleischmann Commission reported that the two Long Island districts of Great Neck and Levittown spent $2,078 and $1,189 respectively per pupil. 1 New York State Commission on the Quality, Cost, and Financing of Elementary and Secondary Education, Fleischmann Report 58 (1973). "A further glaring inequity resulting from the current systems of school finance is that variations in per pupil expenditures among school districts tend to be inversely related to educational need. City students, with greater than average educational deficiencies, consistently have less money spent on their education and have higher pupil/teacher ratios than do their high-income counterparts in the favored schools of suburbia." Glickstein & Want, Inequality in School Financing: The Role of the Law, 25 Stan. L. Rev. 335, 338 (1973).
[ Footnote 12 ] Cities face an especially difficult problem in paying the cost of education, since they have the "municipal overburden" which results from greater costs for health, public safety, sanitation, public works, transportation, public welfare, public housing, and recreation. Because of municipal overburden, cities on the average devote only about 30% of their budgets to their schools. This compares with the over 50% which is spent on schools by the suburbs. J. Berke & J. Callahan. Inequities in School Finance (1971), reprinted in Senate Select Committee on Equal Educational [418 U.S. 717, 761] Opportunity, 92d Cong., 2d Sess., Report on Issues in School Finance 129, 142 (Comm. Print 1972); see Glickstein & Want, supra, n. 11, at 387.
[ Footnote 13 ] MR. JUSTICE STEWART indicates that equitable factors weigh in favor of local school control and the avoidance of administrative difficulty given the lack of an "interdistrict" violation. Ante, at 755. It would seem to me that the equities are stronger in favor of the children of Detroit who have been deprived of their constitutional right to equal treatment by the State of Michigan.
MR. JUSTICE WHITE, with whom MR. JUSTICE DOUGLAS, MR. JUSTICE BRENNAN, and MR. JUSTICE MARSHALL join, dissenting.
The District Court and the Court of Appeals found that over a long period of years those in charge of the Michigan public schools engaged in various practices calculated to effect the segregation of the Detroit school system. The Court does not question these findings, nor could it reasonably do so. Neither does it question the obligation of the federal courts to devise a feasible and effective remedy. But it promptly cripples the ability of the judiciary to perform this task, which is of fundamental importance to our constitutional system, by [418 U.S. 717, 763] fashioning a strict rule that remedies in school cases must stop at the school district line unless certain other conditions are met. As applied here, the remedy for unquestioned violations of the equal protection rights of Detroit's Negroes by the Detroit School Board and the State of Michigan must be totally confined to the limits of the school district and may not reach into adjoining or surrounding districts unless and until it is proved there has been some sort of "interdistrict violation" - unless unconstitutional actions of the Detroit School Board have had a segregative impact on other districts, or unless the segregated condition of the Detroit schools has itself been influenced by segregative practices in those surrounding districts into which it is proposed to extend the remedy.
Regretfully, and for several reasons, I can join neither the Court's judgment nor its opinion. The core of my disagreement is that deliberate acts of segregation and their consequences will go unremedied, not because a remedy would be infeasible or unreasonable in terms of the usual criteria governing school desegregation cases, but because an effective remedy would cause what the Court considers to be undue administrative inconvenience to the State. The result is that the State of Michigan, the entity at which the Fourteenth Amendment is directed, has successfully insulated itself from its duty to provide effective desegregation remedies by vesting sufficient power over its public schools in its local school districts. If this is the case in Michigan, it will be the case in most States.
There are undoubted practical as well as legal limits to the remedial powers of federal courts in school desegregation cases. The Court has made it clear that the achievement of any particular degree of racial balance in the school system is not required by the Constitution; [418 U.S. 717, 764] nor may it be the primary focus of a court in devising an acceptable remedy for de jure segregation. A variety of procedures and techniques are available to a district court engrossed in fashioning remedies in a case such as this; but the courts must keep in mind that they are dealing with the process of educating the young, including the very young. The task is not to devise a system of pains and penalties to punish constitutional violations brought to light. Rather, it is to desegregate an educational system in which the races have been kept apart, without, at the same time, losing sight of the central educational function of the schools.
Viewed in this light, remedies calling for school zoning, pairing, and pupil assignments, become more and more suspect as they require that schoolchildren spend more and more time in buses going to and from school and that more and more educational dollars be diverted to transportation systems. Manifestly, these considerations are of immediate and urgent concern when the issue is the desegregation of a city school system where residential patterns are predominantly segregated and the respective areas occupied by blacks and whites are heavily populated and geographically extensive. Thus, if one postulates a metropolitan school system covering a sufficiently large area, with the population evenly divided between whites and Negroes and with the races occupying identifiable residential areas, there will be very real practical limits on the extent to which racially identifiable schools can be eliminated within the school district. It is also apparent that the larger the proportion of Negroes in the area, the more difficult it would be to avoid having a substantial number of all-black or nearly all-black schools.
The Detroit school district is both large and heavily populated. It covers 139.6 square miles, encircles two [418 U.S. 717, 765] entirely separate cities and school districts, and surrounds a third city on three sides. Also, whites and Negroes live in identifiable areas in the city. The 1970 public school enrollment in the city school district totaled 289,763 and was 63.6% Negro and 34.8% white. 1 If "racial balance" were achieved in every school in the district, each school would be approximately 64% Negro. A remedy confined to the district could achieve no more desegregation. Furthermore, the proposed intracity remedies were beset with practical problems. None of the plans limited to the school district was satisfactory to the District Court. The most promising proposal, submitted by respondents, who were the plaintiffs in the District Court, would "leave many of its schools 75 to 90 percent Black." 484 F.2d 215, 244 (CA6 1973). 2 Transportation on a "vast scale" would be required; 900 buses would have to be purchased for the transportation of pupils who are not now bused. Id., at 243. The District Court also found that the plan "would change a school system which is now Black and White to one that would be perceived as Black, thereby increasing the flight of Whites from the city and the system, thereby increasing the Black student population." Id., at 244. For the District Court, "[t]he conclusion, under the evidence in this case, is inescapable that relief of segregation in the public schools of the [418 U.S. 717, 766] City of Detroit cannot be accomplished within the corporate geographical limits of the city." Ibid.
The District Court therefore considered extending its remedy to the suburbs. After hearings, it concluded that a much more effective desegregation plan could be implemented if the suburban districts were included. In proceeding to design its plan on the basis that student bus rides to and from school should not exceed 40 minutes each way as a general matter, the court's express finding was that "[f]or all the reasons stated heretofore - including time, distance, and transportation factors - desegregation within the area described is physically easier and more practicable and feasible, than desegregation efforts limited to the corporate geographic limits of the city of Detroit." 345 F. Supp. 914, 930 (ED Mich. 1972).
The Court of Appeals agreed with the District Court that the remedy must extend beyond the city limits of Detroit. It concluded that "[i]n the instant case the only feasible desegregation plan involves the crossing of the boundary lines between the Detroit School District and adjacent or nearby school districts for the limited purpose of providing an effective desegregation plan." 484 F.2d, at 249. (Emphasis added.) It also agreed that "any Detroit only desegregation plan will lead directly to a single segregated Detroit school district overwhelmingly black in all of its schools, surrounded by a ring of suburbs and suburban school districts overwhelmingly white in composition in a State in which the racial composition is 87 percent white and 13 percent black." Ibid. There was "more than ample support for the District Judge's findings of unconstitutional segregation by race resulting in major part from action and inaction of public authorities, both local and State. . . . Under this record a remedial order of a court of equity which left the Detroit school system overwhelmingly black (for the foreseeable [418 U.S. 717, 767] future) surrounded by suburban school systems overwhelmingly white cannot correct the constitutional violations herein found." Id., at 250. To conclude otherwise, the Court of Appeals announced, would call up "haunting memories of the now long overruled and discredited `separate but equal doctrine' of Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 . . . (1896)," and "would be opening a way to nullify Brown v. Board of Education which overruled Plessy . . . ." 484 F.2d, at 249.
This Court now reverses the Court of Appeals. It does not question the District Court's findings that any feasible Detroit-only plan would leave many schools 75 to 90 percent black and that the district would become progressively more black as whites left the city. Neither does the Court suggest that including the suburbs in a desegregation plan would be impractical or infeasible because of educational considerations, because of the number of children requiring transportation, or because of the length of their rides. Indeed, the Court leaves unchallenged the District Court's conclusion that a plan including the suburbs would be physically easier and more practical and feasible than a Detroit-only plan. Whereas the most promising Detroit-only plan, for example, would have entailed the purchase of 900 buses, the metropolitan plan would involve the acquisition of no more than 350 new vehicles.
Despite the fact that a metropolitan remedy, if the findings of the District Court accepted by the Court of Appeals are to be credited, would more effectively desegregate the Detroit schools, would prevent resegregation, 3 and would be easier and more feasible from many [418 U.S. 717, 768] standpoints, the Court fashions out of whole cloth an arbitrary rule that remedies for constitutional violations occurring in a single Michigan school district must stop at the school district line. Apparently, no matter how much less burdensome or more effective and efficient in many respects, such as transportation, the metropolitan plan might be, the school district line may not be crossed. Otherwise, it seems, there would be too much disruption of the Michigan scheme for managing its educational system, too much confusion, and too much administrative burden.
The District Court, on the scene and familiar with local conditions, had a wholly different view. The Court of Appeals also addressed itself at length to matters of local law and to the problems that interdistrict remedies might present to the State of Michigan. Its conclusion, flatly contrary to that of this Court, was that "the constitutional right to equality before the law [is not] hemmed in by the boundaries of a school district" and that an interdistrict remedy
"is supported by the status of school districts under Michigan law and by the historical control exercised over local school districts by the legislature of Michigan and by State agencies and officials . . . . [I]t is well established under the Constitution and laws of Michigan that the public school system is a State function and that local school districts are instrumentalities of the State created for administrative convenience." 4 484 F.2d, at 245-246. [418 U.S. 717, 769]
I am surprised that the Court, sitting at this distance from the State of Michigan, claims better insight than the Court of Appeals and the District Court as to whether an interdistrict remedy for equal protection violations practiced by the State of Michigan would involve undue difficulties for the State in the management of its public schools. In the area of what constitutes an acceptable desegregation plan, "we must of necessity rely to a large extent, as this Court has for more than 16 years, on the informed judgment of the district courts in the first instance and on courts of appeals." Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, 402 U.S. 1, 28 (1971). Obviously, whatever difficulties there might be, they are surmountable; for the Court itself concedes that, had there been sufficient evidence of an interdistrict violation, the District Court could have fashioned a single remedy for the districts implicated rather than a different remedy for each district [418 U.S. 717, 770] in which the violation had occurred or had an impact.
I am even more mystified as to how the Court can ignore the legal reality that the constitutional violations, even if occurring locally, were committed by governmental entities for which the State is responsible and that it is the State that must respond to the command of the Fourteenth Amendment. An interdistrict remedy for the infringements that occurred in this case is well within the confines and powers of the State, which is the governmental entity ultimately responsible for desegregating its schools. The Michigan Supreme Court has observed that "[t]he school district is a State agency," Attorney General ex rel. Kies v. Lowrey, 131 Mich. 639, 644, 92 N. W. 289, 290 (1902), and that "`[e]ducation in Michigan belongs to the State. It is no part of the local self-government inherent in the township or municipality, except so far as the legislature may choose to make it such. The Constitution has turned the whole subject over to the legislature. . . .'" Attorney General ex rel. Zacharias v. Detroit Board of Education, 154 Mich. 584, 590, 118 N. W. 606, 609 (1908).
It is unnecessary to catalogue at length the various public misdeeds found by the District Court and the Court of Appeals to have contributed to the present segregation of the Detroit public schools. The legislature contributed directly by enacting a statute overriding a partial high school desegregation plan voluntarily adopted by the Detroit Board of Education. Indirectly, the trial court found the State was accountable for the thinly disguised, pervasive acts of segregation committed by the Detroit Board, 5 for Detroit's school construction [418 U.S. 717, 771] plans that would promote segregation, and for the Detroit school district's not having funds for pupil transportation within the district. The State was also chargeable with responsibility for the transportation of Negro high school students in the late 1950's from the suburban Ferndale School District, past closer suburban and Detroit high schools with predominantly white student bodies, to a predominantly Negro high school within Detroit. Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, supra, at 20-21, and Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver, Colorado, 413 U.S. 189 (1973), make abundantly clear that the tactics employed by the Detroit Board of Education, a local instrumentality of the State, violated the constitutional rights of the Negro students in Detroit's public schools and required equitable relief sufficient to accomplish the maximum, practical desegregation within the power of the political body against which the Fourteenth Amendment directs its proscriptions. No "State" may deny any individual the equal protection of the laws; and if the Constitution and the Supremacy Clause are to have any substance at all, the courts must be free to devise workable remedies against the political entity with the effective power to determine local choice. It is also the case here that the State's legislative interdiction of Detroit's voluntary effort to desegregate its school system was unconstitutional. See North Carolina State Board of Education v. Swann, 402 U.S. 43 (1971).
The Court draws the remedial line at the Detroit school district boundary, even though the Fourteenth Amendment is addressed to the State and even though [418 U.S. 717, 772] the State denies equal protection of the laws when its public agencies, acting in its behalf, invidiously discriminate. The State's default is "the condition that offends the Constitution," Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, supra, at 16, and state officials may therefore be ordered to take the necessary measures to completely eliminate from the Detroit public schools "all vestiges of state-imposed segregation." Id., at 15. I cannot understand, nor does the majority satisfactorily explain, why a federal court may not order an appropriate interdistrict remedy, if this is necessary or more effective to accomplish this constitutionally mandated task. As the Court unanimously observed in Swann: "Once a right and a violation have been shown, the scope of a district court's equitable powers to remedy past wrongs is broad, for breadth and flexibility are inherent in equitable remedies." Ibid. In this case, both the right and the State's Fourteenth Amendment violation have concededly been fully established, and there is no acceptable reason for permitting the party responsible for the constitutional violation to contain the remedial powers of the federal court within administrative boundaries over which the transgressor itself has plenary power.
The unwavering decisions of this Court over the past 20 years support the assumption of the Court of Appeals that the District Court's remedial power does not cease at the school district line. The Court's first formulation of the remedial principles to be followed in disestablishing racially discriminatory school systems recognized the variety of problems arising from different local school conditions and the necessity for that "practical flexibility" traditionally associated with courts of equity. Brown v. Board of Education, 349 U.S. 294, 299 -301 (1955) (Brown II). Indeed, the district courts to which [418 U.S. 717, 773] the Brown cases were remanded for the formulation of remedial decrees were specifically instructed that they might consider, inter alia, "revision of school districts and attendance areas into compact units to achieve a system of determining admission to the public schools on a nonracial basis . . . ." Id., at 300-301. The malady addressed in Brown II was the statewide policy of requiring or permitting school segregation on the basis of race, while the record here concerns segregated schools only in the city of Detroit. The obligation to rectify the unlawful condition nevertheless rests on the State. The permissible revision of school districts contemplated in Brown II rested on the State's responsibility for desegregating its unlawfully segregated schools, not on any segregative effect which the condition of segregation in one school district might have had on the schools of a neighboring district. The same situation obtains here and the same remedial power is available to the District Court.
Later cases reinforced the clearly essential rules that state officials are fully answerable for unlawfully caused conditions of school segregation which can effectively be controlled only by steps beyond the authority of local school districts to take, and that the equity power of the district courts includes the ability to order such measures implemented. When the highest officials of the State of Arkansas impeded a federal court order to desegregate the public schools under the immediate jurisdiction of the Little Rock School Board, this Court refused to accept the local board's assertion of its good faith as a legal excuse for delay in implementing the desegregation order. The Court emphasized that "from the point of view of the Fourteenth Amendment, they [the local school board members] stand in this litigation as the agents of the State." Cooper v. Aaron, 358 U.S. 1, 16 (1958). Perhaps [418 U.S. 717, 774] more importantly for present purposes, the Court went on to state:
"The record before us clearly establishes that the growth of the Board's difficulties to a magnitude beyond its unaided power to control is the product of state action. Those difficulties . . . can also be brought under control by state action." Ibid.
See also Griffin v. School Board, 377 U.S. 218, 228 , 233-234 (1964).
In the context of dual school systems, the Court subsequently made clear the "affirmative duty to take whatever steps might be necessary to convert to a unitary system in which racial discrimination would be eliminated root and branch" and to come forward with a desegregation plan that "promises realistically to work now." Green v. County School Board of New Kent County, 391 U.S. 430, 437 -438, 439 (1968). "Freedom of choice" plans were rejected as acceptable desegregation measures where "reasonably available other ways . . . promising speedier and more effective conversion to a unitary, nonracial school system . . ." exist. Id., at 441. Imperative insistence on immediate full desegregation of dual school systems "to operate now and hereafter only unitary schools" was reiterated in Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education, 396 U.S. 19, 20 (1969), and Carter v. West Feliciana Parish School Board, 396 U.S. 290 (1970).
The breadth of the equitable authority of the district courts to accomplish these comprehensive tasks was reaffirmed in much greater detail in Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, supra, and the companion case of Davis v. School Comm'rs of Mobile County, 402 U.S. 33 (1971), where there was unanimous assent to the following propositions:
"Having once found a violation, the district judge or school authorities should make every effort to [418 U.S. 717, 775] achieve the greatest possible degree of actual desegregation, taking into account the practicalities of the situation. A district court may and should consider the use of all available techniques including restructuring of attendance zones and both contiguous and noncontiguous attendance zones. . . . The measure of any desegregation plan is its effectiveness." Id., at 37.
No suggestion was made that interdistrict relief was not an available technique. In Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education itself, the Court, without dissent, recognized that the District Judge, in fulfilling his obligation to "make every effort to achieve the greatest possible degree of actual desegregation[,] will thus necessarily be concerned with the elimination of one-race schools." 402 U.S., at 26 . Nor was there any dispute that to break up the dual school system, it was within the District Court's "broad remedial powers" to employ a "frank - and sometimes drastic - gerrymandering of school districts and attendance zones," as well as "pairing, `clustering,' or `grouping' of schools," to desegregate the "formerly all-Negro schools," despite the fact that these zones might not be compact or contiguous and might be "on opposite ends of the city." Id., at 27. The school board in that case had jurisdiction over a 550-square-mile area encompassing the city of Charlotte and surrounding Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. The Mobile County, Alabama, board in Davis embraced a 1,248-square-mile area, including the city of Mobile. Yet the Court approved the District Court's authority to award countywide relief in each case in order to accomplish desegregation of the dual school system.
Even more recently, the Court specifically rejected the claim that a new school district, which admittedly would operate a unitary school system within its borders, was beyond the reach of a court-ordered desegregation plan [418 U.S. 717, 776] for other school districts, where the effectiveness of the plan as to the other districts depended upon the availability of the facilities and student population of the new district. In Wright v. Council of the City of Emporia, 407 U.S. 451, 470 (1972), we held "that a new school district may not be created where its effect would be to impede the process of dismantling a dual system." MR. JUSTICE STEWART's opinion for the Court made clear that if a proposal to erect new district boundary lines "would impede the dismantling of the [pre-existing] dual system, then a district court, in the exercise of its remedial discretion, may enjoin it from being carried out." Id., at 460. In United States v. Scotland Neck Board of Education, 407 U.S. 484 (1972), this same standard was applied to forbid North Carolina from creating a new city school district within a larger district which was in the process of dismantling a dual school system. The Court noted that if establishment of the new district were permitted, the "traditional racial identities of the schools in the area would be maintained," id., at 490.
Until today, the permissible contours of the equitable authority of the district courts to remedy the unlawful establishment of a dual school system have been extensive, adaptable, and fully responsive to the ultimate goal of achieving "the greatest possible degree of actual desegregation." There are indeed limitations on the equity powers of the federal judiciary, but until now the Court has not accepted the proposition that effective enforcement of the Fourteenth Amendment could be limited by political or administrative boundary lines demarcated by the very State responsible for the constitutional violation and for the disestablishment of the dual system. Until now the Court has instead looked to practical considerations in effectuating a desegregation [418 U.S. 717, 777] decree such as excessive distance, transportation time, and hazards to the safety of the schoolchildren involved in a proposed plan. That these broad principles have developed in the context of dual school systems compelled or authorized by state statute at the time of Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) (Brown I), does not lessen their current applicability to dual systems found to exist in other contexts, like that in Detroit, where intentional school segregation does not stem from the compulsion of state law, but from deliberate individual actions of local and state school authorities directed at a particular school system. The majority properly does not suggest that the duty to eradicate completely the resulting dual system in the latter context is any less than in the former. But its reason for incapacitating the remedial authority of the federal judiciary in the presence of school district perimeters in the latter context is not readily apparent.
The result reached by the Court certainly cannot be supported by the theory that the configuration of local governmental units is immune from alteration when necessary to redress constitutional violations. In addition to the well-established principles already noted, the Court has elsewhere required the public bodies of a State to restructure the State's political subdivisions to remedy infringements of the constitutional rights of certain members of its populace, notably in the reapportionment cases. In Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U.S. 533 (1964), for example, which held that equal protection of the laws demands that the seats in both houses of a bicameral state legislature be apportioned on a population basis, thus necessitating wholesale revision of Alabama's voting districts, the Court remarked:
"Political subdivisions of States - counties, cities, or whatever - never were and never have been considered [418 U.S. 717, 778] as sovereign entities. Rather, they have been traditionally regarded as subordinate governmental instrumentalities created by the State to assist in the carrying out of state governmental functions." Id., at 575.
And even more pointedly, the Court declared in Gomillion v. Lightfoot, 364 U.S. 339, 344 -345 (1960), that "[l]egislative control of municipalities, no less than other state power, lies within the scope of relevant limitations imposed by the United States Constitution."
Nor does the Court's conclusion follow from the talismanic invocation of the desirability of local control over education. Local autonomy over school affairs, in the sense of the community's participation in the decisions affecting the education of its children, is, of course, an important interest. But presently constituted school district lines do not delimit fixed and unchangeable areas of a local educational community. If restructuring is required to meet constitutional requirements, local authority may simply be redefined in terms of whatever configuration is adopted, with the parents of the children attending schools in the newly demarcated district or attendance zone continuing their participation in the policy management of the schools with which they are concerned most directly. The majority's suggestion that judges should not attempt to grapple with the administrative problems attendant on a reorganization of school attendance patterns is wholly without foundation. It is precisely this sort of task which the district courts have been properly exercising to vindicate the constitutional rights of Negro students since Brown I and which the Court has never suggested they lack the capacity to perform. Intradistrict revisions of attendance zones, and pairing and grouping of schools, are techniques unanimously approved in Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg [418 U.S. 717, 779] Board of Education which entail the same sensitivity to the interest of parents in the education their children receive as would an interdistrict plan which is likely to employ the very same methods. There is no reason to suppose that the District Court, which has not yet adopted a final plan of desegregation, would not be as capable of giving or as likely to give sufficient weight to the interest in community participation in schools in an interdistrict setting, consistent with the dictates of the Fourteenth Amendment. The majority's assumption that the District Court would act otherwise is a radical departure from the practical flexibility previously left to the equity powers of the federal judiciary.
Finally, I remain wholly unpersuaded by the Court's assertion that "the remedy is necessarily designed, as all remedies are, to restore the victims of discriminatory conduct to the position they would have occupied in the absence of such conduct." Ante, at 746. In the first place, under this premise the Court's judgment is itself infirm; for had the Detroit school system not followed an official policy of segregation throughout the 1950's and 1960's, Negroes and whites would have been going to school together. There would have been no, or at least not as many, recognizable Negro schools and no, or at least not as many, white schools, but "just schools," and neither Negroes nor whites would have suffered from the effects of segregated education, with all its shortcomings. Surely the Court's remedy will not restore to the Negro community, stigmatized as it was by the dual school system, what it would have enjoyed over all or most of this period if the remedy is confined to present-day Detroit; for the maximum remedy available within that area will leave many of the schools almost totally black, and the system itself will be predominantly black and will become increasingly so. Moreover, when a State has engaged in acts of official segregation over a lengthy [418 U.S. 717, 780] period of time, as in the case before us, it is unrealistic to suppose that the children who were victims of the State's unconstitutional conduct could now be provided the benefits of which they were wrongfully deprived. Nor can the benefits which accrue to school systems in which schoolchildren have not been officially segregated, and to the communities supporting such school systems, be fully and immediately restored after a substantial period of unlawful segregation. The education of children of different races in a desegregated environment has unhappily been lost, along with the social, economic, and political advantages which accompany a desegregated school system as compared with an unconstitutionally segregated system. It is for these reasons that the Court has consistently followed the course of requiring the effects of past official segregation to be eliminated "root and branch" by imposing, in the present, the duty to provide a remedy which will achieve "the greatest possible degree of actual desegregation, taking into account the practicalities of the situation." It is also for these reasons that once a constitutional violation has been found, the district judge obligated to provide such a remedy "will thus necessarily be concerned with the elimination of one-race schools." These concerns were properly taken into account by the District Judge in this case. Confining the remedy to the boundaries of the Detroit district is quite unrelated either to the goal of achieving maximum desegregation or to those intensely practical considerations, such as the extent and expense of transportation, that have imposed limits on remedies in cases such as this. The Court's remedy, in the end, is essentially arbitrary and will leave serious violations of the Constitution substantially unremedied.
I agree with my Brother DOUGLAS that the Court of Appeals has acted responsibly in these cases. Regrettably, [418 U.S. 717, 781] the majority's arbitrary limitation on the equitable power of federal district courts, based on the invisible borders of local school districts, is unrelated to the State's responsibility for remedying the constitutional wrongs visited upon the Negro schoolchildren of Detroit. It is oblivious to the potential benefits of metropolitan relief, to the noneducational communities of interest among neighborhoods located in and sometimes bridging different school districts, and to the considerable interdistrict cooperation already existing in various educational areas. Ultimately, it is unresponsive to the goal of attaining the utmost actual desegregation consistent with restraints of practicability and thus augurs the frequent frustration of the remedial powers of the federal courts.
Here the District Court will be forced to impose an intracity desegregation plan more expensive to the district, more burdensome for many of Detroit's Negro students, and surely more conducive to white flight than a metropolitan plan would be - all of this merely to avoid what the Detroit School Board, the District Court, and the en banc Court of Appeals considered to be the very manageable and quite surmountable difficulties that would be involved in extending the desegregation remedy to the suburban school districts.
I am therefore constrained to record my disagreement and dissent.
[ Footnote 1 ] The percentage of Negro pupils in the Detroit student population rose to 64.9% in 1971, to 67.3% in 1972, and to 69.8% in 1973, amid a metropolitan school population whose racial composition in 1970 was 81% white and 19% Negro. 5 App. 16; Racial-Ethnic Distribution of Students and Employees in the Detroit Public Schools, October 1972, and October 1973; 484 F.2d 215, 250.
[ Footnote 2 ] The District Court's ruling on the Detroit-only desegregation plans is set out in full by the Court of Appeals, id., at 242-245, and is not otherwise officially reported.
[ Footnote 3 ] The Court has previously disapproved the implementation of proposed desegregation plans which operate to permit resegregation. Monroe v. Board of Comm'rs, 391 U.S. 450, 459 -460 (1968) ("free transfer" plan).
[ Footnote 4 ] The Court of Appeals also noted several specific instances of school district mergers ordered by the State Board of Education for financial reasons. 484 F.2d, at 247. Limitations on the authority of local school districts were also outlined by the Court of Appeals:
"Local school districts, unless they have the approval of the State Board of Education or the Superintendent of Public Instruction, cannot [418 U.S. 717, 769] consolidate with another school district, annex territory, divide or attach parts of other districts, borrow monies in anticipation of State aid, or construct, reconstruct or remodel school buildings or additions to them." Id., at 249. (Footnotes and supporting statutory citations omitted.)
And the Court of Appeals properly considered the State's statutory attempt to undo the adoption of a voluntary high school desegregation plan by the Detroit Board of Education as evidencing state control over local school district affairs. Ibid. Finally, it is also relevant to note that the District Court found that the school district boundaries in that segment of the metropolitan area preliminarily designated as the desegregation area "in general bear no relationship to other municipal, county, or special district governments, needs or services," that some educational services are already provided to students on an interdistrict basis requiring their travel from one district to another, and that local communities in the metropolitan area share noneducational interests in common, which do not adhere to school district lines, and have applied metropolitan solutions to other governmental needs. 345 F. Supp. 914, 934-935 (ED Mich. 1972).
[ Footnote 5 ] These included the creation and alteration of attendance zones and feeder patterns from the elementary to the secondary schools in a manner naturally and predictably perpetuating racial segregation of students, the transportation of Negro students beyond predominantly [418 U.S. 717, 771] white schools with available space to predominantly Negro schools, the use of optional attendance areas in neighborhoods in which Negro families had recently begun to settle to permit white students to transfer to predominantly white schools nearer the city limits, and the construction of schools in the heart of residentially segregated areas, thereby maximizing school segregation.
MR. JUSTICE MARSHALL, with whom MR. JUSTICE DOUGLAS, MR. JUSTICE BRENNAN, and MR. JUSTICE WHITE join, dissenting.
In Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), this Court held that segregation of children in public schools on the basis of race deprives minority group children of equal educational opportunities and therefore denies them the equal protection of the laws under the [418 U.S. 717, 782] Fourteenth Amendment. This Court recognized then that remedying decades of segregation in public education would not be an easy task. Subsequent events, unfortunately, have seen that prediction bear bitter fruit. But however imbedded old ways, however ingrained old prejudices, this Court has not been diverted from its appointed task of making "a living truth" of our constitutional ideal of equal justice under law. Cooper v. Aaron, 358 U.S. 1, 20 (1958).
After 20 years of small, often difficult steps toward that great end, the Court today takes a giant step backwards. Notwithstanding a record showing widespread and pervasive racial segregation in the educational system provided by the State of Michigan for children in Detroit, this Court holds that the District Court was powerless to require the State to remedy its constitutional violation in any meaningful fashion. Ironically purporting to base its result on the principle that the scope of the remedy in a desegregation case should be determined by the nature and the extent of the constitutional violation, the Court's answer is to provide no remedy at all for the violation proved in this case, thereby guaranteeing that Negro children in Detroit will receive the same separate and inherently unequal education in the future as they have been unconstitutionally afforded in the past.
I cannot subscribe to this emasculation of our constitutional guarantee of equal protection of the laws and must respectfully dissent. Our precedents, in my view, firmly establish that where, as here, state-imposed segregation has been demonstrated, it becomes the duty of the State to eliminate root and branch all vestiges of racial discrimination and to achieve the greatest possible degree of actual desegregation. I agree with both the District Court and the Court of Appeals that, under the facts of this case, this duty cannot be fulfilled unless the State [418 U.S. 717, 783] of Michigan involves outlying metropolitan area school districts in its desegregation remedy. Furthermore, I perceive no basis either in law or in the practicalities of the situation justifying the State's interposition of school district boundaries as absolute barriers to the implementation of an effective desegregation remedy. Under established and frequently used Michigan procedures, school district lines are both flexible and permeable for a wide variety of purposes, and there is no reason why they must now stand in the way of meaningful desegregation relief.
The rights at issue in this case are too fundamental to be abridged on grounds as superficial as those relied on by the majority today. We deal here with the right of all of our children, whatever their race, to an equal start in life and to an equal opportunity to reach their full potential as citizens. Those children who have been denied that right in the past deserve better than to see fences thrown up to deny them that right in the future. Our Nation, I fear, will be ill served by the Court's refusal to remedy separate and unequal education, for unless our children begin to learn together, there is little hope that our people will ever learn to live together.
The great irony of the Court's opinion and, in my view, its most serious analytical flaw may be gleaned from its concluding sentence, in which the Court remands for "prompt formulation of a decree directed to eliminating the segregation found to exist in Detroit city schools, a remedy which has been delayed since 1970." Ante, at 753. The majority, however, seems to have forgotten the District Court's explicit finding that a Detroit-only decree, the only remedy permitted under today's decision, "would not accomplish desegregation." [418 U.S. 717, 784]
Nowhere in the Court's opinion does the majority confront, let alone respond to, the District Court's conclusion that a remedy limited to the city of Detroit would not effectively desegregate the Detroit city schools. I, for one, find the District Court's conclusion well supported by the record and its analysis compelled by our prior cases. Before turning to these questions, however, it is best to begin by laying to rest some mischaracterizations in the Court's opinion with respect to the basis for the District Court's decision to impose a metropolitan remedy.
The Court maintains that while the initial focus of this lawsuit was the condition of segregation within the Detroit city schools, the District Court abruptly shifted focus in mid-course and altered its theory of the case. This new theory, in the majority's words, was "equating racial imbalance with a constitutional violation calling for a remedy." Ante, at 741 n. 19. As the following review of the District Court's handling of the case demonstrates, however, the majority's characterization is totally inaccurate. Nowhere did the District Court indicate that racial imbalance between school districts in the Detroit metropolitan area or within the Detroit School District constituted a constitutional violation calling for interdistrict relief. The focus of this case was from the beginning, and has remained, the segregated system of education in the Detroit city schools and the steps necessary to cure that condition which offends the Fourteenth Amendment.
The District Court's consideration of this case began with its finding, which the majority accepts, that the State of Michigan, through its instrumentality, the Detroit Board of Education, engaged in widespread purposeful acts of racial segregation in the Detroit School District. Without belaboring the details, it is sufficient to [418 U.S. 717, 785] note that the various techniques used in Detroit were typical of methods employed to segregate students by race in areas where no statutory dual system of education has existed. See, e. g., Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver, Colorado, 413 U.S. 189 (1973). Exacerbating the effects of extensive residential segregation between Negroes and whites, the school board consciously drew attendance zones along lines which maximized the segregation of the races in schools as well. Optional attendance zones were created for neighborhoods undergoing racial transition so as to allow whites in these areas to escape integration. Negro students in areas with overcrowded schools were transported past or away from closer white schools with available space to more distant Negro schools. Grade structures and feeder-school patterns were created and maintained in a manner which had the foreseeable and actual effect of keeping Negro and white pupils in separate schools. Schools were also constructed in locations and in sizes which ensured that they would open with predominantly one-race student bodies. In sum, the evidence adduced below showed that Negro children had been intentionally confined to an expanding core of virtually all-Negro schools immediately surrounded by a receding band of all-white schools.
Contrary to the suggestions in the Court's opinion, the basis for affording a desegregation remedy in this case was not some perceived racial imbalance either between schools within a single school district or between independent school districts. What we confront here is "a systematic program of segregation affecting a substantial portion of the students, schools . . . and facilities within the school system . . . ." Id., at 201. The constitutional violation found here was not some de facto racial imbalance, but rather the purposeful, intentional, massive, de jure segregation of the Detroit city schools, [418 U.S. 717, 786] which under our decision in Keyes, forms "a predicate for a finding of the existence of a dual school system," ibid., and justifies "all-out desegregation." Id., at 214.
Having found a de jure segregated public school system in operation in the city of Detroit, the District Court turned next to consider which officials and agencies should be assigned the affirmative obligation to cure the constitutional violation. The court concluded that responsibility for the segregation in the Detroit city schools rested not only with the Detroit Board of Education, but belonged to the State of Michigan itself and the state defendants in this case - that is, the Governor of Michigan, the Attorney General, the State Board of Education, and the State Superintendent of Public Instruction. While the validity of this conclusion will merit more extensive analysis below, suffice it for now to say that it was based on three considerations. First, the evidence at trial showed that the State itself had taken actions contributing to the segregation within the Detroit schools. Second, since the Detroit Board of Education was an agency of the State of Michigan, its acts of racial discrimination were acts of the State for purposes of the Fourteenth Amendment. Finally, the District Court found that under Michigan law and practice, the system of education was in fact a state school system, characterized by relatively little local control and a large degree of centralized state regulation, with respect to both educational policy and the structure and operation of school districts.
Having concluded, then, that the school system in the city of Detroit was a de jure segregated system and that the State of Michigan had the affirmative duty to remedy that condition of segregation, the District Court then turned to the difficult task of devising an effective remedy. It bears repeating that the District Court's focus at this stage of the litigation remained what it had [418 U.S. 717, 787] been at the beginning - the condition of segregation within the Detroit city schools. As the District Court stated: "From the initial ruling [on segregation] to this day, the basis of the proceedings has been and remains the violation: de jure school segregation. . . . The task before this court, therefore, is now, and . . . has always been, how to desegregate the Detroit public schools."
The District Court first considered three desegregation plans limited to the geographical boundaries of the city of Detroit. All were rejected as ineffective to desegregate the Detroit city schools. Specifically, the District Court determined that the racial composition of the Detroit student body is such that implementation of any Detroit-only plan "would clearly make the entire Detroit public school system racially identifiable as Black" and would "leave many of its schools 75 to 90 per cent Black." The District Court also found that a Detroit-only plan "would change a school system which is now Black and White to one that would be perceived as Black, thereby increasing the flight of Whites from the city and the system, thereby increasing the Black student population." Based on these findings, the District Court reasoned that "relief of segregation in the public schools of the City of Detroit cannot be accomplished within the corporate geographical limits of the city" because a Detroit-only decree "would accentuate the racial identifiability of the district as a Black school system, and would not accomplish desegregation." The District Court therefore concluded that it "must look beyond the limits of the Detroit school district for a solution to the problem of segregation in the Detroit public schools . . . ."
In seeking to define the appropriate scope of that expanded desegregation area, however, the District Court continued to maintain as its sole focus the condition shown to violate the Constitution in this case - the segregation of the Detroit school system. As it stated, the [418 U.S. 717, 788] primary question "remains the determination of the area necessary and practicable effectively to eliminate `root and branch' the effects of state-imposed and supported segregation and to desegregate the Detroit public schools."
There is simply no foundation in the record, then, for the majority's accusation that the only basis for the District Court's order was some desire to achieve a racial balance in the Detroit metropolitan area. 1 In fact, just the contrary is the case. In considering proposed desegregation areas, the District Court had occasion to criticize one of the State's proposals specifically because it had no basis other than its "particular racial ratio" and did not focus on "relevant factors, like eliminating racially identifiable schools [and] accomplishing maximum actual desegregation of the Detroit public schools." Similarly, in rejecting the Detroit School Board's proposed desegregation area, even though it included more all-white districts and therefore achieved a higher white-Negro ratio, the District Court commented:
"There is nothing in the record which suggests that these districts need be included in the desegregation area in order to disestablish the racial [418 U.S. 717, 789] identifiability of the Detroit public schools. From the evidence, the primary reason for the Detroit School Board's interest in the inclusion of these school districts is not racial desegregation but to increase the average socio-economic balance of all the schools in the abutting regions and clusters."
The Court also misstates the basis for the District Court's order by suggesting that since the only segregation proved at trial was within the Detroit school system, any relief which extended beyond the jurisdiction of the Detroit Board of Education would be inappropriate because it would impose a remedy on outlying districts "not shown to have committed any constitutional violation." Ante, at 745. 2 The essential foundation of interdistrict relief in this case was not to correct conditions within outlying districts which themselves engaged in purposeful segregation. Instead, interdistrict relief was seen as a necessary part of any meaningful effort by the State of Michigan to remedy the state-caused segregation within the city of Detroit.
Rather than consider the propriety of interdistrict relief on this basis, however, the Court has conjured up a largely fictional account of what the District Court was attempting to accomplish. With all due respect, the Court, in my view, does a great disservice to the District Judge who labored long and hard with this complex litigation by accusing him of changing horses in midstream and shifting the focus of this case from the pursuit of a remedy for the condition of segregation [418 U.S. 717, 790] within the Detroit school system to some unprincipled attempt to impose his own philosophy of racial balance on the entire Detroit metropolitan area. See ante, at 738-739. The focus of this case has always been the segregated system of education in the city of Detroit. The District Court determined that interdistrict relief was necessary and appropriate only because it found that the condition of segregation within the Detroit school system could not be cured with a Detroit-only remedy. It is on this theory that the interdistrict relief must stand or fall. Unlike the Court, I perceive my task to be to review the District Court's order for what it is, rather than to criticize it for what it manifestly is not.
As the foregoing demonstrates, the District Court's decision to expand its desegregation decree beyond the geographical limits of the city of Detroit rested in large part on its conclusions (A) that the State of Michigan was ultimately responsible for curing the condition of segregation within the Detroit city schools, and (B) that a Detroit-only remedy would not accomplish this task. In my view, both of these conclusions are well supported by the facts of this case and by this Court's precedents.
To begin with, the record amply supports the District Court's findings that the State of Michigan, through state officers and state agencies, had engaged in purposeful acts which created or aggravated segregation in the Detroit schools. The State Board of Education, for example, prior to 1962, exercised its authority to supervise local schoolsite selection in a manner which contributed to segregation. 484 F.2d 215, 238 (CA6 1973). Furthermore, the State's continuing authority, after 1962, [418 U.S. 717, 791] to approve school building construction plans 3 had intertwined the State with site-selection decisions of the Detroit Board of Education which had the purpose and effect of maintaining segregation.
The State had also stood in the way of past efforts to desegregate the Detroit city schools. In 1970, for example, the Detroit School Board had begun implementation of its own desegregation plan for its high schools, despite considerable public and official resistance. The State Legislature intervened by enacting Act 48 of the Public Acts of 1970, specifically prohibiting implementation of the desegregation plan and thereby continuing the growing segregation of the Detroit school system. Adequate desegregation of the Detroit system was also hampered by discriminatory restrictions placed by the State on the use of transportation within Detroit. While state aid for transportation was provided by statute for suburban districts, many of which were highly urbanized, aid for intracity transportation was excepted. One of the effects of this restriction was to encourage the construction of small walk-in neighborhood schools in Detroit, thereby lending aid to the intentional policy of creating a school system which reflected, to the greatest extent feasible, extensive residential segregation. Indeed, that one of the purposes of the transportation restriction was to impede desegregation was evidenced when the Michigan Legislature amended the State Transportation Aid Act to cover intracity transportation but expressly prohibited the allocation of funds for cross-busing of students within a school district to achieve racial balance. 4 Cf. North Carolina State Board of Education v. Swann, 402 U.S. 43 (1971). [418 U.S. 717, 792]
Also significant was the State's involvement during the 1950's in the transportation of Negro high school students from the Carver School District past a closer white high school in the Oak Park District to a more distant Negro high school in the Detroit system. Certainly the District Court's finding that the State Board of Education had knowledge of this action and had given its tacit or express approval was not clearly erroneous. Given the comprehensive statutory powers of the State Board of Education over contractual arrangements between school districts in the enrollment of students on a nonresident tuition basis, including certification of the number of pupils involved in the transfer and the amount of tuition charged, over the review of transportation routes and distances, and over the disbursement of transportation funds, 5 the State Board inevitably knew and understood the significance of this discriminatory act.
Aside from the acts of purposeful segregation committed by the State Legislature and the State Board of Education, the District Court also concluded that the State was responsible for the many intentional acts of segregation committed by the Detroit Board of Education, an agency of the State. The majority is only willing to accept this finding arguendo. See ante, at 748. I have no doubt, however, as to its validity under the Fourteenth Amendment.
"The command of the Fourteenth Amendment," it should be recalled, "is that no `State' shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." Cooper v. Aaron, 358 U.S. 1, 16 (1958). While a State can act only through "the officers or agents by whom its powers are exerted," Ex parte Virginia, 100 U.S. 339, 347 (1880), actions by an agent or officer of [418 U.S. 717, 793] the State are encompassed by the Fourteenth Amendment for, "as he acts in the name and for the State, and is clothed with the State's power, his act is that of the State." Ibid. See also Cooper v. Aaron, supra; Virginia v. Rives, 100 U.S. 313, 318 (1880); Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1, 14 (1948).
Under Michigan law a "school district is an agency of the State government." School District of the City of Lansing v. State Board of Education, 367 Mich. 591, 600, 116 N. W. 2d 866, 870 (1962). It is "a legal division of territory, created by the State for educational purposes, to which the State has granted such powers as are deemed necessary to permit the district to function as a State agency." Detroit Board of Education v. Superintendent of Public Instruction, 319 Mich. 436, 450, 29 N. W. 2d 902, 908 (1947). Racial discrimination by the school district, an agency of the State, is therefore racial discrimination by the State itself, forbidden by the Fourteenth Amendment. See, e. g., Pennsylvania v. Board of Trusts, 353 U.S. 230 (1957).
We recognized only last Term in Keyes that it was the State itself which was ultimately responsible for de jure acts of segregation committed by a local school board. A deliberate policy of segregation by the local board, we held, amounted to "state-imposed segregation." 413 U.S., at 200 . Wherever a dual school system exists, whether compelled by state statute or created by a local board's systematic program of segregation, "the State automatically assumes an affirmative duty `to effectuate a transition to a racially nondiscriminatory school system' [and] to eliminate from the public schools within their school system `all vestiges of state-imposed segregation.'" Ibid. (emphasis added).
Vesting responsibility with the State of Michigan for Detroit's segregated schools is particularly appropriate as [418 U.S. 717, 794] Michigan, unlike some other States, operates a single statewide system of education rather than several separate and independent local school systems. The majority's emphasis on local governmental control and local autonomy of school districts in Michigan will come as a surprise to those with any familiarity with that State's system of education. School districts are not separate and distinct sovereign entities under Michigan law, but rather are "`auxiliaries of the State,'" subject to its "absolute power." Attorney General of Michigan ex rel. Kies v. Lowrey, 199 U.S. 233, 240 (1905). The courts of the State have repeatedly emphasized that education in Michigan is not a local governmental concern, but a state function.
"Unlike the delegation of other powers by the legislature to local governments, education is not inherently a part of the local self-government of a municipality . . . . Control of our public school system is a State matter delegated and lodged in the State legislature by the Constitution. The policy of the State has been to retain control of its school system, to be administered throughout the State under State laws by local State agencies organized with plenary powers to carry out the delegated functions given [them] by the legislature." School District of the City of Lansing v. State Board of Education, supra, at 595, 116 N. W. 2d, at 868.
The Supreme Court of Michigan has noted the deep roots of this policy:
"It has been settled by the Ordinance of 1787, the several Constitutions adopted in this State, by its uniform course of legislation, and by the decisions of this court, that education in Michigan is a matter of State concern, that it is no part of the local self-government of a particular township or municipality [418 U.S. 717, 795] . . . . The legislature has always dictated the educational policy of the State." In re School District No. 6, 284 Mich. 132, 145-146, 278 N. W. 792, 797 (1938).
The State's control over education is reflected in the fact that, contrary to the Court's implication, there is little or no relationship between school districts and local political units. To take the 85 outlying local school districts in the Detroit metropolitan area as examples, 17 districts lie in two counties, two in three counties. One district serves five municipalities; other suburban municipalities are fragmented into as many as six school districts. Nor is there any apparent state policy with regard to the size of school districts, as they now range from 2,000 to 285,000 students.
Centralized state control manifests itself in practice as well as in theory. The State controls the financing of education in several ways. The legislature contributes a substantial portion of most school districts' operating budgets with funds appropriated from the State's General Fund revenues raised through statewide taxation. 6 The State's power over the purse can be and is in fact used to enforce the State's powers over local districts. 7 In addition, although local districts obtain funds through local property taxation, the State has assumed the responsibility to ensure equalized property valuations throughout the State. 8 The State also establishes [418 U.S. 717, 796] standards for teacher certification and teacher tenure; 9 determines part of the required curriculum; 10 sets the minimum school term; 11 approves bus routes, equipment, and drivers; 12 approves textbooks; 13 and establishes procedures for student discipline. 14 The State Superintendent of Public Instruction and the State Board of Education have the power to remove local school board members from office for neglect of their duties. 15
Most significantly for present purposes, the State has wide-ranging powers to consolidate and merge school districts, even without the consent of the districts themselves or of the local citizenry. 16 See, e. g., Attorney General ex rel. Kies v. Lowrey, 131 Mich. 639, 92 N. W. 289 (1902), aff'd, 199 U.S. 233 (1905). Indeed, recent years have witnessed an accelerated program of school district consolidations, mergers, and annexations, many of which were state imposed. Whereas the State had 7,362 local districts in 1912, the number had been reduced to 1,438 in 1964 and to 738 in 1968. 17 By June 1972, only 608 school districts remained. Furthermore, the State has broad powers to transfer property from one district to another, again without the consent of the local school districts affected by the transfer. 18 See, e. g., School District [418 U.S. 717, 797] of the City of Lansing v. State Board of Education, supra; Imlay Township District v. State Board of Education, 359 Mich. 478, 102 N. W. 2d 720 (1960).
Whatever may be the history of public education in other parts of our Nation, it simply flies in the face of reality to say, as does the majority, that in Michigan, "[n]o single tradition in public education is more deeply rooted than local control over the operation of schools . . . ." Ante, at 741. As the State's Supreme Court has said: "We have repeatedly held that education in this State is not a matter of local concern, but belongs to the State at large." Collins v. City of Detroit, 195 Mich. 330, 335-336, 161 N. W. 905, 907 (1917). See also Sturgis v. County of Allegan, 343 Mich. 209, 215, 72 N. W. 2d 56, 59 (1955); Van Fleet v. Oltman, 244 Mich. 241, 244, 221 N. W. 299, 300 (1928); Child Welfare Society of Flint v. Kennedy School District, 220 Mich. 290, 296, 189 N. W. 1002, 1004 (1922). Indeed, a study prepared for the 1961 Michigan Constitutional Convention noted that the Michigan Constitution's articles on education had resulted in "the establishment of a state system of education in contrast to a series of local school systems." Elementary and Secondary Education and the Michigan Constitution, Michigan Constitutional Convention Studies 1 (1961).
In sum, several factors in this case coalesce to support the District Court's ruling that it was the State of Michigan itself, not simply the Detroit Board of Education, which bore the obligation of curing the condition of segregation within the Detroit city schools. The actions of the State itself directly contributed to Detroit's segregation. Under the Fourteenth Amendment, the State is ultimately responsible for the actions of its local agencies. And, finally, given the structure of Michigan's educational system, Detroit's segregation cannot be [418 U.S. 717, 798] viewed as the problem of an independent and separate entity. Michigan operates a single statewide system of education, a substantial part of which was shown to be segregated in this case.
What action, then, could the District Court require the State to take in order to cure Detroit's condition of segregation? Our prior cases have not minced words as to what steps responsible officials and agencies must take in order to remedy segregation in the public schools. Not only must distinctions on the basis of race be terminated for the future, but school officials are also "clearly charged with the affirmative duty to take whatever steps might be necessary to convert to a unitary system in which racial discrimination would be eliminated root and branch." Green v. County School Board of New Kent County, 391 U.S. 430, 437 -438 (1968). See also Lee v. Macon County Board of Education, 267 F. Supp. 458 (MD Ala.), aff'd sub nom. Wallace v. United States, 389 U.S. 215 (1967). Negro students are not only entitled to neutral nondiscriminatory treatment in the future. They must receive "what Brown II promised them: a school system in which all vestiges of enforced racial segregation have been eliminated." Wright v. Council of the City of Emporia, 407 U.S. 451, 463 (1972). See also Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, 402 U.S. 1, 15 (1971). These remedial standards are fully applicable not only to school districts where a dual system was compelled by statute, but also where, as here, a dual system was the product of purposeful and intentional state action. See Keyes, 413 U.S., at 200 -201.
After examining three plans limited to the city of Detroit, the District Court correctly concluded that none would eliminate root and branch the vestiges of [418 U.S. 717, 799] unconstitutional segregation. The plans' effectiveness, of course, had to be evaluated in the context of the District Court's findings as to the extent of segregation in the Detroit city schools. As indicated earlier, the most essential finding was that Negro children in Detroit had been confined by intentional acts of segregation to a growing core of Negro schools surrounded by a receding ring of white schools. 19 Thus, in 1960, of Detroit's 251 [418 U.S. 717, 800] regular-attendance schools, 100 were 90% or more white and 71 were 90% or more Negro. In 1970, of Detroit's 282 regular-attendance schools, 69 were 90% or more white and 133 were 90% or more Negro. While in 1960, 68% of all schools were 90% or more one race, by 1970, 71.6% of the schools fell into that category. The growing core of all-Negro schools was further evidenced in total school district population figures. In 1960 the Detroit system had 46% Negro students and 54% white students, but by 1970, 64% of the students were Negro and only 36% were white. This increase in the proportion of Negro students was the highest of any major Northern city.
It was with these figures in the background that the District Court evaluated the adequacy of the three Detroit-only plans submitted by the parties. Plan A, proposed by the Detroit Board of Education, desegregated the high schools and about a fifth of the middle-level schools. It was deemed inadequate, however, because it did not desegregate elementary schools and left the middle-level schools not included in the plan more segregated than ever. Plan C, also proposed by the Detroit Board, was deemed inadequate because it too covered only some grade levels and would leave elementary schools segregated. Plan B, the plaintiffs' plan, though requiring the transportation of 82,000 pupils and the acquisition of 900 school buses, would make little [418 U.S. 717, 801] headway in rooting out the vestiges of segregation. To begin with, because of practical limitations, the District Court found that the plan would leave many of the Detroit city schools 75% to 90% Negro. More significantly, the District Court recognized that in the context of a community which historically had a school system marked by rigid de jure segregation, the likely effect of a Detroit-only plan would be to "change a school system which is now Black and White to one that would be perceived as Black . . . ." The result of this changed perception, the District Court found, would be to increase the flight of whites from the city to the outlying suburbs, compounding the effects of the present rate of increase in the proportion of Negro students in the Detroit system. Thus, even if a plan were adopted which, at its outset, provided in every school a 65% Negro-35% white racial mix in keeping with the Negro-white proportions of the total student population, such a system would, in short order, devolve into an all-Negro system. The net result would be a continuation of the all-Negro schools which were the hallmarks of Detroit's former dual system of one-race schools.
Under our decisions, it was clearly proper for the District Court to take into account the so-called "white flight" from the city schools which would be forthcoming from any Detroit-only decree. The court's prediction of white flight was well supported by expert testimony based on past experience in other cities undergoing desegregation relief. We ourselves took the possibility of white flight into account in evaluating the effectiveness of a desegregation plan in Wright, supra, where we relied on the District Court's finding that if the city of Emporia were allowed to withdraw from the existing system, leaving a system with a higher proportion of Negroes, it "`may be anticipated that the proportion [418 U.S. 717, 802] of whites in county schools may drop as those who can register in private academies' . . . ." 407 U.S., at 464 . One cannot ignore the white-flight problem, for where legally imposed segregation has been established, the District Court has the responsibility to see to it not only that the dual system is terminated at once but also that future events do not serve to perpetuate or re-establish segregation. See Swann, 402 U.S., at 21 . See also Green, 391 U.S., at 438 n. 4; Monroe v. Board of Comm'rs, 391 U.S. 450, 459 (1968).
We held in Swann, supra, that where de jure segregation is shown, school authorities must make "every effort to achieve the greatest possible degree of actual desegregation." 402 U.S., at 26 . This is the operative standard re-emphasized in Davis v. School Comm'rs of Mobile County, 402 U.S. 33, 37 (1971). If these words have any meaning at all, surely it is that school authorities must, to the extent possible, take all practicable steps to ensure that Negro and white children in fact go to school together. This is, in the final analysis, what desegregation of the public schools is all about.
Because of the already high and rapidly increasing percentage of Negro students in the Detroit system, as well as the prospect of white flight, a Detroit-only plan simply has no hope of achieving actual desegregation. Under such a plan white and Negro students will not go to school together. Instead, Negro children will continue to attend all-Negro schools. The very evil that Brown I was aimed at will not be cured, but will be perpetuated for the future.
Racially identifiable schools are one of the primary vestiges of state-imposed segregation which an effective desegregation decree must attempt to eliminate. In Swann, supra, for example, we held that "[t]he district judge or school authorities . . . will thus necessarily be concerned with the elimination of one-race schools." 402 [418 U.S. 717, 803] U.S., at 26. There is "a presumption," we stated, "against schools that are substantially disproportionate in their racial composition." Ibid. And in evaluating the effectiveness of desegregation plans in prior cases, we ourselves have considered the extent to which they discontinued racially identifiable schools. See, e. g., Green v. County School Board of New Kent County, supra; Wright v. Council of the City of Emporia, supra. For a principal end of any desegregation remedy is to ensure that it is no longer "possible to identify a `white school' or a `Negro school.'" Swann, supra, at 18. The evil to be remedied in the dismantling of a dual system is the "[r]acial identification of the system's schools." Green, 391 U.S., at 435 . The goal is a system without white schools or Negro schools - a system with "just schools." Id., at 442. A school authority's remedial plan or a district court's remedial decree is to be judged by its effectiveness in achieving this end. See Swann, supra, at 25; Davis, supra, at 37; Green, supra, at 439.
We cautioned in Swann, of course, that the dismantling of a segregated school system does not mandate any particular racial balance. 402 U.S., at 24 . We also concluded that a remedy under which there would remain a small number of racially identifiable schools was only presumptively inadequate and might be justified. Id., at 26. But this is a totally different case. The flaw of a Detroit-only decree is not that it does not reach some ideal degree of racial balance or mixing. It simply does not promise to achieve actual desegregation at all. It is one thing to have a system where a small number of students remain in racially identifiable schools. It is something else entirely to have a system where all students continue to attend such schools.
The continued racial identifiability of the Detroit schools under a Detroit-only remedy is not simply a reflection of their high percentage of Negro students. [418 U.S. 717, 804] What is or is not a racially identifiable vestige of de jure segregation must necessarily depend on several factors. Cf. Keyes, 413 U.S., at 196 . Foremost among these should be the relationship between the schools in question and the neighboring community. For these purposes the city of Detroit and its surrounding suburbs must be viewed as a single community. Detroit is closely connected to its suburbs in many ways, and the metropolitan area is viewed as a single cohesive unit by its residents. About 40% of the residents of the two suburban counties included in the desegregation plan work in Wayne County, in which Detroit is situated. Many residents of the city work in the suburbs. The three counties participate in a wide variety of cooperative governmental ventures on a metropolitanwide basis, including a metropolitan transit system, park authority, water and sewer system, and council of governments. The Federal Government has classified the tri-county area as a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, indicating that it is an area of "economic and social integration." United States v. Connecticut National Bank, ante, at 670.
Under a Detroit-only decree, Detroit's schools will clearly remain racially identifiable in comparison with neighboring schools in the metropolitan community. Schools with 65% and more Negro students will stand in sharp and obvious contrast to schools in neighboring districts with less than 2% Negro enrollment. Negro students will continue to perceive their schools as segregated educational facilities and this perception will only be increased when whites react to a Detroit-only decree by fleeing to the suburbs to avoid integration. School district lines, however innocently drawn, will surely be perceived as fences to separate the races when, under a Detroit-only decree, white parents withdraw their children [418 U.S. 717, 805] from the Detroit city schools and move to the suburbs in order to continue them in all-white schools. The message of this action will not escape the Negro children in the city of Detroit. See Wright, 407 U.S., at 466 . It will be of scant significance to Negro children who have for years been confined by de jure acts of segregation to a growing core of all-Negro schools surrounded by a ring of all-white schools that the new dividing line between the races is the school district boundary.
Nor can it be said that the State is free from any responsibility for the disparity between the racial makeup of Detroit and its surrounding suburbs. The State's creation, through de jure acts of segregation, of a growing core of all-Negro schools inevitably acted as a magnet to attract Negroes to the areas served by such schools and to deter them from settling either in other areas of the city or in the suburbs. By the same token, the growing core of all-Negro schools inevitably helped drive whites to other areas of the city or to the suburbs. As we recognized in Swann:
"People gravitate toward school facilities, just as schools are located in response to the needs of people. The location of schools may thus influence the patterns of residential development of a metropolitan area and have important impact on composition of inner-city neighborhoods. . . . [Action taken] to maintain the separation of the races with a minimum departure from the formal principles of `neighborhood zoning' . . . does more than simply influence the short-run composition of the student body . . . . It may well promote segregated residential patterns which, when combined with `neighborhood zoning,' further lock the school system into the mold of separation of the races. Upon a proper [418 U.S. 717, 806] showing a district court may consider this in fashioning a remedy." 402 U.S., at 20 -21.
See also Keyes, 413 U.S., at 202 . The rippling effects on residential patterns caused by purposeful acts of segregation do not automatically subside at the school district border. With rare exceptions, these effects naturally spread through all the residential neighborhoods within a metropolitan area. See id., at 202-203.
The State must also bear part of the blame for the white flight to the suburbs which would be forthcoming from a Detroit-only decree and would render such a remedy ineffective. Having created a system where whites and Negroes were intentionally kept apart so that they could not become accustomed to learning together, the State is responsible for the fact that many whites will react to the dismantling of that segregated system by attempting to flee to the suburbs. Indeed, by limiting the District Court to a Detroit-only remedy and allowing that flight to the suburbs to succeed, the Court today allows the State to profit from its own wrong and to perpetuate for years to come the separation of the races it achieved in the past by purposeful state action.
The majority asserts, however, that involvement of outlying districts would do violence to the accepted principle that "the nature of the violation determines the scope of the remedy." Swann, supra, at 16. See ante, at 744-745. Not only is the majority's attempt to find in this single phrase the answer to the complex and difficult questions presented in this case hopelessly simplistic, but more important, the Court reads these words in a manner which perverts their obvious meaning. The nature of a violation determines the scope of the remedy simply because the function of any remedy is to cure the violation to which it is addressed. In school segregation [418 U.S. 717, 807] cases, as in other equitable causes, a remedy which effectively cures the violation is what is required. See Green, 391 U.S., at 439 ; Davis, 402 U.S., at 37 . No more is necessary, but we can tolerate no less. To read this principle as barring a district court from imposing the only effective remedy for past segregation and remitting the court to a patently ineffective alternative is, in my view, to turn a simple commonsense rule into a cruel and meaningless paradox. Ironically, by ruling out an interdistrict remedy, the only relief which promises to cure segregation in the Detroit public schools, the majority flouts the very principle on which it purports to rely.
Nor should it be of any significance that the suburban school districts were not shown to have themselves taken any direct action to promote segregation of the races. Given the State's broad powers over local school districts, it was well within the State's powers to require those districts surrounding the Detroit school district to participate in a metropolitan remedy. The State's duty should be no different here than in cases where it is shown that certain of a State's voting districts are malapportioned in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. See Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U.S. 533 (1964). Overrepresented electoral districts are required to participate in reapportionment although their only "participation" in the violation was to do nothing about it. Similarly, electoral districts which themselves meet representation standards must frequently be redrawn as part of a remedy for other over- and under-inclusive districts. No finding of fault on the part of each electoral district and no finding of a discriminatory effect on each district is a prerequisite to its involvement in the constitutionally required remedy. By the same logic, no finding of fault on the part of the suburban school districts in this case [418 U.S. 717, 808] and no finding of a discriminatory effect on each district should be a prerequisite to their involvement in the constitutionally required remedy.
It is the State, after all, which bears the responsibility under Brown of affording a nondiscriminatory system of education. The State, of course, is ordinarily free to choose any decentralized framework for education it wishes, so long as it fulfills that Fourteenth Amendment obligation. But the State should no more be allowed to hide behind its delegation and compartmentalization of school districts to avoid its constitutional obligations to its children than it could hide behind its political subdivisions to avoid its obligations to its voters. Reynolds v. Sims, supra, at 575. See also Gomillion v. Lightfoot, 364 U.S. 339 (1960).
It is a hollow remedy indeed where "after supposed `desegregation' the schools remained segregated in fact." Hobson v. Hansen, 269 F. Supp. 401, 495 (DDC 1967). We must do better than "`substitute . . . one segregated school system for another segregated school system.'" Wright, 407 U.S., at 456 . To suggest, as does the majority, that a Detroit-only plan somehow remedies the effects of de jure segregation of the races is, in my view, to make a solemn mockery of Brown I's holding that separate educational facilities are inherently unequal and of Swann's unequivocal mandate that the answer to de jure segregation is the greatest possible degree of actual desegregation.
One final set of problems remains to be considered. We recognized in Brown II, and have re-emphasized ever since, that in fashioning relief in desegregation cases, "the courts will be guided by equitable principles. Traditionally, equity has been characterized by a practical flexibility in shaping its remedies and by a facility for [418 U.S. 717, 809] adjusting and reconciling public and private needs." Brown II, 349 U.S., at 300 . See also Swann, supra.
Though not resting its holding on this point, the majority suggests that various equitable considerations militate against interdistrict relief. The Court, for example, refers to financing and administrative problems, the logistical problems attending large-scale transportation of students, and the prospect of the District Court's becoming a "de facto `legislative authority'" and "`school superintendent' for the entire area." Ante, at 743-744. The entangling web of problems woven by the Court, however, appears on further consideration to be constructed of the flimsiest of threads.
I deal first with the last of the problems posed by the Court - the specter of the District Court qua "school superintendent" and "legislative authority" - for analysis of this problem helps put the other issues in proper perspective. Our cases, of course, make clear that the initial responsibility for devising an adequate desegregation plan belongs with school authorities, not with the District Court. The court's primary role is to review the adequacy of the school authorities' efforts and to substitute its own plan only if and to the extent they default. See Swann, 402 U.S., at 16 ; Green, 391 U.S., at 439 . Contrary to the majority's suggestions, the District Judge in this case consistently adhered to these procedures and there is every indication that he would have continued to do so. After finding de jure segregation the court ordered the parties to submit proposed Detroit-only plans. The state defendants were also ordered to submit a proposed metropolitan plan extending beyond Detroit's boundaries. As the District Court stated, "the State defendants . . . bear the initial burden of coming forward with a proposal that promises to work." The state defendants defaulted in this obligation, however. [418 U.S. 717, 810] Rather than submit a complete plan, the State Board of Education submitted six proposals, none of which was in fact a desegregation plan. It was only upon this default that the District Court began to take steps to develop its own plan. Even then the District Court maximized school authority participation by appointing a panel representing both plaintiffs and defendants to develop a plan. Pet. App. 99a-100a. Furthermore, the District Court still left the state defendants the initial responsibility for developing both interim and final financial and administrative arrangements to implement interdistrict relief. Id., at 104a-105a. The Court of Appeals further protected the interests of local school authorities by ensuring that the outlying suburban districts could fully participate in the proceedings to develop a metropolitan remedy.
These processes have not been allowed to run their course. No final desegregation plan has been proposed by the panel of experts, let alone approved by the District Court. We do not know in any detail how many students will be transported to effect a metropolitan remedy, and we do not know how long or how far they will have to travel. No recommendations have yet been submitted by the state defendants on financial and administrative arrangements. In sum, the practicality of a final metropolitan plan is simply not before us at the present time. Since the State and the panel of experts have not yet had an opportunity to come up with a workable remedy, there is no foundation for the majority's suggestion of the impracticality of interdistrict relief. Furthermore, there is no basis whatever for assuming that the District Court will inevitably be forced to assume the role of legislature or school superintendent. 20 [418 U.S. 717, 811] Were we to hold that it was its constitutional duty to do so, there is every indication that the State of Michigan would fulfill its obligation and develop a plan which is workable, administrable, financially sound, and, most important, in the best interest of quality education for all of the children in the Detroit metropolitan area.
Since the Court chooses, however, to speculate on the feasibility of a metropolitan plan, I feel constrained to comment on the problem areas it has targeted. To begin with, the majority's questions concerning the practicality of consolidation of school districts need not give us pause. The State clearly has the power, under existing law, to effect a consolidation if it is ultimately determined that this offers the best prospect for a workable and stable desegregation plan. See supra, at 796-797. And given the 1,000 or so consolidations of school districts which have taken place in the past, it is hard to believe that the State has not already devised means of solving most, if not all, of the practical problems which the Court suggests consolidation would entail.
Furthermore, the majority ignores long-established Michigan procedures under which school districts may enter into contractual agreements to educate their pupils in other districts using state or local funds to finance non-resident education. 21 Such agreements could form an [418 U.S. 717, 812] easily administrable framework for interdistrict relief short of outright consolidation of the school districts. The District Court found that interdistrict procedures like these were frequently used to provide special educational services for handicapped children, and extensive statutory provision is also made for their use in vocational education. 22 Surely if school districts are willing to engage in interdistrict programs to help those unfortunate children crippled by physical or mental handicaps, school districts can be required to participate in an interdistrict program to help those children in the city of Detroit whose educations and very futures have been crippled by purposeful state segregation.
Although the majority gives this last matter only fleeting reference, it is plain that one of the basic emotional and legal issues underlying these cases concerns the propriety of transportation of students to achieve desegregation. While others may have retreated from its standards, see, e. g., Keyes, 413 U.S., at 217 (POWELL, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part), I continue to adhere to the guidelines set forth in Swann on this issue. See 402 U.S., at 29 -31. And though no final desegregation plan is presently before us, to the extent the outline of such a plan is now visible, it is clear that the transportation it would entail will be fully consistent with these guidelines.
First of all, the metropolitan plan would not involve the busing of substantially more students than already ride buses. The District Court found that, statewide, 35%-40% of all students already arrive at school on a bus. In those school districts in the tri-county Detroit metropolitan area eligible for state reimbursement of transportation costs, 42%-52% of all students rode buses to school. In the tri-county areas as a whole, approximately [418 U.S. 717, 813] 300,000 pupils arrived at school on some type of bus, with about 60,000 of these apparently using regular public transit. In comparison, the desegregation plan, according to its present rough outline, would involve the transportation of 310,000 students, about 40% of the population within the desegregation area.
With respect to distance and amount of time traveled, 17 of the outlying school districts involved in the plan are contiguous to the Detroit district. The rest are all within 8 miles of the Detroit city limits. The trial court, in defining the desegregation area, placed a ceiling of 40 minutes one way on the amount of travel time, and many students will obviously travel for far shorter periods. As to distance, the average statewide bus trip is 8 1/2 miles one way, and in some parts of the tri-county area, students already travel for one and a quarter hours or more each way. In sum, with regard to both the number of students transported and the time and distances involved, the outlined desegregation plan "compares favorably with the transportation plan previously operated . . . ." Swann, supra, at 30.
As far as economics are concerned, a metropolitan remedy would actually be more sensible than a Detroit-only remedy. Because of prior transportation aid restrictions, see supra, at 791, Detroit largely relied on public transport, at student expense, for those students who lived too far away to walk to school. Since no inventory of school buses existed, a Detroit-only plan was estimated to require the purchase of 900 buses to effectuate the necessary transportation. The tri-county area, in contrast, already has an inventory of 1,800 buses, many of which are now under-utilized. Since increased utilization of the existing inventory can take up much of the increase in transportation involved in the interdistrict remedy, the District Court found that only 350 additional buses would [418 U.S. 717, 814] probably be needed, almost two-thirds fewer than a Detroit-only remedy. Other features of an interdistrict remedy bespeak its practicality, such as the possibility of pairing up Negro schools near Detroit's boundary with nearby white schools on the other side of the present school district line.
Some disruption, of course, is the inevitable product of any desegregation decree, whether it operates within one district or on an interdistrict basis. As we said in Swann, however:
"Absent a constitutional violation there would be no basis for judicially ordering assignment of students on a racial basis. All things being equal, with no history of discrimination, it might well be desirable to assign pupils to schools nearest their homes. But all things are not equal in a system that has been deliberately constructed and maintained to enforce racial segregation. The remedy for such segregation may be administratively awkward, inconvenient, and even bizarre in some situations and may impose burdens on some; but all awkwardness and inconvenience cannot be avoided . . . ." 402 U.S., at 28.
Desegregation is not and was never expected to be an easy task. Racial attitudes ingrained in our Nation's childhood and adolescence are not quickly thrown aside in its middle years. But just as the inconvenience of some cannot be allowed to stand in the way of the rights of others, so public opposition, no matter how strident, cannot be permitted to divert this Court from the enforcement of the constitutional principles at issue in this case. Today's holding, I fear, is more a reflection of a perceived public mood that we have gone far enough in enforcing the Constitution's guarantee of equal justice than it is the product of neutral principles of law. In [418 U.S. 717, 815] the short run, it may seem to be the easier course to allow our great metropolitan areas to be divided up each into two cities - one white, the other black - but it is a course, I predict, our people will ultimately regret. I dissent.
[ Footnote 1 ] Contrary to the Court's characterization, the use of racial ratios in this case in no way differed from that in Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, 402 U.S. 1 (1971). Here, as there, mathematical ratios were used simply as "a starting point in the process of shaping a remedy, rather than an inflexible requirement." Id., at 25. It may be expected that a final desegregation plan in this case would deviate from a pure mathematical approach. Indeed, the District Court's most recent order appointing a panel of experts to draft an interdistrict plan requires only that the plan be designed "to achieve the greatest degree of actual desegregation . . . [w]ithin the limitations of reasonable travel time and distance factors." 345 F. Supp. 914, 918 (ED Mich. 1972). Cf. 402 U.S., at 23 .
[ Footnote 2 ] It does not appear that even the majority places any real weight on this consideration since it recognizes that interdistrict relief would be proper where a constitutional violation within one district produces a significant segregative effect in another district, see ante, at 744-745, thus allowing interdistrict relief to touch districts which have not themselves violated the Constitution.
[ Footnote 3 ] See Mich. Comp. Laws 388.851 (1970).
[ Footnote 4 ] See 388.1179.
[ Footnote 5 ] See 388.629 and 340.600.
[ Footnote 6 ] See 388.611. The State contributed an average of 34% of the operating budgets of the 54 school districts included in the original proposed desegregation area. In 11 of these districts, state contributions exceeded 50% of the operating budgets.
[ Footnote 7 ] See, e. g., id., 340.575. See also 1949-1950 Report of the Attorney General 104 (Roth); Vol. 1, 1955 Report of the Attorney General 561 (Kavanagh); 1961-1962 Report of the Attorney General 533 (Kelley).
[ Footnote 8 ] See Mich. Comp. Laws 211.34 and 340.681.
[ Footnote 9 ] 340.569.
[ Footnote 10 ] 257.811 (c), 340.361, 340.781, 340.782, 388.371.
[ Footnote 11 ] 340.575.
[ Footnote 12 ] 388.1171.
[ Footnote 13 ] 340.887 (1)
[ Footnote 14 ] Op. Atty. Gen. No. 4705 (July 7, 1970), 1969-1970 Report of the Attorney General 156 (Kelley).
[ Footnote 15 ] See Mich. Comp. Laws 340.253.
[ Footnote 16 ] See generally 340.401-340.415 (consolidations), 340.431-340.449 (annexations).
[ Footnote 17 ] See 1 Michigan Senate Journal, 1968, p. 423.
[ Footnote 18 ] See generally Mich. Comp. Laws 340.461-340.468.
[ Footnote 19 ] Despite MR. JUSTICE STEWART'S claim to the contrary, ante, at 756 n. 2, of his concurring opinion, the record fully supports my statement that Negro students were intentionally confined to a core of Negro schools within the city of Detroit. See, e. g., supra, at 784-785, 790-792. Indeed, MR. JUSTICE STEWART acknowledges that intentional acts of segregation by the State have separated white and Negro students within the city, and that the resulting core of all-Negro schools has grown to encompass most of the city. In suggesting that my approval of an interdistrict remedy rests on a further conclusion that the State or its political subdivisions have been responsible for the increasing percentage of Negro students in Detroit, my Brother STEWART misconceives the thrust of this dissent. In light of the high concentration of Negro students in Detroit, the District Judge's finding that a Detroit-only remedy cannot effectively cure the constitutional violation within the city should be enough to support the choice of an interdistrict remedy. Whether state action is responsible for the growth of the core of all-Negro schools in Detroit is, in my view, quite irrelevant.
The difficulty with MR. JUSTICE STEWART'S position is that he, like the Court, confuses the inquiry required to determine whether there has been a substantive constitutional violation with that necessary to formulate an appropriate remedy once a constitutional violation has been shown. While a finding of state action is of course a prerequisite to finding a violation, we have never held that after unconstitutional state action has been shown, the District Court at the remedial stage must engage in a second inquiry to determine whether additional state action exists to justify a particular remedy. Rather, once a constitutional violation has been shown, the District Court is duty-bound to formulate an effective remedy and, in so doing, the court is entitled - indeed, it is required - to consider all the factual circumstances relevant to the framing of an effective decree. Thus, in Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education [418 U.S. 717, 800] we held that the District Court must take into account the existence of extensive residential segregation in determining whether a racially neutral "neighborhood school" attendance plan was an adequate desegregation remedy, regardless of whether this residential segregation was caused by state action. So here, the District Court was required to consider the facts that the Detroit school system was already predominantly Negro and would likely become all-Negro upon issuance of a Detroit-only decree in framing an effective desegregation remedy, regardless of state responsibility for this situation.
[ Footnote 20 ] In fact, the District Court remarked "that this court's task is to enforce constitutional rights not to act as a schoolmaster; the [418 U.S. 717, 811] court's task is to protect the constitutional rights here found violated with as little intrusion into the education process as possible. The court's objective is to establish the minimum constitutional framework within which the system of public schools may operate now and hereafter in a racially unified, non-discriminatory fashion. Within that framework the body politic, educators, parents, and most particularly the children must be given the maximum opportunity to experiment and secure a high quality, and equal, educational opportunity." Pet. App. 82a.
[ Footnote 21 ] See, e. g., Mich. Comp. Laws 340.69, 340.121 (d), 340.359, 340.582, 340.582a, 340.590.
[ Footnote 22 ] See id., 340.330-340.330u.
[418 U.S. 717, 1]
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← THE SOUTHWEST MONSOONS BEGIN
FOREST FIRES & CYCLES OF NATURAL CHANGE IN THE GILA WILDERNESS →
ANCIENT CROPS IN SOUTHWEST NEW MEXICO
2000 YEARS OF HARVEST TIME ALONG BEAR CREEK
Bear Creek at harvest time
HARVEST TIME AT THE CASITA GARDENS
It’s late August and the rains of the 2013 Southwest Monsoon season have shown no sign of weakening. As of this morning, Casitas de Gila Guesthouses has had 8.54 inches of rain since the monsoons began on July 1. Despite the devastating hailstorm of July 3, the courtyard garden at the house is thriving (except for the tomatoes, which were completely destroyed) and is now producing abundant yellow squash, basil, and green peppers for harvest, plus flowers galore. The over-composted soil brought up from the Bear Creek floodplain below the Casitas last year has obviously aged to just the right nutrient levels.
Experimental garden on Bear Creek at harvest time
The large experimental garden put in this year down on the Bear Creek floodplain has also been highly successful. While most plants located at the periphery of the garden and some situated beneath the protective shade cloth where it ripped apart from the weight of the hail suffered significant damage by the July 3rd hail storm, those areas quickly regenerated new growth and soon caught up with the protected parts of the garden. Now well into the harvesting phase, the garden has produced abundant snap peas, string beans, carrots, and tomatoes. The delicata and butternut squashes, potatoes, and two kinds of watermelon should be ready for harvesting soon. The experimental plot of Einkorn Wheat has also done well, yielding a dense growth of two-foot high shafts of wheatberries now ripening golden in the late August sun. Only the cantaloupe have failed. They continue to put out long vines with lots of flowers, but, alas, only a few fruit, seemingly unwilling or unable to compete with the overpowering growth of the delicata and the butternut squash.
THE UNFERTILE SOILS OF THE CASITA FLATS AND THE FERTILE SOILS OF THE BEAR CREEK FLOODPLAIN
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture USDA Soil Texture Diagram, as modified by Mikenorton 2011.
Productive agricultural soils consist of the right mixture of mineral particles (sand, silt and clay), water, gases, organic matter, and necessary nutrients which have developed over significant periods of time. The source of the mineral particles can be either igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rocks which have been broken down and altered by physical and chemical weathering at or near the surface of the earth. If the altered mineral material remains at the site where it was formed, on top of the parent rock, it eventually develops into what is known as a residual soil. Most soils, however, can be classified as transported soils, whereby the mineral particles are transported by the processes of water, gravity, wind, or ice, and then subsequently deposited. A third type of soil called cumulose soils are those that develop entirely from organic material that lives, dies, and collects in place such as peat or muck soils.
An essential form of both the mineral particles and organic matter in soil is the abundant presence of colloidal-sized particles (extremely fine particles between 2 and 500 nanometers). Colloidal particles act as storage repositories for essential nutrients and ions and act to stabilize soil chemistry through time and space.
Mesquite and Juniper growing on nutrient-deficient pebbly sandy soil on Casita Flat behind the Casitas de Gila Guesthouses.
Soils must contain sufficient nutrients in the right proportion in order to promote healthy and abundant plant growth. Some 20 elements are essential for plant growth and nutrition. Two of these, carbon (C) and oxygen (O) are taken in by plants from the air. The rest, including hydrogen (H) from water (H2O), are taken from the soil and are divided into four categories: the three primary macronutrients of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K); the three secondary nutrients calcium (Ca), sulphur (S) and magnesium (Mg); the macronutrient Silicon (Si); and the micronutrients/trace minerals: boron (B), chlorine (Cl), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe) zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), and sodium (Na).
The soil comprising the flats on which the Casitas de Gila Guesthouses are constructed consists of materials transported down from the hills to the west of the Casitas by surface rainwater runoff, and ranges in thickness from 5 or 6 feet beneath the Casitas to about 20 feet at the west side of the flat. The soil on the flats consists mostly of silt to course sand with variable amounts of gravel derived either from the erosion of thin residual soil developed on the underlying weathered and altered Gila Conglomerate or physical erosion of unweathered Gila Conglomerate bedrock exposed over the surrounding hills.
Profile of nutrient-deficient pebbly sandy soil in road cut coming up on Casita Flat.
Hill to the west behind flats around the Casitas from whence the poor nutrient soil on Casita Flat has been derived. Note that the soil is very thin on the hill as shown by the outcrops of underlying Gila Conglomerate.
Following the construction of the Casitas 15 years ago, numerous attempts were made at landscaping and gardening around the Casitas. These attempts included vegetable gardens, flower and herb gardens, and an orchard of fruit trees. While some of the efforts yielded results for a year or two, most ended in failure no matter what amount of physical effort was expended or advanced agricultural techniques, such drip irrigation systems, were implemented. Depending on the year, reasons for the these failures would be attributed to various scapegoats such as too cold and late frosts in the spring, too hot and a scorching sun in the summer, too little precipitation, too much wind, gopher attacks, grasshopper plagues, marauding deer, or even our own bad-acting horses. And, at first consideration, these were obvious and valid reasons.
Large grasshopper (up to 3 inches) on snap peas in Bear Creek Garden in August 2013. One of numerous species available to terrorize the would-be gardener!
Another 3-inch species of grasshopper seen around the Casitas in August 2013. Colorful, yes! But hard on one’s garden.
Yet in retrospect, all of these reasons were for the most part secondary to a fundamental underlying cause, namely that the soil was extremely poor, too poor for the struggling plants to prevail against the various challenges that face all plant life in the American Southwest. Essentially the soil was almost devoid of necessary organic matter, nutrients, and especially, the critically-important colloidal clay mineral and organic particles. No, because of its extremely fine particle size, the bulk of the colloidal material, instead of being deposited over the flat with the coarser mineral particles, would be be swept along, suspended within the rushing runoff waters, across the flat, and then over and down the cliffs to be deposited either on the floodplain or to join with the waters of the creek itself some 80 feet below. With little or none of the critical colloidal materials which act to retain moisture and store nutrients, the small amount of nutrients in the soil would be quickly used up during the first or second year after an initial planting and could not be replaced from the mostly-sterile mineral soil remaining.
It was with this understanding, plus the personal aversion to using commercial fertilizers, that the decision was made to utilize the silty to fertile sandy loam from the Bear Creek floodplain terraces below. As related in the July 2013 blog and the opening paragraph above, the decision was a propitious one. The gardens flourished and good veggies were at last being enjoyed by all at the Casitas, (albeit somewhat reluctantly by Becky, who really much prefers chocolate!). And thus it also came to pass that the knowledge of how to grow food crops in Southern New Mexico was rediscovered by this writer, a body of knowledge that had been worked out in great detail by the Native American Mogollon Culture who were farming the Bear Creek drainage for hundreds of years some 2,000 years ago.
BEAR CREEK: AN ANCESTRAL HOMELAND OF THE MOGOLLON CULTURE
Mogollon Culture snake petroglyph pointing way to nearby spring on mountain at Casitas de Gila Guesthouses.
The mostly mountainous area enclosed by the Gila, San Francisco, and Mimbres rivers and their tributaries in Southwest New Mexico were heavily populated by the Mogollon Culture, and ruins of their early pit houses and later adobe and stone pueblo complexes and various cliff dwellings are found throughout the area. In the vicinity of Casitas de Gila Guesthouses, numerous village ruins and habitation sites are found along the Gila River near today’s communities of Cliff and Gila, upriver to the Gila Cliff Dwellings, and throughout the Bear Creek Drainage from its confluence with the Gila River at Gila upstream to its headwaters in Piños Altos. In the Bear Creek drainage, signs of the Mogollon Culture are especially abundant, including pit houses, small pueblo complexes, cliff dwellings, occasional petroglyphs, and sites of intense and extended agricultural activity, as evidenced in small caves and on bedrock surfaces along the creek that contain abundant mortar holes in which maize, acorns, and other harvested wild seeds were ground.
The Mogollon Culture depended on farming, supplemented by hunting and gathering, as a way of life. Like the Anasazi, Hohokam, and Patayan Cultures, they employed what is known as Three Sisters Agriculture, a type of farming used by many North American Native American cultures in which maize (corn), squash, and climbing beans are planted in close association. When planted in this manner, these three plants have a unique symbiotic association with one another. The maize provides a pole for the beans to climb on, the beans provide nitrogen to the soil that the maize and squash utilize, and the squash spreads out horizontally covering the ground with big leaves that retard weed growth and retain ground moisture.
FARMING THE STREAM TERRACES ALONG BEAR CREEK
Looking north from the Casitas’ Self-Guided Nature Trail at the Experimental Garden, which is located on a five-foot terrace on the west side of Bear Creek. Piños Altos Mountains in the Gila Wilderness are in background.
Having spent some 15 years on foot and horseback studying, observing, and researching the natural and cultural history of the Bear Creek drainage, it seems highly probable that most if not all of the lower stream terraces bordering Bear Creek and the active floodplain were farmed by the Mogollon peoples during the thousand years or so that they lived here. On Bear Creek these terraces occur at elevations of 5 to 10 feet above normal creek level and range from a few feet to several hundred feet in width. The typical composition of these terraces is that of an organic rich, fine-grained silty and sandy loamy soil which accumulated over time from repeated deposition from sediment laden flood waters that overflowed the main channel and spread across the floodplain. As the flood waters spread out across the floodplain, the velocity of the water slowed, allowing the suspended fine sediment and organic debris to settle out and be left behind as a new thin layer of soil over the floodplain. It is this process operating repeatedly year after year down through the ages that produces the thick stream terrace deposits of organic rich, loamy soil that the Mogollon People farmed so long ago along Bear Creek.
Once formed, these stream terraces may persist for decades or even hundreds of years, or may be eroded away depending on the local action of the never-ending process of stream migration. In stream migration, the main channel of a stream constantly meanders or shifts back and forth in broad loops across the floodplain as it seeks to maintain a dynamic state of equilibrium between the sediment being transported and the velocity of the stream. As the channel meanders across the floodplain, it will often cut away the stream terraces that have existed for many decades. In other places it will bypass a stream terrace for a sufficient length of time to allow the downward cutting of the entire canyon bottom to be lowered sufficiently so that the terrace is left at an elevation high enough above the creek that even the largest floods will no longer inundate it.
Looking west from Bear Creek, showing present channel, active floodplain, and line of cottonwood and willow trees at the lower edge of cut-bank into 5-foot terrace on which the Experimental Garden is located.
Looking north to Experimental Garden on 5-foot terrace showing steep rise immediately to left of garden to ancient 10-foot terrace now vegetated with old growth juniper, oak and mesquite trees, which was probably farmed by Mogollon people.
The garden that was put in below the Casitas this year is located on a terrace some five to six feet about the present level of the creek. Presently about 100 feet in width, this terrace was at least 50 feet wider when the Casitas were built in 1999. As described in the June 20, 2013 blog the big flood of 2005 caused the main channel of Bear Creek to shift from the east side of the floodplain to the west side. In the process a large part of the east side of the terrace where the garden is now located was cut away. Over the next couple of years the cut bank of the terrace was stabilized by new growth of cottonwood and willow. Today the cut bank at the edge of the terrace is completely stabilized and protected from further erosion by a continuous row of shrubs and trees up to 50 feet in height. From time to time major floods will spread out across the terrace to deposit a new layer of fine nutrient rich loamy soil gradually raising the level of the terrace surface ever higher.
Mogollon Culture adze or maul found on 10-foot terrace at Casitas de Gila, probably used in farming there. Groove for attachment of handle extends three-quarters the way around tool. Tip of tool (left end) broken off.
It is unlikely that the terrace on which this year’s garden was planted existed at the time of the Mogollon Culture, but rather is a product of stream deposition in much more recent times, probably within the last 100 to 200 years. However, just a few feet to the west of the garden, the surface of this modern stream terrace rises abruptly four to five feet to another level surface that extends westward several tens of feet to terminate against water-worn cliffs of Gila Conglomerate that form the west side of the Bear Creek Canyon. This higher level surface, now vegetated with old growth juniper, oak and mesquite, is a remnant portion of a much older stream terrace that can be traced along Bear Creek throughout much of the Casitas’ property. Evidence from personal research conducted to date on this ancient terrace indicates that it not only existed at the time of the Mogollon Culture, but that it was probably farmed by them as well.
During the initial development of the Casita property a small access road was constructed to the edge of the Bear Creek floodplain, terminating at the edge the ancient Bear Creek terrace just described. In the process of doing so, numerous rocks left in the path cut by the bulldozer were personally cast aside under nearby trees. About three years ago, while hiking the Casita trails, one of our guests picked up a rock off to the side of the terminus of this road and noticed that it showed evidence of having been worked. Indeed it had been. Examination suggests that the artifact had been quickly and roughly worked into a maul or adze-like shape with medial grooves for attachment of a handle. When shown the location of where the artifact had been found, it turned out that it was one of the rocks that had been scraped up from the ancient terrace at the end of the road during construction and cast aside under the trees 15 years ago!
CULTIVATED FOOD CROPS AND WILD EDIBLE PLANTS USED BY THE MOGOLLON PEOPLES
Most information that is written for general consumption concerning the lifestyle of the Mogollon People will start out by mentioning that they cultivated and depended upon the Three Sisters crops of maize, squash, and beans, which they supplemented by hunting and gathering. Typically, however, that’s about as far as these articles go. For the curious sort of person, and especially one who had just expended considerable amount of time and energy on an experimental garden down along Bear Creek, however, several inevitable questions soon began to pick away in one’s brain as to just what kind of squash and beans and corn were they growing, and what sort of plants might they have been gathering. Fortunately, there is a vast body of information available regarding these questions residing in the numerous in-depth archaeological studies that have been done on the Mogollon Culture over the past 80 years or so. But it does require a bit of digging (unearthing maybe?) to get it. Sorry … Anyway, here are some answers to those questions, gathered from two reports published in 19562 and 19863.
The 1956 report by Martin, et al, Higgens Flat Pueblo, Western New Mexico, details results of excavations done in 1953 on a Tularosa Phase Mogollon Pueblo village site located near Reserve, New Mexico, dating from about 1200 to its abandonment around 1250. Considerable identifiable plant remains of both cultivated and wild plants were recovered at this site from partially burned or charred material, which are summarized below. Wild plants identified in these studies and which are listed below as being used for food or medicinal purposes have been researched against the University of Michigan at Dearborn’s Native American Ethnobotany Data Base, an excellent reference source for those readers interested in learning more about how Native Americans have used various species of wild plants throughout history.
Cultivated food plants:
Corn (Maize), specific name Zia mays: The bulk of the preserved plant material was corn and considerable research is presented comparing the Higgens Flat corn types to other varieties found at other Native American sites in the Southwest based on cob and grain measurements
Squash, genus Cucurbita: Two types of squash, identified by seeds, were cultivated at Higgens Flat. Most abundant were seeds of a cultivated variety of Curcubita pepo, which at the time of the study was still being farmed by many Native Americans throughout the southwest. Today there are many cultivars of this species including Acorn, Delicata, Yellow Summer Squash, and Zucchini, as well as some winter squash.
Second in abundance was a variety of Cucurbita argyrosperma, syn. C.mixta Pangalo which at the time of the report was still being farmed by the Hopi and at Taos pueblo, a cultivar known as the Green Striped Cushaw. This species includes numerous cultivars of pumpkin and winter squash.
Beans, genera Phaseolus and possibly Canavalia: Two species of Phaseolus were identified, P. vulgaris, the Common Bean or Kidney Bean, and P. acutifolius var. latifolius, the Teparary Bean. A large third type of bean was identified as possibly being either P. lunatus, the Lima Bean, P. coccineus, syn. P. multiflorus, the Scarlet Runner Bean, or Canavalia ensiformis, the Jack Bean, all three of which have been found at sites in central and southern Arizona.
Delicata Squash (cucurbita pepo cultivar)
Green Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris cultivar)
Wild food or medicinal plants:
Utah Juniper, Juniperus osetosperma, syn J. utahensis: berries.; used as medicine
Arizona Walnut, Juglans major: nuts; gathered for food
Freemont’s Goosefoot: Chenopodium fremontii, a member of the Amaranthaceae family: seeds; leaves and stems used as vegetable greens and seeds as grain in bread and porridge
Cactus, Oputnia sp.: fragments of pads; pads and fruits used for food
Jimson Weed or Sacred Datura, Datura wrightii, syn: D. metelodies Seeds; used as medicine and as hallucinogenic drug
Sacred Datura (Datura wrightii)
The 1986 report by Anderson, et al, The Archaeology of Gila Cliff Dwellings, is a report that analyzes, synthesizes, and interprets existing field research data, excavations and collections made on the Gila Cliff Dwellings since the time of their discovery in the late1800s. As presented in this report, the Gila Cliff Dwellings, like the Higgens Pueblo site near Reserve, were constructed and occupied during the Tularosa Phase of the Mogollon Culture and housed some 40 to 60 people during a short period from roughly 1270 until 1290. Cultivated and wild plants used for food and medicinal purposes recovered and identified from the Cliff Dwellings include all of the plants listed from the Higgens Pueblo, plus some additional ones which are listed below.
Butternut Squash (Curcurbita moschata cultivar)
Squash, Cucurbita moschata: This species includes cultivars of both squash and pumpkin. Modern day cultivars include the Butternut Squash
Devil’s Claw (Proboscidea parviflora)
Wild or Spotted Bean, Phaseolus maculatus, syn. P. metcalfei: used both as food and as medicine
Wooton’s Devil’s Claw, Proboscidea parviflora or Hollyhock Devil’s Claw: young pods and seeds used for food, and also used as medicine
Pinyon, Pinus edulis: seeds used for food
CULTIVATED FOOD CROPS AND WILD EDIBLE PLANTS USED BY THE MOGOLLON PEOPLES ON BEAR CREEK
Massive stand of Careless Weed (Amaranthus palmerii) surrounding the experimental garden on Bear Creek.
It is highly probable that the Mogollon Peoples who lived and farmed on Bear Creek cultivated and gathered all of the plants recovered and identified from the Higgens Pueblo and Gila Cliff Dwellings archaeological studies. It is also highly probable that these plants are only a small fraction of the large number of plants found within the Bear Creek drainage that were gathered for food or used for medicinal purposes. For example, this year one of the most common plants found throughout the Bear Creek drainage and surrounding area and known by its common name of Careless Weed or Pigweed, Amaranthus palmeri, has virtually taken over most of the ground surface surrounding the Casitas de Gila Guesthouses and has formed thick massive stands of up to five feet high down on the Bear Creek floodplain. It is known from other archaeologic and ethnobotanical studies that this plant was extensively gathered and used throughout Native American history as an important food source, the leaves and stems boiled or baked as vegetable greens, and the dried seeds ground for flour. Also this year, a fine crop of Wooton’s Devil’s Claw (Proboscidea parviflora) and Hollyhock Devil’s Claw (Proboscidea althaeifolia) are to be found both around the Casitas on the terraces below along Bear Creek.
In preparing this blog, it also must be said that some possible insight may have been gained in understanding the hierarchy of horticultural success of the various plants tried in this year’s experimental garden on the Bear Creek floodplain terrace. As discussed earlier, of all the plants tried, only the cantaloupes failed to produce fruit in abundance, seemingly having been completely overgrown and outproduced by the neighboring Delicata squash cultivar of Cucurbita pepo and Butternut squash cultivar of Cucurbita moschata. A little research has shown that the cantaloupe, while it is a member of the Cucurbitaceae family, belongs to an entirely different genus and species, Cucumis melo var. catalupensis. Cantaloupes originated in Iran, India, and Africa, and were cultivated in Iran 5,000 years ago and in Greece and Egypt 4,000 years ago. Cantaloupe is not native to North America. Yet down in the Bear Creek garden, the two squash that were planted beside the cantaloupe, Curcubita pepo and Cucurbita moschata, belong to a genus that is native throughout the American Southwest, and are species that have been genetically adapting and thriving here on Bear Creek for over 2,000 years. No wonder they did so well!
Power point presentation Beloit University: PPT Southwest Complex Societies – Oneonta
1956, Martin, Paul S., Rinaldko, John B., Bluhm, Elaine A., Cutler, Hugh C.,
Higgins Flat Pueblo Western New Mexico, Fieldiana: Anthropology, Volume 45, Chicago Natural History Museum
1986, Anderson, Keith M., Fenner, Gloria J., Morris, Don P., Teague, George A., McKusick, Charmion, The Archeology of the Gila Cliff Dwellings, Western Archeological and Conservation Center, Tucson, Arizona, The Digital Archaeological Record
This entry was posted in Bear Creek, fall, history, monsoon rains, native plants and tagged ancient cultures, Bear Creek, farming, monsoon rains. Bookmark the permalink.
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Christie Projectors Illuminating All Three Screens for New York’s Historic and Recently Renovated Bedford Playhouse
$8 million raised to reopen one of the State’s most iconic movie theaters
Cypress, California (October 30, 2018) – Christie cinema projectors illuminated all three screens for the September grand opening of New York State’s newly-renovated, historic Bedford Playhouse. The original Playhouse first opened its doors in April 1947, and 70 years later the total audio/visual design and installation phase for the new complex was awarded to Digital Media Systems Inc., a valued Christie business partner, as part of the construction of the new facility that begun in spring, 2017.
The Bedford Playhouse is a former movie theater located in Bedford, New York, which closed its doors in 2015. Soon after, a grass roots organization was formed under the leadership of Bedford resident John Farr, with the goal of transforming the theater into a not-for-profit arts house cinema, cultural center and community hub. More than $8 million was finally raised for the construction and renovation of the new facility.
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Dr. Clancy Cavnar, Psy.D.
Dr. Clancy Cavnar is a licensed psychologist who works in a private practice in San Francisco. She is also Associate Director at Chacruna. You can see her beautiful art at www.clancycavnar.com
Latest posts by Dr. Clancy Cavnar, Psy.D. (see all)
What can we learn from studying psychedelics in special populations? - June 27, 2019
A Collective Open Apology for Response to Racist Language in the Women and Psychedelics Forum - December 3, 2018
Can Psychedelics “Cure” Gay People? - November 15, 2018
This article is the second in a series on the psychology of ayahuasca. Click here to read the first piece: The Effects of Ayahuasca on the Ego
Ayahuasca has been called the teacher of all teachers, and its lessons are respected by those who use it in every format and style. I have been drinking ayahuasca for 19 years and have also undertaken formal research into the psychological terrain of ayahuasca’s effects upon individuals and society. This has offered me a range of insights into how people have worked with ayahuasca to achieve psychological healing and spiritual grace in their lives. In this article, I share what I think are some of the most useful insights for how to safely work with ayahuasca to develop psychological and spiritual well-being. You’ll also learn about important obstacles that may arise on the path of psycho-spiritual flourishing.
Ayahuasca 101
There are three stages to the experience of ayahuasca: 1. preparation 2. the ritual or experience of drinking the ayahuasca, and 3. the aftermath, which includes integration. Each stage is of importance to the experience, and each can create problems if not approached carefully.
First, the preparation requires some form of screening. This preliminary practice is dispensed with often in places in South America by unscrupulous practitioners who are motivated to increase sales, but it is known that people with psychotic tendencies or with severe mental illness are bad candidates; the insecurity of their egos can make ayahuasca problematic, and unmoor more fragile senses of self. Being well rested and in good health can help in the endurance of the stronger effects, although ayahuasca is often drunk by sick people seeking healing.
The Ayahuasca Diet
As regards diets and preparation, it is important to follow the direction of the one providing the medicine; if they are trustworthy and you believe them to have your best interests at heart, and if they are experienced; you are putting yourself in their hands and should follow their recommendations. If you do not trust or respect them, then you should not be drinking with them. The church of Santo Daime has a 7-day period, 3 days before and 3 days after, in which sex, alcohol and drugs (except marijuana) are proscribed.
Indigenous shamans may engage in diets that last for years, and may prescribe diets free from such dietary items as salt, sugar, spices, pork, and caffeine in addition to social contact and sexual activity, allowing only a limited diet of oil-free root vegetables, rice, and fish. This diet has been altered as more Northerners come to drink, so that the social isolation has been eliminated and we see the invention of “social diets,” in which only the sexual and food prohibitions are kept, and the person continues their normal daily activities.
Briefly, there are few indications that not following a diet, or even taking many of the medicines that are warned against, will have physically harmful consequences for ayahuasca drinkers; however, resistance to these dietary and other restrictions puts one at odds with the instructions of the purveyors, creating an oppositional start to an experience that already has the potential to destabilize one’s worldview. If the opposition is strong, it is best that you not drink with that group or shaman; it reveals a lack of respect that could snowball during the ceremony and result in a negative outcome without any real chemical harm, but negatively altering the experience simply by manifesting disrespect and resistance.
Choose Your Ayahuasca Ceremony Wisely
Not only are participants in need of screening, but so also are those who are providing the drink, who must have known reputations for ethical behavior and be trustworthy providers who work within a known protocol. Agreeing to drink with strangers about whom little is known is a condition that may lead to tragedy. Reports of sexual molestation and inappropriate behavior have increased as the culture of Northern spiritual seekers meets mestizo and indigenous culture in the Amazon Rainforest, each group with their own cultural presuppositions.
Regarding the shaman or curandero as a doctor or psychiatrist in the Western model, or even as a priest or pastor in a religious model, does not offer a useful template for the role of the shaman in his community, and can blind participants to the breadth of behaviors that may transpire. It is best to wait to drink until mutual trust is established. In the United States, purveyors tend to be more cautious because of the risk of exposure and possible legal action due to the illegal nature of most ayahuasca activity in the States. It is good to know what is in the brew one is consuming, and to avoid mixtures that contain Brugmansia (toé) or tobacco—which can, in excess, be toxic or even fatal—unless one has worked with the provider and has a trusting relationship after several experiences with them.
The Ayahuasca Experience: What to Expect
Several attempts have been made to categorize ayahuasca experiences, the most extensive of which is Benny Shanon’s The Antipodes of the Mind, 1 a phenomenological examination of the themes present in ayahuasca visions and understandings. Shanon believes ayahuasca visions can’t be forced into archetypal scenarios. Other writers emphasize the appearance of archetypes and other elements of the classical subconscious.
Michael Harner2 came up with five common themes in South American ayahuasca shamanism, comprising 1. the soul separating from the physical body, 2., visions of jaguars and snakes, 3., visions of demons and deities, 4., visions of distant persons, cities, and landscapes, and 5., the sensation of seeing the detailed enactment of recent unsolved crimes. For Northerners, messages and symbols can appear with very personal content relating to experiences in the past that are unresolved, or visions that contain symbolic messages that may be understood immediately or that may take time and consultation to understand.
Artwork by Clancy Cavnar
One element of the ayahuasca experience that is often most feared, and may then transform into something most desired, is the purge. This can be either through vomiting or defecating, and often both. Bad ideas, difficult patterns, evil spirits, and other entities are believed by some to be released in the purge. In some indigenous communities, the purge is the main effect sought after, while Northerners seek more after visual effects. The purge is theorized to be mostly instigated by the vine, while the visions are intensified when more DMT-containing Psychotria viridis or Diplopterys cabrerana is added.
Purging is, in essence, cleaning, and it is said that the more dirt (addictions, compulsions, envy, negative judgments, etc.) one has, the more purging will be necessary. Shamans may purge the bad elements of their patients on occasion. Purging soon after drinking will lessen the effect of the ayahuasca, but purging later can accentuate the effects, often in a positive way. There are many people who fear the purge and refuse to drink for this reason, but those who have purged in a ritual come to value the process as transformative and purifying. Nausea is ordinarily short-lived and disappears once the purge is complete. Likewise with diarrhea and bowel movements; though less convenient than vomiting, they have the purpose to clean deep inside the body, and cooperation is mandatory. Rituals of symbolic purification abound in many cultures, but ayahuasca provides an actual cleaning of the alimentary system, the main way by which humans ingest and excrete. Vomiting in a prone position can result in aspiration of the vomit and possible suffocation. This is one danger that is rare but real, and a safe practice is to keep all participants in view during the ritual, so that none is left unattended, especially if they are powerfully affected.
The experience is very different for everyone, from mild alterations to experiences of dying, changing into animals, entering multi-dimensional worlds, exploring past trauma, speaking with invisible beings, having deep and joyous, or dark and troubling, insights, adoption of new identities and understandings about one’s role in life and love for humanity, seeing the dead, and a variety of other non-ordinary experiences that often have a teaching quality. The content of the experience will, to some extent, be affected by the environment, the strength and quality of the ayahuasca, and the people who are present; not only the shaman or leader, but other participants as well, especially in regard to their appropriateness for the experience and the sincerity with which they seek.
During the ceremony, resistance is futile, and will result in a more difficult experience. Surrender is recommended, and focus on the breath and relaxing the body can help the difficult experience pass more easily. Remembering that the effects are transient, and that the medicine is not lethal can also help. The more one turns toward that which one previously avoided, the quicker the transformation from resistance to acknowledgment and the ability to move on. Music guides most ayahuasca ceremonies, and this can also be useful in helping to move out of uncomfortable places. Icaros are designed to manipulate energy, and other music used in rituals is credited with having the power to alter one’s state or infuse the listener with spiritual understanding. Ayahuasca also seems to inspire musical talent, as well as other artistic expression.
Some Less Common Effects of Ayahuasca
Unusual effects are sometimes seen. For example, sometimes a person feels nothing; that person may feel something if they drink again, or they may be a person who, for whatever reason, does not ever feel the effects. Sometimes, instead of mood elevation, a person will experience sadness or symptoms of depression. In this case, some advise ingesting more ayahuasca to work past the block, and some will advise avoiding the substance. In indigenous traditions, this is when a shaman or curandero will be called to evaluate the situation and make a recommendation. The view of the Santo Daime group is usually to drink more daime until the sadness passes. It is important that symptoms do not increase, and assessments for suicidality should be made in anyone who is having an especially hard time after drinking ayahuasca. Sometimes facing one’s dark side can be depressing, but it is a transitory state; sometimes, a deep depression can set in that needs clinical attention. Non-fanatical estimation should also be made of the condition of the suffering person, as no blanket rule is true for all people, and it may be that ayahuasca is inappropriate for certain people who have no psychosis or mental disorder, but in whom it inspires depression.
After The Experience: Integration
After the experience, there is the recognition that, though the visions have faded, the ayahuasca continues to work. In some traditions, the diet continues for several weeks after the last ayahuasca has been consumed, and in others, such as the Santo Daime, a three-day period, similar to the one that preceded the ritual, with no sex, drugs or alcohol, is recommended. After the experience, people can feel very open and sensitive, and will feel better if they can plan to rest and have minimal activity in the hours and days immediately after the ayahuasca ritual has ended.
Insights can be integrated, treasured, or ignored. Yet, some people may devalue the experience and discount the meanings uncovered, so that skepticism and doubt can undo some of the benefits. Others may try adopting indigenous belief systems to find ways to make sense of their experiences in this light. Ayahuasca may reveal many things, but putting that knowledge to use is up to each participant, and even mild doses can incite dramatic change in someone who is ready to put into practice the lessons they are taught.
Currently, integration groups and services have been gaining popularity as people return from the rainforest or from a local workshop with questions about how to implement and understand the things they have learned in ayahuasca sessions. A growing need has created a market for experienced facilitators and therapists to help guide practitioners who do not have an understanding community to rely on for support outside of their ayahuasca-using circles, which may meet rarely or only when a shaman is in town, and whose members may only have this activity in common and may travel from distances for the ceremony. Other groups may consist of people from various places around the world who have met in South or Central America for an intense retreat, then dispersed home.
The creation of community based on interest is a phenomenon that has been helped by the use of the Internet, and at least one center is providing Skype counseling and check-ins with therapists associated with the center to participants after they leave so they can maintain connections with people who understand what they might be going through. Integration services are being offered in a variety of contexts, from circles of peers who meet to discuss their various psychedelic experiences, to groups attached to a center or leader, to groups led by licensed therapists, and one-on-one consultations with people whose experience ranges from participation in Alcoholics Anonymous to licensed medical doctors, psychologists, and nurses. This specialty arises from the growing desire of clients to see non-pathologizing interpretations of their substance use in a self-exploratory or healing context. The Bay Area, in California, USA, is rich in people with this orientation, but such therapists are more rare in other parts of the country and the world, so the benefits of Skype consultation becomes apparent; people who meet at retreats from all over the world maintain contact with each other through Facebook groups and with the center through social media, local experienced contacts, and long-distance Skype counseling. The Temple of the Way of Light, near Iquitos, Peru, is at the vanguard in this respect.
Outside of groups or counseling, activities after a ceremony should be low-key and gentle. Some kind of diet will most likely still be in effect and the medicine will remain in the system for an estimated 2 weeks, after which the effects will decline. Of course, insights and visions can be remembered, but the anti-depressant effect and expanded state will diminish. One way of augmenting the processing is to write, paint, or make other creative expressions. Musical expression is another hallmark of ayahuasca use, and many discover the ability to sing or play an instrument after drinking. An overall appreciation for art and beauty stand out for many people in the days following a ceremony.
Gratitude and Other Gifts of Ayahuasca
I would like to point out the stimulation of feelings of gratitude that ayahuasca can produce. This gratitude can manifest, among many ways, as a commitment to saving the natural environment in which ayahuasca grows; to helping heal the sick or guiding the lost, with a new recognition of the brotherhood of all people; or to helping spread the news of ayahuasca to people and places it remains unknown to, with the hope that others may benefit from its powers. Although ayahuasca has existed for centuries, it is only now that Northerners are aware of it and thirsting for its personally transformative effects. I would like to express my own gratitude for its effect on my life, and hope I can repay the gift I have received.
Ayahuasca, perhaps more than other psychedelics, has a persona, a teaching presence that is able to root out and display the most intimate secrets, desires, and wounds that have been hidden from the ego. This inspires reverence. This incredible intimacy and vast knowledge—in which a full grasp of our unlimited selves existing outside our normal perception becomes magically apparent, flooding us with sensations and emotions, clearing the way for peace and silence—inspires gratitude and indebtedness. Humility is a byproduct of gratitude and together they may be the greatest reward, the antidote to the bloated ego that consumes to reinforce its identity; how remarkable that this is the result of drinking a beverage!
Benny Shanon, Antipodes of the Mind: Charting the Phenomenology of the Ayahuasca Experience (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2002) ↩
Michael Harner (1973). “Common Themes in South American Indian Yagé Experiences, In Hallucinogens and shamanism, ed. Michael J. Harner (New York City, NY: Oxford University Press, 1973), 155–175. ↩
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choozlechat: The impact of the shift to first-price auctions with Julie Pifer
choozlechat, Education
Megan Sullivan-Jenks, Director of Marketing, Choozle: Before we dig too deep into what’s happening, can you start by explaining the difference between first-price auctions and second-price auctions?
Julie Pifer, Product Manager, Choozle: The core difference between first-price auctions and second-price auctions is in the way the auctions are finalized, which affects what rate is ultimately charged to the advertiser.
In the first-price auction model, the advertiser pays the exact amount based on their winning bid. Because of this, advertisers try to bid close to what the impression is actually worth to them. In the second-price auction model, the advertiser pays $0.01 more than the second-highest bid made in the auction. It’s in the advertiser’s interest to bid the highest possible value that they can to maximize their chances of winning the bid.
First Price Auction Model
Second Price Auction Model
MSJ: Why are these auction models important to understand?
JP: It’s important to understand these two auctions models as it changes the power dynamic throughout the supply chain between the advertiser and publisher. Within a first-price auction model, both the advertiser and publisher have a power dynamic. Advertisers get access to quality inventory at a price that’s worth it, while publishers get paid adequately.
The second-price auction model creates room for unfair practices as it gives more power to advertisers willing to pay higher prices for inventory.
MSJ: Now that we have an understanding of the auction types, in your own words, what’s happening in the industry?
JP: As the industry continues to grow, there’s a push to evolve. We’ve seen this evolution in everything from best practices around privacy to, as of lately, auction models. Google is making a big move to move to first-price auctions for Google Ad Manager, its publisher exchange and ad server. At that time, it will also run a single, unified auction. This is huge for the industry as a whole as Google Ad Manager will be the last major exchange to switch to first-price auctions. Other exchanges tested or rolled out first-price auctions starting in 2017.
MSJ: How will auctions change after the shift to first-price auctions?
JP: As one of the largest ad exchanges, there are a lot of things that need to happen before making the switch. They’ll require all partners to share and receive bid data which will be the core information needed to execute a first-price auction. This move will help increase transparency that has prevailed in the ad tech industry. Moving to a first-price auction removes layers of ambiguity and unknown prices within an auction.
From there, Google will have a unified first-price auction that provides a level playing field for everybody, including buyers, publishers, networks, exchanges, demand-side platforms, and supply-side platforms.
MSJ: Unified auction is another new term here. Can you elaborate on what that means?
JP: As part of the transition to a first-price auction, Google will be moving from a series of auctions for each impression to a single, unified auction. Previously, private marketplace auctions would occur, then an open exchange auction, and then if the impression still hadn’t been sold Google’s supply-side platform would get the final chance to buy the inventory, often for next to nothing. Now, open exchange auctions and private marketplace auctions will be occurring simultaneously and the highest bid will win.
This means the buying model across all inventory auction types, like open exchange or private marketplace, will all be making the change in the Google Ad Exchange.
Advertisers should be aware of this shift as it could impact your buying and bidding strategy. It may be challenging, at first, to find the right CPM prices that will provide you the best results. But keep testing and trying different prices, and consider separating out inventory such as mobile that ultimately is less expensive to buy.
MSJ: Ultimately, why should we care?
JP: Google’s adoption of the first-price auction model is a huge step towards making programmatic advertising auctions transparent for both buyers and sellers. As the dominant supply vendor, it means evolving the industry standard and best practices which will lead to greater transparency, operational simplicity, and fairer buying methods.
With rising concerns over data privacy, data collection, and data storage, marketers are... Read More
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Community Medics > About
Community Medics started out as Camps Bay Community Medics (CBCM), which was officially registered as a Trust in 2007, however has been operational since as early as 1998. The organisation was established by 2 local paramedics, who identified that the response of Emergency Medical Services was lacking in the Camps Bay area. Since the involvement of CBCM the average response time in Camps Bay has been reduced significantly, to achieve beyond accepted international standards – CBCM achieved an average response time of 8 minutes compared to the international standard of 10 minutes.
High demand for its services led to accelerated growth and a second division of Community Medics was launched in 2013, concentrating mainly on the Cape Town City Bowl.
With the impact and success of the first two divisions in mind, a third division was launched in 2015, in the greater Table View area. It was identified as a priority project due to significant health related challenges in the community: The area comprises of a large proportion of vulnerable groups (elderly and lower socioeconomic classes) and the problem is compounded by the significant lack of government emergency medical services in the area.
Community Medics’ vision is to provide first world emergency medical care, free of charge, to all people in need. Our highly trained team of emergency medical personnel aim to deliver a rapid response to all medical emergencies, to all members of the community – regardless of their income status. We strive to improve the standard of care for emergency medicine in South Africa and relieve the burden placed on state services. All our volunteers are trained professionals and are registered with the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA).
Community Medics is operated by 50+ volunteer staff. The team includes doctors, advanced life support, intermediate life support and basic life support paramedics. We currently have three response vehicles, covering Atlantic Seaboard (Camps Bay, Green Point and Sea Point areas) , City bowl (Cape Town CBD, Bo-Kaap, Higgovale, Tamboerskloof and Vredehoek areas) and Table View (Big Bay, Parklands and Tableview areas) areas. All vehicles are properly registered in accordance with the National Road Traffic Act and the Western Cape Private Ambulance Act.
Our Service operates a 24-hour contact centre to field any medical emergency. Once a call has been received, the Community Medics response vehicle is dispatched and coordinates with other available services. Community Medics will stabilise the patient whilst awaiting the arrival of an ambulance. All the services we provide are free of charge. The objective of Community Medics is not to duplicate existing ambulance services, but rather to assist in a limited resource environment, to prevent long delays in emergency care that could have dire consequences.
As Community Medics is a Public Benefit Organisation (Reg. No 930 029 619), we rely solely on our partnerships, sponsors and supporters to keep us operational. Tax certificates are issued for donations made’ and our financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the International Financing Reporting Standard for small and medium sized Entities by E. Malan and Associates (Professional Accountants).
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Home News Churches Targeted in New Parking Tax
Churches Targeted in New Parking Tax
A petition opposing a new parking tax on churches and other ministries is quickly gaining signatures. As of Friday afternoon, more than 1,800 people had signed an online petition calling for its repeal.
The new tax was recently uncovered in Tax Cuts and Jobs Act passed by Congress six months ago. The largely hidden provision requires churches and other nonprofits to begin paying a 21 percent tax on employee benefits including parking, transportation and other related benefits. The provision will cause churches that are nonprofits to file federal income tax returns and pay unrelated business income tax on the cost of parking provided to employees. While most benefits affected by the new provision are transportation-related, it will also affect meals provided to workers and in some cases gym memberships.
The petition opposing the tax is being circulated by the the Evangelical Council for Financial Accountability (EFCA). EFCA explained in a position statement included in the petition seeking to repeal the provision:
“Tax practitioners who have evaluated Section 512(a) (7) generally believe that the result of this new provision is that tax‐exempt organizations that provide parking to their employees will be subject to unrelated business income tax on the cost of the parking provided. A nonprofit organization that simply allows its employees to park in a parking lot or garage that is part of the organization’s facilities will be subject to a tax on the cost of the parking provided.”
New Parking Tax Will Be Costly
EFCA estimates that the cost of compliance for churches and nonprofits could run into the tens of thousands of dollars annually.
Dan Busby, president of ECFA, has noted not only financial, but also administrative burdens connected to this provision. He told Christian Post that to file “a form 990-T that they’ve never even heard of” small churches are going to need costly professional help. “It’s just a ridiculous provision that was put in the law,” he said.
According to EFCA, the new tax appears to have initially escaped the notice of a number of lawmakers who approved the bill, including those who seek to protect the interests of nonprofits. Now several months later, many charitable organizations are still unaware of the tax. For those that are cognizant of the new requirement, there is a great deal of confusion as to how the tax should even be calculated.
Church Parking Tax Meant to Create Parity
In a recent Politico article, House Ways and Means Committee Chairman Kevin Brady (R-TX) defended the provision because it creates “greater parity” between for-profit and nonprofit organizations.
Michael Batts, ECFA Board of Directors chairman and partner in the accounting firm Batts Morrison Wales and Lee, says the parity Brady speaks of eliminates the intent behind easing government burdens on nonprofits. Batts says, “The whole idea of tax exemption for nonprofit organizations that are doing charitable, religious and educational work is for them not to be on the same playing field as for-profit businesses when it comes to taxes, in order to incentivize the good work they do to make our society better.”
The National Association of Evangelicals (NAE) is also critical of the tax. Galen Carey, vice president of government relations, told Politico, “There’s going to be huge headaches. The cost of compliance, especially for churches that have small staffs or maybe volunteer accountants and bookkeepers—we don’t need this kind of hassle.”
In early June, Rep. Michael Conway (R-TX) introduced legislation to kill the tax.
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Hot Spots of Human Destruction: The Howard Bishop Papers
May 30, 2019 Circulating Now Archives & Manuscripts, Collections 3 comments
By James Labosier ~
Howard Bishop, ca. 1945
National Library of Medicine MS C 562
Howard Bishop was confident that he knew what was best for people and that people needed to be told. In the 1940s and 1950s Bishop sent thousands of letters to celebrities, businessmen, politicians, companies of all sorts, and anyone else he identified in the act of encouraging unhealthy habits.
From his own personal experience and training, Bishop had researched and lived the healthier lifestyle he encouraged. Born in 1878, (just over 50 years after the American Temperance Society was founded in 1826) Howard Berkey Bishop spent forty years as an analytical chemist, eventually owning the Sterling Products Company of Easton, Pennsylvania. He believed that three regularly ingested substances were most responsible for human ailments and premature death.
“…as a chemical engineer, I discovered a simple formula for a better way of life that I had successfully used for many years.”
—Howard Bishop to Paul Clifford Smith, August 8, 1956
Bishop broke identified three addictive substances, which he collectively called the hot spots of human destruction. The first is caffeine, which is an addiction developed through coffee, tea, chocolate, and cola drinks. Once one has developed “caffeine encephalitis,” according to Bishop, a person then seeks a relief from this nerve irritation. Nicotine, through smoking, provides the antidote. A nicotine addiction, which he called “toxicomania,” then results, leaving people in a never-ending cycle of caffeine and nicotine. The addition of alcohol generally follows.
In 1939 he retired, sold his company, and a year later founded the Human Engineering Foundation. Through this non-profit institution he devoted the remainder of his life to his cause, which resonates globally today in the World Health Organization’s World No Tobacco Day.
A Better Way of Life, ca. 1940 National Library of Medicine MS C 562
Leaders in Business and Industry Survey, ca. 1945 National Library of Medicine MS C 562
Leaders in Business and Industry Survey Card, ca. 1945 National Library of Medicine MS C 562
“…helping to save the lives of millions of people who are dying premature deaths on account of the habitual use of various addictives.”
—Howard Bishop to Alden Emery, January 22, 1952
The main problem with this effort was his style of persuasion. Perhaps it resulted from years of giving orders as head of his company or was just the way he personally communicated with everybody, whatever the case, his chosen method for informing and helping people was direct and blunt confrontation.
Bishop pored over newspapers and magazines for photographs and advertisements illustrating the use of the ‘hot spots of human destruction.’ Then he would write to the person or party responsible to inform them that they were hurting mankind.
Hot Spots of Human Destruction, 1949
Celebrities and politicians were regular recipients. To Edward R. Murrow he said, “It has been on my mind for some time to write to you and tell you how ridiculous it appears for a famous man like yourself … to smoke a cigarette on every program…” Baseball commissioner Ford Frick was told that the “…cigarette smoking morons and others are naturally lead to believe that since those famous ballplayers smoke Chesterfield cigarettes it is quite the thing to do.” Winston Churchill received the helpful advice that “…by overcoming the use of tobacco and all caffeine and alcoholic drinks, your mind will be clearer, your health will be better, you will live longer and enjoy life more.” He was particularly aggrieved by advertising companies that showed incidental smoking in ads for other products. One particularly incendiary expression he used in letters to them was: “Josef Stalin must be well pleased with the enclosed advertisements that undermines and pollutes the life blood of our Nation.”
Letter from Norman Rockwell to Howard Bishop, October 1, 1948
The correspondence in the Howard Bishop papers at the National Library of Medicine shows that, despite Bishop’s tone-deaf style, many correspondents such as hotels and businesses asked for more of his literature and signage to distribute. Many of his letters, preserved as copies in the files, appear to have gone unanswered. A good number of the negative replies fall into three categories: honest reactions to Bishop’s style and purpose, indignation at his presumption, and outright ridicule. Explore examples of these three categories, primarily addressing smoking, below.
Learn more about Howard Bishop and explore the finding aid for the Howard B. Bishop Papers 1921–1961 in the History of Medicine Division at the National Library of Medicine.
James Labosier is Associate Curator for the Archives and Modern Manuscripts Program in the History of Medicine Division at the National Library of Medicine.
1940s1950sdrugslettermanuscriptsmoking
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Barbara Ketcham Wheaton says:
I will enjoy tonight’s glass of wine even more than usual: laughter, as they say, is the best medicine, and it has been for 7 decades now.
Cheers! Thanks for reading.
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← Ageless Passion
Visionary leadership by example →
Visionary Leadership By Example
Keynote address delivered by retired Chief Justice Artemio V. Panganiban on the opening day of the 9th National Ayala Young Leaders Congress (AYLC 2007) on February 7-9, 2007, at the San Miguel Corporation Management Training Center, Alfonso, Cavite.
May I thank Mr. Jaime Augusto Zobel de Ayala, chairman and CEO of the Ayala Corporation, who was aptly described by Starweek [1] as the “philanthropreneur,” and acclaimed by the Management Association of the Philippines as the “Management Man of the Year 2006,” for inviting me to keynote the 9th National Ayala Young Leaders Congress (AYLC 2007). May I also commend the Ayala Corporation itself for launching this program in 1998 and for doggedly pursuing it during the past nine years as its strategic investment on the youth, and ultimately, in the future of this country.
It is heartwarming to see private business devote its treasure, talent and time to help attain national goals and aspirations, even if the activities undertaken may not be directly and immediately related to the accumulation of profit and private wealth.
Indeed, I accepted this invitation to dialogue with this year’s crop of well-selected campus personalities because I, too, believe that building the confidence and honing the leadership skills of our youth leaders is a worthy investment in national development.
Memories of My Own Student Days
My presence here today brings back nostalgic memories of my own student days some 50 years ago, and of my own search for identity, pursuit of excellence, chase for exuberance, and quest for enduring values. Now, in my sunset years, I truly cherish these memories, as I recall them to be some of the happiest and most enjoyable years of my life when I could unabashedly say I was truly free. You see, I was very poor and orphaned early in life. I had nothing. No worldly treasures to keep, no reputation to protect, no close relatives to defer to.
There was no Ayala Corporation to guide me, no AYLC to teach me, and no JAZA to fund my activities. But just the same, I organized (along with several others) and headed the National Union of Students of the Philippines . TheNUSP was born as a rebellion against a decadent student milieu that was prostituted and muzzled by the government then. The NUSP was formed out of the conviction that the young must be freed from the political apron strings of the old. The NUSP espoused the idea and ideal that students can think for themselves, know what is best for them and for their future, and thus must be given the freedom to pursue their destiny. The NUSP was founded on the proposition that the best in a person and in society can be attained only in freedom, dignity, equality and shared responsibility.
Some of my contemporaries then were Emmanuel Soriano, Homobono Adaza, John Osmeña, Raul Roco, Rene Saguisag and Jesus Elbinias. The NUSP’s alumni of the 60s, 70s and 80s included checkered personalities like Ricardo Puno Jr., Michael Mastura, Salvador Britanico, Jose Cuisia, Sonia Malasarte, Macapanton Abbas Jr., Mervyn Encanto, Sonia Zaldivar, Miriam Defensor, Tina Monzon, Jose Lina, Sonny Ramirez, Edgar Jopson, Francis Pangilinan, Chito Gascon, and if I may be permitted to add, Elenita Carpio who is now known as AIM Professor Leni Panganiban, my loving wife.
A New Paradigm of Harnessing Leadership
Indeed, by their fruits you shall know them. But you may ask: If 50 years ago NUSP was already shaping leaders, as indeed it has produced some of the country’s dynamic leaders, why is the country still struggling with the same problems of violence, malgovernance, corruption and poverty? In fact, it would appear that the problems have worsened — violence is more deadly; corruption, more rampant; malgovernance, more endemic; and poverty, more widespread.
That there are still problems and granted, arguendo, that the problems have in fact worsened over the years, should not daunt us into inaction or doubt; but should challenge us to try even harder. After all, life is a continuous process of facing mutating challenges and conquering increasingly more formidable odds. That is why I welcome theAYLC, which promises to provide what the youth of yesterday lacked, and to solve the more perplexing challenges of this century. I am sure that twenty, thirty years from now, you — the alumni of AYLC — will be recalling memories of this Congress, and exchanging notes on how each of you has been helped by the inspirations evoked, the discussions shared, and the lessons learned here.
Indeed, Ayala has elevated the paradigm for youth leadership by focusing its resources on a scientific and systematic method of harnessing and developing the executive skills of the young.
Mountains of Leadership Literature
In tackling this year’s AYLC theme, “Leadership in Challenging Times,” I realize that there are mountains of existing literature, speeches, books, articles, even movies and TV shows, on effective leadership. They describe how charisma, good looks, imagination, genes, science, passion, opportunity, and greed have propelled many people — both the popular and the obscure; the brainy and the mediocre; the plodding and the lucky — to the center stage of leadership in business organizations; in civic groups, in religious hierarchies, in political machineries, and ultimately in governmental positions.
I will not be true to myself, and perhaps even unfair to you, if I just mouthed the incantations of these “how tos.” If I did just that, you might be better off surfing the Internet, rather than listening to a rehash and recycle of these published leadership ideas. At least, in the Internet, you have the complete freedom to shut off the computer, or change the window at will. Thus, to justify my presence here, I will just speak from my heart and say plainly how I believe young people can meet the leadership challenges confronting them in the 21st century.
Clear Idea of Goals and Methods
Right off, let me say that every leader must have a clear idea of what ultimately he or she wants to accomplish, and of the specific ways of how to achieve the declared goals. If one is embarking on a journey, one must have — prior to departure — a pre-selected destination, and a specific mode on how to get there. I refer to this statement of goals, values and methods as the “vision-mission” of every leader or organization. Some good examples of Vision-Mission Statements are those of the Ayala Corporation [2], the Ayala Foundation [3], and the Philippine Daily Inquirer [4], copies of which I am including as footnotes so you can study them later.
Now, it is one thing to be able to put together a vision and mission statement, it is quite another to get an organization to embrace it and get it done. Otherwise stated, talk is easy, but let’s see some action. More pointedly, did I, as your keynote speaker, have a vision-mission statement, and as Chief Justice, was I able to get it done?
Well, you be the judge. Let me just give you the facts.
Two Roles of the Chief Justice
Let me start off by saying that the Chief Justice has two major roles: first, he is the highest magistrate of the land, the primus inter pares (the first among equals) among the fifteen members of the Supreme Court; and second, he is the leader of the entire judicial branch of government composed of about 2,000 justices and judges plus about 26,000 employees nationwide; as well as of the Philippine bar composed of about 40,000 lawyers.
As primus inter pares, the Chief Justice presides over all en banc sessions of the Supreme Court. He is thus able to control the flow of the proceedings. He shapes the Court’s agenda, opens the discussion of the cases and summarizes the arguments. Nonetheless, like his fourteen colleagues, he has only one vote. So, it is by his moral ascendancy and persuasive skills, not by any boss-subordinate relationship, that the Chief Justice leads the Supreme Court.
On the other hand, the Chief Justice is also the Chief Executive Officer of the entire judiciary.
Outside the realm of decision-making in the Supreme Court in which he has one solitary vote, the Chief Justice is the unquestioned administrative boss of the entire Judicial Department of government; nothing happens without his say-so. But more than a boss, he is the leader of the judiciary. The 2,000 justices and judges, as well as the 26,000 court personnel all over the country, hold him up for inspiration and example. Indeed, the Chief Justice is looked up to as the leader who inspires, motivates, and leads other officials to work unceasingly, to rise above their puny limitations, to excel beyond themselves, and to achieve collectively their loftiest dreams and highest aspirations.
Sometimes, these two major roles of the Chief Justice clash. Let me explain.
As a jurist, the Chief Justice is expected to be detached, mysterious, unreachable, untouchable and even unfathomable; yet as a leader and CEO, he must be transparent, knowable, accountable and reachable. The judge in him impels him to follow tradition, to uphold precedents and to stabilize judicial thought; the leader in him, requires him to innovate, to re-engineer, to reinvent new and better ways of managing and moving forward. As a jurist, the CJ must be a recluse; yet, as a leader, he must have people skills.
After briefly explaining the dual roles of the Chief Justice, let me now directly answer the earlier question of how I have, during my tenure, put into practice my earlier thesis about goals and methods.
Upon being inducted into office, I did announce my vision-mission statement, which is summarized, as follows:
A judiciary that safeguards the liberty and nurtures the prosperity of our people under the rule of law.
To lead a judiciary characterized by four Ins: independence, integrity, industry and intelligence.
To reform the justice system by fighting the four ACID problems that corrode justice in our country; namely, (a) limited access to justice by the poor; (b) corruption; (c) incompetence; and (d) delay in the delivery of quality judgments.
To revitalize the legal profession by breeding competent and ethical lawyers.
To grant all judicial employees maximum benefits allowed by law and within my discretion to give; in turn, I ask for three things encapsulated in the code DHL: dedication to duty; honesty in every way, and full loyalty to the Supreme Court.
There are three key words or phrases in my “vision,” namely: liberty, prosperity and rule of law. Let me say a few more words about each of them.
Safeguarding Liberty
Safeguarding liberty has long been a traditional expectation from our courts. Their role is to be the great equalizers when individual freedoms—whether civil, political or economic—are buffeted by the awesome powers of the State and governmental institutions. These epic constitutional struggles between the government and its citizens are written in the annals of our nation’s history, to be invoked over and over, as often as challenges to individual liberty persist to this day.
Indeed, an individual becomes a majority of one when courts uphold that person’s freedom, which may have been transgressed by an unconstitutional law passed by the people’s representatives and approved by a President elected by a majority of the voters.
From the British Magna Carta, to the French Revolution, to the American Declaration of Independence, and to the Filipino struggle for nationhood as codified in the Malolos Constitution, history rings for the people’s right to participate in the political processes, including the freedom to vote and be voted for; as well as the freedoms of expression, of assembly and of religion.
A never-ending saga of trials and triumphs for the judiciary and for our people is the battle for civil liberties, especially the inviolability of our persons from illegal arrests and our homes from arbitrary searches and seizures, those guaranteeing our freedoms of abode and travel, and the so-called Miranda rights of persons accused of crimes.
Judicial Policy to Uphold Liberty
In litigations involving civil liberties, I believe that the scales of justice should weigh heavily against the government and in favor of the people — particularly the poor, the oppressed, the marginalized, the dispossessed, and the weak. Laws and actions that restrict fundamental rights, like freedom of expression and of the press, come to the courts with a heavy presumption against their validity. This policy is commonly referred to as “heightened” or “strict” scrutiny.
Consistent with this policy of “strict” scrutiny, the Supreme Court last year—during my incumbency as Chief Justice—promulgated three landmark decisions involving (1) Executive Order 464 in which the right of Congress to summon executive officials for investigations in aid of legislation, in conjunction with the people’s right to information on matter of public concern, was upheld; [5] (2) the so-called Calibrated Preemptive Response (CPR) policy was scuttled as the High Court ruled in favor of the people’s right to peaceful assembly for a redress of grievances; [6] and (3) Presidential Proclamation 1071, in which the fundamental rights of the people under a “state of national emergency” [7] were recognized. Verily, in all these pivotal cases, the Supreme Court upheld the primacy of civil liberties over governmental actions.
Nurturing Prosperity
While safeguarding liberty is a fairly common task for the judiciary, nurturing prosperity is something even seasoned jurists and lawyers may not all readily understand and agree with. Some of them may even disagree with the proposition that the judiciary should exert conscious thought and effort to nurture progress. Nonetheless, I strongly advocate that whatever the measure of a country’s economic progress, courts should contribute to the nurturance of prosperity.
True, the two political branches of government—meaning the Presidency and Congress—have been given the primary responsibility of promoting the economic well-being of the country. But it is equally true that the Constitution contains several provisions involving the economic rights of our people which the judiciary is mandated to protect and enforce.
Thus, our basic law [8] commands the State to “promote a just and dynamic social order that will ensure the prosperity and independence of the nation and free the people from poverty x x x.”
Equally significant is Article XII, which is devoted in its entirety to “National Economy and Patrimony,” the goals of which are set forth without equivocation: “a more equitable distribution of opportunities, income and wealth; a sustained increase in the amount of goods and services produced by the nation for the benefit of the people; and an expanding productivity as the key to raising the quality of life for all, especially the underprivileged.” [9] We can truly say that in our country, Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s famous “freedom from want” [10] has been constitutionalized. What we need is a responsive government to implement it and a prudent judiciary to enforce it.
It is also clear that the Constitution does not contemplate palliatives as the solution to our economic woes. Donations and dole-outs, while welcome, cannot constitute the promise of prosperity that the fundamental law holds out. What the spirit and the letter of the Constitution demand is the institutionalization of social justice. [11]
The Constitution does not end by merely directing that priority be given to social justice. It further decrees that “the promotion of social justice shall include the commitment to create economic opportunities based on freedom of initiative and self-reliance.” [12] In so doing, it subscribes to the classical thought that social justice is a matter of distributive justice; that is, all social groups participate equitably in the resources, the patrimony and the progress of the nation. Hence, the systematic and systemic exclusion of any social group from the blessings of prosperity constitutes social injustice.
These pronouncements of our Constitution, as well as the activist efforts of the business/philanthropical sector and the supportive stance of international developmental institutions to help the human race [13] buttress my belief that political liberty, the clarion call of the past, must continuously be safeguarded in the present and in the future, if we must be true to Wendell Phillip’s reminder that “eternal vigilance is the price of liberty.” However, I am equally persuaded that the prosperity of our people requires as much nurturing in the present century as that accorded to liberty in the past. To be relevant, courts must be constantly attuned to the needs of the present and the vagaries of the future, so that they can respond timely and prudently to the people’s ever-expanding well-being.
The Judiciary’s Response to The Call for Poverty Alleviation
After hearing all these motherhood incantations, you may now ask: how can and how has, in fact, the judiciary responded to the call for the alleviation of poverty, disease and disability?
My answer: In litigations affecting prosperity, development and the economy, the courts—as a matter of policy—must defer as much as possible, to the actions of the political branches of government, namely the Presidency and Congress. This approach is referred to as the “deferential” interpretation of laws and executive actions.
And how has this judicial policy been implemented by the Supreme Court in its decisions? Let me cite two specific cases.
In Tanada v. Angara [14], the Court deferred to the wisdom of the Senate when it upheld that legislative body’s consent to the Philippine ratification of the World Trade Organization Agreement. To demonstrate this deference more vividly, I would like to quote portions of the Decision which I had the honor of writing, as follows:
“It is not impossible to surmise that this Court, or at least some of its members, may even agree with petitioners that it is more advantageous to the national interest to strike down Senate Resolution No. 97 (which embodied the Upper House’s consent to the ratification of the WTO Treaty). But that is not a legal reason to attribute grave abuse of discretion to the Senate and to nullify its decision. To do so would constitute grave abuse in the exercise of our own judicial power and duty. Ineludably, what the Senate did was a valid exercise of its authority. As to whether such exercise was wise, beneficial or viable is outside the realm of judicial inquiry and review. That is a matter between the elected policy makers and the people. As to whether the nation should join the worldwide march toward trade liberalization and economic globalization is a matter that our people should determine in electing their policy makers. x x x.”
This laissez-faire judicial policy on economic issues was reiterated in La Bugal-B’laan Tribal Association v. Ramos, [15] which affirmed the constitutionality of the Mining Law allowing 100-percent foreign investments in large-scale mining. Thus, the Court held thus:
“x x x. The Constitution should be read in broad, life-giving strokes. It should not be used to strangulate economic growth or to serve narrow, parochial interest. Rather, it should be construed to grant the President and Congress sufficient discretion and reasonable leeway to enable them to attract foreign investments and expertise, as well as to secure for our people and our posterity the blessings of prosperity and peace.”
Let me just stress that my vision is not liberty or prosperity; it is liberty and prosperity. These twin beacons of justice must go together; we cannot sacrifice one for the other; they may otherwise be stated as freedom and food, democracy and development, ethics and economics, integrity and investments.
To my mind, the peculiar facts and distinct circumstances of the Philippines make the formula Liberty and Prosperity still the most viable economic and judicial philosophy here. After all, during the years of Martial Law, authoritarian rule was proven to be incapable of producing meaningful long-term economic progress. Even more important, our people value their freedoms very dearly and will not exchange them for food, Indeed, the Filipinos may endure occasional hunger, but they will never tolerate injustice and indignity for long.
The third key phrase in my “Vision” is “rule of law.” The safeguarding of liberty and the nurturance of prosperity must always be planned, worked on and carried out in accordance with, and within the limitations contained in pre-agreed rules and procedures. Let me give some parallels in common experiences.
Every sport has rules. When these rules are violated, a foul is called and, depending on the gravity of the act, the offender is penalized. No team, no matter how talented or strong, can win without following the rules. Thus, when a basketball player “forces” himself on the opposite team, a foul is called and the basket made is not counted. The referees cannot award the trophy, until the game is finished within the prescribed period. And after the regulation time, no basket may be counted.
In the same manner, no person may be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law. In their impatience, some people resort to short cuts and immediately condemn an accused because lengthy “procedures” should not stand in the way of “justice.” If the accused is obviously guilty because his crime had been committed in the full view of cameras, why should the State waste valuable time and resources in hearing and trying him? Just jail him, period. So they say.
There is an inherent danger in this argument. When people ignore the rule of law and belittle due process, they really abet authoritarianism. What differentiates libertarianism from authoritarianism or dictatorship is the rule of law. No person, no matter how powerful or talented, can be above the law. Everyone, rich or poor, powerful or powerless, must follow pre-agreed rules.
The rule of law also differentiates democracy from the rule of the mob. The mere fact that the gallery wants a team to win despite repeated violations of the rules will not entitle that team to the trophy. The mere fact that, allegedly, six million people have lodged a petition [16] to initiate changes in our Constitution in violation of the constitutional procedures governing amendments and revisions is of no moment; it cannot be allowed. The rule of law will not tolerate short cuts and bully tactics. The end never justifies the means.
In a speech before the Global Forum on Liberty and Prosperity held in Makati on October 18-20, 2006, Canadian Chief Justice Beverley McLachlin exclaimed that the “rule of law is the cornerstone of all democratic societies… without the rule of law, government officials are not bound by standards of conduct. Without the rule of law, the dignity and equality of all people is not affirmed and their ability to seek redress for grievances and societal commitments is limited. Without the rule of law, we have no means of ensuring meaningful participation by the people in formulating and enacting the norms and standards which organize the kind of societies in which we want to live.”
Mission of the Judges
After that extended discussion of my vision, let me now explain my “mission”—how in general the vision could be fulfilled. From Day One of my incumbency, I knew I could not accomplish my vision single-handedly. I needed the help of my major constituencies—the 2,000 justices and trial judges, the 26,000 judicial personnel (clerks of courts, sheriffs, stenographers, bailiffs, even the messengers and the janitors), and the 40,000 lawyers all over the country.
Thus, to the judges, I addressed the first mission: embrace the judiciary’s CORE VALUES: four Ins(independence, integrity, industry and intelligence); to the lawyers, I pleaded for EC (ethics and competence) and from the employees, I asked for DHL (dedication, honesty and loyalty). And from all of them, I appealed for reforms in the justice system, to fight the ACID problems that corrode justice (access to justice by the poor, corruption, incompetence and delay in making quality judgments).
A few words about my mission for the judges: the four Ins or CORE VALUES. The first In, independence, is probably the most important attribute of a judge. Magistrates decide litigations only on the basis of the rational relationship between the law and the facts, free from any extraneous influence. They should not allow the “ships” that plague public service — kinship, relationship, friendship and fellowship — to interfere in their work. They should resist influence, interference, indifference and insolence from any source. A referee in a basketball game must not take sides; so must a judge be fair and objective at all times.
Independence requires the men and women who wear the black robes to be free not only of mental and emotional biases but also of emotional baggage brought about by a misplaced sense of gratitude to the appointing authority (or to those who claim to have had a hand in their appointments.) Of course, this is easy to say but sometimes difficult to implement. Pressures on judges come not just directly, but many times indirectly from relatives, close friends, and even family physicians or dentists.
The greatest threat to civil liberties emanate from the government, particularly from executive officials. Ironically, the appointing authority of judges is the President who has control and supervision over the entire Executive Department. And yet, judges are expected to be neutral in every struggle between the government and the citizens. Worse, under my vision of safeguarding liberty, laws and actions that restrict fundamental rights come to court with a heavy presumption against their validity; and, thus, judges are called upon to scrutinize them strictly against the executive official who issued, or who are enforcing them. And, to stress, when a court decides to uphold the right of the citizen, that individual becomes a majority of one against an entire government voted to office by a majority of our people.
Such is the awesome task of a judge: To apply the Constitution and the law objectively, and to do justice “though the heavens may fall.”
Integrity, Not Mere Honesty
The second In, integrity, goes beyond mere honesty in dealing with fellow human beings; it is not a mere refusal to tell a falsehood; it encompasses the moral courage to denounce a wrong and to promote the truth.
I attended a Mass not too long ago presided by a well-known archbishop who delivered a stirring homily. He said: “In the Old Testament, there are Ten Commandments, but in the New, our Lord Jesus Christ reduced them to two: love thy God, and love thy neighbor. And how does one love thy neighbor?”
Quoting Scriptures, Archbishop Oscar Cruz explained the obvious answer: we show love when we feed the hungry, clothe the naked and visit the prisoners. But the sagacious prelate went beyond the Gospel and asked: Shall we just feed the hungry, but not go after the greedy person who deprived them of food? Shall we just provide clothing without chasing the robber who stole the clothes; shall we just visit the prisoner without bringing to justice their rapacious prosecutors, biased witnesses and corrupt judges?
Indeed, integrity, and love for that matter, cannot be a passive condoner of wrongdoings. Above all, it should include the moral courage to pursue and punish the wrongdoers.
During the martial law years, the country was besieged by officials who arrogated absolute power to themselves, plundered the treasury, and used their public offices to amass ill-gotten wealth. There were, however, a handful who—even while serving under the authoritarian regime—kept themselves personally pure, discharged their functions efficiently, and refused to join the corrupt in raiding the public treasury. While these few good men and women can be described as honest public servants, they did nothing to stamp out the evil around them, contented as they were with distancing themselves from the evil conspiracy.
Towering above them were those who not only kept themselves clean and honest, but also worked fervently and actively—at the risk of their own safety, earthly possessions and careers—to restore freedom, to denounce the plunderers, and to make truth and justice prevail. More than being honest, they were persons of moral courage; they were men and women of integrity.
By the same token, judges must not only be free of falsehoods; they must also have the moral courage to rid society of those numbing falsehoods. By their actions and decisions, sometimes by their stirring dissents, they reveal their character and herald the lacerating truth.
Integrity also includes intellectual decency and a deep sense of personal honor, which transcend a desire for personal acclaim or recognition. Persons of true integrity perform their tasks faithfully, regardless of whether their work is recognized by others, and whether it leads to their promotion.
Integrity likewise encompasses impartiality. Judges of integrity perform their duties without fear or favor, bias or prejudice. They ensure that their conduct is above reproach. Propriety and the appearance of propriety are essential to the proper performance of their duties. Thus is their credibility maintained at all times. It goes without saying that they avoid, as far as possible, any undue social contact and unnecessary fellowship with litigants and lawyers.
Industry and Intelligence
Industry, the third In of a good judge, demands a personal passion for work, not only during office hours but also in the evenings and early mornings when—free from the hustle and bustle of office and trial routines—judges find the solitude to wrestle with their conscience; to pray and to gather courage to accord what is due every person, pursuant to the letter and the spirit of the law, regardless of personal consequences.
The fourth In, intelligence, refers to both knowledge and wisdom. Judges must master the law. To earn the respect of lawyers and litigants, they must be able to preside authoritatively over trials and rule reasonably well on fine points of law and evidence brought before their courts.
For purposes of our present discussion, intelligence may be equated with excellence, which in turn demands mastery of our chosen vocation and familiarity with all branches of knowledge. Simply put, it means knowing everything about something and something about everything. As I always say, it is not enough for judges to be walking databases of the Constitution, the law and jurisprudence; they must also have a working knowledge of the arts, history, health, medicine, philosophy, mathematics, physics, psychology, economics, computers and the latest biosciences and biotechnologies
The Mission of Lawyers
The “mission” I spelled out for lawyers is captured by the words “competence and ethics.” These go together. Lawyers must not only be competent, they must also be ethical.
To be sure, attorneys-at-law have a great role in shaping public opinion. Not only do they raise the people’s consciousness of burning issues, but also reflect the nation’s pulse. Members of the bar are almost always consulted and their views obtained on almost any conceivable topic of importance—on presidential issuances, legislative proposals and enactments, elections, and sometimes even fashion.
Sadly, however, some lawyers have forgotten the great burden that comes with their awesome responsibility and authority. Some have become so adept at being technicians of the law they have come to regard it as the end, rather than as a means to something much more important. Indeed, many lawyers have had so much success in defending their client’s causes—right or wrong—that they have lost sight of their first and foremost duty, which is to serve the ends of truth and justice. Worse, some have jumbled up their hierarchy of responsibilities to put their interests first, those of their clients second, and justice a far third.
In my books and addresses, I have always stressed that an ethical compass is required of lawyers. Ethics in our profession cannot be overemphasized; attorneys are always expected to uphold fidelity to truth and justice. Quality justice always begins with a high standard of ethics.
The Mission of Judicial Employees
The Chief Justice’s constituencies include not only the bench and the bar but also all employees of the Judicial Department of the government. Thus, I had a mission for them too: DHL (dedication to duty, honesty and loyalty). But the mission is not one way. I pledged to grant them maximum financial benefits within my discretion to give. And indeed, I delivered on my vow by granting them cash benefits of at least P10,000 per month over and above their usual salaries. The esprit d’corps rose to an all time high and the employees reciprocated with unprecedented DHL.
This shows that leadership is also sharing and caring. More than just reciprocating, the judicial employees found that their dedication, honesty and loyalty were recognized and rewarded. The democratic leader is followed because he is credible and loved, not because he is feared and dreaded.
The ACID Problems
Thus far, I have discussed the specific “missions” of each of the three major components of the Philippine judiciary. In addition to their specific goal, all three sectors were called to accomplish a general goal, that is, to reform the justice system by eliminating, or at least minimizing, the four ACID problems that corrode justice (limited access to the court system; corruption; incompetence; and delay).
I will no longer explain in detail these ACID topics. Otherwise, I will take one more hour of your time. However, for your workshop discussions, I have annexed to the hard copy of this speech, Chapter 10 entitled “Addressing theACID Problems of the Philippine Judiciary” of my new book, Liberty and Prosperity, published in October 2006. And those interested in more details can refer to another book I wrote in 2005, Judicial Renaissance, in which these reforms are discussed at length.
During your group discussions, you may also want to craft your personal and/or common (for AYLC 2007) vision-mission statement, and how you intend to accomplish it. That puts into action what you learned in theory.
Let me end this address with a little story, a true story.
On his first day in office, the new chief executive of one of the top ten Philippine companies asked how many cars were assigned to his office as president. He was stunned to learn that there were more than five dozens. He retained only one and ordered the immediate sale of the remainder.
On his second day, an assistant visited his office with a big briefcase full of cash, which he was told was his personal share of the commissions for advertising placed by his companies in several media outlets. He ordered the assistant to hand them over officially to the company cashier, and to have them deposited in the company’s bank account.
On his third day, he noticed that many of the executives under him arrived in their offices only about 10:00 a.m. Without commenting on the dismaying habits of his subordinates, he asked his secretary to make arrangements so that he could be brought to the office by his driver at 8:00 a.m. daily.
In those first three days, without giving a pep talk and without criticizing anyone, the executive led his subordinates and employees in practicing prudence in spending, integrity in money matters and on-time office arrival. After a few years of leadership by example, the worth of the corporation multiplied tenfold and its corporate ethics, a hundred fold.
Ladies and gentlemen, there are many ways to lead: by delivering boring lectures like this, by sporting an iron fist to badger everyone on the way, by buying people’s loyalties and obeisance, and by inheriting a throne and commanding reverence appropriate to the king.
It helps to be a great orator and a financial wizard. Patting backs and rewarding good work have their uses. But leadership by example is the most credible way to lead.
Having a clear vision and mission is an essential beginning. Leading by example is the best, if not the only, way to accomplish the vision and mission.
After 60 minutes of talking, I can now summarize in four words my short answer to AYLC’s crucial question of how to lead during these challenging times: visionary leadership by example.
[1] See Starweek (the Sunday magazine of the Philippine Star) issue of January 21, 2007.
[2] “Mission
“Ayala Corporation, a holding company with a diverse business portfolio, has a legacy of pioneering the future. Founded in 1834, it has achieved its position of leadership by being values driven, goals oriented, and stakeholder focused. Anchored on values of integrity, long-term vision, empowering leadership, and commitment to national development, we fulfill our mission to ensure long-term profitability, increase shareholder value, provide career opportunities, and create synergies as we build mutually beneficial partnerships and alliances with those who share our philosophy and values. With entrepreneurial strength, we continue to create a future that nurtures to fruition our business endeavors and personal aspirations.”
www.ayala.com.ph, last visited on Jan. 29, 2007.
[4] “Vision
“Our vision is to be a leading foundation committed to national development harnessing corporate social responsibility towards:
– Developing social technologies providing better quality of life
– Facilitating access to knowledge and learning; and
– Instilling pride in being a Filipino”
www.ayalafoundation.com.ph, last visited on Jan. 29, 2007
[5] “OUR VISION
“To be the dominant, most respected and influential Philippine media organization for Filipinos here and abroad.
“We are a world-class processor of news and information, publishing the country’s newspaper of record, informing and influencing our public, providing other excellent services and serving as a catalyst for social progress – all within the framework of a liberal democracy.
“We uphold the highest standards in journalism and provide top-quality service to readers, advertisers and clients. We perform our roles to the best of our abilities and continuously seek to improve our expertise and skills. We strive to be reliable, accurate, efficient and effective in the delivery of our services and management of our finances.
“We abide by the principles of honesty, fairness and incorruptibility in our journalistic, business and interpersonal conduct. Through these, we establish our credibility and become worthy of the trust of our stakeholders.
“We maintain the freedom to take a position regardless of external and internal pressure, ensure that we hear out all sides, decide responsibility without fear or favor, and respect independent thinking and freedom to express views and opinions.
“We work for the betterment of our nation and strive to preserve and conserve resources in all our undertakings.
“We respect and trust each member of the team and work harmoniously to achieve the organization’s goals.
“We continuously improve and respond to the changing needs of the environment, the market and the organization. We adopt an open-minded, forward-looking and proactive stance in meeting the challenges of the future.
“In upholding these values, we seek the guidance of Divine Providence to attain higher levels of development.”
www.inquirer.com.ph, last visited on Jan. 29, 2007
[5] Senate v. Ermita, GR No. 169777, April 20, 2006. More accurately, the Court invalidated the major provisions of Executive Order No. 464. In its simplest terms, the Decision held that Congress had the right to compel the appearance of executive officials in congressional investigations, because the power of legislative inquiry was as broad as the power to legislate. Hence, held to be unconstitutional were the provisions of EO 464 that allowed the Executive Branch to evade congressional requests for information without properly invoking executive privilege in recognized instances. Nonetheless, the Court directed Congress to indicate, in its invitation to executive officials, the subject matter of the inquiry and of related questions, so that the President or the Executive Secretary could properly invoke executive privilege, if warranted.
To the extent that investigations in aid of legislation were to be generally conducted in public, the Court held that “any executive issuance tending to unduly limit disclosures of information in such investigations necessarily deprives the people of information which, being presumed to be in aid of legislation, is presumed to be a matter of public concern. The citizens are thereby denied access to information which they can use in formulating their own opinions on the matter before Congress – – opinions which they can communicate to their representatives and other government officials through the various legal means allowed by their freedom of expression. x x x.”
[6] Bayan v. Ermita, GR No. 169838, April 25, 2006. This ponencia, penned by Justice Adolfo S. Azcuna, stated thus:
“x x x[T]his Court reiterates its basic policy of upholding the fundamental rights of our people, especially freedom of expression and freedom of assembly. In several policy addresses, Chief Justice Artemio V. Panganiban has repeatedly vowed to uphold the liberty of our people and to nurture their prosperity. He said that ‘in cases involving liberty, the scales of justice should weigh heavily against the government and in favor of the poor, the oppressed, the marginalized, the dispossessed and the weak. Indeed, laws and actions that restrict fundamental rights come to the courts with a heavy presumption against their validity. These laws and actions are subjected to heightened scrutiny.”
[7] David v. Arroyo, GR No. 171396, May 3, 2006. Writing for the majority in this case, Justice Angelina Sandoval-Gutierrez ruled as follows:
“All powers need some restraint; practical adjustments rather than rigid formula are necessary. Superior strength — the use of force — cannot make wrongs into rights. In this regard, the courts should be vigilant in safeguarding the constitutional rights of the citizens, specially their liberty.
“Chief Justice Artemio V. Panganiban’s philosophy of liberty is thus most relevant. He said: ‘In cases involving liberty, the scales of justice should weigh heavily against the government and in favor of the poor, the oppressed, the marginalized, the dispossessed and the weak.’ Laws and actions that restrict fundamental rights come to the courts with a heavy presumption against their constitutional validity.”
[8] The following provisions of the Constitution, among others, mandate the State to promote economic prosperity:
Article II (Declaration of Principles and State Policies)
“Sec. 9. The State shall promote a just and dynamic social order that will ensure the prosperity and independence of the nation and free the people from poverty through policies that provide adequate social services, promote full employment, a rising standard of living, and an improved quality of life for all.
“Sec. 17. The State shall give priority to education, science and technology, arts, culture, and sports to foster patriotism and nationalism, accelerate social progress, and promote total human liberation and development.”
Article XII (National Economy and Patrimony)
“Sec.1. The goals of the national economy are a more equitable distribution of opportunities, income, and wealth; a sustained increase in the amount of goods and services produced by the nation for the benefit of the people; and an expanding productivity as the key to raising the quality of life for all, especially the underprivileged.
“The State shall promote industrialization and full employment based on sound agricultural development and agrarian reform, through industries that make full and efficient use of human and natural resources, and which are competitive in both domestic and foreign markets. However, the State shall protect Filipino enterprises against unfair foreign competition and trade practices.
“In the pursuit of these goals, all sectors of the economy and all regions of the country shall be given optimum opportunity to develop. Private enterprises, including corporations, shall be encouraged to broaden the base of their ownership.”
“Sec. 12. The State shall promote the preferential use of Filipino labor, domestic materials and locally produced goods, and adopt measures that help make them competitive.”
“Sec. 13. The State shall pursue a trade policy that serves the general welfare and utilizes all forms and arrangements of exchange on the basis of equality and reciprocity.”
[9] Art. XII, Sec.1.
[10] During his annual message to the US Congress on January 6, 1941, Roosevelt outlined, as his vision for the world, four freedoms: freedom of speech and expression, freedom of every person to worship God, freedom from want, and freedom from fear.
[11] Thus, Sec. 1 of Art. XIII of the Constitution expressly ordains as follows:
“The Congress shall give highest priority to the enactment of measures that protect and enhance the right of all the people to human dignity, reduce social, economic and political inequalities, and remove cultural inequities by equitably diffusing wealth and political power for the common good.
“To this end, the State shall regulate the acquisition, ownership, use an disposition of property and its increments.”
[12] Art. XIII, Sec. 2
[13] In my recent book, Liberty and Prosperity, I explained the emerging role of private business and the international developmental agencies in nurturing prosperity, alleviating poverty and healing diseases.
[14] 338 Phil. 546, 604-605, May 2, 1997, per Panganiban, J. (now CJ).
[15] 445 SCRA 1, December 1, 2004, per Panganiban, J. (now CJ).
[16] In the famous 2006 initiative case, Lambino v. Comelec, GR No. 174153, October 25, 2006, I wrote in my Separate Concurring Opinion, thus:
“At bottom, the issue in this case is simply the Rule of Law. Initiative, like referendum and recall, is a treasured feature of the Filipino constitutional system. It was born out of our world-admired and often-imitated People Power, but its misuse and abuse must be resolutely rejected. Democracy must be cherished, but mob rule vanquished.
“The Constitution is a sacred social compact, forged between the government and the people, between each individual and the rest of the citizenry. Through it, the people have solemnly expressed their will that all of them shall be governed by laws, and their rights limited by agreed-upon covenants to promote the common good. It we are to uphold the Rule of Law and reject the rule of the mob, we must faithfully abide by the processes the Constitution has ordained in order to bring about a peaceful, just and human society. Assuming arguendo that six million people allegedly gave their assent to the proposed changes in the Constitution, they are nevertheless still bound by the social covenant — the present Constitution — which was ratified by a far greater majority almost twenty years ago. I do not denigrate the majesty of the sovereign will; rather, I elevate our society to the loftiest perch, because our government must remain as one of laws and not of men.”
Comments Off on Visionary Leadership By Example
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Our editor-in-chief Nate Yapp is proud to have contributed to the new book Hidden Horror: A Celebration of 101 Underrated and Overlooked Fright Flicks, edited by Aaron Christensen. Another contributors include Anthony Timpone, B.J. Colangelo, Dave Alexander, Classic-Horror.com's own Robert C. Ring and John W. Bowen. Pick up a copy today from Amazon.com!
Many Happy Returns: Our Final Post
Submitted by Nate Yapp on Fri, 2012-06-15 01:15
As announced back in March, today will be the last day that Classic-Horror.com updates. After today, the site will remain online as an archive. It is also the site's thirteenth birthday. Classic horror has been part of me longer than that, though -- far, far longer.
There's a young boy in Iowa in 1991 whose parents just bought him The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari and Nosferatu for Christmas, because that's all he really wanted. His mother had introduced him to horror films earlier that year and now the boy is obsessed with all things monstrous. He has a plethora of Universal classics on tape because his best friend's dad (who has cable) taped AMC's Monsterfest for him. He writes a fan letter to Vincent Price and hopes to meet him someday. (read more...)
The Terrorphile: The Song is Over (Farewell/Horror Tribute fanvid)
As the site draws to a close, I thought I would try to put into video form some kind of final farewell. I've worked on this on and off for the last three years (starting in 2009 when I thought I might shut down the site then). The video is kind of hodge-podge of clips from over 200 horror sources, set to The Who's The Song is Over. I think the song reflects some of my feelings about the site and the horror genre in general.
No notes this time. I think I've said everything I need to say in my farewell post.
Review: The Vampire Bat (1933)
Genre is cumulative. Successful elements of one film are picked up, refined, and tweaked by the next. Sometimes the result is an improvement or even an advancement, other times it is imitation or homage. In many cases, a film will combine the perceived successes of its predecessors, synthesizing them into something familiar but new. These are the places where genre evolves. Take the case of The Vampire Bat, which borrows two of the stars of Doctor X and Mystery of the Wax Museum, but more importantly, it carries forward some of the themes and genre trappings of Universal's 1931 horror hits, Dracula and Frankenstein. In doing so, the film shows some innovation of its own, resulting in an entertaining, if occasionally slipshod film.(read more...)
Ray Bradbury (1920-2012)
Submitted by Matt Majeski on Thu, 2012-06-07 13:41
The world truly has lost one of the greatest writers of the 20th century. Ray Bradbury, well known science fiction author among thousands of fans, died on June 5th, 2012 after a lengthy illness.
Bradbury is most well known for sci-fi novels like Fahrenheit 451 and The Martian Chronicles. He was also known for dipping his toes in the fantasy and horror genre, with such novels like Something Wicked This Way Comes. He wrote several upon several short stories, 27 of them being adapted for EC Comics.(read more...)
Review: Audition (1999)
Submitted by Robert Ring on Fri, 2012-06-01 14:21
Audition is a devious film, the kind that draws you in with well-developed characters and a patiently-paced plot but that eventually begins hitting you unapologetically with scenes of horror before finally bludgeoning you at its climax. Made by Takashi Miike, a master of inserting obscene levels of violence into well-measured stories, this is a film that builds up to an explosive finale that is virtually impossible to be perfectly unspoiled (assuming the viewer looks at the DVD packaging or poster art before watching the film) but nevertheless hits with such unexpected force that it can leave you sick. Aside from simply setting you up for a punch in the gut, however, Audition also quietly illustrates the extent of our acceptance of male dominance in society. (read more...)
Twitchy Thumbs: Silent Hill (1999)
Submitted by Padraig Cotter on Fri, 2012-05-25 14:38
The following is what would have been the first entry in an ongoing column about video games. However, since the site will no longer be updating after June 15th, only one entry was produced. We hope you enjoy!
Way back in 1999 when Silent Hill was released for the Playstation, videogaming was in the middle of a massive image shift. With the arrival and success of the Playstation in 1996 gaming was becoming mainstream and cool. It was no longer considered the past time of pasty kids with no friends or the hopelessly nerdy. Advances in technology enabled developers to add a cinematic sheen to their games for the first time and titles like Gran Turismo, Resident Evil and Metal Gear Solid were leading the pack in this new cinematic approach. Even Hollywood was getting in on this blossoming medium, with the likes of Bruce Willis lending his likeness and voice to generic shoot em up Apocalypse. And in the midst of all this came Silent Hill. Initially seen as a rival to flagship horror franchise Resident Evil, it went on to become a big success in its own right and the years since have seen numerous sequels, spin-offs, merchandising, films and even a remake. The series even has its own iconic bogeyman in the hulking shape of Pyramid Head. But it all started with the first game, a relentless, nerve shredding nightmare.
Review: They Live (1988)
Submitted by Padraig Cotter on Sun, 2012-05-20 13:31
Chances are if you've heard of They Live, it is for one of two reasons. One, you've heard the line that launched a million t-shirts: "I have come here to chew bubblegum and kick ass. And I'm all out of bubblegum." Or two: You've seen the prolonged alleyway fight scene between Roddy Piper and Keith David on YouTube (or the fantastic South Park parody of it). But if you've never seen the film itself those two things might give you the impression that it's just another cheesy action flick from the eighties, but in keeping with the theme of the film, appearances can be deceiving. Lying underneath the surface of this sci-fi/action flick is a film howling in fury against mindless greed and corruption.(read more...)
Review: The Descent (2005)
The Descent could be seen as a textbook guide to instilling horror in viewers. However, to view this film in such a way would be to consider it a mere genre exercise when instead it is a jarring metaphor for the pain of exploring our darkest thoughts. The horror here, which is accomplished as perfectly as it likely could have been, does not exist solely to frighten but to evoke the terror of such a journey into the subconscious. Specifically, the film follows one character's descent into an unexplored cave system, which almost inherently becomes a metaphorical descent into the unexplored recesses of her own mind. The Descent is merciless, but more importantly, it never falters from its attempt to tell the story of a character's confrontation of the hidden aspects of her psychology. (read more...)
Review: The Funhouse (1981)
Submitted by Matt Majeski on Sat, 2012-04-21 03:27
Carnivals. Carnivals filled with clowns and cotton candy, merry go rounds and barkers, game booths and freakish sideshow oddities. What is their appeal? Why are we so afraid of these malevolent and dark settings, but are so attracted to them at the same time? What is it about their colorful and bright atmospheres that make them so inviting and enjoyable, but yet so bizarre and arcane? This is part of why carnivals make the perfect setting for any great horror movie, because they capture exactly just what we love about them: being frightened and having fun at the same time. Director Tobe Hooper, who shocked us all with The Texas Chain Saw Massacre, understood this well, and utilizes this place of charm and fear to his advantage, creating a creepy and menacing cinematic experience that is The Funhouse.(read more...)
Jonathan Frid (1924 - 2012)
I will always remember April 14th, 2012 as probably the saddest day for any horror fan. It makes me so depressed to report on not only two deaths that happened in the same week, but on the same day too, and of very talented actors at that. The great Jonathan Frid, who was immortalized on television as Barnabas Collins in the daytime gothic soap opera Dark Shadows, died last Saturday at age 87 of natural causes.(read more...)
Sleepaway Camp II (1988)
Alejandro Jodorowsky Double Feature in Chandler, AZ
Review: The Black Cat (1981)
Review: Shock Waves (1977)
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LSU Number One In AP Poll/UL Gets Votes In Coaches Poll
Steve Peloquin
(Photo By Grant Halverson/Getty Images)
Once again, the LSU Tigers are the top-ranked team in the latest Associated Press Top 25 poll, which was released on Sunday, while the Louisiana Ragin' Cajuns are receiving some love in the Coaches Poll.
It's the fourth-straight week LSU, who defeated Ole Miss last week, 58-37, is ranked number one in the AP Poll.
The Tigers, who are now 10-0 on the season, return to action on Saturday, when they play host to the Arkansas Razorbacks in an SEC match-up.
LSU received 54 of a possible 62 first-place votes in the poll, with Ohio St. receiving five and Clemson three.
Ohio St., Clemson, Georgina, and Alabama round out the top five.
Oregon, Utah, Oklahoma, Penn St., and Florida are ranked 6-10, respectively.
Appalachian St. reenters the poll this week, at #23.
Meanwhile, in the Coaches Poll, the Louisiana, who has won 8 of their last 9 games, and are 8-2 on the season, received 8 votes this week, and are #32 in that poll.
View the complete rankings in both of the polls.
Source: LSU Number One In AP Poll/UL Gets Votes In Coaches Poll
Filed Under: ap top 25 college football poll, louisianas ragin cajuns, LSU Football, LSU Tigers, ul football
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16 December 2018|Articles
Forget HODLing, Is Spending the Only Way to Revive Bitcoin?
stevekaaru
Bitcoin has been on a downhill trajectory for the year and the bloodbath looks unlikely to stop. The currency is down over 80 percent from its record high and has been oscillating between $3,000 and $3,500. The other cryptocurrencies haven’t fared any better, with Ethereum unable to stay above $90. While many analysts have promised us that a massive bull run is on the horizon, they have misled us to think that HODLing is the best move to stop the plummet in prices. It’s not, spending is – here’s why.
We Had the Answer All Along
Cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin especially, have been compared to gold. Gold is one of the most widely accepted stores of value globally. Bitcoin’s volatility has been cited as the reason it can’t replace gold as a store of value. Although the crypto community has consistently made efforts to turn the virtual currency into the gold of the internet, the challenges have been immense. It seems we may be asking for too much from a very nascent asset. We need to give it time to follow the same path gold took.
Before gold became the precious metal it is today, it was first used as money. This was the first step in giving it value. In 600 B.C, the kingdom of Lydia in modern-day Turkey became the first people to declare gold as currency. In the centuries that followed, gold became widely accepted as currency, being used and accepted globally.
Bitcoin is only a decade old, and the fact that it’s being compared to gold is already an achievement by itself. However, it needs to first become widely used as currency before it can become a store of value.
The Fundamental Challenge for Bitcoin
As Bitcoin asserted itself in the financial world, many merchants began accepting it as a method of payment. From global giants such as Microsoft, Overstock, Christie’s, and Expedia, to the neighborhood coffee and pizza joints, paying in Bitcoin was taking root. Then came the price crash, and all the progress was wiped out.
According to a survey Chainalysis released recently, Bitcoin payments handled by major payment processors are down by over 80 percent this year. The survey involved over a dozen Bitcoin payment processors including BitPay, which dominates the field. All revealed that crypto payments are now a rarity. Some of the merchants who supported cryptos have ceased to accept them, such as travel giant Expedia.
Is There Light at the End of the Tunnel?
Lack of real-world use remains the biggest challenge for Bitcoin. Sadly, this is a challenge that the community has ignored for a long time. Instead, the attention has been accorded to the Bitcoin skeptics such as Nouriel Roubini, the SEC, which has cracked down on fraudulent ICOs, the supremacy battle between Roger Ver and Craig Wright, and other such issues. Granted, these issues have a bearing on the market and affect the prices. However, these pale in comparison to the damage that the lack of real-world use of Bitcoin has.
Five years ago, it was criminals who controlled the majority of the Bitcoin daily transaction volume. According to one DEA agent, criminal activities accounted for as much as 90 percent of the volume. This has changed significantly as Bitcoin went more mainstream, and currently, crime only accounts for 10 percent of the volume. However, it’s the HODLers who have taken over. This group of people looks at Bitcoin as a way to make millions of dollars. They are committed to HODLing for as long as necessary to achieve this.
HODLing is not what Nakamoto envisioned ten years ago. Bitcoin’s purpose was, and still is, to replace the state-backed and monopolized fiat currencies. It seeks to give people power over the currency they use. It’s only by spending Bitcoin that we give it intrinsic value. As time progresses, this will push the currency back to one of its primary use cases.
bitcoin adoptionhodl
Steve is a blockchain and tech enthusiast with a writing career that spans six years. He is fascinated by the revolutionary power that cryptos give to their users and believes that they will shape the future of money
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Ana Berman
Japan: Tokyo Police Arrest 8 Men Allegedly Involved in $68 Million Crypto Pyramid Scheme
Tokyo police have arrested eight men suspected of involvement of a pyramid scheme, collecting about $68.4 million in cash and BTC.
Police in Tokyo arrest eight suspects that were allegedly involved in a crypto pyramid scheme that lured about $68.4 million in cash and Bitcoin from 6,000 people
Tokyo police have arrested eight men that are suspected of collecting a total amount of 7.8 billion yen ($68.4 million) in cash and cryptocurrency using a pyramid scheme, Japanese daily newspaper Asahi Shimbun reports Wednesday, Nov. 14.
The suspects claimed to run a U.S. investment company dubbed “Sener,” conducting seminars with foreign speakers. The police report that at least one of the meetings has been recorded, with video uploaded on YouTube. During the seminars, the group of suspects promised monthly returns from 3 to 20 percent for the investments. The suspects also asked the participants to pledge to invite other investors in order to get additional returns.
The investigators believe the suspects received cash and Bitcoin (BTC) from about 6,000 people in 44 prefectures, including Tokyo. A group lawsuit was filed at the Tokyo District Court by 73 victims of the fraud, seeking approximately $3.2 million in damages. According to Asahi Shimbun, six men have already admitted to the allegations, while two others deny them.
The Tokyo police believe the suspects tried to avoid prosecution by using cryptocurrencies, as they are in a “gray zone,” according to Japanese financial regulation. As explained by Financial Services Agency (FSA), digital currencies are not considered as securities that are under the jurisdiction of current law. However, they can be regulated depending on the structure of the investment, the FSA added.
Japan is known for its crypto-friendly stance, which remains relatively unchanged despite the massive hacks on local crypto exchanges Coincheck and Zaif in 2018.
The FSA, which issues licenses for crypto exchanges to operate in the country, gave the local crypto industry self-regulatory status in October, certifying the Japanese Virtual Currency Exchange Association (JVCEA) to monitor the space.
Furthermore, a Japanese taxation policy committee is seeking to facilitate cryptocurrency tax reporting. In October, the officials held a debate discussing the current legal framework and offering to stimulate a more thorough reporting of cryptocurrency gains.
#Fraud
#Pyramid Scheme
#Crimes
Virgin Bitcoin — Most In-Demand Crypto That Is Regulated Differently?
Privacy Coins in 2019: True Financial Freedom or a Criminal's Delight?
US Citizen Indicted for Narcotics Distribution in Exchange for Bitcoin
SBI, GMO Reportedly Sign Deal with Operator of World’s Largest Bitcoin Mining Site
CFTC Cannot Locate Man Responsible for Over $140 Million Crypto Ponzi
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Jewish World / Judaism / Religion
Missing the Joke — and the Message
by Avi Shafran · July 15, 2013
The lack of a sense of humor may not totally disqualify one from being a good teacher, but in, as they say, my humble opinion, it comes close.
I had recent occasion to watch the recorded presentation of an Israeli professor who seemed, regrettably, humor-impaired. That he exhibited no sense of cleverness wasn’t so terrible. That he failed, though, to even recognize humor – in this case a poignant pun – was.
The lecturer was soberly providing his audience what it had come to hear, namely a scholarly assault on the contemporary “Ultra-Orthodox” world and its leaders. And, as has become de rigueur, in his effort to portray the charedi world as hopelessly close-minded, he invoked the famous dictum of the Chasam Sofer (Rabbi Moshe Schreiber, 1762-1839) that “chadash assur min haTorah” – “what is new is forbidden by the Torah.” But he presented it as some sort of absurdly pilpulistic application, not seeming to realize – or, certainly, not communicating – that it was, in fact, ingenious wordplay.
The Chasam Sofer, venerated by Orthodox Jews to this day, was a strong opponent of the nascent Reform movement of his day, which had begun to attract adherents in his native Austria-Hungary and beyond. It was his influence and determination that kept the Reform movement out of Pressburg, the city he served as rabbi for more than three decades. And it was his determination to preserve what we today call Jewish “Orthodoxy”– namely, commitment to the entirety of classical Judaism – that impelled him to humorously hijack the “what is new is forbidden” phrase.
The phrase’s original context is the Biblical prohibition of consuming the “new grain” of each Jewish year until the second day of Passover, when the Omer sacrifice was brought. Rabbi Schreiber employed the phrase as a pun (oh, what injury we do to a joke by explaining it!), to express his entirely unrelated-to-agriculture feeling that even a seemingly innocuous innovation to Jewish life – “what is new” – must be regarded with skepticism, and scrutinized to ensure that it will not prove an inadvertent step in a bad direction.
Some innovation-minded Jews, including some who are fully committed to halacha, find the Chasam Sofer’s approach discomfiting. What they don’t seem to appreciate is that he was not, in fact, offering a blanket rejection of all that is “new” for all time, as people like the humor-compromised professor profess. To begin with, the revered Torah leader of his generation was confronting an immediate and formidable challenge to the mesorah, or Jewish religious tradition, a movement that rejected its very theological foundation. And so, even minor changes in liturgy or synagogue practices represented – at least to a deeply perceptive mind –a potential Trojan Horse. Or, perhaps a better metaphor, a slippery slope.
And secondly, he was not saying that every change in Jewish life or practice is dangerous. The fact that sermons are delivered from Orthodox synagogue pulpits in English, that there are schools and seminaries for Orthodox girls and women, that organized efforts exist to encourage Orthodox Jews to reach out to their non-Orthodox fellow Jews all reflect that fact that what is “new” is sometimes not only permitted but necessary.
What allows the novel to be embraced by Orthodoxy, though, is the considered judgment of the most experienced and learned religious leaders of the Orthodox world. That Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch sermonized in German, that the Chofetz Chaim endorsed the Bais Yaakov movement, that “outreach” was characterized as a Jewish obligation by Rabbi Moshe Feinstein, all demonstrate that the Chasam Sofer’s pun was not intended to promote some sort of spiritual Luddism.
What it was intended to do was to sensitize his generation to the existence, and danger, of slippery slopes, a recognition our own times require of us no less.
In truth, at least with regard to secular beliefs, most American Jews readily understand that small departures from a path can eventually lead to larger, more disturbing, deviations. Any “new” idea, for instance, that that would ever-so-slightly modify First Amendment rights in the United States, like freedom of speech or religion, is rightfully seen as a threat to those high ideals. Not to mention that every teacher – and parent – knows that there are times when making a small allowance can be an invitation to anarchy, when giving an inch begets the loss of a yard, or a mile.
Yes, of course, there are limits to what sort of Jewish “newnesses” should be regarded as wrong. There are many great jokes – speaking of humor – that we charedim tell among ourselves about taking stringencies or “the way it has always been done” too far.
But as a wise man (or wise guy; I think it was me) once said: Just because elephants don’t fly doesn’t mean birds don’t exist. Excessive insistence on fealty to the way things have always been is unwise. But so is pursuing, without the blessings of true Jewish leaders, shiny, happy innovations whose trajectories we cannot know. That was what the Chasam Sofer meant, and expressed in an amusingly creative way.
It’s unfortunate that the Israeli professor wasn’t able to recognize a joke – or the possibility that a venerated Jewish sage might be more prescient than he.
© 2013 Rabbi Avi Shafran
You can read this essay and other essays and musings here.
We Are All Children of the Same Man
by Special to Cross-Currents · Published August 2, 2010
Tisha B’Av With Faigy Mayer, o”h
by Avi Shafran · Published August 10, 2015 · Last modified August 13, 2015
Tikvah Yeshiva Program For Men – Now Accepting Applications
by Yitzchok Adlerstein · Published May 20, 2016 · Last modified May 22, 2016
Next story A Tisha B’Av Message, Penned in Pain and in Hope
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Last season brought the culmination of "All Out War," which pitted Rick Grimes and his group of survivors against the Saviors and their cunning leader, Negan. With Negan's life in his hands, Rick had a character-defining choice in front of him. By making the unilateral decision to spare Negan, Rick upheld the values his late son, Carl, championed in order to build for the future, but created conflict within his group.
Now, we see our survivors a year and a half after the end of the war, rebuilding civilization under Rick's steadfast leadership. It is a time of relative peace among the communities as they work together, looking to the past to forge the future, but the world they knew is rabidly chanaina as man-made structures continue to degrade, and nature takes over, changing the landscape and creating new challenges for our survivors. As time passes, the communities confront unexpected obstacles, danger, and of course, walkers, but nothing quite prepares them for the formidable force they are about to encounter, which threatens the very idea of civilization that our survivors have worked so hard to build.
https://darksiderecords.com 031398305361
Label: STARZ / ANCHOR BAY
The Walking Dead: The Complete Ninth Season
Artist: The Walking Dead [TV Series]
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insider-trading
Insider Trading With The Big Boys
There may be a new way to go down for insider trading on the horizon and it has a wicked cool name: the “Big Boy Letter.” The BBL, Jenny Anderson writes in today’s Times is a way for buyers and sellers to first say “We are all big boys here, so let’s not sue each other” and secondly, “Now that that’s out of the way, who wants to trade on some info the market doesn’t have?”
Simple enough: the Big-Boy protects investors with the off the record information from being sued by the buyer. Problem is, sometimes the stock is sold in the market and proceeds to plummet and that leaves people angry and litigious. (Related: Carney and I have a Big Boy letter that states that I can’t take legal action, should I incur any splinters).
Next month, a Texas hedge fund will argue that Smith Barney (Salomon Smith Barney) took it for a ride vis-à-vis one of these BBLs, when SSB sold in excess of $20 million of World access bonds to Jefferies. Barclays also has an impending trial.
For now, lawyers can’t come to a consensus on the legality of deals using the Big-Boys, and, oddly, the Securities and Exchange Commission has not yet weighed in (is Chris Cox going through some sort of a personal crisis?).
Howard Seife, head of the bankruptcy practice at Chadbourne & Parke, said: “If I am the buyer and I want to resell, it would be prudent for the new seller to enter into a big-boy letter. You are protecting yourself to the new buyer in the chain.”
Others disagree. “The existence of a big-boy letter is not a material fact that needs to be disclosed in connection with a sale,” said Mr. Block from Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft.
The outcomes of these cases will surely play a pivotal role in the way individuals go about committing crimes in the future. We don’t really have an opinion either way: it’s your life, do what you want. But a name change is in order—“Mature Adult Letter”? “Mutually Beneficial Prosecution Avoidance Letter”? “Jail Isn’t Conducive to Our Lifestyle Letter”? “Arby’s Letter”? You can do better.
Side Deals in a Gray Area [NYT]
Giving Poster Boy For Insider Trading An Entirely More Boring Meaning
Insider Trading On The Universe
An Indulgent Attitude Toward Insider Trading: Massachusetts Does Away With One Of The Few Things Massachusetts Has Going For It
(Possible) Insider Trading: Acxiom Style
Morgan Stanley's Anti-Insider Trading Scare Tactics
The Return of Insider Trading
An Ode To Insider Trading
Insider Trading At CNBC: The Plot Thickens Imperceptibly
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Items St. Patrick's Cathedral demonstration
St. Patrick's Cathedral demonstration
Manuscripts and Archives Division
Davies, Diana, 1938-
Image ID 58083684
Diana Davies photographs
St. Patrick’s Cathedral demonstration, New York City
Contact sheet 1
Davies, Diana, 1938- (Photographer)
Date Created: 1971 - 1975 (Inferred)
Shelf locator: MssCol 732
Lesbian activists
Demonstrations -- New York (N.Y.)
Demonstrations -- New York (State)
St. Patrick's Cathedral (New York, N.Y.)
MSS Unit ID: 732
Negative number: Contact sheet 1, 12A
Universal Unique Identifier (UUID): 39792410-2279-0137-df15-578e2cd5c4d4
Photo by Diana Davies
Manuscripts and Archives Division, The New York Public Library. "St. Patrick's Cathedral demonstration" The New York Public Library Digital Collections. 1971 - 1975. http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/638b6a60-2279-0137-8d47-6160c53e1a5d
Manuscripts and Archives Division, The New York Public Library. "St. Patrick's Cathedral demonstration" New York Public Library Digital Collections. Accessed January 21, 2020. http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/638b6a60-2279-0137-8d47-6160c53e1a5d
Manuscripts and Archives Division, The New York Public Library. (1971 - 1975). St. Patrick's Cathedral demonstration Retrieved from http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/638b6a60-2279-0137-8d47-6160c53e1a5d
<ref name=NYPL>{{cite web | url=http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/638b6a60-2279-0137-8d47-6160c53e1a5d | title= (still image) St. Patrick's Cathedral demonstration, (1971 - 1975)|author=Digital Collections, The New York Public Library |accessdate=January 21, 2020 |publisher=The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations}}</ref>
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Joy From Africa To The World At The V&A Waterfront
diveinsouthafrica November 15, 2019 November 15, 2019 No Comments on Joy From Africa To The World At The V&A Waterfront
This year the V&A Waterfront has reimagined the festive season into a celebration of local talent and environmental sustainability. Themed, Joy from Africa to the World, the V&A is presenting an experience aligned to its purpose to collectively create the world’s most inspiring waterfront neighbourhood. The destination has partnered with over 140 African artisans to create a vibrant wonderland made from upcycled materials. In doing so, it hopes to tell a uniquely African story that’s joyful, inspiring and shows what an ‘African festive’ is all about.
Tinyiko Mageza, Executive Manager of Marketing at the V&A, says the reimagined festive fits with the Waterfront’s commitment to sustainable best practices. “We are building an inclusive neighbourhood in the City of Cape Town. As neighbourhood custodians, we need to create and curate a space that looks after the interests of the people who come here and the environment we’re in.”
She said that in 2017, the V&A announced its commitment to eliminating single-use plastic. “We aim to reduce use by 40% by 2020. This ambitious goal carried into our festive plans for this year. We decided to lead with purpose and prioritise the things that matter most to us. That meant repurposing past décor, using wastepaper we collect in our waste recovery recycling centre, and choosing sustainable, recycled materials. It also meant considering our economic impact and dedication to creating jobs. We wanted to support the local economy at every level of our supply chain.”
Mageza says that the context of the time creates a push-pull effect for brands, “The concept of shared value is becoming increasingly important for businesses to embed in their operating models. Today’s customers expect brands to go beyond simply making a profit. And brands themselves are making this push independently. As businesses, we have an opportunity to seek a better way of doing things, because it’s the right thing to do. That’s not fuelled by public pressure. It’s because we have a responsibility to do so; to put a stake in the ground and take it upon ourselves to address shared challenges. We need to be bold and have courage in our convictions.”
The V&A festive showcase provides a platform for local businesses and entrepreneurs, including Monkeybiz, which empowers women to sell their beautiful beadwork. They made the 59 exquisitely crafted creatures that perch around the Ibhotwe Lasehlotyeni (Summer Palace). Wola Nani crafters contributed the papier-mâché planets, trees and upcycled baubles. The Wola Nani trust aims to enhance the capacity of the HIV/ Aids sector through research, advocacy, resources and more to improve the wellbeing of communities. Langa-based Our Workshop created the upcycled plastic chandeliers, while the baskets come from artists and weavers from all over Africa.
Their work will be on display to over three million expected visitors who’ll visit the Waterfront over the holidays. Mageza says, “We’re going to have an unveiling where most of the crafters who have contributed to this showcase will see their work up in lights. I hope they feel a sense of pride knowing their creativity is bringing joy to so many.”
Mageza adds that she wants every person who visits the Waterfront to feel a sense of pride. “As people walk through the Victoria Wharf shopping centre and see all the woven baskets glinting in the natural light, I want them to say, ‘This feels like me; this feels like us’. Whether you come from Germany or Germiston, I hope you see these installations and feel a sense of awe and joy. I think they tell a story of what we can do. This is what an African festive is about; vibrant colours and connecting with family and friends from all over the world. I know I personally have been humbled by this project and the experience”
The goal is to showcase how beautiful African creativity is; to tell a positive, authentic narrative about the continent; and to demonstrate the amazing things you can do with waste. Some key installations to look out for include the Summer Palace, open from 1 December, where little ones can meet Mother Earth and The Guardian of Joy from 7 – 24 December; the Joy Market, which features a selection of locally made decorations for sale from 6 November – 24 December; the giant planets made from upcycled materials (22 November); and the Baobab of Wishes, which will be lit up on 1 December. You can tie your message of joy to the tree.
For more information, visit the V&A Waterfront website.
The post Joy From Africa To The World At The V&A Waterfront appeared first on iAfrica.com.
Good News For Sarafaraz Ahmed Became Again T20 Caption | ABDULLAH SPORTS
5 minutes with singer Sha Sha
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Colleen Culbertson
Colleen Culbertson has significant experience in managing collaborative programs, billing, compliance and outcomes for networks that address the social determinants of health. Colleen began her career at Empire Health Foundation (EHF) as a manager of the foundation’s Obesity Prevention Program, where she worked with a network of nine school districts to overhaul food services and improve health measures for students. From there, Colleen moved into the role of Interim Director of Programs and Operations for the Family Impact Network (FIN), a Network Administrator (Lead Pilot Entity equivalent) that implemented performance-based contracting for Washington State’s child welfare system.
As a manager of EHF’s childhood obesity prevention program, Colleen led and supported the efforts of multiple large school districts, containing 61% of the region’s children, in the transition from serving heavily processed meals to serving only healthy, scratch-cooked food. As a result, school districts across Eastern Washington saw a 12% reduction in childhood overweight/obesity rates. In this role, Colleen provided management support for chef educators and school district personnel, managed the program budget and secured additional outside funding sources, and worked closely with EHF’s programs in Oral Health, Graduate Medical Education, and Capacity Building to further strengthen and expand impact for Eastern Washington residents.
In her role as Interim Director of Program and Operations at Family Impact Network (FIN), Colleen served as a “loaned executive,” supervising a team of seven and directing day-to-day operations with a laser focus on achieving measurable improvement in outcomes among a network of foster care visitation service providers. In this role, Colleen managed FIN’s relationship with the provider network, which included negotiating contracts, developing performance data and analysis measures, planning for quality improvement, and informing/supporting FIN’s board of directors. Colleen also oversaw billing and finance systems, and coordinated the alpha testing of Washington State’s new IT system for processing referrals and collecting data in child welfare and other social services, ensuring that both processes and data collected reflected the true needs of on-the-ground providers. In her Director role, Colleen positioned FIN to achieve significant improvements in wait times for first parent-child visits after a foster care placement from several weeks to seven days, and a 10% decrease in the rate of missed child visits.
In 2019, Colleen served as an associate in the corporate group of Munger, Tolles, and Olson LLP in Los Angeles, CA. She holds a BA, magna cum laude, from Princeton University and a JD from Yale Law School.
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Tag Archives: Criminalization
Posted on April 12, 2015 by djlwsu Standard Reply
Eric Garner and his family
By Stacey Patton and David Leonard
In the wake of several high-profile cases involving black Americans killed after encounters with the police, writers Stacey Patton and David J Leonard examine why blame is often shifted to the deceased.
Last week a Staten Island grand jury concluded that no crime was committed when an NYPD officer choked 43-year-old Eric Garner to death in broad daylight. Never mind what we all have seen on the video recording; his pleas, and his pronouncement, “I can’t breathe.”
So what if the medical examiner ruled it a homicide? An unfortunate tragedy for sure, but not a crime.
In fact, in the eyes of many, it was Garner’s own fault.
“You had a 350lb (158.8kg) person who was resisting arrest. The police were trying to bring him down as quickly as possible,” New York Representative Peter King told the press. “If he had not had asthma and a heart condition and was so obese, almost definitely he would not have died.”
This sort of logic sees Garner’s choices as the reasons for his death. Everything is about what he did. He had a petty criminal record with dozens of arrests, he (allegedly) sold untaxed cigarettes, he resisted arrest and disrespected the officers by not complying.
According to Bob McManus, a columnist for The New York Post, both Eric Garner and Michael Brown, the teenager shot dead by a police officer in Ferguson Missouri, “had much in common, not the least of which was this: On the last day of their lives, they made bad decisions. Especially bad decisions. Each broke the law – petty offenses, to be sure, but sufficient to attract the attention of the police. And then – tragically, stupidly, fatally, inexplicably – each fought the law.”
Throughout US history, the devaluing of black life can be seen in the failure to prosecute police officers, lynch mobs and freelance vigilantes
If only we turned our attention on those who are responsible. Had Officer Daniel Pantaleo not choked Eric Garner, the father and husband would be alive today.
Had Officer Pantaleo listened to his pleas, Garner would be alive today.
Had the other four officers interceded, Garner would be alive today.
There is plenty of blame to go around. The NYPD’s embrace of stop-and-frisk policies rooted in the “broken windows” method of policing is a co-conspirator worthy of public scrutiny and outrage.
Yet, we focus on Eric Garner’s choices.
Such victim-blaming is central to white supremacy.
Emmett Till should not have whistled at a white woman.
Amadou Diallo should not have reached for his wallet.
Trayvon Martin should not have been wearing a hoodie.
Jonathan Ferrell should not have run toward the police after getting into a car accident.
Renisha McBride should not have been drinking or knocked on a stranger’s door for help in the middle of the night.
Jordan Davis should not have been playing loud rap music.
Michael Brown should not have stolen cigarillos or allegedly assaulted a cop.
The irony is these statements are made in a society where white men brazenly walk around with rifles and machine guns, citing their constitutional right to do so when confronted by the police.
Look at the twitter campaign “#CrimingWhileWhite” to bear witness to all the white law-breakers who lived to brag about the tale.
Just think about the epidemic of white men who walk into public spaces, open fire and still walk away with their lives. In those cases, we are told we must understand “why” and change laws or mental health system to make sure it never happens again.
Continue reading at BBC News
Hey, White College Kids: Can the Ferguson Police Get Some of That Kony 2012 Outrage?
Posted on September 20, 2014 by djlwsu Standard 6
BY: DAVID J. LEONARD
Posted: Aug. 22 2014 2:56 PM
Originally Published at The Root
A woman gestures during a peaceful protest Aug. 19, 2014, along a street in Ferguson, Mo., regarding the fatal police shooting of Michael Brown.MICHAEL B. THOMAS/AFP/GETTY IMAGES
Remember #Kony2012? Of course you do. The social media campaign by Invisible Children against the war criminal leader of Uganda’s Lord’s Resistance Army is impossible to forget because of the way so many Americans—including many white Americans—came together and amplified the cause in the name of justice and human rights.
Invisible Children’s video was viewed 100 million times within six days. In a showing bigger even than the one for the ongoing “ice bucket challenge” for Lou Gehrig’s disease, also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or ALS, 3.7 million people committed to joining the Kony 2012 struggle. While ultimately unsuccessful in its stated goals of “ending war,” or “stopping the LRA and their leader,” #Kony2012 was effective in galvanizing deep support from white youth throughout the nation.
So, why not #FergusonPD2014?
In other words, why aren’t the same people who called out Joseph Kony demanding accountability from the Ferguson Police Department for its killing of Michael Brown when he was unarmed, and for its violation of peaceful protesters’ constitutional rights to assemble? Yes, it’s true that people of all backgrounds, including some young white activists, are actively involved in the protests in Ferguson. But why aren’t white college students latching on to this and revealing the same overwhelming “commitment” they did to the Kony “cause”?
As a college professor, I remember clearly that during the #Kony2012 campaign, they wanted the world to know that they were outraged by the atrocities going on in Uganda, or at least the atrocities said to be going on at some point in recent history. Why not a similar response to the atrocities going on outside St. Louis?
Because, sadly, this American tragedy doesn’t seem to have the right ingredients.
Besides using social media wisely, Invisible Children deployed a narrative of good versus evil and created enthusiasm around the power of young people in stopping a man intent on turning young men into soldiers and young women into sex slaves. With a click of a button that led the video to be shared on social media, a donation, or putting on some Kony apparel, one could seemingly purchase penance for past inaction and buy peace.
Second, the video and the campaign played upon the long-standing concept of the “white man’s burden” —the idea that white America has a responsibility and a duty to help oppressed elsewhere.
Third, the primary platform of the campaign limited the chance of cross-racial challenges. Facebook, marked by its insular communities, segregation and siloed realities, was the central engine for Kony 2012. This, and the nascent status of “black Twitter,” created conditions under which the “white savior” mentality thrived. While white Americans who participated in Kony 2012 were purchasing a tool kit or contributing to “justice” with their clicks and dollars, they didn’t have to inconvenience or challenge their privilege or identity.
Movements to address injustice when the victims are African American don’t have the same formula. So it’s no wonder that since 2012, there has not been a #Trayvon2013, a movement for #Renisha2013 or a #Ferguson2014. It’s no wonder there have been no viral videos on #Every28HoursABlackManIsKilled, or mainstream efforts to galvanize national attention for Eric Garner or Marissa Alexander or countless others.
Continue reading at The Root
Michael Bloomberg and the Benevolent White Daddy Syndrome | NewBlackMan (in Exile)
Posted on June 3, 2013 by djlwsu Standard Reply
by David J. Leonard
Hypocrisy is nothing new for America’s politicians. It is one of the few postures that remains bipartisan.
This is certainly evident as Michael Bloomberg pushes forward his assault on big sodas alongside his assault on constitutional rights and human dignity with his harmful stop and frisk policy. “For someone who wants to make sure people don’t smoke, waste energy, shoot each other with military-style firearms, or eat a bagel that’s way too big, you don’t express similar urgency when it comes to Black and Latino youth being violated on the streets of New York City,” writes Michael Arceneaux.
Stop and Frisk “has done absolutely nothing to make the city’s streets safer, and instead, fuels the fires of the already tense relationship between people of color and the police? Why focus on all off that when you can walk around telling people what not to eat and drink? Meanwhile, the heads of minority youth are buried into the concrete,” Acreneaux continues.
When defending big soda bans or cigarette concealment Bloomberg consistently notes health and safety, yet as Arceneaux notes, where is the concern for health, safety, dignity, life, and humanity with stop and frisk. Hypocrisy indeed.
Yet, on another level the soda ban and stop and frisk policy operate through the same racist ideologies: white paternalism. In both instances, Bloomberg and others claim discipline and punishment as necessary for the sake of safety, order, and protecting. They both are thought to be “preventative;” they are considered as policies thought to protect the law-abiding from poor choices, from dangerous values, and harmful things. They are considered interventions for bodies of color who obviously need to be controlled by the state.
Bloomberg defends his march on soda by invoking the kids, “I’ve got to defend my children, and yours, and do what’s right to save lives…Obesity kills. There’s no question—it kills…We believe that the judge’s decision was clearly in error, and we believe we will win on appeal.”
Given soda industries targeting of black and Latino youth, and the lack of concern for the turnstile refills at America’s finest restaurants, Bloomberg’s crusade against cola is wrapped up in the logics of race and class. You have to look no further than the exemption of coffee drinks; a massive mocha offers a whopping 360 calories, 19 g of fat, and more than a little bit of sugar. A blended version nets almost 500 calories, yet because it has milk, not to worry, all is supposedly good. The hipsters of Williamsburg have little to worry about as Bloomsberg’s Pepsi police are on the case at 7-11, making sure that sugar + coffee + milk remains the breakfast of (Wall-Street) champions.
Bloomsberg’s class and race-based logic of paternalism and protection, of saving black and brown youth from purported pathologies and dangers isn’t reserved for the soda fountain but also guides his policing policy.
“We are not going to walk away from a strategy that we know saves lives,” noted Mayor Bloomberg. He went on to say, “At the same time, we owe it to New Yorkers to ensure that stops are properly conducted and carried out in a respectful way.”
Scoffing at suggestions that stops should mirror population numbers in the city, he added, “If we stopped people based on census numbers, we would stop many fewer criminals, recover many fewer weapons and allow many more violent crimes to take place. We will not do that. We will not bury our heads in the sand.”
Continue reading at Michael Bloomberg and the Benevolent White Daddy Syndrome | NewBlackMan (in Exile).
The NFL and America’s Drinking Problem | NewBlackMan (in Exile)
The NFL and America’s Drinking Problem
by David J. Leonard | NewBlackMan (in Exile)
A month ago Jerry Brown Jr. lost his life. Like all too many people, each and every day, his death was the result of drunk driving. According to police reports, Brown was a passenger in the car of his Dallas Cowboys’ teammate and college roommate, Josh Brent. Traveling at what appeared to be a high speed on an interstate highway, Brent’s car struck the “outside curb, causing the vehicle to flip at least one time before coming to rest in the middle of the service road.” In just an instant one man’s life was lost and his best friend’s life would be forever changed. “Officers at the scene believed alcohol was a contributing factor in the crash,” noted John Argumaniz, an Irving police spokesman. “Based on the results and the officer’s observations and conversations with Price-Brent, he was arrested for driving while intoxicated.” This is tragic on so many levels, but that is not the emergent story.
In wake of this tragic death and Brent’s arrest, a narrative emerged that sought to construct a bridge between football and drunk driving. The Memphis Business Journal parroted widely cited statistics in its piece about the “NFL’s Drinking Problem” to highlight the large problem that had tragic consequences:
In the wake of the alcohol-related death of Dallas Cowboys linebacker Jerry Brown over the weekend, the NFL may have some serious soul-searching to do.
USA TODAY reports 28 percent of the 624 player arrests since 2000 occurred because of a suspicion of driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol. The single-vehicle accident in which Brown was killed marked the third time since 1998 an NFL player killed another person due to suspected intoxicated driving, the paper reported.
Barron H. Lerner, with “Why Can’t the NFL Stop Its Players From Driving Drunk?” offered a similar song, noting statistics about NFL players and arrests (yet of course failing to offer notation that this same study revealed that NFL players were less likely to engaged in this practice than their non-playing peers). He also recycled the longstanding argument that NFL players are more likely to engaged in such behavior because of the lack of moral and legal consequences:
It is reasonable to speculate that these efforts have lowered the rates of drunk driving among NFL players and, for that matter, all professional athletes. But there is still a culture of drinking and driving among NFL players. As Dan Wetzel reported on Yahoo, drunk driving is the league’s biggest legal issue. A study by the San Diego Union-Tribune found that 112 of the 385 NFL player arrests between 2000 and 2008 involved drunk driving. In 2009, Cleveland Browns wide receiver Donté Stallworth, who had been drinking at a hotel bar in Florida, struck and killed a pedestrian. The problem is that there are limits to moral and legal deterrents.
Similarly, Brian Miller called for greater surveillance and punishment to address the NFL’s criminal problem:
From drugs, murder, DUI, assault and battery, the NFL needs to stand up in front and lead. They need to be tougher and frankly, Roger Goodell is a pretty tough commissioner. However, it’s time that he starts landing major punches in his battle to clean up the image of the NFL. In order to do that, he will need more than simple cooperation from the (players’ union). This is not an NFL issue; it’s a players issue.
The narrative that imagines the NFL as a league of irresponsible drunks and criminally-minded threats to public safety dominants the landscape.
Continue reading at The NFL and America’s Drinking Problem | NewBlackMan (in Exile).
The Inked Academic Body – The Conversation – The Chronicle of Higher Education
Paraphrased “Henry V” as tattoo; photo by beau-foto
The Inked Academic Body
Look around: As Mary Kosut, an associate professor at Purchase College, has written, “America has become a tattooed nation.” Indeed, our shared ink transcends race, class, gender, sexuality, political affiliation, ideology, and even our sports loyalties. According to a 2012 Harris Poll, 20 percent of Americans have ink; the visibility in today’s world is startling. In kids’ culture—tattooed Barbie—and popular/sports culture and politics, tattoos are almost as mainstream as the iPhone or apple pie.
The ubiquity of ink has made me wonder about prevalence of tattoos among college faculty. Given the stereotypes of tweed jackets and bookworm glasses, and those of tatted bikers and inked basketball players, how much does the tattooed professor violate social expectations?
There is no question that professors are frequently tatted. Within my own department, at least six of us, out of 14 faculty, have ink. (Before we merged with another department, six out of eight had tattoos.) While at a certain level, tattoos represent novelty for us, there is more. As scholars within the field of ethnic studies, we are always the “others.” That is especially true for my colleagues of color, and those GLBT scholars within ethnic studies and the academy at large.
The inked body, already questioned, suspect, even undesirable, represents an effort to reassert power and control. My work is interdisciplinary and often crosses the border of race, religion, and culture. A couple of years back, while attending a Jewish-studies conference, I was questioned about tattoos, reminded over and over again that ink and Jewishness are incompatible. For many, my tatted body made me an outsider. With each comment, I rolled up my sleeves to reveal more of my tatted arms, trying hard to reassert myself.
Although tattoos operate as ritual, as a method of memorializing significant life moments or articulating group membership, they are at their core about reasserting control over one’s body, which—because of the demands of work, consumer culture, and unattainable beauty standards—is increasingly illusive. As we are adorned with logos, assailed by images of how to look and dress, how to style one’s hair, and subjected to messages about what is proper, control over our bodies is a dream continuously deferred. Tattoos challenge that dehumanizing reality.
Continue reading The Inked Academic Body – The Conversation – The Chronicle of Higher Education.
The Criminalization of Mental Illness in Black America | Urban Cusp
Posted on August 8, 2012 by djlwsu Standard Reply
The Criminalization of Mental Illness in Black America
It was a normal night in 2009 at Delonte West’s house. Tired from a long day, West retreated to his room to get some rest. As usual, he took a dose of Seroquel, medication he uses for his bipolar disorder. “Sadness is a normal human emotion,” explains West. “And there’s a mechanism that kicks in and lets you know it’s time to stop being sad. With bipolar, that mechanism is out, so you don’t even know when you’re sad.” Despite certain side effects, Seroquel helps to regulate these mechanisms.
Shortly after falling asleep, West was awoken and told that his friends were downstairs messing around with some guns in the house. Despite feeling the effects of the medication, West decided that the best course of action was to remove the guns from his home, transporting them to a house nearby. He described the situation to Slam Magazine in the following way:
A few of my cats had found some stuff in the studio and they were living the whole gangsta life thing- guns in the air and this and that. And I said, ‘Oh my God. What the fu*k are y’all doin’ in here? Y’all got to go. Momma ain’t on that. Kids are running around upstairs. It’s time to go.’
Gassed up from the commotion, West decided it would be prudent for him to relocate the guns to an empty house he owned nearby. So, with his other vehicles blocked in by guests’ cars, and expecting it to be a short trip, he haphazardly loaded up his Can-Am and placed the weapons in a Velcro-type of bag – “not a desperado, hardcase, gun-shooting-out-the-side type case” -and set off.
Unfortunately, while responsibly moving the guns, he found himself unable to shake his groggy feeling. Realizing the terrible predicament he faced, he sought out a police officer, only to find himself under arrest and ultimately in jail. While clearly a result of his Bipolar Disorder and his need to medicate, West would be punished by the criminal justice system (1-year house arrest), by the media (in terms of ridicule and a narrative that consistently imagined him as criminal), and with a 10-game suspension from the NBA. Named as a member of The Bleacher Report’s “all thug team” and also a member of a list of players who “could double as gang members,” and often described as a “thug” and a “gangsta” in comment sections, Delonte West highlights the ways the criminality and mental health becomes within the black body.
His difficulties and troubles are rarely linked to his disease, instead positioned as yet another criminal baller. Moreover, even acknowledgment about his Bipolar Disorder provides little cover or context given the stigmas directed at black males. Knowledge of medical conditions, instead, are used as further evidence of his criminality and danger. “West wouldn’t be the first person to be picked on for having a mental health condition, and certainly not the first to be picked up for the same,” notes Sam Eifling. “But it’s worth noting that, despite harming precisely no one, West likely became another example of the criminalization of mental illness in America. Now he’s stigmatized as not just sick, but criminal.” Ain’t that a truth known all too well by a disproportionate number of African Americans.
Continue reading @ The Criminalization of Mental Illness in Black America | Urban Cusp.
Drug Culture on College Campuses and the Criminalization of Student Athletes | Urban Cusp
Posted on April 3, 2012 by djlwsu Standard Reply
Drug Culture on College Campuses and the Criminalization of Student Athletes
UC Columnist
In a world where the stigmas of drugs and the destructiveness of the war on drugs have been confined to the black community, particularly those segregated urban spaces, the recent announcement of the arrest of several students from Texas Christian University should cause pause. Following a 6-month investigation from the DEA, the police arrested 17 students, including 4 football players, selling a myriad of drugs – marijuana, cocaine, prescription drugs and ecstasy on and off campus. The inclusion of 4 football players resulted in widespread media coverage, few which made note that 3 of those arrested were white, an important fact given the media-produced stereotype about race, crime, and American athletes. Worse yet, the efforts to isolate the problem of drugs to student athletes, not only plays upon stereotypes about black athletes, even in instances such as this where only 1 person involved is African American, but once again exonerates whiteness from the discussion. In narrating the problem of drugs on college campuses through athletics, an identity difficult to disentangle from blackness within the white imagination, the media sensationalism perpetuates a racially-defined war on drugs.
Described as a “stain on the football program,” and “an especially embarrassing blow to the school because it included four members of the high-profile football team,” the media response focused on the arrest of the 4 student-athletes, simultaneously rendering the other students (at least 11) and non-students involved as insignificant to the larger story. Those from the football team became the story, the starting team, with the others involved reduced to peripheral bench players unworthy of media investigation or commentary. In “TCU Will Survive Shameful Day,” Jean-Jacques Taylor denounced the players as “shameful, embarrassing, stupid,” seemingly letting the other students involved, the school, and the coach off the hook. In fact, Taylor celebrates the coach for how he handled the situation even though according to the article, 80 players tested positive for drugs (other sources put this number between 5-16): “Perhaps he’s simply observed what’s happened at Ohio State and Penn State recently and decided the fallout from the cover-up is so much worse than the crime that it’s far better to come clean and deal with the consequences,” writes the reporter for ESPN Dallas. “Either way, Patterson should be applauded for having the gumption to reportedly order team-wide drug testing when a recruit told him that he was declining a scholarship offer because of the drug culture.” Like much of the media coverage, Taylor turns a 6-month investigation that netted the arrests of at least 17 people for narcotics distribution to the “drug culture” of the team.
He was not alone with a significant media emphasis on how the arrests were emblematic of an epidemic ravaging college athletes. Eric Olson, with “TCU Bust Sign of Increased Pot Problem,” sought to contextualize the arrests as evidence of a larger problem. Noting that 22.6% of student-athletes reported using marijuana once during the last 12 months, and how that number is up from 21.2% in 2005, Olson argues that these arrests are indicative of a larger problem for college sports. Yet, the “evidence” provided by this study is actually contradicted by the study itself, which argues that the slight increase in marijuana use reflects a societal shift rather than something specific to college athletics. Moreover, the study found that within the NCAA, marijuana use is least common amongst Division I student-athletes (16.9%), with Division II student-athletes (21.4%) and those from Division III having the highest level of usage with a number of 28.3%. In fact, while drug usage declined at the Division I level, those other two levels saw increases. Olson also references usage amongst student-athletes playing football and basketball, coincidentally those sports with the most visible number of African Americans, implying that the problem is acute within these sports. While basketball (22%) and football (26.7%) mirror widespread findings within all sports (the study doesn’t break the information down for each sport within each division), men’s lacrosse (48.5%), women’s lacrosse (30%) and women’s field hockey (35.7%) might as well get a feature article in High Times.
Conflating their arrests for alleged drug distribution with drug use amongst student-athletes, all while arguing the existence of a growing problem (up 1.5%), the efforts to construct this as a product of athletic culture and specifically an out-growth of football and basketball programs is telling.
The efforts to narrate a story specific to a college athletics, playing upon the sensationalism and particular stereotypes, has significant consequences. In isolating and confining the narrative to basketball courts and football stadium, the media representation continues the erasure of drug uses and criminal activity amongst college students. Most studies put drug use amongst college students at rates higher than general public, with almost 23% of college students meeting the clinical definition of alcohol or drug dependence.
Continue reading at Drug Culture on College Campuses and the Criminalization of Student Athletes | Urban Cusp.
Can you really celebrate Dr. King and the struggles for racial justice, when your actions counter, undermine, and o… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… 9 hours ago
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Paris Formally Named to Host Olympics and Paralympics in 2024, Los Angeles in 2028
2 years ago admin Comments Off on Paris Formally Named to Host Olympics and Paralympics in 2024, Los Angeles in 2028
Paris formally awarded Olympic Games for 2024 and Los Angeles for 2028. IOC President Thomas Bach (center) with Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti and Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo.
LIMA, Peru, Sept. 13, 2017–Paris was formally awarded the Olympics and Paralympics for 2024 and Los Angeles for 2028 in the first dual selection of successive Games.
Confirmation of the two cities to host the world’s major–and typically the most expensive–single sports event came Wednesday in an unanimous vote at the International Olympic Committee Session here. But the result was no surprise after lengthy efforts over the past year to engineer the outcome following a growing number of cities dropping prospective bids with taxpayers concerned over costs.
The specific lineups of sports for the two Olympics was not immediately confirmed but the bids by both Paris and Los Angeles included proposed venues for equestrian.
The 2020 Games in Tokyo will include the three long time Olympic disciplines of dressage, eventing and jumping.
The selection of the two cities was surrounded by contrasting reactions–Paris the scene of an estimated quarter-million demonstrators protesting proposed changes to labor laws and Los Angeles by the colorful lighting up of landmark buildings and stadiums in the city.
Paris previously hosted the Olympics in 1900 and 1924 and Los Angeles in 1932 and 1984.
Isabell Werth & Emilio Win Den Bosch World Cup Grand Prix With 2nd 80% Score
's-HERTOGENBOSCH, Netherlands, Mar. 10, 2017--Isabell Werth and Emilio posted a second career 80 per cent score to win the World Cup Grand Prix Friday, the last of the highly... Read More
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drwilda
About Dr. Wilda
University of Alberta Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry study: Pet exposure may reduce allergy and obesity
University of California Irvine study: Roots of schizophrenia: Excess of methionine during pregnancy?
Tag Archives: lerner and loewe
Queens College of New York study: Asians outperform white Americans because of motivation
Moi has written quite a bit about motivation in education. In Research papers: Student Motivation: An Overlooked Piece of School Reform:
Moi often says education is a partnership between the student, the teacher(s) and parent(s). All parties in the partnership must share the load. The student has to arrive at school ready to learn. The parent has to set boundaries, encourage, and provide support. Teachers must be knowledgeable in their subject area and proficient in transmitting that knowledge to students. All must participate and fulfill their role in the education process. https://drwilda.com/tag/student-achievement/
The PHYS.org article, Asians outperform white students because they try harder, study finds, reported:
Asian-American schoolchildren tend to outperform their white counterparts in school because they try harder, according to a US study out Monday.
The findings were based on an analysis of records from two separate surveys tracking several thousand whites and Asians in the United States from kindergarten through high school.
Scientists at Queens College of New York, the University of Michigan and Peking University in Beijing looked at grades, test scores, teacher ratings, family income and education level, immigration status and other factors.
“Asian-Americans enter school with no discernible academic advantage over whites,” said the study, noting that “advantage grows over time.”
By fifth grade, or age 10-11, Asian-Americans “significantly outperform whites,” and the peak difference is reached by grade 10, or age 15-16.
“Overall, these results suggest that the growing achievement gap can be attributed to a widening gap in academic effort rather than to differences in cognitive ability.”
Asian-Americans tend to be motivated by cultural teachings that instill the notion that effort is more important than inborn ability, researchers said.
They also endure “greater parental pressures to succeed than in the case of comparable white peers.”
The notion of a hard-working Asian student who is destined to succeed may be a stereotype, but it may actually work to the benefit of Asian-American youths, the researchers said.
“These positive stereotypes may help bolster Asian-American achievement just as negative stereotypes have been shown to hinder the achievement of African-American youth,” said the article… http://phys.org/news/2014-05-asians-outperform-white-students-harder.html#jCp http://phys.org/news/2014-05-asians-outperform-white-students-harder.html
Explaining Asian Americans’ academic advantage over whites
1. Amy Hsina and
2. Yu Xieb,c,1
1. aDepartment of Sociology, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367;
2. bInstitute for Social Research and Department of Sociology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104; and
3. cCenter for Social Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
1. Contributed by Yu Xie, April 8, 2014 (sent for review December 13, 2013; reviewed by Arthur Sakamoto and Jennifer Lee)
1. Abstract
2. Authors & Info
3. SI
4. Metrics
6. PDF + SI
We find that the Asian-American educational advantage over whites is attributable mainly to Asian students exerting greater academic effort and not to advantages in tested cognitive abilities or socio-demographics. We test explanations for the Asian–white gap in academic effort and find that the gap can be further attributed to (i) cultural differences in beliefs regarding the connection between effort and achievement and (ii) immigration status. Finally, we highlight the potential psychological and social costs associated with Asian-American achievement success.
The superior academic achievement of Asian Americans is a well-documented phenomenon that lacks a widely accepted explanation. Asian Americans’ advantage in this respect has been attributed to three groups of factors: (i) socio-demographic characteristics, (ii) cognitive ability, and (iii) academic effort as measured by characteristics such as attentiveness and work ethic. We combine data from two nationally representative cohort longitudinal surveys to compare Asian-American and white students in their educational trajectories from kindergarten through high school. We find that the Asian-American educational advantage is attributable mainly to Asian students exerting greater academic effort and not to advantages in tested cognitive abilities or socio-demographics. We test explanations for the Asian–white gap in academic effort and find that the gap can be further attributed to (i) cultural differences in beliefs regarding the connection between effort and achievement and (ii) immigration status. Finally, we highlight the potential psychological and social costs associated with Asian-American achievement success.
noncognitive skills
Asian advantage
↵1To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: yuxie@umich.edu.
A.H. and Y.X. designed research, performed research, and wrote the paper.
Reviewers: A.S., Texas A&M University; and J.L., University of California, Irvine.
This article contains supporting information online at http://www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1406402111/-/DCSupplemental.
Moi wrote about “success cultures in HARD QUESTION: Do Black folk REALLY want to succeed in America?
All moi can say is really. One has a Constitutional right to be a MORON. One must ask what are these parents thinking and where do they want their children to go in THIS society and not some mythical Africa which most will never see and which probably does not exist. Remember, their children must live in THIS society, at THIS time and in THIS place.
Moi wrote in Black people MUST develop a culture of success: Michigan State revokes a football scholarship because of raunchy rap video:
The question must be asked, who is responsible for MY or YOUR life choices? Let’s get real, certain Asian cultures kick the collective butts of the rest of Americans. Why? It’s not rocket science. These cultures embrace success traits of hard work, respect for education, strong families, and a reverence for success and successful people. Contrast the culture of success with the norms of hip-hop and rap oppositional culture.
See, Hip-hop’s Dangerous Values
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1107107/posts and Hip-Hop and rap represent destructive life choices: How low can this genre sink? https://drwilda.com/2013/05/01/hip-hop-and-rap-represent-destructive-life-choices-how-low-can-this-genre-sink/
One person does not speaks for a group, but members of a group can often provide useful insight about the group.
Here is Arthur Hu’s take on INTRODUCTION TO BASIC ASIAN VALUES:
One of the most central features of a culture are its values. Values are the standards by which one may judge the difference between good and bad, and the right and wrong things to do. Though some values are universally shared among all cultures, it is the contrast and differences in values of different cultures that can account for the interactions and perceptions that occur between different cultures.
Traditional values are a common thread among individuals in a culture. Stereotyping comes about because of common behavior patterns that are based on common values, and distortion and misperception can come about as a result of misunderstandings of those values. Stereotyping can also be dangerous because people are individuals with their own values which may vary a great deal from the traditional ideal. Values can vary quite a bit depending upon one’s generation, class, education, origin, among other factors. For example, there is considerable difference in what might be called “traditional” and “modern” American values.
Although each distinct Asian culture actually has its own set of values, they all share a common core, which is probably best documented in the Japanese and Chinese traditions, and by philosophers such as Confucius, whose writings had considerable influence throughout Asia. In the Asian American experience, these values interact with what might be called simply “western” or “Caucasian” values, but if one contrasts the values of America with those of Europe, it can be seen that these are really “Modern American” values that provide the best contrasts.
Asian values are very much inter-related. They all support the view of the individual as being a part of a much larger group or family, and place great importance on the well-being of the group, even at the expense of the individual. American values, on the other hand emphasize the importance of the well-being of the individual, and stresses independence and individual initiative. Although it may seem that values such as education, family, and hard work are shared between cultures, these values manifest themselves quite differently in the two cultures.
Some Asian values are so important that some of the cultures, especially the Japanese have given them names of their own, and are used commonly. Here is a list of some of the most outstanding values:
Ie (japanese) – The family as a basic unit of social organization, and as a pattern for the structure of society as a whole.
Education – The whole process of child rearing and education as a means of perpetuating society, and of attaining position within society.
Enyo (japanese) – The conscious use of silence, reserve in manner.
Han (chinese) Conformity, and the suppression of individual attriputes such as talen, anger, or wealth which might disrupt group harmony. (Chinese)
Amae (japanese) – To depend and presume upon the benevolence of others. A deep bonding in human relationships between one who is responsible for another, and one who must depend on another.
Giri (japanese) – Indebtedness, obligation and duty to others, reciprocity.
Gaman (japanese) – Endurance, sticking it out at all costs. Self-sacrifice for the sake of others.
Tui Lien (chinese) – Loss face, shame. The final standard as to how well one lives up to these values.
Probaly the most notable aspect of the modern “Asian Model Minority”¬stereotype is that of the academic overachiever. A number of asian students have done conspicuously well in terms of test scores, gifted student programs, admissions to prestigious schools, academic awards, and in classical music. Though obviously not all Asians fit this pattern, this trend can be attributed primarily to the basic notion of the family, and the central role that education plays in the family.
Great importance is placed on child rearing, and education is a funda¬mental aspect of this. Asian parents are more likely to spend much more time with their children, and drive them harder, sometimes even at the expense of their personal time and ambitions of the parents themselves. Though Americans might consider Asian parents to be dominating, parents in turn are expected to give children all the support they can.
While it would no be unusual for an American parent to hire a babysitter to watch the kids while they go out, or expect their children to put them¬selves through college lest the parents sacrifice their own stand of living, this is much less likely in an Asian family. Living in an extended family is not unusual, and filial piety, respect for parents is a very important principle.
Unlike the youth orientation in American culture, age and position are most highly respected. The Asian family has within it a heirarchy which is a mirror of the structure of society as whole. For example, the parent child relationship is carried further on to ruler and ruled, employer and employee. Education is the most valued way of achieving position, an success in education is viewed as an act of filial piety. In imperial times, examinations were the only way to achieve position in China. Even in America, education is seen as a key to social mobility, and economic opportunity. Education for their children was a major reason why many immigrants came to America from Asia. http://www.asianweek.com/2012/04/28/introduction-to-basic-asian-values/
There is no such thing as a “model minority” and getting rid of this myth will allow educators to focus on the needs of the individual student. Still, the choice of many parents to allow their children to make choices which may impact their success should have folk asking the question of what values are being transmitted and absorbed by Black children.
Culture of Success http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/culture-success
How Do Asian Students Get to the Top of the Class? http://www.greatschools.org/parenting/teaching-values/481-parenting-students-to-the-top.gs
Is there a model minority? https://drwilda.com/2012/06/23/is-there-a-model-minority/
Where information leads to Hope. © Dr. Wilda.com
Dr. Wilda says this about that ©
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COMMENTS FROM AN OLD FART© http://drwildaoldfart.wordpress.com/
Dr. Wilda Reviews © http://drwildareviews.wordpress.com/
Dr. Wilda © https://drwilda.com/
Tags: African American Culture, american exceptionalism, Asian culture, Asian-American, Asian-Americans, Asians outperform white students because they try harder study finds, average life expectancy, Black Hair, Black Values, Culture of Success, Explaining Asian Americans’ academic advantage over whites, football scholarship, Grooming, Hair, hip-hop, Hip-hop's Dangerous Values, horizon science academy, INTRODUCTION TO BASIC ASIAN VALUES, Jay Harris Football Scholarship Reportedly Revoked By Michigan State After His Rap Videos Appear:, lerner and loewe, Model Minority, philadelphia inquirer, Queens College of Wew York, Rap, rap career, Success Values
Categories Dr Wilda
HARD QUESTION: Do Black folk REALLY want to succeed in America?
Here is today’s COMMENT FROM AN OLD FART: Moi has been following the latest brouhaha over the latest Black hair chronicles as reported by Leanne Italie of AP:
“Why are you so sad?” a TV reporter asked the little girl with a bright pink bow in her hair.
“Because they didn’t like my dreads,” she sobbed, wiping her tears. “I think that they should let me have my dreads.”
With those words, second-grader Tiana Parker of Tulsa, Okla., found herself, at age 7, at the center of decades of debate over standards of black beauty, cultural pride and freedom of expression.
It was no isolated incident at the predominantly black Deborah Brown Community School, which in the face of outrage in late August apologized and rescinded language banning dreadlocks, Afros, mohawks and other “faddish” hairstyles it had called unacceptable and potential health hazards.
A few weeks earlier, another charter school, the Horizon Science Academy in Lorain, Ohio, sent a draft policy home to parents that proposed a ban on “Afro-puffs and small twisted braids.” It, too, quickly apologized and withdrew the wording.
But at historically black Hampton University in Hampton, Va., the dean of the business school has defended and left in place a 12-year-old prohibition on dreadlocks and cornrows for male students in a leadership seminar for MBA candidates, saying the look is not businesslike….
“Historically natural hair has been viewed as dirty, unclean, unkempt, messy,” she said. “An older black generation, there’s this idea of African-American exceptionalism, that the way for us to get ahead is to work twice as hard as any white person and to prove that if we just work hard and we look presentable we’ll get ahead, and that’s very entrenched. My generation, we’re saying that that’s not fair. We should be able to show up as we are and based on our individual merit and effort be judged on that.”
Ryan Kiesel, executive director of the Oklahoma chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union, said legal rulings on hair and other issues pertaining to school dress codes have been fairly clear.
“For decades now, Supreme Court precedent has reaffirmed that clothing, including hairstyle, is part of a student’s speech, and if you’re going to interfere with that, then the school district has to make some findings beforehand demonstrating that there is an immediate threat to the academic environment,” he said. “That wasn’t the case here and in most dress-code cases.”
Denene Millner in Atlanta created a blog, Mybrownbaby.com, for other African-American moms and also followed the school hair controversies. She went natural nearly 14 years ago for the sake of her daughters, now 11 and 14.
“I didn’t want them to grow up with the same idea that I had when I was little, that there was something wrong with the way that my hair grew out of my head,” said Millner, 45. “It’s something that we’ve grappled with for a very, very long time. There’s a whole lot of assumptions made about you that may not necessarily be true: that you’re political, that you’re Afro-centric, that you might be vegetarian, that you’re kind of a hipster.”
She said watching Tiana sob on camera “about these grown-ups, black folks, who are supposed to not just educate her but show her how to love herself, it tore my heart to shreds.” http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_SCHOOL_HAIR_BANS?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2013-09-25-17-57-53
Here is Arthur Hu’s take on INTRODUCTION TO BASIC ASIAN VALUES
Probaly the most notable aspect of the modern “Asian Model Minority”stereotype is that of the academic overachiever. A number of asian students have done conspicuously well in terms of test scores, gifted student programs, admissions to prestigious schools, academic awards, and in classical music. Though obviously not all Asians fit this pattern, this trend can be attributed primarily to the basic notion of the family, and the central role that education plays in the family.
Great importance is placed on child rearing, and education is a fundamental aspect of this. Asian parents are more likely to spend much more time with their children, and drive them harder, sometimes even at the expense of their personal time and ambitions of the parents themselves. Though Americans might consider Asian parents to be dominating, parents in turn are expected to give children all the support they can.
While it would no be unusual for an American parent to hire a babysitter to watch the kids while they go out, or expect their children to put themselves through college lest the parents sacrifice their own stand of living, this is much less likely in an Asian family. Living in an extended family is not unusual, and filial piety, respect for parents is a very important principle.
Culture of Success
http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/culture-success
How Do Asian Students Get to the Top of the Class?
http://www.greatschools.org/parenting/teaching-values/481-parenting-students-to-the-top.gs
Is there a model minority?
https://drwilda.com/2012/06/23/is-there-a-model-minority/
COMMENTS FROM AN OLD FART©
http://drwildaoldfart.wordpress.com/
Dr. Wilda Reviews ©
http://drwildareviews.wordpress.com/
Dr. Wilda ©
https://drwilda.com/
Tags: African American Culture, american exceptionalism, Asian culture, average life expectancy, Black Hair, Black Values, Culture of Success, football scholarship, Grooming, Hair, hip-hop, Hip-hop's Dangerous Values, horizon science academy, INTRODUCTION TO BASIC ASIAN VALUES, Jay Harris Football Scholarship Reportedly Revoked By Michigan State After His Rap Videos Appear:, lerner and loewe, Model Minority, philadelphia inquirer, Rap, rap career, Success Values
Black people MUST develop a culture of success: Michigan State revokes a football scholarship because of raunchy rap video
Here’s today’s COMMENT FROM AN OLD FART: Moi hopes that Jay Harris the young man who inspired this post does not reach the age of forty-five or fifty and have the words of Lerner and Loewe’s I Remember It Well racing through his head as he recalls the fact that he threw away a full ride to Michigan State. Of course, Mr. Harris may not live long enough to remember anything well. According to Wiki Answers, the question of the life expectancy of a rapper is anwsered as follows:
What is the average life expectancy of a rapper?
About 27 years. See David Cloud’s Way of Life Ministries.
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_average_life_expectancy_of_a_rapper
Ron Dicker reports in the Huffington Post article, Jay Harris Football Scholarship Reportedly Revoked By Michigan State After His Rap Videos Appear:
Jay Harris, a hotshot receiver from Downingtown High School East in Exton, Pa., saw his football scholarship revoked by Michigan State University after his explicit rap videos appeared on YouTube, the Philadelphia Inquirer reported.
Despite the excitement he once expressed on Facebook about becoming a Spartan, Harris told the Inquirer that he wanted out of the full ride to pursue a rap career, but that he hadn’t had the courage to tell his parents. A Michigan State spokesman told the outlet that the decision was “mutual.”
Harris, aka Jay DatBull, recently posted nine obscenity-laced hip-hop videos on YouTube. One in particular (watch above), titled “Datbull 4 Life,” might have most influenced Michigan State. In addition to celebrating his female conquests, he is shown twice smoking what appears to be marijuana. The second time is in a car.
The video had collected more than 90,000 hits by early Wednesday afternoon — and lots of visitor response. Some applauded Harris; others warned he was throwing his life away. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/15/jay-harris-football-scholarship-michigan-hip-hop-rap-videos_n_3279859.html?utm_hp_ref=@education123
So, what is missing from this picture – a young man who is steeped in hip-hop culture and not a culture of success.
The question must be asked, who is responsible for MY or YOUR life choices? Let’s get real, certain Asian cultures kick the collective butts of the rest of Americans. Why? It’s not rocket science. These cultures embrace success traits of hard work, respect for education, strong families, and a reverence for success and successful people. Contrast the culture of success with the norms of hip-hop and rap oppositional culture. See, Hip-hop’s Dangerous Valueshttp://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1107107/posts and Hip-Hop and rap represent destructive life choices: How low can this genre sink? https://drwilda.com/2013/05/01/hip-hop-and-rap-represent-destructive-life-choices-how-low-can-this-genre-sink/
There is no such thing as a “model minority” and getting rid of this myth will allow educators to focus on the needs of the individual student. Still, the choice of Jay Harris to pursue a rap career should have folk asking the question of what values are being transmitted and absorbed by Black children.
Dr. Wilda says this about that
Tags: Asian culture, average life expectancy, Black Values, Culture of Success, football scholarship, hip-hop, Hip-hop's Dangerous Values, INTRODUCTION TO BASIC ASIAN VALUES, Jay Harris Football Scholarship Reportedly Revoked By Michigan State After His Rap Videos Appear:, lerner and loewe, Model Minority, philadelphia inquirer, Rap, rap career, Success Values
University of Western Ontario study: Real risks associated with cannabis exposure during pregnancy
University of Virginia study: Study finds dopamine, biological clock link to snacking, overeating and obesity
Princeton University study: Baby and adult brains ‘sync up’ during play
John Hopkins Medicine study: Early-life exposure to dogs may lessen risk of developing schizophrenia
Columbia University Irving Medical Center study: Brain differences detected in children with depressed parents
Dr Wilda
Dr. Wilda says this about that (c)
Secondhand Smoke in Infancy May Harm Kids' Teeth
Eight in ten British university lecturers are 'Left-wing', survey finds telegraph.co.uk/education/2017…Dr. Wilda says 11 hours ago
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This painting is regarded as one of Van Dyck’s first masterpieces, executed when he was around the age of 20 and working as Rubens’ studio assistant in Antwerp. It entered Bourgeois’ and Desenfans’ collection in 1783 as a work by Van Dyck, but the similarity in style between his early work and Rubens’ late work caused much confusion, and it was subsequently reattributed to the older master. It was not until the beginning of the 20th century that it was rightfully given back to Van Dyck.
The subject is from the Old Testament Book of Judges which tells the story of the Jewish hero Samson and his love for Delilah. The Philistines - Samson’s sworn enemies - bribed Delilah with 1,100 pieces of silver to tell them where his strength lay in the hope that they could eventually defeat and capture him. After much persistence, Delilah discovered that his hair was the source of his power, and informed the Philistines.
The painting owes much to Rubens’ Samson and Delilah of 1610, now in the National Gallery, London. They both depict the tense moment a Philistine approaches the muscular Samson to cut off his locks as he lies asleep on Delilah’s lap. Rubens and Van Dyck treated Delilah as a prostitute, painting her half undressed in the company of an elderly procuress. Unlike Rubens’ Caravaggesque spot lit interior, Van Dyck’s figures are in an open-air loggia inspired by Venetian artists such as Titian and Tintoretto. He creates a sense of drama through the figures’ actions and expressions: Delilah gestures for silence, while the other women look on in anticipation and fear as the Philistine is poised with his shears.
Even at this young age, Van Dyck already displays his painterly skills in the realism of Samson’s dirty feet and in his accurate depiction of materials and surfaces. The rough texture and simplicity of Samson’s fur clothes contrast with the silk of Delilah’s dress and the rich gold pattern in the drapery.
Listen to the Audioguide
Sir Anthony van Dyck
c.1618-20
Bourgeois Bequest, 1811
DPG127
Adopted by the Hambland Foundation, 1989
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E-lib
Privacy poilcy
The Life Of Shakespeare
Free Essay Database Online
William Shakespeare wrote 37 plays in his lifetime. These plays included
comedies, histories, and tragedies. The plays contain vivid characters of all types and
from many walks of life (World Book I). Shakespeare’s works contain kings,
pickpockets, drunkards, generals, hired killers, shepherds, and philosophers.
Shakespeare’s plays have been divided into four different periods of which he wrote plays.
The first period lasted from 1590 to 1594. In this period he wrote Comedy of Errors,
Henry VI, Richard III, The Taming of the Shrew, Titus Andronicus, The Two Gentlemen
of Verona, and King John. The second period lasted from 1595 to 1600 and contained A
Midsummer Night’s Dream, Richard II, Love’s Labour’s Lost, Romeo and Juliet, The
Merchant of Venice, Henry IV, As You Like It, Henry V, Julius Caesar, Much Ado About
Nothing, Twelfth Night , and The Merry Wives of Windsor. Hamlet, Troilus and Cressida,
All’s Well That Ends Well, Measure for Measure Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Timon of
Athens, Pericles, Antony and Cleopatra, and Coriolanus were written in the third period,
from 1601 to 1608. The fourth period, 1609 to 1613, had the plays Cymbeline, The
Winter’s Tale, The Tempest, and Henry VIII written. No other writer’s plays have been
produced so many times or so widely in so many countries (World Book I).
Shakespeare was born into a middle class family in the town of
Stratford-upon-Avon in 1564. Shakespeare’s father was John Shakespeare, a local shop
owner who held many positions in the local government. William Shakespeare’s mother
was Mary Arden Shakespeare. She was married to John in 1557. Mary was the daughter
of a local farmer, but had wealthy relatives. William was the third of eight children.
Shakespeare was baptized on April 26, 1564.
At age seven, William began attending the Stratford grammar school with other
boys of his age and social class. The school’s teachers were graduates of Oxford
University. William and his classmates spent nine hours a day in class. The students
attended year round except for three or four short holiday periods. The school had strict
discipline and physically punished students who were bad. William mainly studied Latin
In November 1582, at the age of 18, Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway. Anne
was 26 and was the daughter of a farmer who lived a mile from Stratford. William and
Anne had three children. Their first child was baptized on May 26, 1583 and was named
Susanna. On February 2, 1585 Hamnet, a boy, and Judith, a girl, were baptized.
After the children were born Shakespeare went to London. After arriving in
London, Shakespeare joined a repertory theater company. Scholars do not know which
theater company or companies Shakespeare joined before 1594 (World Book 3). These
companies consisted of a permanent cast of actors who presented a variety of plays week
after week (World Book 3). Shakespeare became a sharer, or stockholder, of a company
called the Lord Chamberlan’s Men in 1594. The Lord Chamberlan’s Men was one of the
most popular acting companies in London (World Book 3). Shakespeare was a leading
member of the group for the rest of his career. By the end of 1594 at least six of
Shakespeare’s plays had been produced.From 1592 to 1594 London authorities often
closed the public theaters because of repeated outbreaks of plague. During this time
The first theater Shakespeare performed in was the “Theatre.” He discussed the
idea with some friends and drew up a plan, and found financial backing. In the year 1576
there was built the first permanent professional public paly-house of the modern world
(Hodges 50). We do not know for certain what the Theatre looked like (Hodges 51). In
1598 the land lease on the Theatre had expired. They leased a plot of land in an area
known as the Bankside (Wright 75). A few days after Christmas in 1598, the Theatre was
torn down and its lumber was carted across the river to the Bankside (Wright 75). The
lumber was reassembled and the new play-house was named “The Globe.” The Globe
looked the same as the Theatre except its emblem, which appeared on a sign in front of
the main entrance. It showed the Greek god Hercules supporting a world globe on his
shoulders. On the emblem was inscribed a Latin motto, Totus mundus agil histrionem,
which stands for “all the world is a stage.”
In 1603, Queen Elizabeth I died and was succeeded by her cousin James I. James
issued a royal license to
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The Schema Pro
Become an Influencing Marketer
The style guide provides you with a blueprint of Paperback’s default post and page styles. The style guide is also a great reference for suggested typographic treatment and styles for your content.
Images may be two-dimensional, such as a photograph, screen display, and as well as a three-dimensional, such as a statue or hologram. They may be captured by optical devices – such as cameras, mirrors, lenses, telescopes, microscopes, etc. and natural objects and phenomena, such as the human eye or water surfaces. The word image is also used in the broader sense of any two-dimensional figure such as a map, a graph, a pie chart, or an abstract painting. The word image is also used in the broader sense of any two-dimensional figure such as a map, a graph, a pie chart, or an abstract painting. The word image is also used in the broader sense of any two-dimensional figure such as a map, a graph, a pie chart, or an abstract painting.
The word image is also used in the broader sense of any two-dimensional figure such as a map, a graph, a pie chart, or an abstract painting. In this wider sense, images can also be rendered manually, such as by drawing, painting, carving, rendered automatically by printing or computer graphics technology, or developed by a combination of methods. Images may be two-dimensional, such as a photograph, screen display, and as well as a three-dimensional, such as a statue or hologram.
A volatile image is one that exists only for a short period of time. This may be a reflection of an object by a mirror, a projection of a camera obscura, or a scene displayed on a cathode ray tube. A fixed image, also called a hard copy.
The greatest gift of life is friendship, and I have received it.
Typography Styles
Adrop cap is a decorative element typically used in documents at the start of a section or chapter. It’s a large capital letter at the beginning or a paragraph or text block that has the depth of two or more lines of normal text. You can easily add a dropcap to any paragraph by adding the class dropcap as seen below:
<span class="dropcap">T</span>his is how you add a dropcap.
padding: 1.6em;
overflow: auto;
This Start-Up Will Actually Downsize Your Closet
MIT Develops Technology to Digitally Program Water Droplets
7 Off-Duty Outfits That Will Reinvent Your Spring Wardrobe
How an L.A Band Takes Music Festival
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Through the use of schemata, a heuristic technique to encode and retrieve memories, the majority of typical situations do not require much strenuous processing.
People can quickly organize new perceptions into schemata and act without effort.
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InicioGroupsEqual Opportunities
- Elegir -Igualidad de oportunidadesProfesionales / CuadrosUNI SCOREJóvenes Trabajadores y Trabajadoras
In many parts of the world, technological innovations such as artificial intelligence (AI), robotics and machine learning are already having an impact on many aspects of society. They allow us to communicate faster, to share information, to feel closer to one another. They have become an essential part of our everyday lives, providing us with unprecedented opportunities for advancement in areas ranging from education to political participation.
Their mundaneness and expanded use makes us believe that they are genderless. But nothing is further from the truth, at least not when it comes to their impact. Just as technological innovations can help us advance, they can also further deepen existing inequalities and biases towards women.
For this reason, the UNI Equal Opportunities has begun to address the issue of the impact of digitalization on women by drafting concept papers that will help further discussions around this issue.
A first paper "Digitalization from a gender perspective", was drafted with the purpose of explaining what digitalization means, how it will affect the world of work, and in particular, how it will affect women workers.
A second discussion paper "The path to genderless digitalization" was drafted as part of a collaboration with the European think tank "Friends of Europe" for their report "Policy choices for a digital age" . This second document further explores the impact of technology and artificial intelligence on existing biases towards women as well as the growing gender digital divide, and promotes a series of possible solutions to address the issue.
Digitalization from a gender perspective: (digitalization_-_en.pdf)
Policy changes for a digital age: (4ir_report_web_final.pdf)
The path to genderless digitalization: (66-70.pdf)
Equal Opportunities Issues
La igualidad de género
Digitalization from a gender perspective
Paquete de herramientas de género "para llevar"
Follow and Support Us
https://www.facebook.com/uniequalopportunities?ref=hl http://www.twitter.com/veroniauni
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Portrait of TJ Ley 1925
[nla.pic-an23460617]
Ley, Thomas John
Crime Politics
English-born Thomas Ley came to Sydney as a child, and despite little formal education, became a solicitor in 1914, and a National Party member of the Legislative Assembly in 1917. He was minister for justice 1922-25. In the late twenties, a number of his opponents disappeared without trace. After an election defeat, Ley left for England, where in 1947 he was found guilty of murder and imprisoned in Broadmoor Asylum for the Criminally Insane.
Self-made politician whose opponents mysteriously disappeared.
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Capitalizing China (condensed)
Posted in Finance, Law, Money, Politics by earthling on March 31, 2014
n, Secret
The previous blog “Capitalizing China” can be condensed into the following simple facts:
1. From 1979 onwards the west gradually had closer and closer talks with China on their integration with the rest of the world from an economy and market perspective.
2. There was a fundamental problem which existed in China (from a globalist perspective): China did not recognise or use something called “THE LEGAL PERSON”. Such a concept did not exist in China.
3. The non existence of the legal person concept meant that the west and China could not “speak” to one another and the legal rights (invariably termed “human rights”) which were applied to CORPORATE PERSONS in the west DID NOT exist in China!
4. There was a need to integrate two very different legal systems which had two very different fundamental jurisprudences. The west using a concept called the LEGAL PERSON and China not. Someone had to “give”. That someone was China.
5. There are a multitude of what are called “Nominees” Accounts which exist as PRIVATE “subsidiaries” of Public organisations such as the Bank of England and what I have just found in Hong Kong (but US owned): HKSCC which is a PRIVATE subsidiary of the Hong Kong stock exchange.
6. Remember Hong Kong, although given back to China, is NOT fully integrated with China. It still has its own government.
7. These “Nominees” accounts DO NOT divulge who the beneficiaries are of the shareholdings which are bought through them. It is acknowledged formally, however, that those who have used BOEN (Bank of England Nominees) have been Heads of state of any and all countries. That is just the Bank of England Nominees however.
8. The HKSCC is a similar account to the BOEN (as all “Nominees” accounts are). They are entirely private (secret) accounts where the elite heads of state can invest in everything from the world’s banking institutions to the world’s largest energy and resource corporations.
9. Since the Chinese accepted the “legal person” as a fundamental of their jurisprudence, it has allowed our elite (our Presidents, Prime Ministers, Monarchy etc) to invest in Chinese banks and corporations entirely secretly.
10. Having achieved this change in the Chinese legal system and now having their money investing and controlling shareholdings in Chinese banks and corporations, they can also offshore the jobs of the west’s multinationals thereby reducing labour costs to a minimum.
11. Ok this is obvious as we know. BUT our elite have “sold” to us the idea of globalism as being to create ease in doing business and, therefore, creating jobs for us and allowing an easier flow of people between countries (ala the EU). Certainly the ease of flow of people is obvious and documented BUT has it provided more opportunity and wealth FOR any of these people? Yes for those coming into Britain and America – relative to their home state – but it has not had the effect of increasing prosperity on the aggregate, It has had the opposite effect.
12. The reality is that, yes, the “globalism” has made doing business easier but for whom? The BUSINESS/CORPORATE/MULTINATIONAL OWNERS.
13. It has reduced their costs by offshoring – made capable by introducing the legal person into chinese law.
14. It has, therefore, reduced the numbers of employed in the west. This results in people taking jobs which pay peanuts just to live and make ends meet.
15. Who OWNS the CORPORATIONS? The investors do! Who are the investors in the major chinese banks and corporations? HKSCC – a FOREIGN LEGAL PERSON and, of course, the Chinese government and elite.
16. The western leaders “cry” about the rise of China BUT it is THEIR personal investments in it which has created that rise. They then turn to us and say we must be more competitive – which means our salaries go DOWN! So they are then the investors in corporations and businesses at home and achieve reduced costs and higher and higher profits therefore. PLUS, they are invested in China in their banks and corporations and make even bigger profits due to the low wages. They work on this over time and the result is this: The world’s labour costs are evened out across the board and they are at the LOWEST common denominator.
The investor class (elite) take ownership shareholdings in banks worldwide. It is, of course, these banks which provide the liquidity (including interest) to the corporations of the world which these same investors are invested in. They, therefore, own the capital AND the labour. Why do multinational corporations hardly pay an ounce of tax? Because the banks want all the profit. Who do governments borrow from? The Banks!
The Nominees accounts are secret because what is happening is that our elite are absolutely destroying people’s lives for their own profit. YES we know that but what I’m showing you here is HOW they do it. These nominee accounts have VAST sums invested in all banks and all corporations. To ensure that the corporations make the profits they make, the elite destroy the “mom and pop” businesses, the small and medium businesses, by “choking” their liquidity cashflow. That’s why our high streets are dying and it is the large TESCOS and major multinational hypermarkets which are providing everything from clothes to food. furniture (IKEA) etc etc etc.
THE NOMINEE ACCOUNT SHAREHOLDERS MUST BE SECRET BECAUSE, IF THEY WERE NOT, PEOPLE – THAT IS THE MAN IN THE STREET WHO HAS LOST EVERYTHING AND ALSO THE SMALL/MEDIUM SIZED BUSINESSMAN (PERHAPS WORTH A MILLION OR TWO) WOULD SEE THAT THE VERY PEOPLE SAYING TO THEM “THE PROBLEM IS CHINA” (OR WHATEVER OTHER COUNTRY) ARE THE VERY PEOPLE INVESTED IN CHINA AND CREATING THE MISERY!
THAT IS WHY IT IS NOT “IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST” FOR THESE NOMINEE ACCOUNTS TO HAVE TO BE TRANSPARENT LIKE EVERY OTHER COMPANY AND WHY YOU HAVE THE OFFICIAL SECRETS ACT COVERING PARAGRAPHS OF THE BANK OF ENGLAND ACT 1946.
AND FOR THE COUNTRIES WHO DO NOT PLAY BALL – I.E. DO NOT ALLOW THEIR ECONOMY AND FINANCIAL/LEGAL STRUCTURE TO BECOME FULLY INTEGRATED WITH GLOBALIST/WESTERN (AND EASTERN) INTERESTS – THEY WILL FIND THEY HAVE A PLANE GO MISSING AND THE REST OF THE WORLD CHASTISE THEM – INCLUDING ONE OF THEIR MAJOR ECONOMIC PARTNERS (CHINA) – OR, THEY WILL FIND THEIR “REGIME” DEMONISED IN ONE WAY OR ANOTHER AND THE US AND NATO START DROPPING BOMBS ON THEM!
But the bottom line is this: Our own Heads of state and elite (bankers/politicians) are SCREWING US while they smile in our faces.
ASIA TIMES 2003 THEY ARE ADVISED WHEN IT’S COMING AND WHERE TO INVEST
Tagged with: 10CC, capital, China, corruption, Globalism, Head of State, I wanna rule the world, jobs, labour, Nominee accounts, offshore, secret accounts, wages
Capitalizing China!
Posted in Finance, Law, Money, Politics, The Corrupt SOB's by earthling on March 31, 2014
I rarely say this but I have said it before I admit on one or two occasions (because they have been) but this is one of the most important blogs I have ever written and I hope you read every last damned word of it and take it in….slowly. PLEASE share this widely and get LAZY people to READ IT!
This is how America, the UK and the West is getting slaughtered. NOT by the chinese but by our own. Your enemy lies at home America! Deep in the heart of Texas and Washington. And in the UK, deep in the heart of the City of London.
You don’t need an army to take over a country. You can do it perfectly well with a fictional idea. Two words: “Legal” and “Person” that’s it. Literally. Nothing more is required.
You think this is outrageous and ridiculous don’t you? Well you carry on believing. No skin off my nose.
The Globalists have commenced their take over control of China in 1979 and, as you will see here – as simply as I can make it – they did it with those two words: LEGAL PERSON. China accepted those two words and hey presto! The entire world and every soul in it is a market and an economic unit to be parasited from.
“I’ll ruin everything you are…
I’ll give you legal person…”
I stumble into town just like a sacred cow
Visions of swastikas in my head
Plans for everyone
It’s in the white of my eyes
My little China girl
You shouldn’t mess with me
I’ll give you television
I’ll give you eyes of blue
I’ll give you man who wants to rule the world
You are aware of the BANK OF ENGLAND NOMINEES Ltd Private Company I assume? Wholly owned subsidiary of a PUBLIC company (so they tell us the B of E is a Public company that is) but the subsidiary is a PRIVATE offshoot. Why PRIVATE? Well, it does not come under the FOI Act does it? Just like Icke’s “The PEOPLE’S Voice” Private Limited Company funded by you. Anyhow, don’t let me go off on the Icke tangent again.
What has been in our news this last week or so?
The Bank of England has just made history (which means nothing to most people) and signed an agreement with the Chinese Central Bank to have the City of London as a clearing house for the RMB.
The City of London initiative on London as a centre for renminbi (RMB) business was launched on 18 April 2012. The role of the initiative is to consider practical measures to support the development of London as a centre for RMB business. It aims to:
Provide leadership to the wider financial markets on the technical, infrastructure and regulatory issues relevant to the development of the RMB product market in London
Advise HM Treasury on maximising London’s capacity to trade, clear and settle RMB and articulate practical next steps and long term aims for the development of the RMB market in London. Additionally, the group advises HM Treasury and other UK authorities on any financial stability concerns the members may perceive.
Develop and maintain, as appropriate, a private sector dialogue on the international RMB market with regulators in Hong Kong and mainland China to complement that which is already maintained by the UK public sector.
The City of London Representative offices in China.
The overall aim of the offices in Beijing and Shanghai is to strengthen trade and investment links in both directions between China and the UK through the promotion of world-class financial services and products. The offices work to promote ‘the City’ as a brand, covering financial services as a whole (including those under non-UK ownership) throughout the UK. The offices work to promote the services of the City – including the raising of capital, insurance, asset management, legal, accounting and other advisory services; emissions trading; London’s exchanges; and financial education, training and qualifications – to the government and private sector in China and promote awareness of the City as both a unique cluster of capital and expertise and a centre in which to locate operations.
The specific functions of the offices are to:
facilitate the business development of City firms by providing support for their visits to China;
support visits by Chinese decision-makers and senior financial services practitioners to the UK;
gain and disseminate information on market opportunities for City firms;
identify barriers to market access for financial and related business services; [These barriers to market are legal issues]
promote the UK as a physical location for representation and investment by Chinese financial services companies and provide support for inward investors;
organise visits by the City of London’s Policy Chairman and assist in planning and arranging visits by the Lord Mayor;
organise and support financial services related events and seminars.
Members of the City of London initiative:
Current members of the initiative are leading international banks with a strong presence in London and Hong Kong:
Agricultural Bank of China (UK)
Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited (ANZ)
Bank of China (UK)
Bank of Communications (UK)
China Construction Bank (UK)
Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (UK)
HM Treasury, the Bank of England and the Prudential Regulation Authority are observers to the initiative. The City of London provides the secretariat.
Interestingly, this is taken from the 2012 Annual Report of the People’s Bank of China (China’s Central Bank):
中国人民银行年报–排版（英文）.indd
“The PBC signed bilateral local currency swap agreements with central banks and monetary authorities in 18 countries and regions including Republic of Korea and Malaysia. Offshore RMB markets in Hong Kong, Taiwan, London and Singapore were in a good shape.”
So, Malaysia got in there before us.
Further, within this annual report, it states the following (there are many references to the “legal person” in fact). The way they refer to it, you can see, quite clearly, it is something new to them and they are struggling with it:
The PBC achieved significant results in statistics, survey and analytical work
“Statistics and monitoring of small rural financial insti中国人民银行年报–排版（英文）.inddtutions based on legal person was achieved.
Ok. Now, for the moment, let’s just flip back to the Bank of England Nominees….
Investigating the Bank of England Nominees Limited
The following article by Alistair McConnachie appeared in the October 2011 issue of Prosperity….
Occasionally we encounter people who refuse to believe the fact that the Bank of England is a fully, publicly-owned national institution, and has been since it was nationalised in 1946(1)
They will point to something called the “Bank of England Nominees Limited” (BOEN) to allege that there is a “secret” company attached to the Bank, into which a flow of hidden profits is presumably being directed for the enrichment of a select few. Their sources are usually unreferenced conspiracy websites.
If our reform is to gain traction, it is important that we are neither distracted by misinformation nor labour under misapprehensions about normality.
The Bank of England is Publicly-Owned
The Bank of England is wholly owned by the British government – meaning its profits go into the public purse at the Treasury. This is a plain fact and people who do not accept this are not being serious about our reform. See the statement on the Bank’s website where it states:
As a public organisation, wholly-owned by Government, and with a significant public policy role, the Bank is accountable to Parliament. The Bank’s Annual Report and Accounts are laid before Parliament each year before they are made available publicly. The principal means of accountability for the Bank is via the House of Commons Treasury Committee.(2)
Let’s look at that statement closely however because the Bank Of England Act 1946 doesn’t quite match up to what this statement by the Bank says:
Act 1998 (April 2013)_Act 1998
1 Transfer of Bank stock to the Treasury
(1) On the appointed day –(a) the whole of the existing capital stock of the Bank (hereinafter referred to as “Bank stock”) shall, by virtue of this section, be transferred, free of all trusts, liabilities and incumbrances, to such person as the Treasury may by order nominate,(3) to be held by that person on behalf of the Treasury;(b) the Treasury shall issue, to the person who immediately before the appointed day is registered in the books of the Bank as the holder of any Bank stock, the equivalent amount of stock created by the Treasury for the purpose (hereinafter referred to as the “Government stock”).
(2) The Government stock shall bear interest at the rate of three per cent. per annum; and
the equivalent amount of Government stock shall, in relation to any person, be taken to be such that the sum payable annually by way of interest thereon is equal to the average annual gross dividend declared during the period of twenty years immediately preceding the thirty-first day of March, nineteen hundred and forty-five, upon the amount of Bank stock of which that person was the registered holder immediately before the appointed day.
So, all the stock in the Bank was transferred to the treasury/government BUT, on that transfer, the treasury contracted to the previous private owners of the stock in the Bank, an EQUIVALENT amount of stock in the British government! So, the Bank is owned by the government BUT the government is owned by the previous stockholders in the bank by an amount equivalent to their stockholding in the bank. FURTHER, in holding this government stock, the previous bank stockholders shall receive interest at the rate of 3% per annum IN PERPETUITY (there is no end date stated). So, in essence, it is a stock swap and nothing, in effect, has changed.
(4) After the appointed day, no dividends on Bank stock shall be declared but in lieu of any such dividends the Bank shall pay to the Treasury, on every fifth day of April and of October, [a sum equal to 25 per cent of the Bank’s net profits for its previous financial year, or such other sum as the Treasury and the Bank may agree.]
So, ONLY 50% (assuming they are stating 25% on each date rather than a total of 25%) of net profits – so after ALL costs are accounted for – goes to the Treasury. WHERE does the other 50% go?
Act 1998 (April 2013)_Act 19984 Treasury directions to the Bank and relations of the Bank with other banks
Act 1998 (April 2013)_Act 1998Sections 4(4) and 4(5) repealed by section 16(4) of the Official Secrets Act 1989.
Now, if we go to the Official Secrets Act 1989 and follow this through, we get the following:
16(4) The enactments and Order mentioned in Schedule 2 to this Act are hereby repealed or revoked to the extent specified in the third column of that Schedule.
So then we go to schedule 2 and what do we find?
2Defence
(1)A person who is or has been a Crown servant or government contractor is guilty of an offence if without lawful authority he makes a damaging disclosure of any information, document or other article relating to defence which is or has been in his possession by virtue of his position as such.
(2)For the purposes of subsection (1) above a disclosure is damaging if—
(a)it damages the capability of, or of any part of, the armed forces of the Crown to carry out their tasks or leads to loss of life or injury to members of those forces or serious damage to the equipment or installations of those forces; or
(b)otherwise than as mentioned in paragraph (a) above, it endangers the interests of the United Kingdom abroad, seriously obstructs the promotion or protection by the United Kingdom of those interests or endangers the safety of British citizens abroad; or
(c)it is of information or of a document or article which is such that its unauthorised disclosure would be likely to have any of those effects.
(3)It is a defence for a person charged with an offence under this section to prove that at the time of the alleged offence he did not know, and had no reasonable cause to believe, that the information, document or article in question related to defence or that its disclosure would be damaging within the meaning of subsection (1) above.
(4)In this section “defence” means—
(a)the size, shape, organisation, logistics, order of battle, deployment, operations, state of readiness and training of the armed forces of the Crown;
(b)the weapons, stores or other equipment of those forces and the invention, development, production and operation of such equipment and research relating to it;
(c)defence policy and strategy and military planning and intelligence;
(d)plans and measures for the maintenance of essential supplies and services that are or would be needed in time of war.
Read them each in turn carefully and decide which, if any, something within the Bank of England Act 1946 could have anything related to such. Essentially, then, it means that the paragraphs repealed by the Official Secrets Act within the Bank of England Act 1946, relate to matters of defence. That “defence of the realm” can ONLY be related to those documents which give detail as to WHO these bankers are who own this stock. “obstructs the promotion or protection…of those interests or endangers the safety of British citizens abroad…” (which citizens precisely?). Couple that with paragraph (c).
What is the “Bank of England Nominees Limited”?
The Bank of England Nominees is a wholly-owned, non-trading subsidiary of the Bank of England, with 2 ordinary shares valued at £1 each, as the latest Bank of England Annual Report(3) states. (the ordinary share value has absolutely nothing to do with the value of the shareholdings it deals in for third party private persons – corporate or natural persons)
A reply from Ben Norman, the Deputy Secretary of the Bank, to an enquirer Mr E Danielyan, dated 5 March 2010 explains:
BOEN acts as a nominee company to hold securities on behalf of certain customers. It is a private limited company, incorporated in England and Wales in 1977, and is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Bank. The shareholders are the Bank and John Footman, who holds his share as nominee on behalf of the Bank. The directors are John Footman and Andrew Bailey.(4) (The Directors and shareholders of such shares have nothing to do with the value of shares the nominees deals in)
Both John Footman(5) and Andrew Bailey(6) are employees of the Bank and their biographies are on the Bank’s website. (so what? Uninterested.)
What is the Purpose of BOEN?
As the following written answer from the Commons’ Hansard from 21 April 1977(7) states, it is intended to hold shares on behalf of “Heads of State” and certain others. (Now we’re getting somewhere. Could be Her Heinous to his Holiness, to Rothschild, Rockefeller, Warburg, DuPont, Bill and Melinda Gates, President Assad, any and all Heads of state no matter what they are. Dictators or not. And let’s face it, they ALL are).
Shareholdings (Disclosure)
HC Deb 21 April 1977 vol 930 cc151-2W 151W
Mr. Blenkinsop asked the Secretary of State for Trade whether he has granted any exemptions under Section 27(9) of the Companies Act 1976; and if he will make a statement.
Mr. Clinton Davis The Secretary of State has granted one exemption under Section 27(9) of the Companies Act 1976 in favour of Bank of England Nominees Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Bank of England (which means it does not have to disclose the beneficial interest holders of shares). Bank of England Nominees Ltd. have given a number of undertakings about the use to be made of the exemption. They will hold securities as nominee only on behalf of Heads of State and their immediate family, Governments, official bodies controlled or closely related to Governments, and international organisations formed by Governments or official bodies. They will in turn seek certain assurances from anyone in the eligible categories who wishes them to hold the securities as that person’s nominee. These assurances are to cover (a) the fact that the person is the beneficial owner of the securities to be held by Bank of England Nominees Ltd.; (b) that the beneficial owner will not use his interest in any securities held by Bank of England Nominees Ltd. to influence the affairs of the company in which shares are held except as shareholders in general meetings of that company; (haha. That is absolutely fucking hilarious! A shareholder who wants no control and no say) (c) that the beneficial owner is aware of his overriding obligation, under Section 33 of the Companies Act 1967 as amended, to disclose his interest to the company in which shares are held if he is interested in 5 per cent. or more of that company’s share capital. 152W
Bank of England Nominees Ltd. has also undertaken to make a report annually to the Secretary of State for Trade of the identity of those for whom it holds securities, and, provided that it holds securities for two or more people, the total value of the securities held. The contents of such reports are to be confidential to the Secretary of State.
BOEN – No Longer Allowed Disclosure Exemptions
It is important to note, however, that BOEN is “no longer exempt from company law disclosure requirements”, as the following written answer from the Lords’ Hansard on 26 April 2011(8) makes clear. (But it no longer matters since it is now dormant! They have taken the money and run and they have closed down all their accounts and put their interests elsewhere, while that just so happens to have happened before June 2010 – not long, then after the economic collapse! Nice timing!)
This must mean that BOEN is no longer granted an exemption under Sec 796 of the Companies Act 2006 to the notification provisions required by Sec 793 – which it has been previously, according to Ben Norman above.
Asked by Lord Myners
To ask Her Majesty’s Government when the accounts of Bank of England Nominees Limited were last published; when they will next be published; and whether they intend to review whether the company should remain exempt from company law disclosure requirements.[HL8302]
The Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (Baroness Wilcox): The most recent accounts of Bank of England Nominees Limited are available via the Companies House website and were published on 14 June 2010. It can be seen from these accounts that the company is currently dormant. The company is due to publish its next set of accounts by 30 November this year. The company is no longer exempt from company law disclosure requirements and currently no other persons are exempt from these requirements.
To ask Her Majesty’s Government when the accounts of Bank of England Asset Purchases Facility Fund Limited will be published; whether these accounts will take into account an indemnity from HM Treasury; and whether the accounts of the company are exempt from any company law disclosure requirements.[HL8303]
The Commercial Secretary to the Treasury (Lord Sassoon): The Bank of England will publish accounts for the asset purchase facility (APF) for the year ended February 2011 before the Summer Parliamentary Recess. The amount due to or from HM Treasury under its indemnity to the Bank will be identified. The accounts are not exempt from any company law disclosure requirements. 12
To ask Her Majesty’s Government whether the accounts of the Bank of England, Bank of England Nominees Limited and the Bank of England Asset Purchase Facility Fund Limited are all audited by the same firm of public accountants.[HL8310]
Lord Sassoon: KPMG are the external auditors for the Bank of England and the Bank of England Asset Purchases Facility Fund Limited. As a dormant company, Bank of England Nominees Limited is not required under the Companies Act 2006 to appoint an external auditor.
The BOEN Company Accounts for 2010 can be viewed online.(9) These Accounts state that, “There has been no income or expenditure on the part of the Company since its incorporation and accordingly no profit and loss account is submitted.” (p.2) It has Net Assets of £2. (p.4)
As stated in Hansard, above, BOEN is a company set up with the intention of holding shares confidentially on behalf of “Heads of State” and certain others.
That is to say, presumably, HM the Queen and her “immediate family” and certain governmental bodies.
Presumably the thinking here is that if those people were to buy them through normal means, then they would be visible to staff at share dealing companies and would regularly be leaked. This could, possibly, raise various security-related matters, and it could also, possibly, raise various rumours about matters related to the economy and the health, or otherwise, of certain companies.
In any case, BOEN is presently dormant, and is no longer exempt from company law disclosure requirements.
Imagining strange goings-on at BOEN is a complete distraction from reality.
The truth, as with most things, is quite prosaic.
Purchase back issues of Alistair McConnachie’s Prosperity money reform journal here
And here is a link to Alistair McConnachie’s Google Profile.
(1) Bank of England Act 1946, http://www.legislation.gov.uk
(2) Bank of England, “The Bank’s Relationship with Parliament”,
http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/about/parliament/index.htm
(3) Bank of England, Annual Report 2011, p.69,
http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/annualreport/2011/2011full.pdf
(4) This letter can be viewed in full and downloaded at
http://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/28738/response/74019/attach/2/D.pdf
(5) Bank of England, “John Footman Executive Director, Central Services and Secretary of the Bank”,
http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/about/people/biographies/footman.htm
(6) Bank of England, “Andrew Bailey, Executive Director, Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA) – Deputy CEO designate”,
http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/about/people/biographies/bailey.htm
(7) Hansard, 21 April 1977, Written Answers,
http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1977/apr/21/shareholdings-disclosure
http://services.parliament.uk/hansard/Lords/bydate/20110426/writtenanswers/
part021.html
(9) http://www.scribd.com/doc/56089866/BANK-OF-ENGLAND-NOMINEES-LIMITED-Company-accounts-from-Level-Business
Now, there are quite a number of other “Nominees” companies scattered all over the place. ONE is called “Houblon Nominees” and another is “Bank of Scotland Branch Nominees”. It’s strange for all of them that, although “Live” and still have their Directors listed, each one is “dormant” or “non trading”. Isn’t that just a tad strange? 😉
There is one “Nominees” I am coming to shortly, however, which you will see has MASSIVE investments. But, for now, let’s just take a little peek at our Dear, lovely, fluffy Queen who is “so close to bankruptcy” while she ensures that the monarchy is now fully protected from any investigation via the Freedom of Information Act or any other method/vehicle.
From: In and Out of Hollywood: A Biographer’s Memoir (2009)
By Charles Higham
You may wish to look up Higham himself. His wikipedia is here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Higham_(biographer) Why is it all these people same to share so many of the same perversions and issues? However, this is what he wrote in his own autobiography/memoir:
Now let’s turn to Australia for a moment:
Who owns the largest share of Australia’s Top 4 Banks
POSTED BY NESARAAUSTRALIA ⋅ JULY 15, 2012 ⋅
FILED UNDER BUSINESS, ECONOMY, HSBC HOLDINGS PLC, MEDIA
**Data taken from SYB
Top 4 ANZ Shareholders
Name of Shareholder Number of Shares %
1 HSBC CUSTODY NOMINEES (AUSTRALIA) LIMITED 446,984,331 17.46
2 J P MORGAN NOMINEES AUSTRALIA LIMITED 371,451,021 14.51
3 NATIONAL NOMINEES LIMITED 343,611,753 13.42
4 CITICORP NOMINEES PTY LIMITED 98,249,488 3.84
Top 4 Commonwealth BA Shareholders
3 National Nominees Limited 136,450,456 8.81
Top 4 National Australia B Shareholders
1 HSBC Custody Nominees 359,630,439 16.86
Top 4 Westpac BC Shareholders
Name of Shareholder Number of Fully Paid Ordinary Shares % Held
2 JP Morgan Nominees Australia Limited 379,805,564 12.71
4 Citicorp Nominees Pty Limited 143,271,824 4.79
What an EYE OPENER. Still more. Who are these 4 private entities so secretly powerful? Many would think HSBC belongs to the Asians. Yet, have a look at what Wikipedia has to say.
HSBC Custody Nominees (Australia) Limited
They own:
17.46% of ANZ 13.59% of CBA 16.86% of NAB 14.88% of WBC
In fact, they’re the number one shareholder in a few other Australian banks. They also own:
12.09% of Bendigo & Adelaide Bank and 17.00% of Bank of Queensland.
Wikipedia had this to say about them,
“HSBC Holdings plc is a global financial services company headquartered in Canary Wharf, London, United Kingdom. As of 2010 it is the world’s sixth-largest banking and financial services group and eighth-largest company according to a composite measure by Forbes magazine. It has around 8,000 offices in 91 countries and territories across Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America and around 100 million customers. As of 30 June 2010 it had total assets of $2.418 trillion, of which roughly half were in Europe, a quarter in the Americas and a quarter in Asia.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsbc (accessed 21 Feb 2011).
Here is a link to their 2010 Annual Report. Here are a few of the financial Highlights listed in that report:
Pre-tax profit more than doubled to US$19bn on a reported basis.
Underlying pre-tax profit up by almost US$5bn or 36% to US$18.4bn.
Profitable in every customer group and region, including North America
Their 2009 Annual Report wasn’t too shabby either. It says that, on a reported basis, their profit before tax was US$7.1 billion
OKAY, what about the other 3 private entities deemed so secretly powerful? Let’s see.
JP Morgan Nominees Australia Limited
In fact, they’re also the number two shareholder in a few other Australian banks. They also own:
7.92% of Bendigo and Adelaide Bank and 7.77% of Bank of Queensland.
JPMorgan Chase had a $12 billion profit for 2009. We found this out and read all about their success in their Annual Report.
National Nominees Limited
National Nominees Limited is the number three shareholder for all of the Big Four Banks. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of National Australia Bank Limited – You know the BANK that just staged a HUGE break-up. It must be an awkward break-up indeed with all of those shared assets. We think you should give them a spank purely for staging such a pathetic break-up!
13.42% of ANZ 8.81% of CBA 11.46% of NAB 10.47% of WBC
We don’t know about you, but we certainly find it a little bit strange that they own less of themselves than they do of ANZ. This certainly deserves a “Please Explain!”
They’re also a major shareholder in a few other Australian banks. They also own:
6.35% of Bendigo and Adelaide Bank and 10.87% of Bank of Queensland.
NAB had a net profit of $4.2 billion for 2009. We read all about their wonderful year in their Financial Year Highlights
And Last but not Least,
Citicorp Nominees Pty Limited
Citicorp Nominees Pty Limited is listed as the number four shareholder for all of the Big Four Banks. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Citi Group Inc. You might know them better as Citi BANK. Citi Group Inc only has the largest financial network in the world.
3.84% of ANZ 4.30% of CBA 4.57% of NAB 4.79% of WBC
In fact, they’re a major shareholder in a few other Australian banks. They also own:
Citigroup Inc. (branded Citi) is a major American financial services company based in New York City. Citigroup was formed from one of the world’s largest mergers in history by combining the banking giant Citicorp and financial conglomerate Travelers Group on April 7, 1998. The company holds over 200 million customer accounts in more than 140 countries. It is a primary dealer in US Treasury securities. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citigroup accessed 21 Feb 2011
Citigroup suffered huge losses during the global financial crisis of 2008 and was rescued in November 2008 in a massive bailout by the U.S. government. Its largest shareholders include funds from the Middle East and Singapore. In the last two financial years, their core businesses, together known as Citicorp, were profitable with $10.6 billion and $14.8 billion in net income. http://www.citigroup.com/citi/fin/data/ar10c_en.pdf (2010) http://www.citigroup.com/citi/fin/data/ar09c_en.pdf (2009)
Now, many still think the RBA is a quasi governmental body and belongs to the people in Australia, IF these top four pillars have the freedom to create credit from nowhere, which affects the Australian Economy as a whole, who actually DOES the greater power belong to, the PUBLIC OR THE PRIVATE??? THINK ABOUT IT.
So, with that, you can see that Australia (just as much the UK and US and Canada and the west in fact) is wholly owned and controlled by the globalists
So, now, let’s turn to CHINA! (we got there eventually):
Here is the HKSCC Nominees. You would think it had its ownership and incorporation in Hong Kong wouldn’t you? But no, it is a FOREIGN LEGAL PERSON
And this is PRECISELY why the West HAD to get China to accept the “LEGAL PERSON”. To allow western interests to take hold of greater and greater holdings of China’s assets. So what happens when the Chinese build their exports to America and the west and, on our TV screens and in our newspapers, we are fed that this is “dangerous” and it is “bad for business” in the west and “We are so in debt to the chinese and it just gets larger and larger. Oh Wo is us!” Well, ever so quietly, our leaders are perfectly happy for western multinationals to go offshore and take our jobs with them because THEY are invested in not just the chinese banks (and a myriad of other banks, central and commercial) but also invested in the largest companies on earth wherever they may be. Oleg Deripaska’s “RUSAL” aluminium company, for example is the largest aluminium company on planet earth. Do you think it’s because of Oleg Deripaska? No, it’s because Peter Mandelson and George Osbourne – both “Ministers of the Crown” – support Deripaska with the advice that Nominee accounts such as HKSCC and BOEN etc, will invest in the company and build it up and make sure that European legislation and any other legislation is taken care of to ensure it becomes as large as it is BECAUSE they all, including the Queen and the City of London Bankers (Nat Rothschild for example) want their dividends at the expense of the public. It is the same for British Gas and British Nuclear fuels and the Oil companies who drill off our coast. That is why they don’t mind that our prices go up. That is why they don’t mind if everything is “offshored” to China and India and the Philippines etc. Because THEY OWN SUBSTANTIAL SHARES IN THE BANKS AND THE CORPORATIONS.
AND WHAT THEY WANT, IS TO TAP INTO APPROX 1.3 BILLION PEOPLE!
Now, flip back to the list of Banks which were mentioned re the City of London RMB China Bank agreement. Here’s one. Look at the second largest shareholder (and the third). Both of them “Foreign-owned legal persons”:
Now, here is another bank on that list:
Now take a look at this (and I promise there is a heap more), I just wish to keep this as succinct as possible (which, as you can see, it is not simply because, to understand this, it must be laid out as fully as possible):
OUR HEADS OF STATE AND OUR POLITICIANS AND SO CALLED PHILANTHROPISTS AND “TITANS” OF BUSINESS OWN MASSIVE HOLDINGS IN THE BANK OF CHINA AND ITS COMMERCIAL BANKS! BUT IT’S WORSE:
THEY OWN MASSIVE HOLDINGS IN CHINA’S BIGGEST COMPANIES. SOME OF WHICH ARE TOP TEN IN THE WORLD TODAY!
This is Petrochina’s annual report:
Then, just for one example. You have one of Her Majesty’s “Sirs” and a “Freeman of the City of London”
Sir. Malcolm Christopher McCarthy, also known as Callum, serves as the Chairman of European Operations at J.C. Flowers & Co. LLC. Sir. McCarthy served as the Chairman and Chief Executive of Gas and Electricity Markets. He served senior positions in BZW and Kleinwort Benson, as well Department for Trade and Industry, US. Sir. McCarthy’s early career was in the chemical industry, and in the DTI where he served several posts, including Principal Private Secretary to Roy Hattersley when he served as Secretary of State for Prices and Consumer protection. He served as Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, US. He served as the Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of Office for Gas and Electricity Markets. He joined Kent Reliance in 2010. He was Managing Director and Deputy Head of Corporate Finance at Barclays de Zoete Wedd, London. He also served as Director of Corporate Finance at Kleinwort Benson from 1985 to 1989. Sir. McCarthy served as the Managing Director and Deputy Head of Corporate Finance at Barclays’ investment banking arm BZW. From 1996 to 1998, he served as the Chief Executive Officer of Barclays Bank, North America and Barclays Bank, Japan from 1993 to 1996. He served as the Director-General, Chief Executive and Chairman at Gas regulator Ofgas. At Ofgem, Sir. McCarthy was responsible for the introduction of greater competition into the gas and electricity markets. He served as senior executive of Barclays PLC and Barclays Capital Services Limited. He serves as Chairman of London at Promontory Financial Group, LLC. He serves as the Chairman of the Board of Castle Trust. He served as the Co-Chairman at The Financial Conduct Authority (Financial Services Authority) from 2003 to 2008. He joined FSA in September 2003. Sir. McCarthy has been an Independent Director of IntercontinentalExchange Group, Inc. since October 1, 2009. He has been an Independent Non-executive Director of Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (Indonesia) Co. Ltd. He has been an Independent Non Executive Director at Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (Macau) Limited. since December 2009. He has been an Independent Non Executive Director at Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Limited since December 2009. He serves as a Trustee of Said Business School. He serves as Non-Executive Member of Treasury Board at Her Majesty’s Treasury. He serves as a Trustee of International Financial Reporting Standards Foundation. He serves as Member of Supervisory Board at Dutch MBS XVI B.V. He serves as Non-Executive Member of Treasury Board of HM Treasury. He serves as Non-Executive Director at OneSavings Bank Plc. He served as Independent Non-executive Director of Industrial and Commercial Bank Of China, London Ltd. since December 2009. He served as a Member of the Supervisory Board at NIBC Bank N.V. from January 25, 2011 to September 1, 2012. He served as a Director at Financial Services Authority. until September 19, 2008. Sir. McCarthy served as a Director of Bank of England from September 20, 2003 to September 19, 2008. He served as a Member of the Supervisory Board at NIBC Holding N.V from January 14, 2011 to September 01, 2012. He is an Honorary Fellow of Merton College, an Honorary Doctorate of the University of Stirling, and a Freeman of the City of London. He has an MA in History at Merton College of Oxford University, PhD in Economics of Stirling University, and MS in Business at Graduate School of Business of Stanford University.
He is the ONLY non Chinese member of the board of the Industrial Commercial Bank of China. Why?
Well it’s obvious. Here is precisely what is happening to us:
Our elite want access to China’s 1.5 billion people as a market. China’s elite say “Why do we want to give you that?”. Our elite say “Hey it’s simple Chin Chong! You give us access to your market and we’ll give you access to ours. You’re a bit behind with technology and know how so we’ll invest in your corporations and bring you up to speed. To enable that however, we need you to amend the way you interpret law. We need something called the legal person so that we are both talking the same language so to speak and so that we can “integrate”. Then while you get access to the west as a market, we can benefit from offshoring our jobs to you – you, therefore employing more of your people, increasing your GDP and making a packet. We, on the other hand, benefit from the lower wage costs and make UBER profits and dividends from our multinationals. we’ll ensure there is less competition for your goods and our chinese manufactured goods by destroying our own indigenous small and medium sized businesses and we’ll do that through our taxation system. YOU win, WE win, our people’s don’t win but hey! THAT is “globalism”. You want to maintain your power and so do we. Now, about Malaysia, We’ve both got a problem there because YOU will benefit greatly from being a powerhouse within a Trans-pacific partnership and so will we BUT these little Malaysian bastards are not playing ball! Capice? Now if we rattle them and destabilise their government, we might just get one which sees things our way. Now I know Malaysia has a “look est” policy but you could say we’re helping them to focus on their look east policy in a way because you, as their major trading partner, want the TPPA and better access to the South East Asian markets just as we do. There’s another good half a billion people at least in that area you know? So what if you, China, got very upset with your Asian neighbour over something? Oh, I don’t know, a plane disappearance perhaps with the majority of those onboard being chinese?”
Tagged with: China, Globalism, Globalists, Nominee accounts, Queen Elizabeth
Posted in Finance, Geo-Political Warfare, Law, Money, Politics, The Corrupt SOB's by earthling on August 10, 2019
A couple of years back or so, I wrote a couple of blogs related to the Capitalizing of China. When it was done, who worked on it and how it was achieved.
Recently, I attempted to make an “engaging video” based on those blogposts but, due to copyright infringement issues on Youtube and just the general subject matter, it proved impossible.
Here is what I did upload to youtube but I would stress that it really acts as an intro or summary of the issues which, if you wish to dig deep into them and understand what is affecting Hong Kong/China at the moment from a “bottom line” perspective, I suggest you read the blogs written previously.
I do, genuinely, believe that anyone in China or Hong Kong will find the blogs extremely enlightening when considering today’s (2019) struggles.
The two blogs will be found here: https://earthlinggb.wordpress.com/?s=Capitalizing+China
First, there is a “condensed” version, however, to really grasp the entire issue(s) the follow on is the detailed version.
China and Hong Kong’s friction today has been started a long time ago and started by the same globalist/jewish interests which are waging war, at the same time, on the west today.
CHINA, HONG KONG AND THE WEST ALL SHARE THE SAME ADVERSARIES. THOSE ADVERSARIES, HOWEVER, SIT AMONG US WITHIN OUR CORRIDORS OF FINANCIAL AND LEGAL POWER. THEY USE TWO TOOLS: MONEY AND LAW, THE LATTER, MORE EXACTLY, BEING THE USE OF THE “FAREN” OR “LEGAL PERSON”.
Tagged with: China, Farang, Faren, Ferengghi, Globalists infiltrating China, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Independence, Legal person, 法人
Posted in Uncategorized by earthling on August 14, 2019
The Hong Kongese are even resorting to singing “The Star Spangled Banner”! OMFG!!
Oh HOW do you get through to people that they need to research????
TO HONG KONGERS: READ MY BLOGS ON CAPITALIZING CHINA! YOU WILL NOT BE SINGING THIS ANTHEM FOR TOO MUCH LONGER!!!!!!!!
Tagged with: America, China, democracy, Hong Kong
Jewish banishment and The “City” of London
Posted in Finance, Geo-Political Warfare, Law, Money, Political History, The Corrupt SOB's by earthling on February 26, 2011
I think it’s important, for the “naysayers” who visit this blog, that I prologue it with a point re the “Crown of England”. The following is a statement made by Tony Benn in the Houses of Parliament not too many years ago (and it matters not when such was said anyhow). This is very very simple: The British people have no idea who this “Crown” is. It acts outside of any parliamentary scrutiny whatsoever. As such, it acts outwith the law yet decides what this thing called “Law” is!
The Crown prosecutes. Our Armed Forces fight and kill and destroy nations on its say so. Our Police and Forces take an oath to this “thing” called “the Crown”. They believe it to be “Her Majesty” the monarch without understanding at all that the monarchy is NOT a person or the Queen and her family. The Monarchy is a Constitutional Office. When it comes to the profit of the British Queen and her family from the “Crown Estate”, it is, in actual fact, deceptive criminal theft by the “reigning monarch” (like a reigning CEO of a corporation stealing the wealth of the company yet, the person in the office of CEO does not have the legal or lawful entitlement to take the wealth of the company because it is the Corporation in total as a legal person which owns the wealth and NOT the CEO). This is PRECISELY the same when we look at this “Constitutional Monarch” in office profiting no longer from a Civil List but from various sources of the country’s wealth.
Our Armed Forces, Police and judiciary are immensely ignorant but do what they are told otherwise they will not eat. They do as the “Crown” bids simply because, if they question it, then their wealth and the wealth of their family disappears. The Policeman with integrity would be sacked and the soldier fighting for his dearest “Crown” would find himself at the mercy of “friendly fire”.
So, what were those words of Tony Benn which crystallises the seriousness of this issue?
“I turn to the matter of lifelong confidentiality to the Crown, which presumably should have bound Peter Wright. Who is the Crown? Did the Queen tell Peter Wright to try to destroy the Prime Minister? Obviously not. Did the Prime Minister tell Peter Wright to destroy himself? Obviously not. Did the Home Secretary tell Peter Wright to try to destroy the Government? Obviously not.The Crown is the code name we use for those central areas of Government in defence, intelligence and international relations—a state within the state—that the Government, and, I regret to say, previous Governments, did not wish to be subject to parliamentary scrutiny or discussion. The Crown is a term used to cover a concrete emplacement surrounded by barbed wire that the Home Secretary thinks needs fresh protection. It is not that he intends it to be subject to public scrutiny.”
tony-benn-the-straight-man
Anyone thinking very logically and simply would simply ask one question:
WHY HAVE JEWS BEEN BANISHED FROM SOME MANY DIFFERENT COUNTRIES AND CULTURES OVER CENTURIES? BY PEOPLES WHO HAVE NEVER HAD THE OPPORTUNITY TO CONSPIRE AGAINST THEM BECAUSE OF VAST DISTANCES BETWEEN THE COUNTRIES WHO HAVE BANISHED THEM. YET ALL OF THESE PEOPLES HAVE, AT DIFFERENT TIMES THROUGHOUT HISTORY, FELT IT NECESSARY TO DO JUST THAT. FOR NO REASON? ALL OF THESE CULTURES HAVE JUST HAD SOME RACIAL HATRED OF JEWS? THERE’S NO LOGIC IN IT. THE ONLY COMMON DENOMINATOR WHICH PERMEATES THROUGHOUT THESE BANISHMENTS IS THAT OF MONEY AND USURY.
Henk Ruyssenaars’ article on July 10th 2006 drew attention to the book “Descent into Slavery” by Des Griffin in which the real meaning of the term “City of London” is explained. The following is an excerpt from that article.
“To the majority of people the words “Crown” and “City” in reference to London refer to the queen or the capital of England.
This is not the truth. The “City” is in fact a privately owned Corporation – or Sovereign State – occupying an irregular rectangle of 677 acres and located right in the heart of the 610 square mile ‘Greater London’ area. The population of ‘The City’ is listed at just over four thousand, whereas the population of ‘Greater London’ (32 boroughs) is approximately seven and a half million.
“The Crown” is a committee of twelve to fourteen men who rule the independent sovereign state known as London or ‘The City.’ ‘The City’ is not part of England. It is not subject to the Sovereign. It is not under the rule of the British parliament. Like the Vatican in Rome, it is a separate, independent state.
“The City”, which is often called “the wealthiest square mile on earth,” is ruled over by a Lord Mayor. Here are grouped together Britain’s great financial and commercial institutions: Wealthy banks, dominated by the privately-owned (Rothschild controlled) Bank of England, Lloyd’s of London, the London Stock Exchange, and the offices of most of the leading international trading concerns. Here, also, is located Fleet Street, the heart and core of the newspaper and publishing worlds.
The Lord Mayor, who is elected for a one year stint, is the monarch in the City. As Aubrey Menen says in “London”, Time-Life, 1976, p. 16:
“The relation of this monarch of the City to the monarch of the realm [Queen] is curious and tells much.”
It certainly is and certainly does!
When the Queen of England goes to visit the City she is met by the Lord Mayor at Temple Bar, the symbolic gate of the City. She bows and asks for permission to enter his private, sovereign State. During such State visits
“the Lord Mayor in his robes and chain, and his entourage in medieval costume, outshines the royal party, which can dress up no further than service uniforms.”
The Lord Mayor leads the queen into his city.
The symbolism is clear. The Lord Mayor is the monarch. The Queen is his subject.
The small clique who rule the City dictate to the British Parliament. It tells them what to do, and when. In theory Britain is ruled by a Prime Minister and a Cabinet of close advisers. These ‘fronts’ go to great lengths to create the impression that they are running the show but, in reality, they are mere puppets whose strings are pulled by the shadowy characters who dominate behind the scenes. As the former British Prime Minister of England during the late 1800s Benjamin D’Israeli wrote:
“So you see… the world is governed by very different personages from what is imagined by those who are not behind the scenes”
(Coningsby, The Century Co., N.Y., 1907, p. 233).
This fact is further demonstrated by another passage from Menen’s book:
“The Prime Minister, a busy politician, is not expected to understand the mysteries of high finance, while the Chancellor of the Exchequer is only expected to understand them when he introduces the budget. Both are advised by the permanenet officials of the Treasury, and these listen to the City. If they suspect that some policy of the government will back-fire, it is of no use their calling up British ambassadors to ask if it is so; they can find out more quickly from the City. As one ambassador said: “Diplomats are nowadays no more than office boys, and slow ones at that. The City will know. They will tell the Treasury and the Treasury will tell the Prime Minister.”
Woe betide him if he does not listen. The most striking instance of this happened in recent history. In 1956 the then Prime Minister, Sir Anthony Eden… launched a war to regain the Suez Canal. It had scarcely begun when the City let it be known that in a few days he would have no more money to fight it; the Pound would collapse. He stopped the war and was turned out of office by his party. When the Prime Minister rises to address the Lord Mayor’s banquet, he hopes that the City will put more behind him than the gold plate lavishly displayed on the sideboards.”
The British government is the bond slave of the “invisible and inaudible” force centred in the City. The City calls the tune. The “visible and audible leaders” are mere puppets who dance to that tune on command. They have no power. They have no authority. In spite of the outward show they are mere pawns in the game being played by the financial elite.
It is important to recognise the fact that two separate empires were operating under the guise of the British Empire. One was the Crown Empire and the other the British Empire.
The colonial possessions that were white were under the sovereign – i.e. under the authority of the British government. Such nations as the Union of South Africa, Australia, New Zealand and Canada were governed under British law. These only represented thirteen percent of the people who made up the inhabitants of the Britsh Empire.
All the other parts of the British Empire – nations like India, Egypt, Bermuda, Malta, Cyprus and colonies in Central Africa, Singapore, Hong Kong and Gibraltar were all Crown Colonies. These were not under British rule. The British parliament had no authority over them.
As the Crown owned the committee known as the British government there was no problem getting the British taxpayer to pay for naval and military forces to maintain the Crown’s supremacy in these areas.
The City reaped fantastic profits from its operations conducted under the protection of the British armed forces. This wasn’t British commerce and British wealth. The international bankers, prosperous merchants and those members of the aristocracy who were part of the “City” machine accumulated vast fortunes .
About seventy years ago Vincent Cartwright Vickers stated that :
….”financiers in reality took upon themselves, perhaps not the responsibility, but certainly the power of controlling the markets of the world and therefore the numerous relationships between one nation and another, involving international friendship and mistrusts… Loans to foreign countries are organised and arranged by the City of London with no thought whatsoever of the nation’s welfare but solely in order to increase indebtedness upon which the City thrives and grows rich…”
In “Empire of the City” E. C. Knuth said:
” This national amnd mainly international dictatorship of money which plays off one country against another and which, through ownership of a large portion of the press converts the advertisement of its own private opinion into a semblance of general public opinion, cannot for much longer be permitted to render Democratic Government a mere nickname. Today we see through a glass darkly: for there is so much which it would not be in the public interest to divulge.”…
The battle for power and riches is an ancient one, but any attempt to make sense of the present world situation where the bulk of humanity is being herded like sheep into a corral without some knowledge of history is a difficult if not impossible task.
At present names have been replaced by groups, capitalists, republicans, democrats, terrorists, corporations, NATO, UNO, NAFTA, EMI, ECB, ASEAN. Names that are spewed out like confetti in an endless list of anonymity.
In spite of modern technology the figures in the background remain blurred. Mention the word “Jew” or “Conspiracy” and everyone with few exceptions will turn away. Why? Fear? Of what? What is the magic talisman which makes the mention of these co-religionists a no-go area? Is it because they have infiltrated every aspect of human activity? Is it they who are pulling the strings which are leading the world on its downward slope?
The Jew has been mistrusted since way back. But what is apparent now is that any attempt to offer an answer to the question is clamped down upon. What does that indicate? Above all it indicates that these shadowy figures fear more than anything else the truth.
Professor Jesse H. Holmes, writing in, “The American Hebrew,” expressed the following similar sentiments:
“It can hardly be an accident that antagonism directed against the Jews is to be found pretty much everywhere in the world where Jews and non-Jews are associated. And as the Jews are the common element of the situation it would seem probable, on the face of it, that the cause will be found in them rather than in the widely varying groups which feel this antagonism.
In Europe and Russia alone, the Jews have been banished 47 times in the last 1,000 years: Mainz, 1012; France, 1182; Upper Bavaria, 1276; England, 1290; France, 1306; France, 1322; Saxony, 1349; Hungary, 1360; Belgium, 1370; Slovakia, 1380; France, 1394; Austria, 1420; Lyons, 1420; Cologne, 1424; Mainz, 1438; Augsburg, 1438; Upper Bavaria, 1442; Netherlands, 1444; Brandenburg, 1446; Mainz, 1462; Lithuania, 1495; Portugal, 1496; Naples, 1496; Navarre, 1498; Nuremberg, 1498; Brandenburg, 1510; Prussia, 1510; Genoa, 1515; Naples, 1533; Italy, 1540; Naples, 1541; Prague, 1541; Genoa, 1550; Bavaria, 1551; Prague, 1557; Papal States, 1569; Hungary, 1582; Hamburg, 1649; Vienna, 1669; Slovakia, 1744; Mainz, 1483; Warsaw, 1483; Spain, 1492; Italy, 1492; Moravia, 1744; Bohemia, 1744; Moscow, 1891.
(The above is excerpted from The Synagogue of Satan by Andrew Carrington Hitchcock.)
Of what were these people guilty to arouse such a reaction from so many diverse people?
Well, in England, it’s very interesting:
IT ALL STARTED with The Edict of Expulsion of 1290 AD.
The Jews would have us believe that their expulsion from England by Edward I (reigned 1272-1307) was due to their money lending endeavors. The real reason was due to the Jews’ crime of blood ritual murders.
The Orthodox Christian historian of the 5th Century, Socrates Scholasticus, in his Ecclesiastical History, 7:16, recounts an incident about Jews killing a Christian child:
— “At a place near Antioch in Syria, the Jews, in derision of the Cross and those who put their trust in the Crucified One, seized a Christian boy, and having bound him to a cross they made, began to sneer at him. In a little while becoming so transported with fury, they scourged the child until he died under their hands.” —
Here are a few examples which led to the English expulsion of the Jews in 1290 AD:
1144 A.D. Norwich: A twelve year-old boy was crucified and his side pierced at the Jewish Passover. His body was found in a sack hidden in a tree. A converted Jew to Christianity named Theobald of Cambridge informed the authorities that the Jews took blood every year from a Christian child because they thought that only by so doing could they ever return to Palestine. The boy has ever since been known as St. William.
1160 A.D. Gloucester: The body of a child named Harold was found in the river with the wounds of crucifixion.
1255 A.D. Lincoln: A boy named Hugh was tortured and crucified by the Jews. The boy’s mother found the body in a well on the premises of a Jew named Jopin. 18 Jews were hanged for the crime by King Henry III.
1290 A.D. Oxford: The Patent Roll 18 Of Edward I, 21st June 1290 contains an order for the Gaol delivery of a Jew named Isaac de Pulet for the murder and blood letting of a Christian boy. Only one month after this, King Edward I issued his decree expelling the Jews from England.
(See Sources #1 Below )
[As an addendum to the above, I feel it is necessary to clarify that, before the expulsion in 1290, there was the Statute of the Jewry in 1275, entirely based upon the moneylending and usury issue: jews1275.html
Now please understand that this is just pure factual history and the pieces fall where they fall.
It seems very obvious to me that, while the Islamic religion has not forgotten one of its fundamental cornerstones: NO USURY, the Christian world simply has. For NO USURY is a cornerstone of the christian religion too. I wonder, then, why Christians call themselves christians? They don’t follow Jesus’ teachings and haven’t done so in the west since the following took place – the readmission of jewish usury into England by Oliver Cromwell during the 1640 – 1660 period and then the establishment of the Bank of England where one can see, William of Orange and his Queen, Mary became original investors – it is on Bank of England documents]
JEWISH BANKERS FROM AMSTERDAM led by the Jewish financier and army contractor of Cromwell’s New Model Army, Fernandez Carvajal and assisted by Portuguese Ambassador De Souza, a Marano (secret Jew), saw an opportunity to exploit in the civil unrest led by Oliver Cromwell in 1643.
A stable Christian society of ancient traditions binding the Monarchy, Church, State, nobles and people into one solemn bond was disrupted by Calvin’s Protestant uprising. The Jews of Amsterdam exploited this civil unrest and made their move. They contacted Oliver Cromwell in a series of letters:
Cromwell To Ebenezer Pratt of the Mulheim Synagogue in Amsterdam,
16th June 1647:
— “In return for financial support will advocate admission of Jews to England: This however impossible while Charles living. Charles cannot be executed without trial, adequate grounds for which do not at present exist. Therefore advise that Charles be assassinated, but will have nothing to do with arrangements for procuring an assassin, though willing to help in his escape.” —
To Oliver Cromwell From Ebenezer Pratt, 12th July 1647:
— “Will grant financial aid as soon as Charles removed and Jews admitted. Assassination too dangerous. Charles shall be given opportunity to escape: His recapture will make trial and execution possible. The support will be liberal, but useless to discuss terms until trial commences.” —
Cromwell had carried out the orders of the Jewish financiers and beheaded, (yes, Cromwell and his Jewish sponsors must face Christ!), King Charles I on January 30 1649.
Beginning in 1655, Cromwell, through his alliance with the Jewish bankers of Amsterdam and specifically with Manasseh Ben Israel and his brother-in-law, David Abravanel Dormido, initiated the resettlement of the Jews in England.
JEWS GET THEIR CENTRAL BANK OF ENGLAND
WILLIAM STADHOLDER, a Dutch army careerist, was a handsome chap with money problems. The Jews saw another opportunity and through their influence arranged for William’s elevation to Captain General of the Dutch Forces. The next step up the ladder for William was his elevation by the Jews to the aristocratic title of William, Prince of Orange.
The Jews then arranged a meeting between William and Mary, the eldest daughter of the Duke of York. The Duke was only one place removed from becoming King of England. In 1677 Princess Mary of England married William Prince of Orange.
To place William upon the throne of England it was necessary to get rid of both Charles II and the Duke of York who was slated to become James II of the Stuarts. It is important to note that none of the Stuarts would grant charter for an English national bank. That is why murder, civil war, and religious conflicts plagued their reigns by the Jewish bankers.
In 1685, King Charles II died and the Duke of York became King James II of England. In 1688 the Jews ordered William Prince of Orange to land in England at Torbay. Because of an ongoing Campaign of L’Infamie against King James II contrived by the Jews, he abdicated and fled to France. William of Orange and Mary were proclaimed King and Queen of England.
The new King William III soon got England involved in costly wars against Catholic France which put England deep into debt. Here was the Jewish bankers’ chance to collect. So King William, under orders from the Elders of Zion in Amsterdam, persuaded the British Treasury to borrow 1.25 million pounds sterling from the Jewish bankers who had helped him to the throne.
Since the state’s debts had risen dramatically, the government had no choice but to accept. But there were conditions attached: The names of the lenders were to be kept secret and that they be granted a Charter to establish a Central Bank of England. Parliament accepted and the Jewish bankers sunk their tentacles into Great Britain.
ENTER THE ROTHSCHILDS
MAYER AMSCHEL BAUER OPENED a money lending business on Judenstrasse (Jew Street) in Frankfurt Germany in 1750 and changed his name to Rothschild. Mayer Rothschild had five sons.
The smartest of his sons, Nathan, was sent to London to establish a bank in 1806. Much of the initial funding for the new bank was tapped from the British East India Company which Mayer Rothschild had significant control of. Mayer Rothschild placed his other four sons in Frankfort, Paris, Naples, and Vienna.
In 1814, Nathanael Rothschild saw an opportunity in the Battle of Waterloo. Early in the battle, Napoleon appeared to be winning and the first military report to London communicated that fact. But the tide turned in favor of Wellington.
A courier of Nathan Rothschild brought the news to him in London on June 20. This was 24 hours before Wellington’s courier arrived in London with the news of Wellington’s victory. Seeing this fortuitous event, Nathan Rothschild began spreading the rumor that Britain was defeated.
With everyone believing that Wellington was defeated, Nathan Rothschild began to sell all of his stock on the English Stock Market. Everyone panicked and also began selling causing stocks to plummet to practically nothing. At the last minute, Nathan Rothschild began buying up the stocks at rock-bottom prices.
This gave the Rothschild family complete control of the British economy – now the financial centre of the world and forced England to set up a revamped Bank of England with Nathan Rothschild in control.
ALL ABOUT THE JEWISH VATICAN
(As much as that is possible given Rothschild secrecy)
A PRIVATE FINANCIAL CORPORATION exists today in England known as “The City.” It is also known as The Jewish Vatican located in the heart of Greater London.
A Committee of 12 men rule The Jewish Vatican. They are known as “The Crown.” The City and its rulers, The Crown, are not subject to the Parliament. They are a Sovereign State within a State.
The City is the financial hub of the world. It is here that the Rothschilds have their base of operations and their centrality of control:
* The Central Bank of England (controlled by the Rothschilds) is located in The City.
* All major British banks have their main offices in The City.
* 385 foreign banks are located in The City.
* 70 banks from the United States are located in The City.
* The London Stock Exchange is located in The City.
* Lloyd’s of London is located in The City.
* The Baltic Exchange (shipping contracts) is located in The City.
* Fleet Street (newspapers & publishing) is located in The City.
* The London Metal Exchange is located in The City.
* The London Commodity Exchange (trading rubber, wool, sugar, coffee) is located in The City.
Every year a Lord Mayor is elected as monarch of The City. The British Parliament does not make a move without consulting the Lord Mayor of The City. For here in the heart of London are grouped together Britain’s financial institutions dominated by the Rothschild-controlled Central Bank of England.
The Rothschilds have traditionally chosen the Lord Mayor since 1820. Who is the present day Lord Mayor of The City? Only the Rothschilds’ know for sure…
Sources #1: Ariel Toaff, Bloody Passover-Jews of Europe and Ritual Homicide, 2007 Click Here; J. C. Cox, Norfolk Churches; Victoria County History of Norfolk, 1906; Arnold Leese, Jewish Ritual Murder In England; Henry III, Close Roll 16; Joseph Haydn, Dictionary of Dates.
Sources #2: Isaac Disraeli, Life of Charles I, 1851; Hugh Ross Williamson, Charles and Cromwell; AHM Ramsey, The Nameless War; Lord Alfred Douglas, Plain English, 1921; Geoffrey H. Smith, The Settlement Of Jews In England
Sources #3: John Harold Wood, History of Central Banking in Great Britain; Gustaaf Johannes Renier, William of Orange
Sources #4: Frederick Morton, The Rothschilds; Benjamin Disraeli, Coningsby
Sources #5: E.C. Knuth, The Empire of The City; Des Griffin, Descent Into Slavery
UPDATE 4 Nov 2011: George Monbiot in the Guardian Newspaper. Although he just doesn’t go quite far enough into the history and the connectivity. Mainstream media now supporting much of the above regarding the “above the law” nature of the City of London. I rest my case your honour!
The medieval, unaccountable Corporation of London is ripe for protest
Working beyond the authority of parliament, the Corporation of London undermines all attempts to curb the excesses of finance.
Illustration by Daniel Pudles
It’s the dark heart of Britain, the place where democracy goes to die, immensely powerful, equally unaccountable. But I doubt that one in 10 British people has any idea of what the Corporation of the City of London is and how it works. This could be about to change. Alongside the Church of England, the Corporation is seeking to evict the protesters camped outside St Paul’s cathedral. The protesters, in turn, have demanded that it submit to national oversight and control.
What is this thing? Ostensibly it’s the equivalent of a local council, responsible for a small area of London known as the Square Mile. But, as its website boasts, “among local authorities the City of London is unique”. You bet it is. There are 25 electoral wards in the Square Mile. In four of them, the 9,000 people who live within its boundaries are permitted to vote. In the remaining 21, the votes are controlled by corporations, mostly banks and other financial companies. The bigger the business, the bigger the vote: a company with 10 workers gets two votes, the biggest employers, 79. It’s not the workers who decide how the votes are cast, but the bosses, who “appoint” the voters. Plutocracy, pure and simple.
There are four layers of elected representatives in the Corporation: common councilmen, aldermen, sheriffs and the Lord Mayor. To qualify for any of these offices, you must be a freeman of the City of London. To become a freeman you must be approved by the aldermen. You’re most likely to qualify if you belong to one of the City livery companies: medieval guilds such as the worshipful company of costermongers, cutpurses and safecrackers. To become a sheriff, you must be elected from among the aldermen by the Livery. How do you join a livery company? Don’t even ask.
To become Lord Mayor you must first have served as an alderman and sheriff, and you “must command the support of, and have the endorsement of, the Court of Aldermen and the Livery”. You should also be stinking rich, as the Lord Mayor is expected to make a “contribution from his/her private resources towards the costs of the mayoral year.” This is, in other words, an official old boys’ network. Think of all that Tory huffing and puffing about democratic failings within the trade unions. Then think of their resounding silence about democracy within the City of London.
The current Lord Mayor, Michael Bear, came to prominence within the City as chief executive of the Spitalfields development group, which oversaw a controversial business venture in which the Corporation had a major stake, even though the project lies outside the boundaries of its authority. This illustrates another of the Corporation’s unique features. It possesses a vast pool of cash, which it can spend as it wishes, without democratic oversight. As well as expanding its enormous property portfolio, it uses this money to lobby on behalf of the banks.
The Lord Mayor’s role, the Corporation’s website tells us, is to “open doors at the highest levels” for business, in the course of which he “expounds the values of liberalisation”. Liberalisation is what bankers call deregulation: the process that caused the financial crash. The Corporation boasts that it “handle[s] issues in Parliament of specific interest to the City”, such as banking reform and financial services regulation. It also conducts “extensive partnership work with think tanks … vigorously promoting the views and needs of financial services.” But this isn’t the half of it.
As Nicholas Shaxson explains in his fascinating book Treasure Islands, the Corporation exists outside many of the laws and democratic controls which govern the rest of the United Kingdom. The City of London is the only part of Britain over which parliament has no authority. In one respect at least the Corporation acts as the superior body: it imposes on the House of Commons a figure called the remembrancer: an official lobbyist who sits behind the Speaker’s chair and ensures that, whatever our elected representatives might think, the City’s rights and privileges are protected. The mayor of London’s mandate stops at the boundaries of the Square Mile. There are, as if in a novel by China Miéville, two cities, one of which must unsee the other.
Several governments have tried to democratise the City of London but all, threatened by its financial might, have failed. As Clement Attlee lamented, “over and over again we have seen that there is in this country another power than that which has its seat at Westminster.” The City has exploited this remarkable position to establish itself as a kind of offshore state, a secrecy jurisdiction which controls the network of tax havens housed in the UK’s crown dependencies and overseas territories. This autonomous state within our borders is in a position to launder the ill-gotten cash of oligarchs, kleptocrats, gangsters and drug barons. As the French investigating magistrate Eva Joly remarked, it “has never transmitted even the smallest piece of usable evidence to a foreign magistrate”. It deprives the United Kingdom and other nations of their rightful tax receipts.
It has also made the effective regulation of global finance almost impossible. Shaxson shows how the absence of proper regulation in London allowed American banks to evade the rules set by their own government. AIG’s wild trading might have taken place in the US, but the unit responsible was regulated in the City. Lehman Brothers couldn’t get legal approval for its off-balance sheet transactions in Wall Street, so it used a London law firm instead. No wonder priests are resigning over the plans to evict the campers. The Church of England is not just working with Mammon; it’s colluding with Babylon.
If you’ve ever dithered over the question of whether the UK needs a written constitution, dither no longer. Imagine the clauses required to preserve the status of the Corporation. “The City of London will remain outside the authority of parliament. Domestic and foreign banks will be permitted to vote as if they were human beings, and their votes will outnumber those cast by real people. Its elected officials will be chosen from people deemed acceptable by a group of medieval guilds …”.
The Corporation’s privileges could not withstand such public scrutiny. This, perhaps, is one of the reasons why a written constitution in the United Kingdom remains a distant dream. Its power also helps to explain why regulation of the banks is scarcely better than it was before the crash, why there are no effective curbs on executive pay and bonuses and why successive governments fail to act against the UK’s dependent tax havens.
But now at last we begin to see it. It happens that the Lord Mayor’s Show, in which the Corporation flaunts its ancient wealth and power, takes place on 12 November. If ever there were a pageant that cries out for peaceful protest and dissent, here it is. Expect fireworks – and not just those laid on by the Lord Mayor.
Article: corporation-london-city-medieval
Now, when you think of “an Empire” and you may think America is the Empire of today, think again. Britain “lost” it’s Empire didn’t it?
Well maybe or….. Maybe not.
I go with the latter. You see, it does NOT take an army to ensure an Empire. What size if the Commonwealth? The Commonwealth is THE largest group of human beings (and resources) in the world. What is the Federal Reserve and the Federal Government of the United States? What controls them? What if it were that the City of London and Bank of England controlled them? So many (the majority) people believe this is just a “flight of fancy”. It isn’t.
Watch this next movie (very enlightening) and consider the following Telegraph article (which I have blogged about elsewhere on this blog):
The United States becoming an “Associate Member” of the Commonwealth? Now WHY would they “need” to do that? And what about Brexit? What’s that all about?
Well, this is what it may well all be about:
From U.S. Congressional Archives 1940:
Mr. Speaker, In order that the American people may have a clearer understanding of those who over a period of years have been undermining this Re-public, in order to return it to the British Empire, I have inserted in the RECORD a number of articles to prove this point. These articles are entitled “Steps Toward British Union, a World State, and International Strife.” This is part I, and in this I include a hope expressed by Mr. Andrew Carnegie, in his book entitled “Triumphant Democracy.”
In this he expresses himself in this manner:
“Let men say what they will, I say that as surely as the sun in the heavens once shone upon Britain and America united, so surely is it one morning to rise, to shine upon, to greet again the reunited states—the British-American Union.”
“Now the people of this country are not going to allow anybody— any Congress, any government, any President—to break the good faith which they have pledged to the mother country. In making this statement, Mr. Choate takes the position that Great Britain or England is our mother country; the same position that was taken by Cecil Rhodes over 50 years ago and by Andrew Carnegie in 1893, when he wrote a book entitled, “Triumphant Democracy.” I want you to note particularly that this was in 1913, and that 1913 was the very year we changed our Government from a republic to a semidemocracy; the year in which we destroyed constitutional government, international security, and paved the road for us to become a colony of the British Empire. It was also the same year in which we, by adopting the Federal Reserve Act, placed our Treasury under the control and domination of the Bank of England and the international banking groups that are now financing the British-Israel movement in the United States. It was also the year preceding the World War; a war in which we became involved, as everyone knows, in 1917, but what everyone does not know is that we were committed to this war in 1910, and were to all intents and purposes in the war in 1914, when J. P. Morgan & Co. began to finance the Triple Entente. This statement is borne out by Mr. J. P. Morgan’s own testimony before the Senate committee investigating the munitions industry. Mr. Choate was, therefore, right, because nothing has stopped, not even Congress, the destruction of this Republic and its gradual incorporation into the British Empire through the efforts of the many subversive and pro-English groups, led and directed, as I have said, by the British- Israel movement.”
Please note that the following movie (and other such movies) will NEVER mention jewish control of the banks or banking system, so don’t be looking for it. But bear this in mind while watching.
NOW, IF YOU WANT A LIST OF THE ORIGINAL JEWISH HOLDERS OF STOCK IN THE BANK OF ENGLAND, PLEASE READ THE FOLLOWING:
https://earthlinggb.wordpress.com/2014/04/05/the-jew-bank-of-england/
I hope you notice the myriad of Spanish and non jewish sounding names in that list. This list, as I know, is not available anywhere else in blogs throughout the internet. I may be wrong.
All of the above can then lead me into tying this up to what is happening in China and Hong Kong today but that would have me simply regurgitating my blog “CAPITALIZING CHINA”. How has the City of London then taken significant control in China?
Enter the concept of the “Legal Person” – a British legal basic jurisprudence term: https://earthlinggb.wordpress.com/2014/03/31/capitalizing-china/
Am I a “Conspiracy theorist”? YES….. indefatigably YES! Why?
Because I’ve researched, done my homework and I have found that the entire globe is shaped by events which are entirely linked. So yes, there IS one umbrella conspiracy. Not to say there are not factions within it who play on Zbigniew Brzezinski’s “Grand Chessboard”, BUT they all use you and I as pawns in this big game.
Let the naysayers in media and elsewhere scoff as they will but they are entirely ignorant; generally, have never fully immersed themselves into research and know that to do so and then speak of it, they would lose their well paid positions.
A couple of things to ponder over:
LEGITIMACY BILL
HL Deb 21 July 1959 vol 218 cc315-56
THE MARQUESS OF SALISBURY
With all deference to the most reverend Primate, that is not what the court is 338 asked to declare. The court is asked to declare that the child was born in lawful wedlock between Mrs. X and Y. Otherwise, by the laws of legitimacy as understood in this country, it could not be a legitimate child. It is that which personally I find so shocking.
The noble and learned Lord, Lord Denning, seemed to think—at least so I understood—that there was no material difference between the situation which I have just described and the situation which was dealt with by the Act of 1926, under which both the parents were unmarried at the time of the birth of the child and they merely, as it were, anticipated the ceremony. But to me at any rate, there is all the difference in the world between the two cases. In one case both were free to marry each other; in the other one or both was solemnly linked at the time in wedlock to another man or another woman. How is it possible for the court to ignore that fact? If I may say so with all deference—and this is a great impertinence—some lawyers always seem to think that by adding the adjective “legal” to the word “fiction” it makes it much more respectable, just as in politics when a Government wants to do something which is manifestly unjust to some section of the community it thinks it makes it sound better by calling it “social” justice. In both cases, the addition of the adjective is intended to produce a different and more agreeable atmosphere. But to the ordinary man, such as most of us in this House are, a fiction remains a fiction, whatever adjective is attached to it; a lie remains a lie even though it is condoned by the law.
BRITISH NATIONALITY BILL. [H.L.]
HL Deb 21 June 1948 vol 156 cc992-1083
LORD ALTRINCHAM moved to leave out subsection (1) and to insert: Every person who under this Act is a British subject of the United Kingdom and 993 Colonies or who under any enactment for the time being in force in any country mentioned in subsection (3) of this section is a British subject or citizen of that country shall thereby have the status of a British subject. The noble Lord said: Since this is a complicated and very far-reaching Bill, it may be desirable that I should begin by explaining the purpose and effect of my Amendment…………
Apart from that, however, it is obviously a term that is quite applicable for the purposes for which it has been used by Canada and may be used by other Dominions. Canada, Australia and New Zealand are, after all, single geographical entities under one system of government, under which every member of the community has equal rights and responsibilities. But citizenship in that sense is obviously entirely inapplicable to a vast range of territories such as we have to deal with in the Colonial Empire and to an immense variety of peoples who 996 range in their standard of civilisation and of civic responsibility from the head-hunters of Borneo to noble Lords opposite. There is a very wide range within this single term of “citizenship,” and obviously there are great differences in that range in the sense of civic rights and civic responsibilities. There are also immense varieties of Governments and of rights and responsibilities, varying from universal adult franchise, as we have it here, to no franchise at all. All those variations would be brought together under the term “citizenship.” In fact, to cover the Colonial Empire the term “citizenship” must be wrenched from its proper significance. It can be defended, if it is to be defended—and this is what we dislike and wish to avoid—only as a convenient legal fiction. We dislike the fiction and we see no good reason for it. For that reason alone—the history and the proper meaning of the term—we would like to see it altered in the Bill so far as the United Kingdom and Colonies are concerned.
§ In the second place, we believe that the use of this term for the United Kingdom and Colonies may have very undesirable political repercussions. Although this Parliament is, of course, still supreme throughout the Colonial Empire, nevertheless, as everybody who has lived and lives in the Colonial Empire knows, there is in the Colonial Empire a universal dislike of Whitehall government. There is a universal desire to feel that they are not dominated by a distant Legislature and administration but that, in fact, they are able more or less to conduct their own affairs without remote control. That has always been the history of the Dominions since the days when an early settler in New Zealand said that he would rather be governed by Nero on the spot than by a committee of archangels in Downing Street. That feeling is just as strong in the Colonial Empire. We have been trying to recognise that in every respect. In various ways we have been preparing and even carrying out systems of decentralisation and of regional organisation which will give more authority to those who are responsible on the spot. While, of course, there are in the Colonial Empire at the present time old Colonies with ancient Legislatures—and do not let us forget that—to whom this term will appear curiously inappropriate, the Colonies are all moving the same way. 997 Therefore, while this term “citizenship” when used in the Dominions will have an increasing significance as the Dominions grew in stature and in power, in the United Kingdom and Colonies it would have a steadily decreasing and ultimately shing significance.
§ There is no such difficulty if we remain faithful to the old term of “British subject.” That term has covered every variety of subject under every variety of Government. In is appropriate to them all, and they are proud of it. We would much prefer that no suggestion were made in this. Bill or in any other way that we are seeking to tie the Colonial Empire more closely to this country, to make it more dependent upon this country or in any way to interfere with the individual development of Colonies or groups of Colonies.
§ In the third place, there is another objection which is also deeply felt upon these Benches, and that is that the establishment of the term “citizenship” in many Colonies would be a fertile ground for political agitators. Our effort now, certainly in the African Colonies and elsewhere, is to try to give priority and emphasis to economic development and to avoid the danger that that development may be outstripped and impeded by premature political agitation. The noble Lord, Lord Milverton, called attention to that danger in a remarkable speech not many weeks ago. “Citizenship,” after all, ought to mean, and in its proper sense does mean, equal rights and responsibilities. Do noble Lords opposite really suppose that, if that term is used in regard to the Colonial Empire, it will not be exploited against us by every malcontent, by every political agitator? It is a poor answer to say that after all the term is merely a legal fiction. That would be the truth but, as I say, it would be a poor answer. I am afraid that it would furnish the Soviets, in their propaganda against the Empire, with another text for their constant theme of the “crude and callous insincerity of British Imperialism.”
“It is a poor answer to say that after all the term is merely a legal fiction. That would be the truth but, as I say, it would be a poor answer. I am afraid that it would furnish the Soviets, in their propaganda against the Empire, with another text for their constant theme of the “crude and callous insincerity of British Imperialism.”
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Is Current Warming Natural?
In Earth’s history before the Industrial Revolution, Earth’s climate changed due to natural causes not related to human activity. Most often, global climate has changed because of variations in sunlight. Tiny wobbles in Earth’s orbit altered when and where sunlight falls on Earth’s surface. Variations in the Sun itself have alternately increased and decreased the amount of solar energy reaching Earth. Volcanic eruptions have generated particles that reflect sunlight, brightening the planet and cooling the climate. Volcanic activity has also, in the deep past, increased greenhouse gases over millions of years, contributing to episodes of global warming.
A biographical sketch of Milutin Milankovitch describes how changes in Earth’s orbit affects its climate.
These natural causes are still in play today, but their influence is too small or they occur too slowly to explain the rapid warming seen in recent decades. We know this because scientists closely monitor the natural and human activities that influence climate with a fleet of satellites and surface instruments.
Remote meteorological stations (left) and orbiting satellites (right) help scientists monitor the causes and effects of global warming. [Images courtesy NOAA Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (left) and Environmental Visualization Laboratory (right).]
NASA satellites record a host of vital signs including atmospheric aerosols (particles from both natural sources and human activities, such as factories, fires, deserts, and erupting volcanoes), atmospheric gases (including greenhouse gases), energy radiated from Earth’s surface and the Sun, ocean surface temperature changes, global sea level, the extent of ice sheets, glaciers and sea ice, plant growth, rainfall, cloud structure, and more.
On the ground, many agencies and nations support networks of weather and climate-monitoring stations that maintain temperature, rainfall, and snow depth records, and buoys that measure surface water and deep ocean temperatures. Taken together, these measurements provide an ever-improving record of both natural events and human activity for the past 150 years.
Scientists integrate these measurements into climate models to recreate temperatures recorded over the past 150 years. Climate model simulations that consider only natural solar variability and volcanic aerosols since 1750—omitting observed increases in greenhouse gases—are able to fit the observations of global temperatures only up until about 1950. After that point, the decadal trend in global surface warming cannot be explained without including the contribution of the greenhouse gases added by humans.
Though people have had the largest impact on our climate since 1950, natural changes to Earth’s climate have also occurred in recent times. For example, two major volcanic eruptions, El Chichon in 1982 and Pinatubo in 1991, pumped sulfur dioxide gas high into the atmosphere. The gas was converted into tiny particles that lingered for more than a year, reflecting sunlight and shading Earth’s surface. Temperatures across the globe dipped for two to three years.
Although Earth’s temperature fluctuates naturally, human influence on climate has eclipsed the magnitude of natural temperature changes over the past 120 years. Natural influences on temperature—El Niño, solar variability, and volcanic aerosols—have varied approximately plus and minus 0.2° C (0.4° F), (averaging to about zero), while human influences have contributed roughly 0.8° C (1° F) of warming since 1889. (Graphs adapted from Lean et al., 2008.)
Although volcanoes are active around the world, and continue to emit carbon dioxide as they did in the past, the amount of carbon dioxide they release is extremely small compared to human emissions. On average, volcanoes emit between 130 and 230 million tonnes of carbon dioxide per year. By burning fossil fuels, people release in excess of 100 times more, about 26 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide, into the atmosphere every year (as of 2005). As a result, human activity overshadows any contribution volcanoes may have made to recent global warming.
Changes in the brightness of the Sun can influence the climate from decade to decade, but an increase in solar output falls short as an explanation for recent warming. NASA satellites have been measuring the Sun’s output since 1978. The total energy the Sun radiates varies over an 11-year cycle. During solar maxima, solar energy is approximately 0.1 percent higher on average than it is during solar minima.
The transparent halo known as the solar corona changes between solar maximum (left) and solar minimum (right). (NASA Extreme Ultraviolet Telescope images from the SOHO Data Archive.)
Each cycle exhibits subtle differences in intensity and duration. As of early 2010, the solar brightness since 2005 has been slightly lower, not higher, than it was during the previous 11-year minimum in solar activity, which occurred in the late 1990s. This implies that the Sun’s impact between 2005 and 2010 might have been to slightly decrease the warming that greenhouse emissions alone would have caused.
Satellite measurements of daily (light line) and monthly average (dark line) total solar irradiance since 1979 have not detected a clear long-term trend. (NASA graph by Robert Simmon, based on data from the ACRIM Science Team.)
Scientists theorize that there may be a multi-decadal trend in solar output, though if one exists, it has not been observed as yet. Even if the Sun were getting brighter, however, the pattern of warming observed on Earth since 1950 does not match the type of warming the Sun alone would cause. When the Sun’s energy is at its peak (solar maxima), temperatures in both the lower atmosphere (troposphere) and the upper atmosphere (stratosphere) become warmer. Instead, observations show the pattern expected from greenhouse gas effects: Earth’s surface and troposphere have warmed, but the stratosphere has cooled.
Satellite measurements show warming in the troposphere (lower atmosphere, green line) but cooling in the stratosphere (upper atmosphere, red line). This vertical pattern is consistent with global warming due to increasing greenhouse gases, but inconsistent with warming from natural causes. (Graph by Robert Simmon, based on data from Remote Sensing Systems, sponsored by the NOAA Climate and Global Change Program.)
The stratosphere gets warmer during solar maxima because the ozone layer absorbs ultraviolet light; more ultraviolet light during solar maxima means warmer temperatures. Ozone depletion explains the biggest part of the cooling of the stratosphere over recent decades, but it can’t account for all of it. Increased concentrations of carbon dioxide in the troposphere and stratosphere together contribute to cooling in the stratosphere.
How is Today’s Warming Different from the Past?
How Much More Will Earth Warm?
How Will Global Warming Change Earth?
References and Related Resources
Atmosphere Heat Land Water
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Written by Jeffrey L. Pasley
Although it generally disappears from the narratives of American history once the seat of national government departs Philadelphia in 1800, Pennsylvania was quite simply the ground floor of American democracy. The Keystone State produced no Jeffersons or Adamses, and its only president (James Buchanan) ranks comfortably in the bottom three, but this was the state where democratic politics, American-style, was invented. Given that Pennsylvania had early America's least stratified, most ethnically diverse electorate and most consistently liberal suffrage requirements, it should come as no surprise that such long-term features of American democracy as the political party, the presidential campaign, the nominating convention, and the partisan newspaper all started here.
Pennsylvania's fractious political history begins with the conflict over the state's ultraradical constitution of 1776. Written under the direct influence of Thomas Paine and the plebeian and middle-class militiamen who spearheaded Pennsylvania's belated independence movement, the 1776 constitution dispensed with the classical republican ideal of "mixed government" and vested nearly all power in a unicameral assembly elected under conditions of almost universal white manhood suffrage. That is, all "freemen" aged twenty-one or older who paid taxes or whose father paid taxes could vote and hold office. The legislature was constitutionally required to meet with its doors open to the public at all times. There was no upper house to check the people's annually elected representatives, and a chief executive called the president was elected by the legislature and had no veto power. The constitution would be enforced not by unelected judges but, rather, by a popularly elected Council of Censors that would convene to revise the constitution every seven years.
Bitter divisions over the constitution of 1776 and its radically democratic ideals defined the first party battle in Pennsylvania state politics and formed the backdrop for all further developments, as Philadelphia radicals and their rural allies tried to keep the state's uniquely democratic and egalitarian revolutionary legacy alive and others tried to curb or squelch it. No one dared to attack democracy or equality in principle, but many of Philadelphia's most prominent and erudite men, including Dr. Benjamin Rush, Judge James Wilson, and Chief Justice Thomas McKean, became harsh detractors of the 1776 constitution, pushing for a more conservative and conventional government with a bicameral legislature, a stronger executive, and a more independent judiciary. After more than a decade of opposition, these so-called Republicans finally succeeded in getting the new state constitution they wanted in 1790; many were also strong supporters of the new, less democratic federal Constitution that was written in Philadelphia. The radicals who defended the original document were known as Constitutionalists, a confusing appellation because many Pennsylvania Constitutionalists leaned against the generally antidemocratic federal Constitution.
The 1790 constitution created an assembly with annual terms and a state Senate whose members were elected to four-year terms. The old state "presidency" was replaced with a governor who was elected by the people every three years and had both the authority to veto legislation and the power to appoint an extensive array of state and county officials, right down to local recorders of deeds and justices of the peace. Judges in the expanded state court system were appointed by the governor and served for life ("during good behavior"). Although many Constitutionalists continued to prefer the old system, conflicts over the state government died down during the nine-year governorship of Thomas Mifflin, a popular war hero generally supported by all factions. Increasingly, over Mifflin's term, the real power accumulated in the hands of his right-hand man, Secretary of the Commonwealth Alexander J. Dallas, an ambitious lawyer recently emigrated from Jamaica.
Dallas was deeply involved in the emergence of the new political division that emerged in the 1790s, this time stemming from Philadelphia's status as the seat of national government. The "national" political controversies that broke out in the Cabinet and the Congress between Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, and their followers were also local ones in Philadelphia as they spilled out into the streets and the press. The nascent national political parties (the Federalists who supported Hamilton's policies and thought of themselves more as friends of the government than as a party per se, and the Jeffersonian opposition who usually referred to themselves as Republicans but were often referred to by their enemies as "democrats or "Jacobins") battled over Philadelphia's Bank of the United States and fought for public approbation through Philadelphia newspapers that circulated nationally. When Citizen Edmond Genêt arrived and sparked the formation of the Democratic-Republican Societies, Philadelphia had the largest and most active ones.
As the epicenter of national political conflict, Philadelphia, followed by the rest of the state, led the nation in the development of party politics. Republican John Swanwick won one of the first clearly party-contested congressional elections in 1794, and a coterie of Philadelphians led by Clerk of the House of Representatives John Beckley and the Aurora newspaper mounted the first serious popular presidential campaign, for Thomas Jefferson, in 1796, carrying the state and almost the election for the opposition leader.
The Jeffersonian Republicans finally took power in the state in 1799, when Chief Justice McKean beat Federalist James Ross of Pittsburgh in the race to succeed Mifflin. A key factor in McKean's victory was the swing of many German Lutheran voters away from the Federalists in the wake of the offensive Direct Tax of 1798 (called the "Window Tax" for the one of the methods that assessors used to determine a taxpayer's wealth) and the overzealous, xenophobic suppression of Fries's Rebellion in the German areas of eastern Pennsylvania.
The Federalists remained competitive in certain areas of the state (especially the southeast) through the 1820s, but after 1799 they were reduced to playing spoiler or kingmaker in statewide elections. In 1800, Federalists in the state Senate prevented Pennsylvania from holding a popular presidential election at all, so certain were they of losing again. Luckily for the Federalists, the majority Republicans (increasingly either adding "Democratic" to their name after 1800 or switching to "Democrat") were plagued by factionalism. The old divide between Constitutionalists and Republicans reemerged with a vengeance after 1802, as radicals led by Aurora editor and Irish political refugee William Duane and Congressman Michael Leib clashed with McKean over impeachments and reforms of the court system and constitution designed to help more litigants avoid the need to hire lawyers, make judges more democratically accountable, and reduce the governor's appointment powers. McKean's vetoes of the reform legislation and his widely reported remarks about the "clodpoles and ignoramuses" who supported the reforms led to an 1805 reelection challenge by Speaker of the House Simon Snyder, a German of rural working-class roots who became the state's most popular political figure in the early nineteenth century. McKean barely won the 1805 election, but only by gaining support from Federalists and a breakaway faction of so-called "Constitutional Republicans." They were led by Alexander Dallas and consisted mostly of wealthier men, attorneys, and officeholders grown conservative in power and restive under the "tyranny of printers" such as Duane. The Aurora labeled the schismatics Quids, meaning "a hermaphrodite thing, partaking of two characters, and yet having neither!"
In 1808, all the Republicans united behind Snyder, who trounced James Ross in a campaign managed by Snyder's friend, editor John Binns of the Democratic Press, an immigrant radical like Duane but much more ideologically flexible. Relations cooled quickly between Duane's Philadelphia radicals and the more rural Snyderites, amid disagreements over the Republican establishment's increasing enthusiasm for banks and other economic development schemes that "Old School" Democrats such as Duane considered corrupt unless tightly controlled. The "New School" of Binns's Snyderites, allied with Dallas's Quids, dominated the state during most of the War of 1812 era and won recognition from the James Madison administration as the regular Democratic-Republican organization in Pennsylvania. The Old School men even cooperated with certain Federalists for a time in efforts to replace Madison with De Witt Clinton in the presidential election of 1812. Trying to break the New School's stranglehold on offices and patronage, Duane's Old School repeatedly challenged the prevailing legislative caucus system of nominating candidates for high office. The caucus was especially aberrant in Pennsylvania, where local public meetings had been the major form of party nominations since the 1790s.
The Old School Democrats' anti-caucus campaign finally met with some success after the War of 1812 during the misnamed Era of Good Feeling. A group of Old School men and disaffected Federalists meeting as "Independent Republicans" held Pennsylvania's first two-party conventions at Carlisle in 1816 and 1817 and nominated Joseph Hiester, who narrowly lost to the New School's man William Findlay, state treasurer under Snyder but a creature of the state's burgeoning business interests. Financial scandals in Findlay's administration, together with the Panic of 1819, enabled the Old School to run Hiester successfully in 1820. Thanks to a generational turnover in leadership, the regular, New School Democrats were increasingly known as the "Family" party after the three Philadelphia brothers-in-law who were its leaders: Postmaster Richard Bache, leading attorney Thomas Sergeant, and Alexander Dallas's son, future Vice President George Mifflin Dallas.
Left leaderless by Hiester's distaste for party politicking and Duane's financial collapse, the remnants of the Old School (including Duane's son and other Aurora veterans) could not prevent the Family's return to power in 1823. Yet that same year, they were crucial to the surprise launch of Andrew Jackson's presidential candidacy by a political convention in Harrisburg that upset the Family's plan to throw the state behind John C. Calhoun. The next decade saw a vicious factional battle for the mantle of Pennsylvania Jacksonianism that the Family, or "Eleventh-Hour Men," eventually won.
Baumann, Roland M. "John Swanwick: Spokesman for 'Merchant Republicanism' in Philadelphia, 1790–98." Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, 97 (April 1973): 131–182.
Brunhouse, Robert L. The Counter-Revolution in Pennsylvania, 1776–1790. Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1971.
Ferguson, Robert J. Early Western Pennsylvania Politics. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1938.
Higginbotham, Sanford W. The Keystone in the Democratic Arch: Pennsylvania Politics, 1800–1816. Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1952.
Kehl, James A. Ill Feeling in the Era of Good Feeling: Western Pennsylvania Political Battles, 1815–1825. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1956.
Keller, Kenneth W. "Cultural Conflict in Early Nineteenth-Century Pennsylvania Politics." Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, 110 (1986): 509–530.
Klein, Philip Shriver. Pennsylvania Politics, 1817–1832: A Game Without Rules. Philadelphia: Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1940.
Koschnik, Albrecht. "The Democratic Societies of Philadelphia and the Limits of the American Public Sphere, Circa 1793–1795." William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd series 58(3) (July 2001): 615–636.
Miller, Randall M. and William Pencak, eds. Pennsylvania: A History of the Commonwealth. University Park and Harrisburg: Pennsylvania State University Press and Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 2002. (Columbus: Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, 1941-44).
Newman, Paul Douglas. Fries's Rebellion: The Enduring Struggle for the American Revolution. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.
Pasley, Jeffrey L. "'A Journeyman, Either in Law or Politics': John Beckley and the Social Origins of Political Campaigning." Journal of the Early Republic, 16(4) (Winter 1996): 531–569.
Pasley, Jeffrey L. "The Tyranny of Printers": Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2001.
Phillips, Kim T. "Democrats of the Old School in the Era of Good Feelings." Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, 95 (July 1971): 363–382.
________. "The Pennsylvania Origins of the Jackson Movement." Political Science Quarterly, 91(3) (Fall 1976): 489–508.
________. "William Duane, Philadelphia's Democratic Republicans, and the Origins of Modern Politics." Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 101 (1977): 365–387.
Phillips, Kim Tousley. "William Duane, Revolutionary Editor." Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1968.
Sapio, Victor A. Pennsylvania and the War of 1812. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1970.
Shankman, Andrew. Crucible of American Democracy: The Struggle to Fuse Egalitarianism and Capitalism in Jeffersonian Pennsylvania. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2004.
Slaughter, Thomas P. The Whiskey Rebellion: Frontier Epilogue to the American Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.
Tagg, James D. Benjamin Franklin Bache and the Philadelphia "Aurora." Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991.
Tinkcom, Harry Marlin. The Republicans and the Federalists in Pennsylvania, 1790–1801: A Study in National Stimulus and Local Response. Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1950.
The Federalist Party
The Federalist Party was dominated by a man who never actually ran for public office in the United States - Alexander Hamilton. "Alexander Hamilton was, writes Marcus Cunliffe, 'the executive head with the most urgent program to implement, with the sharpest ideas of what he meant to do and with the boldest desire to shape the national government accordingly.' In less than two years he presented three reports, defining a federal economic program which forced a major debate not only on the details of the program but on the purpose for which the union has been formed. Hamilton's own sense of purpose was clear; he would count the revolution for independence a success only if it were followed by the creation of a prosperous commerical nation, comparable, perhaps even competitive, in power and in energy, with its European counterparts." (fn: Marcus Cunliffe, The Nation Takes Shape, 1789-1837, (Chicago, 1959), 23.) (Linda K. Kerber, History of U.S. Political Parties Volume I: 1789-1860: From Factions to Parties. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed. New York, 1973, Chelsea House Publisher. p. 11)
"Federalists created their political program out of a political vision. They had shared in the revolutionaries' dream of a Republic of Virtue, and they emerged from a successful war against empire to search for guarantees that the republican experiment would not collapse." (Kerber, p. 3)
"The Federalist political demand was for a competent government, one responsible for the destiny of the nation and with the power to direct what that destiny would be. What was missing in postwar America, they repeatedly complained in a large variety of contexts, was order, predictability, stability. A competent government would guarantee the prosperity and external security of the nation; a government of countervailing balances was less likely to be threatened by temporary lapses in civic virtue, while remaining strictly accountable to the public will." (Kerber, p. 4)
"So long as Federalists controlled and staffed the agencies of the national government, the need to formulate alternate mechanisms for party decision making was veiled; with a Federalist in the White House, Federalists in the Cabinet, and Federalist majorities in Congress, the very institutional agencies of the government would themselves be the mechanism of party. Federal patronage could be used to bind party workers to the Federalist 'interest.' 'The reason of allowing Congress to appoint its own officers of the Customs, collectors of the taxes and military officers of every rank,' Hamilton said, 'is to create in the interior of each State, a mass of influence in favor of the Federal Government.' (fn: Alexander Hamilton, 1782, quoted in Lisle A. Rose, Prologue to Democracy: The Federalists in the South, 1789-1800, (Lexington, Kentucky, 1968), 3.) Federalists though of themselves as a government, not as a party; their history in the 1790's would be the history of alignments within the government, rather than of extrernal alignments which sought to influence the machinery of government." (Kerber, p. 10)
"Major national issues invigorated the process of party formation; as state groups came, slowly and hesitantly, to resemble each other. The issues on which pro-administration and anti-administration positions might be assumed increased in number and in obvious significance; the polarity of the parties became clearer." (Kerber, p. 11)
"As Adams' presidential decisions sequentially created a definition of the administration's goals as clear as Hamilton's funding program had once done, the range of political ideology which called itself Federalist simply became too broad to the party successfully to cast over it a unifying umbrella. Federalists were unified in their response to the XYZ Affair, and in their support of the Alien and Sedition Acts, which passed as party measures in the Fifth Congress, but in little else. The distance between Adams and Hamilton - in political philosophy, in willingness to contemplate war with France, in willingness to manipulate public opinion - was unbridgable; Hamilton's ill-tempered anti-Adams pamphlet of 1800 would be confirmation of a long-established distaste." (Kerber, p. 14)
"One result of the war was to add to Federalist strength and party cohesion. There were several varieties of Federalist congressional opinion on the war: most believed that the Republicans had fomented hard feeling with England so that their party could pose as defende of American honor; many believed that in the aftermath of what they were sure to be an unsuccessful war the Republicans would fall from power and Federalists would be returned to office . . . Regardless of the region from which they came, Federalists voted against the war with virtual unanimity." (Kerber, p. 24)
"As an anti-war party, Federalists retained their identity as an opposition well past wartime into a period that is usually known as the Era of Good Feelings and assumed to be the occasion of a one party system. In 1816, Federalists 'controlled the state governments of Maryland, Delaware, Connecticut and Massachusetts; they cast between forty percent and fifty percent of the popular votes in New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, New Hampshire and Vermont...Such wide support did not simply vanish...' (fn: Shaw Livermore, Jr. The Twilight of Federalism: The Disintegration of the Federalist Party 1815-1830, (Princeton, 1962), 265.) Rather, that support remained available, and people continued to attempt to make careers as Federalists (though, probably fewer initiated new careers as Federalists). Because men like Rufus King and Harrison Gray Otis retained their partisan identity intact, when real issues surfaced, like the Missouri debates of 1820, a 'formed opposition' still remained to respond to a moral cause and to oppose what they still thought of as a 'Virginia system.' Each of the candidates, including Jackson in the disputed election of 1824 had Federalist supporters, and their presence made a difference; Shaw Livermore argues that the central 'corrupt bargain' was not Adams' with Clay, but Adams' promise of patronage to Federalists which caused Webster to deliver the crucial Federalist votes that swung the election. If the war had increased Federalist strength, it also, paradoxically, had operated to decrease it, for prominent Federalists rallied to a beleaguered government in the name of unity and patriotism. These wartime republicans included no less intense Federalists than Oliver Wolcott of Connecticut and William Plumer of New Hampshire, both of whom went on to become Republican governors of their respective states, and in their careers thus provide emblems for the beginning of a one party period, and the slow breakdown of the first party system." (Kerber, p. 24)
"The dreams of the Revolution had been liberty and order, freedom and power; in seeking to make these dreams permanent, to institutionalize some things means to lose others. The Federalists, the first to be challenged by power, would experience these contradictions most sharply; a party that could include John Adams and Alexander Hamilton, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney and Noah Webster, would be its own oxymoron. In the end the party perished out of internal contradiction and external rival, but the individuals who staffed it continued on to staff its succesors." (Kerber, p, 25)
History of U.S. Political Parties Volume I: 1789-1860: From Factions to Parties. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed. New York, 1973, Chelsea House Publisher.
The Revolution of American Conservatism: The Federalist Party in the Era of Jeffersonian Democracy. David Hackett Fischer. New York, 1965, Harper and Row.
The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788-1800. Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick. New York, 1993, Oxford University Press.
The Federalists were referred to by many monikers over the years by newspapers.
American Party:
In 1809, The Concord Gazette refers to the Federalist Ticket as the American Ticket.
Beginning in 1810, the Newburyport Herald (MA), began referring to Federalists as the American Party (as opposed to the "French" Party, who were Republicans). This continued in the 1811 elections.
Anti-Republican:
The Aurora, based in Philadelphia, the most well-known Republican newspaper of the era (see American Aurora: A Democratic-Republican Returns by Richard N. Rosenfeld.) in the February 11, 1800 issue referred to Mr. Holmes, the losing candidate for the Special Election for the Philadelphia County seat in the House of Representatives as an "anti-republican".
Federal Republican:
The October 7, 1799 issue of the Maryland Herald (Easton) referred to the Federalist ticket of Talbot County as Federal Republicans. It would continue to be used intermittently throughout the next 20 years. Newspapers that used this term included the Gazette of the United States (Philadelphia) and Philadelphia Gazette in 1800, the Newport Mercury in 1808, the New Bedford Mercury in 1810, the True American (Philadelphia) in 1812, the Northumberland Republican (Sunbury) in 1815, the United States Gazette (Philadelphia) in 1816 and the Union (Philadelphia) in 1821 and 1822.
Friends of Peace / Peace / Peace Ticket:
Beginning in 1812 ("In laying before our readers the above Canvass of this county, a few remarks become necessary, to refute the Assertion of the war party, that the Friends of Peace are decreasing in this country." Northern Whig (Hudson). May 11, 1812.) and continuing through to 1815 a number of newspapers referred to the Federalists as the Peace Party (or Peacemaker Party, as the Merrimack Intelligencer (Haverhill) of March 19, 1814 used), as the Peace Ticket or as the Friends of Peace due to their opposition of the War of 1812 (many of these same newspapers referred to the Republicans as the War Party). This use occurred all through at least August of 1815, with the Raleigh Minerva of August 18, 1815 referring to the Federalist candidates as Peace candidates.
These newspapers include the Columbian Centinel (Boston), Merrimack Intelligencer (Haverhill), Providence Gazette, the New York Evening Post, the New York Spectator, the Commercial Advertiser (New York), Northern Whig (Hudson), the Broome County Patriot (Chenango Point), the Independent American (Ballston Spa), the Baltimore Patriot, the Alexandria Gazette, Poulson's, Middlesex Gazette (Middletown), the Political and Commercial Register (Philadelphia), Freeman's Journal (Philadelphia), the Carlisle Herald, Northampton Farmer, Intelligencer and Weekly Advertiser (Lancaster), National Intelligencer (Washington), The Federal Republican (New Bern), the Raleigh Minerva, The Star (Raleigh) and Charleston Courier.
The New Hampshire Gazette (Portsmouth) took the opposite side, listing the Federalists in the March 16, 1813 edition as "Advocates of Dishonorable Peace and Submission."
"The Tyranny of Printers": Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic. Jeffrey L. Pasley. Charlottesville, 2001, University Press of Virginia.
Auditor: An official whose duty it is to receive and examine accounts of money in the hands of others, who verifies them by reference to vouchers, and has power to disallow improper charges.
1804-1824: Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia
Office Scope: State / County
Role Scope: State / County
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Home » Entertainment » Spotlight » Remembering Selena…
Remembering Selena…
Posted on March 20, 2012 by Kai Morgan @embraceyoumag in Spotlight, Uncategorized // 1 Comment
Selena Quintanilla-Perez is indeed "siempre en nuestros corazones", which simply translates to "always in our hearts". Selena is the best selling Latin artist of the Decade for her 14 top ten singles, including 7 number one hits. The moment songs like "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom" starts playing, a dance vibe gets you on your feet. And of course we all still get captivated and fall deeply in love with the romantic "Dreaming of You". The Queen of Tejano Music still resides in our lives for generations to come; though she left us prematurely on March 31, 1995, Selena still remains spiritually in her music and our hearts. While we continue to celebrate her legacy, I want to take this time to remember a true legend.
Selena Quintanilla was born on April 16, 1971 in Texas to Mexican-American parents. She was the youngest of three children. Abraham, Selena’s father, recognized the talent in his daughter at a young age, being that he himself was a former musician. He formed the singing group Selena Y Los Dinos with nine year old Selena as vocalist, along with her brother on guitar, and her sister on drums. In 1984, they released their debut album “Mis Primeras Grabaciones” and began doing live performances to promote it. After getting signed to a new label in 1985, the band released their second album “The New Girl In Town“, however the record was pulled from the market due to conflicts with various song rights which were caused from some covers recorded for the album. After many trials, Abraham moved Selena Y Los Dinos to the Manny Guerra labels, which they stayed with from 1985-1989. Selena won Best Female Vocalist at the Tejano Music Awards in 1987, a category she continued to dominate for the next seven years. She released two albums in 1988: “Preciosa” and “Dulce Amor“. A year later, Selena got signed to Capitol/EMI records, and later became a spokeswoman for Coca-Cola. She met and fell in love with guitarist Chris Perez in 1988, a relationship her father was against at start. The two defied all odds and eloped in 1992. In 1990, Selena released the album “Ven Comigo” which became the first record by a female Tejano singer to achieve Gold status. She released another album “Entre a Mi Mundo” in 1992, which spawned the megahit “Coma La Flor“. Her next album “Selena Live!” a collection of her live performances in 1993, earned her the Best Mexican-American Album Award at the 36th Grammy Awards; her first Grammy. A year later, she released “Amor Prohibido“, which was nominated at the 37th Grammy Awards. Selena would later become a fashion designer and model, as well as opening her clothing boutique Selena Etc. in her hometown Corpus Christi, and another in San Antonio. Selena’s fashion became an instant success as many young girls loved her style and considered her to be a role model. Upon reaching international success, she made an appearance in Latin soap opera “Dos Mujeres, Un Camino“.
“Amor Prohibido” gained success locally and in Mexico, spawning four number one hits. The album sold 400,000 copies in the US alone. Billboard’s Premio Lo Nuestro awarded Selena Y Los Dinos six prestigious awards including Best Latin Artist and Song of the Year for “Como La Flor“. Coco-Cola honored their five year relationship with Selena by releasing a commemorative bottle. Her duet with Latin pop group Barrio Boyzz “Donde Quiera Que Estes” reached number one on Billboard Latin Charts, revealing to Selena that her music reached not only listeners nationwide, but internationally as well. She went on tour in New York, Argentina, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico and Central America.
Selena dreamed of recording an English language album, to be able to connect with English listeners, however promotional tours for “Amor Prohibido” hindered her plans, and recording was delayed. She made an appearance as a mariachi singer in the romantic comedy “Don Juan Demarco” starring Johnny Depp and Marlon Brando. Selena always took time from her busy schedule going into schools to speak with kids about the importance of education, contributing to the civic organization D.A.R.E. and even planned a fund raising concert to help AIDS patients. Community involvement is an important aspect of Selena’s life, and she was well loved for her selflessness.
In February 1995, Selena performed at the Houston Astrodome in front of 65,000 fans, and headlined Miami’s Calle Ocho Festival in early March. By then, Selena began recording her English album, which was scheduled for a summer 1995 release. “Dreaming of You“, Selena’s sixth and final studio album, was released in July 1995, four months after her death. The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 Charts. It sold 330,000 in its first week and was later certified 35x Platinum, making Selena the first Latin singer to do so, as well as having the second highest debut since Michael Jackson. “Dreaming of You” included contributions from Trey Lorenz (Mariah Carey), Full Force, and Diane Warren (Celine Dion). Selena recorded four songs for the album before her untimely death, which included the hits “I Could Fall In Love” and the album’s title track “Dreaming of You“.
Selena’s life has been covered by the media continuously. Jennifer Lopez portrayed the star in a biographical film depicting Selena’s life up until her death at age 23. The movie received positive reviews and it also enabled a wide range of people who didn’t know the star to get a peek into what music has lost. Over the years, many have organized tribute concerts honoring Selena; also a monument in her hometown of Corpus Christi called the Mirador de la Flor was unveiled in 1997. In May 1995, her family established the Selena Foundation in order to help children in crisis. The foundation also assists the unfortunate, elderly, and provides equipment for local public schools. It raises funds from donations and album sales. The foundation also operates the Selena Museum in Texas. In March 2011, the singer was honored with a U.S. postage stamp as part of the Latin Legends Collection.
Selena Quintanilla-Perez to this day remains an influence to those who had the opportunity to meet her, and those who hadn’t. Her music has been covered in several languages and played worldwide. She’s described by many as down-to-earth, kind, encouraging, has a wonderful sense of humor, full of life, courageous, and family oriented. These qualities and more are the main reasons why such a talented woman will never be forgotten. Shine on Selena! Your music has touched billions. Your dream came true.
Check out my favorite Selena songs below:
Images: SelenaForever
Video: EMIMusic
abraham quintanilla
dead entertainers
Selena Quintanilla Perez
selena y los dinos
About Kai Morgan @embraceyoumag (1794 Articles)
Creative chick with an open mind and an open heart :)
1 Comment on Remembering Selena…
JK // March 23, 2012 at 11:13 am // Reply
Oh mi gosh she’s sooooooooo beautiful..this is really sad the way she died
Share your positive thoughts, not your animosity!! Cancel reply
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Dreams of Trespass (Book Review Essay Sample)
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Check Out Our Dreams of Trespass Essay
Dream of Trespass was a book written by Fatima Mernissi in 2002. And it is a true reflection of her life as a child. The tale starts at her tender age and ends when she was approximately eight years old. In order to exhaustively reflect her ideas and opinions, the author discusses her family’s personalities, her hopes and dreams. Having been brought up in a harem, the author tries to describe many rules which were used to govern the society at her time. She did this by portraying her questionable character, despite her being innocent and of tender age. The book has a domestic setting and its argument mainly revolves around how the society viewed women. Although the book narrates of a personal winning story, it assists us to feminize a stereotyped society and religion. The book has a number of themes, among them feminism and concepts of freedom for a girl in a harem.
Since the main theme of the book is the desire for freedom, the author fully described some of the rules which are infringing women’s freedom. In the first chapter of the book the author narrates how her father used to tell her how each group should respect the prescribed limits of the other. The father pointed out that trespassing could lead to sorrowful and unhappy life within the society. But despite this being the stand of her father, she still felt that she needed to be free from this depriving rules. She termed these rules as boundaries which govern the space people were to operate within. And as a small girl she was not supposed to go out into the courtyard unless her mother was not asleep (Mernissi 14).
She however fight with this odd belief by chasing her happiness, even though it meant her trespassing on others’ rights. She does this by deviating from the norm which she says is depriving as far as women are concerned. Despite of being raised in a different harem with her cousin Samir, she felt that she deserved to be happy as the rest of the kids. According to her the children from the other frontier enjoyed their freedom while those in her frontier lived a segregated and lonely kind of life. Although she was a young girl she constantly questioned the rules which separated children through harems. Here the author cleverly demolishes the notion of having natural or divine rules and categorize these rules as the mind of the powerful to suppress the weak. Although her mother and father argued that deviating from tradition only caused misery and havoc to the victims, she felt that people’s happiness surpassed traditions by far.
It is because of this reason the author argued against restrictions which tend to deny people’s happiness. She emphasized on the need to pursue happiness in life since that is what really matters. Fatima categorized the restrictions as either physical or implied. But her situation was physical as there was a gate with a door keeper who was supposed to ensure no woman left that harem. And in order to overcome this, women designed their own mechanisms of attaining happiness. The author was much dissatisfied with the rules which were enforced in her harem, she once pointed out that being stuck in a harem signified loss of freedom of movement to the women. She also noted it as a misfortune since the woman was forced to share her husband with others (Mernissi 34). She disliked the whole idea of restricting women and as she pointed out, even the French people did not imprison their wives behind the walls, but they let them run wild and have fun, nevertheless it did not bar them from performing their duties (Mernissi 42).
The author is therefore noted to be one of the leading people who advocate for women’s right in the Muslim world. Her insightful commentaries on the social and political issues in the Muslim world also enable her to bring out her ideas well. By her writing the book she was able to express the actual cultural behavior in the Muslim world. And as she points out in the book, women were kept outside the family and the public. And although the move was aimed at ensuring their safety, it prompted feelings of isolation and frustrations amongst women.
It’s from these challenges the author felt that she needed to get out of that cage and the only way to do it was through studying. And this is the feeling of the many women in this cultural background to trespass the boundaries set before them and realizes their dreams and aspirations in life. As the author noted, one should not exchange the happiness with an oppressive tradition. There were instances of outright rebellion in the book such as trying to run out of the gate without permission, though this was counter-checked by the door keeper who forced them back into the harem. Although it’s not clear to us whether women were finally able to free themselves from the harem confines, we are able to note the discontent of women in this society. The tag of war between the boundaries and women of the time symbolized their dissatisfactions and indicated their determination to free themselves from those rules. Having written the book in the first person’s perspective, the author finally freed herself from the confines of harem by pursuing her dream of being a scholar.
Need more Book Review Essay Examples?
Why the Poor Stay Poor
'Heart of Darkness' by Joseph Conrad
Choosing a Mate
Beyond The Neon Lights
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Detroit Youth Choir Continue To Inspire In Live Finals Of ‘America’s Got Talent’
By Brent Furdyk. 17 Sep 2019 11:00 PM
It’s no secret that the Detroit Youth Choir is the favourite act of “America’s Got Talent” host Terry Crews, who gave his Golden Buzzer to the wildly talented group of Michigan youngsters, who range in age from eight to 13.
For their final performance ahead of Wednesday night’s finale, the choir pulled out all the stops for a crowd-pleasing choral version of “Can’t Hold Us” by Macklemore and Ryan Lewis.
RELATED: Detroit Youth Choir Continues To Impress On ‘America’s Got Talent’
“You represent the city, you have meant so much to us, and this is going to be such a tough competition tonight,” said judge Simon Cowell after their performance.
Whether they manage to beat out this season’s stiff competition to be crowned season 14’s winner will be revealed on Wednesday; in the meantime, take another look at the amazing performance that compelled Crews to award the choir his Golden Buzzer:
This Week On TV: Sept. 16-22
AGT America's Got Talent Detroit Youth Choir TV
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Howard R. Marsh Lecture
Free Lecture / Discussion
No Debate About It: Keeping Voters Center Stage in Presidential Debates by Robert Yoon, Howard R. Marsh Visiting Professor of Journalism
Robert Yoon is a political journalist and the Howard R. Marsh Visiting Professor of Journalism at the University of Michigan. As CNN’s Director of Political Research, he covered five presidential campaign cycles and helped prepare eight different moderators for 30 presidential debates. His contributions to CNN’s election coverage have earned him two Emmy Awards, five total Emmy nominations, a Peabody Award, and two National Headliner Awards. In 2016, he was named by Mediaite as one of the most influential people in the news media. He has degrees from the Kennedy School of Govenment at Harvard University and the University of Michigan.
Map Michigan League - Vandenberg Room. 2nd Floor
Thu, Mar 19 2020 4:00pm - 5:30pm
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Sofia 2007: All games drawn, Mamedyarov and Nisipeanu lead
5/12/2007 – Two days in, two white’s gone – and Veselin Topalov is still without a win. In his second round encounter with Michael Adams the British GM played the black side of a isolated queen's pawn position accurately. Adams managed to actually exert pressure before the draw was agreed. The other games were all drawn, after even struggles, on a day when statics balanced dynamics.
Third M-Tel Masters in Sofia, Bulgaria
There are six participants in this double round robin tournament that goes from May 10 to 20. Time control: 2 hours for 40 moves + 1 hour for 20 moves + 30 minutes to the end the game. The players are not allowed to offer draws, they must consult the arbiter, who will decide (usually against) allowing the offer to be made.
Round two:
By Steve Giddins
Round 2: Friday, May 11 2007
Liviu-Dieter Nisipeanu
Shakriyar Mamedyarov
Gata Kamsky
Krishnan Sasikiran
Topalov and Adams fought out a typical IQP (isolated queen's pawn) position, where Black’s active pieces made up for his potential pawn weakness. With accurate and active play (19…h5, for example), Adams created counterplay on the kingside and eventually even emerged with a nominal edge in a drawn ending.
Topalov,Veselin (2772) - Adams,Michael (2734) [E15]
3rd M-Tel Masters Sofia (2), 11.05.2007
1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 b6 4.g3 Ba6 5.b3 Bb4+ 6.Bd2 Be7 7.Bg2 c6 8.Bc3 d5 9.Ne5 Nfd7 10.Nxd7 Nxd7 11.Nd2 0–0 12.0–0 Rc8 13.Re1 c5 14.cxd5 exd5 15.e3 Nf6 16.Qb1 Qd7 17.Qb2 cxd4 18.Bxd4 Bd3 19.Rac1 h5 20.Nf3 Be4 21.Ne5 Qe6 22.f3 Bf5 23.b4 Rfe8 24.b5 Rxc1 25.Rxc1 Bc5 26.Qc3 Bh3 27.Re1 h4 28.Nc6
28…Nd7 29.Bxg7 hxg3 30.hxg3 Qg6 31.Bxh3 Qxg3+ 32.Bg2 Qxg7 33.Qxg7+ Kxg7 34.Kf2 f5 35.f4 Nf6 36.Bf3 Ne4+ 37.Ke2 Nc3+ 38.Kd3 Nxb5 39.Ne5 Kf6 40.a4 Nc7 41.Rh1 Rxe5 42.fxe5+ Kxe5 43.Rh7 Ne6 44.Rxa7 b5 45.Ra8 bxa4 46.Rxa4 f4 47.exf4+ Nxf4+ 48.Rxf4 Kxf4 49.Bxd5 Ke5 draw.
Sasikiran-Mamedyarov was similar to Topalov-Adams, in that Black accepted static weaknesses (the f5 and d5 squares) in return for dynamic piece play. His activity kept the White knights from settling on the desired outposts and he never looked in any trouble. A drawn opposite-coloured bishop ending eventually resulted.
Sasikiran,Krishnan (2690) - Mamedyarov,Shakhriyar (2757)
1.d4 g6 2.Nf3 Bg7 3.c3 d6 4.e4 Nf6 5.Bd3 0–0 6.0–0 Nbd7 7.Re1 e5 8.Bg5 h6 9.Bh4 g5 10.Bg3 Nh5 11.Nbd2 exd4 12.Nxd4 Nxg3 13.hxg3 Ne5 14.Bc2 Re8 15.Nf1 Bg4 16.f3
16…c5 17.Nf5 Bxf5 18.exf5 Qb6 19.Rb1 Nd7 20.Ne3 c4 21.Qd2 Nf6 22.Kh2 Qc5 23.b3 cxb3 24.Bxb3 Re5 25.Nc4 Rd5 26.Qe3 Qc6 27.Rbd1 Rxd1 28.Rxd1 d5 29.Ne5 Qc7 30.Ng4 h5 31.Nxf6+ Bxf6 32.f4 gxf4 33.Qxf4 Qxf4 34.gxf4 Rd8 35.Bxd5 b5 36.Kh3 Kf8 37.Bf3 Rxd1 38.Bxd1 h4 39.Be2 a6 40.Kg4 Kg7 41.Bf3 Bxc3 42.Kxh4 b4 43.Bd1 a5 44.Kg4 f6 45.Bb3 Bd2 46.Kf3 Bc1 47.g3 Bd2 48.Ke4 Be1 49.Kf3 Bd2 50.Ke4 Be1 51.Kf3 Bd2 52.Ke4 draw.
Kamsky’s unusual Slav sideline, 4…Qb6, held up well against Nisipeanu’s quiet response (5 Qc2 is more critical), and Black equalized with no problems at all. On Playchess.com, Grandmaster Iosif Dorfman, aka “Powerguru”, felt that Black could have been better around move 20. But Kamsky played relatively unambitiously and the game drifted towards a drawn ending.
Nisipeanu,Liviu Dieter (2693) - Kamsky,Gata (2705)
1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.Nc3 Qb6 5.e3 Bg4 6.h3 Bxf3 7.Qxf3 e6 8.Bd3 Bb4 9.0–0 0–0 10.Qe2 Nbd7 11.Bd2 a5 12.Rfd1 Rfe8 13.Rab1 Bf8 14.Be1 g6 15.Qc2 Qa7 16.Bf1 Nb6 17.b3 Nc8 18.Qb2 Nd6 19.c5 Nde4 20.a3 Nxc3 21.Bxc3 Ne4 22.Be1 e5 23.b4 exd4 24.exd4 axb4 25.axb4 Bg7 26.h4 Qa3 27.Qxa3 Rxa3 28.b5 Bf6 29.g3 g5 30.bxc6 bxc6 31.Rb6 gxh4 32.gxh4 Re6 33.Bd3 Bxd4 34.Bxe4 Rxe4 35.Rxc6 Bc3 36.Bxc3 Rxc3 37.Rxd5 Rxh4 38.Rg5+ Kf8 39.Rf5 Rg4+ 40.Kf1 Rc1+ 41.Ke2 Re4+ 42.Kd2 Rcc4 43.Rc7 Rcd4+ 44.Kc3 Rc4+ 45.Kd2 Rcd4+ 46.Kc3 draw.
Click to replay and download games from this round
Click to download all games so far (in PGN)
Standings after two rounds
M-Tel Masters 2006
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The Pillory, from The Costume of Great Britain (1805)
Humiliation is the abasement of pride, which creates mortification or leads to a state of being humbled or reduced to lowliness or submission. It is an emotion felt by a person whose social status, either by force or willingly, has just decreased.[1] It can be brought about through intimidation, physical or mental mistreatment or trickery, or by embarrassment if a person is revealed to have committed a socially or legally unacceptable act. Whereas humility can be sought alone as a means to de-emphasize the ego, humiliation must involve other person(s), though not necessarily directly or willingly.
Humiliation is currently an active research topic, and is now seen as an important – and complex – core dynamic in human relationships, having implications at intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional and international levels.[2][3]
1 Psychological effects
2 Punishments and interrogation tactics
3 A wider human perspective
Psychological effectsEdit
A person who suffers from severe humiliation could experience major depressions, suicidal states, and severe anxiety states such as post-traumatic stress disorder. The loss of status, like losing a job or being labeled as a liar or discredited unfairly, could cause people inability to behave normally in their communities. Humiliated individuals could be provoked and crave for revenge, and some people could feel worthless, hopeless and helpless, creating suicidal thoughts if justice is not met. It also can lead to new insights, activism and a new kinship with marginalized groups.[4]
Feelings of humiliation can produce 'humiliated fury'[5] which, when turned inward can result in apathy and depression, and when turned outward can give rise to paranoia, sadistic behaviour and fantasies of revenge. Klein explains, "When it is outwardly directed, humiliated fury unfortunately creates additional victims, often including innocent bystanders ... . When it is inwardly directed, the resulting self-hate renders victims incapable of meeting their own needs, let alone having energy available to love and care for others." He goes on to say, "In either case, those who are consumed by humiliated fury are absorbed in themselves or their cause, wrapped in wounded pride..."[6]
A study by researchers at the University of Michigan revealed that “the same regions of the brain that become active in response to painful sensory experiences are activated during intense experiences of social rejection.” In other words, humiliation and isolation are experienced as intensely as physical pain.[7]
Punishments and interrogation tacticsEdit
Non-trinitarian Cathars being burnt at the stake in an auto-da-fé (c. 1495, with garrote and phallus), presided over by Saint Dominic, oil on panel by Pedro Berruguete.
Paris 1944: Women accused of collaboration with Nazis are paraded through the streets barefoot, shaved, and with swastika burnmarks on their faces
Humiliating of one person by another (the humiliator) is often used as a way of asserting power over them, and is a common form of oppression or abuse used in a police, military, or prison context during legal interrogations or illegal torture sessions. Many now-obsolete public punishments were deliberately designed to be humiliating, e.g. tarring and feathering lawbreakers, pillory, "mark of shame" (stigma) as a means of "making an example" of a person and presenting a deterrent to others. Some practices, such as tarring and feathering, became tools of unofficial mob justice. In folk customs such as the English skimmington rides and rough music (and their continental equivalents, such as the French Charivari), dramatic public demonstrations of moral disapproval were enacted to humiliate transgressors and drive them out of the community.[8]
Some U.S. states have experimented with humiliating or shaming lawbreakers by publishing their names and indicating their offense (e.g., with soliciting prostitutes or drinking and driving). In 2010, there was public outcry about reports showing police in Dongguan and Guangdong in China leading a parade of arrested prostitutes for the purpose of humiliating them. The national Ministry of Public Security reprimanded the local police and affirmed that such punishments are not allowed.[9]
Forced humiliation of Jews in Nazi Germany.
A wider human perspectiveEdit
The Humiliation of Emperor Valerian by Shapur, King of Persia by Hans Holbein the Younger.
Donald Klein described humiliation as "a powerful factor in human affairs that has, for a variety of reasons, been overlooked by students of individual and collective behavior. It is a pervasive and all too destructive influence in the behavior of individuals, groups, organizations, and nations."[6]
Though it is a subjective emotion, humiliation has a universal aspect which applies to all human beings: "it is the feeling of being put down, made to feel less than one feels oneself to be."[2]
A society that suffers from humiliation is an unstable one. The cognitive dissonance between the way in which the society is perceived and the way in which it sees itself can be so great that violence can result on a massive scale against people belonging to an out group. According to Jonathan Sacks, "By turning the question 'What did we do wrong?' into 'Who did this to us?', [hate against an out group] restores some measure of self-respect and provides a course of action. In psychiatry, the clinical terms for this process are splitting and projection; it allows people to define themselves as victims."[10]
Erotic humiliation
Humiliation of Christ
Self-abasement
Social defeat
Social emotions
^ Burton, Neel. "The Psychology of Humiliation." Psychology Today. 27 August 2014. 10 October 2016.
^ a b Lindner, Evelin, Making Enemies: Humiliation and International Conflict. London, England: Praeger Security International, 2006.
^ General Assembly, Presbyterian Board of Publications, 1886 (1886). William Eves, Moore (ed.). "The Presbyterian Digest of 1886: A Compend of the Acts, and Deliverances of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America". Presbyterianism. Presbyterian Board of Publications, 1886: 238.
^ Torres, Walter J.; Bergner, Raymond M. (June 2010). "Humiliation: Its Nature and Consequences". Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. AAPL. 38. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
^ Lewis, Helen B. 1971, Shame and Grief in Neurosis. New York: International Universities Press.
^ a b Klein, Donald C. (Ed.), The Humiliation Dynamic: Viewing the Task of Prevention From a New Perspective, Special Issue, Journal of Primary Prevention, Part I, 12, No. 2, 1991. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers.
^ Martin, Courtney E. "The Violence of Humiliation", On Being, September 10, 2014
^ Thompson, E. P. (1992). "Rough Music Reconsidered" (PDF). Folklore. 103: 3–26. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1992.9715826. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
^ Zhang, Ning (2010-07-27). "Prostitute humiliation dents police image". China Network Television. Archived from the original on 2012-12-24. Retrieved 2012-01-19.
^ Sacks, Jonathan. "The Return of Anti-Semitism." The Wall Street Journal. 30 January 2015. 19 October 2016.
Lindner, Evelin (2010). Gender, humiliation, and global security: dignifying relationships from love, sex, and parenthood to world affairs. Contemporary Psychology Series. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger. ISBN 9780313354861.
Miller, William Ian (1993). Humiliation and other essays on honor, social discomfort, and violence. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801481178.
Whisnant, Rebecca (July–September 2016). "Pornography, humiliation, and consent". Sexualization, Media, and Society. Sage. 2 (3). doi:10.1177/2374623816662876. Pdf.
Henryson, Dean (2014). ″Girl Fighting Exposed.″ Createspace. ISBN 978-1493767496.
Look up humiliation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Humiliation
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Humiliation.
Emotional Competency article on Humiliation
Silvan Tomkins Site Resources on Shame and Humiliation Studies
German football team humiliate Brazil 7-1 during World Cup
Femenia, Nora. Healing Humiliation and the Need for Revenge
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humiliation&oldid=936395650"
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The relational model (RM) for database management is an approach to managing data using a structure and language consistent with first-order predicate logic, first described in 1969 by English computer scientist Edgar F. Codd,[1][2] where all data is represented in terms of tuples, grouped into relations. A database organized in terms of the relational model is a relational database.
The purpose of the relational model is to provide a declarative method for specifying data and queries: users directly state what information the database contains and what information they want from it, and let the database management system software take care of describing data structures for storing the data and retrieval procedures for answering queries.
Most relational databases use the SQL data definition and query language; these systems implement what can be regarded as an engineering approximation to the relational model. A table in an SQL database schema corresponds to a predicate variable; the contents of a table to a relation; key constraints, other constraints, and SQL queries correspond to predicates. However, SQL databases deviate from the relational model in many details, and Codd fiercely argued against deviations that compromise the original principles.[3]
1.1 Alternatives
2.1 Controversies
3.1 Interpretation
3.2 Application to databases
3.3 SQL and the relational model
3.4 Relational operations
3.5 Database normalization
4.1 Database
4.2 Customer relation
5 Set-theoretic formulation
5.1 Key constraints and functional dependencies
5.2 Algorithm to derive candidate keys from functional dependencies
The relational model's central idea is to describe a database as a collection of predicates over a finite set of predicate variables, describing constraints on the possible values and combinations of values. The content of the database at any given time is a finite (logical) model of the database, i.e. a set of relations, one per predicate variable, such that all predicates are satisfied. A request for information from the database (a database query) is also a predicate.
Relational model concepts.
AlternativesEdit
Other models are the hierarchical model and network model. Some systems using these older architectures are still in use today in data centers with high data volume needs, or where existing systems are so complex and abstract that it would be cost-prohibitive to migrate to systems employing the relational model. Also of note are newer object-oriented databases.
ImplementationEdit
There have been several attempts to produce a true implementation of the relational database model as originally defined by Codd and explained by Date, Darwen and others, but none have been popular successes so far. As of October 2015[update] Rel is one of the more recent attempts to do this.
The relational model was the first database model to be described in formal mathematical terms. Hierarchical and network databases existed before relational databases, but their specifications were relatively informal. After the relational model was defined, there were many attempts to compare and contrast the different models, and this led to the emergence of more rigorous descriptions of the earlier models; though the procedural nature of the data manipulation interfaces for hierarchical and network databases limited the scope for formalization.[citation needed]
Structural database analytics employing relational modality protocols frequently employ data sequence differentials to maintain hierarchical architecture designations with incorporation of new input. These systems are functionally similar in concept to alternative relay algorithms, which form the foundation of cloud database infrastructure.[4]
The relational model was invented by Edgar F. Codd as a general model of data, and subsequently promoted by Chris Date and Hugh Darwen among others. In The Third Manifesto (first published in 1995) Date and Darwen attempt to show how the relational model can allegedly accommodate certain "desired" object-oriented features.
ControversiesEdit
Codd himself, some years after publication of his 1970 model, proposed a three-valued logic (True, False, Missing/NULL) version of it to deal with missing information, and in his The Relational Model for Database Management Version 2 (1990) he went a step further with a four-valued logic (True, False, Missing but Applicable, Missing but Inapplicable) version.[5] But these have never been implemented, presumably because of attending complexity. SQL's NULL construct was intended to be part of a three-valued logic system, but fell short of that due to logical errors in the standard and in its implementations.[6]
TopicsEdit
The fundamental assumption of the relational model is that all data is represented as mathematical n-ary relations, an n-ary relation being a subset of the Cartesian product of n domains. In the mathematical model, reasoning about such data is done in two-valued predicate logic, meaning there are two possible evaluations for each proposition: either true or false (and in particular no third value such as unknown, or not applicable, either of which are often associated with the concept of NULL). Data are operated upon by means of a relational calculus or relational algebra, these being equivalent in expressive power.
The relational model of data permits the database designer to create a consistent, logical representation of information. Consistency is achieved by including declared constraints in the database design, which is usually referred to as the logical schema. The theory includes a process of database normalization whereby a design with certain desirable properties can be selected from a set of logically equivalent alternatives. The access plans and other implementation and operation details are handled by the DBMS engine, and are not reflected in the logical model. This contrasts with common practice for SQL DBMSs in which performance tuning often requires changes to the logical model.
The basic relational building block is the domain or data type, usually abbreviated nowadays to type. A tuple is an ordered set of attribute values. An attribute is an ordered pair of attribute name and type name. An attribute value is a specific valid value for the type of the attribute. This can be either a scalar value or a more complex type.
A relation consists of a heading and a body. A heading is a set of attributes. A body (of an n-ary relation) is a set of n-tuples. The heading of the relation is also the heading of each of its tuples.
A relation is defined as a set of n-tuples. In both mathematics and the relational database model, a set is an unordered collection of unique, non-duplicated items, although some DBMSs impose an order to their data. In mathematics, a tuple has an order, and allows for duplication. E. F. Codd originally defined tuples using this mathematical definition.[2] Later, it was one of E. F. Codd's great insights that using attribute names instead of an ordering would be more convenient (in general) in a computer language based on relations[citation needed]. This insight is still being used today. Though the concept has changed, the name "tuple" has not. An immediate and important consequence of this distinguishing feature is that in the relational model the Cartesian product becomes commutative.
A table is an accepted visual representation of a relation; a tuple is similar to the concept of a row.
A relvar is a named variable of some specific relation type, to which at all times some relation of that type is assigned, though the relation may contain zero tuples.
The basic principle of the relational model is the Information Principle: all information is represented by data values in relations. In accordance with this Principle, a relational database is a set of relvars and the result of every query is presented as a relation.
The consistency of a relational database is enforced, not by rules built into the applications that use it, but rather by constraints, declared as part of the logical schema and enforced by the DBMS for all applications. In general, constraints are expressed using relational comparison operators, of which just one, "is subset of" (⊆), is theoretically sufficient[citation needed]. In practice, several useful shorthands are expected to be available, of which the most important are candidate key (really, superkey) and foreign key constraints.
InterpretationEdit
To fully appreciate the relational model of data it is essential to understand the intended interpretation of a relation.
The body of a relation is sometimes called its extension. This is because it is to be interpreted as a representation of the extension of some predicate, this being the set of true propositions that can be formed by replacing each free variable in that predicate by a name (a term that designates something).
There is a one-to-one correspondence between the free variables of the predicate and the attribute names of the relation heading. Each tuple of the relation body provides attribute values to instantiate the predicate by substituting each of its free variables. The result is a proposition that is deemed, on account of the appearance of the tuple in the relation body, to be true. Contrariwise, every tuple whose heading conforms to that of the relation, but which does not appear in the body is deemed to be false. This assumption is known as the closed world assumption: it is often violated in practical databases, where the absence of a tuple might mean that the truth of the corresponding proposition is unknown. For example, the absence of the tuple ('John', 'Spanish') from a table of language skills cannot necessarily be taken as evidence that John does not speak Spanish.
For a formal exposition of these ideas, see the section Set-theoretic Formulation, below.
Application to databasesEdit
A data type as used in a typical relational database might be the set of integers, the set of character strings, the set of dates, or the two boolean values true and false, and so on. The corresponding type names for these types might be the strings "int", "char", "date", "boolean", etc. It is important to understand, though, that relational theory does not dictate what types are to be supported; indeed, nowadays provisions are expected to be available for user-defined types in addition to the built-in ones provided by the system.
Attribute is the term used in the theory for what is commonly referred to as a column. Similarly, table is commonly used in place of the theoretical term relation (though in SQL the term is by no means synonymous with relation). A table data structure is specified as a list of column definitions, each of which specifies a unique column name and the type of the values that are permitted for that column. An attribute value is the entry in a specific column and row, such as "John Doe" or "35".
A tuple is basically the same thing as a row, except in an SQL DBMS, where the column values in a row are ordered. (Tuples are not ordered; instead, each attribute value is identified solely by the attribute name and never by its ordinal position within the tuple.) An attribute name might be "name" or "age".
A relation is a table structure definition (a set of column definitions) along with the data appearing in that structure. The structure definition is the heading and the data appearing in it is the body, a set of rows. A database relvar (relation variable) is commonly known as a base table. The heading of its assigned value at any time is as specified in the table declaration and its body is that most recently assigned to it by invoking some update operator (typically, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE). The heading and body of the table resulting from evaluation of some query are determined by the definitions of the operators used in the expression of that query. (Note that in SQL the heading is not always a set of column definitions as described above, because it is possible for a column to have no name and also for two or more columns to have the same name. Also, the body is not always a set of rows because in SQL it is possible for the same row to appear more than once in the same body.)
SQL and the relational modelEdit
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SQL, initially pushed as the standard language for relational databases, deviates from the relational model in several places. The current ISO SQL standard doesn't mention the relational model or use relational terms or concepts. However, it is possible to create a database conforming to the relational model using SQL if one does not use certain SQL features.
The following deviations from the relational model have been noted[who?] in SQL. Note that few database servers implement the entire SQL standard and in particular do not allow some of these deviations. Whereas NULL is ubiquitous, for example, allowing duplicate column names within a table or anonymous columns is uncommon.
Duplicate rows
The same row can appear more than once in an SQL table. The same tuple cannot appear more than once in a relation.
Anonymous columns
A column in an SQL table can be unnamed and thus unable to be referenced in expressions. The relational model requires every attribute to be named and referenceable.
Duplicate column names
Two or more columns of the same SQL table can have the same name and therefore cannot be referenced, on account of the obvious ambiguity. The relational model requires every attribute to be referenceable.
Column order significance
The order of columns in an SQL table is defined and significant, one consequence being that SQL's implementations of Cartesian product and union are both noncommutative. The relational model requires there to be no significance to any ordering of the attributes of a relation.
Views without CHECK OPTION
Updates to a view defined without CHECK OPTION can be accepted but the resulting update to the database does not necessarily have the expressed effect on its target. For example, an invocation of INSERT can be accepted but the inserted rows might not all appear in the view, or an invocation of UPDATE can result in rows disappearing from the view. The relational model requires updates to a view to have the same effect as if the view were a base relvar.
Columnless tables unrecognized
SQL requires every table to have at least one column, but there are two relations of degree zero (of cardinality one and zero) and they are needed to represent extensions of predicates that contain no free variables.
This special mark can appear instead of a value wherever a value can appear in SQL, in particular in place of a column value in some row. The deviation from the relational model arises from the fact that the implementation of this ad hoc concept in SQL involves the use of three-valued logic, under which the comparison of NULL with itself does not yield true but instead yields the third truth value, unknown; similarly the comparison NULL with something other than itself does not yield false but instead yields unknown. It is because of this behavior in comparisons that NULL is described as a mark rather than a value. The relational model depends on the law of excluded middle under which anything that is not true is false and anything that is not false is true; it also requires every tuple in a relation body to have a value for every attribute of that relation. This particular deviation is disputed by some if only because E. F. Codd himself eventually advocated the use of special marks and a 4-valued logic, but this was based on his observation that there are two distinct reasons why one might want to use a special mark in place of a value, which led opponents of the use of such logics to discover more distinct reasons and at least as many as 19 have been noted, which would require a 21-valued logic.[citation needed] SQL itself uses NULL for several purposes other than to represent "value unknown". For example, the sum of the empty set is NULL, meaning zero, the average of the empty set is NULL, meaning undefined, and NULL appearing in the result of a LEFT JOIN can mean "no value because there is no matching row in the right-hand operand". There are ways to design tables to avoid the need for NULL, typically what may be considered or resemble high degrees of database normalization, but many find such impractical. It can be a hotly debated topic.
Relational operationsEdit
Users (or programs) request data from a relational database by sending it a query that is written in a special language, usually a dialect of SQL. Although SQL was originally intended for end-users, it is much more common for SQL queries to be embedded into software that provides an easier user interface. Many Web sites, such as Wikipedia, perform SQL queries when generating pages.
In response to a query, the database returns a result set, which is just a list of rows containing the answers. The simplest query is just to return all the rows from a table, but more often, the rows are filtered in some way to return just the answer wanted.
Often, data from multiple tables are combined into one, by doing a join. Conceptually, this is done by taking all possible combinations of rows (the Cartesian product), and then filtering out everything except the answer. In practice, relational database management systems rewrite ("optimize") queries to perform faster, using a variety of techniques.
There are a number of relational operations in addition to join. These include project (the process of eliminating some of the columns), restrict (the process of eliminating some of the rows), union (a way of combining two tables with similar structures), difference (that lists the rows in one table that are not found in the other), intersect (that lists the rows found in both tables), and product (mentioned above, which combines each row of one table with each row of the other). Depending on which other sources you consult, there are a number of other operators – many of which can be defined in terms of those listed above. These include semi-join, outer operators such as outer join and outer union, and various forms of division. Then there are operators to rename columns, and summarizing or aggregating operators, and if you permit relation values as attributes (relation-valued attribute), then operators such as group and ungroup. The SELECT statement in SQL serves to handle all of these except for the group and ungroup operators.
The flexibility of relational databases allows programmers to write queries that were not anticipated by the database designers. As a result, relational databases can be used by multiple applications in ways the original designers did not foresee, which is especially important for databases that might be used for a long time (perhaps several decades). This has made the idea and implementation of relational databases very popular with businesses.
Database normalizationEdit
Main article: Database normalization
Relations are classified based upon the types of anomalies to which they're vulnerable. A database that's in the first normal form is vulnerable to all types of anomalies, while a database that's in the domain/key normal form has no modification anomalies. Normal forms are hierarchical in nature. That is, the lowest level is the first normal form, and the database cannot meet the requirements for higher level normal forms without first having met all the requirements of the lesser normal forms.[7]
ExamplesEdit
DatabaseEdit
An idealized, very simple example of a description of some relvars (relation variables) and their attributes:
Customer (Customer ID, Tax ID, Name, Address, City, State, Zip, Phone, Email, Sex)
Order (Order No, Customer ID, Invoice No, Date Placed, Date Promised, Terms, Status)
Order Line (Order No, Order Line No, Product Code, Qty)
Invoice (Invoice No, Customer ID, Order No, Date, Status)
Invoice Line (Invoice No, Invoice Line No, Product Code, Qty Shipped)
Product (Product Code, Product Description)
In this design we have six relvars: Customer, Order, Order Line, Invoice, Invoice Line and Product. The bold, underlined attributes are candidate keys. The non-bold, underlined attributes are foreign keys.
Usually one candidate key is chosen to be called the primary key and used in preference over the other candidate keys, which are then called alternate keys.
A candidate key is a unique identifier enforcing that no tuple will be duplicated; this would make the relation into something else, namely a bag, by violating the basic definition of a set. Both foreign keys and superkeys (that includes candidate keys) can be composite, that is, can be composed of several attributes. Below is a tabular depiction of a relation of our example Customer relvar; a relation can be thought of as a value that can be attributed to a relvar.
Customer relationEdit
[More fields…]
1234567890 555-5512222 Ramesh 323 Southern Avenue …
2223344556 555-5523232 Adam 1200 Main Street …
3334445563 555-5533323 Shweta 871 Rani Jhansi Road …
4232342432 555-5325523 Sarfaraz 123 Maulana Azad Sarani …
If we attempted to insert a new customer with the ID 1234567890, this would violate the design of the relvar since Customer ID is a primary key and we already have a customer 1234567890. The DBMS must reject a transaction such as this that would render the database inconsistent by a violation of an integrity constraint.
Foreign keys are integrity constraints enforcing that the value of the attribute set is drawn from a candidate key in another relation. For example, in the Order relation the attribute Customer ID is a foreign key. A join is the operation that draws on information from several relations at once. By joining relvars from the example above we could query the database for all of the Customers, Orders, and Invoices. If we only wanted the tuples for a specific customer, we would specify this using a restriction condition.
If we wanted to retrieve all of the Orders for Customer 1234567890, we could query the database to return every row in the Order table with Customer ID 1234567890 and join the Order table to the Order Line table based on Order No.
There is a flaw in our database design above. The Invoice relvar contains an Order No attribute. So, each tuple in the Invoice relvar will have one Order No, which implies that there is precisely one Order for each Invoice. But in reality an invoice can be created against many orders, or indeed for no particular order. Additionally the Order relvar contains an Invoice No attribute, implying that each Order has a corresponding Invoice. But again this is not always true in the real world. An order is sometimes paid through several invoices, and sometimes paid without an invoice. In other words, there can be many Invoices per Order and many Orders per Invoice. This is a many-to-many relationship between Order and Invoice (also called a non-specific relationship). To represent this relationship in the database a new relvar should be introduced whose role is to specify the correspondence between Orders and Invoices:
OrderInvoice (Order No, Invoice No)
Now, the Order relvar has a one-to-many relationship to the OrderInvoice table, as does the Invoice relvar. If we want to retrieve every Invoice for a particular Order, we can query for all orders where Order No in the Order relation equals the Order No in OrderInvoice, and where Invoice No in OrderInvoice equals the Invoice No in Invoice.
Set-theoretic formulationEdit
Basic notions in the relational model are relation names and attribute names. We will represent these as strings such as "Person" and "name" and we will usually use the variables r , s , t , … {\displaystyle r,s,t,\ldots }
and a , b , c {\displaystyle a,b,c}
to range over them. Another basic notion is the set of atomic values that contains values such as numbers and strings.
Our first definition concerns the notion of tuple, which formalizes the notion of row or record in a table:
A tuple is a partial function from attribute names to atomic values.
A header is a finite set of attribute names.
The projection of a tuple t {\displaystyle t}
on a finite set of attributes A {\displaystyle A}
is t [ A ] = { ( a , v ) : ( a , v ) ∈ t , a ∈ A } {\displaystyle t[A]=\{(a,v):(a,v)\in t,a\in A\}}
The next definition defines relation that formalizes the contents of a table as it is defined in the relational model.
A relation is a tuple ( H , B ) {\displaystyle (H,B)}
with H {\displaystyle H}
, the header, and B {\displaystyle B}
, the body, a set of tuples that all have the domain H {\displaystyle H}
Such a relation closely corresponds to what is usually called the extension of a predicate in first-order logic except that here we identify the places in the predicate with attribute names. Usually in the relational model a database schema is said to consist of a set of relation names, the headers that are associated with these names and the constraints that should hold for every instance of the database schema.
Relation universe
A relation universe U {\displaystyle U}
over a header H {\displaystyle H}
is a non-empty set of relations with header H {\displaystyle H}
Relation schema
A relation schema ( H , C ) {\displaystyle (H,C)}
consists of a header H {\displaystyle H}
and a predicate C ( R ) {\displaystyle C(R)}
that is defined for all relations R {\displaystyle R}
with header H {\displaystyle H}
. A relation satisfies a relation schema ( H , C ) {\displaystyle (H,C)}
if it has header H {\displaystyle H}
and satisfies C {\displaystyle C}
Key constraints and functional dependenciesEdit
One of the simplest and most important types of relation constraints is the key constraint. It tells us that in every instance of a certain relational schema the tuples can be identified by their values for certain attributes.
Superkey
A superkey is a set of column headers for which the values of those columns concatenated are unique across all rows. Formally:
A superkey is written as a finite set of attribute names.
A superkey K {\displaystyle K}
holds in a relation ( H , B ) {\displaystyle (H,B)}
if:
K ⊆ H {\displaystyle K\subseteq H}
there exist no two distinct tuples t 1 , t 2 ∈ B {\displaystyle t_{1},t_{2}\in B}
such that t 1 [ K ] = t 2 [ K ] {\displaystyle t_{1}[K]=t_{2}[K]}
A superkey holds in a relation universe U {\displaystyle U}
if it holds in all relations in U {\displaystyle U}
Theorem: A superkey K {\displaystyle K}
holds in a relation universe U {\displaystyle U}
over H {\displaystyle H}
if and only if K ⊆ H {\displaystyle K\subseteq H}
and K → H {\displaystyle K\rightarrow H}
holds in U {\displaystyle U}
Candidate key
A candidate key is a superkey cannot be further subdivided to form another superkey.
holds as a candidate key for a relation universe U {\displaystyle U}
if it holds as a superkey for U {\displaystyle U}
and there is no proper subset of K {\displaystyle K}
that also holds as a superkey for U {\displaystyle U}
Functional dependency
Functional dependency is the property that a value in a tuple may be derived from another value in that tuple.
A functional dependency (FD for short) is written as X → Y {\displaystyle X\rightarrow Y}
for X , Y {\displaystyle X,Y}
finite sets of attribute names.
A functional dependency X → Y {\displaystyle X\rightarrow Y}
X , Y ⊆ H {\displaystyle X,Y\subseteq H}
∀ {\displaystyle \forall }
tuples t 1 , t 2 ∈ B {\displaystyle t_{1},t_{2}\in B}
, t 1 [ X ] = t 2 [ X ] ⇒ t 1 [ Y ] = t 2 [ Y ] {\displaystyle t_{1}[X]=t_{2}[X]~\Rightarrow ~t_{1}[Y]=t_{2}[Y]}
Trivial functional dependency
A functional dependency is trivial under a header H {\displaystyle H}
if it holds in all relation universes over H {\displaystyle H}
Theorem: An FD X → Y {\displaystyle X\rightarrow Y}
is trivial under a header H {\displaystyle H}
if and only if Y ⊆ X ⊆ H {\displaystyle Y\subseteq X\subseteq H}
Armstrong's axioms: The closure of a set of FDs S {\displaystyle S}
under a header H {\displaystyle H}
, written as S + {\displaystyle S^{+}}
, is the smallest superset of S {\displaystyle S}
such that:
Y ⊆ X ⊆ H ⇒ X → Y ∈ S + {\displaystyle Y\subseteq X\subseteq H~\Rightarrow ~X\rightarrow Y\in S^{+}}
(reflexivity)
X → Y ∈ S + ∧ Y → Z ∈ S + ⇒ X → Z ∈ S + {\displaystyle X\rightarrow Y\in S^{+}\land Y\rightarrow Z\in S^{+}~\Rightarrow ~X\rightarrow Z\in S^{+}}
(transitivity) and
X → Y ∈ S + ∧ Z ⊆ H ⇒ ( X ∪ Z ) → ( Y ∪ Z ) ∈ S + {\displaystyle X\rightarrow Y\in S^{+}\land Z\subseteq H~\Rightarrow ~(X\cup Z)\rightarrow (Y\cup Z)\in S^{+}}
(augmentation)
Theorem: Armstrong's axioms are sound and complete; given a header H {\displaystyle H}
and a set S {\displaystyle S}
of FDs that only contain subsets of H {\displaystyle H}
, X → Y ∈ S + {\displaystyle X\rightarrow Y\in S^{+}}
if and only if X → Y {\displaystyle X\rightarrow Y}
holds in all relation universes over H {\displaystyle H}
in which all FDs in S {\displaystyle S}
hold.
The completion of a finite set of attributes X {\displaystyle X}
under a finite set of FDs S {\displaystyle S}
, written as X + {\displaystyle X^{+}}
, is the smallest superset of X {\displaystyle X}
Y → Z ∈ S ∧ Y ⊆ X + ⇒ Z ⊆ X + {\displaystyle Y\rightarrow Z\in S\land Y\subseteq X^{+}~\Rightarrow ~Z\subseteq X^{+}}
The completion of an attribute set can be used to compute if a certain dependency is in the closure of a set of FDs.
Theorem: Given a set S {\displaystyle S}
of FDs, X → Y ∈ S + {\displaystyle X\rightarrow Y\in S^{+}}
if and only if Y ⊆ X + {\displaystyle Y\subseteq X^{+}}
Irreducible cover
An irreducible cover of a set S {\displaystyle S}
of FDs is a set T {\displaystyle T}
of FDs such that:
S + = T + {\displaystyle S^{+}=T^{+}}
there exists no U ⊂ T {\displaystyle U\subset T}
such that S + = U + {\displaystyle S^{+}=U^{+}}
X → Y ∈ T ⇒ Y {\displaystyle X\rightarrow Y\in T~\Rightarrow Y}
is a singleton set and
X → Y ∈ T ∧ Z ⊂ X ⇒ Z → Y ∉ S + {\displaystyle X\rightarrow Y\in T\land Z\subset X~\Rightarrow ~Z\rightarrow Y\notin S^{+}}
Algorithm to derive candidate keys from functional dependenciesEdit
:INPUT: a set S of FDs that contain only subsets of a header H
OUTPUT: the set C of superkeys that hold as candidate keys in
all relation universes over H in which all FDs in S hold
C := ∅; // found candidate keys
Q := { H }; // superkeys that contain candidate keys
while Q <> ∅ do
let K be some element from Q;
Q := Q – { K };
minimal := true;
for each X->Y in S do
K' := (K – Y) ∪ X; // derive new superkey
if K' ⊂ K then
minimal := false;
Q := Q ∪ { K' };
if minimal and there is not a subset of K in C then
remove all supersets of K from C;
C := C ∪ { K };
Domain relational calculus
List of relational database management systems
Database query language
Information retrieval query language
Relational database management system
The Third Manifesto (TTM)
Tuple-versioning
^ Codd, E.F (1969), Derivability, Redundancy, and Consistency of Relations Stored in Large Data Banks, Research Report, IBM .
^ a b Codd, E.F (1970). "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks". Communications of the ACM. Classics. 13 (6): 377–87. doi:10.1145/362384.362685. Archived from the original on 2007-06-12.
^ Codd, E. F (1990), The Relational Model for Database Management, Addison-Wesley, pp. 371–388, ISBN 978-0-201-14192-4 .
^ Jatana, N (2012). "A survey and comparison of relational and non-relational database". International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology. 1 (6).
^ Date, C.J (2006). "18. Why Three- and Four-Valued Logic Don't Work". Date on Database: Writings 2000–2006. Apress. pp. 329–41. ISBN 978-1-59059-746-0.
^ Date, C.J (2004). An Introduction to Database Systems (8 ed.). Addison Wesley. pp. 592–97. ISBN 978-0-321-19784-9.
^ David M. Kroenke, Database Processing: Fundamentals, Design, and Implementation (1997), Prentice-Hall, Inc., pages 130–144
Date, C. J.; Darwen, Hugh (2000). Foundation for future database systems: the third manifesto; a detailed study of the impact of type theory on the relational model of data, including a comprehensive model of type inheritance (2 ed.). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-70928-5.
——— (2007). An Introduction to Database Systems (8 ed.). Boston: Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0-321-19784-9.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Relational models.
Childs (1968), Feasibility of a set-theoretic data structure: a general structure based on a reconstituted definition of relation (research), Handle, hdl:2027.42/4164 cited in Codd's 1970 paper.
Darwen, Hugh, The Third Manifesto (TTM) .
Relational Databases at Curlie
"Relational Model", C2 .
Binary relations and tuples compared with respect to the semantic web (World Wide Web log), Sun .
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See also: False memory and Recovered-memory therapy
The term Repressed memories refers to the controversial, and largely scientifically discredited,[1] claim that memories for traumatic events may be stored in the unconscious mind and blocked from normal conscious recall.[2] As originally postulated by Sigmund Freud, repressed memory theory claims that although an individual may be unable to recall the memory, it may still affect the individual through subconscious influences on behavior and emotional responding.[3]
Despite widespread belief in the phenomenon of repressed memories among laypersons and clinical psychologists,[4] most research psychologists who study the psychology of memory dispute that repression ever occurs at all.[5][6][7][8][9][10] While some psychologists claim that repressed memories can be recovered through psychotherapy (or may be recovered spontaneously, years or even decades after the event, when the repressed memory is triggered by a particular smell, taste, or other identifier related to the lost memory),[11] most experts in the psychology of memory argue that, rather than promoting the recovery of a real repressed memory, psychotherapy is more likely to contribute to the creation of false memories.[12][13][9] According to the American Psychological Association, it is not possible to distinguish repressed memories from false ones without corroborating evidence.[3]
In part because of the intense controversies that arose surrounding the concepts of repressed and recovered memories, many clinical psychologists stopped using those terms and instead adopted the term dissociative amnesia to refer to the purported processes whereby memories for traumatic events become inaccessible,[10][9] and the term dissociative amnesia can be found in the DSM-V, where it is defined as an "inability to recall autobiographical information. This amnesia may be localized (i.e., an event or period of time), selective (i.e., a specific aspect of an event), or generalized (i.e., identity and life history)." The change in terminology, however, has not made belief in the phenomenon any less problematic according to experts in the field of memory.[10][9] As Dr. Richard J. McNally, Professor and Director of Clinical Training in the Department of Psychology at Harvard University, has written: "The notion that traumatic events can be repressed and later recovered is the most pernicious bit of folklore ever to infect psychology and psychiatry. It has provided the theoretical basis for 'recovered memory therapy' — the worst catastrophe to befall the mental health field since the lobotomy era."
2.1 Case Studies
2.2 Authenticity
2.3 Mechanisms
2.3.1 Retrieval inhibition
2.3.2 Motivated Forgetting
2.3.3 State dependent remembering
2.4 Amnesia
2.5 Effects of trauma on memory
2.6 Legal status
2.7 Recovered memory therapy
The concept of repressed memory originated with Sigmund Freud in his 1896 essay Zur Ätiologie der Hysterie ("On the etiology of hysteria").[14] One of the studies published in his essay involved a young woman by the name of Anna O. Among her many ailments, she suffered from stiff paralysis on the right side of her body. Freud stated her symptoms to be attached to psychological traumas. The painful memories had separated from her consciousness and brought harm to her body. Freud used hypnosis to treat Anna O. She is reported to have gained slight mobility on her right side.[15]
IssuesEdit
Case StudiesEdit
One case that has been presented as definitive proof of the reality of repressed memories, recorded by psychiatrist David Corwin, involved a patient (the Jane Doe case) who, according to Corwin, had been seriously abused by her mother, had recalled the abuse at age six during therapy with Corwin, then eleven years later was unable to recall the abuse before memories of the abuse returned to her mind again during therapy.[16] An investigation of the case by Elizabeth Loftus and Melvin Guyer, however, raised serious questions about many of the central details of the case as reported by Corwin, including whether or not Jane Doe was abused by her mother at all, suggesting that this may be a case of false memory for childhood abuse with the memory "created" during suggestive therapy at the time that Doe was six. Loftus and Guyer also found evidence that, following her initial "recall" of the abuse during therapy at age six, Doe had talked about the abuse during the eleven years in between the sessions of therapy, indicating that even if abuse had really occurred, memory for the abuse had not been repressed.[17][18] More generally, in addition to the problem of false memories, this case highlights the critical dependence of repression-claims cases on the ability of individuals to recall whether or not they had previously been able to recall a traumatic event; as McNally has noted, people are notoriously poor at making that kind of judgment.[9]
An argument that has been made against the validity of the phenomenon of repressed memories is that there is little (if any) discussion in the historical literature prior to the 1800s of phenomena that would qualify as examples of memory repression or dissociative amnesia.[19] In response to Pope's 2006 claim that no such examples exist, Ross Cheit, a political scientist at Brown University, cited the case of Nina, a 1786 opera by the French composer Nicolas Dalayrac, in which the heroine, having forgotten that she saw her lover apparently killed in a duel, waits for him daily.[20] Pope claims that even this single fictional description does not clearly meet all criteria for evidence of memory repression, as opposed to other phenomena of normal memory.[21]
Despite the claims by proponents of the reality of memory repression that any evidence of the forgetting of a seemingly traumatic event qualifies as evidence of repression, research indicates that memories of child sexual abuse and other traumatic incidents may sometimes be forgotten through normal mechanisms of memory.[22][23] Evidence of the spontaneous recovery of traumatic memories has been shown,[24][25][26] and recovered memories of traumatic childhood abuse have been corroborated;[27] however, forgetting trauma does not necessarily imply that the trauma was repressed.[22] One situation in which the seeming forgetting, and later recovery, of a "traumatic" experience is particularly likely to occur is when the experience was not interpreted as traumatic when it first occurred, but then, later in life, was reinterpreted as an instance of early trauma.[22]
Thus, although Sheflin and Brown claimed that a total of 25 studies on amnesia for child sexual abuse exist and that they demonstrate amnesia in their study subpopulations, an editorial in the British Medical Journal concludes, in reference to the Sheflin and Brown findings, that "on critical examination, the scientific evidence for repression crumbles."[28][29]
AuthenticityEdit
Memories can be accurate, but they are not always accurate. For example, eyewitness testimony even of relatively recent dramatic events is notoriously unreliable.[30] Memories of events are a mix of fact overlaid with emotions, mingled with interpretation and "filled in" with imaginings. Skepticism regarding the validity of a memory as factual detail is warranted.[31] For example, one study where victims of documented child abuse were reinterviewed many years later as adults, 38% of the women denied any memory of the abuse.[32]
Skeptics of the reality of repressed memories note that various manipulations can be used to implant false memories (sometimes called "pseudomemories"). Psychologist Elizabeth Loftus has noted that some of the techniques that some therapists use in order to supposedly help the patients recover memories of early trauma (including such techniques as age regression, guided visualization, trance writing, dream work, body work, and hypnosis) are particularly likely to contribute to the creation of false or pseudo memories.[2] Such therapy-created memories can be quite compelling for those who develop them, and can include details that make them seem credible to others.[33] In a now classic experiment by Loftus (widely known as the "Lost in the Mall" study), participants were given a booklet containing three accounts of real childhood events written by family members and a fourth account of a wholly fictitious event of being lost in a shopping mall. A quarter of the subjects reported remembering the fictitious event, and elaborated on it with extensive circumstantial detail.[34] This experiment inspired many others, and in one of these, Porter et al. convinced about half of the participants that they had survived a vicious animal attack in childhood.[35]
Such experimental studies have been criticized[36] in particular about whether the findings are really relevant to trauma memories and psychotherapeutic situations.[37] When memories are "recovered" after long periods of amnesia, particularly when extraordinary means were used to secure the recovery of memory, it is now widely (but not universally) accepted that the memories have a high likelihood of being false, i.e. "memories" of incidents that had not actually occurred.[38] It is thus recognised by professional organizations that a risk of implanting false memories is associated with some similar types of therapy. The American Psychiatric Association advises: "...most leaders in the field agree that although it is a rare occurrence, a memory of early childhood abuse that has been forgotten can be remembered later; however, these leaders also agree that it is possible to construct convincing pseudomemories for events that never occurred.
Not all therapists agree that false memories are a major risk of psychotherapy and they argue that this idea overstates the data and is untested.[24][39][40] Several studies have reported high percentages of the corroboration of recovered memories,[41][42] and some authors have claimed that the false memory movement has tended to conceal or omit evidence of (the) corroboration" of recovered memories.[43]
A difficult issue for the field is that there is no evidence that reliable discriminations can be made between true and false memories.[44][45] Some believe that memories "recovered" under hypnosis are particularly likely to be false.[46] According to The Council on Scientific Affairs for the American Medical Association, recollections obtained during hypnosis can involve confabulations and pseudomemories and appear to be less reliable than nonhypnotic recall.[47] Brown et al. estimate that 3 to 5% of laboratory subjects are vulnerable to post-event misinformation suggestions. They state that 5–8% of the general population is the range of high-hypnotizability. Twenty-five percent of those in this range are vulnerable to suggestion of pseudomemories for peripheral details, which can rise to 80% with a combination of other social influence factors. They conclude that the rates of memory errors run 0–5% in adult studies, 3–5% in children's studies and that the rates of false allegations of child abuse allegations run 4–8% in the general population.[39]
MechanismsEdit
Those who argue in favor of the validity of the phenomenon of repressed memory have identified three mechanisms of normal memory that may explain how memory repression may occur: retrieval inhibition, motivated forgetting, and state-dependent remembering.[10]
Retrieval inhibitionEdit
Retrieval inhibition refers to a memory phenomenon where remembering some information causes forgetting of other information.[48] Anderson and Green have argued that for a linkage between this phenomenon and memory repression; according to this view, the simple decision to not think about a traumatic event, coupled with active remembering of other related experiences (or less traumatic elements of the traumatic experience) may make memories for the traumatic experience itself less accessible to conscious awareness.[49] However, two problems with this viewpoint have been raised: (1) the evidence for the basic phenomenon itself has not consistently replicated, and (2) the phenomenon does not meet all criteria that must be met to support memory repression theory, particularly the lack of evidence that this form of forgetting is particularly likely to occur in the case of traumatic experiences.[10]
Motivated ForgettingEdit
This phenomenon, which is also sometimes referred to as intentional or directed forgetting, refers to forgetting which is initiated by a conscious goal to forget particular information.[50][51] In the classic intentional forgetting paradigm, participants are shown a list of words, but are instructed to remember certain words while forgetting others. Later, when tested on their memory for all of the words, recall and recognition is typically worse for the deliberately forgotten words.[52] A problem for the view that motivated forgetting is the mechanism of memory repression is that there is no evidence that the intentionally forgotten information becomes both inaccessible and ultimately retrievable (as required by memory repression theory).[10]
State dependent rememberingEdit
The term state-dependent remembering refers to the evidence that memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed.[53][54] Based upon her research with rats, Radulovic has argued that memories for highly stressful traumatic experiences may be stored in different neural networks than is the case with memories for non-stressful experiences, and that memories for the stressful experiences may then be inaccessible until the organism's brain is in a neurological state similar to the one that occurred when the stressful experience first occurred.[55] At present, however, there is no evidence that what Radulovic found with rats occurs in the memory systems of humans, and it is not clear that human memories for traumatic experiences are typically "recovered" by placing the individual back in the mental state that was experienced during the original trauma.
AmnesiaEdit
Amnesia is partial or complete loss of memory that goes beyond mere forgetting. Often it is temporary and involves only part of a person's experience. Amnesia is often caused by an injury to the brain, for instance after a blow to the head, and sometimes by psychological trauma. Anterograde amnesia is a failure to remember new experiences that occur after damage to the brain; retrograde amnesia is the loss of memories of events that occurred before a trauma or injury. Dissociative amnesia is defined in the DSM-5 as the "inability to recall autobiographical information" that is (a) "traumatic or stressful in nature", (b) "inconsistent with ordinary forgetting", (c) "successfully stored", (d) involves a period of time when the patient is unable to recall the experience, (e) is not caused by a substance or neurological condition, and (f) is "always potentially reversible". McNally[9] and others[10] have noted that this definition is essentially the same as the defining characteristics of memory repression, and that all of the reasons for questioning the reality of memory repression apply equally well to claims regarding dissociative amnesia.
Effects of trauma on memoryEdit
The essence of the theory of memory repression is that it is memories for traumatic experiences that are particularly likely to become unavailable to conscious awareness, even while continuing to exist at an unconscious level. A prominent more specific theory of memory repression, "Betrayal Trauma Theory", proposes that memories for childhood abuse are the most likely to be repressed because of the intense emotional trauma produced by being abused by someone the child is dependent on for emotional and physical support; in such situations, according to this theory, dissociative amnesia is an adaptive response because it permits a relationship with the powerful abuser (whom the child is dependent upon) to continue in some form. As Pamela Freyd, the developer of Betrayal Trauma Theory has argued, “victims may need to remain unaware of the trauma not to reduce suffering but rather to promote survival.”[56]
Psychiatrist Bessel van der Kolk[42] divided the effects of traumas on memory functions into four sets:
Traumatic amnesia; this involves the loss of memories of traumatic experiences. The younger the subject and the longer the traumatic event is, the greater the chance of significant amnesia. He stated that subsequent retrieval of memories after traumatic amnesia is well documented in the literature, with documented examples following natural disasters and accidents, in combat soldiers, in victims of kidnapping, torture and concentration camp experiences, in victims of physical and sexual abuse, and in people who have committed murder.
Global memory impairment; this makes it difficult for subjects to construct an accurate account of their present and past history. "The combination of lack of autobiographical memory, continued dissociation and of meaning schemes that include victimization, helplessness and betrayal, is likely to make these individuals vulnerable to suggestion and to the construction of explanations for their trauma-related affects that may bear little relationship to the actual realities of their lives"
Dissociative processes; this refers to memories being stored as fragments and not as unitary wholes.
Traumatic memories’ sensorimotor organization. Not being able to integrate traumatic memories seems to be linked to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).[57]
According to van der Kolk, memories of highly significant events are usually accurate and stable over time; aspects of traumatic experiences appear to get stuck in the mind, unaltered by time passing or experiences that may follow. The imprints of traumatic experiences appear to be different from those of nontraumatic events, perhaps because of alterations in attentional focusing or the fact that extreme emotional arousal interferes with memory.[42] van der Kolk and Fisler's hypothesis is that under extreme stress, the memory categorization system based in the hippocampus fails, with these memories kept as emotional and sensory states. When these traces are remembered and put into a personal narrative, they are subject to being condensed, contaminated and embellished upon.
A significant problem for trauma theories of memory repression is the lack of evidence with humans that failures of recall of traumatic experiences result from anything other than normal processes of memory that apply equally well to memories for traumatic and non-traumatic events.[22][9][10] In addition, it is clear that, rather than being pushed out of consciousness, the difficulty with traumatic memories for most people is their inability to forget the traumatic event and the tendency for memories of the traumatic experience to intrude upon consciousness in problematic ways.[58]
Legal statusEdit
Serious issues arise when recovered but false memories result in public allegations; false complaints carry serious consequences for the accused. A special type of false allegation, false memory syndrome, arises typically within therapy, when people report the "recovery" of childhood memories of previously unknown abuse. The influence of practitioners' beliefs and practices in the eliciting of false "memories" and of false complaints has come under particular criticism.[59]
Some criminal cases have been based on a witness's testimony of recovered repressed memories, often of alleged childhood sexual abuse. In some jurisdictions, the statute of limitations for child abuse cases has been extended to accommodate the phenomena of repressed memories as well as other factors. The repressed memory concept came into wider public awareness in the 1980s and 1990s followed by a reduction of public attention after a series of scandals, lawsuits, and license revocations.[60]
A U.S. District Court accepted repressed memories as admissible evidence in a specific case.[61] Dalenberg argues that the evidence shows that recovered memory cases should be allowed to be prosecuted in court.[40]
The apparent willingness of courts to credit the recovered memories of complainants but not the absence of memories by defendants has been commented on: "It seems apparent that the courts need better guidelines around the issue of dissociative amnesia in both populations."[62]
In 1995, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled, in Franklin v. Duncan and Franklin v. Fox, Murray et al. (312 F3d. 423, see also 884 FSupp 1435, N.D. Calif.),[63] that repressed memory is not admissible as evidence in a legal action because of its unreliability, inconsistency, unscientific nature, tendency to be therapeutically induced evidence, and subject to influence by hearsay and suggestibility. The court overturned the conviction of a man accused of murdering a nine-year-old girl purely based upon the evidence of a 21-year-old repressed memory by a lone witness, who also held a complex personal grudge against the defendant.[64][65][66]
In a 1996 ruling, a U.S. District Court allowed repressed memories entered into evidence in court cases.[67] Jennifer Freyd writes that Ross Cheit's case of suddenly remembered sexual abuse is one of the most well-documented cases available for the public to see. Cheit prevailed in two lawsuits, located five additional victims and tape-recorded a confession.[26]
On December 16, 2005, the Irish Court of Criminal Appeal issued a certificate confirming a Miscarriage of Justice to a former nun, Nora Wall whose 1999 conviction for child rape was partly based on repressed-memory evidence. The judgement stated that:[68]
There was no scientific evidence of any sort adduced to explain the phenomenon of "flashbacks" and/or "retrieved memory", nor was the applicant in any position to meet such a case in the absence of prior notification thereof.
On August 16, 2010 the United States Second Circuit Court of Appeals in a case reversed the conviction that relied on claimed victim memories of childhood abuse stating that "The record here suggests a "reasonable likelihood" that Jesse Friedman was wrongfully convicted. The "new and material evidence” in this case is the post-conviction consensus within the social science community that suggestive memory recovery tactics can create false memories" (pg 27 FRIEDMAN v. REHAL Docket No. 08-0297). The ruling goes on to order all previous convictions and plea bargains relying in repressed memories using common memory recovered techniques be reviewed.[69]
Recovered memory therapyEdit
Main article: Recovered memory therapy
Recovered memory therapy is a range of psychotherapy methods based on recalling memories of abuse that had previously been forgotten by the patient.[70] The term "recovered memory therapy" is not listed in DSM-IV or used by mainstream formal psychotherapy modality.[71] Opponents of the therapy advance the explanation that therapy can create false memories through suggestion techniques; this has not been corroborated, though some research has shown supportive evidence.[72][73] Nevertheless, the evidence is questioned by some researchers.[74][38] It is possible for patients who retract their claims—after deciding their recovered memories are false—to suffer post-traumatic stress disorder due to the trauma of illusory memories.[75]
SummaryEdit
The Working Group on Investigation of Memories of Child Abuse of the American Psychological Association reached five key conclusions:[76]
Controversies regarding adult recollections should not be allowed to obscure the fact that child sexual abuse is a complex and pervasive problem in America that has historically gone unacknowledged;
Most people who were sexually abused as children remember all or part of what happened to them;
It is possible for memories of abuse that have been forgotten for a long time to be remembered;
It is also possible to construct convincing pseudo-memories for events that never occurred; and
There are gaps in our knowledge about the processes that lead to accurate and inaccurate recollections of childhood abuse.
Day-care sex-abuse hysteria
Interference theory
Memory inhibition
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^ Underwager, Ralph; Hollida Wakefield (October 1994). Return of the Furies: An Investigation into Recovered Memory Therapy. Open Court Pub Co. p. 360. ISBN 978-0-8126-9271-6.
^ Loftus, EF; Pickrell JE (1995). "The formation of false memories" (PDF). Psychiatric Annals. 25 (12): 720–725. doi:10.3928/0048-5713-19951201-07.
^ Pezdek, K; Hodge, D. (July–August 1999). "Planting false childhood memories: The role of event plausibility" (PDF). Child Development. 70 (4): 887–895. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00064.
^ Hammond, D. Corydon; Brown, Daniel P.; Scheflin, Alan W. (1998). Memory, trauma treatment, and the law. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-70254-5.
^ Lambert, K; Lilienfeld SO (October 1, 2007). "Brain Stains". Scientific American. Retrieved January 25, 2008.
^ Colangelo, James (2007). "Recovered Memory Debate Revisited: Practice Implications for Mental Health Counselors". Journal of Mental Health Counseling. 29 (2): 93–120. doi:10.17744/mehc.29.2.j0v2206152596157.
Memory controversies at Curlie
Provides help for retrieving repressed memories
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Repressed_memory&oldid=935082017"
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Windows Server Administration/Virtualization
< Windows Server Administration
This lesson covers virtualization. Activities include adding the Hyper-V role, creating virtual machines. working with snapshots, and converting physical machines to virtual machines.
1 Objectives and Skills
2 Readings
3 Multimedia
5 Lesson Summary
6 Key Terms
7 Review Questions
8 Flashcards
Objectives and SkillsEdit
Objectives and skills for the Understanding Server Roles portion of Windows Server Administration Fundamentals certification include:[1]
Understand server virtualization: virtualization modes; VHDs; virtual memory; virtual networks; snapshots and saved states; physical to virtual; virtual to physical
ReadingsEdit
Wikipedia: Virtualization
Wikipedia: Hyper-V
Wikipedia: VHD (file format)
Wikipedia: Virtual memory
Wikipedia: Virtual network
Wikipedia: Snapshot (computer storage)
Wikipedia: Physical-to-Virtual
MultimediaEdit
YouTube: Using Hyper-V Manager in Windows Server 2012
YouTube: Windows Server 2008 Hyper-V : Creating a Virtual Machine
YouTube: Windows Server 2012 Hyper-V: Creating A Virtual Machine
YouTube: Hyper-V Training - Virtual Hard Drives (VHDs)
YouTube: CheckPoints in Hyper-V Server 2016
YouTube: VMware Snapshot Best Practices
Review Hyper-V Technology Overview. Review how it works and some of its features
Review Install the Hyper V Role. Add the Hyper-V role.
Review Create a Virtual Machine. Create a Virtual Machine.
Review Supported Guest Operating Systems . Review and report on the supported Operating Systems in Hyper V
Review Create a virtual switch for Hyper V Create a virtual switch. Describe the different types of switches you can create.
Lesson SummaryEdit
Virtualization is the simulation of a hardware platform, operating system, storage device, or network resources using software.[2]
In hardware virtualization, the host machine is the actual machine on which the virtualization takes place, and the guest machine is the virtual machine.[2]
The software or firmware that creates a virtual machine on the host hardware is called a hypervisor or virtual machine manager.[2]
Hyper-V is Microsoft's hypervisor, available in in two variants: a free stand-alone product called Hyper-V Server, and an installable role in Windows Server 2008 and later as well as the x64 edition of Windows 8 Pro.[3]
The Hyper-V role may be added to either full or server core installations.[3]
Hyper-V is a kernel mode (Ring 0)[4] hypervisor rather than a user mode (Ring 3) hypervisor, resulting in better virtual machine isolation and better performance.[3]
Hyper-V requires a minimum of 2 GB of RAM, but each virtual machine running on the Hyper-V server requires its own memory.[3]
Hyper-V uses the VHD (.vhd) virtual hard disk file format, with Windows Server 2012 and Windows 8 also supporting the newer .vhdx format.[3]
The VHD file format may contain what is found on physical hard disk drives, such as disk partitions and file systems, which in turn can contain folders and files.[5]
VHD files have a maximum limit of 2 TB for the size of any dynamic or differencing VHD.[5]
Windows 7 and Windows 2008 R2 and later operating systems support creating, mounting, and booting from VHD files.[5]
Virtual memory is a memory management technique developed for multitasking kernels that allows the operating system to use secondary storage as virtual memory address space and move memory pages between physical memory and virtual storage as needed.[6]
A virtual network is a computer network that consists, at least in part, of virtual rather than physical network links. The two most common forms of network virtualization are protocol-based virtual networks such as VLANs, and virtual device networks such as those connecting virtual machines inside a hypervisor.[7]
Physical-to-Virtual ("P2V") describes the process of decoupling and migrating a physical server's operating system (OS), applications, and data from a physical server to a virtual machine guest hosted on a virtualized platform.[8]
Microsoft provides the SysInternals disk2vhd utility for manually creating virtual images of Windows computers, and System Center Virtual Machine Manager (SCVMM) for automated P2V capability.[8]
Key TermsEdit
The self-managing characteristics of distributed computing resources, adapting to unpredictable changes while hiding intrinsic complexity to operators and users.[9]
guest machine
A virtual computer which is run by a host machine.[10]
host machine
A physical computer on which virtualization takes place.[10]
hypervisor
A piece of computer software, firmware or hardware that creates and runs virtual machines.[10]
link aggregation
Various methods of combining (aggregating) multiple network connections in parallel to increase throughput beyond what a single connection could sustain, and to provide redundancy in case one of the links fails.[11]
NIC teaming
Another name for link aggregation.[11]
The state of a system at a particular point in time.[12]
A computer or computer program which depends heavily on some other computer (its server) to fulfill its computational roles.[13]
thrashing
A computer's virtual memory subsystem is in a constant state of paging, resulting in degraded system performance.[14]
virtual LAN (VLAN)
A single layer-2 network which is partitioned to create multiple distinct broadcast domains, which are mutually isolated so that packets can only pass between them via one or more routers.[15]
A software implemented abstraction of the underlying hardware which is presented to the application layer of the system.[16]
virtual machine monitor (VMM)
Another name for hypervisor.[10]
Review QuestionsEdit
Enable JavaScript to hide answers.
Click on a question to see the answer.
Virtualization is the simulation of _____ using software.
Virtualization is the simulation of a hardware platform, operating system, storage device, or network resources using software.
In hardware virtualization, the _____ is the actual machine on which the virtualization takes place, and the _____ is the virtual machine.
In hardware virtualization, the host machine is the actual machine on which the virtualization takes place, and the guest machine is the virtual machine.
The software or firmware that creates a virtual machine on the host hardware is called a _____ or _____.
The software or firmware that creates a virtual machine on the host hardware is called a hypervisor or virtual machine manager.
Hyper-V is Microsoft's _____, available in in two variants: a _____ called Hyper-V Server, and an _____ in Windows Server 2008 and later as well as the x64 edition of Windows 8 Pro.
Hyper-V is Microsoft's hypervisor, available in in two variants: a free stand-alone product called Hyper-V Server, and an installable role in Windows Server 2008 and later as well as the x64 edition of Windows 8 Pro.
The Hyper-V role may be added to either _____ or _____ installations.
The Hyper-V role may be added to either full or server core installations.
Hyper-V is a _____ mode (Ring 0) hypervisor rather than a _____ mode (Ring 3) hypervisor, resulting in better _____ and better _____.
Hyper-V is a kernel mode (Ring 0) hypervisor rather than a user mode (Ring 3) hypervisor, resulting in better virtual machine isolation and better performance.
Hyper-V requires a minimum of _____ of RAM, but each virtual machine running on the Hyper-V server requires its own memory.
Hyper-V requires a minimum of 2 GB of RAM, but each virtual machine running on the Hyper-V server requires its own memory.
Hyper-V uses the _____ file format, with Windows Server 2012 and Windows 8 also supporting the newer _____ format.
Hyper-V uses the VHD (.vhd) virtual hard disk file format, with Windows Server 2012 and Windows 8 also supporting the newer .vhdx format.
The VHD file format may contain what is found on physical hard disk drives, such as _____, which in turn can contain _____.
The VHD file format may contain what is found on physical hard disk drives, such as disk partitions and file systems, which in turn can contain folders and files.
VHD files have a maximum limit of _____ TB for the size of any dynamic or differencing VHD.
VHD files have a maximum limit of 2 TB for the size of any dynamic or differencing VHD.
Windows 7 and Windows 2008 R2 and later operating systems support _____, _____, and _____ from VHD files.
Windows 7 and Windows 2008 R2 and later operating systems support creating, mounting, and booting from VHD files.
Virtual memory is a memory management technique developed for _____ kernels that allows the operating system to use _____ as virtual memory address space and move memory pages between _____ and _____ as needed.
Virtual memory is a memory management technique developed for multitasking kernels that allows the operating system to use secondary storage as virtual memory address space and move memory pages between physical memory and virtual storage as needed.
A virtual network is a computer network that consists, at least in part, of _____ network links. The two most common forms of network virtualization are _____, and _____.
A virtual network is a computer network that consists, at least in part, of virtual rather than physical network links. The two most common forms of network virtualization are protocol-based virtual networks such as VLANs, and virtual device networks such as those connecting virtual machines inside a hypervisor.
Physical-to-Virtual ("P2V") describes the process of _____.
Physical-to-Virtual ("P2V") describes the process of decoupling and migrating a physical server's operating system (OS), applications, and data from a physical server to a virtual machine guest hosted on a virtualized platform.
Microsoft provides the SysInternals _____ utility for manually creating virtual images of Windows computers, and _____ for automated P2V capability.
Microsoft provides the SysInternals disk2vhd utility for manually creating virtual images of Windows computers, and System Center Virtual Machine Manager (SCVMM) for automated P2V capability.
FlashcardsEdit
Test your understanding of this lesson.
Test your understanding of the key terms.
Microsoft Virtual Academy: Introduction to Hyper-V
Microsoft Virtual Academy: Windows Server 2012 Technical Overview
Wikipedia: Protection Ring Covers Ring levels.
Subject classification: this is an information technology resource.
Type classification: this is a lesson resource.
Completion status: this resource is considered to be complete.
↑ Microsoft: Windows Server Administration Fundamentals Exam Details
↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Wikipedia: Virtualization
↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Wikipedia: Hyper-V
↑ "Protection ring" (in en). Wikipedia. 2019-10-21. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protection_ring&oldid=922333583.
↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Wikipedia: VHD (file format)
↑ Wikipedia: Virtual memory
↑ Wikipedia: Virtual network
↑ 8.0 8.1 Wikipedia: Physical-to-Virtual
↑ Wikipedia: Autonomic computing
↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Wikipedia: Hypervisor
↑ 11.0 11.1 Wikipedia: Link aggregation
↑ Wikipedia: Snapshot (computer storage)
↑ Wikipedia: Thin client
↑ Wikipedia: Thrashing_(computer_science)
↑ Wikipedia: Virtual LAN
↑ Wikipedia: Virtual machine
← Remote Access
Application Servers →
Retrieved from "https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Windows_Server_Administration/Virtualization&oldid=2102464"
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Asia Pacific Sourcing Paced by Record Demand for Cloud Services in Q3, ISG Index™ Finds
Information Services Group, Inc.
Combined market hits $2 billion for third quarter in a row
SYDNEY, Oct. 24, 2019 /PRNewswire/ -- Paced by record demand for cloud services in the third quarter, the Asia Pacific outsourcing market hit US$2 billion for the third quarter in a row, according to the latest state-of-the-industry report from Information Services Group (ISG) (Nasdaq: III), a leading global technology research and advisory firm.
The ISG Index™, which measures commercial outsourcing contracts with annual contract value (ACV) of US$5 million or more, found the combined market (managed services and cloud-based as-a-service) reached US$2.04 billion, up 20 percent over a weak third quarter last year. Compared with the record-setting second quarter this year, however, the market was down 15 percent sequentially.
Demand for as-a-service solutions continued to pace the Asia Pacific market, with ACV at a record US$1.4 billion, up 14 percent. It was the seventh quarter in a row that as-a-service has surpassed the US$1 billion mark.
Managed services ACV, at $632 million, was up 35 percent against last year's weak performance, although it too was down sequentially against the record second quarter this year. IT outsourcing (ITO) was particularly strong, up 46 percent over last year.
Results were driven by strong gains in China and India, which offset weaker results in Australia, New Zealand and Southeast Asia.
Year to date, the combined market in Asia Pacific reached $6.5 billion, up 23 percent, with strong growth in both the as-a-service (up 20 percent) and managed services (up 31 percent) segments.
"Effectively, the Asia Pacific sourcing market has more than doubled since 2016," said Scott Bertsch, ISG partner and regional leader for Asia Pacific. "As-a-service ACV is growing north of 20 percent and now accounts for nearly 65 percent of total ACV. Just three years ago, it accounted for only 47 percent of the market. The managed services sector has been equally strong this year, turning in its best year-to-date performance since 2014."
Within managed services, ITO is up 36 percent year to date, boosted by strong demand for application development and maintenance (ADM) and infrastructure services, up 33 percent and 38 percent, respectively.
Global Forecast
ISG is projecting as-a-service growth of 22 percent globally for 2019, and 2.6 percent growth overall for global IT and business services. The latter forecast is down slightly from last quarter, taking into consideration FX headwinds due to the strong U.S. dollar, and possible top-line softness by a few of the largest providers in the sector.
About the ISG Index™
Now in its 68th consecutive quarter, the ISG Index™ provides a quarterly review of the latest sourcing industry data and trends for financial analysts, enterprise buyers, software and service providers, law firms, academia and the media. For 17 years, it has been the authoritative source for marketplace intelligence related to outsourcing transaction structures and terms, industry adoption, geographic prevalence and service provider performance. In 2016, the ISG Index™ was expanded to include coverage of the fast-growing as-as-service market, measuring the significant impact cloud-based services are having on digital business transformation. ISG also provides ongoing analysis of automation and other digital technologies in its quarterly ISG Index™ presentations.
ISG (Information Services Group) (Nasdaq: III) is a leading global technology research and advisory firm. A trusted business partner to more than 700 clients, including more than 70 of the top 100 enterprises in the world, ISG is committed to helping corporations, public sector organizations, and service and technology providers achieve operational excellence and faster growth. The firm specializes in digital transformation services, including automation, cloud and data analytics; sourcing advisory; managed governance and risk services; network carrier services; strategy and operations design; change management; market intelligence and technology research and analysis. Founded in 2006, and based in Stamford, Conn., ISG employs more than 1,300 digital-ready professionals operating in more than 20 countries—a global team known for its innovative thinking, market influence, deep industry and technology expertise, and world-class research and analytical capabilities based on the industry's most comprehensive marketplace data. For more information, visit www.isg-one.com.
Logo - https://mma.prnewswire.com/media/454165/ISG_Logo.jpg
Source: Information Services Group, Inc.
NASDAQ:III
http://www.isg-one.com
Keywords: Computer/Electronics Outsourcing Businesses Publishing/Information Service Sports Data Analytics Outdoors/Camping/Hiking
Janngo Pledges EUR 60 Million at Davos to Back African Startups Leveraging Technology to Achieve the SDGs
CRUS co-hosted the Journalism Award "Human with Climate change 2019" and Workshop "Enhance public communication toward climate change crisis"
Cyient Appoints Denise Millard as Vice president - Sales, to help grow its Aerospace and Defense business in North America
Akolade Announces That the Annual Social Media WA Summit returns to Perth in February 2020
Pactera Becomes Member Company of China Electronics Corporation
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Joker: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
2019 film score by Hildur Guðnadóttir
Film score by
Hildur Guðnadóttir
October 4, 2019 (digital)
December 13, 2019 (vinyl)
(New York City, New York)
The DiMenna Center
Sam Slater
Todd Phillips (exec.)
Jason Ruder (exec.)
Gunnar Tynes (add.)
Hildur Guðnadóttir chronology
(2018) Joker: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Joker: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the original soundtrack album to the 2019 film Joker, based on the DC Comics character of the same name, starring Joaquin Phoenix, Robert De Niro, Zazie Beetz, and Frances Conroy.[1] The record consists of seventeen tracks from a film score written and composed by Hildur Guðnadóttir, which received critical acclaim from the film industry.[2][3] Guðnadóttir's score was released digitally by WaterTower Music on October 4, 2019,[4] with a vinyl edition later released on December 13, 2019.[5]
After reading the film's script, Guðnadóttir was asked by director Todd Phillips to write some music based on her feelings of the Joker screenplay, which she was inspired to do so as it resonated with her.[6] She sent Phillips a sample of her composition which included melodies that were very simplistic and monotonic as a means of conflating the film's gritty tone with that of antagonist Arthur Fleck.[7] Guðnadóttir then attempted to expand - within that simplicity - the orchestration around Phoenix's character without chords or complicated music,[8] but instead with a texture she that felt resonated with the melancholia of the character.[9]
The score for Joker won numerous awards, including the Premio Soundtrack Stars Award at the 76th Venice International Film Festival and Best Original Score at the 77th Golden Globe Awards.[10][11]
2 Original score
2.2 Composition
2.3 Recording
4.1 CD version
4.2 Songs from Live! With Murray Franklin
4.3 Film music not included on the album
5 Personnel credits
6.1 Album
7.1 Immediate reception
7.3 Accolades
Todd Phillips signed on to direct the film Joker for Warner Bros. in August 2017,[12] and insisted that he bring on Hildur Guðnadóttir to work on Joker after he heard her score for Sicario: Day of the Soldado (2018), of which he thought was beautiful.[13][14] On August 22, 2018, Guðnadóttir was announced as the composer of Joker.[15] To interpret the many themes explored throughout Joker, director Phillips very early on turned to Guðnadóttir: "[Guðnadóttir] was writing music as far back as pre-production. I was sending her script pages and she was writing music before we even shot [...]."[16] Guðnadóttir was very curious of Phillips' take on the Joker's origin story, wherein Phillips then sent her the screenplay, to which he stated: "It was just an interesting and deep character study and it's a very fascinating character that we didn't have any idea about."[17] She described her work with Phillips as "a really beautiful process", in that Phillips was curious to hear what she thought the story sounded like; asking her to compose based on her feelings of the script, to which she stated:[13] "It can sometimes take awhile to get on the same page when you’re working on a project, but this time we were just in such strong agreement from the very first. It was a really lovely, straightforward, non-violent dialogue."[17]
Original score[edit]
Research[edit]
Unlike her previous collaborations, Guðnadóttir began composing Arthur's theme during the pre-production of Joker, with Phillips initially hiring her simply to come back to him with some ideas rather than a full score.[18] Phillips asked if she was interested in writing some music just based on her feelings of the script: "He didn’t really give me any instruction, as such, he was just curious to hear what I felt."[19] In an interview with Deadline.com, Guðnadóttir remarked that the script resonated with her and that Phillips believed she captured the atmosphere of Joker, based on the sample she sent him.[19] She was struct by the "multi-dimensional simplicity, so openhearted and childlike" characteristics of Phoenix's Arthur, thus attempted to expand within that simplicity the orchestration around it, not with chords or any complicated music, but instead: "[...] with texture that I felt resonated with the melancholia of his character."[19] Her composition of Joker features the cello as the centerpiece of the score, leading the very string-based melodies.[19] Guðnadóttir revealed there is often a whole symphony orchestra of 90 musicians playing the same thing; highlighting the importance of such a thing being hidden behind the cello, in which she felt Arthur is mirrored in a similar fashion: "there are many layers of complication behind [Arthur], but he doesn't see it."[19] She also added that: "I thought orchestrating it that way, so that instruments are not always audible, you will think you’re just listening to one cello but, like Arthur, there are layers behind it."[19]
Guðnadóttir stated that her score was going to be "completely different" from what we are used to hear from her.[20] She began work on Joker concurrently with that of Chernobyl (2019), in which she took a more traditional, instrumental approach in its composition: "I got a lot of space from [Phillips], who was quite brave with a lot of the decisions that he allowed me to go wild with."[21][22] She spoke of emphasising with Arthur and highlighted the music's attempt to connect with his inner personal word, adding that: "[...] the main theme came before [Phoenix's] performance and it played a big part in informing his performance. It’s definitely more lyrical and musical than Chernobyl."[22] Guðnadóttir was able to introduce her music during film production and brought a piece to Phoenix a few weeks into filming as a means of inspiring his work in a pivotal scene.[19] Director Phillips spoke of how Phoenix and he were at a standstill on set - unable to figure out a particular scene - though referred to Guðnadóttir, by which he spoke: "[...] but then I remembered I’d just gotten this great piece of music from [Guðnadóttir] that I'd been listening to the night before. I played it for him, he loved it, and he just started doing this slow dance to it, and out of nowhere this gracefulness comes out of Arthur [...]."[19] Phoenix attested that her score was very effective, whilst adding the preparation was in studying movement and dance during rehearsals, but what came out of that piece of score was a turning point for understanding Arthur.[19][23]
In going back and forth between Chernobyl and Joker, Guðnadóttir remarked that it wasn't an easy process due to the differences in tonality, worlds, and structure of the two pieces,[24] whilst noting that Joker is the most "classical" score she's written, as it's very melodic, and follows a film score structure with the development of themes repeatedly.[25] She acknowledged that she wished to keep elements of old school scoring - as how the film was-, hence the thematic approach;[25] she also spoke of being careful not to be influenced by any of the Joker's previous appearances or the music that followed him, feeling a greater creative when you steer clear of outside influences.[25] Additionally, Guðnadóttir spoke of feeling there was greater room to work both thematically and imaginatively, based on the fact Joker was fiction, in which she added, "It was more an emotional and, above all, surprising search for the character, someone with whom everyone in my generation grew up, but whose motives are unknown to anyone. And this version was surprising for everyone."[26]
Phillips' Joker allowed for Guðnadóttir's imagination to "run wild a bit more", in that she decided to write something orchestra-led, though this time it was the process that was unconventional.[27] Her compositions resonated with him, which resulted in him shooting a lot of material: "[....] I think, to the music I had already written [most film soundtracks are written to shot footage]. That was really wonderful because the music and the film have really grown together as one whole."[27] After reading and responding to the script, Guðnadóttir wrote a tender, melancholy requiem to which she channelled Phoenix's Arthur, wherein she stated that:[28] "I sat down with the cello to kind of just find my way into his voice and into his head [...] And I'm just like kind of holding onto this feeling that I had after reading the script. As soon as I played those first notes, it really hit me in the chest somehow, and it was a really strong, physical reaction that I got. And I was like, yes, this is it."[28][29]
The score is led by the cello, yet - according to Guðnadóttir - the music feels surprisingly symphonic, as the cello is carried by a hundred-piece orchestra throughout the film.[25] She wanted this feeling of energy to be coming from behind him, like a feeling of his past he doesn't know about, yet is still influencing him: "So the orchestra is kept in the background in the beginning of the score [...] as Arthur realizes more and more about his past, the orchestra steps forward.[25] It becomes more and more aggressive as the score gets bigger and bigger."[25] She spoke of sitting down with her cello and attempting to find her way into Arthur's voice and into his head; eventually doing so: "[...] it was a really strong, physical reaction that I got. And I was like, yes, this is it."[28] Because Guðnadóttir started composing for Joker so early, her music influenced other aspects of the productions, including the acting and cinematography, to which she later states: "It's a huge luxury and much more creative [...] Of course, it’s a much longer process – I worked on the Joker for a year and a half – but it gives you the opportunity to create a more holistic work of art."[30]
Director Phillips decided to play Guðnadóttir's music on set during a pivotal scene.[31][32] Cinematographer Lawrence Sher revealed that an entirely different scene was meant to be shot: "[Before] It was much more like a movie scene. It had to do with him coming in, digesting this thing that just happened, what he'd just done. He was going to hide a weapon. [It was] much more conventional."[28] Phillips changed his mind - playing Guðnadóttir's composition over each and every take, in which Phoenix's Arthur starts his metamorphosis dance,[28] by which Sher added: "The score was such an instrumental part, not just to Joaquin's performance, but to the camera operating, to the sort of energy in the room, and to make that scene really come alive."[28] She also stated that Phoenix had an earpiece that fed her music to him so he could shape his performance from the music right on the spot.[33] Guðnadóttir gave her assessment of the scene's power, revealing that piece was actually the first one written for the film, in which she remarked: "It was the very first piece of music I wrote, and that piece, it was the strongest, most physical reaction I had to the story [...] What [Phoenix] is doing in the scene, it was coming from exactly the same place."[34] In relation to the cello, Guðnadóttir continued: “Of course, I grew up with the instrument and have a very strong physical and emotional connection to it. Having that as a starting point, I had what was almost like an electric shock when I found his theme."[35]
Phillips spoke of how Phoenix just started to dance to Guðnadóttir's music, while adding: "It was just me and him alone in the bathroom, there's 250 people on the crew waiting outside. He just starts doing this dance, and we both kind of look at each other and said "ok, that's the scene."[36] Phoenix, on the genesis of Bathroom Dance, highlighted Guðnadóttir's music: "[Phillips] started playing this cello music, and it was really effective. I said, ‘So, maybe there’s a movement,’ and he said, ‘Well, I would start on your foot—that’s your move.’ That's all he said and all we had. The preparation was in studying movement and dance during rehearsals, but what came out of that piece of score was a turning point for the character, and for me and [Phillips] working together [...] and understanding Arthur."[37] Phillips - when first discussing the themes of Joker with Phoenix - mentioned that this version of the iconic villain was “one of those people that has music in him.”"[38][36] In regards to the musical treatment she had crafted, Guðnadóttir made mention of how it was a large part of the process of how the film grew, as it was played both on set and for Phoenix to listen to in-ear,[39] with the composer stating: "The music seemed to affect his movements and his acting, as well as the pacing. This was a very inspiring and fun approach to take because then you get to work together, creating the musical world of the film in tandem."[39]
Recording[edit]
Guðnadóttir wishes to expand simple and montonic melodies within the orchestration around Joker's evolution not with chords or any complicated music, but instead with texture that she felt resonated with the melancholia of this Artur.[40] She described her reaction to Arthur's metamorphosis dance as being similar to when she found his notes and tonality, whilst adding that the theme - Bathroom Dance is often performed on an electric cello instrument called the halldorophone,[41] which Guðnadóttir helped develop: "It's a feedback instrument [...] A lot of the electronic sounds that you hear in the score, it's all performed live, and it's all coming from that instrument and the connection with the amplifiers."[28] Additionally, she also coined the concept that the orchestra would represent the madness building inside Arthur's mind:[28] "The very beginning piece, you almost only hear the cello [...] As we get further into the movie, the orchestra gets louder and louder, and then it kind of suffocates the cello. It's almost like the empathy that we have for his character is led by the cello, and then his darker side, his inner turmoil, is the orchestra [which is] almost inaudible, and then just slowly takes over as we get further in."[28]
She slowly built the orchestration around the cello, having it faintly linger in the background like a ghost before coming to the forefront as the Joker persona takes command, at the DiMenna Center for one week with initially 36 musicians, thereafter recording with 72 musicians.[42] The percussion started off slowly in a two-note and then strengthens"[...] pounding like his heartbeat. So I couldn't use any cool, complicated beats. This was really simple and to the point and then it gets louder and louder."[42] Whilst recording the orchestra, Guðnadóttir felt the energy of the room being very tense and wired.[43] She spoke of the musicians having to play so quietly, thus through a lot of the recording, one could hear very delicate sounds almost inaudible, in which she states: "You'd have 100 people, like, holding their breaths while the played [...] It was incredible, incredible. The energy of a performance or music is so much more important than the music being perfectly played or refined. Even though you don’t hear 100 people holding their breaths, there's so much invisible energy that goes into the recording that it is very present [...] It's kind of the magic of music: all these invisible things you can’t pinpoint or know."[43] Guðnadóttir concluded that she wished for the final act to be big, grand and cinematic, in which she felt Arthur needed this grand exit out of the film - including variations on the themes that have been going on throughout the film.[44] She made mention of the 100-piece orchestra, and that many people don't realise the orchestra had been playing throughout the whole film, even in the beginning: "You mostly hear one cello playing when he’s by the bins with the kids, but it’s actually a whole orchestra playing behind the cello. It’s mixed in a way that you hear the ghost presence of the orchestra."[44] Murray spoke of his collaboration with director Phillips and film editor Jeff Groth, how they used effects in conjunction with composer Hildur Guðnadóttir's score to enhance the tension in the film, and how Foley, field recordings, and loop group added distinctive texture to the soundtrack.[45]
Release[edit]
On September 27, 2019, Film Music Reporter reported that WaterTower Music will release the official soundtrack album for Joker, while adding that, "The soundtrack is expected to be released digitally this Friday, September 27."[46] The album was officially released for digital download on October 4.[47] On October 4, WaterTower Music announced they will release a picture disc and coloured vinyl editions of the soundtrack on December 13.[48] The purple disc, sporting the character's signature color; and the second featuring a picture disc which showcases Joaquin Phoenix in his full clown makeup.[49] On the day of the album's launch, Guðnadóttir posted of the release on Twitter, in which she remarked, "Internet world, it's out!! After living with Joker for over a year and half, his music is finally ready come out and meet you! From the bottom of my heart I´d like to thank everyone who lent their talents to this music, It takes a village to complete a project of this size!"[50]
Track listing[edit]
CD version[edit]
All tracks are written by Hildur Guðnadóttir.
1. "Hoyt's Office" 1:24
2. "Defeated Clown" 2:39
3. "Following Sophie" 1:33
4. "Penny in the Hospital" 1:18
5. "Young Penny" 2:01
6. "Meeting Bruce Wayne" 4:35
7. "Hiding in the Fridge" 1:23
8. "A Bad Comedian" 1:28
9. "Arthur Comes to Sophie" 1:39
10. "Looking for Answers" 0:51
11. "Penny Taken to the Hospital" 1:49
12. "Subway" 3:33
13. "Bathroom Dance" 2:08
14. "Learning How to Act Normal" 1:17
15. "Confession" 1:29
16. "Escape from the Train" 2:31
17. "Call Me Joker" 4:48
Songs from Live! With Murray Franklin[edit]
All tracks are performed by Ellis Drane and His Jazz Orchestra.[51]
1. "The Live! with Murray Franklin Theme" (Judson Crane, Mark Hollingsworth, Bill O'Connell) 0:51
2. "If You're Happy and You Know It" (Joe Raposo feat: Chaim Tenenbaum) 1:23
3. "That's Life [Instrumental Version]" (Kelly Gordon and Dean K. Thompson) 2:49
4. "Smile [Instrumental Version]" (Charlie Chaplin, Geoffrey Parsons, James Turner) 0:33
Total length: 4:56
Film music not included on the album[edit]
Performer(s)/Writer(s)
Key Scenes/Notes
1 "Send In the Clowns" Frank Sinatra The three Wayne Enterprise businessmen sing this song on the subway, and Frank Sinatra's rendition plays over Joker's end credits. [52][53]
2 "Rock and Roll Part 2" Gary Glitter Heard as Arthur, in his full Joker ensemble, struts and dances down a large staircase on his way to make his late night debut. [54][55]
3 "Rooftop" Hildur Guðnadóttir and Jóhann Jóhannsson from Mary Magdalene (2018) Arthur sees himself in Murray's audience. [56]
4 "Smile" Jimmy Durante After Arthur's first performance as a stand up comedian. [57]
5 "That's Life" Frank Sinatra Plays while Arthur is dying his hair that iconic shade of green, and appears when Arthur runs down the halls of Arkham. [58]
6 "White Room" Cream Joker is taken by the police's car and driven on the city streets, before the car crash, where he is rescued by the mob. [59]
7 "Slap That Bass" Fred Astaire The film Shall We Dance (1937) is playing on TV as Arthur toys with the gun. [60]
8 "Everybody Plays the Fool" The Main Ingredient Randall lends Arthur his gun at work. [61]
9 "My Name Is Carnival" Jackson C. Frank Arthur packs his things from work as he tells the co-workers that the gun belongs to Randall. [62]
10 "If You're Happy and You Know It" Chaim Tenenbaum Arthur entertains the children at the hospital. [63]
11 "Spanish Flea" Ray Davies and His Button Down Brass The composition plays with the Indian-head test pattern when the broadcast of the Murray Franklin Show gets cut off. [64]
12 "The Moon Is A Silver Dollar" Lawrence Welk and His Orchestra Arthur walks back to his apartment after meeting Sophie, and continues playing on the radio as Arthur washes Penny in the bathtub. [65]
13 "Temptation Rag" Claude Bolling A man plays this song on the piano on the streets as Arthur twirls the sign. [56]
14 "Here Comes the King" Steve Karmen Playing on the TV when Arthur arrives home. [56]
15 "Murray's Theme" Judson Crane and Mark S. Hollingsworth Murray Franklin enters the scene, live on television. [56]
16 "Murray's Late Night" Bill O'Connell The theme for Murray Franklin's late night show. [56]
An edited version of The Guess Who's Laughing in an Instagram post by film director Todd Phillips as foreground music of a camera test for Joker, which offered the first look of Phoenix in makeup.[66]
Personnel credits[edit]
Credits adapted from CD liner notes.[67]
All music composed by Hildur Guðnadóttir
Producers: Hildur Guðnadóttir, Sam Slater
Executive album producer: Todd Phillips
Executive in charge of music for Warner Bros. Pictures: Niki Sherrod
Executive in charge of WaterTower Music: Jason Linn
Music supervisors: Randall Poster, George Drakoulias
Additional production: Gunnar Tynes
Additional arrangements: Þórarinn Guðnason
Executive score producer: Jason Ruder
Music business affairs executive: Ray Gonzalez
Art direction: Sandeep Sriram
Soundtrack coordinator: Linda Christie
Orchestrators: Andrew Kinney, Phillip Klein, Carl Rydlund
Orchestra conducted by Jeff Atmajian
Score recorded at The DiMenna Center
Score mixed by Daniel Kresco
Assistant engineer: Jeff Citron
Nate "NV" Eaton studio assistant: Juan Simon Fernández
Transcription by Black Ribbon Pro
Score mixed at Downtown Music, New York City, New York
Berlin assistants: Rick Vincent Will, Henrik Havelka
New York recording engineers: Alex Vengeur, Tim Machiafava
New York recording engineer: Alex Vengeur, Tim Machiafava, Neal Shaw, Matt Soares, Brandon Chevere
New York assistant engineers: Neal Shaw, Matt Soares, Brandon Chevere, Carlos Mora, Phil Weinrobe
Featured instrumentalists
Halldorophone: Hildur Guðnadóttir
Voice: Hildur Guðnadóttir
Cello: Hildur Guðnadóttir
Percussion: Hildur Guðnadóttir
Musical Sound Design: Sam Slater
Percussion: Sam Slater
Programming: Sam Slater
Additional musical sound design: Gunnar Tynes
Synths: Gunnar Tynes
Programming: Gunnar Tynes
Additional musical sound design: Þórarinn Guðnason
Viola: Viktor Orri Árnason
Violin: Viktor Orri Árnason
Viola: Eyvind Kang
Violin: Eyvind Kang
Cello: Clarice Jenson
Double bass: Elazar Glotman
Double bass: Miller Wrenn
Percussion: Ólafur Björn Ólafsson
Polyend: Simon Goff, Antonio Pulli:
Flute: Diva Goodfriend, Mindy Kaufman, Kathleen Nester, Tara Helen O'Connor, Tanya Witek
Clarinet: Liam Burke, David Gould, Bohdan Hilash, Dean LeBlanc, Pavel Vinnitsky
Bassoon: Gil DeJean, Billy Hestand, Harrison Miller, Damian Primis, Mark Romatz, Dan Shelly
Horn: Barbara Jöstlein, Will de Vos, Javier Gandara, Brad Gemeinhardt, Kyle Hoyt, Aaron Korn, Jenny Ney, Theo Primis, Erik Ralske, Anne Scharer, Leelanee Sterrett, Dan Wions, Chad Yarbrough
Violin: Peter Bahng, Tallie Brunfelt, Kelly Cho, Julia Choi, Daniel Constant, Monica Davis, Katherine Fong, Laura Frautschi, Margaret Gould, Kristi Helberg, Ming Hsin, Nanae Iwata, Dasol Jeong, Amy Kauffman, Sarah Kenner, Lisa Kim, Lisa G. Kim, Krzysztof Kuznik, Lisa Lee, Ann Lehmann, Francis Liu, Kuan Cheng Lu, Joanna Maurer, Yuri Namkung, Suzanne Ornstein, Cecee Pantikian, Jessica Park, Ragga Petursdottir, Annaliesa Place, Emily Popham, Sarah Pratt, Wen Qian, Derek Ratzenboeck, Theresa Salomon, Gabriel Schaff, Cathy Sim, David Southorn, Na Sun, Emma Sutton, Henry Wang, Savion Washington, Sharon Yamada, Jung Sun Yoo, Robin Zeh
Viola: Matthew Beaugé, Caleb Burhans, Junah Chung, Desiree Elsevier, Danielle Farina, Nikki Federman, Will Frampton, Mary Hammann, Celia Hatton, Hung-Wei Huang, Conway Kuo, Natalia Lipkina, Todd Low, Jessica Meyer, Ken Mirkin, Nick Revel, Dov Scheindlin, Alissa Smith, Arnie Tanimoto, Jessica Troy
Cello: Robert Burkhart, Gabriel Cabezas, Amanda Gookin, Clarice Jensen, Ana Kim, Christine Kim, Maureen McDermott, Joel Noyes, Sarah Seiver, Sophie Shao, Aaron Stokes, Caitlin Sullivan, Wendy Sutter, Oliver Weston, Allen Whear
Bass: Gregg August, David Grossman, Lou Kosma, Daniel Krekeler, Jeremy McCoy, Satoshi Okamoto, John Patitucci, Troy Rinker, Dave Romano, Rion Wentworth
Bass trombone: Marco Gomez, Kyle Mendiguchia
Trombone: Demian Austin, Richard Harris, John Romero, Brian Santero
Tuba: Andy Bovev
Special acknowledgement
Peter Axelrad, Maria Belli, Paul Broucek, Rocco Carrozza, Vincenzo De La Rosa, Joe Kara, Kevin Kertes, Katie Lambert, Genevieve Morris, Ari Taitz, Robert Zick
Charts[edit]
Album[edit]
Chart (2019)
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[68]
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[69]
Classic FM (UK)[70]
French Albums (SNEP)[71]
UK Independent Albums (OCC)[72]
UK Soundtrack Albums (OCC)[73]
UK Independent Album Breakers (OCC)[74]
US Soundtrack Albums (Billboard)[75]
US Top Independent Albums (Billboard)[76]
US Soundtrack Album Sales (Billboard)[77]
US Top Current Albums (Billboard)[78]
Singles[edit]
2019 "Bathroom Dance" (Scala)[79]
(Hildur Guðnadóttir) 1
"Call Me Joker" (Scala)[79]
"Penny in the Hospital" (Classic FM)[80]
Immediate reception[edit]
The score was widely admired and thought of as a contender for the Academy Award for Best Original Score at the 92nd Academy Awards,[81][82][83][84] with Warner Bros. releasing Guðnadóttir's score as part of the For Your Consideration campaign aimed towards members of awards voting groups such as that of the Academy Awards, and the Hollywood Foreign Press of the Golden Globes.[85]
Blueprint: Review [86]
Movie Music UK [87]
Movie Wave [88]
Zanobard Reviews 7/10[89]
Sci-Fi Bulletin 10/10[90]
Joshua Valour 8/10[91]
The Film Magazine 10/10[92]
The score received critical acclaim.[93] Mark Kermode of The Observer spoke highly of Joker's score, stating that "[...] Guðnadóttir's brilliantly brooding score seems to throb up from the pavements of these mean streets, full of ominous low strings and prowling bass growls – doom-laden voices prophesying war."[94] David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter wrote that "All this is rendered even darker by the disquietingly melancholy mood of Hildur Gudnadóttir's brooding orchestral score, which cranks up into thunderous drama as the chaos escalates."[95] Kyle Smith of The National Review described the score as "spectacular."[96] Kayleigh Donaldson of Syfy described Gudnadóttir's score as "beautifully haunting", whilst remarking: "[...] such a refreshing change from the frequently derivative music heard in comic book movies."[97] Terri White of Empire wrote, "Mention must be made of Joker's cello score by [Guðnadóttir] — mournful, dark and fractured [...]"[98] The Economic Times commented that "Accompanying the visuals is an amazing sound design, Hildur Guðnadóttir's soulful background score and powerful music pieces."[99]
James Southall of Music Wave, gave the score a four-star rating and wrote: "The score adopts a steady, constant tone – ominous strings with a focus on the cello, frequent references to the dies irae, claustrophobic percussion – it’s a brilliantly-realised portrait of what’s inside the Joker’s head. Undoubtedly, on a technical musical level, it is simple stuff – slow-paced, funereal in fact, the orchestration bare."[88] Antonio Morales of The Santa Barbara Independent spoke highly of the score, to which he remarked: "The music score complements the immense levels of suspense, paralleling the deterioration of Fleck's well-being."[100] Patrick Coyle-Simmons of Medium stated that Guðnadóttir delivers a "chilling musical score."[101] Donald Clarke of The Irish Times wrote, "[Guðnadóttir's] terrific, brooding score finds an effective cello leitmotif for its protagonist."[102] Adam Chitwood of Collider.com praised the score, saying, "[Guðnadóttir's] original score is haunting, beautiful, and at times downright terrifying—it’s one of the best of the year."[103] J. Don Birnam of Splash Report wrote that "The score by Guðnadóttir is astonishing. There is a slow drumbeat, a melancholy, and increasing profoundness to it that strikes to your core, following you just as Fleck's transformation is complete. It is perhaps the only element of the film that is able to go toe to toe with Phoenix in its impressiveness."[104]
John Lewis of The Guardian wrote, "The soundtrack for the film Joker is a fine showcase for Icelandic composer [Guðnadóttir]. While not as formally innovative as her claustrophobic score to HBO’s Chernobyl (which cleverly manipulated ambient noises that she recorded in a derelict power plant), this terrifying collection works as unorthodox cello concerto, the growling cello set against Bollywood-style slurring violins and dissonant vocals."[105] Nicola Austin of We Have A Hulk wrote that, "[Guðnadóttir's] chillingly dark score is an absolutely perfect companion to Arthur’s descent; it’s a haunting accompaniment that insights a lurking sense of dread which we all know is inevitably coming."[106] Harry Cottle of Forge Press said, "[Guðnadóttir's] masterful score elevates the material, allowing you further into the tragedy of the character. But the score is far from subtle, practically telling you how to feel at points, but it perfectly suits the tone of the film."[107] James Morton of Impact wrote, "The score by [Guðnadóttir] is reminiscent of Jocelyn Pook's music for Kubrick's Eyes Wide Shut (1999), though deeper and slower burning. Both films involve a form of altered reality: dreaming and psychosis."[108] Rebecca O'Brien of Film Music Central found herself drawn in by the monotonic melodies; stating that Guðnadóttir has done something brilliant by taking very simple melodies and used them to slowly build up a musical impression of how Arthur views the world, and how he feels deep inside.[109] Jerilyn Jordan of Metro Times wrote, "[...] Phoenix's performance could not function without cellist and composer [Guðnadóttir’s] indelible score, which presents itself immediately as one of the movie's most important characters and does a great deal of heavy lifting in terms of telling the real story behind Phoenix’s gaze."[110] Josh Larsen of Larson On Film wrote, "The wayward strings in [Guðnadottir's] terrific score, which seemingly swerve when they should be holding still, provide an audible variation of what we see on Arthur’s face."[111]
For Film Ireland, Michael Lee stated, "[...] all this is elevated by Hildur Guonadottir's menacing score, which seemingly ignites the embers raging within Arthur's heart."[112] At The East Bay Express, Kelly Vance described Guðnadóttir's composition as a "[...] hypnotically evocative music score."[113] Critic James Verniere for The Boston Herald wrote, "The film's plaintive music by [Guðnadóttir], another departure from usual, is a huge part of the impact of Joker."[114] André Hereford at Metro Weekly stated that "There isn't a bum performance in the movie, and composer [...] Guðnadóttir's strings-laden score sounds especially attuned to every one of them. There's even a mini-theme for Gotham's billionaire industrialist, and potential mayoral candidate, Thomas Wayne, father of Bruce.[115] Chuck Koplinski at Illinois Times praised Phillips' usage of Guðnadóttir's "thunderous score", allowing it to underscore the obvious betokens no great faith in the audience's ability to keep up.[116] Rhys Tarling of Isolated Nation highly praised the score and spoke of a major disservice if he didn't mention Gudnadottir's score: "[...] which adds a graceful layer of etherealness to an atmosphere as thick and toxic as Gotham’s garbage. I don’t think the movie is nearly as powerful without this aspect."[117] Caillou Pettis of Battle Royale With Cheese praised Gudnadottir's "euphoric" score, feeling it to be his favourite scored used in a film since Colin Stetson's in Hereditary (2018) and noting that "All of the sounds we hear throughout the running time gave me goosebumps, and left me feeling creeped out. When any piece of music is able to convey that strong of an emotion, you know it is great."[118] Reviewing the score for We Bought a Blog, Alan French called it "an iconic work" and highlighted how Guðnadóttir guides you to emotional truths about the moments, and spoke of the difficulty to imagine how scores in 2019 will be as integral to the success of a film in comparison.[119]
Accolades[edit]
List of awards and nominations
Date of ceremony
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Academy Awards February 9, 2020 Best Original Score Hildur Guðnadóttir Pending [120]
British Academy Film Awards February 2, 2020 Best Original Score Hildur Guðnadóttir Pending [121]
Critics' Choice Movie Awards January 12, 2020 Best Score Hildur Guðnadóttir Won [122]
Florida Film Critics Circle December 23, 2019 Best Score Hildur Guðnadóttir Nominated [124]
Georgia Film Critics Association January 10, 2020 Best Original Score Hildur Guðnadóttir Nominated [125]
Golden Globe Awards January 5, 2020 Best Original Score Hildur Guðnadóttir Won [127]
Hollywood Critics Association January 9, 2020 Best Original Score Hildur Guðnadóttir Won [129]
Hollywood Music in Media Awards November 20, 2019 Best Score in a Feature Film Hildur Guðnadóttir Won [131]
Houston Film Critics Society January 2, 2020 Best Original Score Hildur Guðnadóttir Nominated [132]
Online Film Critics Society January 6, 2020 Best Original Score Hildur Guðnadóttir Nominated [133]
San Diego Film Critics Society December 9, 2019 Best Use of Music Hildur Guðnadóttir Nominated [135]
San Francisco Bay Area Film Critics Circle December 16, 2019 Best Original Score Hildur Guðnadóttir Nominated [136]
Satellite Awards December 19, 2019 Best Original Score Hildur Guðnadóttir Won [137]
Seattle Film Critics Society December 16, 2019 Best Original Score Hildur Guðnadóttir Nominated [139]
Venice Film Festival September 7, 2019 Premio Soundtrack Stars Award Hildur Guðnadóttir Won [140]
Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association December 8, 2019 Best Score Hildur Guðnadóttir Nominated [142]
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^ Nolfi, Joey (January 5, 2020). "Joker composer Hildur Guðnadóttir becomes first solo woman to win Golden Globe for score". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
^ Beedle, Tim (December 20, 2019). "Setting Madness to Music: Hildur Guðnadóttir is Joker's Hidden Star". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
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^ http://www.nime.org/proceedings/2018/nime2018_paper0058.pdf
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^ Guðnadóttir, Hildur (October 3, 2019). "Internet world, it's out!!". Twitter. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
^ Watertower Music Editors (October 25, 2019). "Songs from Live! With Murray Franklin". Spotify. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
^ Jones, Nate (October 4, 2019). "Everything You Wanted to Know About Joker But Were Too Freaked Out to Ask". Vulture. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
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^ Leo Sigh Editors (October 5, 2019). "Listen to Jimmy Durante's 'Smile' from Joker and Arthur's stand-up routine". Leo Sigh. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
^ Rottenberg, Josh (October 4, 2019). "'Joker' ending explained: Director Todd Phillips on fan theories and open questions". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
^ T, Andy (October 7, 2019). "Send In The Clowns: A Review and Examination of "Joker" (2019)". Core 4 Podcast. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
^ Lattanzio, Ryan (October 13, 2019). "'Joker': A Dance Critic Breaks Down Joaquin Phoenix's Unnerving Moves". IndieWire. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
^ Cecchini, Mike (October 7, 2019). "Joker: Easter eggs and DC references you might have missed". Den of Geek. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
^ Monk, A.O. (October 14, 2019). "About Joker". Medium. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
^ Relatable Brand (October 15, 2019). "Joker Unintentionally Personifies 2019". Medium. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
^ Tourangeau, Casey (October 10, 2019). "Joker". Dear Cast & Crew. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
^ Moran, Sarah (October 4, 2019). "Every Song On Joker's Soundtrack". Screen Rant. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
^ Parker, Ryan (September 21, 2018). "First Look at Joaquin Phoenix in Joker Makeup Revealed". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
^ Watertower Music Editors (October 4, 2019). "Joker (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)". Watertower Music. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
^ Ultratop Editors (December 10, 2019). "SOUNDTRACK / HILDUR GUÐNADÓTTIR - JOKER". Ultratop. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
^ Classic FM (UK) Editors (October 13, 2019). "Classic FM Chart: Joker movie soundtrack enters the chart at No. 1". Classic FM (UK). Retrieved October 19, 2019.
^ Official Charts Company Editors (December 10, 2019). "TOPS DE LA SEMAINE -TOP ALBUMS". Official Charts Company. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
^ Official Charts Company Editors (October 11, 2019). "Official Independent Albums Chart Top 50 - 11 to 17 October". Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
^ Official Charts Company Editors (October 11, 2019). "Official Soundtrack Albums Chart Top 50 - 11 to 17 October". Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
^ Official Charts Company Editors (October 11, 2019). "Official Independent Album Breakers Chart Top 20 - 11 to 17 October". Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
^ Billboard Editors (October 19, 2019). "US Soundtrack Albums". Billboard. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
^ Billboard Editors (October 19, 2019). "Top Independent Albums". Billboard. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
^ Billboard Editors (October 19, 2019). "US Soundtrack Album Sales". Billboard. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
^ Billboard Editors (October 19, 2019). "US Top Current Albums". Billboard. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
^ a b Official Charts Company Editors (October 12, 2019). "Official Independent Album Breakers Chart Top 20 - 12 to 18 October". Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 18, 2019.
^ Classic FM Editors (October 12, 2019). "The Classic FM Chart - Browse this week's Top 10". Classic FM (UK). Retrieved October 19, 2019.
^ Feinberg, Scott (October 7, 2019). ""Outstanding," "Irresponsible": Oscar Voters React to 'Joker,' With Many Avoiding It". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
^ Ward, Matt (October 6, 2019). "Joker: Origins of psychosis and villainy". Cinematic Considerations. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
^ Barta, Preston (October 2, 2019). "Sad clown: Phoenix enthralls, repels as apex villain in DC Universe". The Movie Sleuth. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
^ Wilson, Sean (October 9, 2019). "Joker: listen to 5 emotionally-charged tracks from Hildur Guðnadóttir's score". Cineworld. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
^ Warner Bros. Editors (October 14, 2019). "For Your Consideration - Joker". Warner Bros. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
^ Gilliland, Scott (October 28, 2019). "JOKER (ORIGINAL MOTION PICTURE SOUNDTRACK)". Blueprint: Review. Retrieved November 1, 2019.
^ Broxton, Jonathan (October 7, 2019). "JOKER – Hildur Guðnadóttir". Movie Music UK. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
^ a b Southall, James (October 7, 2019). "Joker". Movie Wave. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
^ Zanobard Reviews Editors (October 3, 2019). "Joker – Soundtrack Review – Zanobard Reviews". Zanobard Reviews. Retrieved October 20, 2019.
^ Joy, Nick (October 3, 2019). "Review: Joker: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack". Sci-Fi Bulletin. Retrieved October 20, 2019.
^ Valour, Joshua (October 8, 2019). "JOKER Soundtrack Review". Joshua Valour. Retrieved October 20, 2019.
^ Wade, Joseph (October 4, 2019). "Joker (2019) Review". The Film Magazine. Retrieved October 20, 2019.
^ Just a few examples of critical acclaim for Joker: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack:
Hudson, Matt (October 7, 2019). "Joker". What I Watched Tonight. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
Mayward, Joel (October 6, 2019). "Joker". Cinemayward. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
Lucas, Matthew (October 6, 2019). "Review Joker 2019". From the Front Row. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
Ksiazek, Sarah (October 6, 2019). "FILM REVIEW – JOKER (2019)". The MacGuffin. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
Kisner, Michelle (October 3, 2019). "Cinematic Releases: Now They Know I Exist: Joker (2019) - Reviewed". The Movie Sleuth. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
^ Kermode, Mark (October 6, 2019). "Joker review – an ace turn from Joaquin Phoenix". The Observer. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
^ Smith, Kyle (October 3, 2019). "Joker: The Most Unsettling of All Comic-Book Movies". The National Review. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
^ Donaldson, Kayleigh (September 19, 2019). "JOKER ISN'T INCEL BAIT, BUT THERE'S STILL A LOT WE NEED TO TALK ABOUT". Syfy. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
^ White, Terri (September 30, 2019). "Joker Review". Empire Magazine. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
^ The Economic Times Editors (October 7, 2019). "'Joker' review: A film that is intense, stirring and unnerving all at once". The Economic Times. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
^ Morales, Antonio (October 10, 2019). "Review: 'Joker' is Jarring and Introspective". The Santa Barbara Independent. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
^ Coyle-Simmons, Patrick (October 4, 2019). "MOVIE REVIEW — Joker". Medium. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
^ Coyle-Simmons, Patrick (September 30, 2019). "Joker film review: Terrific, tear-out-the-follicles acting from Joaquin Phoenix". The Irish Times. Retrieved October 12, 2019.
^ Chitwood, Adam (September 10, 2019). "Oscar Beat: 'Joker' Launches Joaquin Phoenix into the Awards Race". Collider.com. Retrieved October 12, 2019.
^ Don Birnam, J. (September 10, 2019). "TIFF FILM REVIEW: JOAQUIN PHOENIX BRILLIANT IN GRITTY "JOKER"". Splash Report. Retrieved October 12, 2019.
^ Lewis, John (October 11, 2019). "Alice Zawadzki: Within You Is a World of Spring review – vivid blend of Schubert, Spain and Stevie Wonder". The Guardian. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
^ Austin, Nicola (October 4, 2019). "Joker Review". Music Wave. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
^ Cottle, Harry (October 11, 2019). "Review: Joker". Music Wave. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
^ Morton, James (October 11, 2019). "FILM REVIEW: JOKER". Impact. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
^ O'Brien, Rebecca (October 6, 2019). "Soundtrack Review: Joker (2019)". Film Music Central. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
^ Jordan, Jerilyn (October 4, 2019). "'Joker' is a forced laugh in the dark". Metro Times. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
^ Larson, Josh (October 9, 2019). "Joker". Larson On Film. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
^ Lee, Michael (October 4, 2019). "Review: Joker". Film Ireland. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
^ Vance, Kelly (October 1, 2019). "Phoenix Rising". The East Bay Express. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
^ Vance, Kelly (October 4, 2019). "'Joker's a wild, dark ride". The East Bay Express. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
^ Hereford, André (October 3, 2019). "Film Review: 'Joker' offers a terrifying version of Batman's nemesis". Metro Weekly. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
^ Koplinski, Chuck (October 3, 2019). "Thoughtful, flawed Joker a cry for mental health reform". Illinois Times. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
^ Tarling, Rhys (October 8, 2019). "FILM REVIEW: IN "JOKER", THE CLOWN IS FEELIN' DOWN". Isolated Nation. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
^ Pettis, Caillou (October 8, 2019). "Joker: Caillou's Take". Battle Royale With Cheese. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
^ French, Alan (October 7, 2019). "Review: Phoenix Allows 'Joker' To Burn Bright Despite a Lack of Innovation". We Bought a Blog. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
^ Barnes, Brooks (January 13, 2020). "Oscar Nominations 2020: 'Joker' and 'Irishman' Lead the Nominees". The New York Times. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
^ Ritman, Alex (January 6, 2020). "BAFTA Nominations: 'Joker' Leads the Pack". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
^ Hammond, Pete (December 8, 2019). "'The Irishman','Once Upon A Time In Hollywood' Lead Critics Choice Nominations; Netflix Dominates With 61 Nods In Movies And TV". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
^ Ramos, Dino-Ray (January 12, 2020). "Critics' Choice Awards: 'Once Upon A Time In Hollywood' Wins Best Picture, Netflix And HBO Among Top Honorees – Full Winners List". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
^ Neglia, Matt (December 19, 2019). "The 2019 Florida Film Critics Circle (FFCC) Nominations". Next Best Picture. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
^ Jorgenson, Todd (January 3, 2020). "The 2019 Georgia Film Critics Association (GFCA) Nominations". Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
^ Georgia Film Critics Association Editors (January 10, 2020). "2019 Awards". Georgia Film Critics Association. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
^ Variety Editors (December 9, 2019). "2020 Golden Globe Nominations: The Complete List". Variety. Retrieved December 8, 2019.
^ Stolworthy, Jacob (January 6, 2020). "Golden Globes 2020 winners: The full list". The Independent. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
^ Sandoval, Michael (November 25, 2019). "Hollywood Critics Association Award Nominations Released". Muse TV. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
^ Variety Editors (January 9, 2020). "'1917' Wins Best Picture at 3rd Annual Hollywood Critics Association Awards". Variety. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
^ "2019 HMMA Winners". Hollywood Music in Media Awards. November 20, 2019. Archived from the original on November 18, 2018. Retrieved November 20, 2019.
^ Houston Film Critics Society Editors (January 2, 2020). "The 2019 Houston Film Critics Society (HFCS) Winners". Next Best Picture. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
^ Neglia, Matt (December 23, 2019). "The 2019 Online Film Critics Society (OFCS) Nominations". Next Best Picture. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
^ Patterson, Adam (January 6, 2020). "The Online Film Critics Society (OFCS) Announces 2019 Award Winners". Film Pulse. Retrieved January 8, 2020.
^ San Diego Film Critics Society Editors (December 9, 2019). "2019 San Diego Film Critics Society's Awards". San Diego Film Critics Society. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
^ San Francisco Bay Area Film Critics Circle Editors (December 13, 2019). "SFBAFCC 2019 AWARDS". San Francisco Bay Area Film Critics Circle. Retrieved December 14, 2019.
^ "INTERNATIONAL PRESS ACADEMY THE 24TH ANNUAL SATELLITE AWARDS" (PDF). Satellite Awards. December 2, 2019. Retrieved December 3, 2019.
^ Neglia, Matt (December 19, 2019). "The 2019 Satellite Award Winners". Next Best Picture. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
^ Neglia, Matt (December 16, 2019). "The 2019 Seattle Film Critics Society (SFCS) Winners". Next Best Picture. Retrieved December 16, 2019.
^ Anderson, Ariston (September 7, 2019). "Venice: Todd Phillips' 'Joker' Wins Golden Lion, Roman Polanski Wins Silver Lion". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
^ Venice Biennale Editors (September 6, 2019). "COLLATERAL AWARDS OF THE 76TH VENICE FILM FESTIVAL". Venice Biennale. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
^ Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Editors (December 7, 2019). "The 2019 WAFCA Awards". Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association. Retrieved December 8, 2019.
^ Neglia, Matt (December 8, 2019). "The 2019 Washington DC Area Film Critics Association (WAFCA) Winners". Next Best Picture. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
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Spoiler (car)
Device for reducing aerodynamic drag
Find sources: "Spoiler" car – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
For the part of an automobile’s body that sits over a wheel, see Fender (vehicle).
The Plymouth Superbird is famous for its high factory rear wing
1987 Audi Sport Quattro S1 with special racing wings and the Pikes Peak International Hill Climb livery, in the Goodwood Festival of Speed
A spoiler is an automotive aerodynamic device whose intended design function is to 'spoil' unfavorable air movement across a body of a vehicle in motion, usually described as turbulence or drag. Spoilers on the front of a vehicle are often called air dams. Spoilers are often fitted to race and high-performance sports cars, although they have become common on passenger vehicles as well. Some spoilers are added to cars primarily for styling purposes and have either little aerodynamic benefit or even make the aerodynamics worse.
The term "spoiler" is often mistakenly used interchangeably with "wing". An automotive wing is a device whose intended design is to generate downforce as air passes around it, not simply disrupt existing airflow patterns.[1][2] As such, rather than decreasing drag, automotive wings actually increase drag.
1 Operation
2 In racing cars
3.1 Material types
3.2 Other common spoiler types
4 Active spoilers
5 Other vehicles
6 Whale tail
6.2 Other vehicles
Operation[edit]
Retractable spoiler on a Chrysler Crossfire
Since spoiler is a term describing an application, the operation of a spoiler varies depending on the particular effect it is trying to spoil. Most common spoiler functions include disrupting some type of airflow passing over and around a moving vehicle. A common spoiler diffuses air by increasing amounts of turbulence flowing over the shape, "spoiling" the laminar flow and providing a cushion for the laminar boundary layer.[citation needed] However, other types of airflow may require the spoiler to operate differently and take on vastly different physical characteristics.
In racing cars[edit]
While a mass is travelling at increasing speeds, the air of the environment affects its movement. Spoilers in racing are used in combination with other features on the body or chassis of race cars to change the handling characteristics that are affected by the air of the environment.
Often, these devices are designed to be highly adjustable to suit the needs of racing on a given track or to suit the talents of a particular driver, with the overall goal of reaching faster times.
Passenger vehicles[edit]
Toyota MR2 with a factory-installed rear spoiler
The goal of many spoilers used in passenger vehicles is to reduce drag and increase fuel efficiency.[3] Passenger vehicles can be equipped with front and rear spoilers. Front spoilers, found beneath the bumper, are mainly used to decrease the amount of air going underneath the vehicle to reduce the drag coefficient and lift.
Sports cars are most commonly seen with front and rear spoilers. Even though these vehicles typically have a more rigid chassis and a stiffer suspension to aid in high-speed manoeuvrability, a spoiler can still be beneficial. This is because many vehicles have a fairly steep downward angle going from the rear edge of the roof down to the trunk or tail of the car which may cause air flow separation. The flow of air becomes turbulent and a low-pressure zone is created, increasing drag and instability (see Bernoulli effect). Adding a rear spoiler could be considered to make the air "see" a longer, gentler slope from the roof to the spoiler, which helps to delay flow separation and the higher pressure in front of the spoiler can help reduce the lift on the car by creating downforce[citation needed]. This may reduce drag in certain instances and will generally increase high-speed stability due to the reduced rear lift.
Due to their association with racing, spoilers are often viewed as "sporty" by consumers. However, "the spoilers that feature on more upmarket models rarely provide further aerodynamic benefit."[4]
Material types[edit]
BMW E92 M3 Coupé with rear spoiler (black) made of Carbon fiber
Spoilers are usually made of lightweight polymer-based materials, including:
ABS plastic: Most original equipment manufacturers produce spoilers by casting ABS plastic with various admixtures, typically granular fillers, which introduce stiffness to this inexpensive material. Frailness is a main disadvantage of plastic, which increases with product age and is caused by the evaporation of volatile phenols[further explanation needed].
Fiberglass: Used in car parts production due to the low cost of the materials. Fiberglass spoilers consist of fiberglass cloth infiltrated with a thermosetting resin, such as epoxy. Fiberglass is sufficiently durable and workable, but has become unprofitable for large-scale production because of the labor involved.
Silicone: More recently, many auto accessory manufacturers are using silicon-organic polymers. The main benefit of this material is its phenomenal plasticity. Silicone possesses extra high thermal characteristics and provides a longer product lifetime.
Carbon fiber: Carbon fiber is lightweight and durable but also expensive. Due to the large amount of manual labor, large-scale production cannot widely use carbon fiber in automobile parts currently.
Other common spoiler types[edit]
Front spoilers: A front spoiler (air dam) is positioned under or integrated with the front bumper. In racing, this spoiler is used to control the dynamics of handling related to the air in front of the vehicle. This can be to improve the drag coefficient of the body of the vehicle at speed, or to generate downforce. In passenger vehicles, the focus shifts more to directing the airflow into the engine bay for cooling purposes.
Pickup truck bed spoiler: This attaches only to the top of the truck bed rails near the rear. Used with a bed cover, this spoiler is intended to reduce the air profile of the steep drop-off from the tailgate.
Pickup truck cab spoiler: This is purposed the same as above, except focusing on the drop-off from the cab of the truck to the cargo bed.
Active spoilers[edit]
An active spoiler is one that dynamically adjusts while the vehicle is in operation based on conditions presented, changing the spoiling effect, intensity or other performance attribute. Found most often on sports cars and other passenger cars, the most common form is a rear spoiler that retracts and hides partially or entirely into the rear of the vehicle, then extends upwards when the vehicle exceeds a specific speed. Active front spoilers have been implemented on certain models as well, in which the front spoiler or air dam extends further towards the road below to reduce drag at high speed. In most cases the deployment of the spoiler is achieved with an electric motor controlled automatically by the onboard computer or other electronics, usually based on vehicle speed, driver setting or other inputs. Often the driver can manually deploy the spoiler if desired, but may not be able to retract the spoiler above a certain speed because doing so could dangerously diminish the high-speed handling qualities of the vehicle.
Active spoilers can offer additional benefits over fixed spoilers. Cosmetically, they can allow a cleaner or less cluttered appearance when the vehicle is parked or traveling at low speeds, when it is most likely to be observed. A spoiler that hides may be appealing to vehicle designers who are seeking to improve the high-speed aerodynamics of an iconic or recognizable model (for example the Porsche 911 or Audi TT), without drastically changing its appearance. Hiding a spoiler at low speeds can improve aerodynamics as well. At low speeds, a fixed spoiler may actually increase drag, but does little to improve the handling of the vehicle due to having little airflow over it. A retractable front spoiler can reduce scraping of the car on curbs or other road imperfections, while still improving drag at high speeds.
Powered fans, such as in the Chaparral 2J, do the equivalent of spoilers and increase the downforce and hence traction and handling of the vehicle. Research continues on the use of fans to alter the aerodynamics of vehicles.[5]
Other vehicles[edit]
Heavy trucks, like long haul tractors, may also have a spoiler on the top of the cab in order to lessen drag caused from air resistance from the trailer it is towing, which may be taller than the cab and reduce the aerodynamics of the vehicle dramatically without the use of this spoiler. The trailers they pull can also be fitted with under-side spoilers that angle outward to deflect passing air away from the rear axle's wheels.
Trains may use spoilers to induce drag (like an air brake). A prototype Japanese high-speed train, the Fastech 360, is designed to reach speeds of 400 kilometres per hour (250 mph). Its nose is specifically designed to spoil a wind effect associated with passing through tunnels, and it can deploy 'ears' which act to slow the train in case of emergency by increasing its drag.
Some modern race cars employ a passive situational spoiler called a roof flap. The body of the car is designed to generate downforce while driving forward. These roof flaps deploy when the body of the car is rotated so it is traveling in reverse, a condition where the body instead generates lift. The roof flaps deploy because they are recessed into a pocket in the roof. The low pressure above this pocket will cause the flaps to deploy, and counteract some of the lift generated by the car, making it more resistant to coming out of contact with the ground. These devices were introduced in 1994 in NASCAR following Rusty Wallace's crash at Talladega.[6]
Whale tail[edit]
Original whale tail as introduced on the 1975 3.0 litre Porsche 930 turbo
When the Porsche 911 Turbo debuted in August 1974, with large, flared, rear spoilers, they were immediately dubbed whale tails.[7][8][9] Designed to reduce rear-end lift and so keep the car from oversteering at high speeds,[10] the rubber edges of the whale tail spoilers were thought to be "pedestrian friendly".[11] The Turbo with its whale tail was popular.[12] It also became one of the world's most recognizable sports cars,[13] remaining in production for the next two decades in one form or another, with more than 23,000 sold by 1989, although from 1978, the rear spoiler was redesigned and dubbed 'teatray' on account of its raised sides.[14] The Porsche 911 whale tails were used in conjunction with a chin spoiler attached to the front valence panel, which, according to some sources, did not enhance aerodynamic stability.[15] It has been found to be less effective in multiplying downforce than newer technologies like an airfoil,[16] "rear wing running across the base of the tailgate window",[17] or "an electronically controlled wing that deploys at about 50 mph"[18] (80 km/h).
Duck tail on a 1973 Porsche 911 Carrera RS
The whale tail came on the heels of the 1973 "duck tail" or Bürzel in German (as a part of the E-program), a smaller and less flared rear-spoiler fitted to 911 Carrera RS (meaning Rennsport or race sport in German), optional outside Germany.[7][9] The whaletail was originally designed for Porsche 930 and Porsche 935 race cars in 1973, and introduced to the Turbo in 1974 (as a part of the H-program); it was also an option on non-turbo Carreras from 1975.[19][20] Both types of spoilers were designed while Dr. Ernst Fuhrmann was serving as the Technical Director of Porsche AG.[21] In 1976, a rubber front chin spoiler was also introduced to offset the more effective spoiler.[8] By 1978, Porsche introduced another design for the rear spoiler, the "teatray", a boxier enclosure which accommodated the intercooler, and was also an option for the 911SC.[7][22]
These whale tail car spoilers of the Porsche 911 caught on as a fashion statement,[23] and the term has been used to refer to large rear spoilers on a number of automobiles, including Ford Sierra RS,[24] Focus,[25] Chevrolet Camaro,[26] and Saab 900.[27] Whale tail spoilers also appear at the rear of tricycles,[28] trucks,[29] boats,[30] and other vehicles.
This Ford Sierra RS Cosworth has a factory-installed rear spoiler
Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution spoiler
Mercedes-Benz CLK GTR
Retractable Spoiler on a Bugatti Veyron
NASCAR Dodge Charger
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Automobile spoilers.
Aerofoil
Car tailfin
Gurney flap
^ Katz, Joseph. Race Car Aerodynamics. Bentley Robert. p. 99. ISBN 0837601428.
^ Katz, Joseph. Race Car Aerodynamics. Bentley Robert. pp. 208–209. ISBN 0837601428.
^ "Why a Spoiler for Your Car?: Fuel Economy, Styling, Value Enhancement". Cardata.com. Archived from the original on 2011-10-30. Retrieved 2011-09-28.
^ Happian-Smith, Julian (2000). Introduction to Modern Vehicle Design. Elsevier. p. 116. ISBN 9780080523040. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
^ Perkins, Chris (10 December 2019). "Gordon Murray's McLaren F1 Successor Uses a Fan for Downforce and Drag Reduction". Road & Track. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
^ "Jayski's Silly Season Site - Past News Page". Jayski.com. 2005. Retrieved 2013-08-03.
^ a b c Dempsey, Wayne R. (2001). 101 Projects for Your Porsche 911. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing. p. 198. ISBN 0-7603-0853-5.
^ a b Anderson, Bruce (1997). Porsche 911 Performance Handbook. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing. p. 16. ISBN 0-7603-0033-X.
^ a b Morgan, Peter; Colley, John; Hughes, Mark (1998). Original Porsche 911: The Guide to All Production Models, 1963-98. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing. pp. 144–160. ISBN 1-901432-16-5.
^ Lewis, Albert L.; Musciano, Walter A. (1977). Automobiles of the World. Simon and Schuster. p. 660. ISBN 0-671-22485-9.
^ Paternie, Patrick (2005). Porsche 911 Red Book 1965-2005: 1965-2005. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing. p. 45. ISBN 0-7603-1960-X.
^ Faragher, Scott (2005). Porsche the Ultimate Guide. Krause Publications. p. 50. ISBN 0-87349-720-1.
^ Paternie, Patrick (2005). Porsche 911 Red Book 1965-2005: 1965-2005. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing. p. reface. ISBN 0-7603-1960-X.
^ Anderson, Bruce (1997). Porsche 911 Performance Handbook. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing. p. 16. ISBN 0-7603-0033-X.
^ Dempsey, Wayne R. (2001). 101 Projects for Your Porsche 911: 1964-1989. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing. p. 200. ISBN 0-7603-0853-5.
^ Post, Robert C. (2001). High Performance: The Culture and Technology of Drag Racing, 1950-2000. JHU Press. p. 229. ISBN 0-8018-6664-2.
^ Sturmey, Henry; Staner, H. Walter (1986). The Autocar. Iliffe, Sons & Sturmey. p. 6.
^ (2006). BusinessWeek European Edition: 86. EBSCO Publishing
^ Batchelor, Dean; Leffingwell, Randy (1997). Illustrated Porsche Buyer's Guide. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing. p. 84. ISBN 0-7603-0227-8.
^ Leffingwell, Randy (2002). Porsche Legends. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing. p. 144. ISBN 0-7603-1364-4.
^ O'Rourke, P.J. (2000). Holidays in Hell. Grove Press. p. 207. ISBN 0-8021-3701-6.
^ Robson, Graham (2001). The Illustrated Directory of Classic Cars. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing. p. 228. ISBN 0-7603-1049-1.
^ "Car Style First Products used on this Ford Focus". This month's featured car. Car Styling. Retrieved 2008-07-26. [dead link]
^ "Rear spoilers". Showcars Bodyparts. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
^ "Classic Saab Whale Tail restoration" (PDF). Saab Commemorative Edition Website. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
^ "Hannigan Trikes". EasyCart.net. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
^ "Universal Whale Tail Truck Spoilers". URL.biz. Archived from the original on 2008-09-07. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
^ Perry, Bob. "Classic Swan". Boats.com. Dominion Enterprises. Archived from the original on 2008-10-03. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
Part of a series of articles on cars
Backbone chassis
Beltline
Body-on-frame
Cabrio coach
Crumple zone
Dagmar bumpers
Monocoque
Shaker scoop
Stressed member engine
Trunk/boot/dickie
Hood/bonnet
Gull-wing
Opera window
Windshield/windscreen
Windshield/windscreen wiper
Curb feeler
Front-end bra
Japan black
Omniview technology
Run-flat tire
Tire/tyre
Truck accessory
Window deflector
Approach and departure angles
Breakover angle
Roll center
Daytime running lamp
high-intensity discharge lamp
Hidden headlamps
trafficators
Rear position lamps
Stop lamps
Reversing lamps
retroreflector
Registration plate
vanity plate
Windshield/windscreen washer fluid
power side-view mirror
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Automotive styling features
Motorsport terminology
German inventions
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017
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Conference President Chen Muhua opened the Plenary Friday morning, 15 September. Sara Ramamonjisoa, on behalf of the Youth NGOs, presented a statement of Youth Vision, calling on the UN to continue its support for youth participation in its global conferences, and to take measures to ensure access to leadership roles for young women in all spheres.
James Wolfensohn, President of the World Bank, acknowledged the negative perceptions of World Bank activities, citing structural adjustment programmes, and their negative impact on women. He came to the FWCW to demonstrate the World Bank's commitment to the issues of the Conference and called for partnership and trust. The World Bank will spend US$2 billion over five years on education, with US$900 million dollars a year for education of young girls.
Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori spoke of the double burden of poverty on women in Peru and all developing countries. Peru is one of the few countries that has enacted laws against all forms of violence against women. He criticized the Catholic hierarchy in Peru for opposing the country's comprehensive family planning policy, which is addressing a serious lack of information and services.
Norwegian Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland said women would no longer accept second class citizenship. Views from the FWCW would irrevocably shape the world. In Norway, where Brundtland has been prime minister for fifteen years, four-year-olds sometimes ask their mothers: "But can a man be prime minister?" She said there are limits to the practices that countries can expect the international community to accept or condone even when such practices do have deep cultural roots. Violence against women can be said to be part of a cultural pattern in most countries, including Norway, but States must not become accomplices.
Secretary-General Gertrude Mongella, in a call for peace, said it is important to combine the struggle for equality with the struggle for peace. She invited delegates to observe a few minutes of peace and, holding flashlights that had been distributed, participants stood in silence with her.
Conference President Chen Muhua then invited delegates to consider Agenda Item 10, Adoption of the Beijing Declaration and the Platform for Action (A/CONF.177/L.5). Patricia Licuanan (Philippines) presented the report of the Main Committee, and noted that the texts capture the gains achieved since Nairobi and the critical concerns that should be addressed. The Philippines, on behalf of the G-77/China, presented draft resolution A/CONF.177/L.9, calling for adoption and recommending that the General Assembly endorse the documents. Delegates adopted the resolution, after which the floor was opened for reservations.
Over 60 delegates took the floor to comment on the Declaration and Platform for Action. The following States noted reservations to text that was not in conformity with Islamic law, including paragraphs 232(f) (reproductive rights), 107(k) (review punitive laws for illegal abortions), 96 (reproductive health), 97 (right to control sexuality) and 274(d) (inheritance): Kuwait, Egypt, Libya, Mauritania, Oman, Brunei, Yemen, Sudan, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Lebanon, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Djibouti, Qatar, Syria, Comoros and Jordan. Many of these States interpreted references to reproductive rights in the context of marriage. Iran expressed concern about all but the references to inheritance, which do not contradict its economic system.
The following States noted they did not condone abortion, and expressed reservations to paragraphs such as 97 (right to control sexuality) and 107(k) (review punitive laws for illegal abortions): the Philippines, Malaysia, Ecuador, Malta, Peru, Argentina, Venezuela, Mali, Nicaragua, Togo, Honduras and Niger. Malta also noted that it reserved on references to the use of international human rights instruments. The Holy See indicated that it would submit formal reservations in writing, but expressed regret about the document's exaggerated individualism. Several States, including Malaysia, Peru, Argentina and Nicaragua, noted that they would interpret "family" in a traditional sense of union between man and woman. Indonesia noted that certain paragraphs were not consistent with the national interests of the individual. France stated that paragraph 247 (sustainable development, with a reference to testing nuclear weaponry) did not correspond to its record of the results of the Main Committee.
Several States, including the Dominican Republic, Iraq, Vanuatu and Nigeria, promised to implement the document in conformity with their constitutional and cultural principles. Benin noted that certain paragraphs were not in accordance with its legislation and religious practices, including paragraphs 97 (right to control sexuality), 232(f) (reproductive rights), and 107(k) (review punitive laws for illegal abortions).
Liberia noted that it could implement 90-95% of the Platform for Action. Pakistan objected to the lack of a clear definition of the term "sexuality," and entered a reservation on the term and on paragraphs 232(f) and 97. The Maldives noted that certain terms were not in conformity with the Maldives traditional values, specifically in paragraphs 97 and 107(k).
A number of countries, including India, Bolivia, Colombia, Cambodia, South Africa, Tanzania, Panama, El Salvador, Madagascar and Cameroon, stated that they had no reservations on the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action.
The Rapporteur-General, Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah (Namibia), then introduced the draft Report of the Conference (A/CONF.177/L.7 and Addendum 1, parts 1 and 2), which was adopted. France exercised a right of reply, and informed delegates that his delegation had given a response to the Secretariat regarding nuclear testing. The Philippines, on behalf of the G-77, introduced A/CONF.177/L.8, expressing gratitude to the PRC, which was adopted.
The floor was then opened for statements. The Philippines, on behalf of the G-77, expressed gratitude for all who had made the meeting a success. Spain, on behalf of the EU, noted a number of significant areas in the agreements, including human rights, health and sexuality, and unremunerated work. Senegal, on behalf of the African Group, noted that the African States recognize that they are the first and foremost entities responsible for implementing the Platform for Action. They are convinced that their partners in development will stand by them.
Papua New Guinea, on behalf of the Asian Group, recalled Mongella's comment earlier in the Conference that she felt like an expectant mother, and noted that, once the baby is born, the pain of labor is forgotten but the responsibility to nurture and care for the child begins. The Ukraine, on behalf of the Eastern European countries, noted the lack of Russian interpretation and documents, and stressed the need to participate on an equal basis, but noted their pleasure with the work that had been achieved in Beijing. Barbados, on behalf of the Latin American and Caribbean States, noted that, although the group was diverse, a spirit of goodwill and compromised prevailed and they will leave Beijing with resolve and determination to implement the Platform for Action. Malta, on behalf of the Western European and Others Group, noted satisfaction with the success achieved through dialogue with governments and NGOs.
Secretary-General Mongella noted the work of delegates, the Secretariat, the Chinese hosts, and the drive and dedication of NGOs. She stated that there is no going back, and that the journey of a thousand miles begins with one step.
Special Representative of UN Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Ismat Kittani, noted that China has hosted one of the largest global conferences ever, and thanked them for being hosts to the world. He stressed that the commitments made in Beijing are not just the result of the FWCW negotiations, but are shaped by the growing influence of the women's movement. He stated that the women's movement has a staunch ally in the UN and asked that the Platform for Action receive wide dissemination.
The US stressed its commitment to women's empowerment, and noted that Nairobi should be thought of as a compass and Beijing as a detailed map for achieving equality, development and peace. Canada stated that here in Beijing the world's women moved the agenda for global equality forward.
In her closing statement, Conference President Chen Muhua said that the success of the conference demonstrates that governments have a shared political will and determination. She called for effective follow-up measures to turn the commitments into reality.
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Williams » Events and Announcements » Fall Convocation
Fall Convocation
Sat, September 7th, 2019
Fall Convocation marks the beginning of the academic year. This ceremony celebrates the Senior Class and its many accomplishments, and introduces 4-7 exceptionally interesting Williams graduates who will receive Bicentennial Medals. The Bicentennial Medals recognize alumni for “significant achievement in any field of endeavor.”
The Academic Processional steps off at 10:40 a.m.
Join us for an all-campus picnic on Chapin lawn following the ceremony!
BICENTENNIAL MEDALISTS FALL 2019
Dr. Kiat W. Tan ’65
A globally recognized horticulturalist credited with transforming Singapore’s landscape, restoring the city’s Botanic Gardens and creating the horticultural attraction: Gardens by the Bay. Tan has been honored with a number of awards, including the Royal Horticultural Society’s Veitch Memorial Gold Medal for advancing the science and practice of horticulture.
Dr. Martin A. Samuels ’67
Regarded as a master clinician, educator and diagnostician, Samuels is an internationally known neurologist, the founding chair emeritus of the department of neurology at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and distinguished professor of neurology at Harvard Medical School, where he won the first Faculty Prize for Excellence in Teaching.
Danielle Deane-Ryan ’97
As director of the Inclusive Clean Economy program at the Nathan Cummings Foundation, Deane- Ryan is working on one of the most challenging problems of our time—developing solutions to the climate crisis that also address inequality— thereby advancing the foundation’s mission to “create a more just, vibrant, sustainable and democratic society.”
Carina Vance Mafla ’99
As the Ecuadorian health minister, Vance led health system reform, facilitating the opening of 52 health centers and 10 hospitals. As executive director for the South American Institute of Government in Health, she strove to elevate the role of governments in South America to improve universal access to healthcare for its citizens.
https://convocation.williams.edu/
Carrie Greene
Cgreene@williams.edu
Chapin Hall
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Bucherer - Patravi Stainless Steel Calendar
Our Price: $6,300 (40% off)
Brand: Carl F. Bucherer
Condition: Never worn
Description: Stainless steel case with a stainless steel band. Fixed bezel. Black dial. Automatic movement. Sapphire crystal with anti-reflective coating. Round case shape. Water resistant at 50 meters / 165 feet. (B16)
Dimensions: Case: 42.6 mm
Box: Your watch will be delivered in the original Bucherer box with leather travel case.
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The Story: Carl F. Bucherer is a Swiss watch company based in Lucerne, Switzerland, which manufactures luxury men's and women's watches. Since its founding in 1888, the company has been wholly owned by the Bucherer family, making Carl F. Bucherer one of the oldest luxury Swiss watchmakers continuously held by the founding family. The company is run by the original family's third generation, with Jörg G. Bucherer serving as chairman of the board.
The watch models of Carl F. Bucherer can be distinguished by certain functions including the chronograph, flyback, tachymeter, tourbillon as well as indicators and displays such as big date and day, power reserve, 24 hours, moon phases, three time zones, calendar, and perpetual calendar.
In 1888, Carl Friedrich Bucherer established his first boutique selling watches and jewelry in Lucerne, Switzerland. In 1919, Carl Friedrich Bucherer launched his first ladies’ watch collection in the art deco style. He is one of the first watchmakers to adopt the watch strap, which at the time was still a revolutionary concept. By 1948, the company was focusing on sporty chronographs that prominently displayed the current date.
By 1968, Carl F. Bucherer had manufactured around 15,000 high-precision, certified chronometers, making the company one of the top three Swiss producers of these specialized timepieces.
In 1976, Jörg G. Bucherer, the third generation of the family, took over the company. In 2001, the Carl F. Bucherer brand was repositioned and the company launched the Patravi watch collection. In 2005, the company filed a patent for the monopusher mechanism of the Patravi TravelTec watch, which permits the parallel display of three time zones.
Every Watch Has a StoryTM is in no way affiliated with Carl F. Bucherer and does not claim to be. We simply love their products and make them available to our customers who enjoy surrounding themselves with the best of the best.
© 2020, Every Watch Has a Story Powered by Shopify
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Custom «The American Family» Essay Paper
Custom «The American Family» Essay Paper essay
According to (Herbert, 2004), the American family has changed profoundly in the past 20 years. For all these changes it has experienced in fertility and mortality since independence till today, surprisingly the bigger change in family structure occurred in the last quarter of 20th century. Till this point, the age of marriage has changed from time to time, however, only a minority of ladies never got married and birth's occurring out of wedlock were less than 10 percent of all births.
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According to my personal experience, the fundamental social institution changed since 1980s. If I was to define the most original demographic features by 180 in America, then it will be the changes that were happening in both families and household for all section of the national population. The original American family has undergone many changes for all races, ages, and even the ethnic groups. My experience shows that, every American family concept is experiencing some sort of change. For instance, long ago, more adults were married, but currently only a handful get married, there were also many children in a house hold, but I was suppressed to hear a couple saying that, it does not need a child, and if any, only one child is enough. Other areas include the number of non-family households, the roles of women in economy and the significance of marriage in accounting for total births, (Herbert, 2004).
The proportion of individuals who have attained 15 years and never married reached a historic level by the year 2000, when a quarter of men and a third of women were not married, (Biblarz & Judith , 2010). Though there has been a decline in married in both the whites and the blacks, there are also rising trends in adults that are unmarried. This increase in ratio of unmarried individuals is also shown in changes in relation between households and families in history. Furthermore, the non-family household used to exist just as a small proportion of the household in total, normally made of elderly men with no families left. On the other hand, in the current times, instead of being made up by elderly individuals, it is made up of young adults, most amongst them not married. Although the percentage of a couple household, or two parent house holds with kids is on decline, there has been an increase in a single parent-plus children households. Going by the 2000 population census however, their account was 53% of them, a decline that seems to have taken place in the past few years.
Currently, non-family house holds, accounts for around 31% of the household, while the rest is accounted for by the families headed by single parents that makes up to 27% of all the families that have kids. The families of blacks are the once highly affected by the decline in dual-parent household. By the end of 20th century, married couple having children accounted for only around 4 out of 10 black family households having kids. Nevertheless, there has been no group that has remained immune to the increasing trend of single-parenthood.
Elderly individuals are also living alone. The decline in morbidity and mortality, improved social security and other benefits accrued from retirements, aimed at ensuring that aged individual are I positions of financing themselves, healthier in general, and lived more years as compared to the earlier periods. A change in values of culture that occurred in the second half of the 20th century, lead to an increase to the privacy value amongst aged individuals. For instance in 1910, most widows above 66 years lived with their children, while only around 10% were living alone.
However, by 1990, the figure rose to 75% of aged widow living alone. The same period experienced a rise in empty nests households, with aged couples having no resident children regardless of the age. The arrangements of extended families were disappearing slowly in the population majority. Under the same time, more couples were surviving to the older age as compared to the past, as an effect, by 2000, more than half of the adult of 65 years of age and above were living in different households, lived with their spouses. With the help of better health and better income, most of the aged people still have the capability and the aspiration of buying their privacy as never in history, (Amato, 2005).
The point of single-parenthood and childless couples, have resulted to the family household decline and women giving birth to fewer kids a part from spacing them far apart, as well as ending their fertility very early. All these in general, have given rise to lower levels of fertility. During colonial periods, average women had more than 7 kids, but this has changed to two children. Among all women, it is only Hispanic women that still have at least higher fertility rate of around 2.5 children as compared to others who have 1.8 to 2.1, (Herbert, 2004). Though the fertility rates in U.S have reduced, to the lowest degree in the history of America, the higher percentage of these having children now is help by single-women.
The high rates of births out of wedlock mean that women in marriage are no longer the only arbiters of fertility. However, in the mid century, such like extramarital births were just insignificant, as they only accounted for 3% of the total births, this rose to a third of all births by 2000, and the same rate is rising. Though all groups are experiencing this change, non-Hispanic whites are experiencing a slower rise as compared to all other groups. Though this has been thought as temporal aberrations in history; the rising legitimacy proportions in Europe shows that Northern America is following the advanced trends of Western Europe.
There has also been a change in the role of women in the economic development, even including dual-parent household having kids. Traditional families had male as single breadwinners in the family. It was a norm for them to work alone to sustain their families, this norm has drastically changed. By the end of the 20th century, only one in five household couples had male being single breadwinners. Amongst married couple having children less than six years of age, only 36 of them had mothers staying. In families that women had given birth to a child in the previous years, many of these mothers at the end year were not working at home. The true is that, not only having more women in places of work, the ratio has been increasingly constantly in the recent times.
In mid 1970s, teenagers were the once having higher rates of child birth out of wedlock, and such like birth rates were increasing as per that time. However, by the end of 20th century, the rate of aged women illegitimacy was high and rising. The reverse was now taking place on the rates of teenager ladies, as their rate was reducing in both relative and absolute numbers. The increase in births out of wedlock, were attributed to poverty per se can be looked upon in the fact that, "the fact that the United States was not unique in this new pattern of births" (Herbert, 2004), as well as the reduction in the significance of traditional marriages. Other developed countries like Sweden also have experienced similar trends.
While, the difference is, in 1950s, it Sweden had fertility rates similar to that of U.S, but towards the end of the century, its illegitimacy births was more than half of total births. Even countries like Spain and Portugal that deeply follows Catholic believes, has scored above 16% and 22% rates of illegitimacy respectively. So believing that, this was just a temporal North American development does not hold in any way. Factors affecting such like trends in the developed countries seem to be all similar. For instance, late marriages, women participating in the workforce hence higher revenues, as well as changing belies on the role of marriage, (Biblarz & Judith, 2010).
All these changes have impacted on the U.S. fertility rates. Not only formal marriages are exclusive arbiter of fertility, but more ladies have been reducing the number of kids to bear. This is not based on the fact that, ladies are foregoing kids, as a matter of fact, the number of ladies going without kids has remained constant and is much less. The decline in fertility is attributed to the fact that women are taking an option of having fewer children. They are also marrying very late, hence reducing their marital fertility; as an effect, they are starting bearing of children at a very late stage, as well as spacing their children wide apart. On top of all these, they are terminating their fertility earlier than before. Apart from rising the average age of mothers bearing children from 1960-1999 by 2.7, it significantly rose for every child being given birth as well, (Herbert, 2004).
As a matter of fact, American family state, just as other family states in most industrialized countries, is much different from what it used to be in the past days. It is characteristically a family with few kids; both parents do work, as well as mothers producing children at a very old age. On top of all these, more aged individual are living alone, or with companions that are unmarried, and giving birth outside marriage. All these trends collectively have changed the American family state other than declining the family state.
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Independent opinions on video games and films
Adventures in the Magic Kingdom
October 25, 2017 November 12, 2017 / Red Metal
The late eighties marked Disney’s resurgence after nearly two decades of underperforming films. During their return to relevance, an up-and-coming gaming console known in North America and Europe as the Nintendo Entertainment System emerged. It revitalized the North American gaming industry after its severe crash in 1983. As many of the games on this platform became bestsellers, companies owning famous, successful franchises would license their properties to developers so they could capitalize on this rapidly growing trend. Unfortunately, many of these titles wound up being transparent cash grabs, as these largely unknown companies would put only the bare minimum amount of effort into creating them. Products that could hardly be considered finished lined the store shelves alongside earnest efforts, waiting to swindle enthusiasts out of their hard-earned money.
Disney themselves would follow suit, allowing a company to turn their IPs into video games. However, in an unexpected move, the developer to whom they gave permission was Capcom. By this point in history, the company had made a name for themselves with classic arcade games such as Ghosts ‘n Goblins and Gun.Smoke. Their success continued in the home market once they released the first installment in what would become their most well-known franchise: Mega Man. Capcom gathered their most talented programmers, creating adaptations of DuckTales, Chip ‘n’ Dale Rescue Rangers, and Tale Spin among others. Many of these efforts continue to be highly regarded to this day as some of the finest examples of licensed games in the medium’s history. Another one of the games released during this time was Adventures in the Magic Kingdom. This stands out slightly among Capcom’s other Disney-based games in that it’s an adaptation of a real-life location rather than a show or movie. It also generally isn’t remembered as much as their other Disney games. Does it nonetheless have a place in the NES library as an underrated classic?
Analyzing the Experience
Mickey Mouse is ready to start the big parade in the Magic Kingdom. Unfortunately, Goofy left the Golden Key in the castle. Donald suggests going there straight away, but Goofy points out that one needs six Silver Keys to open the gate, and he admits to having misplaced them. It is now up to you to find the Silver Keys scattered throughout the park so the parade may start.
The cover art of Adventures in the Magic Kingdom along with its very name are somewhat misleading, as the park depicted in the game more closely resembles Disneyland, which is based in Anaheim, California, than the Magic Kingdom resort in Bay Lake, Florida near Orlando. This is relevant because Adventures in the Magic Kingdom features five distinct stages – all of which are based on famous Disneyland rides.
In a clever twist possibly inspired by Mega Man, you can complete the levels in any order you choose. You accomplish this not through a level select menu, but rather by exploring the park and visiting the corresponding attraction. The gameplay varies depending on the stage.
Mickey will helpfully explain the rules upon entering one.
The first level is based off of the Pirates of the Caribbean ride. Here, the game is a basic side-scrolling affair wherein you are tasked with saving six civilians who have been abducted by pirates. All you have to do is walk to the civilians to rescue them. In the second half of the stage, the pirates become more aggressive, forcing you to find a means of defending yourself. By collecting a flare in a hidden cavern, you can easily dispatch the pirates. Once you’ve saved all of the civilians, you use the flare at the end of the stage to light a bonfire so you can make your escape.
The second stage takes inspiration from the Haunted Mansion. The controls are the same as they were in the Pirates of the Caribbean portion, but your goal is a bit more straightforward this time. All you need to do is make it to the attic and defeat the ghost that resides there. You have candles to defend yourself with, which you throw at the enemies to defeat them. Though you have a finite amount, there are plenty more within the mansion.
The Big Thunder Mountain Railroad forms the basis of the game’s third area. Here, you’re riding a train, and you must choose a direction for it to follow whenever the track splits. You can control the train’s speed somewhat by pressing the “B” button to slow down, but you cannot stop it outright. As the train nears its destination, you will have to dodge boulders that roll across the screen, wait for boom barriers to rise, and avoid any dead-ends. If you get hit thrice, you will need to restart the level.
In the fourth event, which is inspired by the Autopia attraction, Panhandle Pete has pilfered one the silver keys and won’t give it back unless you defeat him in a race. This level too is simple enough; just make it to the end in first place while dodging various obstacles. Throughout the racetrack are ramps that you can use to propel your car upwards, potentially allowing you to take a shortcut. You can deal with your competition by ramming them off the track, though you lose if your own car lands out of bounds.
The final game involves piloting a spaceship to a distant star. Your destination is star “F”, and your current location is displayed on the monitor above. Prompts will periodically appear on the bottom monitor. When an arrow appears, the ship needs to go in that direction. You must press the appropriate direction on the control pad or else your vessel will take damage. Occasionally, a meteor will impede your progress. At this time, a button will appear on the bottom monitor. It will be on the left or right side, to which you must press the “B” or “A” button respectively as the situation warrants.
There are red stars scattered throughout the stages. If you collect enough of them, you can exchange them for something beneficial. You access the menu by pressing the “SELECT” button. There are four power-ups to choose from. “Life up” restores a single unit of your health. “Freeze” causes all enemies in the vicinity to become immobile. “Invincible” protects your character from harm. Though running into enemies in this state will not defeat them, he can pass through them without taking damage. Lastly “1UP” does exactly what it says – it grants you an extra chance.
If it’s one positive thing I can say about Adventures in the Magic Kingdom, it’s that it has a legitimately interesting concept. Considering the larger-than-life qualities many classic Disneyland rides have, the idea of making video game levels out of them is perfectly sound. Indeed, the fact that the gameplay has a large amount of variety to it – especially for a title made in 1990 – melds well with the eclectic nature of Disneyland itself.
Unfortunately, this is about as far as my praise for this game goes, as its attempt at combining various styles is the only thing it has going for it. The reason I feel it ended up as poorly as it did was because it feels as though Capcom went for quantity over quality. As a result, the game has a distinct lack of focus. Specifically, all of the levels are deeply flawed to varying degrees.
The issue I have with the Pirates of the Caribbean stage is that a significant chunk of it is spent without a weapon. This means you must meticulously avoid the enemies, and many of them have random patterns. Once you do get the flare, the level’s challenge dissipates instantly, as the enemies only take a single hit to dispatch. At that point, the only thing you have to worry about is the time limit.
The Haunted Mansion, which is the other side-scrolling level, is arguably the most well-designed in the game, and parts of it pay homage to Capcom’s notoriously difficult Ghosts ‘n Goblins. However, it doesn’t really fare much better, for during the final portions, you must navigate a series of moving platforms, which can damage you if you touch their sides. It culminates in a section wherein you ride on a flying chair through a haunted library. What makes this particularly irritating is that if any of the books hit your character, he is all but guaranteed to fall into the void.
Thunder Mountain is simple if you know the track’s layout front-to-back. If you don’t, it turns into a guessing game, as there are four different stations you can direct the train towards, and only arriving at a specific one will allow you to collect the key. If you arrive at the wrong one, you will have to try again. It’s not so bad if your destination is the first or fourth stations because they’re the leftmost and rightmost ones respectively, but if you’re required to arrive at the central ones, it can get frustrating. You could make it all the way to the end with only one unit of health only to be told your effort didn’t count.
Autopia’s main grievance is that it’s not particularly challenging at all – even with the possibility of falling off of the track and instantly losing. It may take you a few tries, but the road is straightforward, and defeating Pete is mostly a matter of just making it to the end of the stage.
If the Haunted Mansion is the best stage this game has to offer, Space Mountain is easily the worst. This level is a matter of pressing the right button as it shows up on the monitor. As the level progress, it speeds up to an unreasonable degree, and you’re only given a fraction of a second to react to the onscreen prompts. There are no checkpoints, and it goes on for a few minutes, which feel interminable when actually playing it. Though the 1983 arcade game Dragon’s Lair solidified their existence, Capcom has the dubious honor of creating one of the first console titles to feature quick-time events. In the early twenty-first century, they would go on to become one of the worst trends plaguing the AAA industry. Usually, historians give credit to artists who were ahead of their time, but it’s borderline impossible to declare this particular instance a worthwhile accomplishment.
Though I do think the idea of exchanging stars for power-ups is an interesting one, I have at least two problems with this system. The first is that it breaks the game’s challenge, for it’s easy to farm stars in certain levels. In doing so, you can theoretically get infinite lives or render the enemies harmless at opportune moments. You’re not punished too much for losing all of your chances though. You are only brought back to the title screen with all of your stars taken away should you elect to continue; the silver keys remain in your inventory as long as you choose not to start over. The other problem with this mechanic is that the menu isn’t available in the two levels in which they would actually come in handy: Thunder Mountain and Space Mountain. As it stands, there is no method of recovering health in either scenario. On the other hand, if they’re the only two levels left to conquer, you’ve effectively eliminated any repercussions for running out of lives.
Anyone paying attention will observe that only five of the silver keys have been accounted for. There isn’t a sixth one hidden in any of the levels; instead, you must walk around the park and ask the patrons about it. They won’t give the information for free; before they speak, they will ask a trivia question. If you get it right, another patron will appear somewhere else on the map, and they will ask you a new question. This challenge is pointless busywork because there is no real consequence for getting it wrong. If this happens, you can simply talk to them again, and they will ask you a different question. Once you’ve answered enough of them, you will obtain the final key. Some of the questions are all but guaranteed to stump anyone who isn’t versed in Disney’s history. My issue is that they’re more fitting for a multiplayer board game such as Trivial Pursuit; in a single-player video game, they grind the pacing to a halt. It doesn’t help that some of the questions have outdated answers, requiring you to think of what the right answer was in 1990 rather than whenever you happen to be playing it.
More than anything, I feel the final product’s fatal weakness is that it doesn’t have enough content to justify paying any amount of money for it. Curiously, the theme park was intended to be much larger during the early phases of development. In an interview with former Disney game producer Darlene Lacey, it was revealed that were to be levels based on the Jungle Cruise and Splash Mountain. The former was ultimately cut as they were unable to create a tileset that could properly translate the experience of riding the riverboat. Though unable to recall specific details about the latter, she speculated it was dropped for similar reasons. Space Mountain was then either created a replacement or they extended its gameplay to fill in the void. It’s a shame that they didn’t include more iconic attractions. As it stands, a skilled player can clear the game in less than an hour with minimal difficulty, and even children would find it overly simplistic and boring.
Drawing a Conclusion
Theme park attractions allow for eclectic gameplay
Decent music
One of the first console games to have quick-time events
Extremely short
Navigating the train is annoying
Getting one of the keys involves answering trivia questions
Platforming sections don’t comprise enough of the experience
Unpolished controls
Adventures in the Magic Kingdom is the kind of game I would expect from a promising team of developers with little practical experience. By 1990, Capcom had released Mega Man 2, which is rightly considered one of the greatest games on the NES, and its equally lauded sequel was in development. For that matter, it’s not even the first Capcom-made game to bear the Disney license, as their quality adaptation of DuckTales predates it by nearly a year. Moreover, Chip ‘n Dale Rescue Rangers was released in the same month as Adventures in the Magic Kingdom, throwing into sharp relief the lack of effort that went into the latter. The takeaway from this observation is that Capcom really should have known better than to churn out such a subpar effort.
Having said my piece, Adventures in the Magic Kingdom isn’t what I’d call a broken mess of a game, and trying it out wouldn’t be a completely terrible idea. However, I personally cannot recommend playing it in any capacity. With its uninspired gameplay, it didn’t have much to offer even back in 1990. Coupled with the passage of time and the titles that easily surpass this one released in the interim, there is no practical reason to revisit it at all. Impressive though it may have been how this game tried to blend multiple genres into a single experience, that none of them are competently implemented renders it a meaningless effort.
Final Score: 3/10
1990s Games, Adventures in the Magic Kingdom, Capcom, Disney, Licensed Games, NES
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17 thoughts on “Adventures in the Magic Kingdom”
thedeviot
It may be one of the weaker Capcom/Disney collaborations. But Mickey Mouse swears in it.
Red Metal
I know, right? They made him a real jerk in this game! What’s up with that?!
Particlebit
Very interesting review – I had no idea this game existed. The concept seems good, and Mickey throwing out a dammit is funny. I’d like to see what they could do for a modern adaption of the same concept.
Indeed, I mean, they got away with it in Bionic Commando, but who would’ve thought they’d actually include it in a Disney game? Kind of a gutsy move if you ask me!
Anyway, I heard of this game about eleven years ago when somebody made a humorous review of it. It’s not as well-known as the other Disney-licensed Capcom games, and that’s probably for the best. In some ways, Kingdom Hearts is basically what this game tried (and failed) to be. In fact, Yoko Shimomura, who composed the music for this game would later go on to score Kingdom Hearts as well.
Mr. Panda
I have this game… but I bought it like five years ago. Oops. I was very enamored with the concept, and I still think a game based on the Magic Kingdom is fascinating. But these games are impossible to play. I had to look up a walkthrough for the railroad game, and I still, to this day, have no idea how to play the Space Mountain game. The Pirates game is okay, and answering questions around the park was semi-fun. I actually had more fun with the Universal Studios Theme Park Adventure game for GameCube (even though all the rides are not outdated based on my recent visit last week). It had slightly, I repeat, slightly, better minigames and an overall better quiz system. Because that’s why I should be playing these games… the quizzes haha. It also reminds me of Epic Mickey, which all things considered, is a better game, though a wildly different take on Disneyland.
Creating a video game out of a theme park is a salvageable idea. All in all, I’d say the events in this game range anywhere from vaguely passable to completely insufferable. The Space Mountain game is meant to be a Simon Says-esque experience where you push the right button as it appears onscreen, but as it speeds up, you need lightning quick reflexes in order for it to count. It’s a total mess because the controls don’t seem very responsive, so you could press the correct button and it won’t count for some reason. I saw somebody review Universal Studios Theme Park Adventure, and to be honest, it looks just as flawed (if not more so).
I’ve never played Epic Mickey, though I find it interesting how it was made by the same person who made Deus Ex.
The lightning reflexes is definitely what got me for the Space Mountain game. That and Big Thunder Mountain Railroad assume you have them!
bamboozle_toons
the disney/capcom games have earned a reputation of being prime examples as how to do licensed games the right way, so it’s a shame that this one turned out to be a bust. and the sad thing is it’s still leagues above most of the disney games we’ve gotten lately.
Yeah, it would’ve been one thing if some no-name company made this game, but Capcom should have known better by this point in their history.
I haven’t played many recent Disney games, though considering how bad licensed games usually are, I don’t doubt what you’re saying.
in all honesty i kind of miss the days of low-quality tie-in games released for consoles instead of strictly as apps. at least back then they gave you at least something of magnitude to talk about, especially when they were actually good
I can sort of see that, though I don’t miss the fact that these subpar efforts cost the same as The Legend of Zelda or Super Mario Bros. 3. At least when they’re strictly apps, there’s not as much of a connotation that they’re on the same level.
KingKoopa
Man, I played the hell out of this as a kid. Perfect example of how it didn’t matter if games were “good” or “bad” back then… If you were 6 years old and got it for your birthday, you played it relentlessly no matter what.
Yeah, it seems a lot of games back then were helped by the fact that a lot of the time, the alternative was to not play any game at all. I know I’ve played a fair bit of games I thought were good such as Pac-Man 2 only to wonder what I was thinking later on. I’m glad it’s easier to tell if a game is good or bad these days.
The Shameful Narcissist
I think I actually played this. It seems very familiar. 10/10 would google those answers if I was playing it today.
It’s interesting looking back on this game, comparing it to the other Disney/Capcom collabs of the time. Even putting the quality aside, just the design of it is rather different than any of the other games they had going jointly at the time. I’m glad that they experimented with it, but it seems they could have solved a lot of problems with just a little more care.
I feel most of the problems I had with the game could have been avoided if they just focused on making a dedicated platformer with Disneyland-themed levels. From there, they could’ve thought about what gimmicks to include or how each level is played. It was a nice idea for a game, but in this form, it just didn’t work.
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The Madness of Power for Its Sake
by Fethullah Gülen on 27 December 2002 . Posted in Recent Articles
Those who have the power and technological means to satisfy their greed and feelings of hate and vengeance, can bring about as much destruction in a single day as would have taken a century in the past. They can demolish the most formidable-seeming systems at one go and exchange them for others. They can also bring to ruin the most established ideas, place restrictions on long-held beliefs and, supported by mass-media, can represent right as wrong and vice versa. In no period of human history have moral values such as personal honour, religion, family life and decency, been mocked and condemned as relentlessly as they are at present. In consequence, we live in an epoch of confusion and chaos: light and dark, purity and pollution, virtue and vice, hope and despair, exist side by side or one within the other. In no previous period of human history have collapse and reform happened on such a scale or at such speed. And those who would oppose this flood of chaos cannot find the opportunity to express or present their alterative standpoints.
Among the most visible characteristics of this age, we see that right is consistently sacrificed for the sake of might, selfish interests replace all other considerations, racial discrimination has a pre-eminent role in determining social attitudes and relations, and force (in one form or another) is resorted to as the single means to resolve national and imitational differences. Power must have its due place in the scheme of things, but if we see it as the single or most effective means of solving problems, we will have to explain why we, as human beings, are endowed with such faculties as reason and compassion. All the social revolutions and military movements of the past which were not based on belief, knowledge, moral values and sound reasoning failed to endure much beyond the lifetimes of their leaders.
When used to serve the cause of right and sound reasoning, power may do some good on the way to resolving problems. However, power has always been a means of destruction when subject to the rule of ambition and greed, of coarse feelings and coarse ideas. It is the madness of disposing and increasing power that drove Alexander to military ventures in Asia, which brought the genius of Napoleon to ruin, and most recently made Hitler the most accursed of the human race. Despite these lessons, right and intelligence remain under the dominion of power in the world.
Behind the chaotic whirl of damnable ideas and events in the world, there lies the abuse of power, the over-rating of its usefulness, so that human values, reasonableness and respect for right have been replaced by the resort to force. And it would seem that the chaos is set to continue until the few who dispose great power are submitted to the cause of right. Only then will the many, freed from the chaos and confusion, see the world and events taking place in it clearly without any barrier before them.
For oppressed peoples to survive in a world where only the mighty have the right to live, it is essential that they free themselves from the clutches of the minority who wield power, and bring that power under the dominion of right.
While learning lessons from the past, we should know how to prepare a desirable future for ourselves. In order to have hope for the future and not to sink deeper into a darker whirl of new, greater confusions, we need altruistic souls who live not for themselves but for others, who prefer others' happiness to their own. Only those willing and able to sacrifice themselves for the well-being of humanity as a whole can save mankind from today's chaos and confusions.
When the light-diffusing ideas, united with love and altruism, are shared by the majority of mankind, the 'storms' blowing world-wide will stop and the pains and sufferings come to an end. When the ideas of the heroes of love and altruism, combined with just discipline and balanced freedom, are a determining factor in the power balance of the world, world-wide social crises and massive problems arising from international relations will be solved one by one and the balance between joy and sorrow and happiness and misfortune reestablished.
Humanity expect from us-from the believers-great efforts to move mankind towards the realization of world peace and harmony. Every attempt, every effort, made to attain this goal, every movement to support right and truth, is a most blessed step taken toward God. Every step taken in that direction, however small it is, will play a part in the new, expected reform world-wide. Such steps may be thought of as drops, fallen into our present, from the blue ocean of the future. In that future, mankind will enjoy true happiness. We live now upon the dream of that blessed time to come. April-June 1997, Issue 18
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fgulen.com is the offical source on the renowned Turkish scholar and intellectual Fethullah Gülen.
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Category Archives: Film
Cauleen Smith: Mutualities To Open At The Whitney In February
Mutualities, the multidisciplinary artist Cauleen Smith’s first solo show in New York, will open at the Whitney Museum of American Art on February 17. The exhibition includes two films, Sojourner (2018) and Pilgrim (2017), shown in two installation environments newly created for the Whitney, along with a group of new drawings, collectively titled Firespitters (2020).
Image credit: Cauleen Smith, still from Sojourner, 2018. Video, color, sound, 22:41 min. Courtesy of the artist, Corbett vs. Dempsey, Chicago, and Kate Werble Gallery, New York.
Scott Rothkopf, Senior Deputy Director and Nancy and Steve Crown Family Chief Curator, remarked, “We’re delighted to welcome Cauleen Smith back to the Whitney. With their exquisite atmosphere and construction, Sojourner and Pilgrim offer lyrical views of important figures and sites in Black history, and also look toward a shared future. The show builds a beautiful bridge between the other pillars of our spring exhibition program, pointing to the political concerns of Vida Americana and the spiritual uplift of Agnes Pelton.”
Smith (b. 1967)—whose banners were prominently featured at the Museum in the 2017 Whitney Biennial—draws on poetry, science fiction, non-Western cosmologies, and experimental film to create works that reflect on memory and Afro-diasporic histories.
Cauleen Smith is a multi-disciplinary artist whose work draws upon Black radical thought, structural film, poetry, and science fiction. Born in Riverside, California in 1967, she grew up in Sacramento, and earned a B.A. in Cinema from San Francisco State University and an MFA at the University of California, Los Angeles School of Theater Film and Television. At UCLA, she studied with the L.A. Rebellion filmmakers, a group of graduate students who started a Black Cinema movement at the university in the mid-1960s. She has made over 40 films, and her first feature length film, Drylongso (1998), premiered at the 1999 Sundance Film Festival before circulating with acclaim to other film festivals. She has had exhibitions at the Art Institute of Chicago, ICA Philadelphia, MASS MoCA, the Studio Museum of Harlem, the New Museum, New York, the Contemporary Arts Museum, Houston, and the Kitchen, New York, and was featured in the 2017 Whitney Biennial. She is the recipient of numerous awards and residencies including the Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture (2007), the National Alliance for Media Arts and Culture, Artist Award (2012), the Washington Park Arts Incubator, Arts and Public Life Residency (2013), and the Rauschenberg Residency (2015). She has taught at various universities over the span of the last two decades, and is a Faculty member of Cal Arts School of Art in Los Angeles.
Chrissie Iles, the Whitney’s Anne and Joel Ehrenkranz Curator, who has organized the show with Clémence White, senior curatorial assistant, commented, “We are proud to bring together Cauleen Smith’s films, installations, and drawings in an exhibition that articulates an ethics of care, engagement, and generosity. Each element of the show is experienced through another—books written and chosen by poets invited by the artist appear in delicate gouaches; a film tracing a pilgrimage to spiritual sites is bathed in the colored light of the installation surrounding it. The Museum’s recognition of Smith’s long and deeply engaged practice is underlined by our recent acquisition of both films, Sojourner and Pilgrim, which join her banners already in the Whitney’s collection.”
Unfolding across several important sites in Black spiritual and cultural history, the two films in the exhibition weave together writings by women from different eras, including Shaker visionary Rebecca Cox Jackson, abolitionist Sojourner Truth, the Black feminist Combahee River Collective of the 1970s, and experimental-jazz composer and spiritual leader Alice Coltrane, whose music also forms the soundtrack for both films. This gathering of voices enacts a shared Black female subjectivity, the collective strength of which is expressed in Smith’s poetic use of the camera and light as improvisational instruments to reveal how invention, creativity, and generosity can be resources for transformation and regeneration. By placing the title of this exhibition in the plural, Smith draws a connection between the two films while pointing to the idea that what is held in common is never singular.
In Sojourner, a group of women walk in procession through sites including Dockweiler State Beach and Watts Towers in Los Angeles. The women carry translucent orange banners, each emblazoned with part of a text by the jazz composer and spiritual leader Alice Coltrane (1937–2007). Watts Towers, a cluster of seventeen sculptural spires, served as a symbol of hope and regeneration after surviving the 1965 Watts Rebellion unscathed. Smith locates a similar spirit in assemblage artist Noah Purifoy’s Outdoor Desert Art Museum in Joshua Tree, California. The women end their procession there, listening to readings of the Black feminist Combahee River Collective, Sojourner Truth (1797–1833), and Alice Coltrane. Their collective voices, echoed in contemporary footage of the Chicago-based activist coalition R3 (Resist. Reimagine. Rebuild.), fuse spirituality and activism into a potent articulation of self-realization and resistance. The actions unfold not only within different sites within the film itself, but in an immersive kaleidoscopic environment of light and seating in the Museum that interconnects the film with a more expansive sense of place and collective presence.
Pilgrim traces the artist’s pilgrimage to three sites: Alice Coltrane’s Turiyasangitananda Vedantic Center in Agoura, California; Watts Towers in Los Angeles; and the Black spiritual activist Rebecca Cox Jackson’s (1795–1871) Watervliet Shaker community in upstate New York. Smith vividly evokes the creative atmosphere of each place, allowing the camera to slowly explore the ashram’s interior and Coltrane’s musical instruments, and using the soft grain and subtle color of Super 8 film to infuse the footage of Watts Towers and the flowers in the Shaker garden with an emotional intimacy. Jackson’s advocacy of racial and gender equality, her fight against the patriarchy of organized religion, and her awareness of the African roots of her faith resonate with Coltrane’s own hybrid, transnational spiritual and musical language. Both women’s challenges to accepted authority are, like the enduring independent spirit of Watts Towers, grounded in a sense of place, community, and generosity that are also hallmarks of Smith’s own transformative work.
The screenings of Smith’s films in High Line Art’s presentation of Signals from Here, organized by Melanie Kress, High Line Art Associate Curator, will take place from dusk until the park closes, on the High Line at 14th Street. The program includes Three Songs About Liberation (2017), Crow Requiem (2015), Lessons in Semaphore (2015), H-E-L-L-O (2014), and Songs for Earth and Folk (2013).
PUBLIC PROGRAM
Screening and Conversation with Cauleen Smith and Michael Gillespie Friday, March 27, 6:30 pm
In conjunction with the exhibition, the Whitney will present a rare screening of Passing Through (1977, 105 min) by LA Rebellion filmmaker Larry Clark, preceded by one of Cauleen Smith’s films. Following the screening, Smith will be in conversation with film scholar Michael Boyce Gillespie, Associate Professor of Film in the Department of Media and Communication Arts and the Black Studies Program at the City College of New York, City University of New York.
Tickets required. ($10 adults; $8 members, students, seniors, and visitors with a disability).
Cauleen Smith: Mutualities is part of the Whitney’s emerging artists program, sponsored by Nordstrom. Generous support is provided by The Rosenkranz Foundation. Additional support is provided by the Artists Council.
Arts & Culture Culture Documentaries Film Fine Arts Museums & Exhibitions Uncategorized
Evening programming features collaborations with local artists, pop-up art installations, performances and more
The Denver Art Museum (DAM) will kick off its new season of Untitled: Creative Fusions on January 31, 2020, with an unprecedented night of pop-up art installations, performances, interactive elements and more created by local artists Eileen Roscina Richardson and Joshua Ware in collaboration with 17 local creatives.
Untitled: Creative Fusions is a newly reimagined version of Untitled, presenting a bigger, bolder program at the Denver Art Museum in 2020. Taking place four times a year, Untitled: Creative Fusions will bring local creatives together to merge their artistic practices with the DAM’s exhibitions and artworks.
(Untitled is included in general museum admission, however, a special exhibition ticket is required for Claude Monet: The Truth of Nature.)
Creatives Eileen Roscina Richardson & Joshua Ware. Image courtesy of Denver Art Museum.
Inspired by Claude Monet: The Truth of Nature and The Light Show, Richardson and Ware join forces to investigate the wild and the constructed through the theme Entanglements. Visitors are invited to explore the space between the man-made and the natural, where humans and nature are irrevocably intertwined.
With can’t-miss moments including live ice sculpting by Jess Parris, pop-up installations by the lead creators, wheat pasting with We Were Wild, a complimentary liquid nitrogen popcorn station courtesy of The Inventing Room, beats by Dance the NightShift and more, visitors can expect a once-in-a-lifetime night at the DAM during Untitled.
Arts & Culture Culture Dance Film Fine Arts Museums & Exhibitions Music Social/Life Theater Travel Travel & Tourism Uncategorized
Walker Art Center Announces Extensive 2020–2021 Exhibition Schedule Highlights
The Walker Arts Center continues to flesh out what is considerably a very dynamic exhibition schedule for the next two years. Additions to the Walker Art Center’s 2020–2021 exhibition schedule include two new solo exhibitions by female artists, Faye Driscoll: Thank You for Coming (February 27–June 14, 2020) and Candice Lin (April 17–August 29, 2021) as well as a Walker collection show of women artists, Don’t let this be easy (July 16–March 14, 2021). For her first solo museum exhibition, Faye Driscoll incorporates a guided audio soundtrack, moving image works, and props to look back across the entirety of her trilogy of performances Thank You For Coming—Attendance (2014), Play (2016), and Space (2019)—works that were presented and co-commissioned by the Walker and subsequently toured around the world over the past six years. Another newly added exhibition, Candice Lin, is the first US museum solo show by the artist, co-organized by the Walker Art Center and the Carpenter Center for Visual Arts (CCVA). Lin is creating a site-specific installation that responds to the space of the gallery at each institution, allowing the shape of the work to evolve over the course of its presentation.
The Walker-organized exhibition Don’t let this be easy highlights the diverse and experimental practices of women artists spanning some 50 years through a selection of paintings, sculptures, moving image works, artists’ books, and materials from the archives.
The initiative is presented in conjunction with the Feminist Art Coalition (FAC), a nationwide effort involving more than 60 museums committed to social justice and structural change.
Other upcoming exhibitions include An Art Of Changes: Jasper Johns Prints, 1960–2018 (February 16–September 20, 2020), a survey of six decades of Johns’ work in printmaking drawn from the Walker’s complete collection of the artists’ prints including intaglio, lithography, woodcut, linoleum cut, screenprinting, lead relief, and blind embossing; The Paradox of Stillness: Art, Object, and Performance (formerly titiled Still and Yet) (April 18–July 26, 2020), is an exhibition that rethinks the history of performance featuring artists whose works include performative elements but also embrace acts, objects, and gestures that refer more to the inert qualities of traditional painting or sculpture than to true staged action.
Additional exhibitions include Michaela Eichwald’s (June 13–November 8, 2020) first US solo museum presentation, bringing together painting, sculpture, and collage from across the past 10 years of her practice; Designs for Different Futures (September 12, 2020 – January 3, 2021)—a collaborative group show co-organized by the Walker Art Center, Philadelphia Museum of Art, and the Art Institute of Chicago—brings together about 80 dynamic works that address the challenges and opportunities that humans may encounter in the years, decades, and centuries to come; Rayyane Tabet (December 10, 2020– April 18, 2021), a solo show by the Beirut-based multidisciplinary artist featuring a new installation for the Walker that begins with a time capsule discovered on the site of what was once an IBM manufacturing facility in Rochester, Minnesota.
OPENING EXHIBITIONS
AN ART OF CHANGES: JASPER JOHNS PRINTS, 1960–2018, February 16–September 20, 2020
FAYE DRISCOLL: THANK YOU FOR COMING, February 27–June 14, 2020
THE PARADOX OF STILLNESS: ART, OBJECT, AND PERFORMANCE, April 18–July 26, 2020
MICHAELA EICHWALD, June 4–November 8. 2020
DON’T LET THIS BE EASY, July 16–March 14, 2021
DESIGNS FOR DIFFERENT FUTURES, September 12–January 3, 2021
RAYYANE TABET, December 10–April 18, 2021
JULIE MEHRETU, March 14, 2021–July 11, 2021
CANDICE LIN, April 17, 2021–August 29, 2021
CONTINUING EXHIBITIONS
THE EXPRESSIONIST FIGURE: 100 YEARS OF MODERN AND CONTEMPORARY DRAWING, November 17, 2019–April 19, 2020
CARISSA RODRIGUEZ: THE MAID, October 3, 2019–February 2, 2020
FIVE WAYS IN: THEMES FROM THE COLLECTION, February 14, 2019–October 3, 2021
ELIZABETH PRICE, December 8, 2018–March 1, 2020
I AM YOU, YOU ARE TOO, September 7, 2017–March 1, 2020
Photo Credit: Flags I, 1973. Screenprint on paper, 27 3/8 x 35 ½ in. ed. 3/65. Collection Walker Art Center, Gift of Judy and Kenneth Dayton, 1988. © Jasper Johns/VAGA at Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York
An Art Of Changes: Jasper Johns Prints, 1960–2018, February 16–September 20, 2020. Gallery B/Target
When Jasper Johns’s paintings of flags and targets debuted in 1958, they brought him instant acclaim and established him as a critical link between Abstract Expressionism and Pop Art. In the ensuing 60 years, Johns (US, b. 1930) has continued to astonish viewers with the beauty and complexity of his paintings, drawings, sculpture, and prints. Today, he is considered one of the 20th century’s greatest American artists.
Artist: Jasper Johns Title: Figure 7 from the Color Numeral Series Date: 1969 Medium: lithograph on paper Accession number: 1985.319 Credit Line: Gift of Kenneth Tyler, 1985. Repro Rights: VAGA; Art copyright Jasper Johns / Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY.
Artist: Jasper Johns Title: Target Date: 1960 Medium: lithograph on paper Accession number: 1988.181 Credit Line: Gift of Judy and Kenneth Dayton, 1988. Repro Rights: VAGA; Art copyright Jasper Johns / Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY.
In celebration of the artist’s 90th birthday, An Art of Changes surveys six decades of Johns’s work in printmaking, highlighting his experiments with familiar, abstract, and personal imagery that play with memory and visual perception in endlessly original ways. The exhibition features some 90 works in intaglio, lithography, woodcut, linoleum cut, screenprinting, and lead relief—all drawn from the Walker’s comprehensive collection of the artist’s prints.
Target, 1974
Screenprint on paper
Collection Walker Art Center, Gift of Judy and Kenneth Dayton, 1988
© Jasper Johns/VAGA at Artists Rights Society (ARS), NY
Artist: Jasper Johns Title: Untitled Date: 2000 Medium: linocut on paper Accession number: 2001.197 Credit Line: Gift of the artist, 2001. Repro Rights: VAGA; Art copyright Jasper Johns / Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY.
Artist: Jasper Johns Title: Untitled Date: 2016 Medium: Linoleum-cut on paper Accession number: 2017.6 Credit Line: Collection Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, Gift of the artist, 2017. Photo by Gene Pittman for Walker Art Center.
Artist: Jasper Johns Title: Fragment of a Letter Date: 2010 Medium: intaglio on paper Accession number: 2011.59.1-.2 Credit Line: Gift of the artist, 2011. Repro Rights: VAGA; Art copyright Jasper Johns / Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY.
Artist: Jasper Johns Title: Between the Clock and the Bed Date: 1989 Medium: Lithograph on paper Accession number: 1991.155 Credit Line: Collection Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, Gift of Dr. and Mrs. Stacy Roback, 1991. Repro Rights: VAGA, Art © Jasper Johns/Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY. Photo by Gene Pittman for Walker Art Center.
Organized in four thematic sections, the show follows Johns through the years as he revises and recycles key motifs over time, including the American flag, numerals, and the English alphabet, which he describes as “things the mind already knows.” Some works explore artists’ tools, materials, and techniques. Others explore signature aspects of the artist’s distinctive mark-making, including flagstones and hatch marks, while later pieces teem with autobiographical imagery. To underscore Johns’s fascination with the changes that occur when an image is reworked in another medium, the prints will be augmented by a small selection of paintings and sculptures.
Artist Jasper Johns at work in his studio
Artist: Jasper Johns Title: Savarin Date: 1977 Medium: Lithograph on paper Accession number: 1988.276 Credit Line: Collection Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, Gift of Judy and Kenneth Dayton, 1988. Repro Rights: VAGA, Art © Jasper Johns/Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY.
Curator: Joan Rothfuss, guest curator, Visual Arts.
Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh: October 12, 2019–January 20, 2020
Walker Art Center, Minneapolis: February 16–September 20, 2020
Grand Rapids Art Museum, Michigan: October 24, 2020–January 24, 2021
Tampa Art Museum, Florida: April 28–September 6, 2021
Architecture & Modern Design Arts & Culture Culture Dance design Film Fine Arts LGBTQ Lifestyle Living/Travel Museums & Exhibitions Music Performance Art Photography Short Films and Documentaries Social/Life Technology Theater Travel Travel & Tourism Uncategorized Women Artists
MFA Boston Hosts Third-Annual Boston Festival of Films from Japan, Made Possible by 10-Year Partnership with UNIQLO
Free Opening Night Celebration Features Screening of Madhouse’s “Okko’s Inn” and Music by DJ Yuzu Kosho
From a heartwarming anime ghost story to a neo-noir thriller, 10 of the best feature films recently produced in Japan are screening at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (MFA), from January 30 through February 23, 2020. The third-annual Boston Festival of Films from Japan, made possible through the MFA’s 10-year partnership with global apparel retailer UNIQLO, kicks off with a free screening of Okko’s Inn (2018), the latest feature film from famed anime studio Madhouse. The opening night celebration on January 30 will also feature a set by local DJ Yuzu Kosho (Marié Abe), whose musical selection runs the gamut from retro kitsch to contemporary experimental sounds from Japan; an art-making activity inspired by a koi kite-flying scene in the film; and a showcase of the latest line of UNIQLO T-shirts inspired by works from the MFA’s renowned Japanese art collection. In addition to Okko’s Inn, highlights of the 2020 Boston Festival of Films from Japan include the exciting neo-noir thriller First Love (2019) from prolific auteur Takashi Miike and Shinobu Yaguchi’s award-winning Dance with Me (2019), a musical road-trip adventure filled with dance, humor and heart.
Free tickets for opening night can be reserved online only starting at 10 am on January 30. Tickets for all additional BFFJ films are $10 for MFA members and $13 for nonmembers, available starting January 23.
BFFJ 2020 Films
Okko’s Inn, directed by Kitarō Kōsaka (Japan, 2018, 94 min.)
Okko’s Inn
Okko’s Inn is the latest feature from famed anime studio Madhouse and director Kitarō Kōsaka, a key animator on numerous classic films at the venerable Studio Ghibli. Seamlessly blending immersive, idyllic landscapes with storybook charm, Okko’s Inn delivers a rare ghost story that—despite several floating characters—is firmly grounded in the trials and joys of humanity.
Killing, directed by Shin’ya Tsukamoto (Japan, 2018, 80 min.)
Set during the tumultuous mid-19th century Edo period of Japan, Killing is the story of a master-less samurai or rōnin named Mokunoshin Tsuzuki. As the prevalent peace and tranquility are threatened by impending war, the swordsman feels restlessness creep upon him. The stark consideration of violence and honor is handled with masterful artistry by one of contemporary Japanese cinema’s most essential auteurs.
First Love, directed by Takashi Miike (Japan, 2019, 108 min.)
Hatsukoi (First Love)
Prolific auteur Takashi Miike’s First Love is an exciting neo-noir thriller that takes place over one night in Tokyo. After meeting a troubled young woman named Monica, Leo, a young boxer, finds himself unexpectedly caught up in the world of drug smuggling, police corruption, the yakuza, and a female assassin sent by the Chinese triads.
Arts & Culture Arts & Entertainment Culture Film Fine Arts Museums & Exhibitions Uncategorized
Sundance ASCAP Music Café Presents 22nd Anniversary Lineup
Performances includes Renowned And Emerging Artists Including Matt Berninger, Derek Smalls, the bird and the bee, Barry Zito, Aaron Lee Tasjan, Matthew Koma, ZZ Ward And More
ASCAP (The American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers) announces an eclectic music lineup for its 22nd Annual Sundance ASCAP Music Café, taking place January 24 – 31, 2020 during the acclaimed Sundance Film Festival in Park City, Utah. Beginning at 2 p.m. each day, the Café will feature a dynamic mix of both established and emerging songwriters and artists such as Matt Berninger (of The National), Derek Smalls (formerly of the band formerly known as Spinal Tap), the bird and the bee, Barry Zito, Aaron Lee Tasjan, Matthew Koma (of Winnetka Bowling League) and ZZ Ward.
ASCAP Logo (PRNewsfoto/ASCAP)
“For 22 years, Sundance ASCAP Music Café has shined a spotlight on the exquisite alchemy of sound and vision embodied by the art of filmmaking,” said Loretta Muñoz, ASCAP Assistant Vice President, Membership. “We are continuing the tradition in 2020 with eight days of musical performances by extraordinary artists throughout the Festival. You will hear unique sets from artists you already know and love, and you’re guaranteed to find some new loves too.“
Other featured performers at the 2020 Sundance ASCAP Music Café include: Alex Lilly, Colter Wall, Fox Wilde, James Bourne, Jamie Drake, Joe Robinson, Joseph Arthur, LÉON, Lizbeth Román, Rain Phoenix, Ron Artis II, Ruen Brothers, Samantha Sidley, Stephen Kellogg, Steven Dayvid McKellar (of Civil Twilight) and NewSong Music Competition winner Jobi Riccio.
The Sundance ASCAP Music Café takes place at 751 Main Street, Park City, UT and is open to all Festival credential holders (21 and older).
To view a complete schedule of performances and hear the music of Café artists, visit www.ascap.com/sundance2020. For the latest information on ASCAP events at the Sundance Film Festival, as well as on-site coverage, follow ASCAP on Twitter, Facebook and Instagram, and through the event hashtag, #ASCAPMusicCafe.
The ASCAP Composer-Filmmaker Cocktail Party
On the evening of Monday, January 27, ASCAP hosts the ASCAP Composer-Filmmaker Cocktail Party. This is an invite-only, after-show celebration held at the Sundance ASCAP Music Café. The private event is for Festival filmmakers, ASCAP film composers, Sundance ASCAP Music Café artists and music supervisors. Festival filmmakers and film composers who are interested in attending may contact filmtv@ascap.com for further details.
The 2020 Sundance Film Festival includes many films and audio/visual projects that prominently feature the music of ASCAP’s composer and songwriter members. ASCAP composers and foreign affiliates who have scored Festival films and New Frontier projects this year include:
Hans Zimmer (Rebuilding Paradise), John Debney (Come Away), Pinar Toprak (McMillions), Bear McCreary (Crip Camp), John Paesano (Tesla), St. Vincent (The Nowhere Inn), Dan Romer (Wendy), Alex Somers (Miss Americana, The Charm City Kings), Ty Segall (Whirlybird), Richard Reed Parry (The Nest), Alex Weston (Wander Darkly), Hauschka (Downhill, The Perfect Candidate), Anne Nikitin (Lost Girls), Jay Wadley (I Carry You With Me), Nico Muhly (Worth), Garth Stevenson (Little Chief), Joseph Arthur (Okavango: River of Dreams), Amanda Jones (Baldwin Beauty), Benjamin Woodgates (Dream Horse), Katya Mihailova (Code for Bias), Antonio Pinto (Nine Days), Elegant Too (Scare Me), Peter Albrechtsen (The Killing of Two Lovers), Bob Allaire (Beast Beast – addtl music), Olivier Alary (Softie), Kristian Eidnes Andersen (The Charter), Roque Baños (His House), Amine Bouhafa (So what if the goats die), Courtney Bryan (The 40-Year Old Version), Robin Coudert (Run Sweetheart Run), Jason Martin Castillo (Place), Florencia Di Concilio (Influence), Nainita Desai (Reason I Jump), Karim Sebastian Elias (Saudi Runaway), Ludovico Einaudi (The Father), Fabrice Faltraue (Inès), Thomas Gallet (My Juke-Box), Adam Gunther (Three Deaths), Neil Haverty (Hot Flash), Jon Hegel (Leap of Faith: William Friedkin on the Exorcist), Uno Helmersson (The Painter and the Thief), Dickon Hinchliffe (Into the Deep), Martin Horntveth (Do Not Split, The Farce), Josh Kaufman (We Are Freestyle Love Supreme), Michael Krassner (The Evening Hour), Fabrice Lecomte (Sylvie’s Love), Lucas Lechowski (Benevolent Ba), Nascuy Linares (Luxor, Once Upon a Time in Venezuela), Juan Luqui (The Fight), Michelle Miles (how did we get here?), Jon Natchez (The Climb), James Newberry (Buck), Andrew Orkin (Save Yourselves!), Owen Pallett (Spaceship Earth), Adam Peters (The Dissident), Mark Phillips (Betye Saar: Taking Care of Business) Nathan Prillaman (Dirty), Coco Reilly (The Starr Sisters), Thomas Roussel (Jumbo), Colin Sigor (Broken Orchestra), Eddie Simonsen (Chemo Brain), Josiah Steinbrick (Horse Girl), Jeremy Turner (Natalie Wood: What Remains Behind), Vincent van Warmerdam (Mole Agent), Zsuzsanna Varkonyi (Epicentro), Fernando Velázquez (Sergio) and Jim Williams (Possessor).
The American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) is a professional membership organization of songwriters, composers and music publishers of every kind of music. ASCAP’s mission is to license and promote the music of its members and foreign affiliates, obtain fair compensation for the public performance of their works and to distribute the royalties that it collects based upon those performances. ASCAP members write the world’s best-loved music and ASCAP has pioneered the efficient licensing of that music to hundreds of thousands of enterprises who use it to add value to their business – from bars, restaurants and retail, to radio, TV and cable, to Internet, mobile services and more. The ASCAP license offers an efficient solution for businesses to legally perform ASCAP music while respecting the right of songwriters and composers to be paid fairly. With more than 735,000 members representing more than 11.5 million copyrighted works, ASCAP is the worldwide leader in performance royalties, service and advocacy for songwriters and composers, and the only American performing rights organization (PRO) owned and governed by its writer and publisher members. Learn more and stay in touch at www.ascap.com Twitter and Instagram @ASCAP and on Facebook.
Film Fine Arts Music Uncategorized
Nat Geo WILD and Sun Valley Film Festival Launch Seventh Annual Wild to Inspire Short Film Contest to Celebrate the 50th Anniversary of Earth Day
Grand Prize Includes Festival Screening and Filmmaking Expedition Abroad
In partnership with the Sun Valley Film Festival, Nat Geo WILD announces the seventh annual Wild to Inspire short-film contest. This year, the contest is seeking short films inspired by the milestone 50th anniversary of Earth Day. National Geographic has a storied history of inspiring people to care about the planet and is now looking for films to help with this mission. Films should celebrate the natural world, inspire viewers to work toward a planet in balance in the 21st century and draw a connection to the Earth Day anniversary.
The grand-prize winner will receive a once-in-a-lifetime, all-expenses-paid excursion to one of the far corners of the globe to find out firsthand what it’s like to be a National Geographic filmmaker. Past winners have traveled to Africa and Peru.
U.S. residents are invited to submit a short film of three minutes or less using the submission platform Submittable™. Up to three finalists, announced in early March 2020, will receive an invitation to attend SVFF, which unites filmmakers and industry insiders from around the world, in Sun Valley, Idaho, March 18-22. At SVFF, the finalists will screen their films for festival attendees and before a panel of judges that includes Nat Geo WILD executives. The grand-prize winner will be announced at the festival’s closing ceremony.
“National Geographic has always been at the forefront of storytelling excellence, having redefined the natural history genre throughout the decades,” says Chris Albert, EVP of global communications at National Geographic and Nat Geo WILD. “Which is why it’s so relevant to inspire the next generation of filmmakers who are eager to put our planet in the spotlight and encourage guardianship and sustainability through heightened awareness of our living, breathing and dynamic planet.”
Since 2012, the Sun Valley Film Festival has invited fans and filmmakers to America’s first ski resort to celebrate the magic of storytelling. The year-round Sun Valley Film Initiative develops professionals and illuminates the process of filmmaking, propelling emerging voices with grants and education. Each March, SVFF celebrates with a slate of cutting-edge films and TV premieres, industry panels, engaging Coffee Talks with entertainment luminaries, a Screenwriters Lab led by award-winning writers and a series of parties culminating with the spectacular SVFF Awards Bash. The 2020 SVFF will be held March 18-22. SVFF is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit. (Learn more at sunvalleyfilmfestival.org.)
“Sun Valley is committed to bringing together the best and brightest in filmmaking while also celebrating the aspiring creators whose work deserves our attention,” says Teddy Grennan, executive director of the Sun Valley Film Festival. “Screening Wild to Inspire finalists during our annual festival is just one way this contest helps foster new talent.”
Arts & Entertainment Documentaries Eco/Earth/Conservation Education Film Televison Travel Travel & Tourism Uncategorized
Aubrey Plaza Returns to Host 35th Film Independent Spirit Awards
Film Independent announced that Aubrey Plaza will return to host the 2020 Film Independent Spirit Awards. The Spirit Awards are the primary fundraiser for Film Independent’s year-round programs, which cultivate the careers of emerging filmmakers and promote diversity in the industry. Nominees were announced by Zazie Beetz (Atlanta, Joker, Deadpool 2) and Natasha Lyonne (Russian Doll, Ad Astra, Orange Is the New Black) on November 21. Best Feature nominees include A Hidden Life, Clemency, The Farewell, Marriage Story and Uncut Gems. The show will be broadcast live exclusively on IFC at 2:00 pm PT / 5:00 pm ET on Saturday, February 8, 2020.
2020 Film Independent Spirit Awards logo (Image provide by Film Independent)
“Like all great independent film performances, this one deserves a sequel,” said Host Aubrey Plaza. “The people have spoken. Bow down to your host!”
“At a time when the world is so bitterly divided and civil discourse is almost impossible, it’s nice we can all agree that Aubrey Plaza is the greatest host in the history of hosting,” said Josh Welsh, Film Independent President. “We are thrilled to have her back. Today is also the last day to join Film Independent as a Member to get access to the nominated films and vote on the winners. Only a fool would not watch the Spirit Awards on IFC on February 8, 2 PM PST / 5 PM EST.”
“Aubrey is back! Last year, fear of her signature take on hosting duties kept that other awards show host-less. We are excited to see what she brings to the tent this year,” said IFC Executive Director, Blake Callaway.
Now in its 35th year, the Film Independent Spirit Awards is an annual celebration honoring artist-driven films made with an economy of means by filmmakers whose films embody independence and originality. The Spirit Awards recognizes the achievements of American independent filmmakers and promotes the finest independent films of the year to a wider audience.
Plaza will next be seen starring in Black Bear, a suspenseful meta-drama, opposite Christopher Abbott and Sarah Gadon. The film, which she also produced, will premiere at the 2020 Sundance Film Festival. She is currently in production on Lina Roessler’s Best Sellers opposite Michael Caine which is based on an original screenplay that won a 2015 Nicholl Fellowship in Screenwriting award. Plaza’s other feature film credits include: Ingrid Goes West (which she produced and received a 2018 Film Independent Spirit Award for Best First Feature), Jeff Baena’s The Little Hours (also producer), Hal Hartley’s Ned Rifle, Colin Trevorrow’s Safety Not Guaranteed, Edgar Wright’s Scott Pilgrim vs. The World and Judd Apatow’s Funny People, among others. On television, she most recently starred in Noah Hawley’s Legion on FX and is well known for her role on NBC’s Parks & Recreation.
This year marks the 35th edition of the awards show that celebrates the best of independent film. Past Spirit Awards hosts have included Nick Kroll and John Mulaney, Kate McKinnon and Kumail Nanjiani, Fred Armisen and Kristen Bell, Patton Oswalt, Andy Samberg, Joel McHale, Sarah Silverman, Samuel L. Jackson, Eddie Izzard, Queen Latifah and John Waters, to name a few. The show, which will be held on the beach in Santa Monica, will be executive produced and directed by Joel Gallen of Tenth Planet Productions for the sixth consecutive year. Shawn Davis returns as producer for his 18th year, Rick Austin returns as producer for his fifth year and Danielle Federico and Andrew Schaff also return as co-producers.
Winners, who are selected by Film Independent Members, will be announced at the Spirit Awards on Saturday, February 8, 2020. The awards ceremony will be held on the beach in Santa Monica, just north of the Santa Monica Pier.
Winners of the Spirit Awards Filmmaker Grants will be announced at the Film Independent Spirit Awards Filmmaker Grant and Nominee Brunch on Saturday, January 4, 2020, at BOA Steakhouse in West Hollywood.
Award Season Documentaries Film Music Short Films and Documentaries Social/Life Uncategorized
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The Free Voice of Labour
Time for something completely different. This delightful documentary, from 1980, about the American Yiddish Anarchist newspaper, Fraye Arbeter Shtime, is a brilliant piece of social and labour history. It lasts around an hour, but watching it will be time well spent.
"You have to be idealistic or you might as well take a gun and blow your brains out"
Thanks to the commenter here
Simon Jenkins: Even though it worked and the result is welcome, it was still wrong.
Seumas Milne: Even though it was a success, it is a failure and a betrayal.
Robert Fisk: Doomed, I tell 'e doomed!
And still not gone yet ...
As the events in Tripoli continue to unfold, this short article from Shadi Hamid provides a coherent argument about the importance of interventions and the lessons to be drawn from Libya.
It's odd, but not necessarily surprising, that critics of the Libya intervention were calling it any number of things: mistake, quagmire, dangerous, an Iraq repeat, and so on. It is odd because the ultimate outcome -- the rebels winning and Qaddafi falling -- never seemed much in doubt. It was a matter of when, not if. For both better and worse, Libya confirms the reality that the role of external actors (in this case, the United States and Europe) can still be decisive in the Arab struggle for freedom.
And he remakes a point that should be reiterated constantly:
When you have the ability to act, doing nothing is no longer a neutral position.
Going, going ...
They are still wittering away whilst Gadaffi falls:
You hear no such appeals to humanity while Nato, in the name of the rebels (whoever they are), prepares to lay siege to Tripoli, a city of nearly 2 million people.
Libyan rebels are now advancing on the capital city of Tripoli with the aid of Nato strikes; this is sure to result in a real bloodbath, as opposed to the one that was conjured in Benghazi this past winter.
In the meantime, in Tripoli, Simon Jenkins' readers take to the streets.
And the Alex Crawford video mentioned in the previous post has now been uploaded to YouTube.
And still the miserable tendency of the liberal press grumble on - this from the Independent. Ignore them, read this instead: The Top Ten Myths About the Libya War. I particularly liked this:
The Libyan Revolution was a civil war. It was not, if by that is meant a fight between two big groups within the body politic. There was nothing like the vicious sectarian civilian-on-civilian fighting in Baghdad in 2006. The revolution began as peaceful public protests, and only when the urban crowds were subjected to artillery, tank, mortar and cluster bomb barrages did the revolutionaries begin arming themselves. When fighting began, it was volunteer combatants representing their city quarters taking on trained regular army troops and mercenaries. That is a revolution, not a civil war.
G'day hat tip.
"Freedom!"
An astonishing video report
Alex Crawford, accompanying the rebels, said the opposition fighters had been greeted with scenes of jubilation as they made their way through the outskirts of the capital.
As they entered the city, their cars gridlocked the roads, she said, and hundreds of people came out onto the streets to greet them.
"These scenes are amazing - there are hundreds of people who have come out onto the streets to greet this convoy of rebel soldiers.
"You can hear them singing and dancing, it is an amazing scene.
"We are now just a very short distance from the centre, with more and more people are coming onto the streets."
Strange and stranger
Anyone who has Chronic Fatigue Syndrome knows that it is no joke and is massively physically debilitating. In the early days of its identification people also had to fight off the stigma of it being seen as a psychological, rather than physiological, disease. This is rarely the case today, but though I knew of the early debate, I knew nothing about the extraordinary actions of CFS militants until I read this article today.
One researcher told the Observer that a woman protester who had turned up at one of his lectures was found to be carrying a knife. Another scientist had to abandon a collaboration with American doctors after being told she risked being shot, while another was punched in the street. All said they had received death threats and vitriolic abuse.
The reason? They were investigating psychological factors as part of the syndrome. Remarkably, none of the researchers believe that the causes are purely psychological, they think that there are external factors such as a virus infection as well. Yet this has not stopped the intimidation.
Many of the extremists' claims are bizarre, said Professor Simon Wessely, of the Institute of Psychiatry at King's College London. "They say I am in league with pharmaceutical companies in order to suppress data that shows a link between viruses and the syndrome. But why on earth would drug companies do that? If they could link the condition to a virus they would be well on the way to developing lucrative treatments and vaccines. It is crazy."
So here we have conspiracy theory, deep mistrust of properly conducted scientific research, and ... well, who knows what else? It is the same sort of obsessive behaviour and half-digested pseudo-knowledge that fuels the 9/11 Truthers, the climate change deniers and many others who ignore established fact in favour of the fictions that feed their imaginations. Research into CFS though? That's a new one on me.
It was one of those remarks that pull you up short when you are teaching a class. A few years ago, I was coming up with the usual liberal stuff about deprivation, anti-social behaviour and the criminal justice system, when a student sat back in her chair with a look of disgust on her face and said, "It’s all right for you, you don’t have to live next door to the little bastards".
I think that this gives a clue as to why some of the most potent condemnation of the riots has come from people sharing the same background as the rioters, something that Christopher Hitchens noted as part of his reflections on the perennial violence of British society.
Rioting in Britain is not a novelty, the product of some new social disease. Riots have been a feature of British society for centuries. Frequently, they were the way people defended and extended their rights. Industrial relations were often carried out through riot. Workers were known to demolish employers' houses until their demands were met and machine breaking was not just a feature of the Luddite rebellion. Food riots were endemic as were rural riots against enclosure, turnpikes and, during the Swing riots of the 1830s, the introduction of the threshing machine. Workhouses were burnt down in protests against the Poor Laws. And politics was always a riotous affair. Whilst my leftist soul looks on these with sympathy, we have to remember that 'King and Country' mobs were as prominent as radical ones, as were anti-Irish disturbances and, going way back to 1190, a wave of anti-Semitic pogroms culminated in the appalling massacre of the Jewish population of York in Clifford's Tower. Our attitude towards riots should reflect precisely who was doing the rioting and for what reason.
It is difficult to pin down the latest wave of disturbances. The proximate cause of the rioting in Tottenham was very different to what took place in, for instance, Salford. The riots were limited to a few cities and towns, appear to have been short-lived and were carried out by relatively small numbers of people. Motivations for participation were different, ranging from excitement and opportunism to anger and alienation. But there was also something taking place that was unpleasant and disturbing. The result was that, rather than uniting communities in protest, they divided them, with large numbers of working class people expressing disgust.
Part of the hostility was down to a continuing generational conflict, part a moral revulsion at the destruction and, let's not forget them, the murders that accompanied the rioting and looting, although there is more to it than that. And this is where the views of my student comes in.
For anyone living on what are euphemistically known as 'problem estates', this wasn't a riot; it was a breakout group. Sporadic arson (accompanied by attacks on fire-fighters), joy riding, burglary and the sort of systematic bullying and intimidation that can even drive people to suicide are some of the everyday difficulties people face that can make their lives misery. It is a part of the backdrop to poverty. The same people who attacked property in town centres were, or were assumed to be, often the same ones who make the struggles of poverty so much worse. Hard experience had already bred antipathy.
In addition, there is evidence of some heavy violence in places with a history of gun crime and drug wars. And that is not all, if there has been an overt political agenda, in some places it seems to have been set by the far right. Riots are not arbitrary affairs; their targets are rarely random. Asian businesses have been consistently picked out wherever rioting took place, gay communities have been under attack too. (The gay village in Manchester was safe though. It was well aware of the threat and set up its own defence group to see off any potential attackers. Seriously, you would not want to mess with these guys.) In Salford, the police have fingered the far right as one of the main instigators of the attacks on the Precinct.
This rings true to me. I worked with many students emerging from troubled backgrounds who were directed towards adult education after problems with the police, drink and drugs, or gang related activity. This was a time when the social services and probation officers were under less pressure and more sympathetic to offenders. I met some fascinating and very able people, but the stories they told about what they were leaving behind made my flesh creep. And politically they had invariably come from the far right.
So, the working class sense of disgust is hardly surprising and I cannot shake off a sense of unease about these events. They strike me as troubling actions by troubled people. However, I have no sympathy at all with the indignation of the conservative right.
What a complete load of steaming ordure is flowing out of the orifice of the conservative press, even more from the office of the Prime Minister. All the old tropes, 'break down of community', 'decline of moral order', 'decay of civilisation', 'single parents' - no, 'single mothers', never forget that this argument is heavily gendered, decrying feckless women lacking the firm smack of the masculine discipline that features heavily in their fantasies. There have been endless streams of the stuff, lubricated by the laxative of moral indignation, all accompanied by the foetid stench of class hatred.
And this isn't new either; every generation has indulged in the same dreary guff. The Economist's Bagehot blog got there before me in using Geoffrey Pearson's marvellous book, Hooligan: A History of Respectable Fears, a mainstay of my reading lists for years (and now shamefully out of print). It is a great post and worth reading in full.
There is nothing as unedifying as the spectacle of an establishment in full moral panic. In a chapter in his book, Customs in Common, E P Thompson wrote of the macabre theatre that was the Eighteenth Century riot, a masque of performance and ritual. Thompson was not just writing about the actions of rioters, he included in this notion of theatre the grim and bloody reaction of the courts. Little seems to have changed.
Today the punishments may not be as draconian, but the use of the law as an exercise in humiliation is still with us. And now the dust is settling, the first detailed reviews of convictions and the courts are showing an unsurprising pattern. Much harsher sentences are being handed out (with, thankfully, some successful appeals and acquittals beginning to follow) and, of course, they show that the majority of rioters were poor, unemployed and from 'deprived' areas.
And so we are left with the unmistakable correlation of deprivation and disaffection - a disaffection that can produce violence, much of it self-destructive, just as it harbours outrage at that violence within the same community. This is even more so in a society that parades its inequalities, rewards its failures with grotesquely huge pay-offs and is suffused with the sort of suburban self-satisfaction that is nurtured by well-rewarded mediocrity. If you strip out opportunity and hope, then people will create their own alternatives with the materials that they have to hand and the results, as this astonishing piece about Argentinian football shows, are not always pretty.
Champions!
After a nervous afternoon following texts from a friend at the ground and Internet news feeds, it is celebration time. Swinton beat South Wales 40-28, whilst Keighley lost at Workington, to become Championship Division One champions with two games left to play and win automatic promotion. A grand old club is on the way back.
And the August full moon
It is the night of the August full moon. And we are promised a meteor shower too.
The radio will be playing songs about the moon all day, people will stay up late and maybe there will be music and dancing.
It is a sentimental time, so perhaps we should take a walk ...
Thanks Daniel
And in the meantime, groups of feral rating agencies are roaming the world economic system, burning credit ratings, wantonly removing 'A's, smashing share prices and throwing rocks at anyone trying to come to the rescue. France is the latest country to be engulfed.
It is holiday time in Greece so all is quiet on the rioting front, not so in my other home of Salford. I found what was happening there disturbing. National Greek rioting followed the shooting of a teenager in December 2008. It was aimed at the police. Riots and demonstrations have taken place against the austerity packages. They were aimed at the government. But Manchester and Salford? What was going on?
Obviously, riots like these are not the sign of a healthy society or of an economy that is functioning smoothly, but I am sorry I cannot see this as an uprising, a proto-revolutionary movement or even an outburst of inchoate rage at the Tories. What was on view in my other home was something that is very familiar to all who live there, seriously screwed up young people. Only this time there were more of them in one place. Not that many, a few hundred perhaps, but enough to be effective. Unlike in Greece, where much of the nation was broadly in sympathy with the protests, if not their methods, the people of Manchester and Salford seem horrified.
Here is Martin Bright:
I remember talking to Camila Batmanghelidjh of Kids Company in the aftermath of the killing of Damilola Taylor and she said she was concerned that some children in her project had become “suicidally uncaring”. She meant that there was a group of young people who were so damaged that they had no empathy for others. Many of them were effectively homeless. Most disturbingly, they had developed their own parallel morality. This was over a decade ago.
You can read more from her here. From my former work in adult and community education I can recognise what she describes and think back to the really tough minded activists who work hard to overcome nihilistic, destructive alienation and the wonderful projects that can do so much to rescue people. I would also argue that the best work is not done by the state, its role is ambiguous as it is an enforcer as much as an enabler, it is done by the voluntary sector, doing difficult work with difficult people. It is just that the state is the only viable source of the necessary funding and this is being stripped away, leaving only the parallel world. This is no liberation.
I don't see a just society emerging from the ashes of a fully insured Miss Selfridge, but there was a thought that I couldn't let go as I watched the pictures and read the feeds of what seemed more like a systematic exercise in looting than a riot. Immature and damaged children, and yes they are children, were the ones who will appear on the CTV footage and later on in the courts. What of the fences who take the goods off them, the ones who make the money, the ones who hawk the stolen goods around? They aren't on the streets or the cameras. This was no heroic uprising, it was exploitation of the already exploited, of the vulnerable and immature. It was child abuse.
Simple pastimes
They always used to say that every man should have a hobby. You know the sort of thing; collecting model trains, building replica ships out of matchsticks, splitting atoms.
When you need a little light relief, turn to Simon Jenkins. In the midst of the most awful guff he always comes out with a gem. In this terrible piece on Libya he pulls out a general principle, an 'iron law' no less:
The iron law of plunging into someone else's civil war is choose the side most likely to win and make sure it does.
So that's what you should do. Franco? A dead cert. Lets get the RAF up there with those Luftwaffe chaps and bomb the crap out of Guernica. Pol Pot? A clear winner - if you need any help spotting those intellectuals to be exterminated, we're your boys.
I don't think so somehow. In any international conflict with global implications (aka "someone else's civil war") the basis of choice is not who is the likely winner, that would usually be the best armed and equipped, it is who you would want to see win. It is a moral and political choice. And in many cases, the side who we would like to see victorious is often the least well equipped. It may well consist of popular, democratic forces lined up against the tanks and troops of a fascistic dictatorship. And that is why intervention is necessary at times, to prevent them being crushed with all the consequences that may result.
The amoral, 'realist' perspective that Jenkins comes out with is actually unreal, detached from a real world where we face the constant necessity of making ethical judgements, taking risks, fulfilling our responsibilities and standing up for our principles.
Everyday difficulties in Greece, described here by Angelique Chrisafis.
And it ain't over yet.
Kill or cure
The OECD are confident. But, as Aditya Chakrabortty reports from Greece, others are not so sure:
One senior investment banker is more blunt: "People are scared that the government doesn't know what the fuck it's doing."
Reading this, together with his other report on a complex loan deal of dubious legality, you have to say that they might have a point.
Greece certainly needs reform, though the real point is which reforms it needs and which it could do without, and it also needs investment. At the moment we are seeing the start of a reform process, linked to austerity packages drawn from the manuals of orthodoxy, being cheered on by international institutions and bright-eyed American trained technocrats. In the meantime sceptical Greek people are conducting a quiet run on the banks and withdrawing cash. We will see who is right.
Phew, what a scorcher
I saw this report yesterday about the excessive heat in Britain (28C - a pleasantly warm late evening here).
Parts of Britain have enjoyed sunshine and scorching heat as temperatures were higher than in Sydney and Rio.
It forgot to mention that in Sydney and Rio it is winter.
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Argument: While No One’s Looking, the Palestinians Are Building a State While No One’s Looking, the Palestin...
While No One’s Looking, the Palestinians Are Building a State
Now it's time for the rest of the world to pitch in.
By Hussein Ibish
MUSA AL-SHAER/AFP/Getty Images
In the world of Palestinian politics, the recent weeks have been a study in contrasts. The international media has trained its focus off the shores of Gaza, where the flotilla fiasco has generated dramatic images of dead civilians and battered Israeli soldiers. The politics of this incident reflect the traditional sturm und drang of the Palestinian national movement: full of grand gestures and transformative ambitions that might result in bloodshed and embarrassment for Israel, but make no substantive contribution to Palestinian liberation.
But in Bethlehem, far away from the television cameras and breathless news reports, 2,000 Palestinian financiers also gathered recently at the second Palestine Investment Conference to quietly go about the business of building the economy of a viable Palestinian state. They discussed almost $1 billion in new projects targeting high-growth sectors, including information and communications technology, housing, and tourism. The politics of the conference represent a paradigm shift quietly taking place in the West Bank under the leadership of Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas and Prime Minister Salam Fayyad, in which Palestinians are increasingly turning to the mundane, workaday tools of governance and development as their principal strategy for ending the occupation.
This strategic transformation is the result of a conundrum facing the Palestinian leadership, which has gambled its political future on a two-state agreement with Israel. If they fail, it is likely that both the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and the Palestinian Authority (PA) will permanently fade from history and the national movement will be captured by Islamists led by Hamas. Even PLO leaders, however, are still extremely skeptical about the ability of diplomacy to yield significant short-term progress, given the hard-line attitude of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s government. Therefore, Palestinians have gravitated toward solutions that avoid exclusive reliance on diplomacy, which depends on American determination and Israeli seriousness, or slipping back into counterproductive, self-defeating violence.
The most important of these initiatives is the state- and institution-building program adopted by Fayyad’s cabinet last August. This program marks an attempt to build the administrative, infrastructural, and economic framework for a Palestinian state — not only in spite of the occupation, but as a means of confronting it. The plan calls for every PA ministry to meet a series of administrative and institutional goals, from economic and infrastructural developments to good governance and transparency measures. A budget document released in January added even more details to the program. The idea is that, if you build the state, it will come.
Palestinian nationalism had previously been conceived of as largely a top-down affair, concerned with success on the battlefield or at the highest levels of international diplomacy. But rather than seeking an impossible military victory or waiting for the sudden achievement of a major peace treaty, the state-building program seeks to create Palestine as a practical reality. Even as they continue to insist on their moral right of self-determination, Palestinians are seriously taking up their practical responsibilities of self-government.
Palestinians have also adopted nonviolent tactics designed to confront the occupation — particularly the PA’s boycott of settlement goods and mass protests against abusive occupation practices, such as the West Bank separation barrier. These tactics are designed to ensure that both Israelis and Palestinians understand that the state-building approach is not, as is sometimes claimed, a form of collaboration or "beautifying" of the occupation, but rather a sophisticated form of resistance to it. This approach also seeks to achieve clarity on the status of the occupied territories and confront Israelis with a simple question: Is this land going to be part of our state, or is it a part of yours?
This strategy is making quiet but significant progress. Last year, the PA completed more than 1,000 community development programs. It has created the nucleus of a Palestinian central bank and developed a transparent and accountable system of public financing. Hundreds of major development and public-private initiatives are under way, including at least two major telecommunications companies and the first planned Palestinian city. With significant international support, the framework of the Palestinian state is starting to take shape before our eyes.
The bedrock of the state-building program is the new security services trained by multinational forces Palestinians have deployed 2,600 officers in five major West Bank cities, ensuring unprecedented levels of law and order and facilitating the removal of a number of Israeli checkpoints. Israelis themselves have commended the effectiveness of the forces and praised their security coordination with Israeli forces. The combination of security improvements, increased access and mobility for Palestinians, and the PA’s economic development projects led to a growth rate of 8.5 percent in the West Bank last year, one of the highest in the recession-plagued world economy. Perhaps even more significantly, about half of the PA’s budget is now provided by Palestinian taxes and not international support.
In addition to this paradigm shift in the West Bank, Palestinian diplomacy is finally back on track after a difficult 12 months. Abbas’s June 9 visit to the White House revealed that the PLO is presenting itself, for the first time in many years, as a real political partner to the United States. Abbas was able to achieve broad agreement with President Barack Obama’s administration on most key points, including the necessity of easing the siege of Gaza without benefiting Hamas and reaching an agreement that, though direct Israeli-Palestinian talks are important, more political and diplomatic preparation is still required before they can be launched.
There have been some significant failures, of course, particularly regarding the problem of Hamas’s grip over Gaza. Hamas stymied plans to hold national elections in January and July, which represented the only viable peaceful option for reunifying the Palestinian national movement. For the foreseeable future, therefore, national reconciliation appears to be a slogan rather than a practical possibility. The PLO and Hamas currently agree on absolutely nothing, from how to deal with Israel to the cultural and religious foundations of Palestinian society. The future of Hamas will likely be determined by the success or failure of the PA’s state-building project, and its diplomatic efforts. A decisive failure of the new Palestinian tactics will probably make an Islamist takeover inevitable, but its success will discredit Hamas and weaken the organization’s appeal.
The recent Gaza flotilla disaster and Israel’s unconscionable and counterproductive blockade of humanitarian aid to the people of Gaza poses a significant challenge to the PA’s strategy. In the coming months, its leadership will attempt to deny Hamas the ability to reap political benefits from Gazans’ suffering. Particularly after Israel’s bloody attack on the flotilla, PLO leaders are determined to help find a way to ease the siege without strengthening their rivals. They think that the blockade has primarily strengthened Hamas’s grip on power in Gaza and are calling for a new way to separate the interests of Hamas and ordinary Gazans.
Palestinian strategy must contend not only with the fallout from the flotilla debacle, but with the constant stresses imposed by the occupation’s continued restrictions on Palestinian economic development and the meager progress of diplomatic negotiations. Recent World Bank and IMF studies confirm that, though the institution-building project is meeting its stated objectives, under present conditions it can only go so far: The occupation must continue to recede for it to develop further. This means that increased Israeli cooperation is essential. The PA’s state-building approach and its nonviolent tactics are means for achieving progress on the ground, but in the end they cannot be a substitute for a negotiated agreement.
Although the flotilla fiasco and international outrage concerning Gaza may be more dramatic, all parties have an interest in ensuring the success of the groundbreaking developments in the West Bank. International support and Israeli cooperation are essential for this project to realize its full potential. If that happens, the creation of a viable Palestinian state might attract more than a few newspaper headlines of its own soon enough.
Hussein Ibish is a senior resident scholar at the Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington.
Tags: Argument, Default, Development, Diplomacy, Free, Israel/Palestine, Middle East, Terrorism, U.S. Foreign Policy, Web Exclusive
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Argument: Justice League Justice League...
The case for calling off the Tomahawks and bringing Muammar al-Qaddafi to The Hague.
By David Scheffer
JOHN MACDOUGALL/AFP/Getty Images
On June 27, the International Criminal Court (ICC) in The Hague handed down arrest warrants against Libya’s Muammar al-Qaddafi, his son and de facto prime minister Saif al-Islam, and his brother-in-law Abdullah al-Senussi, head of Libyan military intelligence. The news was mostly met with a shrug; the New York Times ran its story on the indictments on page A11.
Popular cynicism about the International Criminal Court and its importance to messy international conflicts like Libya is the easiest game in town, particularly if the town in question is Washington. The United States has steadfastly refused to join the court (whose member countries now number 116, including all NATO allies except Turkey), giving skeptics official license to throw grenades at the tribunal’s often-uphill struggles to investigate atrocity crimes, arrest indicted fugitives, and conduct politically sensitive and protracted trials under the terms of due process. Michael Rubin of the American Enterprise Institute told CNN, "The ICC’s arrest warrant symbolizes the dirty underside of international law. … [It] tells Qaddafi to fight to the death."
Why, then, should anyone bother with the ICC in a conflict where NATO’s military might, backing up a resilient rebel movement, surely will be the decisive factor in toppling a tiresome dictator? Because there’s more at stake here than Libya, or the fate of a single loathsome war criminal and his associates.
International judicial intervention — a term I introduced to Foreign Policy in an article of the same name 15 years ago — has succeeded in its plodding way at humbling and bringing to justice one tyrant after another, along with their partners in genocide, crimes against humanity, and massive war crimes. Yes, international justice takes time; indicted leaders threaten and bully and defy tribunals as a matter of course (even though the bravado rarely lasts); and there is always the risk that an international prosecutor might scrutinize one of your own.
But if international justice requires patience and some risk, it also holds more lasting rewards. Most of the surviving top leaders who orchestrated atrocities in the Balkans, Rwanda, and Sierra Leone in recent decades have been apprehended and brought to justice before international criminal tribunals — and, in the case of Cambodia and the Pol Pot regime, an internationalized domestic court that today is holding its own Nuremberg-style trial. Peace now prevails in all four of these places in large part because the really bad seeds have been removed and important historical lessons about justice and the rule of law have taken root, particularly among younger generations. The counterfactual that apprehending these criminals somehow places these societies at greater risk of dissolution, or that domestic legal systems will fill the void, has routinely been proved wrong. Serbian courts never found the will to prosecute Slobodan Milosevic, Radovan Karadzic, or Ratko Mladic, but the Hague Tribunal did. Sierra Leone’s judiciary remains on life support, and the prosecutions — including that of Liberian leader Charles Taylor — before the international Special Court for Sierra Leone have not resurrected the rebel armies in that country.
To be sure, the system doesn’t have a perfect record. Sudanese President Omar Hassan al-Bashir has been indicted on charges of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes in Darfur but remains at large, ruling his country and traveling outside of it with flashes of impunity. Joseph Kony, the indicted commander in chief of Uganda’s murderous Lord’s Resistance Army, reportedly roams freely across several central African countries. But these failures must be seen in context. Four out of five indicted leaders from the Democratic Republic of the Congo now reside at the detention center in The Hague. Popular rebel leader Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, indicted for orchestrating mass rapes in the Central African Republic, is standing trial now. Three out of six indicted leaders from Sudan have faced the court, though they are from the rebel side of the Darfur conflict. All six indicted leaders from Kenya, charged with crimes against humanity during the violent aftermath of the 2007 election, have appeared voluntarily in The Hague and await confirmation of the charges against them by the judges. Ivory Coast’s former President Laurent Gbagbo is in domestic custody, and a future flight north to the land of tulips might await him. Most remarkably, the court has accomplished all of this without its own police force.
NATO, of course, could ignore all of this justice stuff and just keep bombing Tripoli; a Tomahawk missile is no doubt a more expedient means of dispatching Qaddafi and his cohorts than a drawn-out courtroom battle in The Hague. But if there’s one lesson to draw from the post-9/11 decade of conflict — defined as it has been by unilateral military action and an emphasis on force over law — it’s that in war the means determine the ends to a not-insignificant degree. Arrest warrants from international criminal tribunals can delegitimize tyrants before their own people and certainly before the international community; unilateral wars have, if anything, had the opposite effect.
The United States and its NATO allies are supposed to stand for the rule of law and, accordingly, for the criminal prosecution of those who violate it — and Barack Obama’s administration, while willing to embrace justice-by-summary-execution in the case of Osama bin Laden, has shown an interest in renewing this commitment. The administration has been supportive of the ICC’s investigations and indictments throughout Africa, and was instrumental in obtaining unanimous approval for U.N. Security Council Resolution 1970 on Feb. 26, which referred the Libya situation to the court in the first place. Libya presents an opportunity to close the book on the cowboy behavior of the post-9/11 era and re-embrace the rule of law in a unified fashion with America’s European and other allies throughout the world.
How might the United States and NATO go about restoring the right balance between the use of military force and the application of international justice in the admittedly hard case of Libya? For starters, the bombing runs on Qaddafi’s compound and other redoubts may need to end; the United States cannot express support for the court’s investigations and indictments and at the same time plot the indicted fugitives’ summary executions. With the assistance of the rebels, who already have volunteered to help arrest the Qaddafi gang, NATO special operations forces should be mobilized to deploy into Libya and arrest the three indicted war criminals, the sooner the better. The National Transitional Council based in Benghazi should grant NATO permission to enter Libyan territory for this purpose, thus neutralizing the expected sovereignty claims of the regime and its appeasers.
Taking this tack should be appealing to realists, among them the newfound converts to nonintervention in the Republican Party. Qaddafi is not precluded from still cutting a political deal to avoid a trip to The Hague, at least in the near term. When Prosecutor Luis Moreno-Ocampo announced on March 3 at the International Criminal Court that he was investigating Qaddafi and other Libyan leaders, he encouraged Qaddafi in particular to leave, which left the door wide open for them to negotiate safe passage to a haven country that is not a member of the court well before any indictments were handed down. Qaddafi, of course, chose not to, but though the arrest warrant complicates a sanctuary plan, it does not bury it.
Last but certainly not least, enforcing the arrest warrants is also the best road out of Libya for the Western nations, most of which — not least the United States — are faced at home with the unpopularity of the seemingly unending NATO campaign. It allows them a means of winding down military action without capitulating to an odious dictator. In the case of the United States, this path would reclaim America’s reputation overseas as a leader of international justice, which matters every time Washington tries to preach with a straight face human rights and justice to other governments. U.S. foreign policy is burdened with the simple fact that Washington’s credibility was shattered after 9/11 with the Bush administration’s so-called war on terror and its foolish rejection of the country’s historic adherence to the rule of law. The Anglo-American invasion of Iraq without Security Council authorization and everything that followed are legacies it will take a very long time to overcome. Let’s begin in Libya.
Tags: Arab World, Argument, Default, Free, Human Rights, International Organizations, Justice, Law, Libya, Military, North Africa, Obama Administration, Thumbs, U.S. Foreign Policy, United Nations, Web Exclusive
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Argument: Who Cares How Many Women Are in Parliament? Who Cares How Many Women Are in Parliament...
Who Cares How Many Women Are in Parliament?
There are plenty of good yardsticks for the state of women’s rights around the world. Parliamentary representation isn’t one of them.
By Joshua Foust, Melinda Haring
ALEXANDER PROKOPENKO/AFP/Getty Images
Last month The Economist published its annual infographic about the dearth of women in parliaments around the world. Not surprisingly, some of the most-developed countries — Sweden, Germany, New Zealand — top the charts. (Also present are two African countries, Rwanda and South Africa, that have mandated parliamentary quotas for women.)
Equitable representation of women in politics and government is an ideal promoted by every development organization and to which every Western government aspires. Though women comprise over 50 percent of the world’s population, they are underrepresented as political leaders and elected officials. The National Democratic Institute puts it plainly: “Democracy cannot truly deliver for all of its citizens if half of the population remains underrepresented in the political arena.”
There’s a problem with this argument, though: There’s no evidence to support it. In Cuba, women MPs comprise 45 percent of the parliament. Yet, in a country where women make up nearly half of the parliament, democracy is not “truly delivering for all of its citizens.” And so it goes in many repressive states. They may have plenty of women in power but lag far behind on every meaningful index of democracy.
The Eurasia region illustrates this uncomfortable reality all too well. In Azerbaijan, 16 percent of MPs are female, but every single female MP is a member of the ruling New Azerbaijan Party, which loyally rubber-stamps every decree issued by strongman Ilham Aliyev. In fact, the parliament of Azerbaijan is entirely dominated by one party; there are zero opposition parties in parliament. In other words, there isn’t any party parity. Does the number of women matter in a fake parliament?
It is simplistic to assume that the mere presence of women in a parliament corresponds to greater political representation.
What’s missing from the focus on women’s political participation — in Azerbaijan and elsewhere — is political party affiliation. The point of getting women into parliament is to increase representation and, in theory at least, fairness. If a woman is in parliament but she votes however her leader tells her to (as do the male MPs), what difference does gender make?
Western governments and NGOs spend millions of dollars annually trying to increase the number of women in elected legislatures. But counting the number of women in a parliament does not actually tell you how free, fair, or representative that political system is; it just tells you how many women are in parliament. It says nothing about their freedom to think and vote as they choose without fear of reprisal, which should be the primary measurement of parliamentary health.
Women’s participation in government matters, of course, but that value comes only after a certain degree of freedom is established. Women can be just as venal, corrupt, and self-interested as men. (Imelda Marcos comes to mind, though pop star and dictator’s daughter Gulnara Karimova of Uzbekistan could give her a run for the money).
In the end, party, not gender, is where the focus should be. Yet the NGO community, including donor governments, wrongly focuses almost exclusively on increasing the number of women in parliament regardless of their party affiliation. That focus doesn’t make sense if the goal is to improve democratic governance around the world.
As an example of this tunnel vision, the global listing of gender breakdown in parliaments by the International Parliamentary Union fails to capture party affiliation (data from the South Caucasus was drawn from the Caucasus Research Resource Centers). Let’s take a look at the relevant gender data for these places:
Belarus leads the pack for gender representation. Similarly, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan have a relatively high number of women in parliament — outdoing the United States in raw percentages — but that says nothing about how just or equitable their politics are or how independent their parliaments are relative to the president.
When we compare IPU’s data on female participation with Freedom House’s Freedom in the World rankings (with 1 being the most free), a dramatically different picture emerges:
Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan, the three countries with the most women in parliament, are the least free, and do not have independent parliamentary bodies that check executive power. Georgia and Ukraine, which have the fewest women in parliament, are relatively more free than their neighbors with greater female participation.
While we shouldn’t draw too many conclusions from these charts, we can at least conclude that there isn’t necessarily a relationship between a country’s political freedom and the number of women in parliament.
Gender equality in government is important, but it’s not the primary variable in ensuring true representation. Political freedom and good governance are basic rights that shouldn’t be confused with gender issues. Assuming that female representation indicates greater political freedom is sloppy thinking of the kind that has too often skewed the priorities and undermined the promise of the development community.
Tags: Argument, Caucasus, Central Asia, Cool, Default, Democracy, Democracy Lab, Democracy Lab Poster 5, Eastern Europe, Free, Politics, Web Exclusive, Women
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Based on a true story, the film is set in 1985 South Africa at the height of Apartheid, which serves as the backdrop for an untold love story and a journey to self-acceptance. After being picked up by Breaking Glass Pictures, the North American release aligns well with pride month celebrations in the U.S.A.
"Engaging and heartfelt, this moving coming-of-age tale transports us back to the mid-80s, when outsiders and lost souls turned to the glorious voice of Boy George to give us hope and guidance", said Richard Ross, co-president of Breaking Glass.
Richard added: "Anchored by truly amazing performances and superb writing, Kanarie is one of the most memorable films in recent years and an important and outstanding addition to our line-up."
Locally, the movie surpassed all expectations at the box office in 2018.
The film also received accolades overseas and boasts with more than 17 awards to date from film festivals around the world, including Best LGBTQ film at the Cape Town international film market & festival, Best Narrative Feature at the Chicago Reeling film festival and Best Feature Film at the Roze Filmdagen festival in Amsterdam.
One of the producers of the film, Roelof Storm, and director Christiaan Olwagen, will be in the United States during the release to represent the film and their country. "We are very proud of this milestone achievement for our small SA film and are excited to keep building our audiences abroad. It is clear that the story transcends language and culture and speaks to a humanity that many can relate to." says Jaco Smit, CEO of Marche Media.
www.channel24.co.za
Forty years after its original release, South African audiences will get the chance to experience Apocalypse Now: Final Cut, a never-before-seen and newly restored cut of Coppola's spectacular cinematic masterpiece in a way which the director believes "looks better than it has ever looked and sounds better
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Records of the Associated Student Government
Identifier: 31/5/1
Abstract The Records of the Associated Student Government consist of 31 boxes, spanning the years 1969 to 1998. The bulk of the records contained in the first 10 boxes consist of Senate legislation and minutes, as well as the work of smaller committees. The records are divided into six subseries: Organic Documents, Legislation, Minutes and Agendas, Membership Records, Committees, and Clippings. The collection also contains two sets of additions.
Men's Interhouse Council Records
Abstract The Men's Interhouse Council was an organization of representatives from each of Northwestern University's “open,” or independent, men's housing units, hence, it served as a counterpart to the Interfraternity Council. This series consists of records of the Men's Interhouse Council. Among the records are copies of constitutions, beginning with the one adopted on March 10, 1932, and including a number of subsequent revisions.The MIC records also include minutes of meetings held between February...
Northwestern University Evening Student Council (N.U.E.S.C.) Presidents' Records
Abstract This series, filling one half-size box and spanning the years from 1963 through 1969, is comprised of records generated and maintained by presidents and other officers of the Northwestern University Evening Student Council (N.U.E.S.C.).
Records of the Student Governing Board
Abstract This series comprises minutes, correspondence, memoranda and reports of the Student Governing Board spanning the years from 1932 to 1960. Also included are scattered reports by SGB committees, SGB brochures, and newspaper clippings from 1941 to 1960. The minutes span the years from 1937 to 1960. Typically, the minutes record discussions of special extracurricular campus events, cheerleaders, the Model United Nations, elections procedures, gambling on campus, cheating on tests, homecoming, and...
Records of the Student Senate
Abstract The Records of the Student Senate (1960-69), which replaced the Student Governing Board (1933-1960) and preceded the Associated Student Government (1969- ), include complete minutes, memoranda, committee reports, correspondence, brochures, press releases and newspaper clippings.
Subject: College student government--Illinois--Evanston X
Northwestern University (Evanston, Ill.)--Students--Registers 1
Northwestern University (Evanston, Ill.). Associated Student Government 1
Northwestern University (Evanston, Ill.). Evening Student Council 1
Northwestern University (Evanston, Ill.). Interhouse Council 1
Northwestern University (Evanston, Ill.). Men's Interhouse Council 1
Northwestern University (Evanston, Ill.). Student Governing Board 1
Northwestern University (Evanston, Ill.). Student Senate 1
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Click a heading to expand the definition, or click again to collapse.
Use the menu on the right to navigate to a different help topic.*
What are information rights?
In today’s information-driven society, the issue of access to and control over information is enormously important to the survival and success of individuals and organizations. It is also vital to the continued viability of our democracy.
Open and accountable government depends greatly on the citizens’ access to accurate and timely information about government and its activities. At the same time, our ability to maintain personal privacy depends on our power to limit the surveillance of our personal lives by government and private sector institutions. This includes a right to limit and control the collection and use of our personal information.
In this sense, these two human rights are not contradictory. Freedom of information (FOI) rights help to increase an individual’s access to and control over information, while privacy rights increase the power of the individual in society, which is why we refer to both of them as “information rights”.
Information rights provide individuals with a much-needed counterbalance to the far greater access to and control of information enjoyed by governments and other powerful organizations. Information rights improve our democracy by reducing this imbalance of power in a society that is increasingly dominated by the uses and abuses of information. But our right as individuals to know what is going on in society must also exist in balance with the right to individual privacy.
Together, information rights help to create:
an informed electorate,
open, honest and accountable government,
greater citizen participation in the democratic process, and
greater protection of individual human rights.
What is freedom of information?
In the broadest sense, freedom of information is the public’s right to a free flow of information in society. This includes our rights to freedom of expression and access to information without undue restrictions imposed by government, corporations or other entities.
In the narrower sense in which we use it on this website, freedom of information (FOI) or access to information (ATI) are terms that describe the legal right of access to government information.
Provincial and federal freedom of information laws were created to empower citizens. They give us access to information that previously was available only to government leaders and insiders. Our governments hold vast storehouses of information about every aspect of society and every individual in it. Citizens cannot be full players without a right of access to this information.
Freedom of information in the law
Freedom of information law at the federal and provincial level allows individuals to access their own personal information from private organizations. For more information on this, read the ‘Request Personal Information’ help topic.
Freedom of information law at the federal and provincial level also allows individuals to access information from government and other public bodies. For more information on this, read the‘Request Information from Public Bodies’ help topic.
For more information about FOI law, read the ‘Freedom of Information Law’ definition below.
What is privacy and how is it protected?
Since knowledge brings power to those who possess it, knowledge of our private lives tends to increase the power and influence held over us by governments and corporations. Some limits must be imposed in order to maintain the delicate balance of power that sustains our democracy.
Privacy rights are assuming more importance every day as an essential pillar of human freedom and a necessary protection for other human rights such as our freedoms of thought, association, and expression.
What is privacy?
Privacy, as we define it, is the ability or right to have a “private life” – to be left alone, free from illegal or unwanted scrutiny and intrusions.
“Privacy protection” means defending the privacy of individuals by legislation or other means.
In general there are three categories of privacy that are protected by law:
spatial privacy,
bodily privacy, and
informational privacy.
Spatial privacy is most often affected by laws limiting the police’s ability to search premises; bodily privacy most often deals with our right to control what is done with our bodies; informational privacy is about our rights to control or consent to how our information is handled by others. It is important to understand that this right to informational privacy is limited and balanced against the needs of organizations and governments to collect, use, and disclose information for reasonable purposes. FIPA’s focus is primarily on informational privacy.
Most privacy laws in Canada are based on the Fair Information Practices – core privacy principles which are recognized, and form the basis of privacy laws, in many countries around the world. Fair Information Practices identify the broad rights individuals should have, and the broad responsibilities organizations take on when they collect, use and disclose personal information.
For more information, read the definitions below on:
federal privacy law and public bodies
provincial privacy law and public bodies
federal privacy law and private bodies
provincial privacy law and private bodies
Although the definitions vary slightly in each law, we can say that generally, personal information means information about an identifiable person or, put another way, personal information is information that allows the person to be identified.
Therefore, ‘personal information’ does not have to be the kind of information that you might expect would be sensitive or private or would ordinarily be kept secret. Information can be personal information even if your name is not included, so long as the information would allow you to be identified, either by itself, or if it was matched with some other information about you. This means that a large amount of information could qualify as ‘personal’.
Even if the information is widely known, so long as it is about an identifiable individual, (and is not business contact information) it will be personal information under Canadian privacy and FOI laws. This includes:
a photograph of you or of something about you
your credit card number, your SIN or Care Card number
genetic information, biometric information
information about your friends, hobbies, talents, or favourite colour
information about where you had lunch, bought your favourite shoes or went on vacation
your age, sex, race, religion, memberships.
Employee personal information
In British Columbia only, employee personal information is a sub-category of personal information. Employee personal information is defined as personal information about an individual that is collected, used or disclosed solely for the purposes reasonably required to establish, manage or terminate an employment relationship between the organization and that individual, but does not include personal information that is not about an individual’s employment.
This roundabout definition is in the law so that an employer can collect, use and disclose personal information about employees for reasonable business purposes without having to get the employees consent, which would impose an unnecessary cost on businesses. Under PIPA, an employee includes a volunteer, so the personal information of volunteers is treated the same way as the personal information of employees.
Under BCs provincial law, PIPA, an employer is not required to get consent to collect, use or disclose employee personal information if:
the collection, use or disclosure is reasonable for the purposes of establishing, managing or terminating the employment relationship; and
the employer has given the employee a notice of purposes.
Under PIPEDA, the federal law, an organization is allowed to treat an employee’s consent as being implied if they remain in their job after being given notice of purposes for the collection, use or disclosure by the organization.
Rather than give notice in each instance, most organizations provide a general notice through the privacy policy that applies to their employees. The purposes listed in the notice of purposes must always be reasonable and appropriate in the circumstances.
For more information see the section on ‘Privacy in Employment’ on the ‘Privacy Rights in Canada‘ help topic.
Collection, use, and disclosure
“Collection” typically means to get or gather together; “use” generally means use, handle, manage or manipulate and “disclose” generally means to give to another organization or person and includes sharing and selling.
What is a ‘private body’?
A private body is any business or non-profit organization, including:
A private body is not:
an individual, when they are collecting, using or disclosing personal information for personal, journalistic, artistic or literary purposes
any level of government
private trusts
What is a ‘public body’?
A public body is:
a ministry of the government of British Columbia
an agency, board, commission, corporation, office or other body designated in, or added by regulation to, Schedule 2
a local public body
What is a ‘local public body’?
‘Local public body’ does not include the office of a person who is a member or officer of the Legislative Assembly; the Court of Appeal, Supreme Court or Provincial Court.
It does include the following:
A local government body
This means a municipality; a regional district; an improvement district as defined in the Local Government Act; a local area as defined in the Local Services Act; a greater board as defined in the Community Charter or any incorporated board that provides similar services and is incorporated by letters patent; a board of variance established under section 899 of the Local Government Act or section 572 of the Vancouver Charter; the trust council, the executive committee, a local trust committee and the trust fund board, as these are defined in the Islands Trust Act; the Okanagan Basin Water Board; a water users’ community as defined in the Water Act; the Okanagan-Kootenay Sterile Insect Release Board; a municipal police board established under section 23 of the Police Act; a library board as defined in the Library Act; any board, committee, commission, panel, agency or corporation that is created or owned by a body referred to in paragraphs (a) to (m) and all the members or officers of which are appointed or chosen by or under the authority of that body; a board of trustees established under section 37 of the Cremation, Interment and Funeral Services Act; the South Coast British Columbia Transportation Authority, or the Park Board referred to in section 485 of the Vancouver Charter.
A health care body
This means a hospital as defined in section 1 of the Hospital Act; a Provincial auxiliary hospital established under the Hospital (Auxiliary) Act; a regional hospital district and a regional hospital district board under the Hospital District Act; a Provincial mental health facility as defined in the Mental Health Act, or a regional health board designated under section 4 (1) of the Health Authorities Act.
A social services body
This means Community Living British Columbia established under the Community Living Authority Act.
An educational body
This means a university as defined in the University Act; Royal Roads University; an institution as defined in the College and Institute Act; the Thompson Rivers University; the Open Learning Agency established under the Open Learning Agency Act; a board as defined in the School Act, or a francophone education authority as defined in the School Act.
A governing body of a profession or occupation
If the governing body is designated in, or added by regulation to, Schedule 3.
What is 'consent'?
Express, deemed or implied
Consent can either be express, deemed or implied. In many cases consent must be express, meaning you have to actually say yes or check a box on a form. However an organization can deem your consent as having been implied by you if:
the organization tells you that it will collect your personal information, and tells you the reason why (either verbally or by showing you its written notice of purposes) and
you don’t explicitly refuse consent within a reasonable amount of time.
For example, when you call a bank or telecom company for service a voice may announce that the call will be recorded for quality control and training. By staying on the line and speaking with a service representative, you are implying that you consent to the collection of your personal information in the recording for quality control and training.
Except in specific, limited circumstances, such as where there is a legal requirement, or where you are an employee of the organization, you have a right to consent or not to consent to the collection, use and disclosure of your personal information by an organization in the private sector. Depending on the situation, there may be a term of a contract under which you have waived the right to withdraw consent, or there may be a law requiring the organization to collect your personal information for example for tax purposes.
Withdrawing consent in the private sector
The right to consent is accompanied by the right to withdraw or change your consent. First, you must give reasonable notice to the organization. When you do not consent, or you withdraw your consent after you gave it, the organization has to tell you what the consequences will be of your declining or withdrawal of consent.
Usually, once it has your consent, the organization may not collect, use or disclose your personal information for other, or new purposes unless it gets a new consent from you.
However, if your consent is not required for a particular purpose, an organization can continue to collect, use or disclose for that purpose. For example, a bank does not need your consent to file certain tax forms with Canada Revenue Agency to report interest income, because it is required by law to file the forms.
Unless the information is necessary to provide the product or service, the organization cannot require you to give it your personal information as a condition of being supplied the product or service.
You may not withdraw your consent at all in two circumstances: i) if doing so would frustrate the performance of a legal obligation; and ii) if you gave your consent for the purposes of a credit reporting agency creating a credit report about you.
An organization is not allowed to get your consent by giving you false or misleading information or by using deceptive or misleading practices. If you do give your consent based on false or misleading or deceptive information or practices, your consent is not valid and the organization is not allowed to rely on it.
When consent is not required in the private sector
In certain circumstances, an organization does not have to get consent before it collects, uses, or discloses personal information. These circumstances are limited by PIPA and PIPEDA. The limitations in each law are somewhat different, and so private sector organizations will have different rights depending on which of the two laws apply.
Here are some situations when a private sector organization in BC covered by PIPA does not need your consent to collect, use or disclose your personal information:
when it is clearly in your interests and your consent cannot be obtained in a timely way;
when it is necessary for medical treatment and you can’t give consent;
when getting your consent might compromise the availability or accuracy of the information and the information is reasonably needed for an investigation or proceeding;
when the organization is collecting a debt owed to it;
when the organization needs to contact a next of kin or friend of an ill or deceased person, or where compelling circumstances exist affecting health and safety; or
when it is allowed or required by a court order, warrant, subpoena, law or a treaty;
when you appear at a public event voluntarily and your personal information is collected at the event (for example, you are photographed on stage at a demonstration); or
when your personal information is needed to determine whether to select you for an award, honour, or an athletic or artistic purpose.
An organization is also allowed to disclose personal information:
to a public body or law enforcement agency in Canada in connection with investigating or prosecuting crime;
if there are compelling circumstances affecting someone’s health or safety;
if the disclosure is to an archive or for research or in connection with a business transaction involving the organization.
In each of the following cases, certain conditions must be met in BC.
List of the circumstances in which an organization can collect personal information
List of the circumstances in which an organization can use personal information
List of the circumstances in which an organization can disclose personal information
Consent in the public sector
Consent is not required under the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act. Public bodies are allowed to collect, use and disclose personal information without consent. However, FOIPPA does put some limits on what purposes a public body is allowed to collect and use your personal information for, and on how and where it can be disclosed. For more information, read the definition on FOIPPA below.
Private sector privacy laws
Two privacy laws apply to organizations in the private sector; the Personal Information Protection Act (BC) (PIPA) is a law of BC and applies only in BC, and the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act(PIPEDA) is a law of Canada and applies throughout Canada, including to private institutions under federal jurisdiction in BC (eg. banks).
Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA)
The Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA) is the federal law which applies to organizations that collect, use and disclose personal information in the course of commercial activity, unless a provincial privacy law applies.
PIPEDA applies to personal information collected, used or disclosed by all businesses in industries that are federally regulated, including personal information about their employees. Provincial privacy law does not generally apply to these organizations. Federally regulated industries include telecommunications (including phone and internet providers), interprovincial transportation (including railways, airlines and trucking), maritime industries (shipping and fishing) banks and some Indian Bands.
Most businesses in Canada are covered by provincial regulation, but certain types of businesses are deemed to have a national scope and effect, so they are regulated by the federal government. The legal term for businesses operating in these federally regulated industries is federal works, undertakings or businesses. These industries include telecommunications, maritime industries, interprovincial transportation, and banking.
PIPEDA also applies to all personal information that flows across provincial or national borders in the course of commercial transactions regardless of what type of business the sender or recipient is in. All personal information that flows across a border is covered by PIPEDA.
Personal Information Protection Act (PIPA)
In British Columbia the law that protects privacy in the private sector is called the Personal Information Protection Act (PIPA). It applies to every organization except governments in the province, including municipal governments and the Nisgaa government and the courts.
All types of organizations are covered, including for-profit businesses and non-profit organizations, associations, teams and clubs. PIPA applies to organizations when they collect, use or disclose personal information in the course of their operations.
PIPA does not apply if:
the collection, use or disclosure of personal information is for personal purposes, (for example, keeping a phone book of friends numbers, researching and recording a family history); or
the collection, use or disclosure of personal information is for journalistic, artistic or literary purposes, or
another privacy law applies to the information, for example, if PIPEDA applies, PIPA will not apply.
Personal information in the private sector
Collection, use, and disclosure in the private sector
Both these laws require private sector organizations to follow certain rules to protect the privacy rights of individuals in the course of collecting, using, holding or disclosing personal information. An organization is accountable for all the personal information in its custody or under its control. It must assign someone to be responsible for complying with the law and carrying out the responsibilities required by the law. That person’s name or work contact information must be made publicly available and the organization must give the contact information to you if you request it.
These laws also recognize the need of organizations to collect, use or disclose personal information for purposes that a reasonable person would consider appropriate in the circumstances. In this way, they are intended to balance the rights of individuals with the reasonable needs of organizations. Before or at the time it collects personal information, the organization must tell the individual either in person or in writing the purposes for the collection, use and disclosure of personal information. These purposes must always be reasonable and appropriate in the circumstances. For more on this, read the definition of ‘consent,’ above.
Access and corrections
You also have a right to request access to your personal information. The organization must respond to your request generally within 30 days (although some time extensions are allowed). If the organization refuses to grant you access it must tell you why in writing and tell you that you can make a complaint to the Privacy Commissioner about the refusal.
You have the right to request that a correction be made to your personal information. If the organization does not make the requested correction, it must make a note on the file or the document containing the information to explain the correction that was requested.
Businesses and non-profits
If the organization you are concerned about is a business or non-profit organization in BC, PIPA (BC) will apply, unless the organization is a bank, a telecommunications company, an airline, a maritime business, a railway, an interprovincial trucking business, or an Indian Band (these fall into the category of federal works, undertakings or businesses) in which case, the PIPEDA will apply. PIPEDA also applies to any collection, use or disclosure of personal information that takes place across a provincial or national border.
These laws do not apply to:
information that does not identify an individual, such as aggregate information (information about many individuals that is collected together from different sources but does not have individual identifiers on it) or statistical information;
information about a group or business; or
an individual’s name together with their business contact information (sometimes called tombstone data or business card information.)
individuals, when they are collecting, using or disclosing personal information for personal, journalistic, artistic or literary purposes;
any level of government;
the courts; or
private trusts.
PIPA does not apply outside BC and doesn’t apply to organizations that are covered by PIPEDA, while PIPEDA does not apply in BC except to certain organizations.
Private sector laws in other provinces
PIPEDA applies to private-sector organizations in the federally-regulated private sector, and also to provincially-regulated organizations in provinces that have not enacted personal information protection acts that the federal government has recognized as “substantially similar” to the PIPEDA. Quebec and Alberta are the only provinces besides B.C. that have enacted substantially similar acts to date, while the Ontario, New Brunswick and Newfoundland and Labrador health privacy laws are also deemed to be substantially similar (May 2014).
Public sector privacy laws
The privacy law that applies to British Columbia government entities is the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act (BC) (FOIPPA). The privacy law that applies to entities of the Canadian federal government is the Privacy Act (Canada).
The Privacy Act controls how the government will collect, use, store, disclose and dispose of personal information. However, it applies only to recorded personal information it does not protect personal information that is not in a record. Examples of information that are not in a record include when biological samples (such as DNA) or real-time information (such as live video surveillance that is not recorded) are collected, used and disclosed.
The government of Canada has issued policies that all federal government institutions listed in the Schedule must follow to meet the requirements of the Privacy Act (see Treasury Board Policy Suite Renewal Policy Framework for Information and Technology Management Policy On Privacy Protection (April 1, 2008).
The Privacy Act gives you the right to access your personal information held about by the federal government. You also have the right to request that a correction be made to your personal information. All the institutions under the Act are also subject to the Privacy Regulations.
What organizations does it apply to?
The Privacy Act applies to every federal government institution listed in the Schedule to the Act, including:
Federal government ministries, departments, agencies and commissions,
Law enforcement and security agencies like CSIS, the RCMP, Customs and Border Control Canada
Port authorities
Federal Crown corporations
Canadian agencies, foundations, boards, commissions, tribunals
When can the Canadian government collect personal information?
The Privacy Act permits a government institution to collect personal information so long as it relates directly to the institutions activities or programs.
Personal information is supposed to be collected directly from you wherever possible, except if you consent to collection from another source, or if the purpose for the collection is listed in the Privacy Act.
The government institution must give you notice of the purpose of collection unless doing so would defeat the purpose of the collection or result in the collection of inaccurate information.
How is the Canadian government allowed to use and disclose personal information?
The Privacy Act says that personal information is allowed to be used and disclosed only for:
the purposes that you consent to; or
the purpose for which it was obtained or compiled or for a use consistent with that purpose; or
the purposes listed in the Act. These may be summarized as:
as authorized by any Canadian law, or by a subpoena or warrant issued or court order;
for legal proceedings involving the Crown in right of Canada or the Government of Canada;
for specific types of lawful investigations;
to a member of Parliament for the purpose of assisting you to resolve a problem;
for audit purposes;
for archival purposes, and for research or statistical purposes, but only if certain conditions are met;
for the purpose of researching or validating the claims, disputes or grievances of any of the aboriginal peoples of Canada;
to collect a debt owing to the Crown or pay a debt owed by the Crown.
Personal information can also be disclosed for any purpose where the public interest in disclosure clearly outweighs any invasion of privacy that could result from the disclosure, or where disclosure would clearly benefit the individual to whom the information relates.
It is worth noting that although the list in the Privacy Act is supposed to limit how the government can use or disclose your personal information without consent, the reality is that the list is so broad, there is very little to stop government institutions from using or disclosing your personal information in ways which you may not have contemplated when your information was originally collected.
How long can the Canadian government keep personal information?
Personal information that has been used by a government institution for an administrative purpose must be kept long enough to ensure the individual has a reasonable opportunity to get access to it. A time period will often be specified in a law or regulation that applies to the institution or to the information.
A government institution must take reasonable steps to ensure that personal information used for an administrative purpose is as accurate, complete and up-to-date as possible. The institution must dispose of the information securely.
Should I go to court?
It can be challenging to use the common law or the Privacy Act (BC) to protect individual privacy rights. First, these are tools that are generally used after the fact when the privacy breach has occurred.
Secondly, our courts are open to the public, so suing someone can result in the broader publication of the very invasion of privacy that you would prefer to keep private.
Finally, there can be a great deal of cost and time involved in bringing a lawsuit. The courts have detailed Rules of Court which all litigants are required to follow. Even if you win, you may not recover enough in damages to make the effort worth your while.
If you are considering bringing a civil suit against a person or organization, it is strongly recommended that you consult a lawyer.
Referral Service offered by the Canadian Bar Association
Referral service offered by the Law Society of BC
Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act (BC) (FOIPPA)
Each provincial government has a law that protects the privacy of your personal information. In British Columbia that law is called the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act (FOIPPA). FOIPPA has several purposes:
To give the public the ability to access some of the records held by government bodies;
To prevent unauthorized collection, use and disclosure of personal information by public bodies;
To give individuals a right of access and a right to request correction to their own personal information that is held by public bodies; and
To give individuals the right to complain to the Information and Privacy Commissioner of BC, who can review the decisions and actions of government bodies and can make orders if he concludes that the Act has not been followed.
Who does it apply to?
FOIPPA applies to most records held by government bodies with some exceptions, including certain court records, like those held by judges and tribunals; certain records of education materials or exam questions; and records relating to a prosecution if all the proceedings have not been completed. Examples of public bodies include:
Provincial and city governments
Provincial government agencies and commissions
Provincial and city police, but not the RCMP
Health authorities, universities and colleges
Public schools and school boards
Some governing bodies of professions (like the College of Physicians and Surgeons or the Law Society of BC)
every government institution listed in the Schedule 2 of the Act
Exceptions are listed in Part 1 section 3 “Scope of this Act” of FOIPPA
Consent, collection, use, and disclosure
Consent is not required under FOIPPA. Public bodies are allowed to collect, use and disclose personal information without consent. However, FOIPPA does put some limits on what purposes a public body is allowed to collect and use your personal information for, and on how and where it can be disclosed.
Personal information may be collected by or for a public body only if:
a law specifically says that the personal information may be collected; or
it is collected for law enforcement purposes; or
the personal information relates directly to an operating program or activity of the public body and the personal information is necessary for the operating program or activity.
Although these are broad categories, they do have limits. The BC Information and Privacy Commissioner has decided that when asking whether personal information is necessary for a program or activity, public bodies should be held to a fairly rigorous standard of necessity, taking into consideration the sensitivity and amount of the personal information collected, the purpose for the collection and the objective of FOIPPA to protect privacy. It is not enough that the information would be helpful. And if the purpose can be accomplished another way, the public body should take that other way.
A public body must also retain personal information for at least a year if it has been used to make a decision that directly affects the individual.
Your personal information may be used or disclosed for the purpose for which it was obtained or compiled, or for a purpose that is consistent with that purpose. In section 34 of FOIPPA, “for a consistent purpose” means that the purpose has a reasonable and direct connection to the original purpose and it is necessary for performing the duties or carrying out a program of the public body.
Certain other purposes permitted in FOIPPA are extremely broad and include purposes related to the payment to be made to a public body, licensing and regulatory purposes, law enforcement purposes, or for any purpose authorized by law.
Under private sector laws PIPA and PIPEDA, there is an overarching requirement that the collection, use and disclosure must be for purposes that are reasonable and appropriate in the circumstances. There is no such requirement in FOIPPA. In fact, because FOIPPA states that personal information may be used or disclosed if a law of BC or Canada authorizes or requires the use or disclosure, the government can do just about anything with your personal information once they have collected it. All the government has to do is pass a law to give it the necessary authority. If the law is consistent with the requirements of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, FOIPPA permits the use or disclosure to be carried out.
And a public body may use or disclose your personal information for any other purpose, if the public body gets your consent.
Your personal information must be kept secure. A public body is required to protect personal information in its custody and under its control by making reasonable security arrangements against unauthorized use, access, collection, disclosure or disposal of the information.
FOIPPA does not specify a technical standard, in part because technical standards change very quickly. However the Information and Privacy Commissioner has interpreted the law and determined that individuals who do not have a need to know the information to carry out their job function should not access the information. Even if an employee can see the information in a system or a file, he should not be looking at it unless there is a legitimate job-related reason to do so.
A government body and its service providers will breach the law if they fail to ensure that their employees follow the law.
Security measures must consider paper and electronic storage formats, emerging risks, and the inevitability of human error. Government bodies and their service providers must know about how their systems work, and about any new technological threats to the privacy and security of information. They also have to recognize that everybody makes mistakes and should build redundancies into the security systems, such as using encryption on all portable devices.
Personal information may be stored or accessed outside Canada only in very limited circumstances.
Other privacy laws
The Privacy Act (BC)
BC has a little-used law called the Privacy Act which gives an individual a right to sue for invasion of privacy. This law makes it a civil wrong for a person to wilfully violate the privacy of another person.
This law has been used infrequently in British Columbia, but there are a few cases which give us some guidance about what “wilfully violate the privacy of another” means. It means that the person intentionally did an act that he knew or ought to have known would violate the privacy of the other person.
For more information, see Watts v. Klaemt, 2007 BCSC 662 (BCSC)
Other sector-specific laws dealing with privacy
There are other laws that contain provisions that provide privacy protection to Canadians. The federal Bank Act, for example, contains provisions regulating the use and disclosure of personal financial information by federally regulated financial institutions. Similar restrictions can be found in provincial statutes that regulate the activities of financial institutions, such as credit unions and insurance companies in provincial jurisdiction.
Various consumer protection laws at the federal and provincial levels offer limited protections and remedies against illegal and unethical business practices that may constitute an infringement of privacy.
Some provinces have privacy tort laws which provide a civil remedy for someone whose privacy has been violated.
For more information on Provincial and Territorial Privacy Laws, Oversight Offices, and Government Organizations, click here.
E-Health (Personal Information Access and Protection of Privacy) Act
In early 2008, the British Columbia government enacted the E-Health (Personal Information Access and Protection of Privacy) Act. This law allows the Minister of Health to designate certain health care databases as “health information banks”.
The Minister’s designation order must specify the purposes for which the information in the health information bank may be used and those purposes are limited by the Act. The information that gets put into the health information bank can be shared and used by various health care providers and administrators for purposes ranging from providing you with health care to managing the health care system. Your consent is not required, and there is no requirement for you to be told that your health information has been put into a health information bank.
The Act provides for the creation of a data stewardship committee to oversee the disclosure of personal health information from a health information bank for a planning or research purpose. The law gives you a limited right to restrict who can see and use your health information, by allowing you to put a disclosure directive on your health information which will specify to whom the information may or may not be disclosed.
You will also have a limited right of access to your health information held in a health information database.
Some other Canadian jurisdictions have enacted legislation to deal specifically with the collection, use and disclosure of personal health information by provincial health care organizations and other approved individuals and agencies:
For more information on E-Health and privacy, see the relevant sections on the ‘Privacy Rights in Canada‘ help topic.
Freedom of information laws
The terms ‘freedom of information’ and ‘access to information’ may be used interchangeably. In Canada, ‘access to information’ (ATI) is often used to refer to requests made under the federal Access to Information Act, whereas ‘freedom of information’ (FOI) is often used to refer to requests made under the various provincial acts.
All access to information and freedom of information laws share a number of features. First, they operate on the presumption that, by definition, records in the custody or control of public bodies (understood to include any documentary material, regardless of medium or form) belong to the public and should – with limited specified exceptions – be available upon request. Second, they reflect and operationalize the idea that public access to information is a means to the ends of transparency, accountable government, and participatory democracy. Third, they operate through a request-response process that is intended to complement but not replace existing procedures for access to government information.
The following laws allow members of the public to request information from public bodies. The only information that can be requested from private bodies is your own personal information, under privacy law. For more information read the definition of ‘Private Sector Privacy Laws,’ above.
Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act (BC)
As well as protecting personal information, the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act is also designed to make public bodies open and accountable. Under this law, members of the public can request access to records held by a provincial public body.
Complaints about how the government has handled a request for access are handled by the Information and Privacy Commissioner of BC. For more information about oversight, read the Office of the Information and Privacy Commissioner definition below.
For further information about FOIPPA, read the definition for ‘public sector privacy laws’ above.
Access to Information Act
The Access to Information Act works in conjunction with the Privacy Act. Together, the two laws work the same way that FOIPPA works in British Columbia: one part protects individual privacy, and the other part gives people a right to get access to information (other than personal information) held by government.
Compared to the scope of the information that they collect and retain the amount of data that is proactively made publicly available by government bodies represents the tip of the proverbial iceberg. If you are looking to dig deeper and obtain records that are otherwise beyond reach, exercising your formal information rights under ATI laws can be an effective and rewarding method of inquiry.
Complaints about how the government has handled a request for access are handled by the Information Commissioner of Canada, and subsequently the Federal Court of Canada. For more information about oversight, read the definition below on “Oversight of privacy and freedom of information rights”.
For information about how to file a request, click here.
What is a ‘FOI request’?
When referring to ATI/FOI mechanisms, the term ‘request’ is not synonymous with the term ask, as it is often understood in common parlance. An ATI/FOI request is an invocation of information rights, and government bodies covered by ATI/FOI legislation are legally obligated to respond- again, subject to limited specified exceptions – and release applicable records.
What is a ‘record’?
A ‘record’ is a very broad term which refers to any information held by a public or private body. This includes but is not limited to:
Briefing notes and memoranda
Background papers and reports
Decks (printout of a slideshow presentation)
Photographs, videos, diagrams and maps
Incident reports and other forms
Media lines, Q&As, and other communications products
Emails and texts
Budgets, receipts, and other financial documents
Meeting agendas, minutes, and handouts
What is a ‘FOI analyst’?
FOI/ATI requests are received by government workers called analysts, whose job it is to identify and contact the government office(s) that have control over the records being sought (known as the Office(s) of Primary Interest or OPIs), receive the records that are responsive to the request, and process materials in accordance with the law. ATI/FOI research often involves interactions between the requester and the assigned analyst. These interactions may take the form of requests for clarification or negotiations regarding the scope of a request.
Other provincial FOI laws
Alberta– Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, RSA 2000, c F-25 (1995)
Manitoba– Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, CCSM c F175 (1997)
New Brunswick– Right to Information and Privacy Act, SNB 2009, c R-10.6 (2010)
Newfoundland & Labrador– Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act, SNL 2002, c A-1.1 (2005)
Northwest Territories– Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act, SNWT (Nu) 1994, c 20 (1996)
Nova Scotia– Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, SNS 1993, c 5 (1994)
Nunavut– Access to Information and Privacy Protection Act, SNWT (Nu) 1994, c 20 (1999)
[Amended form of NWT Act]
Ontario– Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, RSO 1990, c F. 31 (1997)
Prince Edward Island– Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, RSPEI 1988, cF-15.01 (2002)
Québec– An Act Respecting Access to Documents Held by Public Bodies and the Protection of Personal Information, RSQ, c A-2.1 (1982)
Saskatchewan– Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, SS 1990-91, c F-22.01 (1992)
Yukon– Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act, RSY 2002, c 1 (1985) Canada (Federal)
FOI laws covering local government and authorities:
Nova Scotia– Municipal Government Act, SNS 1998, c 18 (1998)
Saskatchewan– Local Authority Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, SS 1990-91, c L-27.1 (1992)
Ontario– Municipal Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, RSO 1990 c. M.56 (1987)
Oversight of privacy and freedom of information rights
The Information and Privacy Commissioner of British Columbia
The Office of the Information and Privacy Commissioner of British Columbia (OIPC) is independent from the government and reports directly to the legislative assembly of BC about government compliance with FOIPPA, and about other matters relating to compliance with FOIPPA and PIPA. The OIPC is impartial, and its decisions are legally binding.
The responsibilities of the OIPC include:
To oversee and enforce government compliance with the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act
To investigate complaints made by individuals about government bodies, and resolve them by mediation, or by holding a formal inquiry and issuing orders;
To oversee and enforce compliance by businesses and non-profit organizations with the Personal Information Protection Act;
To investigate complaints made by individuals about businesses and non-profit organizations, and to resolve them by mediation, or by holding a formal inquiry and issuing orders;
To issue investigation reports, decisions and formal orders;
To write and publish public education materials, discussion papers, public comments and guidelines for how to comply with the laws;
To provide comments and recommendations about proposed legislation and government policy, to make presentations to legislative committees, and to issue Annual Reports to the legislature;
To publicize privacy and access laws in British Columbia, to give talks on privacy and access rights, to educate the public about their rights and raise awareness about technological developments that impact privacy.
Offences in BC
An employee or director of a public body or its service provider who discloses personal information in ways not permitted by the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act (FOIPPA) commits an offence.
Anyone working for a government body who finds out about an unauthorized disclosure of personal information is required to tell their employer. They are also required to report a demand for disclosure that comes from outside Canada. Failure to do this is an offence.
An individual who commits these offences could be fined up to $2,000. A service provider (including an individual service provider) to a government body may be fined up to $25,000. A corporation may be fined up to $500,000.
If you believe that there has been an improper disclosure of personal information by a government body or its service provider, you should report it to the Office of the Information and Privacy Commissioner.
More generally, if anyone misleads or obstructs the Commissioner in the performance of his or her duties or fails to comply with an order made by the Commissioner or an Adjudicator, that person commits an offence and is liable to a fine of up to $5,000.
Other resources in BC
The website of the Office of the Chief Information Officer of BC contains many links to useful government forms, guidelines, policies and directives. In addition, you will find links to the legislation, procedures, standards, statistics, research reports and more.
The Ministry of Citizens Services has created a lengthy and detailed Policies and Procedures Manual for use by Freedom of Information coordinators in public bodies. The Manual is a useful tool for understanding what the coordinators are required to do to respond to your request, and may guide you in understanding how the response system works.
Who makes sure the Canadian government is following federal privacy law?
The Privacy Commissioner of Canada is an officer of Parliament, which means that she reports directly to the House of Commons and the Senate and is independent of the government in power. The Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada (OPC) is responsible for overseeing compliance with PIPEDA and with the Privacy Act, and for protecting and promoting individual privacy rights.
To do this, the OPC does the following:
Investigates complaints, and resolves them by mediation, or by making recommendations and issuing decisions about the complaints and the resolution;
Carries out audits of the government and of businesses, and issues reports of the audits;
Issues public reports about a variety of privacy issues;
Pursues actions in the courts under both PIPEDA and the Privacy Act;
Comments on proposed legislation and policy;
Supports and undertakes research into privacy issues and promotes public awareness and understanding of privacy law and privacy issues;
Monitors trends in technology development to identify new privacy issues; and
Works with privacy commissions throughout Canada and abroad to address global privacy issues.
The Privacy Commissioner can investigate the circumstances of the matter, but can only make recommendations; he or she has no power to order the government to do anything. If an institution refuses to provide access to information even after the Privacy Commissioner has investigated and recommended that you get access, all you can do is apply to the Federal Court for a judge to review the decision of the government institution.
Not surprisingly, it is very rare for people to go to Federal Court, because it is expensive and takes a long time.
If you are unhappy with a refusal of a government institution to give you access to personal information under the Privacy Act (Canada), here is more information about how to ask the Privacy Commissioner of Canada for a review.
The OPC website has a wealth of material about privacy issues. On the site you will find case summaries of complaints, practical guidelines for compliance, information sheets, and a wide range of useful materials about privacy rights and obligations, including research into privacy risks, international privacy law issues and the impact of new technology on privacy.
Who makes sure the Canadian government is following federal access to information law?
The Office of the Information Commissioner is appointed by and reports directly to Parliament, and provides arms-length oversight of the federal government’s access to information practices. The Commissioner encourages and assists federal institutions to adopt approaches to information-sharing that meet the objectives of the Act, and advocates for greater access to information in Canada.
The OIC can receive requests for review, and the Commissioner’s website contains fillable forms. The OPC of Canada cannot receive complaints electronically- complaints must be submitted in writing, by mail or fax.
Once a complaint has been filed and reviewed, it is assigned to an investigator in the Commissioner’s office. As with an ATI/FOI request, complaints or requests for review are assigned a file number. The investigator will contact the responding agency or public body and make an effort to address the complaint informally through a mediated resolution.
Unlike the provincial Information and Privacy Commissioner, the federal Information Commissioner of Canada does not have order-making powers. A formal investigation by the Commissioner’s Office can result in a finding that a government department or agency acted inappropriately and failed to meet its obligations under the ATIA. The head of the department or agency is not obligated to release information in response to a finding. To compel such a release, the requester and/or the Office of the Information Commissioner must initiate Federal Court proceedings.
> Next topic: Request information from public bodies
* FIPA would like to acknowledge the contributions of Sara Levine and Darrell Evans to this section.
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Modern Age & Contemporary History
History's Most Terrifying Peace: Allied-Run Concentration Camps
Thread: History's Most Terrifying Peace: Allied-Run Concentration Camps
Tuesday, October 10th, 2017 #1
Nachtengel
"Friend of Germanics"
Skadi Funding Member
I’d rather be 10 years in a German camp than one day in a Polish one.[15]
Editors Comment: WWII is often referred to as The Good War. Unfortunately that is a carefully crafted myth. In Germany’s War: The Origins, Aftermath & Atrocities of WWII, John Wear reviews the evidence scrutinizing the actions of both the Allies and Axis armies. He exposes the Allied falsification and exaggeration of German atrocities during WWII. Extreme and false anti-German propaganda was necessary to implement the highly successful Allied plan to conquer, control, and mass murder the German people.
Described as “history’s most terrifying peace” (Germany’s War Chp. 7), the post WWII atrocities on a defeated enemy, in their totality, are breathtakingly vindictive and sadistic. The horrendous plight of nearly 18 million ethnic Germans forcibly cleansed from their homelands and marched into poverty, hunger and suffering is forgotten. The 2 million German girls and women raped, many repeatedly to the point of insanity and death. The plight of millions of German POWs used as harshly treated slave labor in Allied nations or left to simply starve to death in a bare open field under the watch of armed American soldiers. The intentional starvation of German children and infants…. all deliberately ignored and forgotten chapters of ‘The Good War’.
Senator Kenneth Wherry of Nebraska… stated: “Terrifying reports are filtering through the British, French and American occupied zones, and even more gruesome reports from the Russian occupied zone, revealing a horrifying picture of deliberate and wholesale starvation…The truth is that there are thousands upon thousands of tons of military rations in our surplus stockpiles that have been spoiling right in the midst of starving populations.” Germany’s War pp.311-312
In contrast;
The horrific scenes encountered by U.S. and British troops when they entered German concentration camps at the end of World War II have been used to prove a German policy of extermination of the Jews. As gruesome as these scenes were, it was soon discovered that most of the deaths in the German camps were caused by disease and other natural causes. None of the autopsy reports show that anyone died of poison gas. Also, contrary to publicized claims, no researcher has been able to document a German policy of extermination through starvation in the German camps. The virtual collapse of Germany’s food, transport, and public health systems and the extreme overcrowding in the German camps at the end of the war led to the catastrophe the Allied troops encountered when they entered the camps. Germany’s War p.383
A warning, this article includes some graphic references of the sport-torture inflicted on Germans, including women.
Postwar Crimes Committed in Allied-Run Concentration Camps
The Allies continued to operate Germany’s existing concentration camps after World War II. Additional camps to intern ethnic Germans were established in Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Yugoslavia. The existence and operation of these postwar camps is a matter of major historical significance. While the population of the German concentration camp system had grown to a record peak of over 700,000 at the beginning of 1945, it is possible the number of Germans incarcerated across Europe in similar camps by the end of 1945 might have been even higher.[1]
Soviet-Run Camps
The concentration camps at Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen, Mühlberg, Fürstenwalde, Liebe-Roze, Bautzen and others were taken over by the Russian Gulag Archipelago. Thus, for example, the camp at Buchenwald was transformed into “Special Camp No. 2” and was operated by the Soviet Union until 1950.[2] Conditions at the camps under Soviet control were atrocious. The camps were labeled “special” because the Soviets insisted that the internees be cut off completely from the civilian population.[3] Even Gen. Merkulov, the Soviet official in charge of the concentration camps in Germany, acknowledged the severe lack of order and cleanliness, particularly at Buchenwald.[4]
One former inmate described his five years in the Soviet-run Buchenwald camp in these words:
People were mere numbers. Their dignity was consciously trampled upon. They were starved without mercy and consumed by tuberculosis until they were skeletons. The annihilation process, which had been well tested over decades, was systematic. The cries and groans of those in pain still echo in my ears whenever the past comes back to me in sleepless nights. We had to watch helplessly as people perished according to plan—like creatures sacrificed to annihilation.
Many nameless people were caught up in the annihilation machinery of the NKVD after the collapse of 1945. They were herded together like cattle after the so-called liberation and vegetated in the many concentration camps. Many were systematically tortured to death. A memorial was built for the dead of the Buchenwald concentration camp. A figure of death victims was chosen based on fantasy. Intentionally, only the dead of the 1937-1945 period were honored. Why is there no memorial honoring the dead of 1945 to 1950? Countless mass graves were dug around the camp in the postwar period.[5]
While no one can know the exact number of deaths and inmates at Buchenwald, it is reasonably certain a higher percentage of inmates died under Soviet control than under German control. Viktor Suvorov estimates that 28,000 people were imprisoned by the Soviets at Buchenwald from 1945-1950, of whom 7,000 (25%) died. By comparison, he estimates that 250,000 people were imprisoned by the Germans at Buchenwald from 1937 to 1945. Of that number, he estimates that 50,000 (20%) died. The Soviet Buchenwald had a higher estimated death rate than the German Buchenwald.[6]
Suvorov’s estimates of deaths at Soviet-run Buchenwald are probably understated. Some sources estimate that at least 13,000 and as many as 21,000 persons died in Soviet-run Buchenwald.[7] Also, a detailed June 1945 U.S. government report of German-run Buchenwald put the total deaths at a lower amount of 33,462, of whom more than 20,000 died in the chaotic final months of the war. These total deaths include at least 400 inmates killed in British bombing raids.[8] Thus, the death-rate percentage at the Soviet-run Buchenwald versus the German-run Buchenwald is probably substantially higher than Suvorov’s estimates.
Russian estimates show a total of 122,671 Germans passed through Soviet-run camps in the Soviet Zone after the end of the war. Of this total, 42,889 Germans died, or approximately 35%. The official Soviet statistics probably underestimate the true number of dead in the Soviet-run camps. American military intelligence units and Social Democratic Party groups in the late 1940s and 1950s estimate that a much higher total of 240,000 German prisoners passed through Soviet-run camps in the Soviet zone. Of these, an estimated 95,643 died, or almost 40%.
In these revisions there were 60,000 prisoners at Sachsenhausen, where 26,143 died; 30,600 prisoners at Buchenwald, where 13,200 did not survive; and 30,000 prisoners at Bautzen, where 16,700 died. The higher death counts are supported by discoveries of numerous mass graves of Germans buried near the Soviet-run camps.[9]
No one has ever been punished for the deaths and mistreatment of German inmates in the postwar Soviet-run camps. The hundreds of thousands of visitors who visit the Buchenwald campsite each year only see museums and memorials dedicated to the “victims of fascism.” There is nothing at Buchenwald to remind visitors of the thousands of Germans who perished miserably in Buchenwald after the war when the camp was run by the Soviet Communists.[10]
Polish-Run Camps
Many of the Germans in Poland were also sent to the former German concentration camps. In March 1945, the Polish military command declared that the entire German people shared the blame for starting World War II. Over 105,000 Germans were sent to labor camps in Poland before their expulsion from Poland. The Polish authorities soon converted concentration camps such as Auschwitz-Birkenau, Łambinowice (called Lamsdorf by its German occupants) and others into internment and labor camps. In fact, the liberation of the last surviving Jewish inmates of the Auschwitz main camp and the arrival of the first ethnic Germans were separated by less than two weeks.
When the camps in Poland were finally closed, it is estimated that as many as 50% of the inmates, mostly women and children, had died from ill-treatment, malnutrition and diseases.[11]
In a confidential report concerning the Polish concentration camps filed with the Foreign Office, R.W.F. Bashford wrote:
[T]he concentration camps were not dismantled, but rather taken over by new owners. Mostly they are run by Polish militia. In Świętochłowice, prisoners who are not starved or whipped to death are made to stand, night after night, in cold water up to their necks, until they perish. In Breslau there are cellars from which, day and night, the screams of victims can be heard.[12]
Lamsdorf in Upper Silesia was initially built by Germany to house Allied prisoners of war. This camp’s postwar population of 8,064 Germans was decimated through starvation, disease, hard labor and physical mistreatment. A surviving German doctor at Lamsdorf recorded the deaths of 6,488 German inmates in the camp after the war, including 628 children.[13]
A report submitted to the U.S. Senate dated August 28, 1945, reads:
In “Y” , Upper Silesia, an evacuation camp has been prepared which holds at present 1,000 people….A great part of the people are suffering from symptoms of starvation; there are cases of tuberculosis and always new cases of typhoid….Two people seriously ill with syphilis have been dealt with in a very simple way: They were shot….Yesterday a woman from “K” [another camp] was shot and a child wounded.[14]
Zgoda, which had been a satellite camp of Auschwitz during the war, was reopened by the Polish Security Service as a punishment and labor camp. Thousands of Germans in Poland were arrested and sent to Zgoda for labor duties. The prisoners were denied adequate food and medical care, the overcrowded barrack buildings were crawling with lice, and beatings were a common occurrence. The camp director, Salomon Morel, told the prisoners at the gate that he would show them what Auschwitz had meant. A man named Günther Wollny, who had the misfortune of being an inmate in both Auschwitz and Zgoda, later stated,
Sexual Assaults in Polish Camps
A notable element of the postwar Polish camp system was the prevalence of sexual assault as well as ritualized sexual humiliation and punishment suffered by the female inmates. The practice at Jaworzno, as reported by Antoni Białecki of the local Office of Public Security, was to
take ethnically German women at gunpoint home at night and rape them.
The camp functioned as a sexual supermarket for its 170-strong militia guard contingent.
The sexual humiliation of female prisoners in the Polish camp at Potulice had become an institutional practice by the end of 1945. Many of the women were sexually abused and beaten, and some of the punishments resulted in horrific injuries. The sexual exploitation of women in Polish-run camps contrasts to the experience of women in German-run concentration camps. Rape or other forms of sexual mistreatment was an extremely rare occurrence at German concentration camps and severely punished by the authorities if detected.[16]
The ICRC attempted to send a delegation to investigate the atrocities reported in the Polish camps. It was not until July 17, 1947, when most Germans had either died or had been expelled from the camps, that Red Cross officials were finally allowed to inspect a Polish camp. Yet even at this late date there were still a few camps the Red Cross was not allowed to investigate.[17]
Jewish journalist John Sack has confirmed the torture and murder of German prisoners in postwar Polish camps operated by the Office of State Security. Most of the camps were staffed and run by Jews, with help from Poles, Czechs, Russians, and concentration camp survivors.
Virtually all of the personnel at these camps were eager to take revenge on the defeated Germans. In three years after the war, Sack estimates that from 60,000 to 80,000 Germans died in the Office’s camps.[18]
Efforts to bring perpetrators in Polish camps to justice were largely unsuccessful. Czesław Gęborski, director of the camp at Lamsdorf, was indicted by the Polish authorities in 1956 for wanton brutality against the German prisoners. Gęborski admitted at his trial that his only goal in taking the job was “to exact revenge” on the Germans. On October 4, 1945, Gęborski ordered his guards to shoot down anyone trying to escape a fire that engulfed one of the barracks buildings; a minimum of 48 prisoners were killed that day. The guards at Lamsdorf also routinely beat the German prisoners and stole from them. German prisoners in Lamsdorf died of hunger and diseases in droves; guards recalled scenes of children begging for scraps of food and crusts of bread. Gęborski was found not guilty despite strong evidence of his criminal acts.[19]
Czech-Run Camps
The Theresienstadt concentration camp in Czechoslovakia was used by Germany during the war to intern many of Germany’s, Austria’s, and Czechoslovakia’s most famous or talented Jews. On May 24, 1945, the Czech government decided to use the Theresienstadt camp to imprison 600 Germans from Prague. Within the first few hours of their arrival between 59 and 70 of the 600 Germans were brutally beaten to death. Two hundred more of the Germans were reported to have died from torture and beatings within the next few days. The camp commandant, Alois Pruša, took great pleasure in the beatings, and reportedly used at least one of his daughters to assist him in killing the German inmates. Pruša and his assistant told the remaining surviving Germans that they would never leave the camp.[20]
Torture appears to have been the rule in Czech-run Theresienstadt. Guards at Theresienstadt used a variety of instruments for beating and lashing their victims: steel rods sheathed with leather, pipes, rubber truncheons, iron bars and wooden planks. One woman in Theresienstadt observed and still remembers the screams from a female SS member forced to sit astride an SA dagger. Dr. E. Siegel, a Czech-speaking medical doctor working for the Red Cross, was also subject to extensive torture in Theresienstadt. Dr. Siegel thought the guards were ordered from above to commit their acts of torture, because the methods used in all Czech camps were broadly similar.[21]
Some of the savagery at Theresienstadt stopped when Pruša was replaced by a Maj. Kálal.[22] However, one secret Soviet report said that the German inmates at Theresienstadt repeatedly begged the Russians to stay at the camp. The report states:
We now see the manifestations of hatred for the Germans. They [the Czechs] don’t kill them, but torment them like livestock. The Czechs look at them like cattle.
The horrible treatment at the hands of the Czechs led to despair and hopelessness among Czechoslovakia’s ethnic Germans. According to Czech statistics, 5,558 Germans committed suicide in 1946 alone.[23]
Czech author Dr. Hans Guenther Adler, a Jew who was imprisoned during the war in the Theresienstadt concentration camp, confirms that conditions in Czech-run Theresienstadt were deplorable for Germans after the war. Adler writes:
Certainly there were those among them who, during the years of occupation, were guilty of some infraction or other, but the majority, among them children and adolescents, were locked up simply because they were German. Just because they were German…? That phrase is frighteningly familiar; one could easily substitute the word “Jew” for “German.” The rags given to the Germans as clothes were smeared with swastikas. They were miserably undernourished, abused….The camp was run by Czechs, yet they did nothing to stop the Russians from going in to rape the captive women.[24]
After the war, the Red Cross reported that the sexual abuse of female inmates in Czech-run camps was pervasive and systematic. A foreign observer of one Czech camp noted that the women were treated like animals. Russian and Czech soldiers come in search of women for purposes which can be imagined. Conditions there for women are definitely more unfavorable than in the German concentration camps, where cases of rape were rare.
In another Czech camp, the Czech and Soviet soldiers would take away the prettiest girls, who would often disappear without trace.
Jean Duchosal, secretary general of the ICRC, reported that girls were often raped at the Matejovce camp in Slovakia, and that beatings were daily occurrences. The same was true of the Czech-run camp of Patrónka. A Prague police report of June 1945 mentioned that Revolutionary Guards were in the habit of exposing women’s body parts and burning them with lighted cigarettes.[25]
A common feature of most Czech-run camps was the provision of so little food to inmates as to make not merely malnutrition but actual starvation largely a function of the length of incarceration. The Czech government in 1945 and 1946 instituted a policy that there would be no improvement in the food rations provided to ethnic German inmates regardless of the availability of food. For example, despite the fact that malnutrition-related deaths were occurring at a rate of three per day, none of the 4.5 tons of food the Red Cross delivered to the Hagibor camp shortly before Christmas 1945 was issued to the inmates. Richard Stokes, the prominent British Parliament member, visited Hagibor in September 1946 and calculated the daily food ration at Hagibor to be “750 calories per day, which is below Belsen level.”[26]
The Red Cross found that published regulations regarding the dietary requirements of inmates in Czech-run camps were almost invariably ignored. Pierre W. Mock, head of the ICRC delegation in Bratislava, calculated the daily caloric intake of prisoners at Petržalka I camp at 664 per person during the third week of October 1945. The daily caloric intake had declined to 512 per person when Mock returned to the Petržalka I camp in the last week of December 1945. At Nováky, a former German concentration camp, Mock found the milk and bread ration to be woefully inadequate to feed the population of more than 5,000.
A Red Cross visitor at the Hradištko camp near Prague was informed by the guard in charge of food distribution that the inadequate food ration issued to the inmates was fixed by law and unchangeable. The guard also told the Red Cross visitor that the few Czech children at Hradištko received twice as much food as the German inmates. A social worker attempting to ameliorate the worst elements of the Czechoslovak camp system confidentially advised the British Foreign Office that the Czech government would not permit relief supplies to be distributed to the needy German civilian inmates.[27]
German prisoners at Svidník camp in Czechoslovakia were also forced to clear away mine fields. Strong protests from the ICRC at Bratislava eventually succeeded in having this practice stopped.[28] The ICRC also sent a general memorandum to the Prague government on March 14, 1946, stating that its duty was to carry out the German expulsions as humanely as possible. In view of the unsatisfactory condition of the camps, the ICRC recommended that provisional internment of Germans in Czechoslovakia should be ended as soon as possible.[29]
The German prisoners in postwar Soviet, Polish, and Czech concentration camps were subject to brutal treatment resulting in the loss of many tens of thousands of lives. Their treatment was probably worse than the treatment of prisoners at German-run concentration camps during World War II.
https://wearswar.wordpress.com/2017/...tration-camps/
Wednesday, October 11th, 2017 #2
1 Hour Ago @ 02:22 AM
Subrace
Faelid
Pestilent Supremacy
Blut und Boden
Fimbulwinter
70 years after the war, even our public TV station ZDF compiles a docu named "Die Verbrechen der Befreier" (the crimes of the liberators).
Die Verbrechen der Befreier, 2015
Because, they cannot hide the truth forever. It's still full of allied propaganda, of course, that the topic is touched upon at all, however, shows that the power of that fatique propaganda is vaning...rapidly.
Ein Leben ist nichts, deine Sprosse sind alles
Aller Sturm nimmt nichts, weil dein Wurzelgriff zu stark ist
und endet meine Frist, weiss ich dass du noch da bist
Gefürchtet von der Zeit, mein Baum, mein Stamm in Ewigkeit
2 Hours Ago @ 01:16 AM
North Western Europe
Do you think that's a "But we didn't hide that from you"-tactic, Velvet.
I know about it, because I was interested in the subject. Many younger Germans I spoke to, don't seem to know. Some of the older did, though.
Friday, October 13th, 2017 #4
If so, it would be a cheap, very cheap try, because you can easily prove the opposite, with the abundance of docus never touching upon the topic, and even threats towards people who dared to "counterargue" with those atrocities against those we allegedly did to the jews.
But the thing is, what I said, people start questioning the narrative, and in the internet age it's easy to find information like what Out of Germania posted. And another thing is that many younger people dont care either way. The propaganda in schools has become so nauseating that people simply stop listening, and when you ask them at age 25 or whatever, you'll find that they say: it's all been 70 years ago, I dont have anything to do with it. Or worse (in their eyes) say: we dont owe the world shit (wir schulden der Welt einen Scheiss, as in nothing, nada, niente, including an implied 'you will no longer hold us down').
To pour some of that real information inbetween their greatest hope, imho, is to make people listen again. A futile task, if you ask me. There are like 3+ docus each day (!) about Hitler's Reich, Hitler's this and Hitler's that, but on channels with a share of like 1% watchers, ZDFInfo, Arte, Phoenix, whathaveyou. Younger people dont even have those in their favorites' list, they'll never even accidentially come across such a docu while zapping.
Almost a shame, because there are quite some interesting docus occasionally, specially those made in recent years. There was another one about Heydrich, which was, when you ignore the flood of textblock condemnations, even quite good, and as far as I could tell, even accurate, concerning his early and family life etc.
But that "our" side gets mentioned, and worked upon is probably also due to simple pressure from the people who study / investigate history. You may know Germar Rudolf, a historian at some university, who was forced to exile from Germany for investigating the holocaust. He dared to ask some inconvenient questions, and now is threatened with several years in prison. The historians, imho, are the greatest "problem" in keeping up the one-sided narrative, because they are told to ignore or twist facts, and those facts have piled up to a mountain of questions and doubts. And they simply no longer do how they're told to do, because it goes against their work ethics.
There have been only one docu ever before that dared to show our side, that was somewhen late 60s I think, featuring Germans who had lived during the era and dared to say that it wasnt all bad. That caused a skandal from our jewish friends of course, and ever since each and every docu featured only Jews and/or communist/resistance. Even the most stupid and ignorant consument of all those docus, if they see more than 5, notice that there's a missing element.
Well, as said, they just cant wipe everything under the big carpet anymore, they're being called Lügenpresse for several years now, and that term has long left the Pegida demo audience, a vast majority of people (like 70+ %) distrust the medias, they must boost their credibility, and that is certainly part of the motivation behind.
Originally Posted by velvet
The socalled "Holocaust fatigue". Even, if they get annoyed with this indoctrination, it is also a deterrent for those that otherwise may take an interest in history.... I sense the same problem here. Most people are clueless about South Africa's real history. The common narrative approaches more and more and even exceeds ANC-propaganda.
Well, if the docus still have some value, we can still make them useful. E.g. cut out the propaganda part and use the raw material.
Germar Rudolf wasn't a historian, but is a chemist that stumbled over the question of homicidal gas chambers in Auschwitz. He first critiqued the Leuchter Report, but then did do an investigation of his own confirming core findings. Meaning that those buildings were not used as homicidal gas chambers, at least not in the way claimed.
As someone from a natural science background Rudolf was more interested in hard evidence than the run of the diploma mill historian is. Historians are more interested in narratives and documents, but even they have to lead the critical examiner to the conclusion that the Holocaust evidence is rather "thin" to put it mildly.
Yes, there were Jews deported and interned during world war two and yes, some of them actually didn't survive that. But they died of epidemics and later shortages, due to supply problems induced by Allied warfare (mass civilian bombing).
OK, I think the docu wasn't from the 60s, but from the 1980s:
https://archive.org/details/WarumSieHitlerWaehlten
https://archive.org/details/WarumSie...enReichDienten
And then there is:
https://archive.org/details/EMILKLEI...IONALSOZIALIST
This of course all lacks the usual demonizing and give quite some plausible explanation how the NSDAP emerged and came to power in Germany:
Unfortunately, there is no English subtitles with it, since I think it's important also to inform non-German speakers nowadays.
There is one thing that I noticed that there is only talked about treatment of Germans in the Aftermath of WW2, but barely about (ethnic) Germans were treated before and after the immediate start of World War Two on territories that got under foreign control after WW1.
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Latest FQXi news
Darius M: on 6/22/14 at 9:48am UTC, wrote I think reality how it is in itself is analog, while appearances are...
VimanaPro: on 12/22/12 at 1:19am UTC, wrote Good Time, Jarmo My English is poor, so formulas only 3-dimensional front...
xexz: on 6/13/11 at 15:55pm UTC, wrote Does God allow we apply 'natural number' to 'electron' ?Especially , We...
Tommy Gilbertson: on 6/12/11 at 16:38pm UTC, wrote Congratulations, Dr. Mäkelä: Well-earned recognition! After reading...
Sridattadev: on 6/9/11 at 19:03pm UTC, wrote Dear Jarmo, Congratulations. I would like to say this about your...
Author Frank Martin DiMeglio: on 6/8/11 at 19:57pm UTC, wrote Jarmo, you mention area and distance in space. The following is essential...
Peter Jackson: on 6/6/11 at 19:57pm UTC, wrote Jarmo Congratulations, Very well deserved. I hope you got those documents...
Vladimir Tamari: on 6/6/11 at 8:59am UTC, wrote Dear Jarmo I think Sir Isaac is a bit baffled by email addresses - his...
CATEGORY: Is Reality Digital or Analog? Essay Contest (2010-2011) [back]
TOPIC: Is Reality Digital or Analog? by Jarmo Matti Mäkelä [refresh]
Author Jarmo Matti Mäkelä wrote on Feb. 1, 2011 @ 17:21 GMT
A report of a discussion with Isaac Newton.
I received my PhD in theoretial physics from the University of Jyväskylä, Finland, in 1994, and did a post-doc in the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics of the University of Cambridge during the years 1995-1996. Since the year 2000 I have worked as a Senior Lecturer of mathematics and physics in the Vaasa University of Applied Sciences located in Vaasa, Finland.
Karl Coryat wrote on Feb. 2, 2011 @ 00:56 GMT
Very enjoyable -- a most clever and creative way to approach this topic. I have a question: Toward the very end, Newton proposes "a still unknown law of nature," related to the 2nd law of thermodynamics, which recovers time and causality at macroscopic scales. This sounds a lot like decoherence. Is it?
Author Jarmo Matti Mäkelä replied on Feb. 3, 2011 @ 04:26 GMT
I am not quite sure what Newton really had in mind. I think that he simply meant that at appropriate length scales the metric tensor, which depends on the quantum states of the constituents of spacetime, has a signature (-,+,+,+). The process, which brings this result may or may not have something to do with decoherence, but I am not sure about that.
Marius Buliga wrote on Feb. 2, 2011 @ 01:31 GMT
Dear Jarmo,
Nice! I said first, but then I remembered about "Conversation with a mummy" by E.A. Poe.
Otherwise, there is clearly something about quantization of area, but to me the link with the distance and the 4 simplex is just numerology.
I have not read Poe's story before reading your post. The four-simplex really has as 10 edges and 10 triangles. You may try this by yourself: Write the numbers 1,2,3,4 and 5 on the paper and make a list of all different pairs and triples of numbers. You will find 10 pairs and 10 triples. The areas of the 10 triangles of the four-simplex are functions of the 10 edge lengths of the four-simplex. When you write the triangle areas in terms of the edge lengths, you will get a system of 10 equations for 10 unknowns (edge lengths), and you may solve edge lengths from your equations in terms of areas.
Marius Buliga replied on Feb. 3, 2011 @ 12:35 GMT
Really this is not a big deal. You mean euclidean area and length, so you are going to use this in the hypothesis, along with the "amazing" (5 choose 2) = (5 choose 3), for what? For proving that in fact in this very particular euclidean space there is a formula which expresses some lenghts in term of some areas.
The problem is that the formula you are going to use is true only in euclidean space of dimension 4 (maybe there is some extension of it to some configurations of points in Hilbert spaces). Therefore you already put R^4 (with a scalar product) in the hypotheses and you try to justify that (euclidean) area is somehow quantized.
Newton was a great mathematician, there are no reasons to put in his mouth such sloppy reasonings.
Best, Marius
Sloppy reasoning is certainly not on Newton's side. In the discussion Newton said: "At macroscopic scales one may reduce the concept of distance to the concept of area." When talking about macroscopic scales he was talking about ordinary, classical spacetime at everyday (say 1 meter) scales. At such scales you may consider spacetime inside the four-simplex as a flat Minkowski spacetime, and to calculate the edge lengths and the triangle areas (in an appropriate system of coordinates) by means of the flat Minkowski metric. Thus you obtain a one-to-one relationship between the edge lengths and the triangle areas.
For a more technical account on how to reduce the concept of distance to the concept of area in four-dimensional Riemannian manifolds you may have a look at my recent pre-print in arXiv:1011.2052. More generally, one finds that equations equivalent to Eintein's field equations (the so-called Regge-Einstein equations) may be expressed in terms of the concept of area (see J. Mäkelä, Class. Quant. Grav. 17 4991 (2000) and J. Mäkelä, together with J. Mäkelä and R. Williams, Class. Quant. Grav. 18 L43 (2001)).
Hi Jarmo,
Actually you agree with me that you take as a hypothesis that the simplexes you use for discretization live in the "ordinary, classical spacetime", so you build upon a continuous background. I was under the impression that your Newton character claims that reality is discrete.
Just in case you think that "simplex in a riemannian space" is sufficiently flexible, let me give you a distance distribution with the property: there is no embedding of this finite metric space into any riemannian manifold. Take the simplex vertices to be O, A, B, C, D and distances between them as follows: OA=OB=OC=OD=1, AB=AC=AD=BC=BD=CD=2.
Cristinel Stoica wrote on Feb. 2, 2011 @ 09:58 GMT
I enjoyed reading this beautiful essay. The story flows nicely and the explanations are clear - I particularly liked that of the black hole entropy. I agree that the BH entropy may be the major key to the unification between general relativity and quantum theory.
I do have one question. The Newton character said: "When reading Wald [11] I learned that an observer in a uniformly accelerating motion will detect thermal radiation of particles even when all inertial observers detect a vacuum". We know about the Unruh effect because is predicted by the standard (based on continuous spacetime) QFT, applied to an accelerated observer. Then the Newton character said "to me it seems likely that to explain effects like this one must assume a sort of atomic structure of spacetime". Why would Newton use an unobserved effect, which is predicted by a theory, as a supporting argument for a rival theory?
I am happy that you liked my essay.
An observer in an accelerating motion will experience the so-called Rindler horizon, which has properties very similar to those of the black hole horizon. There is some evidence that whenever you take a finite part of a Rindler horizon, that part possesses entropy which, in natural units, is one-quarter of the area of that part. Such an assumption was used, in effect, by Ted Jacobson in a remarkable paper (Phys. Rev. Lett. 75 1260 (1995)), where he obtained Eintein's field equations by means of thermodynamical arguments. I think that to explain the entropic properties of the Rindler horizon, and thus the Unruh effect, one should construct the Rindler horizon, in the same way as the black hole horizon, out of discrete constituents.
Cristinel Stoica replied on Feb. 5, 2011 @ 11:23 GMT
thank you for your answer. From the Newton character I understand that:
(1) Unruh effect => "a sort of atomic structure of spacetime"
But how do we know about the Unruh effect? It is not an experimental fact in search of an explanation. We know about it because it follows from the principles of QFT. So we have:
(2) QFT => Unruh effect
From (1) and (2) we have
(3) QFT => "a sort of atomic structure of spacetime"
But QFT is based on continuous spacetime. So, we have something like
continuous spacetime (combined with other principles) => "a sort of atomic structure of spacetime"
This is what I don't understand.
Jarmo Mäkelä replied on Feb. 11, 2011 @ 11:09 GMT
Actually, the Hawking effect (black hole radiation) also follows from ordinary QFT, although applied in curved spacetime. Also, the derivations of the Hawking and the Unruh effects are petty similar. The point is that in both effects one may (at least in principle) measure some temperature for matter coming out of the vacuum. Since spacetime interacts with matter, one may consider the temperature of the matter as the temperature of spacetime from the point of view of an appropriate observer. If spacetime has temperature, it presumably has some internal structure, which produces that temperature. For more dwetails you may have a look at Refs. [13] and [14] in my essay.
Lawrence B. Crowell replied on Feb. 11, 2011 @ 20:02 GMT
A temperature for spacetime is an interesting possibility, but one which might have some problems. To assign spacetime an internal structure with a metric means the entropy of spacetime can be very large. This is an enormous number of degrees of freedom. However, the temperature of spacetime might just be confined to horizons, which reduces the numbers of degrees of freedom, and fluctuations or dynamics outside an event horizon has a map or holographic realization on an event horizon.
Eckard Blumschein wrote on Feb. 2, 2011 @ 14:31 GMT
Newton was convinced: God is more important than physics or mathematics. God winds up the big clock again and again. Time and space time are absolute.
Leibniz argued that this does restrict God too much. God is not obliged to wind up the big clock, i.e. the universe, which was created by himself. Samuel Clarke who spoke on behalf of Newton in their correspondence commented: This makes God redundant and puts Leibniz at the brink of atheism.
I reminded strong Newtons religiosity in order to stress that Newton would hardly have said "... it would be a strong violation of causality ...". To him causality was given by God.
Who knows any case where causality is violated except for phantasm of mediocre physicists? How to manage violation of causality? Plagiarism is not a violation of causality.
Eckard Blumschein
Edwin Eugene Klingman replied on Feb. 10, 2011 @ 21:02 GMT
Eckard, An excellent comment. I found Valdes-Marin's essay on 'Structure and Force' to define causality rather well.
Jarmo, An interesting and enjoyable format.
Vladimir F. Tamari wrote on Feb. 2, 2011 @ 14:48 GMT
Jarmo, Thanks for a very enjoyable read. The technical discussions were too specialized for me, but the idea of Newton surveying modern physics is delicious. You could have made him say "I told you so" about General Relativity's conclusion that starlight bends slightly around the sun. You might have - in your dream - taken as a present a graphing calculator which I am sure he would have found extremely amazing and useful! You did not mention how Newton knew the meaning of the phrase "analog or digital" - An interesting discussion of how the words got their current meaning only in 1940 is here Cheers. Vladimir
Lawrence B Crowell wrote on Feb. 2, 2011 @ 18:45 GMT
Jarmo,
Your paper is interesting and it suggests a more complete form of this theory is to consider the set of partitions of the integers. G.H. Hardy and Ramanujan did some work along these lines.
Your depiction of Newton has him a bit more congenial than I would have imagined. He was a pretty disagreeable and barbed, and taken to unamicable relationships with people. In particular Robert Hooke became his main nemesis. He also ran the mint in a pretty draconian way, and was a supporter of the repression of Ireland after the Jacobites were defeated at the Boyne. That little episode killed off about 100,000 Irish. He was an odd man, for he was clearly one of the greatest geniuses our somewhat tawdry species has produced, yet morally he was also a bit on the order of one of the more craven characters from a Dicken’s novel.
I guess that Newton thought at first of identifying the microscopic states with the unordered, instead of ordered strings, of the quantum numbers associated with the constituents of the event horizon of the black hole. That would have taken him to the partitions of integers. Indeed, such choice would have been justified on grounds of possible symmetries between the quantum states of the constituents of the horizon: If constituent 1 is in a quantum state identified by a quantum number n1, and constituent 2 in a state identified by a quantum number n2, the state should, according to this view, be the same as the one where the constituent 1 is in a state n2 and constituent 2 in a state n1. In other words, the constituents are, like bosons in quantum mechanics, indistinguishable.
However, it seems that there are no reasons for such symmetries. The symmetry properties of many-particle states in quantum mechanics follow from the spin-statistics theorem which, in turn, follows from the symmetries of flat spacetime. In the Planck scale of distances there are no such symmetries.
I think that there are some grounds to believe that Newton was, at least in his private relations, more congenial than it is usually thought. For instance, the well-known story that Newton laughed only once in his life, was known already during his life time. However, one of his contemporaries, when he was told this story, said that he had seen Newton laughing several times, and it was easy to make him smile. (See Gleick's book)
One of the best reasons for thinking that Newton was far from an inhuman monster is that his niece Catherine Barton, who was one of the most admired women of the London of her time, and known both for her beauty and wit, worked as Newton's house-keeper for a pretty long time. Several years later, after getting married, Ms. Barton, her husband and her little daughter lived together with Newton. I do not think such arrangements would have been possible, if Newton had been an entirely unbearable person.
Lawrence B. Crowell replied on Feb. 5, 2011 @ 02:27 GMT
The partition of integers is important in counting the number of states on a black hole horizon. The area of a black hole is composed of little quanta of areas given by a sum of integers n_i >= 0,
A = 4 π a(n_1 + n_2 + ... n_m)
where this total number N = n_1 + n_2 + ... n_m can be written according to the integer partition. Another way of thinking about this is that the string modes can exist in a distribution which is an integer parition. This is the holographic principle in action, where the event horizon or stretched horizon is composed of a "gas" of strings.
The density of states for a string is tr(w^N) , which for N = \sum_nα_{-n}α_n the string number operator. Given there are 24 string operator the computation of this generating function is tr(w^N) = f(w)^{-24} for
F(w) = prod_{n=1}^∞(1 – w^n)
This is a form of the Dedekind η-function and the remaining calculation leads to a form of the Hardy-Ramanujan approximation for the integer partitions.
The black hole in the holographic setting has a stretched horizon which is a gas of strings. If we consider the string to be the bosonic string in d = 26 then 24 correspond to the SO(24) group for the graviton plus dilaton and a gauge field. So the Newtonian insight here seems to be pointing in this direction.
Anonymous wrote on Feb. 6, 2011 @ 22:11 GMT
The Question wether Reality is digital or analogue struck me as extremely unrealistic: those are just different ways humans can handle what they believe to be reality. Of course reality is neither and is beyond any human approach except by intuition. Therefore I think this question can only be put by extremely short-sighted people. It is not really aserious problem at all.
I know this is not the subject here, but I saw a possibility to make my point.
James Putnam wrote on Feb. 10, 2011 @ 04:14 GMT
Jarmo Matti Mäkelä,
I just printed off your essay. I will be looking for why you asked Newton about the 2nd law of thermodynamics instead of asking Clausius:
"I am not quite sure what Newton really had in mind. I think that he simply meant that at appropriate length scales the metric tensor, which depends on the quantum states of the constituents of spacetime, has a signature (-,+,+,+). The process, which brings this result may or may not have something to do with decoherence, but I am not sure about that."
I don't believe that either of them, even today, would state the quote above. I think that both of them would have first determined what thermodynamic entropy is before skipping past it to what I consider to be sidestepping the question. In other words, giving it later assigned meaning that I do not see applying to Clausius' definition.
James Putnam replied on Feb. 19, 2011 @ 21:41 GMT
If you think that my point was silly and not worth your time to respond I understand. I don't agree, but I understand that my viewpoint is not the same as a professionally trained physicist. I thought it was important to point out that I think that no one knows what thermodynamic entropy is. I will move on to other essays. We have a very good quantity along with sufficient quality this year.
I said that no one knows what thermodynamic entropy is. The point I am making is that Clausius' definition of entropy is the real definition of entropy. The transferrence of Boltzmann's constant onto Boltzmann's entropy was the beginning of losing sight, if we ever had it in sight, of the meaning of Boltzmann's constant. Boltmann's interpretation of entropy was the first step in ignoring Clausius' definition and finding some more simplistic substitute. I think that Newton would have first said: What is thermodynamic entropy? Perhaps there are others here who will clarify the meaning of thermodynamic entropy for me?
James Putnam replied on Mar. 3, 2011 @ 02:06 GMT
Ok. I assume you strongly disagree.
Alan Lowey wrote on Feb. 10, 2011 @ 09:54 GMT
An excellent and entertaining entrance to your essay Jarmo, congratulations on your imagination and ingeniuty. I have a burning question which I've always wanted to ask Newton though, which is this:
Q: Since he equated the ancient greek philosophy of the smallest irreducible particle, called an atom, with the motions of the planets as observed by Galileo Galilei, does he want to know what his very large unspoken logical assumption was, which has now meant that humanity has been led down the wrong scientific path?
Ans: He assumed that the cores of the planets and sun are composed of the same everyday matter which is found on the external crust. (It's not necessarily the case and so invalidates the whole of Einstein's space-time concept imo and also invalidates the results of the Cavendish experiment to 'weigh' the Earth).
T H Ray wrote on Feb. 11, 2011 @ 18:00 GMT
Enormously clever! And I don't just mean the conceit of talking to Isaac Newton (with a nice paradox-saving ending). I mean the journey through algebra, combinatorics, geometry, to the 4-simplex whose edges correspond to the 10 non-redundant points of the Riemann metric tensor. That is literally where "the rubber meets the road," as they say -- where the discrete comes smack up against the continuous, where " ... the causal properties of spacetime ..." imply the existence of " ... a still unknown law of nature ..." that we hope quantizes spacetime.
I'm betting that you're a very popular lecturer. Bravo.
Juan Carlos Christensen wrote on Feb. 24, 2011 @ 02:29 GMT
Hi Mäkelä,
Your article is ingenious because you put in Newton autority mouth, your ideas.
Guessing, I supose that Newton will agree more with an universal gravitation law modified than with Einstein TGR.
If you replace Beta in the partition formula by one divided Boltzmann constant times Temperature, and as Hawking temperature in a Black Hole is proportional to the inverse of Energy the formula doesn´t diverge.
When you calculate the partition function, you must assume that the inverse temperature Beta is a constant, and therefore independent of the energy. Once after you have calculated the partition function, you will find the relationship between energy and temperature using the formula of Note 6.
Andrew Beckwith wrote on Feb. 24, 2011 @ 21:15 GMT
Your metric tensor, and your Newton analogy are very clever. I would like to understand how that contributes to the quantum limit as you propose.
Could you elucidate this point more clearly ?
Jarmo Mäkelä replied on Mar. 1, 2011 @ 16:31 GMT
Thanks for your message. I you want a really technical account on how metric tensor arises from the quantum states of the constituents of spacetime, (I suppose that was your question?) I advice you to have a look on my paper in arXiv:0805.3952 (Ch. 5). When expressed in very broad, non-technical terms the basic idea is that when a sufficiently large aggregate of the constituents of spacetime is considered, it becomes possible to talk meaningfully about four-simplices. The areas of the triangles of those four-simplices depend on the quantum states of their constituents, and we may express the components of the metric tensor in terms of those triangle areas.
T H Ray replied on Mar. 1, 2011 @ 17:09 GMT
I really like this discrete geometric treatment of a continuous area. Unless I've missed something in the literature that I shouldn't have, it's nonstandard -- however, I don't think it's a stretch to compare it to Euler's geometric interpretation of the complex plane (e^ipi = - 1) in principle, because it provides a straightforward way to convert a continuous metric into an algebraicaly manageable object.
Eckard Blumschein replied on Mar. 21, 2011 @ 06:57 GMT
Looking in vain for something possibly valuable here or at least a reply to my comment concerning Newton, I got aware of your comment on Euler (1707-1783) who interpreted the complex plane introduced by Gauss (1777-1855).
I agree, that non-linear functions like sin, cos, exp, lg, etc. provide links between continuous and discrete quantities. Can you please explain to me the notion continuous metric?
T H Ray replied on Mar. 22, 2011 @ 13:19 GMT
Eckard,
A continuous curve.
Thank you Tom. I just wonder why you did not give preference to the more profane word curve.
Jarmo seems to hope I will forget my questions.
Peter Jackson wrote on Feb. 27, 2011 @ 00:21 GMT
Dear Jarmo
I am embarrassed to admit I seem to have a confession to make. Some time ago I heard someone fall down some stairs and went to help, he was in a bad way, mumbling is some alien language and delirious. I picked him up with his papers and bits and carried him off to hospital.
I found afterwards I still had his papers and a strange little machine with HG Wells stamped on it.. but the poor fellow had mysteriously disappeared. I read the papers but they had no name or address. They were entitled "The Complete Quantum Theory of Gravitation". I really didn't know what to do with them. If I'd known they were yours I'd have put them in a time capsule...
As it was I thought I must try to put them and the machine to good use. They both rather scared me! I was worried about causality. What I decided to do was pop forward the 300 years the machine was set to and check if all was ok and we'd managed to find the theory.
Imagine my horror when I discovered it was my fault that we hadn't, ..and that science seemed to have gone backwards in time! I didn't have a clue if you were around or where to find you. The world was strange to me but I managed to survive by popping back and making the odd bet and investment, and have had fun directing some great blockbuster films about a land I visited using your... well never mind about that. I spent a few years checking the theory and it seemed spot on so I eventually decided it best to write it up in my own way and give it to the world. - the complete atomic structure of space time, unifying SR, GR and QM.
But apparently the world doesn't understand it! As only you will I hope you'll read my essay, gently slipping in that the sub space-time medium condenses into an atomic structure to produce space-time itself. The quantum states are ions, re-polarised by black holes, and distributed as plasma in such a way that the every day notion of time and causality are recovered. Actually I think that wording is yours, I mean Sir Isaac's, not mine!
It's been a difficult time, but a massive relief to have found it's owner. I did tentatively refer to it in last years contest, and touch on it quite lightly in my current essay languishing some way below yours (2020 Vision..) But it's better covered in a number of preprints I can pass to you. Here are some recent ones; http://vixra.org/abs/1001.0010 and http://vixra.org/abs/1102.0016
I hope you're able to finally confirm I'm not totally insane. The only way I've managed to hide from the men in white coats so far is to be secretly the 3rd richest man in the world.
I pass it all to you, in Isaac's name. - Do you think I should withdraw or just give you both credits and citations in the paper currently accepted for review!
With massive relief
PS. You have a well earned 10 from me. But please do reply asap.
Thanks for your interesting post. It would really be wonderful, if the papers written by Sir Isaac still existed! I have been reading your pre-prints. They are interesting, but I am not quite sure, whether they are quite similar to the ones, which I was reading just before that unfortunate fall in Newton's stairs. Maybe you have misunderstood some points in Newton's draft? Do you still have the originals? If you do, please take photocopies of them, and send them to the address mentioned in my essay. Many thanks for taking me to the hospital after my fall in Newton's stairs, although I have no recollection of that.
Georgina Parry wrote on Feb. 28, 2011 @ 09:35 GMT
I must agree with many of your other readers, in that you have given a very creative presentation. The introduction and conclusion are very well and clearly written and are enjoyable. Unfortunately, not being a physics specialist, I found the middle of the essay too technical to follow. Also as I have limited mathematical skill I can not judge if what you have said is technically correct and rigorously argued. I will have to leave that judgment to others.I can see some lively debate and much interest in your comments thread. It is certainly topical and foundational.I suspect it is far more interesting and goes far deeper than I can appreciate and understand.I wish you good luck, Georgina.
Constantin Zaharia Leshan wrote on Mar. 1, 2011 @ 13:41 GMT
Dear FQXi community,
There are three kinds of essays in our contest: 1) the essays with original physics research where all physics' information was created by their authors. Often such papers contain some errors or unclear information because it is very difficult to create a NEW physical theory (information). 2) There are essays-stories about physics which contain physics' information copied from physics textbooks or other published papers (for example authors Jarmo Makela, Singh, Durham, Funakoshi and so on). The author's commentaries like 'this theory is good, or not are neither original physics research nor new physics information. These essays-stories cannot have any errors by definition because all physics' information was copied from the textbooks and other published papers. (However, if these authors have added original physics research information in their articles, I'm sure we'll find physical errors in their papers).3) There are essays of mixed type containing mixed information (original research plus physics' information copied from the textbooks and papers). It is clear that the authors of the essays-stories have advantages because their essays never contain errors since all Physics' information was copied from the textbooks. However, it does not mean these essays-stories are better than essays with original research.
What kind of the essays must FQXi community support? If we support the essays-stories then we'll transform FQXi community into the entertainment community. For example, instead of my ''interpretation of quantum mechanics'' I could send the anecdotes about Bohr, Einstein or stories like Gamov's Mr. Tompkins in paperback. It would be very interesting and fun. Another option is to create essays-discussions with Einstein, Bohr, or Aristotle following the example of Jarmo Makela. In this context, the next logical step is to organize a banquet for the authors of essays where we tell jokes and funny stories about physics. What is Our Purpose?
However, since the goals of the FQXi (the "Contest") are to: ''Encourage and support rigorous, innovative, and influential thinking about foundational questions in physics and cosmology; Identify and reward top thinkers in foundational questions'' therefore I ask readers to vote for essays with original physics research rather than for essays-stories about physics. In this way we'll encourage the fundamental physics research but not entertainment essays.
Anonymous wrote on Mar. 1, 2011 @ 18:29 GMT
You ask; "Maybe you have misunderstood some points in Newton's draft?" I can absolutely reassure you that after many years of study I have in no way fully understood almost all the points of Newtons draft. Indeed using your Wells machine I've searched back and forth for the solution. I've met many interesting people, Florin who made a copy of the machine, Dr Cosmic Ray who told me of the 32 different dimensions, and Albert, who told me of the "infinitely many spaces in relative motion", but we all still have our own perspective, and I learnt that that's a strength not a weakness of humankind.
I disagree with Constantin, content is different to presentation. If you are a top Oxford maths professor and disagree with unreal abstract maths it does no good complaining, you should write a satire about the ridiculous 'Wonderland' it creates so thousands buy the book... ..and .. well.. you can at least retire rich! ..Hmmm. Anyway, I think some have been distracted from the important scientific point!
I'll try to find those papers. But you'll have seen my own exploration of nature is based on nature itself not abstraction. I've interpreted the papers differently, but still seem to have unified SR, GR and QM, and derived quantum gravity, with rigorous logic alone. I'd be eternally grateful if you could either tell me where I've gone wrong, or confirm they're consistent, or where they're not. In return I'll see if I can pop back a bit earlier to see if I can find them on the mantlepiece.
I await your conclusions with the utmost excitement and trepidation.
Your obedient servant.
Constantin Leshan replied on Mar. 2, 2011 @ 21:42 GMT
Dear Peter,
I read again Jarmo Mäkelä's essay and I can say that this essay has artistic value only. All PHYSICS' information used by Jarmo is generally known information, copied from the textbooks and published papers. The dialogue with Newton is the only contribution of the author Jarmo Mäkelä. Therefore this essay has ARTISTIC VALUE ONLY, and is not scientifically important.
Anonymous replied on Mar. 6, 2011 @ 16:46 GMT
The divergence of the partition function and the microscopic origin of black hole entropy are long-standing, fundamental problems of black hole physics. The "Newton Model" (to give a name to the model) may be regarded as a suggestion for a simple solution to both of these problems, using an assumption that the event horizon of a black hole consists of a finite number of discrete constituents as a starting point. The success of the model is then used as an argument for a discrete nature of spacetime, and the reduction of the metric and the causal properties of spacetime to the quantum states of its contsituents is outlined. Technically, the key point of the model is Eq. (9), which gives an expression for the partition function of the Schwarzschild black hole. According to my best knowledge Eq. (9) has never been published anywhere. The reduction of the metric and the causal properties of spacetime to the quantum states of its cosntituents in a manner described in the model has been considered in some of my earlier works, but nowhere else.
OK, I'm glad you found some original information in your essay. I wish you success in the contest.
Dear Readers, about 70 percents of all theoretical papers in Physics published in the World are wrong, the Standard Model is a mathematical model only that can compute only but explain nothing. The SM theory will fall in nearest future if you support my theory. This theory is a revolution in physics; Nobody found errors in my theory ever. We need the true Science, without powerful science our civilization may die. Science is our only hope to survive.
Please vote for the FUTURE physics , for teleportation and for life.
James Lee Hoover wrote on Mar. 6, 2011 @ 18:35 GMT
What a novel way of approaching the topic. When encountered with the brilliance of Newton, I now think of the revelation regarding his first passion of alchemy. I wonder if this has been sensationalized of late.
Jim Hoover
Sir Issac Newton wrote on Mar. 7, 2011 @ 20:00 GMT
A close friend of mine has informed me of your insolence to associate me with your ideas about reality. As you know very well, I find your work lacking any physical validity and think that the mathematical rigor glows by its absence.
I urge you to immediately rectify the many erroneous statements attributed to me in your Essay and to publish what I actually said about your work, as well as about the books and papers that you sent me.
Peter wrote on Mar. 9, 2011 @ 13:17 GMT
Have you heard of "hypothesis non fingo"?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotheses_non_fingo
"I have not as yet been able to discover the reason for these properties of gravity from phenomena, and I do not feign hypotheses. For whatever is not deduced from the phenomena must be called a hypothesis; and hypotheses, whether metaphysical or physical, or based on occult qualities, or mechanical, have no place in experimental philosophy. In this philosophy particular propositions are inferred from the phenomena, and afterwards rendered general by induction."
I wonder why FQXi even accepted this paper. It is plain insult to the memory of one of the greatest empiricists of all times.
Anonymous replied on Apr. 6, 2011 @ 13:46 GMT
Dr. Christian Corda uses pseudonyms 'peter', 'egal, Darth Didious.
Christian Corda replied on Apr. 27, 2011 @ 19:26 GMT
Dear Jarmo, dear readers,
this is absolutely false, I am NOT "Peter".
On the other hand, the fake who signed as "Sir Issac Newton" is the same crank who signed a post in my Essay-page as "Albert Einstein". In fact, the sentences in the above post are almost the same of the ones in my Essay-page. I suspect that he is a poor man who is obsessed by me, but I will not mention his name for a sake of mercy.
Jarmo Mäkelä wrote on Mar. 10, 2011 @ 03:49 GMT
Apparently, you failed to understand that the story was a description of a dream. In dreams people may experience strange things which, however, have nothing to do with reality. Nobody would take dreams seriously, even less feel offended by them.
Sir Issac Newton replied on Mar. 10, 2011 @ 10:50 GMT
I urge you to immediately rectify the many erroneous statements attributed to me in your Essay and to publish what I ACTUALLY SAID IN YOUR DREAM.
Alan Lowey wrote on Mar. 18, 2011 @ 14:45 GMT
Congratulations on your dedication to the competition and your much deserved top ten placing. I have a bugging question for you, which I've also posed to all the top front runners btw:
Q: Coulomb's Law of electrostatics was modelled by Maxwell by mechanical means after his mathematical deductions as an added verification (thanks for that bit of info Edwin), which I highly admire. To me, this gives his equation some substance. I have a problem with the laws of gravity though, especially the mathematical representation that "every object attracts every other object equally in all directions." The 'fabric' of spacetime model of gravity doesn't lend itself to explain the law of electrostatics. Coulomb's law denotes two types of matter, one 'charged' positive and the opposite type 'charged' negative. An Archimedes screw model for the graviton can explain -both- the gravity law and the electrostatic law, whilst the 'fabric' of spacetime can't. Doesn't this by definition make the helical screw model better than than anything else that has been suggested for the mechanism of the gravity force?? Otherwise the unification of all the forces is an impossiblity imo. Do you have an opinion on my analysis at all?
Anonymous replied on Mar. 22, 2011 @ 15:25 GMT
I am not sure, whether I understood your question, but anyway, to understand the Coulomb force you do not need any mechanical models. Instead, you consider the symmmetry properties of ordinary, four-dimensional flat spacetime.
To undestand the Coulmb force in terms of the properties of spacetime you may begin with spin 1/2 particles (electrons, or example). If you construct a field equation for a spin 1/2 particle in flat spacetime, the resulting equation must be compatible with Einstein's special relativity. More precisely, it must be Lorentz invariant. The Lorentz invariance is one of the symmetries of flat spacetime. The Lorentz invariant equation in question is known as Dirac equation. It turns out that the Dirac equation, in turn, possesses internal, global symmetry, which is known as U(1)symmetry. To make the U(1) symmetry a local symmetry, you need the so-called gauge connection, and a coupling constant, which may be interpreted as the electric charge of the electron. So, in addition to the Dirac field, you now have also a gauge connection. To make a theory consistent, you need, in addition to the Dirac equation, for the gauge connection a field equation, which possesses both the U(1) and the Lorentz symmetries. The simplest possible equation with these properties may be shown to be equivalent with Maxwell equations for the electric and the magnetic fields. So to obtain the Coulomb interaction you only have to consider the implications of the symmetries of spacetime, and no mechanical analogues are needed.
Alan Lowey replied on Mar. 23, 2011 @ 13:38 GMT
Thanks for the reply. We have a difference of opinion on this one then. No problem.
basudeba wrote on Mar. 22, 2011 @ 23:52 GMT
Special Relativity is not only conceptually, but also mathematically wrong. This is what Einstein describes in his 30-06-1905 paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies":
Einstein: We assume that this definition of synchronism is free from contradictions, and possible for any number of points; and that the following relations are universally valid:
5. If the...
5. If the clock at B synchronizes with the clock at A, the clock at A synchronizes with the clock at B.
6. If the clock at A synchronizes with the clock at B and also with the clock at C, the clocks at B and C also synchronize with each other.
Our comments: Here clock at A is the privileged frame of reference. Yet, he tells the opposite by denying any privileged frame of reference. Further, his description of the length measurement is faulty. Here we quote from his paper and offer our views.
Einstein: Let there be given a stationary rigid rod; and let its length be l as measured by a measuring-rod which is also stationary. We now imagine the axis of the rod lying along the axis of x of the stationary system of co-ordinates, and that a uniform motion of parallel translation with velocity v along the axis of x in the direction of increasing x is then imparted to the rod. We now inquire as to the length of the moving rod, and imagine its length to be ascertained by the following two operations:-
(a) The observer moves together with the given measuring-rod and the rod to be measured, and measures the length of the rod directly by superposing the measuring-rod, in just the same way as if all three were at rest.
(b) By means of stationary clocks set up in the stationary system and synchronizing in accordance with §1, the observer ascertains at what points of the stationary system the two ends of the rod to be measured are located at a definite time. The distance between these two points, measured by the measuring-rod already employed, which in this case is at rest, is also a length which may be designated “the length of the rod”.
In accordance with the principle of relativity the length to be discovered by the operation (a) - we will call it the length of the rod in the moving system - must be equal to the length l of the stationary rod.
The length to be discovered by the operation (b) we will call “the length of the (moving) rod in the stationary system”. This we shall determine on the basis of our two principles, and we shall find that it differs from l.
Our comments: The method described at (b) is impossible to measure by the principles described by Einstein himself. Elsewhere he has described two frames: one fixed and one moving along it. First the length of the moving rod is measured in the stationary system against the backdrop of the fixed frame and then the length is measured at a different epoch in a similar way in units of velocity of light. We can do this only in two ways, out of which one is the same as (a). Alternatively, we take a photograph of the rod against the backdrop of the fixed frame and then measure its length in units of velocity of light or any other unit. But the picture will not give a correct reading due to two reasons:
• If the length of the rod is small or velocity is small, then length contraction will not be perceptible according to the formula given by Einstein.
• If the length of the rod is big or velocity is comparable to that of light, then light from different points of the rod will take different times to reach the camera and the picture we get will be distorted due to the Doppler shift of different points of the rod. Thus, there is only one way of measuring the length of the rod as in (a).
Here we are reminded of an anecdote related to Sir Arthur Eddington. Once he directed two of his students to measure the wave-length of light precisely. Both students returned with different results – one resembling the accepted value and the other different. Upon enquiry, the student replied that he had also come up with the same result as the other, but since everything including the Earth and the scale on it is moving, he applied length contraction to the scale treating Betelgeuse as a reference point. This changed the result. Eddington told him to follow the operation as at (a) above and recalculate the wave-length of light again without any reference to Betelgeuse. After sometime, both the students returned to tell that the wave-length of light is infinite. To a surprised Eddington they explained that since the scale is moving with light, its length would shrink to zero. Hence it will require an infinite number of scales to measure the wave-length of light.
Some scientists try to overcome this difficulty by pointing out that length contraction occurs only in the direction of travel. If we hold the rod in a transverse direction to the direction of travel, then there will be no length contraction for the rod. But we fail to understand how the length can be measured by holding it in a transverse direction to the direction of travel. If the light path is also transverse to the direction of motion, then the terms c+v and c-v vanish from the equation making the entire theory redundant. If the observer moves together with the given measuring-rod and the rod to be measured, and measures the length of the rod directly by superposing the measuring-rod while moving with it, he will not find any difference what-so-ever. Thus, the views of Einstein are contrary to observation.
His “mathematics” using the equation for the sphere is all wrong. For example, he has used equations x^2+y^2+z^2-c^2t^2 = 0 and ξ^2 + η^2 + ζ^2 – c^2 τ^2 = 0 to describe two spheres that the observers see of the evolution of the same light pulse. Apart from the fact that the above equation of the sphere is mathematically wrong (it describes a sphere with the center at origin, whose z-axis is zero, i.e., not a sphere, but a circle), it also shows how the same treats time differently. Since general equation of sphere is supposed to be x^2+y^2+z^2+Dx+Ey+Fz+G = 0, both the equations can at best describe two spheres with origin at (0,0,0) and the points (x,y,z) and (ξ, η, ζ ) on the circumference of the respective spheres. Since the second person is moving away from the origin, the second equation is not applicable in his case. Assuming he sees the same sphere, he should know its origin (because he has already seen it, otherwise he will not know that it is the same light pulse. In the later case there is no way to correlate both pulses) and its present location. In other words, he will measure the same radius as the other person, implying: c^2t^2 = c^2 τ^2 or t = τ.
Again, if x^2+y^2+z^2-c^2t^2 = x’^2+y’^2+z’^2-c^2 τ ^2, t ≠ τ.
This creates a contradiction, which invalidates his mathematics.
According to our theory, gravity is a composite force of seven forces that are generated based on their charge. Thus, they are related to charge interactions. But we do not accept Coulomb's law. We have a different theory for it. We derive it from fundamental principles. In Coulomb’s law, F = k Q1 x Q2 /d^2. In a charge neutral object, either Q1 or Q2 will be zero reducing the whole equation to zero. This implies that no interaction is possible between a charged object and a charge neutral object. But this is contrary to experience. Hence the format of Coulomb’s law is wrong.
As we have repeatedly described, the atoms can be stable only when they are slightly negatively charged which makes the force directed towards the nucleus dominate the opposite force, but is not apparent from outside. Hence we do not experience it. We have theoretically derived the value of the electric charge of protons, neutrons and electrons as +10/11, -1/11 and -1. The negative sign indicates that the net force is directed towards the nucleus. Charge interaction takes place when a particle tries to attain equilibrium by coupling with another particle having similar charge. The proton has +10/11 charge means it is deficient in -1/11 charge. The general principle is same charge attracts. Thus, it interacts with the negative charge of electrons. The resultant hydrogen atom has a net charge of -1/11. Thus, it is highly reactionary. This -1/11 charge interacts with that of the neutron to form stable particles. These interactions can be of four types.
Positive + positive = explosive. By this, what we mean is the fusion reaction that leads to unleashing of huge amounts of energy. It’s opposite is also true in the case of fission, but since it is reduction, there is less energy release.
Positive + negative (total interaction) = internally creative (increased atomic number.) This means that if one proton and one electron is added to the atom, the atomic number goes up.
Positive + negative (partial interaction) = externally creative (becomes an ion.) This means that if one proton or one electron is added to the atom, the atom becomes ionic.
Negative + negative = no reaction. What it actually means is that though there will be no reaction between the two negatively charged particles; they will appear to repel each other as their nature is confinement. Like two pots that confine water cannot occupy the same place and if one is placed near another with some areas overlapping, then both repel each other. This is shown in the “Wheeler’s Aharonov–Bohm experiment”.
The Kaluza-Klein compactification and other “theories” relating to extra-dimensions are only figments of imagination. The term dimension is applied to solids that have fixed spread in a given direction based on their internal arrangement independent of external factors. For perception of the spread of the object, the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the object must interact with that of our eyes. Since electric and magnetic fields move perpendicular to each other and both are perpendicular to the direction of motion, we can perceive the spread only in these three directions. Measuring the spread is essentially measuring the space occupied by it. This measurement can be done only with reference to some external frame of reference. For the above reason, we use axes that are perpendicular to each other and term these as x-y-z coordinates (length-breadth-height). These are not absolute terms, but are related to the order of placement of the object in the coordinate system of the field in which the object is placed. Thus, they remain invariant under mutual transformation. If we rotate the object so that x-axis changes to y-axis or z-axis, there is no effect on the structure (spread) of the object. Based on the positive and negative (spreading out and contracting in) directions from the origin, these describe six unique positions (x,0,0), (-x,0,0), (0,y,0), (0,-y,0), (0,0,z), (0,0,-z), that remain invariant under mutual transformation. Besides these, there are four more unique positions, namely (x, y), (-x, y), (-x, -y) and (x, -y) where x = y for any value of x and y, which also remain invariant under mutual transformation. These are the ten dimensions and not the so-called mathematical structures.
basudeba
You talk about space-time without properly defining the terms. Both space and time are related to the order of arrangement in the field, i.e., sequence of objects and events contained in them like the design on a fabric. Both space and time co-exist like the fabric and its back ground color. The perception of each sequence is interrupted by an interval however infinitesimal. The...
You talk about space-time without properly defining the terms. Both space and time are related to the order of arrangement in the field, i.e., sequence of objects and events contained in them like the design on a fabric. Both space and time co-exist like the fabric and its back ground color. The perception of each sequence is interrupted by an interval however infinitesimal. The interval between objects is called space and that between events is called time. We take a fairly intelligible and repetitive interval and use it as the unit, where necessary by subdividing it. We compare the designated interval with this unit interval and call the result measurement of space and time respectively.
Since space and time have no physical existence like particles and fields, we use alternative symbolism of objects and events to describe them. Thus, what Euclid called space is not the interval between objects, but the basic frame of reference on which the objects are placed as markers. To this extent he is right. Dedekind and others did not know this concept. Hence they wrongly held that “it is possible to construct discontinuous spaces in which Euclidean geometry holds”. Geometry is related to measurement of space and no measurement except distance (line) is possible in discontinuous spaces like in the interval between a point on Earth and another point on the Sun or Moon. However, this fallacy was not apparent to the others who built theories upon such invalid foundation. Since space is the interval between objects, the space is continuous throughout the Universe.
Your description of radiation energy is wrong. We have shown in various threads that only the field is absolute and particles are nothing but locally confined field. This changes the density of the field at various localities that leads to interaction between them. Whether the particles are macro particles or micro particles, all follow the same principle. The radiations are either micro particles or waves propagated in the field. Both interact based on energy density. The different frequencies show the initial release of energy to the field that moves at different velocities based on the field density and interaction with other velocities. Thus, there is no reason to believe that the energies carried by the different frequencies of the radiation in a given temperature add up to become infinite.
We have discussed SR and refuted it. We have also discussed Coulomb’s Law and dimensions earlier and given different interpretations to the modern concept. Since the concepts relied upon by you are faulty, it is no wonder that you come to the conclusion that “it seems to me likely that there exists a still unknown law of Nature, closely related to the Second Law of Thermodynamics”. We have discussed this law below the essay of Mr. Peter Jackson. We reproduce it below:
Now we will explain 'velocity of the field', which also will explain the constancy of ‘c’. We have already explained that the basic nature of the field is equilibrium. The basic nature of forces is displacement. This gives rise to two different types of inertia: inertia of motion due to forces and inertia of restoration (elasticity) due to the field. This leads to both these inertia acting against a point of equilibrium to create locally confined structures. These structures, which are nothing but confined field is called “rayi”. Both the inertias further act on “rayi”. In such a scenario, the combined effect leads to repeated confinement around the point of equilibrium. The confined structures in which inertia of restoration dominates, is called particle (moorty). In the opposite case, it is called “amrita”. This can be considered as your DFM.
The confinement could be strong, weak or loose, which leads to the formation of solids, fluids (including gases) and plasma. We call these ‘dhruva”, “dhartra” and “dharuna” respectively. Where the inertia of motion dominates, it appears as heat. Depending upon the nature of the particles, the propagation of heat is also classified into three categories. In solids, plasma and fluids, these are done by conduction, radiation and convection. We call these as “nirbhuja”, “pratrirnna” and “ubhayamantarena” respectively. The third category gives rise to the electric field. Thus, electric behaves like a hot fluid.
Till now we were discussing about the confinement of “rayi” (where inertia of restoration dominates). In the opposite case, where inertia of motion dominates, “rayi” gives rise to three corresponding forces of cold confinement. These can explain the effects of the so-called “dark matter and dark energy”. Magnetism belongs to this category. Thus, magnetism is a cold confining force. Since both these are different states of “rayi”, electricity and magnetism are two sides of the same coin.
Till now we were discussing “rayi”, which is a part of the primordial field dominated by inertia of restoration. The other part is dominated by inertia of motion, which we call “praana”. The effect of this is felt by other bodies. Hence this gives rise to force. Depending on their effects on different bodies, these forces are classified into different groups discussed earlier. While strong, weak, electromagnetic and radioactive disintegration forces belong to this category associated with inertia of motion and heat, gravitational interaction is associated with inertia of restoration and cold. Thus, they cannot be united.
After a part of the primordial field is confined within “rayi”, inertia of restoration in the field becomes weak and inertia of motion dominates. Thus, the field generates waves that expand rapidly in all directions. You call this big bang. The effects of “rayi” and “praana” in the primordial medium create the bow shock effect. This leads to reduced velocity of the wave, which ultimately stabilizes, cutting off a vast volume which we call universe. Since there is no reason to believe that it happens only in our locality, we believe in multiverses, which are similar universes and not as described by MWI.
After the bow shock comes to rest, the forces of inertia of motion and inertia of restoration cancel each other leading both to a superposition of states. We call this “maayaa”. But the equilibrium is momentary, since the balance between “rayi” and “praana” within the confinement of “maayaa” has not been equated, the next moment inertia of restoration dominates and there is massive contraction. You call this inflation. We call this force “dhaaraa”. This creates further interaction, which leads to structure formation. We call this “jaayaa”. Outside the structures, the inertia of restoration still dominates. You call it the cosmic microwave back ground radiation. We call it “aapah”. Thus, the universe can be picturised as an ocean containing many islands. The galaxies can be imagined to float in an “ocean” called “saraswaan”, the stars can be imagined to float in an “ocean” called “nabhaswaan”, and the Earth like planets can be imagined to float in an “ocean” called “samudra arnava”.
Just like the Earth orbits the Sun and spins around its own axis due to the combined effects of the Sun’s movement and that of the inter-stellar medium that move in different directions on the one hand, the different magnetic fields on the other hand (in a broader scale, these are the effects of “rayi and praana” and “dhaaraa and jaayaa”), the Universe as a whole also moves within the confines of “maayaa”. This appears as the receding galaxies, just like the planets sometimes appear to move away from each other. This movement of the Universal field is constant for all structures. This is what you describe as “space has inertia and angular momentum.”
It is well known that objects are perceived only during transition. The transition can be of two types: the object can move or the field containing the object can move while the object is stationary (both together are also possible, but they fall into these two groups). In the case of electromagnetic field in space, it is the field that moves at a constant velocity. You also admit it when you say: “ALL matter in motion is in motion with respect to a LOCAL background. Light entering the galaxy is Doppler shifted by the Halo to the galaxies 'c', again at the heliopause to the Sun's 'c', and at the Ionosphere to the Earths 'c', and on ad infinitum.” The only difference is that you presume the particle is moving at ‘c’ with respect to the back ground, which you take as at rest. We take the opposite view of the background with us moving at ‘c’. Like we do not experience the motion of the Earth, but think the Sun and the stars are orbiting it, we do not experience the motion of the back ground since we are also moving with it. But the effects in both cases are the same.
Mr. Constantin Zaharia Leshan, in his post dated Mar.1 had described your essay as “essays-stories about physics which contain physics' information copied from physics textbooks or other published papers”. We agree with his views and this is one of the reasons why we did not take your essay seriously earlier. We ponder why science is becoming increasingly fictional. Is it a ploy to cover up the failures of theoretical physicists to come up with something new in decades while experimental physicists are achieving marvelous results? The support your essay received during community voting hints at this possibility.
basudeba.
Peter wrote on Mar. 26, 2011 @ 07:59 GMT
I think God is making gravity in order to make the universe happy.
Robert L. Oldershaw wrote on Mar. 27, 2011 @ 22:37 GMT
This is somewhat off-topic, but then again, perhaps not.
Consider the basic Kerr metric equation: J = aGm^2/c,
where J = total momentum
a = dimensionless rotational parameter.
If J = (j{j+1})^1/2 h-bar
and we use G = G' = 2.18 x 10^31 cm^3/g sec^2
(call it the strong force coupling constant)
then: m = (j{j+1}/a^2)^1/4 (h-bar c/G')^1/2.
For j = 1/2 and a = 4/9 [i.e., ~1/2], m = 942.935 MeV
(proton mass = 938.3 MeV)
We notice that (h-bar c/G')^1/2 has the form of the Planck mass.
If we choose (alpha^2 e^2/G')^1/2 as our fundamental mass,
in place of (h-bar c/G')^1/2, i.e., replace (h-bar c) with (alpha^2 e^2)
and call it the "Einstein mass", our mass equation becomes
m = (j{j+1}/a^2)^1/4 (alpha^2 e^2/G')^1/2.
For j = 1/2 and a = 7/12 [again ~1/2], m = 0.5131 MeV
(electron mass = 0.511 MeV)
Neutron mass = proton mass + 3(Einstein mass) = 939.5354 MeV
(neutron mass = 939.566 MeV).
The electron mass, and the proton-neutron mass difference,
have never been explained.
For scientists who would like to see a more detailed summary
of these theoretical results, I have a brief 3-page summary that
explains the retrodictions in more detail.
If you send me an email I will attach a doc. file or pdf (your choice)
in my reply.
http://www3.amherst.edu/~rloldershaw
Member Tejinder Pal Singh wrote on Jun. 5, 2011 @ 15:38 GMT
Congratulations on winning the first prize! Brilliant and well-deserved.
Tejinder Singh
Georgina Parry wrote on Jun. 6, 2011 @ 04:58 GMT
Congratulations Jarmo. I stand by everything I said in my original post on this thread. Your essay seemed to be a popular choice with the community throughout the contest.I am glad that the judges found what they were looking for in your essay. I have discovered the meeting with sir Issac vehicle published elsewhere, so it is not as original an idea as I at first thought but that does not diminish the quality of the writing or the correctness of the scientific and mathematical content. Well done you.
Vladimir F. Tamari wrote on Jun. 6, 2011 @ 08:59 GMT
I think Sir Isaac is a bit baffled by email addresses - his message to you ended up in my Inbox for some reason - first he he offers his congratulations to you, but then asks if you are in league with Leibnitz? He also asks if fqxi is some sort of an alchemical symbol? His new email address is newton_fluxions@royalmint.eng
Best wishes from Vladimir
Peter Jackson wrote on Jun. 6, 2011 @ 19:57 GMT
Congratulations, Very well deserved.
I hope you got those documents back!
Author Frank Martin DiMeglio wrote on Jun. 8, 2011 @ 19:57 GMT
Jarmo, you mention area and distance in space. The following is essential to your discussion.
The key is to show distance in/of space that is represented by equivalent inertial and gravitational force/energy. This balances attraction and repulsion and gives us middle distance in/of space in keeping with the middle force/energy of equivalent gravity and inertia. Here we have quantum gravity and space manifesting as electromagnetic/inertial/gravitational energy.
Equivalent and balanced inertia and gravity balance attraction and repulsion in conjunction with the experience of what is the middle distance in/of space. There will never be a unified understanding of physical reality apart from this.
Sridattadev wrote on Jun. 9, 2011 @ 19:03 GMT
Congratulations. I would like to say this about your intelligent time travelling essay and the question you posed on what is space time composed of.
The atomic structure of space time is composed of conscience. Conscience is the underlying reality of all, including intelligence. Scientific community is calling conscience singularity in cosmology.
Sridattadev.
Tommy Gilbertson wrote on Jun. 12, 2011 @ 16:38 GMT
Congratulations, Dr. Mäkelä:
Well-earned recognition! After reading Newton's Principia, I a) was glad I never had to face his Genius (I always imagined Newton could make you cry with his towering intellect) b) was glad I was never his enemy (he could hold a grudge for years and had the power and resolve to really ruin your day or career), and c) was glad I didn't have to admit I could only completely understand about 90% of it (see a and b).
After reading your essay & thread, I've warmed a little to Dr. Newton and see him in another historical perspective. Think I would have the courage to speak to him now, if given the chance. Again, pleasurable essay.
As I'm still working the day-job, it help s to have a list of contest winners to guide me in my readings (time certainly didnn't allow this Author to properly peruse all the essays). Next: second place essays. Can't wait and will comment on those \Authors threads in due course. Hope somebody still read s these!
P.S. The fact that fqxi chose not to select Non-Professional REcognition is encouraging (they said the winners represented the Goals of the Contest suitably). I have another take on this: there were at least ;4 or us that had a chance (to name a few G. Parry, R. Jergenson, U. Matfolk) and the Quality to get the prize. How do you choose only two, right?
That's the way it appears to me, and I can't wait for the next Contest! Thanks fqxi, for spurring my thinking into ordered and scientific research paths. It has changed my life. I approach everything with this new excellence of thought and Method. Please see my site: QuantumWidgets.com and Quantum FAcebook and Threads if you find the extra time. These were all created in the course of writing my Entry and Threads and are real-world solutions of the generalization derived in my Essay. And are a continuation of said essay in the form of Art, Philosophy, and emergent Properties... next contest: the other half of the Theory of EVerything to be equated to the first half already derived! Joy!
xexz wrote on Jun. 13, 2011 @ 15:55 GMT
Does God allow we apply 'natural number' to 'electron' ?Especially , We konw that electron isn't 'Apple' or Richard Feynman's 'clicks' . as he said that all the surprising wisdom of quantum mechanics is hiding in the double slit experiment. I think maybe the field of natural number's application is restricted by nature, e.g. quantum phenomenon. If we do not reconstruct quantum phenomenon on the old picture(natural number) , that could be think as another reality?
VimanaPro wrote on Dec. 22, 2012 @ 01:19 GMT
Good Time, Jarmo
My English is poor, so formulas only
3-dimensional front propagation 4(3+2)-dimensional gravity vulgarly called space has the following minimum dimensions.
Accordingly, the minimum time of transition of the universe from the previous one in the subsequent state is
Darius M wrote on Jun. 22, 2014 @ 09:48 GMT
I think reality how it is in itself is analog, while appearances are digital.
https://www.academia.edu/7347240/Our_Cognitive_Frame
work_as_Quantum_Computer_Leibnizs_Theory_of_Monads_under_Kan
ts_Epistemology_and_Hegelian_Dialectic
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Articles tagged “RenaissanceFashion”
In Fine Style: The Art Of Tudor And Stuart Fashion Opens At The Queen’s Gallery, Buckingham Palace
by Sean McLachlan on May 15, 2013
The Queen’s Gallery at Buckingham Palace, London, is putting on a fashion show, although the fashions are more than 400 years out of date.
“In Fine Style: The Art of Tudor and Stuart Fashion” examines the luxurious clothing and jewelry worn by British monarchs and members of their court. It focuses on the two dynasties of the 16th and 17th centuries with everything from ornamental armor for a teenaged Prince of Wales to a bejeweled case for storing the black fabric patches that Queen Mary II stuck on her face to emphasize the whiteness of her skin.
Many of the items are on display for the first time, such as a diamond signet ring given by King Charles I to his wife, Queen Henrietta Maria, in 1628. It bears her cypher and the royal coat of arms. Another never-before-seen piece is a pendant of gold, rubies and diamond with a miniature portrait of Queen Elizabeth I. There are also some elegant articles of clothing like a pair of lacework gloves.
Of course, most costumes and jewelry from this period have disappeared, no matter how important their owners. To augment the exhibition there are more than 60 portraits showing royalty and nobility wearing their finest, including a startling portrait of a Duchess dressed as a man.
“In Fine Style: The Art of Tudor and Stuart Fashion” runs until October 6. If you make it to London before July 14, you might also want to see “Treasures of the Royal Courts: Tudors, Stuarts and the Russian Tsars” at the Victoria & Albert.
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An RV Road Trip Is a Family-Friendly Way to Experience New Zealand
The Megatrends Defining Travel in 2016
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a game by Parsec Productions
Editor Rating: 7/10, based on 2 reviews
User Rating: 8.3/10 - 6 votes
See also: Horror Games
Prepare to get scared in the woods thanks to Slender the Eight Pages! There is certainly no shortage of Slenderman around the world these days and Slender the Eight Pages is one of the more interesting and unknown games to feature the creepy internet legend. If you are a fan of Slenderman, you have to give this game a closer look. The story of Slender the Eight Pages is rather interesting. On one hand, you could look at this and say that it is very barebones and it would be hard to argue against that. However, on the flip side of this, the whole lore of the Slenderman is kind of at its very best when you know as little about it as possible. That is really what this game is going for and in that regard it does work.
The story of the game sees you lost in the woods and you need to find these eight pages of a mysterious book. If you can do this you may survive and you may very well put a stop to the Slenderman from stalking you. Basically, you are lost in the woods, need to find these eight pages and you need to stay the hell away from the Slenderman, which is easier said than done.
Slender the Eight Pages does not hold your hand at all. These woods are pretty creepy and despite being a more “basic” kind of game. I do feel that the presentation of the game is actually far better than you would think. There are different areas of these creepy woods to explore and explore is certainly something you will have to do in order to try and find all of the pages.
You do not have any way to defend yourself in this game which actually helps make it even scarier. You do have a flashlight, but you cannot use this all the time as it does not have unlimited battery life. You can also run, but you do have a stamina meter so you have to be smart about when you use it. Of course, the real highlight of the game is when Slenderman appears. There is nothing more terrifying than when you feel like you are safe for a moment and then you just see him out of the corner of your eye. You want to look, but you know if you do, you are dead! The game has this ear-piercing music that hits when he is near and that will make you jump out of your skin time and time again.
While there is not exactly what you would call a happy ending. There are a few different endings that you can experience. These happen, depending on how many pages of the book you are able to get. This does give the game some replay value which is great as an average game can be rather short.
While it may not have the longevity or depth that some of the more “modern” and newer Slenderman games have. Slender the Eight Pages is a very jumpy experience and great if you want a game that is quick to get into and also quick to get through. For fans of the lore of Slenderman, this is well worth checking out.
Different endings to the game Slenderman is super scary in this game! Exploring the woods is pretty fun The presentation is better than you would think Great sound design
The Not So Good:
A playthrough is rather short Not as in-depth as other games that feature Slenderman
Download Slender: The Eight Pages
Slender: The Eight Pages is another entry in the lore of the Slender Man! I have long been intrigued by Slender Man. From his online origins to the games to the movie, he is a very interesting character. This game I am looking at today is ideal if you want a quick burst of horror starring your favorite tall slim horror icon!
I would say that Slender: The Eight Pages is a very, very basic game. The plot of the game has you playing as a young woman who is in the woods. She is being stalked by Slender Man and her only way of escape is by finding these eight mysterious pages from a book that are hidden in various parts of the wood. The game does not really have a ton of story to it, but just the threat of Slender Man catching you is more than enough to make you want to move your butt and find all those pages that could possibly save your life.
First Person Horror
Slender: The Eight Pages is played from a first-person point of view and for its age and what started as a simple online game, I feel the presentation is pretty good. It is easy to get lost in these woods, but there are enough “different” areas that you can start to find your way around. The horror that the game has is mostly jump scares. You always have that fear that Slender Man is coming and when you turn around and you just glimpse him and this shrieking music hits, I will not lie! It is very, very scary stuff.
You can jog around the woods, but you do have a stamina meter to keep an eye on. You can at points when being stalked, run which depletes your stamina meter faster. You have no way to fight off Slender Man and your flashlight cannot be used all the time or the battery will die. It is the kind of game where everything is against the player, but it kind of works.
Like most of the other games or Slender Man stories, there is no happy ending here and as far as I am aware, no matter what you do in the game, you cannot beat him. I kind of found this frustrating as I do feel that they could have given the game a few different endings depending on how many of the missing pages you were able to get.
I do not think that Slender: The Eight Pages is a bad game and if you are interested in the lore of Slender Man it is well worth playing. I just feel that the follow up to this game, The Arrival is a million times better than what this offers. However, we could not have gotten to that game without this one here. I do feel it is worth a playthrough just do not expect too much from it.
It is very unnerving
I love that shriek when he appears
It is rather challenging
You always have an uneasy feeling as you play
It does not take long to get through
It is a very short game
Not a whole lot to it
Viewing games 1 to 11
Blair Witch: Volume 3 - The Elly Kedward Tale
Clive Barker's Undying
Shin Megami Tensei: Devil Summoner
Scorn
Silent Hill 4 The Room
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Creed II is so remarkably lacking in self-awareness, so stubbornly committed to ignoring the past thirty-plus years of history, it worries me about what it says about American audiences and where we are as a nation.
In the film, we’re shown that Rocky and Drago haven’t talked since the 80s; indeed, they are still enemies. Drago’s son’s character shows no emotions other than anger and determination. The Russians are cold, determined, and unforgiving. And finally, Rocky’s mentee Adonis Creed decides to train in the middle of the desert — a dryer, warmer version of the aforementioned Siberian wilderness, I suppose — with virtually no modern equipment, despite his being a multi-millionaire and the reigning heavyweight champion of the world.
The fact that the producers of this film stuck so closely to the original Cold War-era formula gives me chills about what apparently must resonate with American audiences today. Are we really still so nationalistic and provincial? Do we not wonder how those from other countries live, love, dream, fear, etc? (It is telling that the American protagonist in the film has a whole story arc involving his struggles to find himself as a husband and father, yet his Russian opponent’s character is nothing more than an angry, muscular, hyper-competitive human plot device.) In some ways, the film seems to have gone backwards. In Rocky IV, at least, a triumphant but bloodied Rocky speaks to his Russian audience in an emotional appeal to unity and understanding. (The Russian audience in the film gives him a standing ovation.) Even American audiences in the 80s, I suppose, while deeply patriotic and fearful of their Soviet enemies, must have had a sense that this whole thing was nonsense.
Here’s what would have actually happened with the passage of time, had these characters been real: Rocky and Drago probably would have become friends, occasionally meeting up and reflecting on the sheer stupidity of the Cold War while simultaneously reliving the glory of their boxing youths. Drago would have made a second home in the West somewhere, maybe in the US. Rocky would have become popular in Russia (he had already won them over) perhaps making a cameo appearance in Moscow every now and again and appearing in media events commemorating the famous fight. Drago’s son after showing talent early on would have been exposed to the international boxing community, traveling the world for tournaments and such and meeting other young boxers from various countries along the way.
You don’t have to look to fiction for examples of this type of resolution among competitors once their national backdrops shift around them. There are plenty in history. One example is Lithuanian basketball legend Arvydas Sabonis, who was never able to compete in his prime against pros in the US, thanks to his country’s being in the Soviet orbit. He finished his career in Portland, Oregon with the Trailblazers, though by that time his career was winding down (he was still awesome). Years later, his son went to Gonzaga University and is now the starting power forward for the Indiana Pacers.
The point is, time goes on. Nations change. People move forward. And thank goodness.
The all-time greatest example of this in sports goes back decades earlier, and is, incidentally, about boxing: the relationship between the African American Joe Louis and the German Max Schmeling. The latter was held up by Hitler as an example of the inherent athletic superiority of the so-called Aryan race. Yet after Louis beat Schmeling in a famous rematch in 1938 and Nazism was defeated a few years later, the two developed a close friendship that lasted into their old age. That shouldn’t be surprising; Schmeling was never interested in being a symbol of Nazism in the first place — indeed, he bristled at its ideologies, and at one point helped shelter two Jewish boys from the horrors of Kristalnacht — and once the artificial barriers of race and nationhood were put aside, the two must have had a lot in common.
Why movies sometimes refuse to keep up with the beautiful humanity of real life is puzzling. Sports is filled with countless examples of human spirit triumphing over fear and ignorance. Do filmmakers simply assume this won’t sell?
Perhaps they just figure that sticking to a tried-and-true formula is the safest approach, even if that formula is decades old. But part of me wonders if there is something uglier lurking beneath the surface, a smoldering sense of nationalism and obsession with “otherness” which manifests itself in our art, just as it does in the form of travel bans, concrete walls, and military parades. Maybe Creed II, a generation from now, will be seen as a historical artifact of an era when American nationalism was starting to make its triumphant comeback. Or perhaps it will serve as evidence that, decades after the end of the Cold War, we’d all learned so little. Either way, let’s hope that I am wrong.
This entry was posted in Miscellaneous and tagged Arvydas Sabonis, boxing, Creed II, Dolph Lundgren, Domantas Sabonis, Joe Louis, Max Schmeling, Rocky IV, Sylvester Stallone. Bookmark the permalink.
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One thought on “What have we learned since the Cold War? Not much, apparently.”
samanabanana says:
Great post! I’m glad you’re blogging again. We can’t really blame the “masses” for buying the propaganda that the Soviet Union was such a force to be reckoned with. US powers that be knew I’m sure what the reality was but the Cold War was also an arms race and lots of money was being made as a result. We in the US aren’t immune to propaganda. It’s not as if every country in the world uses it except the US.
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CHARTER AND PRINCIPLES
What is our goal in the long run?
We strive to make the world a better place by clearing explosive remnants of war that threaten the civilian population in many countries. We are indulge in accident prevention by providing explosive risk education, and we help mine victims on an individual basis. FSD is also providing humanitarian services by dealing with industrial toxic and radioactive pollution and by helping to re-establish security as a basis for humanitarian work.
Let’s end the scourge of landmines!
Management team in Geneva
HANSJÖRG EBERLE
Hansjörg Eberle studied business management in St. Gall. He worked for 6 years for the International Committee of the Red Cross in war-stricken countries before joining ICRC’s headquarter for 7 years. His last position was Director of Finance and IT. He is a co-founder of the original Fédération Suisse de Déminage created in 1997 and served as FSD’s Vice-President before becoming FSD’s Director in 2001, a post he has held ever since. He set up FSD’s Manila accounting office in 2006. Hansjörg is the Director of Crosstech SA. He is also the founder and President of Association FSD France. Throughout his career Hansjörg has been involved in the set-up and management of start-up NGOs and companies in various fields.
BENEDIKT TRUNIGER
Benedikt Truniger is an economist FHS from St. Gallen, Switzerland. His experience was in international consumer good marketing before starting a 16-year career in the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), with 10 years in the field and 6 years of senior management positions in its HQ in Geneva. On behalf of the Directorate, he coordinated as last task a large, institutional change project. From 2002 - 2005 he developed an HR company in Geneva, focusing on employability of senior managers. Since 2003, he is a member of the FSD management team, currently concentrating on FSD’s back-office in Manila, Philippines, management of the FSD self-insurance scheme and the HR function.
Matt Wilson served as an Ammunition Technical Officer (ATO) in the British Army for twelve years. He retired in 2008 having served numerous international tours in Explosive Ordnance Disposal roles. He then worked in the commercial sector for the delivery of Improvised Explosive Device Disposal training, C-IED training and post bomb scene forensics. Matt started working with FSD in Geneva for FSD in 2012 after six months in Libya running an ammunition inventory and survey project for Crosstech/FSD. As Head of Operations he is responsible for successful delivery of donor and programme objectives, new operations and programme development, safety and operational procedures, quality assurance and compliance to donor procedures and support to donor relations.
VAN ROY
Deputy Head of Operations
Alex van Roy spent 17 years in the Australian Army as an Officer in the Royal Australian Engineers retiring in 1999. He has been working in Humanitarian Mine Action since 1999 with NGOs, commercial demining companies and the United Nations. Alex began working for FSD in 2000 in Albania and has since been involved in FSD projects in Eastern Europe, Africa, the Middle East and South Asia. Alex has also worked as a Wilderness Guide and a Survival Instructor in the USA. He is also qualified as an Emergency Medical Technician and is a commercially rated Professional Yachtmaster. Since 2018, he oversees a number of country operations in Africa and Asia.
Alexandra Brutsch has a Master's degree in Journalism and Communication from the University of Neuchâtel and has been a journalist with the Swiss newspaper Le Matin from 2016 to 2019. She also holds degrees in International Relations (IHEID) and International Law (University of Leiden). She has worked for the International Committee of the Red Cross as a diplomatic attaché and for the NGO TRIAL International as a legal adviser in Nepal and in Geneva, then as administrator. A qualified yoga instructor (Centered Yoga), she co-founded the organization Yoga sur herbe in Geneva in 2012 and taught there for several years. Alexandra has been in charge of FSD's communications since March 2019.
Members of the Foundation Board
JÜRG STREULI
President of the Foundation Board
Dr. Jürg Streuli joined the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs of Switzerland in 1973 and was subsequently posted as Swiss Ambassador to Cameroun, Singapore, Lebanon, Denmark as well as Ambassador to Geneva Disarmament from 2004 through 2009. In this function he headed the Swiss Delegation to the inter-sessionals and meetings of the Mine Ban Treaty and numerous other international conferences. He was the President of the 2006 Meeting of the States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty. Jürg has been President of the FSD Board since 2012.
HENRI LEU
former President of the Board, Founding Member
Henri Leu was a lawyer in before being elected as Judge at the Court of Protection of the Adult and the Child (TPAE). Henri co-founded FSD together with friends in July 1997 and oversaw the transition of the original Association into a Foundation in 2003. He was initially Vice-president of the Board, then presided FSD’s Board from 1999 to 2012. Henri founded and participated as a board member in the creation and management of various other NGOs, notably in the field of mutual assistance and the the reintegration of young persons in difficulty.
MICHEL ROCH
Dr. Michel Roch holds a PhD in Theoretical Chemistry. He is a Consultant in Management and Change Management linked to the modifications of information systems. He is a specialist for relational data bases and data mining He has been consulting with many international companies and organisation in Switzerland. Michel has been instrumental in promoting IT reform with the State of Geneva. He has consulted with the ICRC in order to define the roles of the board and senior management. Michel has been a member of the foundation board since 2006.
CLAUDIA GRASSI
Claudia is an economist (MBA) with a wide experience in the humanitarian, profit and non-profit sector. Her professional life started with the ICRC with 9 years of assignments in the field and at HQ. In 1999, she joined the public sector as HR Director and then Finance&Admin director general but went back in 2006 to the non-profit world, as CEO during 9 years of a private foundation, taking care of handicapped people. Further on, from 2014 till 2019 she acted as a business consultant, on management, audit, restructuring and risk issues. Since March 2019, Claudia is CEO of an institutional organization (FTI) charged of territorial planning for industry and industrial real estate management. Alongside, Claudia has always been involved in different humanitarian associations, at local, national and international level. She joined the FSD Board in 2018.
GIL MOTTET
Gil Mottet is a finance and communications specialist. After having acquired a degree in socio-economics specialising in controlling and banking, he obtained his Master’s Degree in Communication and Management at the University of St. Gallen and Neuchâtel in Switzerland. In the early stages of his career, Gil worked on various humanitarian NGO assignments in Africa. Gil has held senior management positions in real-estate, communication and advertising, private banking and IT systems for the banking sector. Gil has been a member of the FSD Foundation Council since 2009.
THOMAS KODIAK
Tom Kodiak has a Masters Degree in Business Administration (MBA) and a Masters Degree in International Management (MIM) and lives in Washington D.C. He is the Alternate Representative for the U.S. Mission to the Organization of American States within the Bureau for Western Hemisphere Affairs. He was previously a Strategy and Resource Coordinator for the Political Military Bureau and a Security Sector Assistance Officer for the Office of Foreign Assistance Resources (F). Before that we was Grants Officer at the US Department of State. He has been a member of the board of FSD since 2017.
NAWAL AÏT-HOCINE
Nawal Aït-Hocine is a Sustainability, Legal & Compliance Advisor in Geneva. Her expertise is in Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability Strategy Development. Nawal has a PHD in Business & International Economic Law, a Master’s degree in Business Law and one in Business Economics. She is now Managing Director of Transparence SA. Previously, she was the Corporate Responsibility Director for Cartier International SA, Head of Legal and Compliance of Metalor Technologies SA as well as Head of Compliance EMEA for Reuters SA. Nawal has joined the FSD Board in 2018.
Management and Support team in Manila, Philippines
(Sitting) FROM LEFT: Jaydee Camposano, Philippe Joseph Lalwet, Marvin Dumogdog, Ginamay Awakan, Victoria Bueno, Arlene Calalo, Ginalyn Antiguo, Clara Borres, Jaycar Peralta
(Standing) FROM LEFT: Jhon Pearry Mayugba, Edmon Malitao, Quenica Joyce Amosig, Rizalina Rabadon, Karen Marie Donato, Maricon Queddeng, Christine Jane Lopez, Mary Joy Constantino, Lorna Andin, Kayla Michell Paclay, Janels Ferrolino, Cherry Mae Moradillo, Liana Shane Busalpa, Jomarrey Labrague, Margarito Cinco Jr., Arnulfo Canoy Jr., Ron Lester Camposano, Mary Jane Fabul, Maricar Hontiveros, Kishalyn Dapdapig, Ryan Jay Cajucom, Marie Jo Abella
Programme Managers in the field
FSD UKRAINE
Please contact Alex van Roy at geneva@fsd.ch for any inquiries regarding the FSD Ukraine programme.
ANGELA DE SANTIS
Programme Manager for Colombia
Angela has over 15 years of experience in humanitarian demining, crisis management and humanitarian aid. Due to her previous work, she has a high knowledge about mine action programs in Africa and Latin America, with special focus on Colombia. She holds a PhD in Remote Sensing and GIS, an international Master on Management of NGO and International Cooperation and a PMP certification.
DR. DIN MOHAMMAD NICKHWAH
Programme Manager for Tajikistan and Afghanistan
Dr. Din Mohammad Nickhwah, has worked first as medical doctor for the Afghan Ministry of Health as a responsible for OPD clinics and other public health activities. More than 20 years, he then started his career in mine action, first as medical doctor and later as camp, then location and area manager for weapons and ammunition disposal. Dr. Din has been working for FSD since 2009, first as project manager and currently as programme manager for Tajikistan and Afghanistan.
EUGENIO BALSINI
Programme Manager for Chad
Eugenio Balsini worked for 14 years in Italy as private veterinarian in the meat and milk production chain. He started the international career in 1998 in Albania with several INGOs and Governmental Institutions, covering mostly technical advisory roles. He has been working the Balkan, passing progressively from programs’ management to country coordination positions. He currently is programme manager in Chad.
JEAN-LOUIS DELAITE
Programme Manager for Central African Republic
Jean-Louis Delaite is a French citizen. He worked in the French Army for nearly 40 years. He spent a large part of his career alternating command positions and project management, advisory or human resources responsibilities in operations or in overseas appointments (Germany, NATO Belgium, UN Lebanon, Ukraine). He has been working for FSD since 2016, first as Human Resources Expert for the EU project in CAR, then Project Manager and currently as Programme Manager for rehabilitation and development in the same country.
Programme Manager for Mindanao
Paul Davies has worked in international aid for 30 years, specialising in mine action, communications and security risk management. He started his career in Cambodia in 1991 where he worked on refugee return programming in Battambang and with photographer Nic Dunlop, wrote one of the first books on the impact of landmines, published in 1994 as ‘War of the Mines. He went on to work for MAG developing their programmes in Cambodia and Laos, and later worked in mine action in Bosnia, South Sudan and Iraq. Over the last 10 years, he has undertaken many senior level mine action evaluations, including in 2018 a 10 year, multi-country meta evaluation of the EU’s IfS/IcSP support to mine action. In 2017-18, he returned to Cambodia as the Landmines and UXO Risk Management Advisor for Australian funded infrastructure project. He wrote this up as a good practice case study for GICHD’s MORE project. In 2019, he joined FSD as their Programme Manager for Mindanao, Philippines.
PETER DAVID SMETHERS
Programme Manager for Iraq
Peter Smethers is a former British Army Ammunition Technician. Since leaving the Army in 2007, he has worked at the Atomic Weapons Establishment near Reading advising on the rebuild of the explosives processing and storage area. Since 2012 Peter has worked on various commercial programs delivering Ammunition and Explosives safety and IEDD Training in Libya, Afghanistan and Bosnia. Peter is currently the programme manager in Iraq
PHILLUPPUS JAKOBUS
FOUCHE
Operations Manager for Afghanistan
Philluppus Jakubos Fouché served in the South African Police for 14 years from 1982 to 1995 as an EOD and IEDD qualified officer; this included service in the Counter Insurgency Operations Unit “K” during the war in Angola. After this he was assigned to the Bomb Disposal Unit at the SAP Security branch in the Eastern Transvaal Region and following this he retired from the S.A. Police Force in 1995 with a Rank of Warrant Officer. Philip’s humanitarian demining career began working with FSD in Sudan in 2007, then he joined NPA in August 2007 as a Technical Adviser and was later on promoted to Operations Manager in 2012. In 2014, Philip was transferred to NPA Cambodia as Project Manager and until August 2015, he subsequently joined TDI (The Development Initiative) as Operations Manager in Abyei, Sudan and from 31 July 2017 to 2 February 2018. Later in 2018, Philip was employed by Janus Global Operations, in Misurata Libya as Mentor/Instructor IED. In July 2018, Philip rejoined FSD as the Operations Manager for Afghanistan.
FSD is a not for-profit, independent and neutral organisation, based in Geneva. FSD aims to eliminates mines, unexploded ordnance, explosive remnants of war and chemical and nuclear pollutants so that people can live in a safe environment.
FSD’s operations incorporate:
The development and implementation of humanitarian demining operations, clearance and neutralisation of mines and unexploded ordnance, and, the destruction of stockpiles of mines and other arms and munitions;
The remediation of hazardous pollutants such as legacy uranium tailings, organic pesticides, mercury and heavy metal pollutants and other toxic contaminations.
FSD focuses on the identification of these fundamental threats to human security and the elaboration of effective partnerships, which allows the formation of strategies and the implementation of physical operations to remediate such hazardous areas and to support the sustainable development of societies.
New challenges in volatile transition
After having concentrated for many years on mine action, FSD has observed a shift in the dynamic of humanitarian mine action operations in recent years. FSD has always worked in conflict environments that are increasingly fragmented and volatile, however the importance of integrated solutions and the coordination of mine action operations with other sectors is more and more important in an ever more demanding economic environment.
In the execution of its work, FSD continually observes that natural disasters, environmental threats due to man-made disasters and climate change, urbanisation, migration and socio-economic crises all contribute to the exacerbation of situations of chronic hardship and present barriers to sustainable development.
The more FSD can understand these factors and work with those integrated solutions, the more effective its operations will be. This not only ensures that FSD’s core mine action and security sector reform activities manifest as real results for people and communities, but it also ensures that the results are not isolated and will be sustainable within a wider humanitarian support context.
Donor Services
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ALG calls for Lindsey Graham resignation for proposing military coup
March 12, 2015 by press
March 12, 2015, Fairfax, Va.—Americans for Limited Government President Rick Manning today called for the resignation of presidential hopeful Sen. Lindsey Graham (R-S.C.) for suggesting at a New Hampshire event his first act as president would be to use the military to force Congress to end sequestration (see video), saying, “Here is the first thing I would do if I were President of the United States. I wouldn’t let Congress leave town until we fix this. I would literally use the military to keep them in if I had to. We’re not leaving town until we restore these defense cuts. We are not leaving town until we restore the intel cuts”:
“Senator Lindsey Graham’s statement that for his first act as president, he ‘would literally use the military to keep Congress in if I had to’ followed by ‘We’re not leaving town until we restore these defense cuts… We are not leaving town until we restore the intel cuts’ while campaigning in New Hampshire is the most troubling statement uttered by a supposedly serious candidate for President in my memory.
“The very fact that Graham has the imagery of M1 Abrams tanks surrounding the Capitol building to force Congress to do his bidding is so far removed from any Constitutional framework, that Graham should not only withdraw from the Presidential race, but should immediately resign from the Senate. This is no laughing matter. And then his spokesman says the comment should not be taken literally?
“There literally is no place in our elective government for someone who advocates a military solution against those elected to do the will of the people when he doesn’t get his way. The same Congress that expresses concern about President Obama’s seemingly daily abuse of power should immediately move to censure the senior Senator from South Carolina and the people of that state should demand his immediate removal from office.”
To view online: http://getliberty.org/alg-calls-for-lindsey-graham-resignation-for-proposing-military-coup/
Sen. Lindsey Graham (R-S.C.) speaking at “Politics and Pie” event hosted by the Concord City Republican Committee, stating, “Here is the first thing I would do if I were President of the United States. I wouldn’t let Congress leave town until we fix this. I would literally use the military to keep them in if I had to. We’re not leaving town until we restore these defense cuts. We are not leaving town until we restore the intel cuts.” March 8, 2015 at http://benswann.com/graham-military-force-congress/
The military line was “not to be taken literally,” according to Graham spokesman Kevin Bishop, March 12, 2015 at http://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2015-03-12/how-a-lindsey-graham-joke-turned-into-a-coup-plot-against-the-government
Interview Availability: Please contact Americans for Limited Government at (703) 383-0880 ext. 106 or at media@limitgov.org to arrange an interview with ALG experts including ALG President Rick Manning.
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KMA embraces 'Municipal Climate Partnerships' project
By Stephen Asante, GNA
Kumasi, Nov. 6, GNA - The Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly (KMA) is working in collaboration with authorities in Dortmund, Germany, under the 'Municipal Climate Partnerships', to support global efforts in tackling climate change.
The project generally seeks to strengthen cooperation between German municipalities and municipalities in the global south in the fields of climate change mitigation and adaptation.
Consequently, the Assembly would liaise with their counterparts and integrate into its development agenda, as a citywide climate change plan.
Mr. Osei Assibey-Antwi, the Metropolitan Chief Executive (MCE), said this was being done to facilitate efforts in mitigating factors aggravating the environmental setback and implement appropriate interventions.
"The overall objective is to address the needs of developing countries to both adapt to climate change and invest in low-carbon development in pursuit of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 13," he emphasised.
Mr. Assibey-Antwi, who was addressing journalists at the Assembly's turn of 'Meet-the-Press' in Kumasi, said the changing climatic conditions was a threat to human existence and biodiversity.
"The situation calls for broad international cooperation in building resilience and adaptive capacity to its adverse effects," he advised.
The European Commission (EU), impressed with the KMA's effort to increase the city's carbon sink through the planting of trees, recently, selected Kumasi to host this year's 'EU Climate Diplomacy Week'.
The programme, spearheaded by the EU Ambassador to Ghana, Ms. Diana Acconcia, was commemorated with tree-planting exercises and seminar to create awareness on the devastating effects of climate change.
The Assembly under its flagship programme, 'Keep Kumasi Clean and Green', had planted more than 60,000 trees of varied species in the last two years.
The programme since its inception had received overwhelming patronage from traditional authorities, environmentalists, youth groups and civil society organizations, including the Rotary Club, Kumasi.
The humanitarian club, led by Nana Poku Agyemang, had recently adopted the KMA wetlands for maintenance, and has also partnered the Assembly in its tree-planting programmes.
"We need to develop a sustainable low-carbon pathways into the future, and accelerate the reduction of global greenhouse emissions," Mr. Assibey-Antwi told the Ghana News Agency (GNA) in an interview, on the sideline of 'Meet-the-Press'.
The impact of climate change in Ghana is beginning to manifest with evidence of heatwaves and other extreme weather issues such as droughts and floods.
This had come with devastating effects on the socio-economic lives of the people.
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Haus Publishing – Fiction, History, Biography & Travel
Curiosities Series
by Frank Niess
Che Guevara embodied the dream of a social utopia for a whole generation and became a political icon for many born after his death in 1967. This biography explores the myth and the reality of this enduring and fascinating revolutionary.
Frank Niess was born 1942 in Blankenfelde near Berlin. He studied German, history and political science in Bonn and Heidelberg, gaining his MA in 1972. He currently works as an editor for the science desk of the Sudwestrundfunk radio in Heidelberg. Niess’s numerous publications include the following: Colossus in the North: The History of US Latin America Policy (2nd edition: 1986); The Heritage of the Requonista: History of Nicaragua (2nd edition: 1989); Sandino – General of the Suppressed: A Political Biography (1989); 20 Times Cuba (1991); At the Beginning There was Columbus: History of Underdevelopment (2nd edition: 1992); One World or No World: From Nationalism to Globalisation (1994); The European Idea: From the Spirit of Resistance (2nd edition: 2002).
Publication Date: 1 June 2005
© Haus Publishing Ltd. 2020
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Who Has Paid Sick Leave, Who Doesn’t, and What’s Changing
Gretchen Gavett
For decades, whether you can call in sick and still get paid has been determined by where you work. Because of this, millions of Americans — 43 million private-sector workers, as President Obama reminded us in the State of the Union — are out of luck, forced to make tough choices about whether to work when they — or their children or parents — have the flu.
An initial glance at the private sector looks as though access to sick leave has improved. While the percentage of workers with access to holiday and vacation days has stayed the same or decreased over the last 20 years, those with paid sick, personal, and paid leave has jumped:
And the cost of sick time as percentage of total compensation has remained the same. So it’s not costing companies any more than it did in the early 1990s.
Good news, right?
Not so much. When you look at the numbers a little closer, it becomes clear that there’s a significant divide in terms of who gets paid sick leave. For one, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the jump in access to paid sick leave is at least in part due to more Americans working white-collar jobs. This is particularly evident when you break down who has sick leave by sector, with full-time management workers receiving the vast majority of sick leave benefits, leaving service workers and part-timers in the dust. The more you earn, the more likely you are to have paid sick leave.
It’s in this climate that Obama is proposing up to seven earned paid sick days for all Americans, citing Connecticut’s 2011 law as precedence. While many expected that law to lead to costly abuse — with employees calling in sick whenever they felt like taking time off — according to data from the Center for Economic Policy and Research, those shenanigans never materialized:
In addition, only a third of eligible employees even used the benefit, and they used fewer days on average than they were allotted.
Obama’s proposal will obviously face an uphill battle in a Republican-controlled Congress, but even the mention of it gives companies the opportunity to rethink the benefits they’re offering employees. For one, we know that higher pay and benefits boost productivity and decrease turnover in the service sector.
Just as with health care, meditation rooms, and Foosball tables, sick leave is today treated as a perk — something certain employees get at certain companies. The Obama administration’s proposal would make it more like a safety regulation — something every company adheres to, for every employee.
The paradox is that although white-collar workers are more likely to have paid sick leave, they balk at using it; meanwhile, a whole host of people don’t have it and thus couldn’t use it even if they wanted to. In the end, all of this means that millions of people are going to work sick, albeit for different reasons and with different repercussions. Even absent government regulation, it couldn’t hurt private companies to do a little rethinking of why that happens, and what can be done about it.
Gretchen Gavett is a senior associate editor at Harvard Business Review. Follow her on Twitter @gretchenmarg.
This article is about GOVERNMENT
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FIND A SPECIFIC ISSUE
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TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARIES
Kahneman on “Noise”
Adi Ignatius
Highlights of this month’s issue.
Idea Watch
The Case Against Long-Term Incentive Plans
Executive compensation Magazine Article
Research shows four reasons why managers undervalue a key component of pay packages.
You’re Likely to Live Longer If You Retire After 65
Retirement Magazine Article
Working an extra year decreases mortality rates by 11%, a new analysis shows.
The CEO of Popeyes on Treating Franchisees as the Most Important Customers
Strategic planning Magazine Article
Cheryl A. Bachelder
Behind the Popeyes turnaround was a conscious decision to treat leadership as stewardship—and to put the interests of franchisees above those of every other stakeholder group.
Noise: How to Overcome the High, Hidden Cost of Inconsistent Decision Making
Decision making Magazine Article
Andrew M. Rosenfield
Linnea Gandhi
Tom Blaser
Algorithmic judgment is more efficient than the human variety.
Why Leadership Training Fails—and What to Do About It
Leadership & Managing people Magazine Article
Michael Beer
Magnus Finnström
Derek Schrader
Companies spend billions on programs that don’t pay off. Here’s how to fix that.
The Performance Management Revolution
Assessing performance Magazine Article
Peter Cappelli
Anna Tavis
The focus is shifting from accountability to learning.
AT&T’s Talent Overhaul
Talent management Magazine Article
Cathy Benko
Can the firm really retrain hundreds of thousands of employees?
Globalization, Robots, and the Future of Work: An Interview with Jeffrey Joerres
Managing organizations Magazine Article
Amy Bernstein
The former CEO and chairman of ManpowerGroup on workforce strategy
The Ecosystem of Shared Value
Economics & Society Magazine Article
Mark R. Kramer
Marc W. Pfitzer
Companies must sometimes team up with governments, NGOs, and even rivals to capture the economic benefits of social progress.
The Transformative Business Model
Strategy Magazine Article
Stelios Kavadias
Kostas Ladas
Christoph Loch
How to tell if you have one
“Making the Car a Mobile, Connected Workspace”: An Interview with Carlos Ghosn
Leadership Magazine Article
There’s a revolution under way in the automotive industry, and Carlos Ghosn wants to make sure he’s among the winners.
Don’t Let Power Corrupt You
Dacher Keltner
How to rise to the top without losing the virtues that got you there
Case Study: How Do You Compete with a Goliath?
Branding Magazine Article
Jill Avery
A Peruvian apparel company struggles to position itself against a global brand.
Resisting the Hard Sell
Psychology Magazine Article
Kevin Evers
Learn to distinguish between spin and substance.
Life’s Work: An Interview with Penn Jillette
Creativity Magazine Article
The magician talks about how he and his partner, Teller, develop their ideas, what kind of relationship they have, and the secret to connecting with an audience.
During her career, Cheryl Bachelder had been a senior executive at two other food franchising companies, Domino’s and KFC, and she’d learned to love the model. But when she took office at Popeyes, in 2007, which was struggling from a lack of strategy and too much short-term thinking, she found that the company’s relationship with its franchisees was severely strained. As she and her team worked to turn Popeyes around, they would have to both regain the owners’ trust and fire up their enthusiasm for the future. They would also have to create an arsenal of brand-building ideas and a national advertising campaign to build consumer awareness.
In talks about how they should lead and which stakeholders should be their primary focus, the team members settled on a model called “servant leadership,” in which the people of an enterprise come before self-interest. And they agreed that Popeyes franchisees should be their most important customers: “No one,” Bachelder writes, “has more skin in the game.” The company conducted its first in a series of franchisee satisfaction surveys and began measuring what matters most to owners, namely restaurant-level profitability. It launched a number of winning new products and acquired sophisticated software to help franchisees choose the best locations for new restaurants. The result has been eight years of steady growth.
BUY REPRINT
Organizations expect to see consistency in the decisions of their employees, but humans are unreliable. Judgments can vary a great deal from one individual to the next, even when people are in the same role and supposedly following the same guidelines. And irrelevant factors, such as mood and the weather, can change one person’s decisions from occasion to occasion. This chance variability of decisions is called noise, and it is surprisingly costly to companies, which are usually completely unaware of it.
Nobel laureate Daniel Kahneman, a professor of psychology at Princeton, and Andrew M. Rosenfield, Linnea Gandhi, and Tom Blaser of TGG Group explain how organizations can perform a noise audit by having members of a professional unit evaluate a common set of cases. The degree to which their assessments vary provides the measure of noise. If the problem is severe, firms can pursue a number of remedies. The most radical is to replace human judgment with algorithms. Unlike people, algorithms always return the same output for any given input, and research shows that their predictions and decisions are often more accurate than those made by experts.
Although algorithms may seem daunting to construct, the authors describe how to build them with input data on a small number of cases and some simple commonsense rules. But if applying formulas is politically or operationally infeasible, companies can still set up procedures and practices that will guide employees to make more-consistent decisions.
U.S. corporations spend enormous amounts of money—some $356 billion globally in 2015 alone—on employee training and education, but they aren’t getting a good return on their investment. People soon revert to old ways of doing things, and company performance doesn’t improve. To fix these problems, senior executives and their HR departments should change the way they think about learning and development: Because context is crucial, needed fixes in organizational design and managerial processes must come first.
The authors have identified six common barriers to change: (1) unclear direction on strategy and values, which often leads to conflicting priorities; (2) senior executives who don’t work as a team and haven’t committed to a new direction or acknowledged necessary changes in their own behavior; (3) a top-down or laissez-faire style by the leader, which prevents honest conversation about problems; (4) a lack of coordination across businesses, functions, or regions due to poor organizational design; (5) inadequate leadership time and attention given to talent issues; and (6) employees’ fears of telling the senior team about obstacles to the organization’s effectiveness. They advocate six basic steps to overcoming these barriers and achieving greater success in talent development.
Hated by bosses and subordinates alike, traditional performance appraisals have been abandoned by more than a third of U.S. companies. The annual review’s biggest limitation, the authors argue, is its emphasis on holding employees accountable for what they did last year, at the expense of improving performance now and in the future. That’s why many organizations are moving to more-frequent, development-focused conversations between managers and employees.
The authors explain how performance management has evolved over the decades and why current thinking has shifted: (1) Today’s tight labor market creates pressure to keep employees happy and groom them for advancement. (2) The rapidly changing business environment requires agility, which argues for regular check-ins with employees. (3) Prioritizing improvement over accountability promotes teamwork.
Some companies worry that going numberless may make it harder to align individual and organizational goals, award merit raises, identify poor performers, and counter claims of discrimination—though traditional appraisals haven’t solved those problems, either. Other firms are trying hybrid approaches—for example, giving employees performance ratings on multiple dimensions, coupled with regular development feedback.
AT&T, which built the U.S. communications infrastructure in the past century, could once claim to be the company “where the future was invented.” But now its legacy businesses are becoming obsolete. With its industry moving from cables to the cloud, AT&T is in a race to reinvent itself. As part of that transformation, it has initiated a massive effort to help its workers acquire new digital skills.
In this article Cathy Benko, vice chairman of Deloitte, and John Donovan, AT&T’s chief strategy officer, offer a look inside the company’s ambitious program, dubbed Workforce 2020. The challenges are sizable: The firm employs 280,000 workers, and their average tenure is 22 years (not counting people in call centers). At least half the workforce has been assigned a new role and is expected to get the credentials or training to fill it.
To manage the talent overhaul, the company has revised its performance metrics, raised performance expectations, and redesigned compensation plans. It is also providing workers with a host of tools for training and development through an online self-service platform, courses in new technologies, tuition reimbursement, and even online master’s degrees in computer science, developed with Georgia Tech and Udacity.
When Jeffrey Joerres first joined Manpower, in 1993, the labor market was relatively stable and the company still focused largely on traditional office, clerical, and industrial staffing. But since then globalization and rapid advances in technology have dramatically reshaped the employment landscape. During his 15 years as CEO, Joerres expanded the company’s international operations and moved into the increasingly competitive market for IT, finance, and engineering professionals.
In this interview with HBR’s editor, he describes how micromarket analysis reveals “geolocated pools of skills” that businesses can tap—until competitors muscle in, deplete the skills pool, and drive up wages. So companies must acquire a “nomadic mentality” that will allow them to establish more-temporary, smaller operations as well as large ones. He acknowledges that “when full-scale robotics and artificial intelligence arrive in a broad-based, affordable, easily justifiable way,” hordes of workers will be displaced, with little or no preparation for very different jobs. Joerres advises companies that want to develop a workforce strategy to put multiple work models in place—crowdsourcing, distant manufacturing, temporary contractors moving to full-time—and truly practice them. “When are we done with this efficiency thing?” he says. “The answer is never.”
Governments, NGOs, companies, and community members must all be involved in programs to create shared value, yet they work more often in opposition than in alignment. A movement known as collective impact has facilitated successful collaborations in the social sector, and it can guide businesses in bringing together the various actors in their ecosystems to help remedy some of the world’s most urgent problems. In the process, companies will find economic opportunities that their competitors miss.
Five elements must be in place for a collective-impact effort to achieve its aims: (1) a common agenda, which helps align the players’ efforts and defines their commitment; (2) a shared measurement system; (3) mutually reinforcing activities; (4) constant communication, which builds trust and ensures mutual objectives; and (5) dedicated “backbone” support, delivered by a separate, independently funded staff, which builds public will, advances policy, and mobilizes resources.
A business model that can link a new technology to an emerging market need is the key to industry transformation. When Apple coupled the iPod with iTunes, it revolutionized the audio devices market. But most attempts to introduce a new model fail. The authors did an in-depth analysis of 40 companies that had launched new business models in a variety of industries, and here they present the key takeaways from their research.
They looked for recurring features in the models and found six: personalization, a closed-loop process, asset sharing, usage-based pricing, a collaborative ecosystem, and an agile and adaptive organization. No model displayed all of them, but having a higher number of features usually correlated with a greater chance of success at transformation. (The taxi service Uber can claim five of the six.)
Companies that are thinking about changing their business model or entering an industry with a new model can rate themselves on the six features to assess the likelihood that they’ll be transformative.
Carlos Ghosn’s official title is CEO and chairman of the Renault-Nissan Alliance, but he’s more colorfully known as “Le Cost Killer” and “Mr. Fix-It.” He earned those nicknames by rescuing first Renault and then Nissan back in the 1990s. Now he’s hoping for yet another turnaround—at struggling Mitsubishi, where Nissan recently acquired a controlling share.
A Brazilian-born Lebanese-Frenchman, Ghosn deftly handles the challenges of managing companies on two continents. In this interview, he describes how he does it—meeting with his teams in Tokyo and Paris for a week each month and spending the rest of his time in operations, talking to suppliers and buyers, and looking for new opportunities.
In the next five years, he says, “you’ll see more electric cars, more autonomous drive, and more connectivity.” He’s excited about using technology “to make the car an indispensable personal space” and developing a fully self-driving vehicle by 2020. And he’s not worried about competition in the electric-car market from companies like Apple or Google: “We have a long tradition of taking technology from the outside and putting it into our products.”
Ghosn believes the role of a CEO is to be “the guardian of the integrity and sustainability of the company.” He sees his most important tasks as selecting the right people and directing strategy. “I want to make sure the Nissan-Renault Alliance continues to be solid,” he says, “with good performance and good governance.”
A paradox of power is that people gain it through virtuous behaviors such as collaboration, openness, fairness, and sharing, but once they enjoy a position of privilege, those finer qualities start to fade. Research shows that the powerful are more likely to engage in rude, selfish, and unethical behavior. This tarnishes their reputations, undermining their influence, and creates stress and anxiety among their colleagues, dragging down their teams’ engagement and performance.
Dacher Keltner, a psychology professor who has studied this phenomenon in a variety of professional settings, describes how executives can avoid succumbing to this syndrome. The first step is developing awareness: being attentive to the feelings that accompany a rise to leadership, practicing mindfulness, and looking for warning signals in your behavior. The second is to remember and try to practice the three ethics of good power—empathy, gratitude, and generosity—in your interactions, meetings, and communications every day.
Explore other issues
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List of 10 Greatest Brooke Shields Movies Rated From Best To Worst
By Tyna
Brooke Christa Shields began her acting career in the late ’70s as a child star. She got famous with the role of Violet, a child prostitute in the 1978 film titled Pretty Baby. After her starring in this work, Brooke went on to land more roles in more films and television series while at the same time giving attention to her modeling career. She began her modeling career precisely in the year 1966 as an 11 months old child. Brooke was able to combine her modeling and acting interests and made the best of the two. With particular regard to her acting career, Brooke’s filmography consists of numerous works some of which have been exceptionally good to have earned her some awards. There exists others which didn’t perform so well too. In this article, we present 10 of Brooke Shields’ best and worst rated movies.
1. Mr. Pickles (2014–present)
A scene of Mr. Pickles
Brooke Shields’ voiced the character of Mrs. Goodman in this American adult animated sitcom. So far, she has worked in 19 episodes of its various seasons. The sitcom has its plot in a small community referred to as Old Town which its name aptly describes it. In the town lives the Goodman family made up of Tommy Goodman (Kaitlyn Robrock), Beverly Goodman (Brooke Shields), Stanley Goodman (Jay Johnston) and their demonic dog Mr. Pickles (owned by Tommy and voiced by Dave Stewart).
Unknown to anybody, Mr. Pickles often slips out to mutilate and murder anybody who annoys him or threatens Tommy. He then reassembles or resurrects his victims and sends them to his underground lair where they do his will. By doing this, Mr. Pickles was able to rid Old Town of criminal elements constituting a nuisance in the town.
Ever since the television series began airing in 2014, Mr. Pickles has been able to draw quite a decent following. The sitcom is rated 7.4/10 on IMDb and with the many promotions it is still seeing, this figure is not expected to be static for long.
2. Justice League: The New Frontier (2008)
A scene of Justice League: The New Frontier
This DC Comics Universe superhero film had Brooke Shields play the fictional character of Carol Ferris; the love interest of Hal Jordan, the Silver Age Green Lantern. The film which also featured other DC characters like Batman, Wonder Woman, and Superman had its storyline set with events that happened after the Korean War in the 1950s. The veterans were joined by a new generation of superheroes who they must work with to save the world from an impending catastrophe being perpetrated by a doomsday cult whose god is an entity known as the “Centre.”
Justice League: The New Frontier like many other DC Comics was well received by both critics and the general public. The quality of the animation was praised for being exceptionally detailed in every scene of the film. Thus, the movie received many positive reviews and on movie review sites, it couldn’t have been rated worse. On IMDb, the DC Comic film is rated 7.0/10 and in the box office, it made $5.3 million.
3. Lipstick Jungle (2008–2009)
Brooke Shields, Kim Raver, and Lindsay Price
Three best friends: Victory Ford (Lindsay Price), Nico Reilly (Kim Raver), Wendy Healy (Shields) are all at the peak of their careers but yet are not immune to the daily challenges life throws at them as residents of New York City. Ford is a fashion designer, Nico an editor-in-chief of Bonfire Magazine while Wendy is an independent film producer. The ladies are always there for each other and would never hold back to offer help to each other no matter the depth of the problem either of them gets into.
The American comedy-drama television series began airing in February 2008 and had a successful first and second season run before it was announced in March 2009 that the series has been canceled.
As one of the most notable Brooke Shields movies, Lipstick Jungle was well received after its initial release. It has a rating of 6.5/10 on IMDb.
4. The Midnight Meat Train (2008)
Bradley Cooper and Brooke Shields
The Midnight Meat Train is an American horror film with decent reviews that Brooke has in her filmography. The film starred Bradley Cooper as Leon Kaufman, Leslie Bibb as Maya Jones, Brooke Shields as Susan Hoff, Roger Bart as Jurgis, Vinnie Jones as Mahogany and many others.
In the film, Leon is a photographer who has a passion for capturing unique shots of the people of his city and their lifestyle. This passion of his led him to discover a serial killer named Mahogany who has a penchant for killing late-night train commuters by butchering them in the most gruesome way possible.
Following his discovery, Leon reported to the police but they were quick to dismiss his report and even questioned his motive. He followed Mahogany to unravel the reasons behind the murders and in the end, he killed Mahogany but ended becoming the new serial killer. This film is a thriller to watch. On IMDb, The Midnight Meat Train has a rating of 6.1/10.
5. The Greening of Whitney Brown (2011)
Brooke Shields in The Greening of Whitney Brown
In this adventure film directed by Peter Skillman Odiorne, Brooke Shields played the character of Joan Brown alongside Sammi Hanratty as Whitney Brown, Aidan Quinn as Henry Brown, Kris Kristofferson as Dusty Brown and others.
Henry and Joan Brown are the parents of Whitney Brown whom they raised in luxury when the going was good for them. However, as the family began facing financial difficulties, they are forced to adjust to the present economic realities facing them. This adjustment saw them relocate to Whitney’s grandparents’ old farm in the country. Back in the country, the family members especially Whitney learned to value a lot of things she had lost touch with while living a life characterized by endless parties and frivolous spending in the city.
With a rating of 5.1/10 on IMDb, The Greening of Whitney Brown does not top the chart as one of the best Brooke Shields movies. More so, some critics described the film as horrible and annoying.
6. Wet Gold (1984)
Brooke Shields and Burgess Meredith
Wet Gold is centered on Laura (Brooke Shields) a young café waitress and her 3 friends which include her boyfriend Chris Barnes (Thomas Byrd), Ben Keating (Brian Kerwin) a diving equipment shop owner and Sampson (Burgess Meredith). As the story had it, Sampson filled Laura with stories of a boat that sank with gold valued at millions of dollars in the ocean. Laura’s boyfriend initially dissuaded her from believing Sampson’s story but when they came across an old newspaper publication about the incident Sampson had related to Laura, the duo became a lot more interested in finding the treasures. Chris Barnes, the diving equipment shop owner also showed interest in the treasure hunt and joined them.
After having spent many days in the water, they found the lost treasure but with their new millionaire mindsets, they began to have bad blood amongst themselves. This ultimately led them to reveal their identities which they had no prior knowledge of about each other.
Despite the film’s interesting storyline, Wet Gold didn’t see good rating on movie review sites. With a rating of 5.0/10 on IMDb, it ound its place on this list as one of the lowly rated Brooke Shields movies.
7. The Hot Flashes (2013)
Brooke Shields, Daryl Hannah, Virginia Madsen, Camryn Manheim, Mark Povinelli, and Wanda Sykes
In The Hot Flashes, Brooke Shields acting as Beth Humphrey is a middle-aged woman going through menopause. She got outraged when she learned that a breast cancer screening unit – which her friend who died of cancer 3 years ago left her money for – was about closing down. Outraged by this and still seeing a need for her to do something to save the clinic, Beth organized a group of women from her high school’s 1980 basketball team viz Ginger PeabodyGinger Peabody (played by Daryl Hannah), Florine Clarkston (Wanda Sykes), Roxie Rosales (Camryn Manheim) and Clementine Baker (Virginia Madsen) to form a basketball team. Their motivation – primarily to raise enough money to prevent the cancer center from closing down.
The film has a rating of 5.0/10 on IMDb and was highly praised for the comedy the cast members brought in while telling the film’s story.
8. The Blue Lagoon (1980)
Brooke Shields, Christopher Atkins, and Chad Timmerman
The Blue Lagoon is a romantic survival drama film which told the love story between two innocent children (cousins actually) Emmeline Lestrange (played by Brooke Shields) and Richard Lestrange (played by Christopher Atkins) who were marooned on an island with their ship’s galley cook Paddy Button (played by Leo McKern). After Paddy died, the children began to learn to survive on their own. As time passed, they grew into teenagers and began to notice the physical and emotional changes they were undergoing. They learned about sexual intercourse from watching sea turtles mate in one occasion when they were swimming in the lagoon. From then onward, they began to regularly have intercourse and soon had a child who they named Paddy.
Richard and Emmeline accepted the island as their home, more especially Emmeline who in an occasion when a ship was close by, she didn’t bother to signal the ship by lighting a fire to save them. However, they were later rescued after many years by a ship led by Richard’s father, Arthur (William Daniels).
On IMDb, The Blue Lagoon is rated 5.8/10 and didn’t fare any better on Rotten Tomatoes. However, in the box office, the film made $58.8 million (North America) from a production budget of $4.5 million.
9. After Sex (2000)
When 3 women decided to get together and have a weekend bonding experience in Los Angeles, they got a lot more than they could resist. While in LA, they ended up picking 5 men of questionable integrity and had sex with them. They did this under the presumption that all men are unfaithful including their boyfriends. However, after the trip, the women faced a battle within themselves on whether or not to reveal their sexcapade to their partners.
In After Sex, Brooke Shields played the character of Kate, Virginia Madsen acted as Traci and Maria Pitillo as Vicki. Other members of the cast were Dan Cortese who acted as John, Johnathon Schaech as Matt and D. B. Sweeney as Tony.
The comedy-drama film had a storyline already told in various ways over and over again. However, some critics still expressed their satisfaction with the film with some describing its scenes as engaging and genuine. Those who felt otherwise described the film as meaningless and too clumsy to understand. The later opinion about this Brooke Shields movie probably best explains why it has a rating of 4.4/10 on IMDb.
10. Endless Love (1981)
Brooke Shields and Martin Hewitt
In Endless Love, a 15-year-old high school student named Jade Butterfield (played by Brooke) got the disapproval of her parents about her 17-year-old boyfriend named David (played by Martin Hewitt). Furthermore, David was barred from Jade’s home by Jade’s father (Hugh) but he devised a plan to win the favor of Jade’s father. This plan of his involved setting the Butterfield’s home on fire with an intention to show up as a hero and save the fire. However, his plans didn’t work out exactly the way he thought it would.
See Also: 10 Chris Pratt Movies Everyone Should See At Least Once
David was arrested for arson and subsequently sent to 5 years of probation and also a mental hospital for evaluation. When he got out, a lot had changed but still determined to be with the love of his life, he went a great extent to find her. In a scene when Jade’s father saw David running to catch a bus headed for Jade’s university, he ran after David only to be hit down by a car. He died at the spot. David was this time around falsely accused of causing Hugh’s death. In the last scene, Jade (having disclosed to her mother that no one would love him the way David did, she agreed to what her daughter said and in the last scene of the movie, she was seen walking towards David’s cell.
With a rating of 4.9/10 on IMDb, Endless Love is one of those Brooke Shields movies which most of her fans wish could have performed better and seen better reviews.
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Staff and Consultants
Alliance Events
Johanna Gray, MPA
Advocacy Consultant
A Senior Vice President at CRD Associates, Johanna serves the Hemophilia Alliance as a federal policy advocacy consultant. She has more than a decade of experience in health policy and government relations, working with clients to develop and implement successful advocacy strategies involving Congress and federal public health agencies. Johanna’s clients include patient advocacy groups, physician specialty societies, and associations of specialized treatment centers.
Johanna’s expertise in health policy ranges from the broadly applicable private insurance market reforms included in the Affordable Care Act (ACA) to the specifics of Medicare reimbursement for particular physician services. During the ACA negotiations, Johanna led a coalition of seventy patient advocacy groups and other supporters, which successfully advocated for the elimination of lifetime limits on private health insurance in the law.
Having began her career as an intern for then-Senator Barack Obama, Johanna held several policy analysis and advocacy positions before joining CRD. Johanna received a Master of Public Administration and Certificate in Health Services Management and Policy from the Maxwell School at Syracuse University and a B.A. in Public Policy Studies with honors from the University of Chicago.
© 2020 Hemophilia Alliance
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Kevin DeLeón is the pro-cannabis candidate that Sen. Feinstein is afraid to debate
DeLeón is the first real threat that Senator Feinstein has faced in years.
Written by Miroslav Tomoski
Kevin de León (Photo by Courtney Lindberg Photography)
In a crowded California Senate race of just over 30 candidates, the front-runner Democrat Sen. Dianne Feinstein leads all of her opponents by double digits. Only two candidates currently stand a chance to face her in November: white-nationalist Patrick Little who has made some seriously questionable remarks, and the president of the California state Senate, Kevin DeLeón, a fellow Democrat and the only viable cannabis candidate on offer. Her opponents couldn’t be farther apart ideologically, because while Little has criticized Feinstein’s religion, De León has questioned the 26-year Senator on her choices in office.
“It’s been 23 years since marijuana was first legalized in California for medicinal use,” DeLeón told Herb, “and for 23 of [Sen. Feinstein’s] 26 years in office, she has been silent on this civil rights issue.”
That silence was finally broken in May when Feinstein cautiously expressed her support of legalization for the first time in her career. Even then, it was hardly a rallying cry and more of a promise to review legislation currently being considered in Congress, “to determine whether it’s the best path forward”.
For his part, DeLeón has taken a decidedly pro-cannabis stance. “If I’m elected to represent California in the United States Senate I’ll sign on to Senator Cory Booker’s legislation immediately after my swearing-in ceremony,” he said, referring to the Marijuana Justice Act.
DeLeón has represented the Los Angeles area in California’s legislature since 2006 when he was elected to the State Assembly. In 2010, he moved over to the State Senate and was chosen to lead his fellow senators four years later.
When he announced his run against Feinstein in October of last year, DeLeón was seen as one of the first serious challenges to the long-time US senator in years. As Democrats were reeling from seemingly pro-Trump comments made by Feinstein, DeLeón was pushing a bill through the California legislature to limit Immigration and Customs Enforcement agents ability to use local police to carry out their work.
As the son of a single immigrant mother, DeLeón spent much of his early life as an activist fighting for education initiatives in low-income communities and working for groups which provide assistance to undocumented immigrants. It’s that history of activism which has set him apart from Feinstein and earned him the support of Democrats who believe it’s time for the old-guard to make room for some fresh faces.
Last Saturday (May 5th), California voters were meant to see that contrast between the candidates in a debate organized by the anti-Trump group Indivisible Los Angeles. The event was canceled because Feinstein refused to attend. The issue, her staff told the LA Times, was that her campaign schedule conflicted with that of the debate.
In response, the debate organizers offered Feinstein an opportunity to choose a date that fit her schedule and again the senator refused on the grounds that the list of candidates is too long and that narrowing it down to the front runners wouldn’t be fair to her opponents.
Instead, Feinstein has told the San Francisco Chronicle that she would face whoever her final opponent is after the primary on June 5th.
“It isn’t enough to communicate with tweets and press releases alone,” the DeLeón campaign said in response. “As elected leaders, we owe our constituents the respect and dignity of an open discussion in a public forum.”
But this wouldn’t be the first time Feinstein has refused to debate. In 2012, she refused to face her Republican opponent, Elizabeth Emken because, in Feinstein’s view, Emken’s policies were not worthy of debate.
Strategically, avoiding a showdown with DeLeón was a smart move. Because of the way California’s so-called “jungle primary” elections are set up, her challenger in November may not be a Republican. California’s open primary offers a spot on the ballot for the top two candidates on primary day, regardless of their party affiliation. This means that Feinstein could face DeLeón or a fringe Republican candidate, who was kicked out of his party’s convention, and the latter is likely what her campaign is counting on.
According to a recent poll from SurveyUSA, DeLeón is currently running third, just behind Little. If voters’ choices reflect those polling numbers on June 5th, Feinstein could face an easy run against a far-right candidate who once praised Hitler, rather than a tougher challenge from DeLeón, whose progressive policies make her look more like a Republican.
For Feinstein, who has out-funded all of her opponents as one of the state’s most well-established politicians, a debate can be a liability because it offers airtime to her less well-known challengers. Airtime which could have benefited DeLeón, who claims that the more people hear his message the more supporters he gains.
That Republicans haven’t bothered to seriously challenge Feinstein in her fifth run for Senate should be an indication of the grip she has on her Senate seat. Feinstein has raised over $10 million according to Federal Election Commission records compared to the nearly $700,000 of the DeLeón campaign and next-to-nothing collected by Republicans.
In one of the most expensive states to run a campaign, that kind of funding gap can make the difference, while a debate offers candidates a direct line to voters.
But since voters were denied that chance to compare their candidates, let’s imagine what that debate might have looked like. For the first time in years, Feinstein might have had to face public questions her support for the Iraq War as well as government surveillance programs and warrantless searches authorized by the US PATRIOT Act. And of course, as a criminal justice issue which also touches on immigration and a major part of California’s economy, cannabis policy might have been front and center.
As a member of the Senate Judiciary Committee, a bill to legalize marijuana is likely to cross Feinstein’s path before it’s voted on in the Senate and as a longtime member of Congress’ Caucus on International Narcotics Control, her record on legalization has been less than stellar.
Until her recent change of heart, Feinstein had opposed nearly every piece of cannabis legislation that was placed before her, including the amendment proposed by California Republican Congressman Dana Rohrabacher which protects legal medical marijuana states from federal prosecution.
In California, she’s opposed every proposal the state has ever made to legalize, including the most recent, Prop. 64, which passed despite her public opposition and claims that legalization would make cannabis more accessible to children.
At the time, DeLeón had also expressed some reservations about recreational cannabis. Telling Herb that, “I’ve evolved over time,” he has promised the industry that he would, “not just defend it, but proactively move measures to make sure that this industry is protected and thrives.”
The difference between the two politicians is that one approached a public policy issue with caution and the other with outright hostility.
For DeLeón, it’s easy to see how Booker’s Marijuana Justice Act would fit his agenda on Capitol Hill. He tells Herb that an ideal form of legalization would see tax revenues from cannabis sales reinvested in communities most affected by the war on drugs– a proposal that is consistent with the spirit of Booker’s bill. In 2012, DeLeón did something similar when he structured the state’s cap and trade climate change initiative to provide funding to low-income communities first.
DeLeón’s progressive policies have won him the endorsement of a number of state groups including California’s Young Democrats, billionaire Democrat donor and activist Tom Steyer, as well as the state’s Democratic Party.
At the party’s February convention, he stunned local media when he gained 54 percent of the party’s support compared to Feinstein’s 37. The vote fell just short of the 60 percent DeLeón needed to win the nomination outright, but it sent a significant message to Feinstein who has come under fire from members of her own party for her willingness to compromise with President Trump on certain issues.
Meanwhile, Feinstein continues to be the top choice of the national Democratic Party establishment, having gained the endorsement of former President Barack Obama and the party’s major donors. Those who continue to support her cited her experience as Congress’ oldest Senator. Her decades as a lawmaker, they claim, have given her what’s known in Washington as political capital. In other words, Feinstein has learned the to navigate the favor-based relationships that get things done in Congress. As a freshman, it would take time for DeLeón to build those relationships and accumulate those favors. But tit-for-tat political capital is a limited resource and given Feinstein’s history on cannabis reform, it’s doubtful that she would spend much time and effort in Washington on an issue she’s not passionate about.
If Democrats choose Feinstein in November, the message it would send is that they never really expected to win the election. Instead, they expected to need an experienced Senator like Feinstein who’s willing to negotiate with a Republican majority.
When a lifelong opponent of legalization changes her mind, we should welcome the decision, but it’s also worth considering whether a leader’s policies are guided by vision or by hindsight.
Feinstein’s campaign did not respond to a request for comment.
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Blog < Volatile, uncertain, complex, ambiguous: turning challenges into opportunities
Volatile, uncertain, complex, ambiguous: turning challenges into opportunities
By Angela Knibb | 07 Nov 2017
Digital Strategy & Planning
I recently took part at one of Google's Firestarters talks, which tackled how digital marketers can mitigate the risks of operating in a VUCA (volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous) landscape, and develop opportunities in times of uncertainty. One of the key areas I'm interested in and focused on as part of the discussion is how brands who are struggling in their home markets can take their business elsewhere geographically, thus opening up new markets to increase reach and revenue potential. In tandem with this, facing up to uncertainty is very much about how we can integrate our channels better to drive efficiencies, allowing us to do more with less, and becoming more audience-focused to improve conversion and efficiencies.
Of course, I'm not naïve enough to believe all brands can just 'go international' - it's certainly easier for some verticals, and won't work for some brands. And there's a lot to think about when considering going international - different payment platforms, shipping viability, and internal infrastructure. That being said, advertising in international markets opens brands up to a whole new audience of relevant users, and allows us to diversify our efforts. When the economy is looking uncertain at home, and therefore the state of business is looking uncertain, internationalising your approach gives you back the control to take a proactive stance, rather than a reactive one. The UK market is also somewhat saturated, meaning advertisers may need to go international to get that business growth they're looking for at a reasonable investment.
EUROPEAN MARKET
Previously, when UK advertisers and agencies first began expanding into international markets, Europe seemed the easiest and most obvious choice. It's geographically close and trade agreements made it easier to buy and sell between markets. The free movement of people has also supported trade links up until now, as it's easy to physically go to the markets you're trying to sell to, allowing for partner meetings, new office set up, and so on.
However, with Brexit looming, we're still unclear as to the impact it'll have on trade links. Hopefully, we'll be able to maintain some trade deals within Europe but, either way, I suspect it won't be as simple moving forwards to just open up your business in European markets. However, this doesn't mean that we shouldn't consider taking an international approach or expanding to Europe as our first port of call; it simply means that all markets are on a relatively level playing field now, and we consider all markets first, rather than accepting Europe as the easiest place to start.
Markets such as the US, Australia, and Canada are all English speaking, so if you can ship to those markets, are they an easy first step? Of course, when using the US as an example, we need to consider that it's the biggest market, one of the most advanced, and both price and brand sensitive. If you're not price competitive in the US, it's not going to be an easy market to crack. However, other markets might be easier. Some growth markets, such as Asia, use different platforms outside of Google, so you'll need to develop knowledge and partnerships with the likes of Baidu and WeChat. My point here is that, for better or worse, Brexit has changed the playing field, both at home and abroad - and we now need to assess those opportunities and understand how they tie into the wider business.
The good news, or the good news for me, is that search is a great channel to test new markets with. It's relatively simple to build and set up campaigns from offices in the UK and test what does and doesn't work. Once you've collected enough data and identified trends, you can focus your budget smartly into areas that are working well for you, increasing visibility and investment where you're seeing the greatest return.
CHANNEL STRATEGY ALIGNMENT
Of course, advertisers always want to do more with less, especially when operating in economically challenging times. For me, this means making sure that all digital channels are working together, and not against each other. This involves aligning your channel strategies so they're all working towards the same goal, and making sure paid search experts are talking to technical SEOs so they're not cannibalising one another, but make sure each channel is also capitalising on any holes in the other channel's performance. If conversions aren't up to expectations, invest in improving your onsite user experience and conversion rate optimisation, but align with the targets your performance channels are striving for. If you're doing video, repurpose that message across display and social channels to get the message to a wider, engaged audience - but make sure you tailor it to the platforms you're targeting.
Advertising is expensive, and is even more so in a new market; but whatever helps you in one channel should help you in another, as working together towards the same goal will enable you to achieve more with less, whether that's at home or further afield.
AUDIENCE TARGETING
When thinking about integrating channels, you also need to consider audiences. Google has made huge strides in recent years around remarketing lists for search ads (RLSA), Customer Match and similar audiences. It's second nature now to apply these audiences to search campaigns to maximise efficiencies in terms of bidding and tailoring audience messaging to target the right people, with the right message, at the right time. But it's important to think how we can take this audience targeting outside of pure search. There's the obvious channel integration options, such as taking the learnings from our search audiences to target people who have similar interests and behaviours through display and social campaigns. Or we can target people who have clicked on a search ad with a display ad using tailored messaging based on the original search campaigns.
What I think is more interesting, and will become more important moving forward, is the ability to personalise landing pages to those users based on why they came to site and their interests, which will maximise returns. It could be as simple as targeting a specific remarketing list with a specific landing page suited to those needs, or it could be a more complicated algorithm fuelled by machine learning to do so automatically, but either way, consumers are looking for websites to meet their needs in as few clicks as possible, and advertisers need to keep up with this expectation. Giants such as Amazon are already doing a great job in this area, but I think smaller advertisers could - and should - do more here.
So, to get more with less in challenging times, my advice is to consider your playing field carefully. Are you able to move to an international strategy? As markets are on more of an even keel now, how does that impact your brand? Whether at home or internationally, make sure you integrate your channels to drive towards the same goals. And, as a final point, use your audience targeting to tailor your messaging and website to your users' needs. While we're in times of uncertainty at home, it's certainly worth considering a global approach. In time, you'll find the growth you're looking for - effectively doing more, with less.
Angela Knibb
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Greene King agrees £2.7bn sale to Hong Kong’s CKA
The Suffolk-based business is the UK’s biggest pub owner, with roughly 2,700 pubs, restaurants and hotels across the country.
UK pub group and brewer Greene King has agreed a £2.7 billion sale to Hong Kong real estate giant CKA.
Shares in the company surged after it agreed the deal to sell its entire business to CKA Group, the real estate group run by Hong Kong’s richest family.
The deal offered a 51% premium on the value of shares in the brewer, which employs more than 38,000 staff, from Friday August 16.
CKA, which is chaired by Victor Li, the son of Hong Kong’s richest man, has agreed the acquisition through newly formed subsidiary CK Bidco, which is based in the Cayman Islands.
Greene King’s deal comes just seven months after fellow UK pub group Fuller’s sold its brewing business to Japanese firm Asahi.
CKA said it was particularly attracted to Greene King because of its “established position in the UK pub and brewing market, freehold and long leasehold property estate, and resilient financial profile”.
George Magnus, economist and non-executive chairman designate of CK Bidco, said: “CKA’s strategy is to look for businesses with stable and resilient characteristics and strong cash flow generating capabilities.
“The UK pub and brewing sector shares these characteristics and we believe that this sector will continue to be an important part of British culture and the eating and drinking-out market in the long run.
“Greene King, being a leading integrated pub retailer and brewer with strong real estate backing, is well positioned to capture the opportunities that lie ahead.”
Nick Mackenzie, chief executive of Greene King, said: “Greene King has a well-invested estate in prime locations, leading brands, a rich history and a talented team of around 38,000 people serving millions of customers across the country every week.
“CKA is an experienced UK investor and shares many of Greene King’s business philosophies.
“They understand the strengths of our business and we welcome their commitment to working with the existing management team, evolving the strategy and investing in the business to ensure its continued long-term growth.”
Shares in the company closed 51% higher at 850p on Monday.
Scouts’ first aid training vital when dad collapses at home
News | Mar 16, 2019
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Emeritus Professor Jerald M. Henderson Memorial Scholarship
Make a gift to the Emeritus Professor Jerald M. Henderson Memorial Scholarship Fund
Home / College of Engineering / MECHANICAL AND AEROSPACE ENGINEERING / Emeritus Professor Jerald M. Henderson Memorial Scholarship
The Emeritus Professor Jerald M. Henderson Memorial Scholarship fund will provide financial support to Mechanical Engineering undergraduate students, who are passionate about engineering design and are involved in creative engineering design outside of class.
Your gift to the memorial fund is one of many ways to honor and remember Professor Henderson’s legacy as an educator and researcher at UC Davis.
Dr. Jerry Henderson commenced his career at UC Davis in 1961 as an Associate Instructor, after earning a BS and MS in Agricultural Engineering from Iowa State University and a D.Engr. in Engineering from UC Davis. He was appointed Assistant Professor in Mechanical Engineering in January 1965, advanced to Associate Professor in 1969, and was appointed full Professor in 1975. His research focused on mechanical design, materials handling, biomedical engineering, and food engineering.
One of his lasting contributions in teaching was the so-called totem project involving the design and manufacture of parts to given specifications and tolerances by each student, so all the parts can be assembled together and form a totem pole at the end of the quarter. This project incorporates concepts of design for manufacture and assembly and depends heavily on clear design communication. This project is still a key component of the mechanical engineering course Manufacturing Processes (EME-50) at UC Davis. During the latter part of his career, he also developed an NSF-funded “How Things Work” class, which targeted student success and retention of women in engineering.
Jerry had a strong interest in engineering education and was very active in the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE). His research efforts resulted in numerous papers and four U.S. patents. He became Professor Emeritus in 1993, and fully retired in 1997.
Development and External Relations
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Godzilla vs. Kong Role Cast Released New Analysis Everything You Need To Know About This Why They Are Delaying It ?, Plot, Latest Update
Published By Madhav Poddar
Tuesday, 14 January 2020, 10:33 EST
Modified Date: Tuesday, 14 January 2020, 10:33 EST
King King returns with the installment in the MonsterVerse of The Legendary. The Godzilla vs. Kong movie is about, well, literally about Godzilla vs. King Kong.
In September 2015, Legendary moved Kong from Universal to Warner Bros., causing media speculation that Godzilla and King Kong will be appearing in a film together.
Kong is a giant creature that resembles a Skull Island Gorilla, while Godzilla, also known as the “King of Monsters,” is a heinous amphibious reptile.
The idea of Kong and Godzilla came up with MonsterVerse, an American Multimedia Franchise, which later turned out to be the most favored Monster Films, now for more than a decade.
When will Godzilla vs. Kong The Skull Crusher release?
The film was set to release on May 29, 2020. Quick one year after the franchise’s previous film was released.
Then a week was moved for the memorial day weekend to take advantage of. Before recently, the date was pushed again and again!
In November 2019, Warner Bros. announced that the film would be released on 20 November 2020 to take advantage of the Thanksgiving Box Office.
Cast: Who is going to be there?
The Skull Crusher, Godzilla vs. Kong, is the sequel to Godzilla vs. Kong Skull Island. Therefore it is said the main cast will reappear in the film.
Millie Bobby Brown, Kyle Chandler, and Zhang Ziyi are the confirmed return cast so far. There’s also the new cast, including Alexander Skarsgard, Danai Gurira, Jessica Henwick, Elsa Gonzalez, and more.
What will be the plot of the movie?
For more than a decade now, we are used to seeing Kong ruling Skull Island while Godzilla is freely roaming in New York’s streets.
This time, the plot brings together both Godzilla and Kong, and, to trigger incidents, both are engaging in a massive fight that scares humanity. The entire planet joins in a combined force to get out of the monster-created scary situation.
There was also plenty of proof that the two creatures had already engaged one another. As we know from the end of King of Monsters, some Titans have begun moving to Skull Island. And those old sketches indicate that the monsters had fought each other beforehand.
We can expect a trailer soon enough as the primary filming has wrapped up! Stick to the update!
Madhav Poddar
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Reportage. A government committee approved $280 million for the resettlement project. Amnesty International called it 'a terrible mistake.'
Bangladesh closer to banishing 100,000 Rohingya to a barren island
written by Giuliano Battiston
Topic Refugees
COX’S BAZAR, Bangladesh
As they wait for the repatriation of the Rohingya to Myanmar, which could take a long time, the Bangladeshi government has once again put forward a solution that it’s been toying with for some time: transferring a portion of them — a hundred thousand — to an uninhabited and almost uninhabitable island in the Bay of Bengal.
On Tuesday, after years of the project being discussed and successively dropped, a government committee approved a $280 million project to transform the small island of Bashan Char, also known as Thenger Gar, into a temporary shelter for Rohingya. This decision was strongly criticized by human rights organizations and by the members of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party, the main opposition to the government run by Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina’s Awami League.
“It would be a terrible mistake to transfer the Rohingya refugees to an uninhabitable island, far from any other refugee settlement and prone to flooding,” said Biraj Patnaik, the director of Amnesty International for South Asia.
Giuliano Battiston
Originally published in Italian on December 2, 2017https://ilmanifesto.it/portare-i-rohingya-su-unisola-disabitata-errore-terribile/
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IKEA Canada closing pick-up and order locations effective Jan. 29
By Staff 980 CFPL
Updated January 13, 2020 5:45 pm
The IKEA Pick-Up and Order Point in London, Ont. Google Maps
Five years after they opened, IKEA Canada says it will be closing the doors of its five remaining pick-up and order point locations effective Jan. 29.
The five stores, all located in Ontario, opened in 2015 as part of a global test program aimed at evaluating customer response to new retail formats, according to the Swedish retail giant.
The stores employ about 150 people in Kitchener, London, St. Catharines, Whitby, and Windsor.
A pick-up location had opened in Quebec City as part of the program, but closed in 2018 when a full-size retail store opened in the region.
READ MORE: Ikea plans to open small stores in Toronto’s downtown core as consumers crave convenience
“Now the global test has concluded and IKEA Canada has made the decision to close its existing Pick-up and Order Point units,” the company said in a statement Monday.
“We appreciate the support we’ve received from these communities over the past several years and we remain committed to serving them in the best possible way.”
IKEA said it would work with impacted employees through the transition to find the “best option” for them, including support to find a new position elsewhere within the company.
How carbon pricing works across the country
Global unemployment stabilizes after 9-year decline, UN labour agency says
“Canada was one of several test countries for the Pick-up and Order Point concept. However the announcement today only surrounds the Canadian units,” said IKEA Canada spokesperson, Kristin Newbigging, via email.
In its statement, the company said it would use insights gathered during the test program to “inform how we continue to evolve and adapt as a business.”
Customers have until Jan. 15 to order a delivery to one of the pick-up and order locations, and until Jan. 29 to pick up a delivery.
READ MORE: Development project home to proposed London IKEA store going before planning committee
IKEA’s future plans for the five municipalities, meanwhile, remain to be seen.
The company had planned to open a full-size retail store in south London by the end of 2019, but put that plan on pause in July 2018 citing a “rapidly changing retail environment.”
Despite the hold, an IKEA spokesperson said at the time that it remained committed to the London market. It’s not clear whether IKEA still plans to open the location. The company has a purchase agreement for the location, near Wellington Road and Hwy. 401.
In 2018, IKEA announced it planned to add small shops to 30 cities around the world. The smaller shops come in three different formats.
IKEA has already added 15 of the smaller stores across 10 city centres around the world, and plans to open one in Toronto within the next two years.
The company has 14 full-size retail stores and 19 collection points across Canada.
— With files from Matthew Trevithick and The Canadian Press
LondonEconomyRetailShoppingWhitbyKitchenerWindsorSt. CatharinesIKEAIKEA Canadapick-up locations
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Vincent Holmberg
Chemical Engineering; Nanostructured Materials & Devices
Fellowship Years
Vince Holmberg completed his PhD in chemical engineering in December 2011, and is now an assistant professor in the Chemical Engineering Department at the University of Washington. Vince is also a member of the Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute and Clean Energy Institute at the University of Washington. Prior to moving to Seattle, Vince was a Marie Curie ETH Zürich Postdoctoral Fellow under the sponsorship of David Norris in the Optical Materials Engineering Laboratory at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich).
During his PhD, Vince studied semiconductor nanowires with Brian Korgel at The University of Texas at Austin. His research focused on the development of the large-scale production of Si and Ge nanowires grown in supercritical organic solvents. Throughout his graduate career, Vince investigated the chemical surface passivation and functionalization of nanowires, and conducted in situ electron microscopy experiments on individual semiconductor nanowires in order to study their phase transitions and melting dynamics, as well as impurity diffusion in nanowire systems. He also studied the mechanical characteristics of Ge nanowires, which have bending strengths approaching that of ideal, defect-free, perfect crystals, and strength-to-weight ratios greater than Kevlar. Vince also helped develop the first Si and Ge nanowire fabrics – macroscopic, free-standing, flexible ceramics made entirely of single-crystalline semiconductor nanowires.
Vince’s interests include the synthesis and application of nanostructured materials, surface chemistry, self-assembly, supercritical fluids, in situ electron microscopy, and novel energy conversion and energy storage strategies. He received the 2012 Hertz Thesis Prize for his doctoral work, as well as a prize from the International Society for the Advancement of Supercritical Fluids in 2014.
Personal Sites:
Website: http://holmberglab.washington.edu
Thesis:
2011 - Semiconductor Nanowires: From a Nanoscale System to a Macroscopic Material
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Pashinyan on Amulsar: Right Now, There’s No Legal Justification to Halt the Mine
In a live Facebook post today, Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan again referred to the issue of Amulsar mine debate. Here are some highlights of his talk.
There is no legislative mechanism to implement a new Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Pashinyan first recalled his recommendation to the Ministry of Environment to check the need for another Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). Pashinyan stated that there is no mechanism envisaged by the legislation of the Republic of Armenia that will allow such a decision for a new EIA.
"In all cases where there is a need to carry out a new EIA, a certain phase of inspections is carried out beforehand to determine the facts that may lead to the new EIA. In some cases, this is about a three-month time limit, in some cases it is limited to direct environmental inspection, which is thirty days and can last up to seventy days. That is, even if the necessity of such a de jure process is noted, it may be the result of additional inspections, and this is the law of the Republic of Armenia,” Pashinyan said.
He said that if the violations recorded during the inspection can be eliminated without changing the project, then, in this case, our law doesn’t require a new EIA.
"If it is not possible to eliminate the deficiencies identified without changing the project, then the need for a new project will arise and this will require a new EIA,” Pashinyan said.
Lydian promises Pashinyan it will not pollute the environment
The Prime Minister emphasized that during the August 29 Amulsar teleconference, Elard representatives insisted that Lydian would be responsible for anything that happened at Amulsar.
“During all my meetings with the company, Lydian has stated that, just as it wrote in the EIA, the company is obligated to operate with 100% safety. This means not one liter of contaminated water will leak into the environment, air quality will not change, groundwater will not be contaminated, surface water will not get polluted, and there will be no problems with environmental biodiversity. Lydian has officially guaranteed that they will meet their obligations and will operate at the highest level,” Pashinyan said.
Government faces signs of possible worsening situation
Pashinyan noted that his approach to Amulsar has remained the same as in his previous Facebook feed, that is, at least for now, there is no legal justification for banning the Amulsar mine’s operation. At the same time, Pashinyan emphasized that the government cannot ignore public concerns.
“On the other hand, we cannot ignore the concerns of the Armenian business community. As you know, Moody's has recently raised Armenia's rating, which means that the Republic of Armenia and private banks of Armenia may be able to raise funds cheaper than when the rating of Armenia was lower. In this case, the money that is raised is in some sense predetermined by the percentage of loans given to our citizens by our banks. Given the Amulsar situation, we have certain signs that if we do not manage the situation correctly and do not display a state approach to the situation, it may lead to a deterioration of Armenia's reputation, which we could all experience,” Pashinyan said.
Government to be blamed for discriminatory approach
According to Pashinyan, if it is decided to ban Amulsar, the question will arise as to why the government allows the Zangezur Copper Mine and the Teghout mine. Some will ask if they comply with international standards and pose no environmental risks?
In this case, according to Pashinyan, Armenia may have a very serious international problem if it is found to be discriminating based on the wrong decision of the government.
"We cannot ignore the issues related to the security of our country's economy and foreign security in general, which are also of particular importance when discussing this issue," Pashinyan said.
Pashinyan promises to oversee all Amulsar operations
Pashinyan emphasized that the government has all the levers to daily monitor the the mine, and that civil society representatives and residents from the affected communities will be included in the monitoring processes.
If violations are identified, appropriate decisions will be taken, up to the mine’s closure, Pashinyan said.
Lydian says construction can recommence as early as April 2020
Pashinyan said that in his talks with Lydian company representatives, they told him that construction at the mine could recommence as early as April 2020 once they are granted full access to the site.
Operating the mine can begin as early as the 4th quarter of 2020.
Pashinyan said that the blockade of roads leading to the mine creates serious problems for Armenia in terms of its international economic image.
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Questions about example sentences with, and the definition and usage of "Limoncello"
Translations of "Limoncello"
How do you say this in English (US)? limoncello shot served with jello limoncello and citron vodka shot does this sounds natural?
sí .. pero, es desde una canción, verdad? Suena como la letra de una canción ...
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Home » Latest Articles » Culture » The Notre Dame Fire Reminds Us of France’s Debt to Haiti
The Notre Dame Fire Reminds Us of France’s Debt to Haiti
On April 15, in the midst of the holiest week of the Christian calendar, the spire of Notre Dame Cathedral was devoured in flames. The Notre Dame fire, sparked by what is assumed to have been an electrical malfunction, destroyed almost all of the wooden structures of the building — though the ancient stone construction still stands. French citizens and tourists alike stood helpless as the flames engulfed the monument, unable to provide more than thoughts, prayers, and hymns.
Then, in less than 24 hours, a miracle happened! A few of France’s richest citizens teamed up to donate close to $1B for the rebuilding of the cathedral (mind-blowingly altruistic until you consider that it’s also one hell of a tax write-off). Even Donald Trump vowed that the United States would help France rebuild — never mind that Puerto Rico has not yet fully recovered from the hurricane that nearly destroyed it two years ago (due in no small part to the US government’s inability to provide adequate aid). And true to form for any strong leader, France’s President Macron announced that he wants the reconstruction of the cathedral to be completed within five years of the Notre Dame fire.
But in all the fervor, another fire started to spread across social media — a question that has been burning for years in the hearts and minds of a lot of us on the other side of the globe: Why hasn’t France felt a similar sense of urgency toward rebuilding Haiti?
Is it time for France to pay Haiti back? 🇭🇹 In 1825, barely two decades after winning its independence against all odds, Haiti was forced to begin paying enormous “reparations” to the French slaveholders it had overthrown. — Haiti’s independence was viewed as a threat by all slave-owning countries – the United States included. Haiti, cornered in a hostile world – had little choice but to comply with an ultimatum that took 122 years to pay off. Thanks to voluntary contributions from Haiti’s citizens, that debt was finally settled in 1947. But decades of making regular payments has contributed to a climate of instability from which the country still has yet to recover from. — For the “crime” of successfully dismantling slavery, Haiti dutifully paid France reparations over the course of nearly six generations – with interest. Shouldn’t France now do the right thing and return those payments? It is an estimated total $21 billion in today’s dollars and could have an impact for Haiti. — As a topic of discussion that has resurfaced, what are your thoughts? — Source: Forbes, Washington Post #lunionsuite #haitianamerican #reparations #france #haiti
A post shared by #1 Haitian-American Platform (@lunionsuite) on Apr 18, 2019 at 6:49am PDT
It all began in 1791 — that was the year that Haiti revolted against the French and demanded their freedom, becoming the first formerly enslaved nation to eject their colonizers and gain full autonomy in 1804. Almost three decades later in 1825, as the newly independent Haiti attempted to gain its footing in a society still reeling from the effects of a race-based colonial caste system, France demanded payment of 150 million gold francs as reparations to be paid to former slave owners. That’s right, rather than pay penance to the formerly enslaved peoples for the years of torture and abuse they endured, the government of France — in one of the most insane examples of colonial arrogance and gross capitalism in history — thought it prudent to force Haitians to pay their former captors for their loss of income, lest the newly formed nation be ostracized and isolated politically. Haiti, isolated and cornered agreed to the payments and continued paying off this debt until 1947. This crime against humanity is estimated to be worth the equivalent of $21 BILLION dollars today.
By extorting the Haitian people for their freedom, France purposefully launched Haiti into a state of purgatory that to this day continues to ravage the country’s economy, making it the poorest country in the western hemisphere.
Unlike the wooden spire of Paris’ most iconic building, the question of France’s debt to Haiti still stands. Many of us would like to see the same kind of altruism granted to an entire nation of formerly enslaved people that has been given to an ancient medieval monument.
Vianessa Castaños
Vianessa Castaños spent over a decade juggling a dual career as an actor and freelancer before deciding to focus on writing and full-time travel. After years of hustling in front of the camera and behind the scenes, she launched Hustle Juice as an online resource for other location independent professionals and travel junkies. Along with being...
VIDEO OF THE DAY:
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Penguin Group Targets Artist Over Satirical Art Book
Jillian SteinhauerMarch 26, 2014
MIriam Elia, spread from ‘We Go to the Gallery’ (all images courtesy the artist)
Last December, artist and comedian Miriam Elia raised funds on Kickstarter to publish the first edition of a satirical book she had written with her brother, Ezra. Called We Go to the Gallery, the book is a riff on what’s popularly known in the UK as the Peter and Jane series — early readers that have been published by the Penguin UK imprint Ladybird Books since the 1960s. The Peter and Jane books show the siblings of the same names, plus their Mummy, Daddy, and dog, living out perfectly average, harmless situations in order to teach kids key words and the process of reading. In Elia’s book, an “uncannily brilliant” re-creation of the originals, the family instead goes to an art gallery, where things go hilariously off the rails. In one scenario, Peter smiles awkwardly in front of a photograph of a man smoking a cigarette and wearing a dress. “The man is a woman. The woman is a man. Peter is excited. Peter is confused. Peter doesn’t know what he wants,” says the accompanying text. (New words to learn: man, woman, confused.)
Elia launched We Go to the Gallery at Cobb Gallery last month, and since then she’s sold most of her first edition of 1,000 copies. But shortly after the release, she received a cease-and-desist letter from Penguin UK (despite the fact that Penguin USA previously published another book by her). Penguin claims that Elia is infringing on their copyright, and they’ve also staked a moral claim against the “adult content” in the book. They’ve said that she may sell enough copies to cover any outstanding production costs, but after that they want her to destroy the rest of the books. They’ve even threatened/offered to do the destroying for her.
Artist Miriam Elia with a copy of ‘We Go to the Gallery’ (via miriamelia.co.uk)
“At this moment, a shadow looms over this book, and my right to publish it. It is the shadow of a vast flightless seabird, fed fat on fish, krill, squid, and the creative integrity of struggling young artists such as myself. Penguin books are after my blood,” Elia wrote to Hyperallergic, in a joint statement with her brother, Ezra. She continues:
We Go to the Gallery is in danger. Penguin mean to pulp it, to sue me, and to prevent it from ever entering the public realm again. They do so on the pretext that it pollutes the idyllic brand of Ladybird books, and that I have infringed copyright on images they own. Yet they are still to prove that they own any such copyright, and the Ladybird brand is so remote from my audience that no child stands in any danger of an accidental corruption. Their argument is now fundamentally moral, not legal, and as such is an act of senseless and repressive censorship. Neither am I the first artist that they have persecuted, on similar grounds.
Part of the legal tangle that Elia faces is that British copyright law does not currently include a fair use exception that covers satire. As Elia pointed out in conversations with Hyperallergic, changes to the law allowing use of copyrighted material for parody purposes are in the works in the UK, possibly going into effect as soon as next month, but it’s not a done deal. In the meantime, she’s working to defend herself (and has received many letters of support, including one from the son of a former CEO of Penguin), and the joint statement explains:
This article is a message to let Penguin know that I will not bend to their depravity. If they succeed, then all the satirical tradition of modern art, which is rich with the joyful subversion of pop cultural icons and brands from Picasso to Lichtenstein, lurks in thrall to the whims of corporate enterprise, and its army of devoted lawyers. They will never find the books they seek to pulp, and if they take me to court, I will fight them, however long the battle takes. But I am in need of your help. If you like the work and wish to see it properly published, please follow my website, or email me at [email protected]. I may have to put a ‘fighting fund’ together, to make sure I can pay the legal costs required of me.
Elia still has a number of copies of We Go to the Gallery left, but they’re not for sale at the moment. So, courtesy of the artist, we’re publishing some of our favorite pages here. Prepare to grapple with the dark and soul-twisting depravity that is modern and contemporary art.
copyright lawsMiriam EliaPenguinSatire
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Opinion • Weekend
Hrag VartanianNovember 3, 2013
Finally, a great use for Thomas Kinkade paintings. Backdrops for Star Wars mashups. (via geekologie.com)
This week, race/ethnicity stats in popular film, the world’s first emoji movie, helping the blind see art, problems for photojournalists in Russia, Cornell returns tablets to Iraq, Saddam Hussein’s former palace becomes a museum, and much more.
What to learn how to fold a drawing like an architect? Bob Borson wants to show you.
@cmonstah turned us on this week to this fascinating report on USC’s Annenberg School of Journalism website on “Race/Ethnicity in 500 Popular Films: Is the Key to Diversifying Cinematic Content held in the Hand of the Black Director?” by Dr. Stacy L. Smith, Marc Choueiti, and Dr. Katherine Pieper of the school’s Media Diversity & Social Change Initiative. Their findings are not entirely surprising:
Across 100 top-grossing films of 2012, only 10.8% of speaking characters are Black, 4.2% are Hispanic, 5% are Asian, and 3.6% are from other (or mixed race) ethnicities. Just over three-quarters of all speaking characters are White (76.3%). These trends are relatively stable, as little deviation is observed across the 5-year sample.
Actor and comedian Aziz Ansari plans to cast big name stars in a new Emoji movie — the world’s first — he is planning based on this emoji, known as the “Dancer“:
Here he is discussing his plans:
I love the idea that the Metropolitan Museum is organizing special programs for blind and partly sighted art lovers:
On a recent Friday night, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York held its first public exhibition of original art made in its “Seeing Through Drawing” classes. Participants — all blind or partly sighted — created works inspired by objects in the museum’s collection that were described to them by sighted instructors and that they were also allowed to touch.
But have you ever considered why these programs are increasingly important?
Such efforts by museums are likely to increase. In 2010, about 56.7 million people, or 18.7 percent of the population, had some level of disability, according to the Census Bureau. And both the number and percentage of disabled Americans are expected to increase in coming years because of the aging of the population, greater longevity and more cases of certain types of learning disabilities …
Former Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein’s former palace in Basra is about to reopen as the Basra Museum and it will display antiquities from Iraq’s Assyrian, Babylonian and Arabic past. And this fascinating fact about looted antiquities in Iraq:
Over the past decade, only 4,310 objects out of 16,000 stolen from the Baghdad Museum have been recovered. Meanwhile, 133,000 antiquities (including 80,000 coins) from illicit digging have been handed in, which could be a fraction of the total lost.
The situation in Russia becomes increasingly worrisome, and now this from the New York Times, “In Russia, Conflating Journalism and ‘Hooliganism’“:
Russia can be a hostile place for journalists, especially those attracted to the most compelling issues of the day, which of late have been the simmering tensions between Mr. Putin’s government and those seeking greater political freedoms. Mr. Sinyakov’s work often focused on Russia’s oppositionists — from the still-free members of the punk performers Pussy Riot to the bare-chested guerrilla protesters known as Femen, the retrial of the tycoon Mikhail B. Khodorkovsky in 2010 to the protests against election fraud and Mr. Putin’s return as president in 2012. In the view of the authorities here, there is often little distinction between those covering dissent and those participating in it.
Cornell University has announced that it will return 10,000 ancient tablets, dating from the 4th millenium BC, to Iraq. It is being called “one of the largest returns of antiquities by an American university.” The LA Times has the story:
Among the tablets is the private archive of a 21st century BC Sumerian princess in the city of Garsana that has made scholars rethink the role of women in the ancient kingdom of Ur. The administrative records show Simat-Ishtaran ruled the estate after her husband died.
Is this a trend?
Other American universities have recently agreed to return ancient art after evidence emerged that the objects might have been recently looted. Last year, Princeton University returned about 170 objects and fragments to Italy after authorities there linked them to antiquities dealer Edoardo Almagià, who was investigated for trafficking in looted objects. That same year, Ohio’s Bowling Green State University signaled it was willing to return a dozen ancient mosaics to Turkey after evidence emerged that they had been looted.
The 92Y published the full video of the “Lou Reed in Conversation with Anthony DeCurtis” talk that took place on September 18, 2006. Reed, who passed away on October 27, 2013, discusses his life and career:
What does the NSA surveillance mean for you? The Guardian has a great article that follows in the steps for New York Times‘ “Snow Fall” experiment last year, and creates a wonderful (and refreshing) online experience with strong visuals, good organization, excellent design, extensive multimedia, social media integration, and lots of useful (and scary) information. And this nugget:
You don’t need to be talking to a terror suspect to have your communications data analysed by the NSA. The agency is allowed to travel “three hops” from its targets — who could be people who talk to people who talk to people who talk to you. Facebook, where the typical user has 190 friends, shows how three degrees of separation gets you to a network bigger than the population of Colorado. How many people are three “hops” from you?
Related: The Washington Post reports on how the newest Snowden documents suggests that the NSA has infiltrated Yahoo and Google data centers worldwide.
And finally, if you haven’t seen Ohio State’s “Hollywood Blockbuster Show” routine, then I suggest you take some time and enjoy this amazing show:
Required Reading is published every Sunday morning EST, and it is comprised of a short list of art-related links to long-form articles, videos, blog posts or photo essays worth a second look.
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Luke Skywalker and his loyal band team up to do battle with Empire's forces who decide to enact revenge. Yet, Luke is empowered by the Jedi master Yoda in learning to master the "Force", something he will need when he meets Darth Vader in a startling confrontation.
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales (DVS)
Thrust into an all-new adventure, a down-on-his-luck Captain Jack Sparrow finds the winds of ill-fortune blowing even more strongly when deadly ghost pirates led by his old nemesis, the terrifying Captain Salazar, escape from the Devil's Triangle, determined to kill every pirate at sea -- including him. Captain Jack's only hope of survival lies in seeking out the legendary Trident of Poseidon, a powerful artifact that bestows upon its possessor total control over the seas.
Guardians of the Galaxy (DVS)
Brash adventurer Peter Quill finds himself the object of an unrelenting bounty hunt after stealing a mysterious orb coveted by Ronan, a powerful villain with ambitions that threaten the entire universe. To evade the ever-persistent Ronan, Quill is forced into an uneasy truce with a quartet of disparate misfits - Rocket, a gun-toting raccoon, Groot, a tree-like humanoid, the deadly and enigmatic Gamora and the revenge-driven Drax the Destroyer. But when Quill discovers the true power of the orb and the menace it poses to the cosmos, he must do his best to rally his ragtag rivals for a last, desperate stand - with the galaxy's fate in the balance.
Huntsman: Winter's War, The (DVS)
Eric and his fellow warrior Sara try to conceal their forbidden love as they fight to protect Freya in the war against her queen sister Ravenna.
Transformers (DVS)
The Earth is caught in the middle of an intergalactic battle between two races of robots, the heroic Autobots and the evil Decepticons. All that stands between the Decepticons and ultimate power is a clue held by young Sam Witwicky. Unaware that he is mankind's last chance for survival, Sam and Bumblebee, his robot disguised as a car, are in a race against an enemy unlike anything anyone has seen before.
Fist Fight (DVS)
On the last day of the school year, mild-mannered high school English teacher Andy Campbell is trying his best to keep it together amidst outrageous senior pranks, a dysfunctional administration and budget cuts that are putting his job on the line just as his wife is expecting their second baby. But things go from bad to worse when Campbell crosses the school's toughest and most feared teacher, Ron Strickland, causing Strickland to be fired. To Campbell's shock-not to mention utter terror-Strickland responds by challenging him to a fist fight after school. News of the fight spreads like wildfire as Campbell takes ever more desperate measures to avoid getting the crap beaten out of him. But if he actually shows up and throws down, it may end up being the very thing this school, and Andy Campbell, needed.
Graduation (DVS)
Al pursues her education, while Prince Chauncley tries to live up to his father's expectations.
Accountant, The (DVS)
Christian Wolff is a math savant with more affinity for numbers than people. Behind the cover of a small-town CPA office, he works as a freelance accountant for some of the world's most dangerous criminal organizations. With the Treasury Department's Crime Enforcement Division, run by Ray King, starting to close in, Christian takes on a legitimate client: a state-of-the-art robotics company where an accounting clerk has discovered a discrepancy involving millions of dollars. But as Christian uncooks the books and gets closer to the truth, it is the body count that starts to rise.
Flight (DVS)
Whip Whitaker is a seasoned airline pilot who miraculously crash lands his plane after a mid-air catastrophe, saving nearly every soul on board. After the crash, Whip is hailed as a hero, but as more is learned, more questions than answers arise as to who or what was really at fault and what really happened on that plane.
Pain & Gain (DVS)
Based on a true story about a group of steroid-abusing bodybuilders engage in a campaign of kidnapping, extortion and murder in Florida.
Catch Me If You Can (DVS)
Based on a true story, Frank W. Abagnale was employed as a doctor, a lawyer and as a co-pilot for a major airline company all before reaching his 21st birthday. A successful con artist and master of deception, Frank is also a brilliant forger, whose skill at check fraud has netted him millions of dollars in stolen funds, much to the chagrin of the authorities. FBI Agent Carl Hanratty has made it his prime mission to capture him and bring him to justice. However, Frank is always one step ahead of Carl baiting him to continue the chase.
Monday, Feb 3
San Andreas (DVS)
A seemingly ideal day turns disastrous when California's notorious San Andreas fault triggers a devastating, magnitude 9 earthquake, the largest in recorded history. As the Earth cracks open and buildings start to crumble, Ray Gaines, an LAFD search-and-rescue helicopter pilot, must navigate the destruction from Los Angeles to San Francisco to bring his estranged wife and their only daughter to safety.
TM & © 2020 Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. A WarnerMedia Company. All Rights Reserved. TNTDrama.com is a part of Turner Entertainment Digital which is a part of Bleacher Report/Turner Sports Network.
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Engineering Heritage
Brochure Croatian Innovations – the visionaries that shaped Europe provides insight in the accomplishments of creative innovators and engineers who were born or worked in Croatia. English version starts on page 64.
The brochure is authored by the Office of MEP Davor Škrlec and by The Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography, Zagreb. It has been presented in the European Parliament in April 2019.
Life and Accomplishments of Nikola Tesla
One of the greatest inventors and engineers Nikola Tesla was born in Smiljan, Croatia on July 10, 1856. He died in New York on January 7, 1943.
Please visit the web site of the Memorial Center "Nikola Tesla", Smiljan for his biography and list of his inventions.
Professor Reza Zoughi, Iowa State University, USA, will give a plenary talk on Nikola Tesla’s explicit contributions to Instrumentation & Measurement field.
Reza Zoughi
R. Zoughi received his B.S.E.E, M.S.E.E, and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering (radar remote sensing, radar systems, and microwaves) from the University of Kansas where from 1981 until 1987 he was at the Radar Systems and Remote Sensing Laboratory (RSL). He is the Kirby Gray (Battelle) Chair in Engineering and a Professor Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECpE) at Iowa State University (ISU). He served as the Schlumberger Endowed Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Missouri University of Science and Technology (Missouri S&T) from January 2001 to August 2019. Prior to joining Missouri S&T and since 1987 he was with the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at Colorado State University (CSU), where he was a professor and established the Applied Microwave Nondestructive Testing Laboratory (amntl) (http://amntl.mst.edu/). Dr. Zoughi held the position of Business Challenge Endowed Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering from 1995 to 1997 while at CSU.
While at CSU he received nine teaching awards, including the State Board of Agriculture, Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching Award and the Abell Faculty Teaching Award. Since at Missouri S&T he has received seventeen Outstanding Teaching Awards & Commendations. He is the recipient of the 2007 IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Society Distinguished Service Award, the 2009 American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT) Research Award for Sustained Excellence and the 2011 IEEE Joseph F. Keithley Award in Instrumentation and Measurement. In 2013 he and his co-authors received the H. A. Wheeler Applications Prize Paper Award from the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society (APS).
He is the author of a textbook entitled “Microwave Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation Principles” KLUWER Academic Publishers, 2000, and the co-author of a chapter on Microwave Techniques in the book entitled “Nondestructive Evaluation: Theory, Techniques, and Applications” Marcel and Dekker, Inc., 2002. He is the co-author of 170 refereed journal papers, 350+conference proceedings and presentations and 118 technical reports.
He served as the Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement (2007-2011), two terms as an at-large AdCom member of the IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement (I&M) Society, I&M Society President (2014-2015) and serves as an I&M Society Distinguished Lecturer. He served as the General Co-Chair of the 2013 IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC). He has been elected as an at-large member of IEEE Publications Services & Products Board (PSPB) for two terms (2016-2018 & 2019-2021), and served on the IEEE TAB/PSPB (2015 & 2017-2019).
He has eighteen issued US patents to his credit (with several issued abroad) in the field of microwave nondestructive testing and evaluation. He has delivered numerous Invited and Keynote presentations on the subject of microwave and millimeter wave nondestructive testing and imaging. He is a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and a Fellow of the American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT).
Some exhibits related to Tesla’s personal life and his inventions will be presented in the exhibition area during the I2MTC 2020.
We kindly acknowledge support and contribution of Technical Museum “Nikola Tesla”, Zagreb, Croatia and the Croatian State Archives, Zagreb.
Tehnički muzej Nikola Tesla
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http://standardspeaker.com/eedition
Latest Arrests News
ORLANDO, Fla. (AP) — A construction worker who fled a work site after a deadly fight with his boss has been captured and arrested, sheriff's investigators said. The Orange County Sheriff's Office said on Twitter that Mason Toney, 28, was taken into custody Monday night. He's being detained in connection...
VANCOUVER, British Columbia (AP) — The first stage of an extradition hearing for a senior executive of Chinese tech giant Huawei started in a Vancouver courtroom M onday, a case that has infuriated Beijing, caused a diplomatic uproar between China and Canada and complicated high-stakes trade talks between...
SAN ANTONIO (AP) — Police have arrested a 19-year-old man in a shooting that left two men dead and at least five people injured at a concert in San Antonio, Texas. Kieran Christopher Williams will be charged with capital murder for allegedly opening fire during an argument Sunday at a bar on the Museum...
TEMESCAL VALLEY, Calif. (AP) — A Southern California driver intentionally rammed a Toyota Prius with six teenage boys inside, killing three and injuring three others before fleeing, authorities said Monday. The Prius went off the road and slammed into a tree at around 10:30 p.m. Sunday in Temescal Valley...
Police: Arrest made in Vegas bus attack; victim lost an eye
LAS VEGAS (AP) — A man has been arrested in Las Vegas on multiple felony charges in an unprovoked attack aboard a regional transit bus that seriously injured a former U.S. Marine in his mid-60s. Nathaniel Graves Jr., 26, was arrested Saturday and was being held Monday at the Clark County jail pending a...
Three arrested in alleged assault on Baltimore policeman
BALTIMORE (AP) — Authorities say three suspects have been arrested in connection with an assault on a Baltimore police officer. Officials say 20-year-old Donnell Burgess was arrested Sunday and charged with assault on a police officer and resisting arrest. A 17-year-old boy has been charged as a juvenile...
Arrest made in wrong-way crash fatality in Rio Rancho
RIO RANCHO, N.M. (AP) — A man charged in a fatal wrong-way auto crash three months ago in Rio Rancho has been arrested. Authorities say 55-year-old Dwight David Weir of Bosque Farms was arrested Sunday near Isleta. He’s charged with homicide by vehicle, possession of methamphetamine and other...
16-year-old accused of biting attack dies in police custody
A 16-year-old has died in the custody of the Jefferson Parish Sheriff’s Office after suffering what authorities called a medical emergency during his arrest. Sheriff Joseph Lopinto’s office said in a statement that the death occurred after a deputy responded to a call in Metairie on Sunday...
2 men arrested after police chase in Missouri, Illinois
CAPE GIRARDEAU, Mo. (AP) — Two men are in custody after officers were shot at and a police vehicle was intentionally rammed during a chase that began in Cape Girardeau and ended in Illinois, authorities said. Cape Girardeau police Sgt. Joey Hann said no one was injured in the incident Saturday night. . The...
OnStar system brings police pursuit to conclusion
LONDONDERRY, Vt. (AP) — A vehicle's OnStar system was used to end a police pursuit by disabling the stolen vehicle, forcing the operator to flee on foot before being arrested, police said. The episode unfolded over the weekend in Londonderry where Jason Moul, 38, of Athens, allegedly broke into a home and...
Hazleton News
Little done to promote census to Latinos in Hazleton
MLK Jr. Day makes us take a look at the past, present and future
Sides dig in on Francis E. Walter Dam debate
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Nassau County Divorce Attorney
Many marriages do not last forever and divorce can have long-lasting consequences for a family. As many will attest, divorcing can be emotionally upsetting and costly, especially when the proceedings become contentious. At the law firm of Howard B. Leff, P.C, we work with clients in Nassau and Suffolk Counties and the five boroughs of Manhattan to protect their rights while minimizing the drama, as well as the emotional and financial costs and expenses, so that they can get on with their lives.
Mr. Leff has over 36 years of experience in matrimonial law and the related areas of family law. He routinely handles complex contested and uncontested divorces and works with divorcing couples to find, as he likes to say, “firm, but fair” solutions to matters such as the division of property, spousal maintenance and child custody and support.
In a divorce proceeding in Nassau and Suffolk Counties and the five boroughs of Manhattan, dividing the property involves a number of complexities that hinge upon the amount and value of assets such as houses, rental property, retirement and pension plans, investment accounts, businesses and professional practices. The property acquired by the couple during the marriage, however, must be divided according to New York's equitable distribution laws. By collaborating with a network of forensic experts, (accountants, financial advisers, real estate appraisers, pension appraisers, etc.) to ascertain the value of marital property, Mr. Leff helps clients to reach “firm, but fair” settlements.
Spousal maintenance is designed to help the receiving spouse maintain financial stability after a divorce.
As a result of changes to Section 236 of New York Domestic Relations Law, the court now may rely on a formula when making determinations about the length and amount of spousal maintenance. Mr. Leff is well aware of how this formula can impact a divorce settlement.
Child Custody & Support
The courts have the discretion to grant legal and physical custody of children to both parents, provided that the parties mutually agree, and/or the court believes the parties are able to “co-parent” and jointly make decisions pertaining to the children’s health, education and welfare. Sole custody is the right of one parent to make decisions regarding the children's upbringing, as well as that parents' responsibility for the children's financial well-being and general welfare. Physical/residential custody involves determining which parent the children will live with. If sole custody is awarded to one party, the court will grant reasonable visitation/parenting rights to the non-custodial parent.
Child support is the financial assistance that parents are obligated to provide to their children until they reach a certain age (21 in New York State). To determine child support payments, the court considers each parent's respective income, and the health, medical, or educational expenses of the child, as well as other factors. While issues of child custody and child support can become quite contentious, the law firm of Howard B. Leff will help you find solutions that are in the best interests of your child.
Divorce Alternatives
There are alternatives to resolving divorce conflicts in the courts, such as mediation, and a relatively new approach known as Collaborative Law. Mediation is a form of negotiation that involves a neutral party known as a mediator who works with both spouses to resolve legal disputes and reach an agreement. This method takes less time than litigating a divorce, is more cost effective, and also helps spouses reduce the tension involved. Another benefit of mediation is that it is private, unlike a court case. In pursuing divorce by using the Collaborative Law process, each party has an attorney who assists in the negotiation. Both spouses and both attorneys must agree in writing that they will not take the case to court and will negotiate a settlement instead.
Ultimately, divorce proceedings in Nassau and Suffolk Counties and the five boroughs of Manhattan often involve intense emotions and significant expense. The law firm of Howard B. Leff P.C. routinely handles all aspects of matrimonial and family law and has extensive experience resolving marital conflicts whether through mediation or litigation.
Mr. Leff also maintains a very active appellate practice, and has an impressive record of successfully prosecuting and defending appeals in matrimonial and family law matters he handled at the trial level. If you are considering a divorce call our office today for a free evaluation of your case at (516) 739-7500.
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Game of Thrones: Exclusive Season 8 Deleted Scene Makes The Battle of Winterfell Even Darker
The final fate of Alys Karstark revealed.
byJesse Schedeen
Posted Dec. 3, 2019, 1:30 a.m.
Warning: This article contains some spoilers for Game of Thrones: Season 8!
The eighth and final season of Game of Thrones is arriving on DVD, Blu-ray and 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray soon, and we have an exclusive clip to celebrate. This deleted scene from "The Long Night" makes one of the series' darkest episodes that much darker.
See the video embed above or scroll down for the deleted scene showing the tragic fate of Alys Karstark in Season 8, Episode 3:
This scene takes place towards the end of "The Long Night," as Winterfell's defenses have fallen and the Night King's forces draw close to Bran in the Godswood. Before Theon Greyjoy makes his heroic final stand, it turns out Alys Karstark and her soldiers also fell before the might of the White Walkers.
It's not hard to understand why this scene was cut from the final version, as "The Long Night" is already one of the longer episodes in the series. However, it does help counter one of the main criticisms of the episode, that it doesn't feature enough character deaths given the high stakes of the Battle of Winterfell. Even director Miguel Sapochnik admits he "wanted to kill everyone" in this climactic episode. Alys may not exactly be a major character, but her death here is a reminder that many fought and died to stop the White Walkers.
This deleted scene is one of many bonus features included on the Game of Thrones: Season 8 set. That set, along with the Game of Thrones: The Complete Collection wooden box set and Game of Thrones: The Complete Series Blu-ray and DVD sets, will be released on Tuesday, December 3.
For more behind the scenes details on Season 8, see some early concept designs for the Night King, learn new insight into Daenerys' motivations in "The Bells" and find out the real story behind that infamous Starbucks cup.
Jesse is a mild-mannered staff writer for IGN. Allow him to lend a machete to your intellectual thicket by following @jschedeen on Twitter.
Release Date: June 1, 2014
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Emilia Clarke Reveals the Real Truth About Game of Thrones' Rogue Coffee Cup
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From renowned, Emmy Award-winning executive producer Dick Wolf ("Law & Order" brand) and creators Derek Haas and Michael Brandt, the writing team behind "3:10 to Yuma," comes the high-octane drama "Chicago Fire," - an edge-of-your-seat view into the lives of everyday heroes committed to one of America's noblest professions. For the firefighters, rescue squad and paramedics of Chicago Firehouse 51, no occupation is more stressful or dangerous, yet so rewarding and exhilarating. These courageous men and women are among the elite who forge headfirst into danger when everyone else is running the other way and whose actions make the difference between life and death.
The pressure to perform on such a high level has a way of taking a personal toll, sometimes putting team members from the Truck and the specially trained Rescue Squad at odds with each other. Despite any differences, this is an extended family, and when it's "go time," everyone inside Firehouse 51 knows no other way than to lay it all on the line for each other. When a tragedy claims one of their own, there's plenty of guilt and blame to go around. Lt. Matthew Casey (Jesse Spencer, "House"), in charge of the Truck, tries to carry on, but butts heads with the brash Lt. Kelly Severide (Taylor Kinney, "The Vampire Diaries") of the Rescue Squad - and each blames the other for their fallen team member. Adding to the turmoil, Casey, unbeknownst to his colleagues, is in the midst of a separation from Hallie (Teri Reeves, "Three Rivers").
The firehouse also includes Battalion Chief Wallace Boden (Eamonn Walker, "Oz"), a fireman's fireman who is confronted by important personal decisions, paramedics Gabriela Dawson (Monica Raymund, "The Good Wife") and Leslie Shay (Lauren German, "Hawaii Five-O"), who share a close bond and team together to face some of the most harrowing situations imaginable, Peter Mills (Charlie Barnett, "Law & Order: SVU"), an academy graduate who is the latest generation in a family of firefighters, and Christopher Herrmann (David Eigenberg, "Sex and the City"), a seasoned veteran who loses his home to foreclosure and now must uproot his family to move in with his in-laws.
Chicago Fire, Season 1
© 2012 Universal Television and Wolf Films. All Rights Reserved.
More Seasons in Series
Nashville, Season 6
Chicago PD, Season 7
Elementary, Season 7
Made in Jersey, Season 1
Last Resort, Season 1
The Mob Doctor, Season 1
Top Drama Shows
Nancy Drew, Season 1
Sanditon, Season 1
Yellowstone, Season 2
9-1-1: Lone Star, Season 1
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This Week in Movie News
Captain America The Winter Soldier, $476,706,000. Making 10.2 million on its Thursday night openings, more than double what Captain America the First Avenger. It set a single day record for April with 36.9 million, and an opening weekend of 95 million. Not too shabby. It has done about 46% better than the original. And Rightfully so. The Winter Soldier is an amazing film, that you should all go see. Numerous times.
With the sudden passing of Harold Ramis, Ivan Reitman made the decision his heart just wasn’t into a Ghostbusters 3. And rightfully so. In his departure Chris Miller and Phil Lord stepped in. However it looks like they are now leaving the potential project. The studio is in talks with other directors. Problem with this I have is Harold Ramis is gone, Ivan Reitman is out, and Bill Murray has no interest in ever doing another Ghostbuster sequel. What’s the appeal? Why not star fresh. Scrap what you have, and give us a reboot.
Matt Damon is in final talks to join the film The Martian. The Martian, tells the tale of a space crew on Mars when something goes terribly wrong, Mark Watney (Damon), thought to be dead, and is left on Mars. With no way to contact his crew, and very little supplies, Watney, must handle the obstacles put a head of him and try to survive in hopes that a rescue mission finds him. The film sounds entertaining, and Damon is a good choice, however Damon is a good choice for nearly any role. The film sounds nearly like Gravity meets Castaway. Which is a very interesting combination. I look forward to more about this film.
The Amazing Spider-Man 2 has released more viral marketing. This time the subject is actually very very exciting. In an article, written by Eddie Brock, Cletus “Killer “Cassidy has been caught, and placed in prison. It goes on to say that he gave very little struggle. What’s most interesting about this? The mention of Cassidy? Who eventually becomes Carnage? Yea that’s cool. But what’s even cooler is when you remember the past. During filming of The Amazing Spider-Man 2. Jim Carey visited the set while filming was going on. Rumors swirled that he was in talks to play Cassidy. And He would be, Killer, in the role. Couple that with the fact that Sony is releasing a Venom spinoff film, and think to yourself, who is Venom going to face off against? Can’t be Spider-Man, which would just be another Spider-Man film. Could we be building to Venom/Carnage? I sure hope so.
Schmoes Know have reported that Kick Ass 2 director Jeff Wadlow is going to take over the directing and writing duties of the He-Man Masters of the Universe film. If I’m not mistaken recently John Cho left the film, I think to do some dumb 80s cartoon that will be getting a big screen adaption. I like this move, because I was a huge fan of Kick Ass 2. However with script re-writes and new directors, I don’t know if this film is ever going to get made. But it truly deserves a new modern telling!
An abundant of X-Men news has come out this week. We will start with the absolute cheesiest and most pointless. The dumb Carls Jr. and Hardees commercials with rip off Mystique, and Quicksilver. This is some odd marketing techniques. The commercials are cheesy and dumb. As well the picture of Quicksilver released that has him running alongside the wall while Wolverine and the X-Men don’t even notice him. Again, looks cheesy, and actually even photo shopped. What is exciting is Lauren Shuler Donner has announced that they are looking at major spinoffs. She announced she wants Mystique, Gambit, and Deadpool. Too of which are expected. Deadpool we, and Ran Reynolds, have been waiting for since the X-Men franchise began. As well Mystique, of course she needs her own spin off. Not because of the character, but because of the actress, Jennifer Lawrence. But the most exciting is Gambit. We were so excited with the announcement of Gambit in Origins, and to be honest, Taylor Kitsch was a shining point in that film. And I hope that they bring him back. However, I believe that with Days of Future Past and Apocalypse are going to reset the timeline and bring the First Class characters into today’s time. I’ll be excited to see the turn out no matter what the outcome.
Posted in 2014 in Film, Movie News and tagged Apocalpse, Bill Murray, Captain America, Captain America 2, Captain America the First Avenger, Carnage, Chris Miller, Days Of Future Past, Deadpool, Gambit, Ghostbusters 3, Harold Ramis, He-Man, Ivan Reitman, Jeff Wadlow, Jennifer Lawrence, John Cho, Kick Ass 2, Marvel Cinematic Universe, Masters of the Universe, Matt Damon, MCU, Movie news, Mystique, Phil Lord, Quicksilver, Sony, Taylor Kitsch, The Amazing Spider-Man 2, The Martian, The Winter Soldier, Venom, Winter Soldier, Wolverine and the X-Men, X-Men on April 13, 2014 by B.C.. Leave a comment
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Posted on July 17, 2009 July 17, 2009 by jeffberryman
Imaginative Bravery: Money and Art
Years ago, I came across a play called Spike Heels by a writer named Theresa Rebeck. I was struck by its frank language, it’s straight-ahead exploration of love, sex, and identity in a world of 20 and 30-something confusion. Since Spike Heels, Rebeck has gone on to wide success and acclaim, including a nod as a finalist for the 2003 Pulitzer Prize in Drama. So I was interested to see an NPR article on her work in a series NPR’s done on artists and how they go about making money while plying their craft. (“How Artists Make Money“.) You’d think Pulitzer finalists wouldn’t have a problem, but as the article outlines, it’s Rebeck’s work in television, writing for shows such as Law and Order: Criminal Intent and NYPD Blue, that allows her to do the thing she loves most: theatre. Don’t cry for Rebeck, though…she’s doing fine. A playwright at the top of her game, apparently. “She’s a born playwright,” says Tim Sanford, the theater’s (Playwright’s Horizon’s in New York) artistic director. “She’s prolific, she’s great at structure, she has something to say, she’s driven to say it, it’s not hard for her.”
That last sentence says it all. Quantity, structure, voice, passion, and the ease that comes with mastery of craft.
I was also struck by another comment about Rebeck, this time by David Milch, a co-creator of NYPD Blue. Commenting on Rebeck’s expressed tension between doing good work and making a living, Milch says:
“I bridle a bit about the idea of ‘making a living,’ as opposed to doing good work. Theresa’s is the bravest kind of imagination, and I think she’s happiest when she’s doing the work in which her unalloyed loyalty is to the character and to the moment.”
Two things: first, bravery in the imagination. Funny how fear can creep in while you sit all alone with the blank page. I wrote a song a few days ago that talks about how I worry that what I write, if I’m dead honest, will wound the people I care most about. Truth is costly at almost any level. Yet, and this is the second thing, joy comes from loyalty to what the work is demanding. It’s a battle, but after all these years, I’m beginning, finally, to realize it’s the only way worth working.
The other two articles in the series are by a poet (how in the world do you make money off poems?!) and a painter. I was talking to a friend of mine this morning who is taking a painting class. He told me the teacher told them that if they are painting in a public space and someone comes up to offer to buy the piece they’re working on, stop immediately, and sell the painting. Don’t think twice. Good advice? I’m not so sure. As it turns out, the painters cited in the NPR series work through co-ops, Ebay, and non-traditional gallery venues, while the poet works mostly in the corporate world.
Bottom line (no pun intended), an artist’s financial life is going to be cobbled together from any number of sources. I’ve written for lots of venues, performed in big and little spaces, and often say that I’ll do whatever anybody will pay me to do. That’s not exactly true, but at this point in my life, I think I’ll stop saying it. It’s far too easy to switch the loyalty from what the work demands to what the mortgage, or perhaps more truthfully, the preferred lifestyle demands.
Imaginative bravery, loyalty to the work…
Categoriesart, Beauty, Faith and Art TagsImagination, Money, Writing
Previous PostPrevious The Visitor
Next PostNext Finishing the Story: Le Theatre du Soleil
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Ariana Grande's Manchester Benefit Will Be Televised
Ariana Grande’s Manchester Benefit Will Be Televised
NEW YORK, NY - AUGUST 28: Ariana Grande attends the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards on August 28, 2016 in New York City. (Photo by Larry Busacca/Getty Images)
Just when you thought you’d be missing out because the show is across the pond, this information shows up!
I for one am excited because then we get to witness some very powerful performances in regards to banishing hate with love.
According to E!, the One Love Manchester show, which is the benefit to help the victims of the Manchester bombing that occurred at Ariana Grande‘s concert, will be televised on ABC and Freeform.
“The concert will air on Freeform live at 2 p.m. ET and a one-hour highlight special will air on ABC after the NBA finals on ABC.”
Justin Bieber, Katy Perry, Pharrell Williams, Coldplay, Miley Cyrus, Niall Horan, Little Mix, Usher, Robbie Williams and Take That will also be performing during the event, which sold out in under 6 minutes in the U.K.
Be sure to tune in or set your DVRs. This will be memorable.
Amy Cooper is the type of journalist that when asked “What do you bring to the table,” she replies “I am the table.
K104.7
Ariana Grande,Coldplay,Justin Bieber,Katy Perry,Little Mix,Miley Cyrus,Niall Horan,Pharrell Williams,Robbie Williams,Usher
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Sammy Hagar on Potential Van Halen Reunion: ‘It’s Over, Man’
Grizzlee Martin, Loudwire
For years, questions have swirled about whether or not legendary metal band Van Halen will ever reunite with former lead vocalist Sammy Hagar in any capacity. The "Red Rocker" recently revealed in an interview with SiriusXM's Eddie Trunk that fans shouldn't expect anything happening between the two in the future.
Hagar mentioned his response to people asking him about the idea of reuniting: "People say, 'What's going on with Van Halen?' Okay, absolutely nothing. I have no idea. I haven't heard from the guys."
"To me, they made a real strong statement by not wishing me a happy birthday for my seventieth," Hagar said. "Especially amongst the fact that so many people have died. I mean, a week before that Tom Petty died. Tom Petty's birthday was the next Thursday after mine, and he was still a young man, as far as I'm concerned."
He adds, "With all them people dying, if somebody turns 70, that's a monumental thing. It's, like, you would think if they ever wanted to be friends, it would be so easy. And even if they didn't wanna be friends, it's just something that would be the right thing to do."
Hagar also brought up the Van Halen brothers never reaching out to former bassist Michael Anthony in regards to him losing his two-week-old grandson to heart disease. "Even Dave [Lee Roth] sent 'I'm sorry' to Mike. And, you know, Dave's not the friendliest guy in the world [laughs], but at least he had the class to do that," Sammy said.
He summarized it saying, "All that says to me is that it's over, man. Those guys do not want to be friends, and if they don't wanna be friends, then we certainly ain't gonna do a reunion. 'Cause that would mean I would just do a reunion for some money or something? I mean, I would love to do it for the fans — I really would — but other than that… nah. I'm over it, man. If they don't wanna be friends… We've gotta be friends before we can do any kind of business together. So, I don't know… To me, it's kind of put the nails in the coffin. It's kind of, 'Hmm, well, that's done. Put foreclosure on that.'"
Hear the full interview with Eddie Trunk below.
Van Halen Albums Ranked
Source: Sammy Hagar on Potential Van Halen Reunion: ‘It’s Over, Man’
Filed Under: sammy hagar, van halen
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Stage One
BLURRED LINES: How Do Changing Views of Gender Impact the Fashion Industry’s Ability To Segment Demographically?
This submission is the result of my own work. All help and advice other than that received from tutors has been acknowledged and primary and secondary sources of information have been properly attributed. Should this statement prove to be untrue I recognise the right and duty of the board of examiners to recommend what action should be taken in line with the University’s regulations on assessment contained in its handbook. Signed .................................................................................................................. Print Name ............................................................................................................ Date ......................................................................................................................
Isobel Plummer N0701811 Word Count: 7982
CONtents CONTENTS INTRODUCTION
1.1 Intoduction ............................................................................................ 01 1.2 Rationale .............................................................................................. 01 1.3 Aims and Objectives ............................................................................. 04
LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 06 2.2 Beyond Binary In Context..................................................................... 06 2.2.1 Consumer Vulnerabilities......................................................... 06 2.2.2 The Market System ................................................................. 07 2.2.3 Generational Changes ............................................................ 07 2.3 Are We Sure It’s a Good Thing? ........................................................... 09 2.3.1 Integrated Stystems ................................................................ 09 2.3.2 Perpetuating Confusion .......................................................... 09 2.4 It’s Nothing New .................................................................................. 10 2.4.1 Other Cultures ........................................................................ 10 2.4.2 The Makeup Industry .............................................................. 11 2.5 Conflict and Strain ................................................................................ 11 2.5.1 Stereotypes ............................................................................ 11 2.5.2 The Fear of the Feminine ......................................................... 13 2.6 Nature Vs. Nurture .............................................................................. 14 2.7 Individualistic Values ............................................................................ 14 2.8 Research Gaps ..................................................................................... 15
METHODOLOGY 3.1 Overview ............................................................................................. 18 3.2 Sample Group ...................................................................................... 18 3.3 Secondary Research ............................................................................. 19 3.4 Primary Research ................................................................................. 20
3.4.1 Online Questionnaire ............................................................ 20 3.4.2 Focus Groups ........................................................................ 20 3.4.3 Assisted Shopping Trips ........................................................ 21 3.4.4 In-Depth Interviews .............................................................. 22 3.4.5 Inustry Interviews ................................................................ 23 3.5 Limitations ........................................................................................... 24
DISCUSSION 4.1 Chapter 1: Attitudes and Beliefs .......................................................... 26 4.1.1 The Pivotal Mind-set .............................................................. 26 4.1.2 Subconscious Thinking & Behaviour In Action ....................... 29 4.1.3 Case Study: ‘Agender’, Selfridges ........................................ 32 4.2 Chapter 2: Consumer Spending & Identity ............................................ 36 4.2.1 Fashion as a Tool to Express ................................................. 36 4.2.2 The Empowered Consumer ................................................... 39 4.2.3 Case Study: The Phluid Project ............................................. 44
CONCLUSIONS 5.1 Critical Reflections ............................................................................... 47 5.2 Recommendations ............................................................................... 47 5.2.1 Gender Unguided ................................................................. 47 5.2.2 Expressive Unisex ................................................................ 47 5.2.3 Indentity Driven Marketing .................................................. 48 5.2.4 Personal Organisation .......................................................... 49
REFERENCES 6.1 References .......................................................................................... 51 6.2 Bibliography........................................................................................ 53 6.3 Image References................................................................................ 57 6.4 Fig References ..................................................................................... 60 6.5 Appendix ............................................................................................ 62 6.5.1 Blank Survey......................................................................... 62 6.5.2 Survey Results ...................................................................... 64 6.5.3 Focus Groups ........................................................................ 74 6.5.4 Assisted Shopping Trips & In-depth Interviews ..................... 81 6.5.5 Industry Interviews .............................................................. 88 6.5.6 Consent Forms ...................................................................... 89 6.5.7 Gantt Chart .......................................................................... 92 6.5.8 Customer Segmentation Model ............................................ 93 6.5.9 PESTLE .................................................................................. 94
Intro INTRO -Duction 2.1 Introduction The following report revolves around the research question “How Do
Changing Views of Gender Impact the Fashion Industry’s Ability To Segment Demographically?� wherein it will first identify themes within the topic and examine existing research. Primary research will then assist in the bridging of gaps that emerged when reviewing literature, the results of which will be critically reflected upon and utilized to formulate insights which can be used by marketers within the future of the fashion industry. Ultimately, the report will advise with springboard opportunities. need to be considered and investigated for 1.2 future strategies on how best to approach Rationale the topic. The gender binary and whether it is a sufficient system in the modern world has been a hot topic in recent years, as dialogues open about what gender even means with terms such as transgender and non-binary coming into the limelight and questioning cultural norms and expectations. Debates exist within everything from gender neutral toilets to the importance of full representation, with key controversies existing in how the world separates and categorises humans and whether this can continue to be based upon a binary method. This reinvention of what we know about gender has therefore spurred the investigation of this topic as it is clear further research is required to delve deep into what this means for the fashion industry and where it can go next, as conflicting opinions are very prominent and so
1.3 Aims and Objectives The aim of this research is to determine how fashion can approach the subject of gender in the future, with investigations focusing on the industry’s ability to segment with binary methods. To identify perceptions of gender and how they inform individual ideas of identity and expression. To investigate how these perceptions of gender effect desires and purchasing behaviours To make considerations toward other
factors influencing consumer views and needs surrounding gender expression; such as generational mind-sets and levels of importance placed on individuality. To assess how the fashion environment is currently satisfying consumer desires and how ideas have evolved To consider the opposing perceptions and possible limitations of reaching a gender-less society To revise current methods of segmentation and categorisation within the fashion landscape, and evaluate how perceptions of gender might influence the future of demographics in marketing
LIT - review 2.1 Introduction To support the current research exploration,
evaluation of existing literature is imperative to produce a thorough and relevant study as “the production of new knowledge is fundamentally dependent on past knowledge [...] it generates ideas, helps form significant questions, and [is] instrumental in the process of research design” (O’leary, 2010, pp.71-72). Therefore, the literature review serves to assess key concepts as well as investigate the scientific research, psychology and statistics which reflect consumer mind-sets and human nature; both evolving and fundamentally ingrained. Throughout this, the many theories will be sorted into reoccurring themes and the findings will be discussed to assess the impact this will impose on the fashion industry, whilst additionally highlighting the limitations, challenges and opposing views. Together, these methods of discussion will assist in the discovery of research gaps and opportunities.
2.2 Beyond Binary In Context 2.2.1 Consumer Vulnerabilities The gender binary is “the view that humans comprise of only two types of beings, men and women” (Hyde et al., 2018, p.1) and is a social custom that impacts the market system. For example, product design, retail space, and even entire stores can be gendered (McKeage, Crosby, and Rittenburg, 2017). According to
Barker, Gentry and Rittenburg’s theory (see Mckeage, Crosby and Rittenburg, 2017, p.74), this binary method creates vulnerability as advantages are given for some consumers and disadvantages for others. These vulnerabilities are preserved as the idea that men and women are fundamentally different is instilled; “for genderqueer consumers this can invalidate their identity as they do not identify with either. Transgender consumers also struggle,
as they might not fit society’s expectations of what a man or woman “should” be or look like. The lack of acknowledgement that there are multiple ways to be male or female makes transgender individuals feel unwelcome and uncomfortable in gendered retail spaces.” (McKeage, Crosby and Rittenburg, 2017, Pp.80-81).
Therefore, control is taken away from the consumer, with groups being limited or excluded, and this is something that holds potential to be resolved within the market system. NPD (see WGSN, 2015) has stated that retailers “could benefit from moving past the old-fashioned store layouts once designed to comply with increasingly outdated notions of gender” however, they fail to provide quantitative proof that shoppers would purchase more, and so there are clear research gaps in this instance that the current research should aim to bridge.
2.2.2 The Market System The binary system, however, is heavily relied upon within marketing, as dividing consumers demographically allows for specific targeting of those who share similar needs and characteristics (Posner, 2015), and since gender is traditionally one of the most recognisable markers of identity, this is often used to split groups and understand consumers. This allows for many efficiencies for marketers, as there is recognition that the sexes are shaped differently (Rumsey, 2015), and so division assists in the economy of scale, as catering to a niche market can be expensive (McKeage, Crosby, and Rittenburg, 2017). Additionally, traditional consumers need to know where they are in a space “they need to know that the product on offer is ‘for them’ and they can browse with confidence” (Rumsey, 2015) and this is something that is permitted by the binary system and some would argue it works effectively for most consumers and marketers alike; both in terms of cost and time benefits. Opposing this, however, is the theory that retail needs to constantly evolve in an increasingly fickle fashion environment and minimal effort is required for most retailers to incorporate unisex offerings, especially if they already cater to men and women (Bosanac, 2016; The Business of Fashion and McKinsey & Co., 2018).
2.2.3 Generational Changes According to GLAAD (2017), recent years have been marked by “a remarkable new era of understanding and acceptance among young people who increasingly reject traditional labels”. This is a sentiment that is recurring, Future Laboratory (2016, p.23) for example details that Gen Z is prominent and will “conduct a global bonfire of traditional consumer certainties. Long accepted understandings about identity, gender and status will be ripped apart by these constantly connected, visually precocious teens to be re-assembled in intriguing and inspiring new patterns of purchase and engagement.” Quantifiable evidence is seen, as JWT Intelligence (Laughlin, 2016) found that Gen Z strongly agree
that gender does not define a person as much as it used to, whilst GLAAD’s (2017) survey shows the relevance of Millennials over older generations “12% of Millennials identify as transgender or gender non-conforming, meaning that they do not identify with the sex they were assigned at birth or their gender expression is different from conventional expectations of masculinity and femininity – doubling the number of transgender and gender non-conforming people reported by Gen X.” These factors combined demonstrate increasing fluidity and calls into question gender’s suitability as a segmentation device. The ‘Activist Culture’ trend, detailed in the Future Thinking report, further showed increasing need for brands to align with consumer values, with this, overhauling elements of the marketing system will inevitably “put strain on resources and budgets” (Adams, 2017), however, evidence also shows that it is necessary for targeting these generations who “control $44 billion in direct purchasing power […] [and will] go away if you’re not aligned with them from a values perspective” (Adams, 2017), this is proven by how non-gender-specific brands are reporting double-digit growth in a challenging market (Future Laboratory, 2016, p.22) whilst gendered products face growing backlash (Jones, 2015). Although traditional consumers may contest changes, one theory presents this as natural and not to be limiting “fashion and censorship have always been in conflict; the volatile, experimental nature of fashion often triggers off a hostile reaction from moralists against a new length, a new look, a new style, etc. Yet in the end the perverse mechanism of how fashions spread actually produces the opposite effect: a condemnation, not of the new, but of the old, whereby what is out of fashion becomes the butt of social censure” (Calefato, 2004, P.20). The results displayed, however, do have a lack of qualitative insights which would help to establish specific approaches that would be well-received by these generations. There is also a lack of direct relevance to the fashion industry, as the results are broad and only show mind-sets overall.
2.3 Are We Sure It’s a Good Thing? 2.3.1 Integrated Stystems Individualism is interpreted by Beck (see Genov, 2015) as “liberating but simultaneously risk ridden, due to the rise of social complexity and responsibilities requiring reflexivity and sophisticated practical responses.” This relates to the increasing complexities moving beyond a binary system will create for industries and factors that would need to be considered. Additionally, Genov (2015) makes the point that “if individual efforts do not bring about the desired outcomes, then feelings of disorientation and helplessness tend to provoke reactions, such as meaningless vandalism. If the feeling of disorientation and helplessness is widespread, then social mechanisms of crowd building tend to multiply the destructive energy.” Thus, potential for social pathologies exist if individual’s expectations are not practical, as there is “a difficult relationship between individualisation and the observation of moral and legal norms of community life” (Genov, 2015), thus, developments of integrated systems must occur to accommodate individualism. Moreover, with greater freedom of choice comes a conflict of personal autonomy and communal life, as pursuing individual achievement can create competition as well as bear cost to interpersonal relationships (Ogihara and Uchidia, 2014). This further demonstrates the need for developed systems and core values, as the study by Ogihara and Uchidia (2014) demonstrated how individualistic values did not alter the social relationships of those in Westernised countries, whereas within traditionally collectivist societies, like Japan, negative effects occurred. Reasoning for this includes values and behavioural strategies not being fostered over periods of history. This study exhibits how there may be potential drawbacks of individualistic ideas, and considerations need to be made toward societal type when deciding geography.
2.3.2 Perpetuating Confusion A study by Littman (2018) revealed that more young people are experiencing symptoms of gender dysphoria because of peer influence and being exposed to beliefs online. It is possible to denote from this that increased media exposure causes confusion amongst those who would have otherwise been happy in their birth-assigned gender. However, numerous flaws exist in the validity of this study as it was based on parents rather than the gender-dysphoric themselves, as well as being biased toward groups, and therefore cannot be said to be representative of the general population (The Conversation, 2018). Littman’s study is also reminiscent of views once taken about homosexuality in that it is contagious; an idea which “pushes the rhetoric of fear, anger and disgust” (Russo, 2006). However, this view is still taken by many and so should not be ignored, as some have rational reasons for not wanting young people to question their gender, as 45% of young transgender people have attempted suicide (Fisher, 2018), making it understandable that parents do not want their children to follow suit. Alternatively, it can also be argued that these statistics show the importance of young people to feeling acceptance within society, and that decreased stereotypes and stigma allows individuals to understand inner turmoil at a younger age, which reduces confusion rather than perpetuates it (The Conversation, 2018).
2.4 It’s Nothing New 2.4.1 Other Cultures Other cultures evidence gender neutrality as not a contemporary phenomenon, for instance, the Hijra is “an institutionalised third gender role in India, [and] is ‘neither male or female’” (Nanda, 1986, p. 35), whilst Polynesia is tolerant toward effeminate males where the Fa’fafine are a third recognised identity (Vasey and Bartlett, 2007, p.484). A study conducted by Vasey and Bartlett (2007, p.488) determines through analysis of Fa’fafine, in their accepting environment, that “distress is not caused by cross-gender behaviour and identity, but rather
exists as a secondary product of social condemnation” which argues that gender variant individuals can exist without distress if their environment is accepting. Sweden is also notable, with their gender-neutral pronoun ‘hen’ and their “1998 ban on teachers from talking about gender stereotypes” (Abraham, 2017) which allows children to grow up less reliant on rigid gender socialisation. Studies have additionally found that this structure is working; Shutts (et al.,2017) determined that “children at the gender-neutral school scored lower on a gender stereotyping measure [and] more willing to play with unfamiliar other-gender children” showing early socialisation can impact acceptance and gender roles. Ultimately, by looking to these other cultures it allows for visualisation of the effects of gender-neutral ideology before implementation and proves the concept is not a western fad, but something the UK is catching up to.
2.4.2 The Makeup Industry Regarding being up to date with gender movements, fashion is a trailblazer in comparison to beauty. Makeup brands have had a revitalisation in their advertising as many adjusted their message to include men; making stereotypically feminine products, genderless. This feat shows reducing gender segments is something that can effectively be implemented, a fact proven by big brands struggling to achieve 5% growth, whilst challengers grow collectively at 16% (The Business of Fashion and McKinsey & Co., 2018, P.75), as moving away from traditional models entices consumers. Therefore, this has potential to be translated to the fashion industry with similar effect, especially considering fashion and beauty together placed top of a list of industries for which incorporating gender issues was appropriate (JWT Intelligence, 2016), validating fashion’s relevance in the category.
2.5 Conflict and Strain 2.5.1 Stereotypes Stereotypes are an established concept that induce expectations within gender categories, a theory by Rudman and Glick (2008, p.132-133) suggests that these are cyclically reinforced as “men and women behave in ways that validate the perceived legitimacy of gender prescriptions as rules for behaviour.” Therefore, although many consider gendered behaviour fundamentally ingrained, psychological theory places stereotypes as socially produced, this raises the discussion of gender role conflict and strain (GRCS), which exists in the way that individuals may desire stereotype deviation but are constrained and face struggle (O’Neil, 1981, p.204). This struggle manifests in the form of backlash and plays a strong role in the stereotype reinforcement, as fear of backlash develops and stereotypes become self-fulfilling (Rudman and Glick, 2008, p.145). Figs 1 and 2 visually demonstrate these processes. These factors consequently serve to hold back individuals from rejecting stereotypes or else induce negative effects for those who do. Nevertheless, increasing awareness of GRCS stimulates gender role revaluation and the learning that stereotypes emanate from early socialisation induces a desire to break away from expectations, however, this can still be hard to integrate for individuals who have never had to challenge their behaviour. It can be denoted, therefore, that early socialisation is significant for individuals to be able to rid themselves of gender stereotypes, this is supported by the findings within the Swedish school study (Shutts, et al, 2017).
Fear of the Feminine
Much of stereotypical male bahviour may be aggressive, but their clothing is defensive
(Paoletti, 2015, p.164)
Barriers to overcoming stereotypes are additionally different between men and women, as men particularly struggle to integrate revaluation because of extra layers of potential backlash. Included is the stigma of being mislabelled as homosexual (Rudman and Glick, 2008, p.175), something more easily threatened to men than women, who ‘cross dress’ in pants and suits easily. Rudman and Glick’s (2008, p.175) theory for this is that it is because women as a class have lower prestige and so men displaying feminine characteristics drop status,
whereas women may feel proud of masculinity because it uplifts status. Added to this is ‘masculine mystique’ theory (O’Neil, 1981, p.205) which is a set of values and beliefs that define optimal masculinity (fig3) which men have been socialised to hold themselves up to. Therefore, a fear of the feminine develops, showing reason as to why men are additionally restricted, and to why masculinity, and not femininity, is presented as default in clothing. Overall, these factors present obstacles in eradicating gender categories, however the PESTLE shows recent movements which have potential to reduce these factors, such as an increasing critique of ‘toxic masculinity’, which begins to break down restrictions for men and shows demand for brands to help detoxify masculinity, and diversify the narrative around what it means to be a man in 2018 and beyond (The Future Laboratory, 2018) Therefore, gaps exist for updated analysis of men in the context of gendered clothing.
2.6 Nature Vs. Nurture Although nature vs. nurture is a commonly contested debate, social psychologists state this is a false dichotomy (Goldhill, 2018) with research confirming it is a mixture. This is an important factor to note as it goes against leftist narratives that paint gender as an entirely malleable construct. However, gender having basis in biology does not imply a strict gender binary, in fact it allows the gender binary to be discounted as scientists have found huge variation in gender differences (Goldhill, 2018). Confirmation comes from biologists, as new scientific information refutes assumptions that men and women are intrinsically different, as “distributions for men and women on different brain features are overlapping, and internal consistency across features within individuals is rare. Thus, human brains are not internally
consistent male-typical and female-typical features. Instead, most human brains are a mosaic of these features” (Hyde, et al., 2018). It is conceivable to therefore denote that biological differences (nature) can determine gender identity, but culture and stereotypes (nurture) influence the way this is expressed and gendered associations. Fig 4 further visualises this concept of sex, gender, and gender expression being separate forces that don’t inherently have to align and demonstrates how the division of humans into binary gender categories does not make sense in all domains.
2.7 Individualistic Values One of the key aspects of individualism is greater freedom of choice, where individuals prioritise their own goals and have the option to make decisions based on values and emotion rather than
pure functionality (Goodwin, Ackerman and Kiron, 2013). This growing ability to choose means individual autonomy, without the constraints of traditional norms, and a culture that encourages self-actualisation. A main way this has manifested is how “66% of millennials and teens ages 13-
33 think being the same as everyone is boring” boringÓ(YPulse, (YPulse, 2018) 2016) which shows a clear individualistic valvaluptake in individualistic ues with a break away from conformity. This is particularly Òfashion provides relevant as “fashion one of the most ready means through which individuals can visual statestatemake expressive visual about their their identities” identitiesÓ ments about (Bennett, 2015, p.95) and so this mindmindindividuals employ this clothing choices. choices. set through clothing This trend toward toward self-expresself-expression and uniqueness being an aim pushes the hypothesis that more inthe world world isisbecoming becoming more dividualistic, however this also individualistic, however this indicates that a culture that also indicates that a culture recognises human that recognises humandiversity, diversioffers options ty, offers optionsand and respects choices is needed to follow (Paoletti, 2015, p.170). This is something that the gender binary currently restricts as all open to to everyeveryoptions are not open one; Jo Paoletti (2015, p.166) presents this as an ideal possibilÒConsider “Consider the the possibilities if our wardrobes reflected the full range of choices available to each each of us. Imagine that we we dressed to express our inner selves and our our locations not as fixed but flexible. Imagine a consumer culture so so reresponsive that no one felt excluded or shamed.Ó shamed.”
traditional consumpconsumpof options, options, howhow- ing from traditional This widening of ever, can can also also result result in in neganega- tion patterns because of this ever, tives as as consumers become influx of choice coupled with tives more materialistic, as goals internet savvy behaviours behaviours (Or(Ormore of expression expression become tied to dun, 2015) making them more of possessions. There There is a strong picky about aboutwho who give possessions. theythey give their correlation to these ideals retheir money to (Siewart, 2017). correlation to these ideals re- money to (Siewart, 2017). As sulting ininlowered lowered well-being, a result, sulting well-being, a As a result, theythey areare alsoalso lessless ina study Kasser(et (et al, al, 2014) fluenced by ‘push’ advertisingstudy bybyKasser for example example discovered that but tisinginstead but instead are responfor are responsive to as individuals placed higher sive to peer-to-peer marketing as peer-to-peer marketing “tovalue on materialism, their Ò todayÕconsumers sconsumers won’t wonÕt be value day’s well-being, self-esteem self-esteem and and rere- ÒsoldÓ; be seen, seen, well-being, “sold”; they they want to be lationships suffered. suffered. CombatCombat- known, and respected Ð lationships – and ting this this however are articles only those marketers and and rereting suggesting that that millennial millennial concon- tailers that invest invest in in relationrelationsuggesting sumers are actually spending ships through empathy, deep sumers less within this individualistic understanding and insight will less and insight society, and and instead instead are are divertdivert- will prevailÓ (Ordun, 2015).2015). society, prevail” (Ordun,
2.8 Research Gaps Throughout the literature review, sever-
al research gaps and opportunities for further exploration have been identified where appropriate, however, overall it is clear that the research is lacking in data created with both gender and the fashion industry in mind, therefore further research will be able to bring these elements together within the methods and questions selected for more specifically relevant data. Fur-thermore, it is evident that the research has been overly reliant on quantitative data and so to strengthen understanding and bridge knowledge gaps the research will benefit from more indepth qualitative insights. This is specifically apparent in relation to individual’s specific experiences in relation to the fashion envi-ronment and how gender categorisation impacts this, in addition to establishing precise desires with consideration to intersecting factors of individualistic values impacting the future of unisex fashion. Finally, the literature has been particularly strong in identifying potential obstacles of genderless fashion and so it will also be of high importance to expand upon the theories preÔfear of the feminine’, feminineÕ, and investigate how sented, such as the ‘fear they apply in current cultural climates, as well as to understand how these elements may be approached for optimal results.
METHOD - OLOGY
research methods methods were were carried carried out out throughthrough3.1 Overview Both primary and secondary research
out the duration of this project, ensuring wide scope and a well-rounded study which assists and validates insights gained. Throughout this a mixed-method triangulation (fig5) approach was utilised wherein quantitative, qualitative, and a literature review were used to certify a deep understanding of the subject matter as well well as as to to “allow Òallow the the limitations limitations from from each each methmethod to be transcended by comparing findings from different perspectives” (Graham, 2005). corresponds with closely the objectives previously laid Additionally, each research method corresponds an with objective which allowed the study out, which focused, allowed this the study to remain focused. to remain is indicated by colour code below the discussion of each method.
3.2 Sample Group The secondary research findings suggested that Gen Z and Millennials were that were the the most most influential generations within the category with much dispute between findings over who has the most impact, therefore the primary research will cross both mary both generations generations with focus upon what is being deemed being deemed the the Ôpi votalÕ generation; ‘pivotal’ generation; aa combination combination of of the the two young generations which share two share more more in in common than those older or younger correspondingly, this will include ages ranging bespondingly, tween 18-28 with cut-off points tween points being being chosen chosen in accordance with the secondary research in secondary research findings. This age selection will ensure the results are more pertinent to results to the the research research topic as older groups are not as topic as relevant relevant to to movements surrounding gender and It will movements It will
also allow scope scope for for consideration consideration toward toward those just coming of age age and and beginning beginning to to hold higher spending power within the fashion environment, with below below 18 18 participants participants discounted due to the confines of cost, time and resources. Furthermore, men and women women will will both both be be analysed, with a focus on how the participants personally identify, as well as Non-binary people for aa broad broad and and encompassing encompassing study, this will be be particularly particularly pertinent pertinent to to evaluate the experiences of of those those who who do do not subscribe to the gender binary. The rabebe kept in tio of of non-binary non-binaryparticipants participantswill will kept accordance withwith thatthat of their male andand fein accordance of their male male counterparts as as although this this doesdoes not female counterparts although not reflect population norms, it is deemed appropriate for this as criteria for most appropriate for study, this study, as criteria participants included them for participants included themfalling fallinginto into the the
innovator and early adopter categories for forward-thinking insight (fig_ displays the consumer segmentation model). Participants were additionally selected through multiple multiple methods, methods, including including online forums, emailing, social media media and and print print advertisements, to comply with strength strength of of weak weak ties theory (Granovetter, 1973) by by going going beyond beyond individuals personally known for aa reduction reduction in in bias. *Where in-person contact was made with participants they *Where in-person contact was made with participants they were asked to give a 4 digit unique identifier, for which they will be referred to for the duration of the study, to preserve will be referred to for the duration of the study, to preserve their anonymity. anonymity. their
3.3 Secondary Research Multitudes of secondary sources were analysed to conduct a thorough literature review which allowed for information already available on the subject to be understood and highlight key themes for further research. These sources included peer-reviewed journals, books, trend reports and articles which allowed for a comprehensive look into a range of statistics, studies, experiences, and debates surrounding the subject matter which additionally reduced bias by including considerations toward the negative effects in addition to the positive. Reviewing secondary sources such as these permitted access to large-scale investiprevented within the primary research. A draw back, however, is not being able to guarantee the conditions in which the data was collated, and so unsuitable sources were aimed to be discounted by assessing validity of the year published, location, credibility of the publisher and reason it was published (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2009, p.276). Additional secondary sources included art exhibitions, podcasts, documentaries, brand websites, social media and blogs for a macro-view of the topic, and although a limitation is that they often include high levels of bias and lack of supporting data they also allow for more culturally relevant considerations and understanding of new mindsets, and thus are still important for gaining insight if combined and backed up with other types of data (Kiecolt, 1986).
3.4 Primary Research 3.4.1 Online Questionnaire The first primary research method chosen is the online bridge online questionnaire, this method aimed to bridge some some gaps gaps the the secondary secondary research research highlighted, highlighted, with is up to date and relevant with qualitative qualitativedata datathat that is up to date and relto bothtofashion and gender. This method was seevant both fashion and gender. This method lected becausebecause online questionnaires provide one was selected online questionnaires proof the most efficient ways of collecting responses from a large sample group (Saunders, Lewis and responses from a large sample group (Saunders, Thornhill, p.361) and so was used to gain Lewis and2009, Thornhill, 2009, p.361) and so was aused broad collation of viewpoints specifically to gain a broad collation of and viewpoints and uncover attitudes. By using this method it also al-lows for quantifiable data which can be used to examine relationships between variables, be used to examine relationships between such varias age such or gender for thorough analysis ables, as ageidentity, or gender identity, for thorof phenomena (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, ough analysis of phenomena (Saunders, Lewis 2009, p.362). 2009, p.362). and Thornhill, This method, however, is imperfect in that it does does not not allow allow for for much much further further explanation explanation or reasoning not soning behind answers therefore insights are not easily easily gained gained by by using using this this method alone, therefore linked to qualitative apfore this thismethod methodhas hasbeen been linked to qualitative proaches to understand attitudes rather thanthan just approaches to understand attitudes rather relying on statistics alone. just relying on statistics alone. The questionnaire ultimately gained 275 responses; 110 females andand 55 es; comprising comprisingofof110 110males, males, 110 females non-binary or ‘other’, across the 18-28 range. 55 non-binary or ÔotherÕ , across the age 18-28 age This high response rate increases confidence in thedata and will allow understanding dencecollected, in the data collected, andforwill allow for unabout attitudes and behaviours. One limitation, derstanding about attitudes and behaviours. O ne however, gaining thegaining same level of responses limitation,was however, was the same level of from non-binary as their maleas and feresponses from respondents non-binary respondents their male because of thebecause confinesof of the the male counterparts, and female counterparts, online survey programme used in setting a quota, as well a asquota, restrictions of cost and time in setting as well as restrictions ofaccessing cost and certain Thecertain numbers achieved time in groups. accessing groups. The however, numbers will be suitable in will understanding theunderstandbeliefs of achieved however, be suitable in each group and further methods ensure methods equality ing the beliefs of each group and further amongst genderamongst identities.gender identities. ensure equality
3.4.2 Focus Groups Focus groups allowed expansion on topics
touched upon in the questionnaire, questionnaire, with with disdiscussion involving the the presence presence of of multiple multiple participants enabling aa breadth breadth of of points pointsofof view to emerge; “adynamic dynamic group group can reÒa can generate generateoror spond totoa number of ideas and and evalrespond a number of ideas uate them, thus helping you toyou explain evaluate them, thus helping to or explore concepts. You are You alsoare likeexplain or explore concepts. ly to benefit from the opportunity to that this method providesprovides in termsinof tunity to that this method allowing your participants to consider terms of allowing your participants to points raised otherby group consider pointsbyraised othermembers group and to challenge another’s views” members and to one challenge one an(Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, otherÕ s viewsÓ (Saunders, Lewis 2009, and p.346). 2009, p.3 46). Thornhill,
unworn outfits to which participants were asked to describe who who the the person person might mightbe be who would would wear wearit,it,this this was written down was written down inindividually for uninfluenced thoughts, anddiscussion was subsequentlyinvited, invited,ininwhich which cussion was subsequently participants were encouraged encouraged to to bounce bounce off one another and challenge challenge initial initial biasbiases. Secondly, participants were were shown shown camcampaign images and and videos videos and anddialog dialogensued ensued to understand specific likes and dislikes per what brands have have already already done done regarding regarding gender and of these taskstasks were andfashion. fashion.Each Each of these deemed effective due todue their visual were deemed effective to use theirofuse of material and prompts which allows spontanevisual material and prompts which allows ity in reactions for accurate results. results. spontaneity in reactions for accurate
are also also limited, limited, however, however, inin Focus groups are that there is is the the possibility possibility of of participants participants dominating conversation and and inhibiting inhibiting othothers, this may may negatively negatively affect affect results, results, as as ideas may publically, butbut primay be beagreed agreedwith with publically, vately disagreed with, therefore giving inacprivately disagreed with, therefore giving curate datadata (Stokes andand Bergin, 2006). To inaccurate (Stokes Bergin, 2006). avoid this this situation, care care was taken in groupTo avoid situation, was taken in ing individuals as wellasaswell in controlling group grouping individuals as in controlling discussion for equal group discussion for input. equal input.
3.4.3 Assisted Shopping Trips
within the The focus focus groups groupswere wereundertaken undertaken within 18-28 sample and and comprised of 1 of male, 1 fethe 18-28 sample comprised 1 male, andand 2 non-binary or other participants 1male female 2 non-binary or other particieach achieve a balanced discussion involvpantsto each to achieve a balanced discussion ing multiple viewpoints without without any one any geninvolving multiple viewpoints der another another so intimidaone group genderoutnumbering group outnumbering so tion would not ensue. intimidation would not ensue. The first focus group involved semi-structured discussion, with key themes themes decided decided beforebeforehand to guide guide the the conversation conversation and and gain gain usable insights. The The themes themes were were decided decided based both upon the secondary findings as the questionnaire, questionnaire, with with the the central central well as the aim being to to explore explore the the reasoning reasoning behind behind behaviour. This process process relied relied upon upongaining gaining conscious perceptions of of gender gender and and the the fashion environment as as well well as as individuals individuals experiences and ideas, ideas, where where participants participants could easily react react to to one one another another and andwere were encouraged to justify justify their their opinions opinions and and challenge others’. othersÕ . second focus focus group group was was activity activity based based The second and designed to to uncover uncover both bothconscious consciousand and unconscious attitudes within the the participants. participants. The first activity involved visual prompts of
Assisted shopping shopping trips tripsmeant meantthat that unanan underderstanding of individualÕs behaviour could standing of individual’s behaviour could occur, and gain a first-hand look at how gen-der divisions impact this this to to learn learn things things the the participants themselves may be unaware unaware of. of. The shopping trip involved involved uninterrupted uninterrupted obobservation as aa participant participant shopped shoppedfollowed followed by a challenged activity, activity, as as after after the the initial initial observation the participant participant was was instructed instructed to shop in a way way that that would would take take them them out out of their normal habits. habits. With With this, this, reactions reactions to the task were noted and put put gender gender exexin practice and and not just pectations to to the thetest test in practice not theory. just theory. This method is advantageous advantageous as as itit perpermits the study to go beyond beyond what what parparticipants say they do do and and looks looks at at what what
they actually inactually do, do,which whichhelps helps crease validity. One threat to this, increase validity. O ne threat to however, is the is‘observer effect’ this, however, the Ôobse r ver (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, effectÕ (Saunders, Lewis and 2009, p.309), the presThornhill, 2009,meaning p.309), meaning ence of the observer may induce the presence of the observer may behaviour changes in thein parinduce behaviour changes the ticipant. ThisThiswas be participant. wasaimed aimed to be by employing employing minimal minimal overcome by interaction during the first task, interhowever in the second task internecessary which which may may action was necessary limit results, however however rapport rapport with participants participants was was established established obbefore the task to normalise obpresence, which which RobsonÕs Robson’s server presence, strategy of of habituation habituation (2005) strategy apprehensuggests to wear off apprehension. completed individindividThe trip was completed 2 women, women, 22 men men and and ually by 2 non-binary participants. participants. This This 2 non-binary selection is desirable desirable as as each each
gender category is equally studied and and can can be or similarities similarities be analysed for differences or against information collected in the the online online questionnaire and focus group methods.
3.4.4 In-Depth Interviews In-depth interviews followed followed the the assisted assisted shopping trip to gain insight into into why why parparticipants way they they did did and and ticipants behaved the way understand their thoughts thoughts post-task. post-task. This This method was engaged due due to to its its ability ability toto use probing questions which which leads leads to tomore more revealing information (Saunders, (Saunders, Lewis Lewis and Thornhill, 2009, 2009, p.196). p.196). The Thequestions questions were unstructured as as the the assisted assistedshopping shopping trip stimuli, and and so sointerviews interviews trip provided the stimuli, were flexible to each participant, which is essential for open conversation and and insight. insight. Simultaneously, this this also also limits limitsthe theability ability generaliseabout aboutthe thepopulation populationand and to to generalise leads to concerns about reliability reliability (Saun(Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2009, 2009, p.327), p.327),
however, as a multi-method research approach has been used the information is still valid and can assist in the explanation of other results produced.
3.4.5 Industry Interviews outout to gain ex2 industry industry interviews interviewswere werecarried carried to gain pert insight; the first was with Trishna Daswaney, founder of ‘Kohl Kreatives’,, where understanding Kohl Kreatives was gathered about factors of gender and and self-exself-expression impacting industries, as well as allowing
for opportunity to look beyond the fashion industry industryforfor comparative comparative results resultstotobeauty beautyindustry industry initiatives. initiatives. The second interview involved a spokesperson from gender-neutral brand ‘One DNA’, DNA , which gave the opportunity to comprehend the realities of a store which takes on gender issues whilst gathering gathering relrelevant first-hand knowledge of con-sumers in this realm.
difficult to obtain, and so the posthe possibility exists that profound sibility exists that profound exploexploration is restricted in area, this area, ration is restricted in this as as additional interviewswould would have additional interviews given deeper understanding. This has been attempted to be made up for, however, within the case study study research which investigates brand examples using reliable secondary secondary sources to develop comprehension in this way.
Both interviews were conducted via email, which can be argued to be limiting as questions were open to interpretation and did not allow for further probing based on answers given. However, this method was also recognised as the most efficientcient to way of interviewing way interview industry industry profesprofessionals timecost andobstacost sionals due todue timetoand obstacles onsides, both whilst sides, still whilst still cles on both having having the toability to be advantathe ability be advantageous in geous in prkey ovidperspectives. ing key perspectives. providing
It is additionally important to note r isis being ‘non-binary’ being used as an umbrella term that covers identities that fall falloutside outsideof of ‘male’ or for ‘female’ which inadvertently has powhich inadvertently has potential tential to overlook individual differto overlook individual differences ences within the identities thiscovers, term within the identities this term covers, and so generalising is a and so generalising is a potential potential negative negative outcome. outcome. However,Howthis ever, thishas method been chosen method been has chosen due to its due to its efficiencies in providing sight into non-binary identities withthe most insight into non-binary out over-complicating results and identities without over-complicating hindering results andanalysis. hindering analysis.
3.4.6 Limitations Although the specific limitations have been discussed under under the the justijustification of each method, limitations still exist in not being being able able to to guarguarantee honesty or the way in which participants complete complete the the research, research, particularly in the case case of of the the ononline questionnaire a moderaquestionnairewhere where a modtor cannot be present. Despite this, erator cannot be present. Despite the approach ensures this,triangulation the triangulation approach higher of reliability validiensureslevels higher levels of and reliability ty and so results relywill on one and validity andwill so not results not data collection alone. Furrely on one datamethod collection method thermore, another limitation exists alone. Furthermore, another limitain theexists number of number industry of interviews tion in the industry conducted, as responses proved interviews conducted, as responses
DIS -CUSSION CUssion 4.1 Chapter 1: Attitudes and Beliefs 4.1.1 The Pivotal Mind-set
specifically how they viewed the effect of gender markers, most rrespondents opinions. espondents had ‘strong’ r oorr ‘very very strong’ str These results make it clear that individuals are not satisfied categorisation, as as is is quantitatively quantitatively with the effects of gender categorisation, confirmed by 27.1% of respondents expressing that they are more likely to purchase from a store which is inclusive of gender identities beyond their own.
Fig_: Questionnaire Graph
The literature review revealed an abunabundance o off data which suggested suggested millenmillen- Strongly Agree nial and gen ZZ mmind-sets ind-sets wwere ere more Agree open in terms of gender than older age Neither Agree Nor Disagree groups, this openness is consistent in the Disagree results ffound ound iin n the primary research Strongly Disagree survey wwith ith 59.3% holding t the he vview iew that gender gender relates to to internal internal self-idenself-identity, tity, and understanding of gender-based terms terms was was above above 80% 80% across across the the board, board, demonstrating high awareness l levels evels amongst the sample. This knowledge in in the group with the sample g roup coupled w ith beliefs that demonstrate fluidity indicate that values and mind-set are strongly strongly embedembedded, with with the theliterature literaturereview review providproviding ing proof of significance of this finding as it indicates action may required it i ndicates action may be be r equired to to keep consumers board values keep consumers on on board as as values inincreasingly decideppurchase creasingly decide urchase decisions. decisions. Is Not Limits Reinforces Furthermore, when rrelating elating these these bbeeInclusive Expression Stereotypes liefs tto o the fashion environment environment this t his hyhyGender Catergorisation... pothesis cements itself, aass when aasked sked
This is also something that repeatedly within the the peatedly came up within focus discussions; ÒI “I focus group 1 discussions; think [the fashion industry] think industry] need of need to tobecome becomemore moreaware aware gender identities thatthat aren’t justt of gender identities arenÕ male or female because […] just male or female because it’s that that it fosters an an en[É] clear itÕ sclear it fosters vironment that isn’t welcoming environment that isnÕ t welcomand stereoing also and just alsoreinforces just reinforces types in a way” 2018). stereotypes in a(1234, wayÓ (1234, Within this, there 2018). Within this, was therestrong was acknowledgement that non-bistrong acknowledgement that nary and transgender individnon-binary and transgender uals faced additional barriers, individuals faced additional barriers; “it can can be be quite quite intimidatintimidatÒit ing at at times, times,especially especiallyif Iifdon’t know the the shop too I donÕt know shop well because I never know too well because I never ifknow shop ifassistants are gonshop assistants na anything or if I’m aresay gonna say anything gonna be able to use the or if IÕmgonna be able to changing rooms without use the changing rooms people weird being about without being people it, so mostly online weird about Iit,shop so mostly or if I doonline shop instore I shop or if II just do buy and if Iit just doesn’t shopitinstore buy fit it then I return it” (5858, 2018). return itÓ (5858, 201 8). Whilst those identifying within had privilege privilege in the binary had in not consider consider in that they did not these whilst shopping shopping these factors whilst “it’s pretty automatic automatic to to be be Òi tÕ s pretty honest don’tt question question itit honest like I donÕ or or even even think about it” itÓ (0986, 2018), confirming evidence of consumer vulnerabilities. consumer vulnerabilities.
Despite holding holding certain certain priviprivleges, particiileges,male maleand andfemale female parpants were not not completely free ticipants were completely of categorisation based restricfree of categorisation based tions; when breaking it down to restrictions; when breaking it binary only, 56.8% down togroupings binary groupings only, of men of and women felt gender 56.8% men and women felt expectations limit thelimit clothes gender expectations the they look atlook or buy some clothes they at oron buy on level, showing that that many felt some level, showing many boxed in by defelt boxed in categories by categories spite having caters despite havingone one that that caters specifically ‘for them’. This is consistent with what was was found found within focus group 1 because,
as previously stated, these these inindividuals recognised they had decisions made for them and deviation would never be a consideration because of of this. this. Therefore, this makes itit apapparent that categorisation in the fashion industry industry limits limits conconsumers in how how they they purchase, purchase, something which has potential to impede the monetary gain of retailers as they are only selling items to one consumer group.
56.8% of men and women felt gender expectations limit the clothes they look at or buy on some level.
4.1.2 Subconscious Thinking & Behaviour in Action Despite the survey revealing feelings feelings of of rerestriction, there is no denying the resistance in acting on this for male respondents, as 65.4% of women reported reported shopping shopping outoutside of their their section section ‘sometimes’, Ôsom etimesÕ , ‘usually’ Ôusual lyÕ or ‘always’ Ôal waysÕwhereas this this number number falls falls drasdrastically to only 11.8% of of men. men. This This was was nonotably evident when uncovering behaviours within the assisted shopping trips trips and and inindepth interviews that that followed. followed. During During this, this, all male and female participants shopped within their gendered section only during the observation stage, however, when challenged to explore alternative sections the female female participants participants embraced embracedit itunaunbashed whilst abashed whilstthe the male male participants participants were troubled by stepping outside comfort zones and required encouragement; “as Ò assoon as it was me having to shop in that section I ‘this isn’tt rightÕ right’,, which I suppose was like Ô this isnÕ is a bit hypocritical hypocritical of of me” meÓ (9999, (9999, 2018). 2018).
Quotes such as this give insight insight into into how how despite individuals having strong strong beliefs beliefs surrounding gender, when put into into practice practice there isis an values and inaninternal internalstruggle struggleofof values and ternalised expectations that that clashclash and cause internalised expectations and behaviours to not reflect mind-set. reasoning for The literature literaturereview reviewprovides provides reasoning this in the of ‘the fear of theoffeminine’ for this in form the form of Ô the fear the femtheories, which which presents pointspoints as toaswhy inineÕtheories, presents to uptake is slower for men Howwhy uptake is slower for than men women. than women. ever, previous results indicate a desire to be However, previous results indicate a desire free on some level as well that to befrom freethis from this on some levelasasinwell respondents almost unanimously agreed, as in that respondents almost unanimously at 93.1%, people able be to agreed, at that 93.1%, that should people be should wear what they want even if iteven goesif beyond able to wear what they want it goes their gender signifying signifying peer-level beyond theircategory, gender category, threat of backlash low. Nevertheless, this peer-level threat ofis backlash is low. Nevdoes not mean ‘fearnot of the feminine’ not ertheless, this does mean Ô fear ofis the applicable, it does indicate alfeminineÕis instead not applicable, instead itthat does though is beingchange incited isbybeing way inof indicatechange that although mind-set in how masculinity andmasculinity femininity cited by way of mind-set in how are early remains diffiandviewed, femininity aresocialisation viewed, early socialisacult to overcome for men in the sample. This reasoning individuals in the sample.was Thisreiterated reasoningbywas reiterated focus group 1;in focus group 1; by individuals “[it] probably probably would would be a while Ò[it] while bebefore it was normalised, like itit might fore might be the case of mainly effecting be effecting kids kids growing up up now nowrather ratherthan thanpeople peogrowing ple already in ways, their ways, like it already set inset their like it would would justwith helpkids with developing kids developing just help their their sense of iswhat is for men and sense of what for men and what is what is for women” for womenÓ 1 ( 2 3 4, 2 (1234, 018) 2018) therefore, although men currently currently remain remain restricted, change is coming as new generations grow up in a less traditional traditional society society that breaks down stereotypes and and outdated outdated structures, as demonstrated by the PESTLE, and backed up by findings in the Swedish school study (Shutts, et al, al, 2017). 2017). Overall Overall however, these findings suggest the catego-risation of of clothing byby gender is is implicit in gorisation clothing gender implicit the internal struggle participants faced as in the internal struggle participants faced they serve to reinforce subconscious beliefs as they serve to reinforce subconscious beabout gender. liefs about gender.
This follows on to discoveries within focus group 2; activity 1 asked participants to describe the wearer of several outfits wherein, automatically, indiindividuals unanimously went with genders the clothes clothes would would tratraditionally be be associated associated with, with, despite having no indication of who the clothes belonged belonged to to exexcept their own perceptions. This occurred until one participant broke away from the traditional by suggesting a feminine outfit belonged to a man, something which challenged fellow fellow parparticipants ticipants to think about further possibilities. One participant commented commented; “it’s expected that that itÕll it’ll Òi tÕ s expected be be aa girl girl wearing wearing aa skirt, skirt, like like we we all know that we should should be be able able to to wear whatever we want and it isn’t isnÕtas unusual for guys to to be experimenting experimenting a lot more more […] [É] these days but I think that association is still still there” thereÓ(8888, (8888,2019) 2019), making it clear clear that that automatautomatic responses and instinct are strong in participantÕs participant’s initial
items gender gender reactions to an items change once once prescriptions but change challenged to think deeply. Thus, insight is gained in underThus, individuals could could standing that individuals helpbutbut subconsciously not help subconsciously apapply stereotypes, which reply stereotypes, which reveals vealsthey that are theyunaware are unaware of that of their their own implicit roleinin limiting limiting own implicit role them, one one the choices open to them, far to to participant even went as far say they felt “quite Òquite let let down” downÓ themselves for for (4534, 2019) at themselves their initial responses.
4.1.2 Case Study: ‘Agender’, Selfridges SelfridgesÕ ‘Agender’ ÔAgenderÕ is a genSelfridges’ der-neutral retail space completely free of gender direcove tors, with the goal to to Òm “move fashion forward and to reflect the realities of the way way we we live live now” this isis nowÓ (Selfridges, n.d.) this done by the store by going “beyond Òb eyond the concepts of of androgyny androgyny and and unisex unisex to to question question the the innate innate assumptions assumptions that that still still ununderpin derpin gendered gendered clothclothing ing in in the the 21st 21 st century. century. The stripped of The space spaceis is stripped all of merof the all trappings the trappings of chandising; the garments merchandising; the gar[…] are [É] sold are in unbrandments sold in ed bags andbags archive boxunbranded and ares. This uniform chive boxes. Thispackaguniform ing breaks down packaging breaksretail’s down artificial divisions, and thereby democratises it” and thereby democratis(Toogood, n.d.) n.d.) es itÓ T( oogood,
it is able to to keep keep pace pace in in this this way with thatthat no lonwitha asociety society no ger views gender as a binary. longer views gender as a binaImportant to tonote ry. Important note however however is the way the design design of of the the store is monochrome monochrome and and all all clothing is masculine masculine in in shape shape and style, with with designer designer Faye Faye Toogood Toogood commenting commenting ÒI “I donÕ don’tt want a man to be be put put off off from from entering the the space space by by aa pink pink jacketÓ (WGSN, jacket” (WGSN, 2015), 2015), which which suggests that despite despite efforts efforts to remove gender as a factor, gender norms norms are are being being reinforced by by complying complying with with stereotypes that prevent feminine shapes and and colours colours being being worn by men.
It’s an attitude of a generation that is coming through. The boundaries in society are changing.
- (Rumsey, 2015)
demonstrates the the This example demonstrates power the industry has has to to both both build stereotypes stereotypes and and break break them down as the the collection collection serves to make people people think think and question expectations expectations and and perceptions whilst giving giving them them the option to free free themselves themselves from these. With fashion, fashion, as as an industry that prides prides itself itself on being ahead of the curve,
4.1.3 Key Takeaway Insights • There aare beliefs and and v values re strong beliefs alues in rrelation and sstereotypes which elation to gender and tereotypes which groups believe to be restrictive restrictive in in making making them them choose one section or another and having decisions made for them. • Non-binary individuals faced extra layers of difficulty, as changing rooms and fear of judgement from staff and other other customers customers was was a cause inin them altering cause for forconcern concernand andresults results them altertheir behaviour to avoid some some shopping expeing their behaviour t o avoid shopping riences. experiences. • Action in accordance wwith beliefs isis ith beliefs
difficult to integrate, especially for male con-learned sumers, due to subconscious attitudes learned through eearly arly socialisation which serve to rreeare reinforced reinforced strict consumer behaviour and are through systems in the retail environment. • noted as changing changing Cultural events are noted the way gender is viewed gradually as youngyounger iindividuals are able to grow up with less ndividuals g row w ith less rigid gender bounds. • Individuals have aa conscious desire dissociate themselves from from stereotypes but to dissociate can’tt help subconsciously applying ideas ooff canÕ femininity and masculinity according to gengender, thus there is an internal battle for consumconsumers which challenges shopping choices.
4.2 Chapter 2: Consumer Spending & Identity 4.2.1 Fashion as a Tool to Express Within tthe he pprimary rimary rresearch, esearch, i individualistic ndividualistic outlooks were strongly present, as 54.2% 54.2% of of respondents stated tthat most i important hat tthe he most mportant factor when deciding cclothing choice wwas lothing choice as self-expression, this finding is consistent with the hypothesis that iindividuals ndividuals are increasingly craving self-actualisation. This was explored ffurther urther tthroughout hroughout tthe he f focus ocus ggroup roup discussions tto this as as an an o delve deeper iinto nto this influence on purchasing decisions. In focus
group 2 activity 1, for example, example, there there was was aa strong perception that arose wherein an individual’s clothing choice reflected their per-sonality in some way, way, as as themes themes reoccurred reoccurred participantÕsperceptions according within participant’s according to to outfit. Demonstrating this is the consistencies participantÕsdescriptions of the in participant’s the wearer wearer of of outfit 1, which included them being a young man who enjoys clubbing wwith ith sports sports or or gym tendencies. This This phenomenon phenomenon occurred occurred he activity despite articipants throughout tthe despite pparticipants writing down thoughts separately, separately, with with each each participant being able to come up up with with fully fully formed personalities and lifestyles lifestyles based based on on an outfit alone which makes clear the way in which individuals apply stereotypes stereotypes but but also also how clothing is used to to gage gage who who aa person person might be and group group by by personality personality and and not not just gender.
What you wear can communicate to other people who you are in a sense
(1234, 2018)
Focus group 1 provided explanato how individuals individuals apply apply tion as to this to their own purchasing decidescribed sions; one pparticipant articipant described the way they ppurchase urchase aass wanting to “reflect a personal sense of style that shows of s tyle t hat s howswho whoyou are,are, like like I’m IÕm quite laidlaid back you quite and and so Is oprefer justjust chill back I prefer clothing andand rarely chill clothing rarelygo go all outout withwtons of make-up and all ith tons o f makeaccessories every e day up and accessories verybecause that’s thatÕ just snot day because just who not I am. IIam. think whatwhat youyou wear who I think can communicate to other wear can communicate to people who who you you areare in a other people sense” (1234, 2018) in a senseÓ 1 ( 234, 2018) added whilst another added; “someone who who likes likespunk punk Òsomeone
music probably probably dresses music d resses punk,aa skateboarder probpunk, s kateboarder ably wears vans…you probably wears vansÉ youpick clothes based onon what pick clothes based whatyou like,like, andand what youyou likelike is ofyou what dictated by your isten o ften d ictated by ypersonour ality outside of justo fclothes” personality outside just (5858, 2018). clothesÓ (5858, 2018). Thesedescriptions descriptions how These o f of how indi-individualsview view thelink linkbetween between viduals t he personality and and c lothing clothingchoice choice makes itit apparent apparentt hat that self-exself-expression is aa key key factor factorininthe thededecision-making process. process. When Whendisdiscussing tthe factorofofuniqueness uniqueness he f actor participants further further a agreed that greed t hat this was was something something they they considconsidered “there’s definitely a sense that being being different differentisisgood, good,like like no-one wants wants to to be be just justaacloneÓ clone” some (1234, 2 2018). 018). H However, owever, some comments during during i ndividual individuali n-interviews suggested suggested uniqueness uniqueness is is pressure, with words suchasas a a pressure, with w ords s uch ‘boring’ being linked linkedtotos ticking sticking Ôbo ringÕbeing traditionallyw orn worn with c clothes lothes t raditionally by their gender; think styleis isjust just ÒI“I t hink m ymystyle more masculine masculine and and soso more themenÕ men’s sectionprovides provides the s section thatf or form me andI d I onÕt don’t that e and haveaadesire desirefor foranything anything have else,aass boring may else, boringasa that s that be” beÓ (9999, 2018). may (9999, 2018). addresses aaconcern concernwhich which This addresses has tthe toddevelop furhe ppotential otential to evelop f urther aass traditional traditional nnorms reorms aare re r ejected, as consumers may find it increasingly difficult to stand out as wwider becomea vailavailider ooptions ptions become able.
When applying this to participant’s participantÕ s unisex clothing clothing currently, currently, withwiththoughts on unisex in focus group 2, there was an interesting discovery in that users viewed the items as essentials and basics but not something that would be expressive; Òju st because “just becauseIÕm I’mnon-binary non-binary doesnÕt doesn’t mean IÕm I’m completely completely bland, bland, I still still like to dress up or dress down like cis men and women, like androgandrogynous is a cool style and interestinteresting but that isnÕt isn’t the only style that should be available” availableÓ(4534, (4534, 2019). 2019). The insight generated from this is that fashion brands are currently not offering clothing that both provides for multiple genders and is seen to be expressive of styles beyond androgyny, which serves to continually restrict individuals in how they goals. Even Even withwithachieve individualistic goals. ASOSÕ collection, which participants in ASOS’ deemed to be an improvement on what they had previously seen, there was issues highlighted in that styles continued to be masculine only, which incited a continued ÒASOS collection feeling of restriction “ASOS is great in my opinion in that it is unisex clothing that gives us more options than just the basics but I think it is still not quite there in terms of breaking the feminine barrierÓ (4534, 2019). Therefore, widenwidenbarrier” 2019) Therefore, ing options to keep up with individualistic ideals is shown to be key.
Non-binary doesn’t mean I’m completley bland. - (4535, 2019)
The Empowered Consumer
It is important to understand how this self-expressive outlook of the pivotal consumer impacts methods of reaching them; this was was touched upon in the literature review where where online savvy behaviours were highlighted to be a key factor (Ordun, 2015), and so this this acted as a starting point for a deeper understanding of the sample. When probed within focus group 2 about responses toward toward a celebrity image portraying cross-gender dressing, participants wholly agreed that that Ògreat for makthe image was effective and “great ing it more normalisedÓ normalised” (4534, 2019) which suggests celebrity influence is a tool which can further push certain behaviours into into the the spotlight and increase its acceptability. However, when questioned further participants participants didnÕt feel they were personrevealed they didn’t ally impacted by celebrity influence Òwhen own style styleI Igenergen“whenititcomes comes to to my own erally donÕt really look celebrities ally don’t really look to to celebrities It’s ItÕ s normally a combination of Iwho I normally a combination of who follow follow that me make metowant to online online that make want explore explore newasstyles well as from coming new styles well as coming my from own style that I already haveÓ own my style that I already have” (7001, (7001, 2019), 2019) this was a sentiment that was agreed with with unanimously amongst the group and demonstrates a higher inclination toward digital digital platforms impacting purchasing behaviour
and style choices. In addition to this, the finding reflects how these young consumers are less in-fluenced by traditional marketing, but instead are looking looking to to their their peers peers for for inspiration inspiration and and guidance. Through this this way way consumers consumers in in the the group group gain gain Through that old old methods methods are are not not effective effective and and power in that they can personally personally tailor tailor who who they they follow follow and and who influences them with a click of a button followpeople peoplewith withsimilar similarinterests interests and ÒI“I follow and styles as me and sometimes I’ll see styles as me and sometimes IÕll see somesome-
thing tried that IÕll likelike andand try thingnew newbeing being tried that I’ll myselfÓ (70 01, 2019). try myself” (7001, 2019). Despite Despite social social media media additionally additionally being being highhighlighted to be limiting, ÒI follow pretty similar “I follow pretty similar people to myself and itÕ it’s shard hard to to break break away away bubble to to explore explore new new things things from my own little bubble sometimes” (1224, 2019), 2019), platforms platforms were were sometimesÓ mainly indicated indicated to to be be Ò “the main source source of of ininmainly the main spiration” (1224, 2019) for pivotal consumers, spirationÓ (1224, 2019) for pivotal consumers, which demonstrates demonstrates the the way way peers peers market market to to which each other other rather rather than than being being affected affected by by big big each brands. This pushes the importance for brands brands. This pushes the importance for brands
to know their audience in order to connect to know their audience in order to connect effectively for a collaboration in creating effectively for a collaboration in creating prodproduct value. uct value.
Discussions with the founder of Kohl Krea-
Discussions w ith the founder o f consumers Kohl K reatives tives further implied the way are further i mplied the way consumers are no l onno longer satisfied with obvious marketing
that doesn’t relate to them, especially when
relate to them, especially it comes to mesit comes to messages ofwhen inclusivity; sages of inclusivity; “inclusivity is not temporary, it’s not Òinclusivity i s nottactic, temporary, i tÕ s not a marketing it’s every day,a there aretactic, real itÕ people affects marketing s everyand day,itthere are them not just special real people andduring i t affects them nevents ot j ust like s[…] ‘transgender during pecial e vents like [ É]awareness Ôransgent week’” (Daswaney, der awareness weekÕ 2018). Daswaney, 2018). Therefore, it is clear needt to connect Therefore, it is clear bbrands rands need o connect with consumers consumersbeyond beyond traditional methods, with traditional methods, as as doing something just to be politically cordoing s omething j ust to b e politically c orrect rect was frowned upon by participants was frowned upon by participants “if a brand actually cares about an Òifa b rand actually c ares about a n issue issue or its consumers then I feel they or i ts consumers then I f eel t hey should should actually have some kind of actually have some kind of personal personal relationship with them relaand tionship with rather them and connection connection than it being rather just a than i t being j ust a complete d isconnectcomplete disconnected money making ed m oney mgetting aking mnormal achine, gpeople etting normachine, inmal people involved in the making of the volved in the making of the clothes or
marketing and such definitely shows
that tothat met and makes it moreit accesshows o meit and i t makes m ore sible…like show me m proper inclusivity, accessibleÉlik e show e proper i nclusivshow meme the ity, s how t hebrand b randgetting g etting involved i nvolved withevents, events,show show people with meme thethe realreal people the the brand is (8888, for” (8888, brand is forÓ 2019). 2019). This quotedemonstrates demonstrates empowered This quote howhow empowered conconsumers don’t feel a connection with sumers donÕ t feel a connection with brands that brands that have impersonal marketing, and have impersonal marketing, and involvement of involvement of the consumer is key to develthe consumer is key to developing relationships oping relationships that foster authenticity that foster authenticity and loyalty, whilst getting and loyalty, whilst getting on board with the on board w ith the values t hatThis m atter to t hem. values that matter to them. is reflective
of findings within the secondary research,
research, as continually sources continually found theofrole as sources found the role the of the consumer to be changing as they no lonconsumer to be changing as they no longer ger accept t raditional t argetingand and mass-marm ass-maraccept traditional targeting ket and Veloutsou, 2016). ket products products(Black (Black and Veloutsou, 2016).
4.2.3 Case Study: The Phluid Project The Phluid Project is a New York based retail store which claims to be “the world’s first gender-free store” (Demopoulos, 2018) with owner Rob Smith preferring the term ‘gender-free’ to ‘gender-neutral’ as the store moves away from traditional unisex lines’ shapeless and monochrome aesthetic and instead removes the concept of gender altogether to embrace the fitted waist, colour and femininity in addition to masculinity with options open The Phluid Project i s a New York to everyone regardless of gender based r etail store which claims t o (Demopoulos, 2018). storeÓ (Demopoulos, 018) w ith The space has strong 2impact within owner R ob Smithnon-binary p referring the the transgender, and term Ôgende r-freeÕt o Ôgende r-neugender non-conforming communitralÕ ties as the store moves away from traditional unisex was linesÕ “The premise andshapeless still is andabout monochrome and creating aaesthetic safe space instead r emoves t he concept where you can unapologeti-of gender ltogether embrace t he callyabe yourself.toWe’ve found that people come because in addition to masculinity w ith options open t o aeveryone they feel sense ofr egardless commuof gender (Demopoulos, 2018). nity, and I don’t think many retailers honestly understand The community” space has strong impact (Baron, 2018)within the transgender, non-binary and In this way the store builds authengender communiticity andnon-conforming a relationship with its custies tomer base with a co-creation about ÒThe p remise w as and s till is what the space means, with customreating space ersabout often cusing it asaa safe meet-up place where y ou can unapologeti“It’s visibly embraced everycally both be yourself. found one young WeÕ andveold by that people because creating a fun come and interesting
space where everyone is welcome. It’s essentially a social club” (Baron, 2018 One DNA is one of the brands carried by The Phluid Project, when interviewed within the primary research they commented “when you label clothing women’s or men’s your automatically creating an artificial boundary that divides people. A person might want to dress more feminine or they f eel a(allsense o f time commumasculine of the or nity, and I d onÕ t think many some of the time) so removretailers honestly ing the label allowsunderstand them the communityÓ (Ba ron, freedom to choose 2018) without In question. this way the builds authenThisstore is true for peoticity and a r elationship with ple from all walks of life and its customer w ithnon-conforma co-creation includesbase gender about t he space with ing what people, trans means, people” customers often using i t as a meet(OneDNA, 2019) up Thisplace demonstrated how brands who ÒItÕs v isibly gender embraced e veryhave adopted neutral apone b oth young and o b ycaproaches are not only ableld to a fun and ter creating to communities of interesting transgender, space where everyone welnon-binary and gender is non-concome. ItÕs essentially a social forming individuals, but it is also clubÓ (Baron, on 2018). widely impactful all people.
A safe space where you can unapologetically be yourself.
- (Baron, 2018)
4.1.3 Key Takeaway Insights • strongly related cerThe ssample amplegroup group strongly r elated tain styles withwith personality types and and usedused their certain styles personality types individuality and identity in making decisions their individuality and identity in making deciabout the clothes they purchased. sions about the clothes they purchased. The ffocus ocus upon uponself-expression self-expressionmakes m akesit clear unisex designs that rely upon a shapeless it clear unisex designs that rely upon a shapeand plainplain aesthetic, including those such as less and aesthetic, including t hose such Selfridges ‘Agender’ collection which actively as Selfridges ÔAgenderÕ collection which avoided andfeminine H&M’s unisex actively anything avoided feminine a nything and basics are not enough H&MÕsrange, unisex basics range, are to notsatisfy, enoughbut to instead consumers are looking a broader satisfy, but instead consumers arefor looking for a range ofr ange options fully be able be to able express broader o f to options t o fully to
identity and individuality. express identity and individuality. The PPivotals ivotals are online ssavvy avvy iindividundividunot heavily heavily impacted impacted by by traditional traditional als that are not instead look look to to their their marketing techniques, but instead peers and social media to influence their style and purchasing decisions. Involvement in nvolvement ooff the thePivotal Pivotalconsumer consumer thet he creation of brand value is integral in ensurin c reation of b rand v alue i s integral in ing they tare as disconnected marensuring heyon areboard, on board, as disconnected keting won’t engage them marketing wonÕ t engage themeffectively effectivelyas as they they not deem itit authentic authentic or or personal personal to to their their will not opportunity ffor lives, iinstead nstead tthere here iis s opportunity or bbrands rands peer-to-peer mmarketing within to embrace peer-to-peer arketing within strategies.
CONC ConC- Lusions LUSIONS 5.1 Critical Reflections In conclusion, after extensive primary and secondary research aiding investi-
gation, the report has provided a thorough insight into shifting consumer mind-sets with regards to gender in the fashion industry and the role categorisation plays within this. Throughout there has been research conducted into how this affects purchasing behaviours as well as desires going forward, whilst taking into account overarching factors which are presenting new ways of thinking. Overall, O verall, the fashion industry displays strong potential for the future of genderless marketing as consumers increasingly reject stereotypes and expectations in favour of a more expressive way of dress and lifestyle. Within stage bebe required intointo the the logistics of following the stage 2, 2, however, however,further furtherinvestigation investigationis isnoted notedto to required logistics of following proposed recommendations, as exact execution of ideas will need to betoexplored by additional prithe proposed recommendations, as exact execution of ideas will need be explored by additionmary research methods throughout concept development, whilstwhilst secondary research will need to proal primary research methods throughout concept development, secondary research will need to vide insight into financial restrictions and how to overcome them going forward. Ultimately, the report has provided key insights which are usable by the fashion industry to cater to an increasingly valuable young market, as it has provided a breadth of opportunities and a springboard within the sector for experimentation going forward.
5.2 Recommendations 5.2.1 Gender Unguided Insights from chapter 1 revealed a wide spread desire amongst the sample group to break away from traditional and stereotyped behaviour regarding gender and fashion, however it also exposed difficulty for consumer groups in Therefore, aa rere achieving this. Therefore,
vitalisation in the retail format is proposed as brands should look to assist the consumer in deconstructing the expected, with a less gender guided approach that aims to engage their conscious beliefs without triggering sub-conscious interference. Following this recommendation brands will be able to engage with the millennial and gen Z mind-set and align with key values that are integral to getting them onside, whilst additionally providing a space in
which those who fall outside of the gender binary can feel welcome, which presented itself as a key gap in the market when discussing barriers faced by non-binary consumers.
5.2.2 Expressive Unisex Chapter 2 demonstrated key inthis mainly focused around the idea of self-expression being key
to decision making. Therefore, there is a strong opportunity for brands attempting to adopt free form spaces to do this in a way which merely places importance upon clothing being clothing rather than just emto decision making. Therefore, there is a one type of individual. further serves strong opportunity for This brands attempting to open options and break down barriers to adopt free form spaces to do this in a for without any upon one way consumers which merely placesforcing importance style, masculine or feminine, on individuclothing being clothing rather than just emals, which also helps to approach thereflect fear ploying simplified styles which only of the feminine issue amongst males in the one type of individual. This further serves sample will to open group. optionsThis and recommendation break down barriers additionally allow retailers to engage with for consumers without forcing any one consumer values or without having expenstyle, masculine feminine, ontoindividusively introduce new lines, however,the a new als, which also helps to approach fear sizing method will need to be introduced of the feminine issue amongst males in the for consumer accessibility. sample group. This recommendation will additionally allow retailers to engage with 5.2.2 having to expenconsumer values without sively introduce new lines, however, a new Expressive Unisex sizing method will need to be introduced for consumer accessibility.
how consumers shop, this mainly focused around the idea 5.2.3 of self-expression being key to decision Indentity making. Therefore, there is a strong opportunity for brands attempting Driven Marketing to adopt free form spaces to do this in a way which merely places importance upon Individuals within the sample group have clothing being clothing rather than just embeen shown to be more and more resistant to traditional marketing efforts and instead one type of individual. This further serves are receptive to peer-to-peer marketing as to open options and break down barriers well as not trusting impersonal brands, this for consumers without forcing any one holds opportunities for brands to engage style, masculine or feminine, on individuconsumers within brand and product develals, which also helps to approach the fear opment for a co-creation approach which of the feminine issue amongst males in the will instil authenticity. Here, a recommendasample group. This recommendation will tion is to follow an identity and story drivadditionally allow retailers to engage with en marketing tactic where consumers can consumer values without having to expenidentify with the people they see in the marsively introduce new lines, however, a new keting material to ensure brands are seen sizing method will need to be introduced more on a peer level with the consumer and for consumer accessibility. a community can be fostered, this also allows for representation and inclusivity that goes beyond political correctness.
are looking to their Organisation peers for inspiration and Personal guidance. Throughout the research, participants were shown highly associate personality Throughtothis way consumers in the grouptypes gain with clothing with expression of interests power in thatstyles, old methods are not effective and closely linked to style choice. Within this, opthey can personally tailor who they follow and portunities exist for marketers to adopt methods of ÒI organisation within storesand which follow people withgender-free similar interests engage the individualistic consumer with more styles as me and sometimes IÕllsee some-
thing new being tried that IÕlllike and try myselfÓ (7001, 2019). personalised organiDespite social recommendations media additionallyand being highsational filters based on individual style preflighted to be limiting, ÒI follow pretty similar erences. With clothing organised by style or people to myself and itÕ shard to break away personality groupings, rather than just gender, from my own little bubble to explore new things brands will be able to ensure consumers are sometimesÓ (1224, 2019), platforms were not overwhelmed by lack of categories whilst mainly indicated to be Òthe mainout source inalso allowing individuals to filter stylesofthey spirationÓ (1224, 2019) forin,pivotal consumers, would never be interested something which which demonstrates the way peers market to assists in approaching factors such as the fear each rather than being affected by big of theother feminine. brands. This pushes the importance for brands
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Abraham, M. (2017). [online] Why Britain Doesn’t Get Gender Neutrality. Vice. Available at: https://www.vice.com/en_uk/ article/j5pyj7/why-britain-doesnt-get-gender-neutrality [Accessed 18 Jan. 2019]. Adams, P. (2017). Why Gen Z might signal the end of demographic targeting as we know it. [online] Marketing Dive. Available at: https://www.marketingdive.com/news/why-gen-z-might-signal-the-end-of-demographic-targeting-as-we-know-it/506796/ [Accessed 18 Jan. 2019]. Ainsworth, C. (2015). Sex redefined. Nature, 518(7539), pp.288-291. Binkley, C. (2016). Trendy Brands Market Gender-Neutral Styles. [online] WSJ. Available at: https://www.wsj.com/articles/ trendy-brands-market-gender-neutral-styles-1469040311 [Accessed 16 Jan. 2019]. Cohen, M. (2015). Gender Neutral Retail. [online] The NPD Group. Available at: https://www.npd.com/wps/portal/npd/us/ news/tips-trends-takeaways/gender-neutral-retail/ [Accessed 16 Jan. 2019]. Demopoulos, A. (2018). Ezra Miller’s Puffer Coat Dress Shows How Exciting Gender-Neutral Clothing Can Be. Nov 16. The Daily Beast. Ditum, S. (2018). Trans rights should not come at the cost of women’s fragile gains. [online] The Economist. Available at: https:// www.economist.com/open-future/2018/07/05/trans-rights-should-not-come-at-the-cost-of-womens-fragile-gains [Accessed 18 Jan. 2019]. EY (2015). Rise of Gen Z: New Challenges for Retailers. [Online] Available at: https://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/EYrise-of-gen-znew-challenge-for-retailers/%24FILE/EY-rise-of-gen-znew-challenge-for-retailers.pdf [Accessed: 24 November 2018]. Fisher, O. (2018). Too many of us young trans people are crying out for help. Will you listen? | Owl Fisher. [online] The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/mar/28/trans-young-people-suicide-support-mental-health [Accessed 16 Jan. 2019]. Follows, T. (2015). The future of average: why millennials and Gen Z are striving for the unique. [online] Campaignlive.co.uk. Available at: https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/future-average-why-millennials-gen-z-striving-unique/1370716 [Accessed 18 Jan. 2019]. Goldhill, O. (2018). Scientific research shows gender is not just a social construct. [online] Quartz. Available at: https:// qz.com/1190996/scientific-research-shows-gender-is-not-just-a-social-construct/ [Accessed 18 Jan. 2019].
Hosie, R. (2017). Millennials can be split into two distinct groups and it all comes down to one date. [online] The Independent. Available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/millennial-divide-generation-split-old-young-financial-crash-internet-smartphones-a7704021.html [Accessed 16 Jan. 2019]. Jones, N. (2015). Gendered products face growing backlash. [online] JWT Intelligence. Available at: https://www.jwtintelligence.com/2015/12/gendered-products-face-growing-backlash/ [Accessed 18 Jan. 2019]. Jones, T. (2017). John Lewis and the gender-neutral clothing debate – Pynx Media (Archive) – Medium. [online] Medium. Available at: https://medium.com/pynx-media/john-lewis-and-the-gender-neutral-clothing-debate-8d8e1b9772fa [Accessed 18 Jan. 2019]. Kirkpatrick, D. (2017). Study: Gen Z and millennial ‘pivotals’ are reshaping the beauty space, marketing norms. [online] Marketing Dive. Available at: https://www.marketingdive.com/news/study-gen-z-and-millennial-pivotals-are-reshaping-the-beauty-spacemark/509974/ [Accessed 18 Jan. 2019]. Laughlin, S. (2016). Gen Z goes beyond gender binaries in new Innovation Group data. [online] JWT Intelligence. Available at: https://www.jwtintelligence.com/2016/03/gen-z-goes-beyond-gender-binaries-in-new-innovation-group-data/ [Accessed 18 Jan. 2019]. Marinelli, G. (2017). Gender-Neutral Dressing Isn’t a Trend, It’s the New Normal. [online] Who What Wear UK. Available at: https://www.whowhatwear.co.uk/gender-neutral-fashion [Accessed 16 Jan. 2019]. NPD (n.d.). Segment and Sell to Gen Y: 10 Ways Younger and Older Millennials Shop Differently. [online] Available at: https:// www.npd.com/wps/portal/npd/us/news/tips-trends-takeaways/10-ways-younger-and-older-millennials-shop-differently/ [Accessed: 24 November 2018]. O’Keeffe, A. (2018). Why do we dress boys in clothes that are grey, joyless and dull? [online] The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/sep/29/boys-clothes-shops-men-gender-fashion [Accessed 16 Jan. 2019]. Olsen, S. (2015). Redefining Gender: Is There A Spectrum Between Boy And Girl?. [online] Medical Daily. Available at: https:// www.medicaldaily.com/challenging-gender-identity-biologists-say-gender-expands-across-spectrum-rather-323956 [Accessed 18 Jan. 2019]. Pew Research Centre. (2018). The generations defined. [online] Available at: http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/04/11/ millennials-largest-generation-us-labor-force/ft_18-04-02_generationsdefined2017_working-age/ [Accessed 18 Jan. 2019]. Safian-Demers, E. (2018). Reframing masculinity. [online] JWT Intelligence. Available at: https://www.jwtintelligence. com/2018/09/reframing-masculinity/ [Accessed 18 Jan. 2019]. The Conversation. (2018). Why ‘rapid-onset gender dysphoria’ is bad science. [online] Available at: https://theconversation. com/why-rapid-onset-gender-dysphoria-is-bad-science-92742 [Accessed 18 Jan. 2019]. Times Live. (2017). Men in skirts: gender-fluid fashion is no longer a novelty. [online] Available at: https://www.timeslive.co.za/ sunday-times/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/2017-12-14-men-in-skirts-gender-fluid-fashion-is-no-longer-a-novelty/ [Accessed 18 Jan. 2019].
Books Bennett, A. (2005) Culture and Everyday Life. London: Sage. Butler, J. (2009). Undoing gender. New York, NY: Routledge. Calefato, P. (2004). The Clothed Body. Bloomsbury Publishing. Craik, J. (2003). The Face of Fashion. London: Routledge. Eagly, A., Beall, A. and Sternberg, R. (2005). The psychology of gender. New York: Guilford. Edwards, T. (1997). Men in the mirror. Cassel. Genov, N. (2015). Challenges of individualisation. UNESCO. Goodwin, N., Ackerman, F. and Kiron, D. (2013). The Consumer Society. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. Greenhill, P. and Tye, D. (2014). Unsettling assumptions: Tradition, Gender, Drag. Boulder: Utah State University. Kiecolt, K. (1986). Secondary Analysis of Survey Data. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications Inc. Kim, Heejung & Q Chu, Thai. (2018). Culture & Self-Expression 1 Cultural Variation in the Motivation of Self-Expression. University of California Santa Barbara O’Leary, Z. (2010). The Essential Guide to Doing Your Research Project. Sage.
Paechter, C. (2015). Being boys, being girls. Johanneshov: MTM. Paoletti, J. (2015). Sex and unisex. Indiana University Press. Pooler, J. (2002) Demographic Targeting: The Essential Role of Population Groups in Retail Marketing. Routledge Posner, H. and Williams, S. (2015). Marketing Fashion. 2nd ed. London: Laurence King Publishing. Ridgeway, C. (2011) Framed by Gender: How Inequality Persists in the Modern World. New York: Oxford University Press Robson, C. (2005). Real world research. Oxford: Blackwell. Rudman, L. and Glick, P. (2015). The social psychology of gender. New York: The Guilford Press. Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2009). Research methods for business students. 5th ed. Harlow (Essex): Pearson, pp.272-276. Svendson, L. (2006) Fashion: A Philosophy. Reaktion Books
Documentaries Transgender Rights (2018). Generation Activism, Episode 4. [TV] BBC Three, 25 October 2018. Victoria Derbyshire (2018). Should Trans Women Be Allowed to Use Women-Only Services? [TV] BBC Two, 5 March 2018
Essays Gardiner, F (2013). The Social Self and Gender Identity: Mead, Butler and Transgender Identity Formation. [online] Available at: https://www.academia.edu/35163752/The_Social_Self_and_Gender_Identity_Mead_Butler_and_Transgender_Identity_Formation [Accessed: 16 January 2019]
Exhibitions Aristizábal, I., Cooper, R., Fauq, C. (2018) Still I Rise: Feminisms, Gender, Resistance [Act 1]. Exhibition held at Nottingham Contemporary, 27 October 2018 – 27 January 2019.
Journals Black, I. and Veloutsou, C. (2016). Working consumers: Co-creation of brand identity, consumer identity and brand community identity. Journal of Business Research, 70, pp.416-429. Blazina, C. (1997). The Fear of the Feminine in the Western Psyche and the Masculine Task of Disidentification: Their Effect on the Development of Masculine Gender Role Conflict. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 6(1), pp.55-68. Bosanac, A. (2016). THE NEW ANDROGYNY. Canadian Business, 89(7), pp. 8-9. Broussard, K., Warner, R. and Pope, A. (2017). Too Many Boxes, or Not Enough? Preferences for How We Ask About Gender in Cisgender, LGB, and Gender-Diverse Samples. Sex Roles, 78(9-10), pp.606-624. Glick, P., Wilkerson, M. and Cuffe, M. (2015). Masculine Identity, Ambivalent Sexism, and Attitudes Toward Gender Subtypes. Social Psychology, 46(4), pp.210-217. Graham, R. (2005). Illustrating triangulation in mixed-methods research. Nurse Researcher, 12(4), pp.7-18. Granovetter, M. (1973). The Strength of Weak Ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), pp.1360-1380. Harbaugh, E. and Lindsey, E. (2015). Attitudes Toward Homosexuality Among Young Adults: Connections to Gender Role Identity, Gender-Typed Activities, and Religiosity. Journal of Homosexuality, 62(8), pp.1098-1125. Huebner, D. (2012). The Construction of Mind, Self, and Society: The Social Process Behind G. H. Mead’S Social Psychology. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 48(2), pp.134-153. Hyde, J., Bigler, R., Joel, D., Tate, C. and van Anders, S. (2018). The future of sex and gender in psychology: Five challenges to the gender binary. American Psychologist. Kasser, T., Rosenblum, K., Sameroff, A., Deci, E., Niemiec, C., Ryan, R., Árnadóttir, O., Bond, R., Dittmar, H., Dungan, N. and Hawks, S. (2014). Changes in materialism, changes in psychological well-being: Evidence from three longitudinal studies and an intervention experiment. Motivation and Emotion, 38(1), pp.1-22.
Keener, E. (2015). The Complexity of Gender: It Is All That and More….In sum, It Is Complicated. Sex Roles, 73(11-12), pp.481489. Littman, L. (2018). Rapid-onset gender dysphoria in adolescents and young adults: A study of parental reports. PLOS ONE, 13(8), p.e0202330. McKeage, K., Crosby, E. and Rittenburg, T. (2017). Living in a Gender-Binary World. Journal of Macromarketing, 38(1), pp.7390. Mead, G. (1978). The Social Self. Psychiatry, 41(2), pp.178-182. Nancy, R. (2017). Sex and Unisex: Fashion, Feminism, and the Sexual Revolution Jo B.Paoletti. Indiana University Press, 2015. The Journal of American Culture, 40(1), pp.104-105. Nanda, S. (1986). The Hijras of India:. Journal of Homosexuality, 11(3-4), pp.35-54. Ogihara, Y. and Uchida, Y. (2014). Does individualism bring happiness? Negative effects of individualism on interpersonal relationships and happiness. Frontiers in Psychology, 5. O’Neil, J. (1981). Patterns of Gender Role Conflict and Strain: Sexism and Fear of Femininity in Men’s Lives. The Personnel and Guidance Journal, 60(4), pp.203-210. O’Neil, J., Helms, B., Gable, R., David, L. and Wrightsman, L. (1986). Gender-role conflict scale: College men’s fear of femininity. Sex Roles, 14(5-6). Ordun, G. (2015). Millennial (Gen Y) Consumer Behavior, Their Shopping Preferences and Perceptual Maps Associated With Brand Loyalty. Canadian Social Science, 11(4), pp.40-55. Russo, R. (2006). The Extent of Public Education Non-discrimination Policy Protections for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Students. Urban Education, 41(2), pp.115-150. Sergent-Shadbolt, J. (2015). Germaine Greer’s Dirty Feminism: Necessary Evils and the Advancement of a Social Epistemology. New Zealand Sociology, 30(1), pp.140-155 Shutts, K., Kenward, B., Falk, H., Ivegran, A. and Fawcett, C. (2017). Early preschool environments and gender: Effects of gender pedagogy in Sweden. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 162, pp.1-17. Sloan, C.A., Berke, D.S and Zeichner, A. (2015). Bias-motivated Aggression against Men: Gender Expression and Sexual Orientation as Risk Factors for Victimization. Sex Roles, 72(3-4), pp. 140-149. Stokes, D. and Bergin, R. (2006). Methodology or “methodolatry”? An evaluation of focus groups and depth interviews. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 9(1), pp.26-37. Van Deven, M. (2011). Bending Gender, Breaking Boundaries. Herizons, 24(3), pp. 17-19,3. Vasey, P. and Bartlett, N. (2007). What Can the Samoan “Fa’afafine” Teach Us about the Western Concept of Gender Identity Disorder in Childhood?. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 50(4), pp.481-490.
Podcasts JWT Intelligence (2018). Generation Z. The Next X [Podcast], 19 November 2018 Siewart, J. (2015). My Generation: What Your Birth Year Says About How You Spend. Exchange at Goldman Sachs [Podcast], 1 October 2017 The Gender Knot (2017). Does Clothing Shape Gender Identity? [Podcast], 11 September 2017
Reports Duckett, J. (2017). ASA to introduce tough new rules on gender stereotypes. Mintel. GLAAD (2017). Accelerating Acceptance Report. [online] Available at: http://www.glaad.org/files/aa/2017_GLAAD_Accelerating_Acceptance.pdf [Accessed 18 Jan. 2019]. JWT Intelligence (2018). The Future 100. Killerman, S. (2015). The Genderbread Person. [online] It’s Pronounced Metrosexual. Available at: https://www.genderbread. org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Breaking-through-the-Binary-by-Sam-Killermann.pdf [Accessed 18 Jan. 2019]. Rumsey, A. (2015). Gender Neutral Retail - Does it Have a Future?. [online] WGSN. Available at: https://www-wgsn-com.ntu.
idm.oclc.org/content/board_viewer/#/56938/page/1 [Accessed 18 Jan. 2019]. Sender, T. (2017). Clothing Retailing. Mintel. The Business of Fashion and McKinsey & Co. (2018) The State of Fashion 2019. [online] Available at: https://www.mckinsey. com/~/media/mckinsey/industries/retail/our%20insights/the%20state%20of%20fashion%202019%20a%20year%20of%20 awakening/the-state-of-fashion-2019-vf.ashx [Accessed: 29 November 2018] The Future Laboratory (2016). New Consumer Summit Report. [online] Available at: https://www.thefuturelaboratory.com/reports/new-consumer-summit-report-2016 [Accessed 16 Jan. 2019]. The Future Laboratory. (2018). New Masculinity : Report. [online] Available at: https://www.thefuturelaboratory.com/new-masculinity-2018 [Accessed 18 Jan. 2019]. Todd, B., Fischer, R., Di Costa, S., Roestorf, A., Harbour, K., Hardiman, P. and Barry, J. (2017). Sex differences in children’s toy preferences: A systematic review, meta-regression, and meta-analysis. Infant and Child Development, 27(2), p.e2064. Walpita, S. (2015). Zero Gender. [online] WGSN. Available at: https://www-wgsn-com.ntu.idm.oclc.org/content/board_viewer/#/63446/page/2 [Accessed 18 Jan. 2019]. WGSN (2015). Genderful. [online] Available at: https://www-wgsn-com.ntu.idm.oclc.org/content/board_viewer/#/63276/ page/2 [Accessed 18 Jan. 2019]. YPulse (2018). YPulse Quaterly Report Trends. [online] YPulse. Available at: https://www.ypulse.com/uploads/documents/Quarterly_Report_Trend_List.pdf [Accessed 18 Jan. 2019].
Videos Bouvrie, A. (2015). A Chance to Dress: The Complexities of Gender Expression [Video]. New Day Films. Retrieved November 24, 2018, from Kanopy. This Morning (2017). Phillip to Break Up Intense Gender Neutral School Uniform Debate. [Video] Available at: https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=kKKrZIsPHa4 [Accessed 18 Jan. 2019]. WikStrĂśm, F. (2015). Teaching For the Whole Life Spectra. [video] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJH0_ P42C5c [Accessed 18 Jan. 2019].
Websites ASOS. (2018). INTRODUCING COLLUSION, EXCLUSIVE TO ASOS. [online] Available at: https://www.asos.com/women/fashion-feed/2018_10_17-wed/collusion-is-here/ [Accessed 18 Jan. 2019]. Kohl Kreatives. (2019) Home. [online] Available at: https://www.kohlkreatives.com/ [Accessed 18 Jan. 2019] One DNA. (2019). About. [online] Available at: https://onedna.earth/about/ [Accessed 18 Jan. 2019] Selfridges. (n.d.). Agender: The Concept Space. [online] Available at: http://www.selfridges.com/GB/en/features/articles/content/agender-the-conceptspace [Accessed 18 Jan. 2019]. The Phluid Project. (2019). About. [online] Available at: https://www.thephluidproject.com/about/ [Accessed 18 Jan. 2019] Toogood, F. (n.d.). Agender. [online] Available at: http://fayetoogood.com/space/agender [Accessed 18 Jan. 2019].
6.3 Image References
Philomene, L. (2016) William. [online] Available at: https://www.refinery29. com/en-us/non-binary-photo-series (Accessed: 18 Jan 2019)
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Philomene, L. (2016) LA Diary. [online] Available at: https://www.laurencephilomene.com/blog/page/13 (Accessed: 19 Jan 2019) Philomene, L. (2016) LA Diary. [online] Available at: https://www.laurencephilomene.com/blog/page/13 (Accessed: 19 Jan 2019)
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6.4 Fig References Fig 1: Percievers and Actors Rudman, L. and Glick, P. (2015). The social psychology of gender. New York: The Guilford Press.
Fig 2: Processes That Perpetuate Gender Stereotypes Rudman, L. and Glick, P. (2015). The social psychology of gender. New York: The Guilford Press.
Fig 3: Masculine Mystique Standards O’Neil, J. (1981). Patterns of Gender Role Conflict and Strain: Sexism and Fear of Femininity in Men’s Lives. The Personnel and Guidance Journal, 60(4), pp.205
Fig 4: The Genderbread Person Killerman, S. (2015). The Genderbread Person. [online] It’s Pronounced Metrosexual. Available at: https://www.genderbread.org/wp-content/ uploads/2017/02/Breaking-through-the-Binary-bySam-Killermann.pdf [Accessed 18 Jan. 2019].
Fig 5: Triangulation Visocky O’Grady, J. and O’Grady, K. (2009). A Designer’s Research Manual. Minneapolis: Quayside.
6.5 Appendix 6.5.1 Blank Survey 1. What is your age? -
2. What is your gender identity? -
Male Female Non-Binary Other
3. What is your sexual orientation? -
Heterosexual Gay Lesbian Bisexual Pansexual Asexual Prefer Not To Say
4. Out of the below options, which social aspect is MOST important to you when purchasing clothing? -
Expressing who you are Pushing boundaries and expectations Fitting in and being accepted Looking good to those around you
5. Which of the following terms do you know the meaning of? (before today) -
Transgender Non-Binary Gender Fluid Gender Identity Gender Expression Androgyny Biological Sex
- Cisgender - Gender Non-Conforming
6. Which statement most accurately reflects your beliefs about gender? - Gender is biologically assigned at birth and cannot change - Gender is about personal identification and sensing who you are internally - Gender is a social construct and does not exist - None of the Above
7. Which statement most accurately reflects your beliefs about gender roles and stereotypes within society?
- Gender roles and stereotypes restrict individuals and should not exist at all - Gender roles and stereotypes play an important role in society and are always necessary - Gender roles and stereotypes can be restrictive but are sometimes necessary - None of the Above
8. To what extent would you say your gender identity impacts your purchasing decisions (Fashion)? -
Extremely Very Moderately Slightly Not at all
9. Do you believe gender expectations and stereotypes limit/have limited you in the choice of clothing you look at or buy? -
Always Usually Sometimes Rarely Never
10. Do you ever shop outside of your gender category? -
11. What do you believe is acceptable for a woman to wear? -
Suits Ties Baggy Clothing Sportswear All of the Above None of the Above
12. What do you believe is acceptable for a man to wear? -
Skirts Dresses Heels Crop Tops All of the Above None of the Above
13. Would you be less inclined to purchase an item of clothing if it were perceived to go beyond what is considered acceptable for your gender category? -
Yes No Maybe Unsure
14. Do you believe people should be able to wear what they want even if it goes beyond what is considered acceptable for their gender category? -
15. If Yes, Why?
- (Space to write answer)
16. If No, Why?
16. How strongly do you agree or disagree with the following statements: - “categorising clothing by gender is not inclusive of those who identify outside of the gender binary” -“gendered fashion marketing and categorising clothing by gender puts limitations on self-expression” -“gendered fashion marketing and categorising clothing by gender enforces gender stereotypes within society” -
Strongly Agree Agree Neither Agree nor Disagree Disagree Strongly Disagree
17. Which of the following statements best describe you?
- I’m more likely to buy clothing if it is advertised as inclusive of more gender identities than just my own -A clothing brands advertisement showing different gender identities has no impact on my decision to purchase or not -I am less likely to buy clothing if it is advertised as inclusive of more gender identities than just my own
18. What factors might encourage or discourage (specify) you from purchasing
clothing that doesn’t categorise based on gender? - (Space to write answer)
6.5.2 Survey Results
Why not? Everyone should have the freedom to choose their clothes. Comfort above all! Fuck gender norms - let people wear whatever. Ideally anyone should be able to wear anything they like and still be “accepted”. wear what makes you feel good It’s clothing. Ultimately, the only opinion that matters about the clothes you wear is yours. It doesn’t harm anyone else People should be able to wear what they feel is comfortable and looks good on them. It should be irrelevant what gender is supposed to wear that type of clothing. Anyone should be able to wear the clothing they feel comfortable in, even if it isn’t gender-conforming Because it is a freedom that doesn’t harm anybody!! The only person who should care is the person wearing the clothes Personal liberty because people should wear what they want to wear Because gender has nothing to do with a person’s sense of style There is no rational reason why those restrictions should exist in the first place. It has zero impact on my own life what other people dress like. It’s nobody’s business what someone is wearing. The way a person expresses themselves through clothing is a personal choice, and I think it’s unfair to limit a person to what is considered “normal”. People should be allowed to wear whatever they want. However, fashion is speech. Society may not approve of someone’s mode of dress, but they should still be allowed to wear it. Cause I’m not a fucking mennonite There is no logical reason to restrict clothing choices based on sex or gender. While people *should* be able to wear what they please, many don’t because they have been socialised to avoid “opposite” gender clothing and subsequently fear judgement. It is their right to wear what they want We shouldn’t have to look for people’s approval for something as banal as clothes It’s just clothes--it’s not like it’s hurting anyone. It’s perfectly acceptable for someone to wear what they want and how they want. There are some restrictions at jobs/school for safety and/or professionalism, but overall we need to expand our ideas of who can wear what only based on gender. For example, people can be dressed equally “professional” but if it doesn’t match society’s expectations of what they “should” wear based on their gender, it’s suddenly unacceptable. And that’s just silly! Because we live in a free society and what someone wears is no business of mine. Wear whatever makes you happy. Your gender doesn’t matter, you can be a feminine man or a masculine women. Do whatever you want. Bc individuals in society should have the freedom to do as they please, regardless of their sex/gender
Although standards (gender roles and stereotypes) can be useful, it is extremely important that individuals have some ability to break traditions or else they can never change. Everyone should be allowed to express themselves and wear what they feel comfortable in It is ultimately their decision to wear whatever they would like, and it is an expression of themselves. People are capable of making their own decisions and that doesn’t affect me even if I disagree. Whilst I may not want to particularly wear “very masculine” clothes, that shouldn’t restrict other people from wearing clothes they feel most comfortable in. There is no justification for restricting what people can wear for reasons of “gender appropriateness”. Clothing is very stereotyped in our society and you should be able to wear what you want although due to societal beliefs I do find it odd or offputting when I see a guy in women’s clothing. I believe societal standards should be destroyed. None of my business what other people wear. personal freedom means not letting outside forces control your decisions That’s their business. it doesn’t hurt anyone People are free to wear whatever they want. Controlling what people wear is unjust. assigning gender to clothes is stupid and people should wear what they want without judgement or being seen negatively or seen as trying to be something that are not You do you There is no harm to anyone else when you wear clothing of any sort. Wearing clothes is simply covering ourselves in what we have to and/or what we find most suitable. People should be able to express themselves, and look good doing it. I think forcing people should be forced into conformity and should be accepted regardless. It’s all a social construct, and therefore you can do whatever you want as long as it doesn’t hurt anyone. Everybody should be free to express themselves, I think senseless conformity and traditions are outdated If they enjoy it and they wear it in a nice way I don’t really mind Depends on the item worn and who the person is Because “what it considered acceptable” is bullshit and no one should have to feel like they need to conform when they don’t truly want to it’s their body and their choice. it’s not important to me what other people wear as long as it isn’t like blatantly offensive (i.e. a shirt with racial slurs on it or something). People should be able to express themselves how they wish (as long as it doesn’t harm anyone else). Also a lot of gender stereotypes are built about misogyny. Women faught hard for equal right, and that’s why it’s now ok for them to wear less reateictive or objectifying clothing. However a man can’t wear feminine clothing because it’s wrong to “appear girly”. This is a direct hangover from the idea that women are somehow less than men. That it’s seen as shameful for a man to dress like a women. Because why not? Clothes are clothes. Everyone should wear what they like. Clothing should be individual. I may want to dress according to my gender identity but everyone should have the choice to or not to. I don’t think we have any right to regulate other people’s fashion choices, beyond some level of ban on public nudity. And I don’t see any reason to care if other people want to dress strangely. Clothes don’t have a gender. Everyone should just wear what they want. Who cares what other people think? Honestly, if a man wearing a dress or a woman wearing a suit is your biggest problem, you have no idea what problems are. Because those gender categories shouldn’t exist; one’s biological sex shouldn’t mean anything regarding aesthetic choices. Because people should be able to do what they want withing reason, and local laws (sometimes). It’s always just seemed a bit weird to me that people have these self imposed restrictions on stuff like clothing because people should be happy Because who cares what other people wear I believe people have the right to express themselves in whatever way doesn’t actively harm others. So anyone should be allowed to where whatever they want because it is a personal choice that doesn’t hurt others. Because it seems stupid to restrict what someone wants to wear just because of their gender just let people wear whatever makes them happy Freedom of expression - no separation What people wear doesn’t matter to me at all Yes because it’s their own life and they aren’t hurting anyone. The weird exception is the workplace, in which you aren’t really operating under your own rules, youre operating under corporate’s rules. That’s what makes them happy As long as their fashion choices don’t affect me (ie wearing spikes that will hurt other people or something crazy), I don’t believe I have a say in their choices. Wear whatever you want, I don’t care. Yes, because clothing as a form of self-expression can be incredibly important to an individual. Sometimes political, sometimes a fashion preference, comfort, or influenced by music and other cultural interests. What’s considered gendered clothing is at it’s core just clothing- clothing that probably appeals to people of varying sexes or genders. If it’s not harming anyone- there’s no reason to prohibit wearing it Be who you want to be in whatever wonderful way that is. Clothing should have no gender assigned, it’s just an inanimate object. People should wear what makes them comfortable It should be completely upto them and their choices Do what you want if you’re not hurting anyone, there’s no place for the law in fashion Because people should be able to wear whatever the hell they want. Because clothing is a way to express the person you are, clothing isn’t something that has to be for one gender or another, it’s for everyone. You are who you are, and that’s okay. As long as it isn’t hurting anyone else, people should be able to do whatever they want.
Everyone should wear what they feel comfortable in Gender should not be restrictive towards what a person chooses to wear. There’s no reason to restrict people to specific kinds of clothing. The only restrictions should be those we impose to ourselves. Because it doesn’t mean anything beyond cultural. Wear what you want Fashion can be a very important aspect of self expression and is sometimes one of the only things an individual has control of in their life. Everyone should have the freedom to wear what they want. The limits on what is acceptable attire for different genders, age groups and even orientations are completely arbitrary and are products of past societal “norms”. These same societal “norms” were and in some instances still are responsible for not allowing different races to intermingle or same sex couples to marry or women to hold office. People are people and, whatever categories they are lumped into, should be free to pursue whatever career or relationships or hobbies that would be allowed of any other person, let alone what clothes they choose to wear. As long as no harm is being caused to others and actual, reasonable laws are being broken, no one should have any right to encroach on the expression of any other individual especially over something as trivial in the grand scheme of things as their choice of clothes. I think people should be able to wear what they want, with the exception of extremely revealing clothing out in public, regardless of their biological sex. Because I see no reason for restricting this based on gender/sex As long as the outfit isn’t inappropriate for the situation (such as having swears or sexual content, or wearing a sundress to a black tie event) people should be able to wear what they want. Because that’s their right It’s none of my business what other people wear, even if it’s weird or uncomfortable to me It doesn’t affect anyone else - people can do what they want. Not harming anyone to reduce the stigma! wear what you want Because people should be able to express themselves freely Because it’s none of our business what someone wears relative to their gender identity People should be able to freely express themselves, and labeling certain clothing as too “masculine” or “feminine” for someone takes that away Anyone can do what they want if it’s not hurting anyone The opinions of others, about your decision to do anything with your own body, do not matter. Because it is just clothes. It is fabric you put on your body. Wear whatever you want. Because it hardly matters. I believe individual freedoms are more important than public approval when it comes to trivial things like appearance Why the hell not?
N/A Even though people should be (legally) able to do such things, there should be a social stigma against “crossdressing” for men. This question is worded strangely I think I am mis-reading the question a little bit, but I could care less if a man or women wore a dress as long as it covers them up I dont want to be seeing anybodys legs or chest man or women. we have clothes for a reason and thats to cover up. So as long as they are covered up I could care less what the fabric of it is called
Price I’m a woman who dislikes skirts and dreases and the trend on tiny pockets. But marketting “gender-neutral” cloting as just men’s clothes on women means IT WON’T FIT MY FEMALE HIPS OR BOOBS. Give me androgenous clothin that comes in “people with boobs and hips” sizes. Money Style, size Fit and comfort i just buy clothes i like, it has no affect on me whether or not the brand is inclusive or not. I don’t want people “calling me” out if I’m wearing a “men’s hoodie”, it feels humiliating and dehumanizing in a way. Encourage: high quality products, fits a variety of body types (e.g. muscular women are not catered for very well in the existing gendered fashion categories) Discourage: overpriced niche products (e.g. TomboyX) I’d be afraid that people would laugh at me, if I bought clothes that aren’t strictly for males. I realize it sounds dumb, but I’m very sensitive to what I wear and who would be wearing something similar. As a straight man, most of the clothing deemed acceptable for me to wear is also acceptable for anyone else to wear. Men’s clothing is sort of the default, wheras women’s clothing is the aberration. It would be hard for me to even tell gender-agnostic clothing from regular mens clothing. I’d be down to buy clothes that specifically aren’t gendered, because unisex clothing is fire as fuck. If rather than a negation of gendering there is a broadening of gendering into some monstrous amalgam of personality traits that has no basis in reality I don’t fuck with it. Fear of social judgement and current social norms. While I’m not opposed to the concept of wearing clothes aimed at women, it firstly doesn’t appeal to me too strongly, and more importantly I wouldn’t want to face the social ramifications of wearing it. I just choose clothes based on comfort Opposite-gender clothing doesn’t always fit my body correctly. “Men’s” pants, for example, aren’t made to fit around my lady-hips! Therefore I tend to stick with women’s pants. But I will buy men’s tshirts, which can fit fine. My spouse, a man, like how women’s shirt have more variation in color, cut, and design than many men’s shirts. But they don’t fit his shoulders and body, so he doesn’t buy them. Like, I *get* that we have different bodies biologically, but that’s not about gender! Clothes are already made to fit different bodies: different sizes, different pant-lengths, etc. Maybe clothes also need to be classified on how they fit like, around the hips and chest and shoulders, too. (Sometimes there is! But not often enough.) Even people who are cisgender and wear only their gender’s clothing can have plenty of trouble with the fit of clothing, because we all just have different bodies. But, it’s like clothing companies don’t acknowledge that enough and make a certain style for “man” bodies and a certain style for “woman” bodies.
And even then for plus-sizes, they just scale things up, resulting in yes, wider pants and shirts, but then they also have too-long of legs and shoulders! It’s like clothing companies don’t actually know what bodies look like and only know what “clothing” looks like, and think humans will change themselves to fit clothing. That’s silly! Clothing is literally able to be changed to fit people! Both their bodies, and their personal expression. How the clothing looks. If it is not traditionally male in appearance or is not displayed in a men’s section then I will never purchase it. Encourage - if it’s my style and suits me Even if the marketing does not target a specific gender, my culture and my peers could still perceive the clothing to be more feminine, which could result in being laughed at or otherwise receiving unwanted attention. If I like the item of clothing, if it’s on trend etc I identify as female and just prefer feminine clothing in general, if I am not able to tell whether or not it is for males or females I would be discouraged from buying it as I don’t want to express myself in a more masculine way. I prefer clothes that enhance my feminine beauty either way (things that compliment my waistline for example) and would probably go for clothing that would suit my body. In all clothes would just have to look good on my body but typically clothes that are more feminine are the ones that flatter my body. If it looks good I literally only purchase clothing meant to be “fashionable” if I think it will make me more attractive to the largest possible number of potential mates. Clothes purchased for utlility, such as hiking boots, or workout equipment is only based on comfort and how useful it is. Otherwise, I could not care less what I’m wearing as long as people want to see me take it off later. It doesn’t matter what gender the clothing is labelled for, if it accentuates my body, and projects the message that I want to the people I meet. I don’t care if it’s a demi-agender rainbow of identities on the label. If sundresses come into fashion next year and I can reliably attract potential mates with it, I’ll be sporting the most fetching sundress you have ever seen. Comfort, toughness (materially), look Discourage - high cost, unethical manufacturing practices Encourage - visible gender/racial/ability/sexuality/body shape diversity, good selection of clothing, mix of ‘plain’ and ‘adventurous’ clothing options, good clothing quality Sizing would be a huge issue, small for men is different than small for women My goal in buying clothing is to never have to think about if things match or go together. Gender isn’t so much of a factor for me personally. Does it look good, professional, convenient, and comfortable? How it fits me. If I was worried about being judged by others. I’m less likely to be persuaded by inclusivity, but am entirely dissuaded by exclusivity. I don’t believe being inclusive is special or notable - it’s what you should be doing. Hiring a unique range of models and/or displaying your clothing in an inclusive way is not hard. I treat these stores/brands at a neutral level like I would stores that don’t have an Express opinion on the matter. However, those stores/brands that draw a hard line on “we would never let that person into X dressing room” or “it doesn’t matter to be inclusive” are an immediate no for me. The only other factor is cost; if something is inclusive yet not affordable, I am discouraged from purchasing it. What would encourage me would be clothing of similar styles being worn by people of multiple gender identities. What would discourage me would be if it was only marketed with gendered clothes sizes rather than Small to Extra Large etc. Encourage: inclusive image, but also fit and look of clothes What gender the models who are advertising that clothing appear to have. If it shows a woman wearing the clothing item, I’m less inclined to buy it (e.g. For accessories) or I don’t buy it at all (most actual clothing) If I believe it will look good on my body type I am more inclined to purchase. If I think it would not look flattering on me I am less inclined to purchase. N/A I like to wear clothes that are traditionally advertised to men (like suits) bc it matches my gender expression, but what would stop me from buying clothes that didn’t categorize based on gender is if they didn’t have measurements. like I know I can’t buy men’s pants, they just won’t fit my hips. so I have to find women’s clothing that would fit my hips but looks masculine. if something was advertised as non-gendered, I’d like to know that it will fit my body before purchasing it. generally though, I’d like a company that doesn’t advertise their clothing as just for 1 gender. because I normally don’t wear clothing “for” my gender, id think a company like that would suit my needs. Whether I actually like the clothes. I buy men’s and women’s clothes because I like them. Nothing about gender puts me off. I buy whatever clothes I like, so I don’t think it would impact my decision. I prefer typical men’s clothes. So while I understand why it’s problematic to call them that, I still want to be able to find (for example) looser fitting pants and straight shirts easily. Pants should be fairly easy since pretty much every store already has a range of fits for men and women, but it might be harder to with shirts since women’s shirts are generally cut for people with breasts. I would favor clothes that use men’s sizing, rather than the clusterpunch that is women’s clothing sizes. If it’s comfortable and practical I’d do it because I think categorising clothes based on gender identity is ridiculous. Sure, most men don’t want to wear dresses and most women want to wear ‘girly’ clothes but why not just categorise based on types of clothing? It doesn’t have to do anything with gender identity, in my opinion. I would not buy something that is uncomfortable or I would not wear on a semi-regular basis Price, comfort, style I would be impressed and proud of them as a company, but I buy clothing based on price. If it was cheap and looked good on me I would buy from them, otherwise I would not. It’s a cause I would want to support with my patronage. It would make me feel more accepted and included. And it’s a positive step for gender in Western society. Overly-political slogans and/or themes would discourage me. Keep it simple and open - so specifics and unobtrusive.
I really don’t mind if women (or nonbinary folk) are present in ads for the male clothing department. This might be because the female clothing department has already taken all the ideas from the male clothing department and uses them actively. There’s nothing left to share. As long as the shape of the clothing looks like it would fit me (female shape) then I would buy it if it looks good. How well the clothing fits is a big factor of whether I’d buy or not Fit/suit of the garment. The biggest thing for me is does it look good and do I feel good in it. Both encourage and discourage. If I like an item of clothing I buy it. I will shop women’s clothing if I’m looking for something ‘feminine’ or fitted. As someone that identifies as female, I always lean towards more feminine clothing. There aren’t any factors that would discourage me to not purchase something I want on the sole basis of it not being categorised in my gender field. If I like it, then I’ll buy it. I prefer tops that are designed for breasts. Discourage, if the clothes are ill fitting, since male and female shapes exist. For example shirts for men are usually too short for me, since they don’t count in breast If the clothes are comfortable and at least presentable, I’m more inclined to buy them. Practicality also plays a role. For example, the presence of functional pockets on a pair of jeans is definitely a plus. I’m really minimalist so if it calls a lot of attention I won’t buy it When it’s expensive or doesn’t fit If the clothing line has masculine, feminine, and androgynous clothing that is fit for all bodies, I am more likely to buy it. For example, a shirt with buttons on the right that is available in a size that fits a short person with a large chest, or a dress that is available in a size that fits a 6’2” person with broad shoulders. I would be encouraged by the visibility in media - whether TV and film or advertising - of those clothes as normal and acceptable for everyone to wear, regardless of gender identity. I might be encouraged by dress codes being made unisex as a national rule (except where required for physical safety and even then it should be based on physical characteristics not percieved or portrayed gender identity). I would be discouraged by a fear of harassment or abuse by people that refuse to accept anyone “other”. I would be discouraged by the clothing only being designed/available for specific body types/sizes, whether small or large I might be discouraged by advertising that makes it seem like a bigger deal than it should be, like such clothing is for those that want to rebel against societies norms and everyone who wears it is making a brave statement when in my opinion it should be more on the level of choosing hot chocolate over coffee or a five bean chili over cheese and beans on your jacket spud, something a little different but hardly a big deal. I don’t like to stand out, I usually buy plain clothes that look quality. If it’s an article of clothing that stands out, either due to form factor or some divisive text on the front, I won’t wear it. If it’s got a neutral form factor worn regardless of gender, e.g. sweatshirts and sweatpants, I’ll wear it. Discourage: if it doesn’t offer clothing that fits body shapes other than “straight” - all genderless fashion I’ve come across really just caters to male body shapes while selling it as unisex. I want everyone to wear what they want without restrictions based on gender/sex, but I also want to wear clothing that fits my body shape and find it discouraging when gender-category-free always seems to just result in excluding typical female body shapes. I might be more likely to buy it since I’m a woman who wears more masculine clothing (so, by society, more gender neutral clothing). If a man can be deemed socially acceptable in it, I’d wear it. Price I’ll buy clothes that fit my style and price range no matter what, doesn’t matter whether they come from a non-gendered collection ASOS currently has unisex clothing with male and female models which I think looks cool. Am aware some of my answers in this have been contradictory which has made me check myself! I really only buy clothes based on whether I like how they look and think they’d look good on me, not based on how they’re marketed or categorized The only thing that factors into whether or not I buy clothes is price, comfort, and whether or not I like the style Honestly, as long as the clothes either look good on me, are comfortable to wear, or helps me express who I am, I don’t care if it’s supposed to be for a guy or a girl to wear, I’ll still wear it. If I like the clothes or it makes a statement I want to represent If clothing is comfortable and has a fit a like, I purchase it. I do this with both currently gendered clothing and clothing marketed as “unisex”. Currently, I like a more fitted style, so I have been shopping in, mostly, the “female” section. 5 years ago, I liked a looser fit so was shopping in the “male” section. If a company was selling clothing and didn’t categorise based on gender, it would be helpful if the fit of pieces was clearly marked, and dimensions. The usual sizing guides (S, M, L, etc.) would not work because you cannot infer the fit based on the gender it is marketed towards (meaning a traditional woman’s small t-shirt and a traditional men’s small t shirt would not fit the same, they should be categorized as “fitted small” and “unfitted small” or similar) Sustainable clothing and the slow fashion movement is far more important to me than any other aspect of fashion. I care about that and if I like the item. That’s all. If it’s trying to hard to send that message. I’m more likely to buy plain and nondescript clothing The only aspect of fashion and clothing I care about is if the clothing is comfortable to wear and it looks good on me. I don’t think there’s anything that can encourage me, if I don’t look good I’m not wearing it I would worry that the clothes would be less likely to fit my body type if they were designed for people of all genders As I don’t really identify with a gender, I don’t really pay attention to the categories of clothing. If I like it then I just like it whether it is more feminine or masculine. I like all sorts of fashion, dont care about gender. Im very tall, so I often buy tshirts/hoodies/sweaters/etc in the mens section, because its cheaper, bigger sizes, fits better, and better quality. I also buy a lot of womens clothes, but its a lot harder finding something that fits (Im 180cm). I often am too tall/big, even tho I should easily fit into the sizes. In mens clothes I easily fit M/L. I just want more unisex clothes, but ofc form fotting clothes are difficult, because people have different shapes. encourage - practicality I am not very fashion forward, so expense and comfort are most important to me. I am encouraged to buy gender non specific clothing when it’s all kind of jumbled up like in a thrift store. What would be cool if instead of women’s and men’s sizes they just had like human sizes small medium large and different clothing styles and cuts in every size.
style, comfort, price Right wing symbols, less ooptions to choose from If I enjoy the aesthetic or feel like it does or doesn’t fit me. The moral standpoints of the brand Most of the time, “androgynous” fashion is really just men’s fashion put in the women’s section or vice versa, but truly androgynous fashion is pretty boring since, to be truly neutral, it has to be stripped of any defining features. Hips and shoulder width are a real thing, so it won’t fit correctly if it’s not categorised I’ve worn an Oxford shirt, graphic tee, sweatpants, and slacks for the past 4.5 years, I don’t know fam. The only thing that would be discouraging to me from purchasing is that I’m not familiar with sizing for unisex clothes. if the clothing would be more comfortable than my usual gender specific clothes environmental impact, quality, price, brand reputation Political Pricepoint I might be discouraged if it’s something that is meant to have a certain fit, such as a suit (that didn’t stop me from buying my suit in the boys section, but it does for me weird). For things like jeans I prefer some of the women’s cuts. For shirts I literally do not care what section they are in I would not be sure whether the clothes fit me I buy what I think looks good, only thing that matters is if it fits or not which is usually a problem when buying unisex clothing. I’m trans but pre-everything so right now I would say that a lot of it is dependant on whether or not I can pass abs a guy while wearing the clothing I’m buying If I feel like I would be judged/harassed for wearing it, I would be discouraged. Price Literally nothing. I only care about whether I like the item, whether it fits me, and whether it is well-made. The same factors as with all clothing: price, quality and whether I like it or not
6.5.3 Focus Groups Focus Group 1: Participant 0986 – Age 25, male, masculine gender expression Participant 1234 – Age 19, female, feminine gender expression Participant 5858 – Age 18, non-binary, gender non-conforming Participant 1996 – Age 22, non-binary, feminine gender expression Moderator: Isobel Plummer (IP) IP: Okay so hi everyone, my name is Izzy and before we start I’ll just take you through what the purpose of this is, so as part of my programme of study I am undertaking research into gender categorisation in the fashion industry – so, looking into areas of both gender and what that means in today’s world and how people like yourselves shop, basically. So, to complete this dissertation and find the answers I need I’ll be asking you about your shopping habits as well as current perceptions and attitudes surrounding the two topics. It’ll last around 30 or 40 minutes with the discussion focused on themes of shopping behaviour, your experiences with in-store and online retail environments, your perceptions of gender as well as how you express yourself. Is that clear at all? All – (Sounds of agreement) IP – Okay good, I’ll be taping everything and transcribing it later, and of course if any of you would like a copy of the transcript then ask me after and I will arrange for one to be sent to you. I’ll be using the information you give to support my work and it will be written up in my dissertation. Um, also you can know that everything you say will be treated with confidence and your identities will not be disclosed as I will refer to you by your unique identifier that I asked you to write down as you came in, so don’t worry about anything you say being attributed to you as an individual so just be honest in your answers. Okay? All – (Sounds of agreement) IP – Okay, so I think that’s all for introductions, erm so I’ll start by asking you what your own perceptions of your gender expression are and maybe like where you think this has come from? 0986 – Shall I start? IP – Yeah sure 0986 – So basically the way I dress and where this has come from? IP – In relation to how you dress according to gender, yes 0986 – Ah, okay, so um as you can probably see, I dress masculine…I guess you could say? (laughs) um, yeah I shop in the men’s section, pretty exclusively I would say, and that’s probably just come from being brought up being told I was male and knowing inside I’m a guy and y’know just following that and I’m male so automatically I go to the men’s section. I think that’s the right answer, but also inside it’s like I would say that I pick up men’s clothes simply because I like them, I don’t like women’s clothes for myself, it’s just who I am IP – So you say it’s exclusively men’s, is that consistent both online and offline? 0986 – Yeah, it’s pretty automatic to be honest like I don’t question it or even think about it and like on sites like ASOS it automatically takes me to the men’s section as the first page, I guess because it’s remembered somehow from how I shop, so it’s already there I don’t even need to click or make a decision IP – So the decisions always made for you? 0986 – Uh, yeah you could say that, but it’s the decision I would make regardless
IP – Okay, [5858] how would you say your experience compares? 5858 – Pretty different I suppose, (laughs) so I identify as a non-binary identity so basically I don’t feel fully feel I fit into either male or female, sometimes I feel more male sometimes I feel more female and so you could say that’s somewhat altered how I shop because obviously clothes are a big part of expressing yourself and it makes me feel more comfortable if what I’m wearing matches the way I’m feeling – so yeah, that’s a bit of background about me I guess (laughs) IP – So what’s it like shopping in store as someone who doesn’t exactly fit into either predetermined category? 5858 – It can get pretty annoying I guess, but more than that it can be quite intimidating at times, especially if I don’t know the shop too well because I never know if shop assistants are gonna say anything or if I’m gonna be able to use the changing rooms without people being weird about it, so mostly I shop online or if I do shop instore I just buy it and if it doesn’t fit then I return it 1996 – See with me, I think that that’s something I don’t really experience as much as non-binary person as I’m feminine presenting and people often just read me as a cis woman 5858 – Oh yeah, it definitely varies because there’s so many different ways to be non-binary and just like [0986] was saying, he wears things based on what he likes and that’s the same for non-binary people too, your experience is obviously different to mine in that you like feminine clothes whereas a mixture of male and female suits me more and I dress depending on what I’m feeling on that day, which I’m sure is pretty similar to how cis people pick what they are gonna wear in the morning IP – That’s interesting, [1234] would you agree with that? 1234 – In a sense I guess so, because when I get dressed in the morning gender isn’t really something I think about, but I do dress according to how I’m feeling so some days I might want to be super covered up and I guess fairly masculine but other days I’ll dress up a bit more 5858 – Yeah, so that’s similar to how it is for me except there’s just the added consideration of how I want to express my gender that day. Like people think cis people don’t have the same kind of feelings as us but they do, it’s just they happen to fit into what they were told growing up and the categories of dress we see in stores match up with how they want to dress, so it’s just they are catered for and fit what society expects therefore they don’t think have about it, whereas somebody like me does IP – Would you say you’ve face more obstacles to shopping for the clothes you want than other people then? 5858 – Yeah definitely, it’s just not easy because there’s always the threat of not knowing how someone will treat you when you’re looking in a section that they think don’t think you belong in 1996 – I do think it is getting better though, people are becoming more aware I think, but stores definitely need to step up and not make it such an intimidating environment for people like [5858] IP – [0986] What do you think, after hearing about those experiences? 0986 – Yeah, it’s pretty bad when you think about it, because like [0986] said people like me who fit into societies expectations just simply don’t have to think about it IP – An you [1234]? 1234 – Yeah it’s true, we don’t have to think about it but I think that is definitely changing like [1996] pointed out, there’s so many more campaigns and support and stuff for transgender and non-binary people in the media right now and you see celebs like Ezra Miller, Miley Cyrus coming out as non-binary and pushing clothing boundaries as well as like Ru Paul’s Drag Race becoming popular which is normalising like men wearing make-up and stuff, all of which I think will gradually make things change IP – What do you think should change about the fashion industry? 1234 – Um, I think they need to become more aware of gender identities that aren’t just male or female because like listening to those experiences it’s clear that it fosters an environment that isn’t welcoming and also just reinforces stereotypes in a way IP – Do you ever shop outside of the women’s category? 1234 – Yeah sometimes, I like to get t shirts and jumpers and things from the men’s, because they are comfy and nice and oversized, I wear them to bed and to laze about the house mostly though so it probably doesn’t really count IP – What are your thoughts [1996]? 1996 – That’s interesting to me because like it makes you think how stereotypes definitely do impact how you dress 5858 – Yeah I agree, for me I think I’m affected in the way that I’ll wear men’s and women’s clothes depending on whether I feel more male or female, so right there I’m applying what society tells me men and women should dress like…messed up really 1996 – Yeah yeah, everything’s sorted into categories for us so we don’t have to even think about exploring other styles 0986 – I think that’s true of most people, because we don’t realise we are influenced by it IP – Do you think these categories in clothing stores limit self-expression? 1996 – 100% for me 0986 – See, I was gonna say I’m not sure IP – Go on 0986 – Well, I just don’t even want to wear women’s clothes, I’m perfectly happy wearing men’s and I express myself perfectly fine with that 5858 – and that’s fine, but I don’t think you can really say it doesn’t limit self-expression just because you don’t think it limits yours 1996 – Yeah, that was my line of thinking, also I would add that you are perfectly happy wearing men’s clothes and that’s obviously fine but you’ve never been given another option and you’ve never been told there’s no problem if you did like something from the women’s IP – [0986] how would you respond to that? 0986 – well, they’ve got valid points don’t they (laughs), I guess if from birth I’d never been told one thing was meant for girls another for boys and I still dressed how I did, I think then I’d be able to say I’ve never been limited even though I dress exclusively masculine 1996 – Pretty much, but that just isn’t the case for any of us is it IP – Do you think that if gender categories were removed it would be a good thing? How? 5858 – I think it would reduce stereotypes definitely, there wouldn’t be as much pressure to conform to the binary 1996 – yeah it would deffo make life a lot simpler for a lot of people I know who, like [5858], struggle with shopping in store because of how other people gender them 1234 – I agree in terms of making things more inclusive for non-binary and transgender people and it would begin the process of deconstructing stereotypes, but also I feel it would be resisted by a lot of people and probably would be a while before it was normalised, like it might be the case of mainly effecting kids growing up now rather than people already set in their ways, like it would just help with kids developing their sense of what is for men and what is for women, I don’t know where I’m going with that
5858 – No, I agree I think it would be slow to take hold which is annoying and sad but also just a fact of life 0986 – Yeah, I think hype masculine guys especially might resist (laughs) 1996 – But also the world is changing in like breaking down toxic masculinity and that so I think it would be something more accepted by younger more open minded people 0986 – Yeah, I just think it would need to be made clear to guys that they don’t have to wear female clothes, they can still shop for men’s stuff if that’s what they are into, it’s stupid but I think a lot of guys might need that reassurance IP – How do you approach buying clothes, does your personality impact this? 0986 – I guess it does, yes, because I’m not going to wear something with something that just isn’t me on it 1234 – Yeah I get what you mean, I think personality is a factor, like you want to reflect a personal sense of style that shows who you are, like I’m quite laid back and so I prefer just chill clothing and rarely go all out with tons of make-up and accessories every day because that’s just not who I am. I think what you wear can communicate to other people who you are in a sense. 0986 – Yeah that’s what I meant (laughs) 5858 – I get that, it’s like someone who likes punk music probably dresses punk, a skateboarder probably wears vans…you pick clothes based on what you like and what you like is often dictated by your personality outside of just clothes 1996 – Yeah that makes sense, I would agree too, otherwise we would all just be wearing plain stuff or all just be dressed the same if our individual personality differences didn’t impact how we buy clothes IP – Would you all say being considered unique or different is a factor in deciding what you buy? 1234 – I think there’s definitely a sense that being different is good, like no-one wants to be just a clone 0986 – Yeah I think that’s true, everyone likes to consider themselves stylish even if other people don’t and I think part of that is being different, although I think a lot of the time people end up wearing the same things 1234 – Yeah, I think it’s something most people consider 5858 – True 1996 – Yeah, it is something I think about but my main focus is just whether I like the item, and if that makes me unique then so be it, like I enjoy not being held back about wearing something a bit “out there” because I’m worried about what other people think because most of the time I get compliments and people wish they had the guts to wear the same 5858 – That’s true a lot of the time, but sometimes I do dress just plain even though it’s not my style just because I can’t be arsed with attention it bring me, and sometimes I just want to blend in – but mostly yeah I dress to express myself and my own personal style 1234 – Ooh one thing I just thought of is like y’know when girls ask on Instagram like “oh where’s your top from” and the one who posted it just doesn’t say… 1996 – Oh my god that’s the worst, like who do you think you are 5858 – Honestly! 1234 – Yeah like that relates ‘cause I think a lot of the time they don’t want people to steal their style because they want to be the only one that has it and be looking unique, but it’s like get over yourself IP: What do you think [0986]? 0986 – Um, yeah I think looking unique is a priority for a lot of people, but style and just expressing yourself is probably more important. I think people are probably in today’s world just more able to express themselves maybe, like with social media and shows like that drag queen one and stuff, and that’s why people feel more comfortable wearing stuff that might’ve got them beaten up in the past (laughs) 1234 – Yeah, I don’t really bat an eyelid when I see a guy in make-up on Instagram anymore, it’s great IP – What about a guy in feminine clothing? 1234 – Um, see that less often but it’s not totally unusual like I can personally name two guys I know who like feminine styles and dressing up 5858 – Yeah I think we are only going to see that more and more, and I for one think it’s such a great thing because like when you think about it women have been wearing “men’s” clothing for, what, 40 years? And the same is just now happening for men 1996 – Hmm, that’s true, it’s all about just having all the options open to us so we can choose based on how we want to express ourselves without having to hide because of social stigma 0986 – I still think you’d get a lot of people who would judge if a guy came in to a bar or whatever in a dress heels and make up, not saying it’s right, but it would definitely happen 5858 – You’re not wrong 0986 – See, like I think this generation is more just like, yeah whatever do what you want but there’s still that stigma, like it’s better than it used to be but it still wouldn’t be easy to break boundaries 1234 – Totally IP – Going back to what you said [5858], so would you say women have an easier time of crossing gender lines? 5858 – Completely! Guys clothes are just unisex at this point, and that’s the way women’s clothing should be in my eyes…like why can’t a dress be considered unisex…people should be able to wear what they want! IP – Definitely. Also, a minute ago [0986] you talked about it being still hard for guys, would you say that stigma is a factor that holds guys back? 0986 – Oh yeah, like insecure guys don’t wanna be called gay 5858 – So dumb 0986 – No denying that, but it’s true init… IP – Okay, so we’ve spoken a lot about instore experiences but I also wanted to discuss the online space and how that could be approached, any thoughts? 1996 – I think it would be difficult, especially considering sites like ASOS, there’s already so much to scroll through and it takes so long, I’m not sure if people would want a load of clothes they just aren’t interested in to get through as well 0986 – Yeah like I’m sorry but I’m just not interested in skirts and stuff so I think the current system works because It’s so much quicker than mixing them would be 1234 – I don’t know y’know…I think it would be possible, like I think everything should be unisex and not instantly labelled male and female but you could maybe have like in the filters bit a masculine and feminine option you could tick IP – Interesting concept, what do the rest of you think of that? 5858 – I like that, but it could also be construed as just enforcing the genders in another way, even if it is less obvious…I do like it
though, I think you would have to have the items displayed on both men and women and have some representation of non-binary and transgender identities too though, that would make it better 1234 – Ooh, like ASOS have done on some of their clothes recently 5858 – Yeah, except not on just masc clothing like they have in their unisex line, it should be on every piece IP – Do you think that kind of representation makes a big difference? 5858 – 100%, like it would be amazing growing up to see people like me on clothes websites and see myself represented and know I’m not weird for wanting to wear certain items of clothing…it would have made me more comfortable in my skin and my journey much easier because I wouldn’t be so repressed or have so much self-hate because I didn’t fit what society told me I was meant to be 1996 – Yeah I think that would be amazing for a clothing brand to do IP – As people who are cisgender [1234] and [0986], would this put you off buying for any reason 1234 – Not at all 0986 – No I don’t think I’d care, I think it would be great for people to feel more comfortable and stigma to be lessened in fashion, the only thing I’d be concerned about would be being able to find my usual stuff just as easily 1234 – I think the only thing is I don’t know if something like that would just be for like non-binary or those who cross-dress or like the LGBT community… I think it would be difficult to target it for everyone, but then again people in our generation are just supportive in general of LGBT rights and gender issues so I think a lot of the more forward thinking people would be on board, I guess, I don’t know 5858 – Yeah forward thinking people, people stuck in 1950 would be put off for sure (laughs)
Focus Group 2: Participant 7001 – Age 21, male, gender non-conforming Participant 1224 – Age 26, female, feminine gender expression Participant 8888 – Age 18, non-binary, androgynous Participant 4534 – Age 23, non-binary, gender non-conforming Moderator: Isobel Plummer (IP)
IP: Hello everyone, as you know my name is Izzy and before we start I’ll just take you through why we are doing this, um, basically as part of my programme of study I am undertaking research into gender categorisation in the fashion industry – so I’m looking into gender and what that means in today’s world as well as how people like yourselves shop, basically. So, this focus group will be based around visual stimuli, I’ll be showing you a few images and videos and asking your initial thoughts and opinions and then inviting discussion about them afterward. It’ll last around 30 or 40 minutes with discussion mainly revolving around gender in the context of fashion. Is that clear to you all? 8888– Yeah, sounds good 4534 – Yep IP – Okay good, just to let you know I’ll also be taping everything and transcribing it later, and, um, if any of you would like a copy of the transcript then just ask me after and I will arrange for one to be sent to you. It’ll all be used just to support my work in my dissertation so everything you say will be in confidence and your identities will not be revealed because you’ll always just be referred to by the unique identifier you wrote down. Everyone okay with that? All – (Sounds of agreement) IP – Okay, great! So, to start with I’m going to show you pictures of outfits and ask you to tell me who the person might be who is wearing it, describe them, what do they do, what are they like…When you first see the picture can you write this down quickly on the paper in front of you as I’d like to get just your individual first impression and we’ll go round and read them all out once you’ve done that. 1224 – Okay IP – We’ll start with this one here, I think
4534 – So just bullet point it? Like who I think they would be? IP – Yep, if that’s okay IP – Okay…All done? 8888 – Yesss 7001 – Uh-huh 1224 – Uhh…yeepp…done now IP – Okay so, [7001] what was your impression of who this might be? 7001 – Okay so I said this was a guy in his late teens early 20s, maybe at university because I don’t know I get the impression he’s smart because of the glasses (laughs) 7001 – Yeah, um he studies business y’know he’s quite a basic straight dude, likes going out, probably relies too much on his mum IP – Okay, great, um what did you get from it [1224]? 1224 – Pretty similar if I’m honest, um, except I said he was sporty and probably has money IP – Why do you say he has money? 1224 – To be honest I’m not sure, like maybe because I expect rich people to wear branded stuff all the time, I literally don’t know (laughs)
IP – That’s alright, um, [4534] what about you? 4534 – I got he’s 22, straight, goes out like 4 times a week, not my kind of guy, probably goes to the gym a lot and plays girls on tinder (laughs), uhh yeah pretty standard 8888 – Yeah I think we all got similar vibes, he’s an ocean boy for sure, don’t really have anything different to add IP – Okay, next one
7001 – Ooh! IP – Same again, just write what you think IP – Right, [8888] we’ll start with you this time 8888 – She’s definitely like an insta queen, has like 25000 followers and they all jealous of her style, um yeah she’s into fashion and full time just takes photos of her outfits for the gram, I would probably follow her 4534 – Yeah I agree, um I said she is 21, studies fashion, goes to fashion week and is big on Instagram, probably goes out a lot IP – [1224] What about you? 1224 – Yeah I put similar, but like I put her down as like one of those fake goth girls (laughs) like you know the bitchy girls from school who would make fun of goth and emo kids but now thinks it’s cool to call herself that because she wears black vinyl and fishnets IP – And, finally [7001] what did you get? 7001 – Well now I feel dumb, because I put it was a guy, I thought I’d go a bit out there on this one, say the unexpected (laughs) IP – That’s alright! Just go with whatever you can picture 7001 – Okay, I think it’s a skinny gay guy, like I’m picturing Raja or Valentina from Drag Race, I think it’s the beret that made me think that, but yeah they like to cross-dress and aren’t very masc, umm, probably would wear this to an event, not every day, fairly young too like 20 IP – What do the rest of you think, since we got some different answers this time round? 1224 – That’s an interesting take, I wouldn’t have thought of it 4534 – Yeah, I guess I never even considered it could be a guy because I saw a skirt and I just I don’t know assumed…quite let down at myself considering the way I dress (laughs) 8888 – I think it’s just we all said she’s a girl because it’s expected that it’ll be a girl wearing a skirt, like we all know that we should be able to wear whatever we want and it isn’t as unusual for guys to be experimenting a lot more, especially gay guys, these days but I think that association is still there 1224 – Yeah exactly IP – Okay now the same again for this one
IP – Right we’ll start with you [1224] 1224 – I said they were an international student, probably has a job set up for after she finishes working in some fancy company, probably a friendly girl IP – [8888]? 8888 – I put that they are gender fluid actually, I don’t know like this outfits quite a mix of masc and femme styles so that’s what gave me that impression. I think they are maybe 26-ish just because I feel this outfit is more mature and established than the others. Um, they like books and would rather go to a bar than a club, um, probably works in an office or something, I’m not sure. IP – Okay, [7001] how do you see them? 7001 – Yeah I said it’s a gay guy again, predictable I know but I think he’s this fashion guy, quite sophisticated but doesn’t mind playing around with feminine styles in a simple and played down way, like not completely out there, he maybe writes for a magazine, and yeah I agree in that he’s probably older like 25 or 26. IP – [4535]? 4535 – I said it was a girl like 24 and that she’s a blogger and travels to places like Thailand and blogs about it and is trying to build a following but yeah I guess I put they are a writer too, um, she’s quite plain in the way she dresses but it’s still fashion focused in her own way. Yeah I think she’s quite mature and likes to do nice things rather than spend her nights in clubs or whatever (laughs) 8888 – It’s funny that we all get similar vibes from the outfits, like in one sense or another, like we all said different things but they all had the same kind of personality 1224 – I think you can tell a lot about someone by the way they dress
8888 – Mm, yep, like people in similar friendship groups often have similar tastes because they are the same type of people, like goths hang out with goths don’t they IP – Right, that’s all for the outfits, I’m now going to show you a clip from a campaign by Prada https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WYRyIGRrIeE (All watch video) 7001 – Oh my god I loved that, obsessed with Violet Chachki being in it 4534 – And Sarah Paulson! IP – What does it make you feel? 7001 – Great! Like I loved the aesthetic of it all, those neon lights and then the fact that they used a drag queen was great, like because Prada is such a big brand I think it’s awesome for them to do something like that 1224 – Agreed, a big brand like Prada advertising women’s fashion using a drag queen as one of the main stars I think is quite influential IP – How so? 1224 – Well, young people can see themselves represented in fashion more, and guys who want to wear women’s clothes won’t be as ashamed if more brands do stuff like this 8888 – I think because Violet is so glamorous she works well for the part and it’s good that the simple fact that she’s a man doesn’t stop her from being cast these days 7001 – Inclusivity is always great IP – Now take a look at this image
4534 – That’s Ezra Miller isn’t it? I love them 7001 – I think he looks great! Like he’s really pulling off these outfits, it’s something guys would stay away from and be scared of but this image honestly makes me want to buy everything he’s wearing 1224 – True like if I saw a guy wearing this on street I would think he was cool as hell, who cares if a top or dress like that is traditionally feminine 4534 – Mm yeah, a lot of what they wear though you could only get away with as a celebrity, like did you see the fantastic beasts red carpet outfit? 7001 – Oh my god that was this guy? Wasn’t he dressed as like Hedwig? 4534 – Yeah, they dress very out there but I think it’s so creative and great to see like more interesting looks, even if I wouldn’t wear them myself, and celebs like this pushing gender boundaries is great for making it more normalised 8888 – That’s the thing isn’t it, when celebs do it more and more it becomes more acceptable, I think celebs doing it sets the standard and ordinary people follow once they aren’t scared to be the first ones 7001 – Yeah celebrities obviously have power when it comes to fashion and making things acceptable IP – Would you say celebrities are influence a lot of what you buy? 7001 – I would say no, I think celebrities obviously can normalise things and push things into the limelight but when it comes to my own style I generally don’t really look to celebrities It’s normally a combination of who I follow online that make me want to explore new styles as well as coming from my own style that I already have, so I follow people with similar interests and styles as me and sometimes I’ll see something new being tried that I’ll like and try myself 1224 – That’s the same with me, social media is the main source of inspiration for me if I’m feeling in a style rut, but sometimes that doesn’t work as I follow pretty similar people to myself and it’s hard to break away from my own little bubble to explore new things sometimes 4535 – Also I think celebrities are the same with like… these days’ style and trends mostly from what I’ve seen come first online and celebrities often pick some of that up and it becomes more stylish IP – These are the next set of images
4534 – This is ASOS isn’t it, their Collusion line, I love it so much like it’s so refreshing to see clothes just being clothes are not being for one gender or another and also them using people of different identities in their adverts, like I love it 8888 – Yeah I think it’s good they are beginning to do stuff like this on an affordable level, it’s a lot more approachable and doesn’t make it as exclusive as the one like Prada, as nice as that was it probably wouldn’t reach your average shopper 7001 – That’s so true, stuff like this would make a difference if it was done on a big scale, like clothing doesn’t have to just be
for one gender or the other 4534 – This is definitely more approachable than the Prada one, as nice as that was IP – What do you think [1224]? 1224 – Um, yeah I agree basically, it’s nice to see, the clothes weren’t really my style but I like the thought behind it IP – This collection, if you didn’t know, was also designed and collaborated on by influencers and young people who would wear the clothes, what do you think of that? 7001 – Oh, that’s cool 4534 – I think that’s good because it meant that styles that young people want to wear were actually made and sold and it isn’t out of touch or anything, and it makes it seem more authentic to me somehow, like they haven’t just done it to be politically correct they’ve actually asked young people what they want 8888 – I agree, like, if a brand actually cares about an issue or its consumers then I feel they should actually have some kind of personal relationship with them and connection rather than it being just a complete disconnected money making machine, getting normal people involved in the making of the clothes or marketing and such definitely shows that to me and it makes it more accessible…like show me proper inclusivity, show me the brand getting involved with events, show me the real people the brand is for IP – What do you think of the style of the clothing? 8888 – It’s nice and basic but young and modern at the same time with the patterns, it’s cool, not my style but I like the ethos 4534 – Yeah, I just realised it’s not feminine at all though is it, I think what would really be pushing boundaries is if feminine styles were de-feminized? I don’t know, is that a word? (laughs) Um, yeah but like skirts and stuff made to be for anyone just like a guy’s t-shirt is. 7001 – That’s a point 1224 – Yeah, guys clothes are just for women as well anyway, like you always hear of girls stealing their boyfriends clothes but never the other way around All – (laughing) IP – And, finally these images from H&M
7001 – Even more here, it’s masculine based isn’t it 1224 – Yeah 8888 – I like this a lot though, again very approachable because it’s H&M, this is more my style, I like the basics but that’s just me personally, I completely understand how this isn’t very out there or expressive 4534 – Yeah it’s good that mainstream brands are bringing out unisex collections, it’s a step toward all clothes just being clothes, but you can tell that there’s still a way to go 7001 – I think guys in general just have a tougher time of being able to cross-dress, no-one would laugh at a girl for wearing a men’s hoodie and jeans 1224 – I would agree with that IP – Would anyone disagree? 4534 – No I think that’s pretty accurate 8888 – Yeah it’s clearly true, guys are more scared and I think that’s why unisex collections tend to be just men’s clothes worn by women too but not the other way around 7001 – Unisex collections should just be the entire collection; clothes aren’t inherently gendered it’s us that puts the gender on them 1224 – Woah, smart (laughs) 4534 – All in all I think most unisex collections are fairly boring and just make the assumption that non-binary people are all androgynous, which obviously just isn’t true 8888 – Yeah, like I prefer androgynous style but that isn’t reflective at all of the entire community 4534 – Exactly! I love clothes and I love expressing myself through my clothes right…but unisex clothes just assume because I’m non-binary that I’m androgynous too 7001 – Yeah that’s dumb, and obviously I’m not non-binary but as someone who doesn’t dress masculine it’s like I HAVE to shop in the women’s section because there are no unisex clothes that are my style 4534 - Honestly! It’s like I said earlier, just because I’m non-binary doesn’t mean I’m completely bland, I still like to dress up or dress down like cis men and women, like androgynous is a cool style and interesting but that isn’t the only style that should be available IP – You seem quite passionate about that 4534 – Yeah, sorry (laughs) it’s just I know this is a step in the right direction but it’s still limiting, they are only giving us the basics. Like the ASOS collection is great in my opinion in that it is unisex clothing that gives us more options than just the basics but I think it is still not quite there in terms of breaking the feminine barrier IP – (laughs) Yeah completely understandable. Okay thank you all so much, that’s all the questions and prompts I have for you, again if you have any questions just email me
6.5.4 Assisted Shopping Trips & In-depth Interviews Assisted Shopping Trip 1: Participant 3453 – Non-binary, non-conforming gender expression, 26 years’ old Location – Topshop in Nottingham Victoria Centre Date – December 16th, 12:30pm Moderator: Isobel Plummer (IP) Activity 1: Observation 3453 heads straight to the men’s section which is downstairs and further away in this store, as they are walking they glance at some pieces in the women’s section feeling certain items of clothing as they go. Once downstairs 3453 starts casually browsing each of the racks. 3453 seems comfortable with this action and is used to shopping in the men’s section. 3453 spends most of their time browsing the shirts and jumpers in the men’s section, in the end selecting one of each item. 3453 comments on how they hope they have a size small in the shirt they like. 3453 then walks upstairs back to the women’s section 3453 slowly walks around the women’s section and glances at the items for sale but doesn’t stop to browse like they did in the men’s section of the store. When we get back to the front of the store 3453 says they are done and that when they would normally leave the store or buy items.
Activity 2: Challenge Me: Okay I’m now going to challenge you to find something in the women’s section that you like and explore areas of the store you don’t in your normal routine. We go to the first rack and participant 1 starts to browse They did not seem uncomfortable with the task given and began confidently flipped through the rack Participant 3453 picks several items up and looks them over seemingly contemplating choosing them before putting them back and continuing on They continue to wonder round the store for several minutes, most of the clothes they look at are colourful but not overly feminine Participant 3453 eventually picks up a pink blazer and trouser co-ord which they put in front of themselves in the mirror to assess how it would look on 3453: I think I’m going to go with this as what I would pick
In-Depth Interview IP: So, I noticed how when we first went into the store you mainly gravitated toward men’s section, is this usual for you? 3453: Yeah that’s normally where I find most of the clothes I end up buying so I guess I generally look around the men’s section the most, although I’m not against wearing clothing from the women’s section as I would describe myself as not conforming to either gender in how I dress. IP: What is it about the men’s section that draw you in? 3453: Um, I guess I like the shapes more, I prefer men’s t shirts to women’s t shirts just because I don’t like the feminine shape you get sometimes with women’s, I also just think I probably lean more toward masculine but I still like quite fashionable clothing that’s like…trend driven, I guess? So that’s why I do still go to the women’s section because I feel women’s just has a lot more to offer in terms of that IP: Talk me through the women’s pieces you picked out, what made you choose them? 3453: So, I chose the pink suit, I’ve seen quite a few people wearing it on social media like the bloggers I follow and stuff and I just really like it, I like how it’s a traditionally masculine thing and a smart thing, a suit, but it’s been made fashionable and could be worn relaxed or on a night out or to work…I’m also a big fan of colour so that played into it IP: Are bloggers and social media big influences for you? 3453: Yeah I’d say it gives me a lot of inspiration, maybe before I wouldn’t have picked something like that because I would associate it with being boring or smart but after seeing how other people have styled it I was inspired to try that as a new style IP: Is combining masculine and feminine styles something you do regularly? 3453: Yeah I guess so, I just pick what I like really and that normally comes out a mix of things but like I said I like masculine silhouettes done in a playful way which I’m enjoying seeing in shops at the moment because I find men’s clothes fairly boring at times but I like the shapes IP: Do you find it difficult to find your sizing at all in the men’s section? 3453: Um, sometimes, like I normally just go with a men’s small and I’m fine with that because I like the shaping it gives IP: Is there anything that makes the shopping experience difficult as a non-binary person? 3453: Yeah, I’ve gotten more at ease as I’ve gotten older with being able to more confidently shop for the clothes I want but definitely when I was younger I was embarrassed to be seen shopping in the men’s section IP: What do you think made you feel embarrassed? 3453: I don’t know, just judgement from other people I guess because they read me as a girl and I didn’t fully understand how
I felt at the time, it was just awkward for everyone involved (laughs), the whole shopping experience used to make me feel so uncomfortable IP: What made you become more comfortable with it? 3453: I think finally figuring out what I felt inside was valid and I am allowed to wear whatever I want, I guess, and also just adopting an attitude where I don’t care what other people think or say IP: Do you think it would have helped to have had more representation in the industry? 3453: Probably, yes, it wouldn’t have been such an embarrassing thing for young me IP: Do you think that representation and personal connection to a brand is important? 3453: Um, I’m not sure, I mean I would like to see a brand that carries clothes which are inclusive and it would help a lot of young people struggling with their identity to know that it’s okay to be who they are, I think if brands reached out and did build connections with kids like that it would be a good thing, but then you do get one’s where it is clearly just jumping on the bandwagon
Assisted Shopping Trip 2: Participant 8786 – Non-binary, gender non-conforming, 23 years’ old Location – Topshop in Nottingham Victoria Centre Date – January 8th, 1:00pm Moderator: Isobel Plummer (IP) Activity 1: Observation 8786 begins to look around the racks at the entrance of the store where there are sales racks displayed The racks are arranged by size and 8786 heads over to theirs 8786 flicks through for about a minute but walks off appearing disappointed 8786 begins looking at the coats just outside of the sale section, they appear excited and happy looking through them 8786: Coats are my favourite 8786 tries on a faux fur yellow jacket in front of the mirror on the shop floor and then takes it off and puts it back 8786: Not keen For the remainder of the time in the women’s section 8786 walks fairly aimlessly round glancing from left to right and brushing clothing with their hand as they go past but not stopping to look at anything else 8786 then heads toward the stairs and goes down to the men’s section They again walk around a few times picking up a patterned shirt at one point and looking it over 8786 appears a bit frustrated as they look through the racks and eventually heads back upstairs They browse the bags in the women’s section for a few moments and picks up one small bag with cage detailing 8786: This is cute, I can’t really find anything else
Interview IP: As you browsed both sections anyway I think there’s no need to do the challenge portion of the activity as normally I would get participants to go look around the section they wouldn’t normally 8786: Oh right, (laughs) did I ruin it? IP: Oh no (laughs) it’s fine it’s good to get different ways people shop. So, I think I’ll start by asking what makes you look around both sections? 8786: I just like a mixture of styles, sometimes the styles I like will be in the women’s sometimes it’ll be in the men’s, so I look round both IP: You seemed to struggle a bit to find things? 8786: Yeah I just didn’t see much I wanted, it just be like that sometimes IP: How would you describe your style? 8786: All over the place (laughs), um no, my style is classy, chic but badass (laughs) if I do say so myself IP: (laughs) So do you find items that fit that description in both sections 8786: Yeah I’d say so, I like mixing it up, like I love wearing maybe a men’s suit but styling it up with feminine accessories and makeup, I think that’s my favourite look IP: Is there any barriers you’ve come across to being able to start wearing feminine clothes? 8786: Yeah I don’t really like using the changing rooms because, where do I go? I’m trying on a dress but do I go to the women’s section because it’s a women’s item or do I go to the men’s section because people’s small minds can’t gather that I’m not a boy. I just prefer to avoid the anxiousness and try it on at home IP: That sounds tough 8786: Yeah IP: Have you ever shopped with a unisex store? 8786: I’ve dabbled, I’ve bought some nice minimalist pieces before from & Other Stories because they did a collection a while back, I think it was them anyway, and yeah nice and sleek IP: How did you feel about brands bringing out collections like that? 8786: I think it’s good, it doesn’t stop me wanting a cute dress I saw in Zara or whatever though, like that’s still women’s but am I not allowed it because it’s not explicitly in their unisex section (laughs) IP: Do you find yourself just drawn to certain items and it doesn’t matter the section? 8786: Pretty much IP: How would a brand be able to get your attention with a unisex offering? 8786: I guess simply have the clothes in it that I like
Assisted Shopping Trip 3: 9999 – Male, masculine gender expression, 24 years old Location – Topshop in Nottingham Victoria Centre Date & Time – December 15th, 3:45pm Moderator: Isobel Plummer (IP) Activity 1: Observation 9999 heads immediately to the men’s sections, walking fairly fast with the destination in mind and not bothering to look at the clothes he passes in the women’s section. Once downstairs 9999 confidently starts to browse, picking up certain items of clothing looking at them then putting them back on the rack. He picks up a pair of leggings and appears very interested in them but also unsure at the same time. 9999: Are these for guys? IP: Does it matter? 9999: No…but are they? IP: They are in the men’s section 9999: They look comfy, something to wear to bed or keep me warm under jeans IP: Get them 9999 stares at the leggings for a couple of minutes and appears to be in conflict with himself, he keeps laughing when he mentions the possibility of wearing them himself and appears to be trying to gage whether I think it would be alright for him to buy them even though he considers them something a woman might wear. 9999 puts them back on the rack. He then goes through most other sections on the floor and picks out just a pair of jeans as something he would buy, although lingers in the joggers section trying to find a pair he likes. 9999: I’m always needing new joggers, I need something comfy to wear 9999 continues to look through the pyjamas and joggers for a couple of minutes IP: What about the leggings? 9999: Are they girly though? I don’t care about what I wear, but I just want to know like are they for girls? 9999 clearly wants the leggings but is confused because he considers it feminine, although recognises that he shouldn’t care at the same time. IP: They are in the men’s section, no-one will see you wearing them. 9999 has an internal debate with himself for a couple minutes more, still resistant even though no one will see him wearing the item of clothing he considers feminine. Eventually 9999 goes back over to the leggings and picks them up, buts back the jeans he was holding onto and goes to pay at the till. After he’s done paying he declares that he is finished.
Activity 1: Challenge IP: so, it’s safe to assume you exclusively shop in the men’s section? 9999: Yeah, there’s no point looking around the women’s is there, since I’m a man IP: Well I’m now going to challenge you to find something you like in the women’s section. 9999: …really...(laughs) 9999 looks a bit taken a back, intimidated and uncomfortable – his body language immediately changes from confident to a bit out of place and unsure. 9999: what am I looking for really? IP: Just anything you like the look of, why don’t you just have a look and browse some of the items 9999 approaches the nearest clothing rack in the women’s section and starts to flick through the items 9999: I feel silly IP: What is it that makes you feel silly? 9999: well I clearly don’t belong in this section and these clothes weren’t made for me IP: How about you try not to think of it as women’s clothes, but just clothes, and flick through with an open mind as if you really are trying to find clothing you could buy. 9999: okay 9999 moves to another rack which houses t shirts, he walks directly around a rack which displays dresses and has a lot of sequins. 9999 begins to relax a bit more and starts pulling out t shirts in a similar way to how he did when browsing the men’s section earlier. He walks further down the shop away from the small area we had started in. He heads towards a row of jumpers and pulls out a ribbed black one 9999: I guess I would wear this, like it doesn’t really look feminine even though it’s made for women 9999 could have finished there by selecting the jumper but he continues to look through the jumpers some more and appears interested in looking through them and finding things he likes now. 9999 shows me a jumper with a floral embroidered design 9999: See something like this I wouldn’t wear because it’s so obviously feminine, it’s just not for me 9999 then pulls out another jumper, this one blue with a honeycomb texture and oversized look. 9999: I like this one too IP: would you wear these jumpers
9999: (pauses) I guess? IP: You seem unsure 9999: well I don’t know, because they are women’s aren’t they IP: What if this exact item was in the men’s section, would you buy it then 9999: (pauses) I think I probably wouldn’t have to think about it so hard and would purely judge it on how it looked on me and whether I liked it, but because it’s in the women’s section I feel like I can’t or shouldn’t like it I don’t know We finish the trip and leave the store.
Interview IP: So, to start, what did you think about the tasks we just went through? 9999: It was…interesting, made me think about things I wouldn’t normally when shopping, I guess because I normally wouldn’t even consider going in the women’s section because I’ve never thought of it as something “for” me. IP: Why do you think that is? 9999: I guess because instantly the labels of men and women on the categories tell you where you should be in the shop, so why would you look at clothes that are opposite to that? And as a guy who identifies as a guy, male clothing appeals to me IP: In the second exercise where you shopped in the women’s section, how did that make you feel? 9999: Oh, totally out of my comfort zone, like I’m not one to say men can’t wear women’s clothes or whatever but as soon as it was me having to shop in that section I was like ‘this isn’t right’ (laughs) which I suppose is a bit hypocritical of me - but yeah it felt weird and I didn’t really know how to approach it, even though I guess the clothes are just clothes and I did find a couple I would wear IP: Would you ever consider shopping in the women’s section in the future? 9999: If I’m honest, no I wouldn’t…mainly just because I think my style is just more masculine and so the men’s section provides that for me and I don’t have a desire for anything else, as boring as that may be IP: What if there were no labels dictating men’s and women’s? 9999: I think that would be good actually, it would probably take away the fear of the women’s section and open up new clothing possibilities but also I would still stick to my own personal style and gravitate to masculine styles IP: In the first task, you struggled over whether you wanted to buy the leggings even though you seemed to really like them and they were in the men’s section, why was this? 9999: It seems so stupid doesn’t it (laughs), it’s just because it seems like a woman’s product so like I was unsure IP: You liked them though! 9999: I know! I don’t understand it myself, it’s like this thought of wearing something that’s for women really held me back and made me uncomfortable, and it’s annoyed me actually because I consider myself someone who is quite secure in like my sexuality and stuff, I couldn’t help it though IP: If clothing were mixed, do you think this unsure feeling would apply to all of the clothes? 9999: Um…I don’t know, I guess it could because there would still be the thought inside that certain clothes are for women and certain clothes are for men like just because there isn’t a woman’s label I’m still not going to buy a dress y’know? But then maybe over time it would make people less unsure and resistant over more basic pieces like I might buy that black jumper I picked up in the women’s because that label wouldn’t stop me, and it would be good for men who are more feminine and do like feminine clothes as it wouldn’t be as weird? I don’t know IP: Do you think your shopping habits would change at all? 9999: Maybe… actually yeah, they would! I would have to be a bit more open and look at more possibilities than just walking straight to the men’s, there would definitely have to be some kind of good organisational system though (laughs) IP: (laughs) yeah 9999: Like if I’m in a hurry I wouldn’t want to have to sort through a load of sparkly stuff just to find a shirt, ‘cause I’m sorry but you’ll never get me wearing sequins (laughs). I guess I’ll still have my more masculine leaning style and search for those pieces but it’ll make people less restricted which can’t be a bad thing IP: Do you think personal style and self-expression is a key factor for you when buying? 9999: Oh, yeah of course, like everyone buys stuff based on their personal tastes don’t they IP: Do you strive to be original? 9999: Mostly I just buy what I like and want to look good, but I wouldn’t mind people thinking I’m original and the first to trends and all that because no one just wants to be a clone, but I think most people like to believe they’re original but they aren’t really because they are just following someone else IP: What do you mean? 9999: Well, people think they are doing something new, but you walk down the street and 20 people have the same thing IP: Do you think people could be more expressive If gendered sections didn’t exist? 9999: Probably, guys who like feminine stuff wouldn’t be as scared to buy it or wear it maybe, same with women too I guess, so they could be more themselves, but I think people like me would probably stay the same because I’m quite happy slotting into a stereotype as bad as that may be IP: Nothing wrong with that (laughs), are your shopping habits the same or different online? 9999: Um, the same ‘cause online I would just go straight to the men’s section too and just look for what I’m comfortable with like I do in like an actual store. Online is just more relaxed isn’t it IP: So, if you saw those leggings online instead of instore, would you have been more relaxed about buying them? 9999: (laughs) yeah I think so, because they would clearly be in the men’s section and there wouldn’t be a doubt in my mind that they’d just accidentally been placed there…so stupid (laughs) IP: It seems important to you that something is clearly marked as ‘male’ if it is more of a gender ambiguous item 9999: yeah, I wouldn’t ever think I would be like that ‘cause it’s not something I normally would think about! If the gendered categories had never been a thing though it would probably not be something I would struggle with IP: You think? 9999: Yeah, ‘cause it just wouldn’t be a factor would it IP: So changing it all now, do you think you’d struggle?
9999: Possibly, but I would get over it I think, it might actually make me less expressive for a while ‘cause I might just stick to items I’m sure are masculine, but that kind of mind-set I’m sure would wear off if it were normalised IP: What if there wasn’t any pressure to be more feminine, and it was still clear you could have your own style and didn’t have to change? 9999: I think that’s the way it would have to go, like you can’t force guys to suddenly like female stuff, it’s just not gonna happen, you have to accept that they want to buy the masculine stuff and there are gonna be some girls who just want to buy the feminine stuff IP: Exactly, yeah. But then it also opens up the possibility if they ever did find themselves like something as simple as a jumper and wouldn’t be stopped by a ‘male’ and ‘female’ sign
Assisted Shopping Trip 4: 0001 – Male, masculine gender expression, 19 years’ old Location – Topshop in Nottingham Victoria Centre Date & Time – December 15th, 4:45pm Moderator: Isobel Plummer (IP) Activity 1: Observation 0001 walks into the shop and straight to the stairs where he walks down the stairs to the men’s section 0001 walks the whole way around the shop floor once and then comes back around and looks at the shirts on sale 0001 picks up a few items and seems to compare them against each other before selecting a dark paisley print one 0001: yeah that’s about me done IP: That was fast! 0001: I don’t like to dawdle when I shop (laughs) IP: Fair enough
Activity 2: Challenge IP: Well now that I’ve seen your very quick normal shopping trip I’m going to challenge you to find an item you like in the women’s section 0001: The women’s? 0001 seems taken aback and finds the thought amusing IP: Yup 0001: Okay I guess 0001 heads upstairs and stops at the top looking around 0001: Don’t really know what to look out, this is alien territory for me 0001 slowly walks up to the closest stand and looks through but doesn’t really pay much attention to the clothes he’s going through, he acts like he is not interested 0001: Don’t think it’s going to be as quick to find something I like in here somehow (laughs) IP: Are there any items you’ve been after recently? 0001: Um, maybe basics IP: How about you start with that then 0001 walks toward a row of t shirts and flicks through them again going backward and forth between the items 0001 picks up a striped t shirt on the 3rd look through 0001: I guess this would be fine, I would have to get it in a big size if I were to buy it though to make sure there’s not that girly shape girls tops sometimes have
Interview IP: Do you exclusively shop in the men’s section? 0001: Yeah always IP: How did you feel about being asked to pick something out of the women’s? 0001: A bit taken aback, it’s not what I would usually do so I don’t really know how to navigate myself around it, it was hard to know where to start IP: You ended up picking up a t shirt, tell me a bit about what made you choose it and your thoughts on it 0001: Um, well it’s a standard basic I guess, like even though it was in the women’s section I’m not opposed to it because it doesn’t look feminine, nothing wrong with looking feminine it’s just not my style IP: Do you think this experience opened you up at all to the possibilities of wider options? 0001: In a way, I would never go to the women’s section so it was interesting being put out of my comfort zone like that, but with a striped t shirt I could easily have got that in the men’s section so it doesn’t make too much difference which one I buy it from. I think I would never look in the women’s section so I don’t really know I they have anything to offer that I would want that the men’s don’t have…I guess women in general have more options to begin with like their section is always bigger so there’s that, but I just like men’s styles better IP: Do you think the men’s section is lacking in options compared to the women’s then? 0001: I would say so, yeah, there just isn’t as much room to have different styles like the women’s, I guess because women are known to be bigger shoppers IP: I noticed when shopping normally you were very to the point in and out, not really stopping to look around much
0001: Yeah, I’m not a big fan of shopping as it can be quite overwhelming and it’s always hot in there so I don’t like to spend too long, I prefer to shop online really where I can just relax more IP: Would you say convenience is important to you when shopping? 0001: Yeah I like to be able to go straight to what I’m looking for and just get it IP: How would you react if men’s and women’s were merged? 0001: I don’t really know to be honest, I feel like it would take a bit of getting used to, I wouldn’t be opposed to it but I think I would need to be able to have that same convenience level which if men’s stuff was just scattered amongst the women’s would not be easy because you’d have to go through so much crap to find one thing
Assisted Shopping Trip 5: 2222 – Female, feminine gender expression, 21 years old Location – Topshop in Nottingham Victoria Centre Date & Time – December 16th, 12:00pm Moderator: Isobel Plummer (IP) Activity 1: Observation 2222 begins looking around the entrance of the store flicking from item to item pausing for longer on some and pulling others out They weave in and out of the aisles looking at most of the racks and makes sure they don’t miss much Occasionally 2222 pulls out an item and goes over to the mirror to look at it in front of her 2222 looks at dresses for the longest amount of time in total They get frustrated when one dress they had been looking at, a sequin one, didn’t have her size on the rack 2222: I’m going to ask 2222 asks the shopping assistant and they bring out her size from the back 2222 seems happy with this and goes to the changing room to try it on When they come out they are holding the dress 2222: I’m actually going to buy this, I didn’t expect to find something I wanted or to spend money today 2222 goes to the till and pays
Activity 2: Challenge IP: Okay now I’ve observed you shopping I’m going to ask you to go to the men’s section and do the same there, have a look around and pick something out you like 2222: Oh, okay sure 2222 goes downstairs and approaches the men’s section in the same way she approached the women’s; going through almost every rack and flicking through the items considering each on 2222 pulls out a patterned shirt 2222: I would buy this for my boyfriend, not for me though 2222 continues looking around and takes her time 2222 eventually pulls out a hoodie which she considers for a moment 2222: Okay I would get this
Interview IP: So I think I’ll start by asking, do you always shop in the women’s section? 2222: Yeah always IP: Ever in the men’s 2222: Oh yeah, occasionally, their stuff is just so much more comfier I love getting men’s t shirts and jumpers IP: So the challenge wasn’t too much of a stretch for you? 2222: No not really, it was just the first time I looked around I didn’t think to go down there because it’s quite out the way and hidden so I forget it’s there sometimes, you kind of really have to be wanting something specific from there to bother going down whereas I come into Topshop and just casually browse everything even if I don’t have anything in mind IP: That’s interesting, would you say you are prevented from looking at the men’s because of this? 2222: In a way I guess, it’s just out the way really IP: Tell me about the dress you bought 2222: Oooh, I’m so happy with it, I didn’t expect I’d actually buy something but I do have a Christmas work party coming up so I wanted something Christmassy and it’s just perfect IP: Would you say you’re quite an impulse buyer? 2222: Guilty (laughs), I try not to buy stuff but it doesn’t last long IP: Do you think you are not as impulsive when buying men’s stuff because you mentioned you go to the men’s only when you have specific items in mind 2222: You could say that because I’m not just casually browsing the men’s for just a bit of fun shopping so if I have an item in mind I’ll go down and maybe I’ll impulse buy something else, but other than that I don’t really impulse buy anything from there IP: Tell me about the hoodie you liked 2222: It’s just a good comfy hoodie isn’t it, can never get enough of those and men’s ones are always better and it’s not like you can tell it’s men’s, it’s basically unisex anyway IP: How would you feel if the men’s and women’s were merged? 2222: It would be bad for my bank account because as you pointed out I don’t have to impulse buy as much men’s stuff (laughs), but seriously, I think that would be good, putting people into boxes is a but outdated anyway isn’t it
IP: How so? 2222: Well who cares if a guy wants to wear a skirt, who cares if a girl wants to wear a suit, it’s 2019 people
Assisted Shopping Trip 5: 6757 – Female, feminine gender expression, 28 years’ old Location – Topshop in Nottingham Victoria Centre Date & Time – December 16th, 1:00pm Moderator: Isobel Plummer (IP) Activity 1: Observation 6757 walks slowly around the store Occasionally they stop to look at a few things but only fleetingly pushing items back to see what the item behind is and then continuing 6757 continues to walk around the store for several minutes They spend the longest amount of time looking at the earrings and phone cases on display by the tills of the store They bend down to look at the ones at the bottom, taking ones of the rack to see the ones behind They go around the cases which hold the earrings and accessories several times 6757: I like these earrings They are holding a pair of small gold stud earrings 6757: I think that’s all I’d look at
Activity 1: Challenge IP: Okay now I’d like you to look around the men’s section and do the same again, try and pick out something you like 6757: Okay 6757 goes straight down to the men’s section They seem okay with the task and not shocked or uncomfortable in the slightest 6757: Same again did you say? IP: Yes please 6757 walks around the smaller men’s section in a similar way to how they walked around the women’s section They appear to be taking everything in in an overview of the store Eventually 6757 approaches one of the racks and flips through some items before stopping and continuing walking around They do this several times and are engaged with process without any noticeable differences between this experience and the women’s section experience 6757 looks through all of the t shirts on offer Once she has flicked through them all she goes back through them and pulls out two white t shirts with graphic print designs on them 6757: These two are my favourite, I like the pattern
Interview IP: Do you always shop in the women’s section? 6757: Yeah I’m a woman and I like women’s clothes so it’s the perfect section for me IP: Do you ever shop in the men’s section? 6757: Not really, I mean, I have done several times but I never think to really IP: How did you feel about being asked to today? 6757: Totally fine, not a problem with it, it’s quite normal really, a woman isn’t really being revolutionary if she wears men’s instead of women’s IP: Do you think that’s the same both ways? 6757: What, if a man wore women’s? IP: Yeah 6757: I don’t think that is particularly revolutionary either, I mean, of course it’s not the norm and people wouldn’t look twice if I wore men’s but they probably would if a man wore women’s IP: How did you find the experience of shopping in the men’s? 6757: Yeah, fine, not a big deal to me, it’s just like looking around the women’s but less flashy IP: If it’s the same why don’t you ever shop in there? 6757: Just don’t think to, not something I think about IP: Do you think it would be a good thing to not have the barrier of men’s, and to open up more options to you? 6757: Well I don’t think there’s much of a barrier at the moment, well for me anyway, because I have no problem shopping in the men’s, but then again I guess there is one because I don’t shop there so I don’t really have the options open to me even though I do like the clothes…It’s kind of like if they cordoned off the dresses in the women’s section, I might not ever go in there because I don’t think I need a dress but then I never look so I don’t know what I’m missing, hm.. IP: Tell me about the items you did pick out from the men’s 6757: I do really like men’s t shirts, I prefer the sleeves because they are baggier and those patterns were cute IP: Do you think there needs to be that distinction that those t shirts are for men? 6757: No, they are basically unisex aren’t they it’s just I had to go into the men’s section to get them, they might as well have a version out in the women’s section too
6.5.5 Industry Interviews Industry Interview 1: Trishna Daswaney, founder of Kohl Kreatives 1. What was it that inspired/motivated you to create your company which has such a strong focus on the transgender community? Unanswered 2. What impact do you think indicators of gender, or stereotypes in general, have on the way consumers purchase or make decisions? Unanswered 3. How important do you believe the idea of achieving self-identity and self-expression is, from what you have seen within your client-base? Super important it comes from my experience with me myself and I. I used to use makeup as a self empowerment tool and I share that experience with everyone 4. Do you believe the world has changed at all in the way we view gender and how do you think companies such as yours impact the community it works with? Yes, for me it’s very hands on I run free workshops weekly for those who need help in discovering makeup to better their lives on a weekly basis. 5. Is there anything that you believe the fashion industry could learn from the beauty industry in the way it operates? Yes! Inclusivity is not temporary it’s not a marketing tactic, it’s everyday, there are real people and it affects them not just during special events like “breast cancer awareness month” or “transgender awareness week” 6. What is the most important message Kohl Kreatives aims to get across? Beauty is for everyone, it’s what you make of it, there’s no wrong or right, and unlike most blanket “giving back” ours is tangible, if someone buys a brush I offer them personalised tutorials, if they’re struggling I offer them help. It’s not the distance I want from the consumer it’s truly inclusive. Industry Interview 2: Spokesperson from One DNA 1. What was it that inspired/motivated you to create your company which has such a strong genderless focus?
We don’t believe clothes should have a gender. We don’t shop for clothes through a binary lens. We believe there’s a community of people -- that come from all walks of life -- that share a similar POV. Further we think there’s a message behind the idea of removing gender from clothing and escaping the gender binary in general... and that is that we should break down boundaries and be more inclusive and open minded
2. What impact do you think categories of gender, or stereotypes in general, have on the way consumers purchase or make decisions? The main point to make from our POV is that when you label clothing women’s or men’s your automatically creating an artificial boundary that divides people. A person might want to dress more feminine or masculine (all of the time or some of the time) so removing the label allows them the freedom to choose without question. This is true for people from all walks of life and includes gender non-conforming people, trans people, etc
3. How important do you believe the idea of achieving self-identity and self-expression is for consumers? Self-expression is a key part of fashion and consumerism more broadly. We are motivated to allow people to feel good and empowered through their dress
4. Do you believe the world has changed at all in the way we view gender and how do you think companies such as yours impact the community it works with? The idea of removing gender from objects like clothing is becoming increasingly mainstream. For example, several large organisations have taken steps to break free from gendered labeling and to end gender related stereotypes in their products and marketing. The issue of gender identity still has a long way to go in our opinion but others who work more closely in medical arenas, gender studies, and so on are more qualified to discuss that.
5. Is there anything that you believe the fashion industry could develop in its approach to gender?
There’s many steps the industry can take both big and small. The more progress the industry makes the better, in our opinion. The list is too long to go into here but suffice to say we believe we are doing more than or fair share by creating a unique line that has been gender-neutral from day one
6. Are there any key obstacles you came across when setting up One DNA as a brand in relation to it’s genderless offering? We work hard on developing silhouettes that fit people from all walks of life and that level of experimentation and innovation
What is the most important message One DNA aims to get across?
We are all the same underneath
6.5.6 Consent Forms
6.5.7 Gantt Chart Week Commencing 19th Nov
3rd Dec
31st Dec
Theory Research Write Lit Review Write and Send Out Survey Contact Experts Expert Feedback Contact LGBT+ Society Assisted Shopping Ethnography Depth Interviews Focus Groups Analyse All Results Write Report Create the Visuals Print the Report
6.5.8 Customer Segmentation Model Gender Is Irrellevant to Fashion
Innovators Transgender, Non-Binary, Gender Non-Conforming Activists
Followers Not Do-ers Online Savvy
Early Adopters Fashion Forward Online Savvy Under 30s
Late Majority 30+ Facebook Over Instagram Doesn’t Aim to Stand Out
Laggards Function Over Fashion Traditional Mind-Set Gender Is Always Necessary in Fashion
Like Trying New Things
Early Majority
6.5.9 PESTLE
The Government is reviewing changes to the Gender Recognition Act which will improve the rights of transgender people (Stonewall, 2019)
Digital natives, or GenZ, express preference for the use of social over traditional media social media (Nikou, Mezei and Brännback, 2018), this impacts brands as investment into spaces individuals are receptive to is integral for success.
Policy changes push gender-neutral school uniforms in a bid to be more open for gender-questioning children (Yeung, 2016) as well as allowing less focus on gender divides during early childhood
Economical Millennials and Gen Z control $44 billion in direct purchasing power (Adams, 2017) which is set to increase as Gen Z comes of age, making the groups a huge oppotunity that cannot be ignored. The unemployment rate of under 24s is at 46,000 in the UK and is rising at its fastest rate in 5 years (Patington, 2018). This impacts industries marketing to this age group as individuals have less to spend on luxury items.
Social The ‘Me Too’ movement has brought around a widespread critique of toxic masculinity (The Future Laboratory, 2018) as traditional ideals spead negative consequences for everyone. As a result, male centred brands such as Gillette and Harry’s have brought out advertisements which aim to break down toxicity and normalise healthy portrayals of masculinity.
This has affected their personal values more than any other group in society, showing how social media and the spread of knowledge online can influence individuals’s mind-set (Nikou, Mezei and Brännback, 2018). Legal The Advertising Standards Authority introduced new rules on gender stereotyping in advertising, after recieving many complaints in recent years. For advertisers, this means more care and consideration to the factor of gender should be taken, whilst additionally paving the way for campaigns that challenge existing social stereotypes and the way society views the genders (Duckett, 2017)
The rise of individualism can result in over consumption as values become tied to possessions and materialism (Kasser, et al., 2014), this is something that needs to be considered as increasing critique of the fashion industry’s damage to the environment rises and a continuation of over consuming is not sustainable.
Izzy Plummer
Published on Apr 2, 2019
Stage 1: Blurred Lines
FMB dissertation part 2/3
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HomeLibriScienza
The HeartMath Solution: The Institute of HeartMath's Revolutionary Program for Engaging the Power of the Heart's Intelligence
da Doc Childre e Howard Martin
448 pagine7 ore
The Intelligent Heart
Access the power of your heart's intelligence to improve your focus and creativity, elevate your emotional clarity, lower your stress and anxiety levels, strengthen your immune system, promote your body's optimal performance, and slow the aging process.
Editore: HarperCollinsPubblicato: Feb 15, 2011ISBN: 9780062037770Formato: book
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The HeartMath Solution - Doc Childre
The HeartMath system, from which The HeartMath Solution was derived, was created by Doc Childre, a stress researcher, author, and consultant to leaders in business, science, and medicine. HeartMath offers an innovative view of psychology, physiology, and human potential that provides a new model for efficient living in the modern world.
Doc has spent most of his adult life researching and developing the HeartMath system. His goal with that system has been to give people the ability to unfold new intelligence and more caring, compassionate feelings to help them meet life’s many challenges with resiliency and poise. It was out of this sincere desire to help people that, in 1991, Doc, along with a small group of professionals representing a wide spectrum of talents, experience, and expertise, founded the Institute of HeartMath, a nonprofit research and educational organization. The Institute’s research has made pioneering inroads into the fields of neuroscience, cardiology, psychology, physiology, biochemistry, bioelectricity, and physics. In order to further its research objectives, the Institute formed a scientific advisory board composed of leaders in many of the above fields to provide guidance and peer review. This collaboration has led to the exciting new discoveries that are presented throughout this book.
The HeartMath system’s scientifically validated techniques have been integrated into seminars and consulting endeavors delivered by HeartMath LLC, the master training organization licensed by the Institute and headed by Doc Childre, and through their licensed trainers around the world.
Today the HeartMath system is officially being taught on four continents in a variety of societal contexts, including corporations, government agencies, healthcare institutions, and educational systems.
I’ve been a part of HeartMath’s development for almost thirty years, playing many roles during the system’s various stages of growth. During the last eight years, I’ve been primarily a businessman and HeartMath trainer/spokesperson. Currently, I’m executive vice president, chief creativity officer, of HeartMath LLC, a sales marketing company that creates and publishes products based on the HeartMath system. These roles have placed me in a position central to much of what HeartMath is doing in the world. I’ve been given the opportunity to contribute to this book and express some of what I’ve learned about the heart, myself, people, and life during these many years. I’m honored to do so and sincerely appreciate the opportunity.
I began my discovery of the heart when I was a young rock musician living in North Carolina. As I was trying to make some coherent meaning out of a life that could only be characterized as quite chaotic, I started to listen to the voice of my heart. I found it often provided a reliable compass for making important decisions. That was motivation enough to keep going for more. Fortunately, my association with Doc and his work during this time offered me the chance to learn more. Developing a respect for the intelligence of the heart at a young age has been, by far, the most important contributor to my success in life.
One intention of this book is to confirm to you, the reader, what you may already feel or know—that the heart is involved in understanding yourself, people, and life. If you take to heart what you read and make even a small but sincere effort to apply what you learn, you’ll experience a profound shift in your perceptions and emotions. Life will respond accordingly. It won’t take years to benefit from the HeartMath Solution. In fact, it will save years of looking for answers that are only as far away as the shift from mind to heart.
Today, there’s not enough time for everyone to take a leisurely approach to becoming more intelligent, caring human beings. Our current and future challenges require the discovery of new inner resources needed to change at a faster pace. The simple system offered in The HeartMath Solution shows you how to make a direct connection with the intuitive intelligence resource of the heart. As people develop this intelligence, it gives them the power they need to manage their mind and emotions and achieve a greater capacity to create positive changes in society.
The HeartMath Solution presents three types of information: concepts, tools and techniques, and biomedical, psychological, and social science research. The combination of these elements provides a comprehensive system for unlocking innate potential and achieving rapid personal, interpersonal, and social advancement.
In today’s world many people put their faith in science and technology, gaining valuable knowledge, inspiration, and comfort from the breakthroughs and enhancements to living that science provides. Others intuitively sense that faith in science can be limiting, that something more is needed for fulfillment of the human spirit.
One of the exciting aspects of life at the cusp of the new century is that people are sensing the possibility of a merger between science and spirit. As you’ll see in this book, our years of experience, practice, and research tell us that the heart is the doorway to this union.
Through the Institute’s research, in conjunction with the research of others, we’ve been able to build a compelling case that the heart does have an intelligence that influences our perceptions. Our research challenge has been to see whether (and how) the philosophical or metaphorical heart and the physical heart interact. We’ve found that they indeed do, and in a number of ways. As impressive as much of what we’ve discovered is, however, there’s much more to learn. Because available scientific instruments can’t measure all the effects of the heart, the total picture isn’t yet complete. Neurocardiologists and other scientists are just beginning to map the pathways and understand the mechanics of how the heart communicates with the brain.
Moving beyond what we’ve been able to prove through science, our theory is that the heart links us to a higher intelligence through an intuitive domain where spirit and humanness merge. This intuitive domain is something much larger than the perceptual capability of the human race has yet been able to grasp. But we can develop that perceptual capacity as we learn to do what sages and philosophers have asked us to do for ages: listen to and follow the wisdom of the heart.
We can learn a great deal from science, but we don’t have to wait for science to prove everything before we can access the wisdom and intelligence of our hearts. Many people intuitively sense that such access is possible; in fact, they long for it—they just don’t know how to achieve it. A reliable method is what they’ve been waiting for.
The HeartMath Solution offers a step-by-step methodology for people to develop the intuitive intelligence of their own hearts. It’s not the only system for balancing the mind and emotions and contacting the heart’s intuition, but it’s one system that works. HeartMath is being successfully implemented by many thousands of people who systematically use the tools and techniques we offer to increase their awareness.
With stress increasing in the world, people are looking for ways to find more mental and emotional balance in their lives. As people wake up to new possibilities, they become motivated to better manage themselves mentally and emotionally in areas they’ve avoided or not known how to address. These people become the pioneers who lay the groundwork for others.
My hope in sharing this work is to help people experience a much larger degree of mental and emotional well-being, expanded awareness, and heightened fulfillment. One thing I’ve learned from practicing the HeartMath system is that fulfillment starts on the inside and then becomes evident on the outside where it can be appreciated the most.
If fulfillment that exceeds expectation can happen for me, it can happen for you. I sincerely believe that all of the good things that have come my way have done so because I learned how to listen to and follow my heart. The HeartMath Solution presents a way to do exactly that. On behalf of Doc and myself, enjoy!
Heart Intelligence
The HeartMath Solution is a comprehensive system that provides information, tools, and techniques to access your heart intelligence. Part 1 is designed to give you the foundation needed to take the first step of the HeartMath Solution: acknowledging your heart intelligence.
This first section will describe heart intelligence, explain how it works, and discuss why it’s so important. Scientific research will be presented that reveals an intelligence residing within the heart and shows how the heart communicates with the brain and the rest of the body. This research has shown that when heart intelligence is engaged, it can lower blood pressure, improve nervous system and hormonal balance, and facilitate brain function.
In order for the mind, emotions, and body to perform at their best, the heart and brain must be in harmony with one another. Learning to align these two integrated but separate sources of intelligence is another important part of this section.
In Part 1 you will:
Realize the significance of heart intelligence
Understand the biological communication between the heart, the brain, and the rest of the body
Distinguish the difference between the head and the heart
Beyond the Brain—The Intelligent Heart
It was 5:45 A.M. on Tuesday morning, February 6, 1995. We were at HeartMath’s business center in Boulder Creek, California. Dr. Donna Willis, the medical editor for NBC’s Today show, had called the previous afternoon to say that they’d decided to run a segment on our work the next morning. They were going to call it Love and Health. Dr. Willis would start off with an overview of the Institute of HeartMath’s research about the electrical energy produced by the heart. Then she’d go on to tell Bryant Gumbel and the viewers about our FREEZE-FRAME technique, which uses the power of the heart to manage the mind and emotions.
We’ll have only a few seconds to give them your number, Dr. Willis said, but you might want to put some of your people on the phones, just in case.
With little time to prepare, we quickly arranged for our staff to come in early to handle any calls—and it was lucky we did! As soon as the phone number appeared on the screen, the switchboard lit up. For the rest of that day and into the night, then all day long the next day, we fielded calls almost continuously. Each time the show aired in a new time zone, another wave of calls came in.
We talked to thousands of people from all over the country—from anonymous parents in big-city ghettos to leaders in science, medicine, business, education, and religion. Before it was over, we’d gotten calls from around the world—all from a four-minute segment on a national television show that flashed our phone number on the screen for five short seconds. Why was that brief mention of the heart so magnetic?
The people who called us knew instinctively that the heart played an important role in their overall well-being. I knew it all along, they said, and now they were eager to find out more. They wanted to know how their thoughts and feelings could be used to improve their health—mentally, emotionally, and physically. Others—people who associated the heart with love—wondered what they could do to bring more heart into their lives.
This immediate response further confirmed our long-standing belief that people are ready to put the heart to work in their lives. Without knowing the specifics, they sense that loving, positive feelings are somehow related to health, and they do their best to encourage those feelings in their lives.
Most people would rather feel loving and appreciative than resentful and depressed. But often the world around us seems to be spinning out of control. Despite our best intentions, it’s hard to maintain our emotional equilibrium when we’re confronted every day—sometimes every hour—with stressful situations.
We’ve all been told, at one time or another, to follow our hearts. And it sounds like a great idea, in principle. But the problem is that actually following our hearts—and loving people, including ourselves—is much easier said than done. Where do we begin? People talk about following their hearts, but nobody shows us how to do it. What does following the heart really mean? And how do we love ourselves? Aside from love’s being a nice sentiment, why should we love other people? We’ll show you a practical, systematic approach to answering these questions for yourself and outline the enormous benefits you’ll reap in doing so.
Over the past twenty years, scientists have discovered new information about the heart that makes us realize it’s far more complex than we’d ever imagined. We now have scientific evidence that the heart sends us emotional and intuitive signals to help govern our lives. Instead of simply pumping blood, it directs and aligns many systems in the body so that they can function in harmony with one another. And although the heart is in constant communication with the brain, we now know that it makes many of its own decisions.
Because of this new evidence, we have to rethink our entire attitude toward following our hearts. At the Institute of HeartMath (IHM), scientists have found that the heart is capable of giving us messages and helping us far more than anyone ever suspected. Throughout this book, we’ll share the research that provides new evidence of the power of heart intelligence. And we’ll show how that intelligence can have a measurable impact on our decision-making, our health problems, our productivity at work, our children’s learning ability, our families, and the overall quality of our lives.
It’s time to reexamine the heart. As a society, we need to take the concept of heart out of confinement in religion and philosophy and put it right in the street, where it’s needed most. The HeartMath Solution is a comprehensive system that will give you new information about heart intelligence; new tools, techniques, and exercises to access that intelligence; and instructions and examples regarding how and when to apply it to make your life better.
The biomedical, psychological, and social science research presented in this book provides the underpinnings of the HeartMath Solution. As you learn and apply this system, you’ll rapidly gain new solutions to problems, new insights, and an expanded understanding of yourself, other people, society, and life itself.
The heart isn’t mushy or sentimental. It’s intelligent and powerful, and we believe that it holds the promise for the next level of human development and for the survival of our world.
As we enter the new millennium, our increasingly global society is faced with daunting challenges. The world’s power structures are changing. Leaders are suffering from a lack of credibility. Technology is rapidly linking the world through satellite TV and the Internet, creating both opportunity and challenge. More nations are gaining nuclear capabilities. Threats of terrorism, global weather changes, and uncertainty prevail. Many important institutions and systems that we rely on for security and order are in disarray.
Largely because of all this change, stress is at an all-time high. As Albert Einstein said years ago, The significant problems we face today cannot be solved at the same level of thinking we were at when we created them. Developing the capacity to deal with the challenge of living in a stressful, ever-changing world is now more important than ever. To live happily and healthily in all the turmoil that progress brings requires exploring new ideas.
Hundreds of years ago it was obvious to everyone that the earth was flat. That fact was clearly observable; the earth extended as far as one could see. When the means to travel further and take a better look became available, however, everything changed. In the fifteenth century, the explorations of Columbus and Magellan proved to the world what Copernicus had already calculated mathematically: despite appearances, the earth is round. Then Galileo verified Copernicus’s theory that the earth revolves around the sun, not the other way around. In the span of a few decades, our world had been turned upside down.
In the realm of the heart, the Magellans have returned with news of strange new lands. They tell us, Our old models were based on limited information. [1] New discoveries now reveal that within each of us there exists an organizing and central intelligence that can lift us beyond our problems and into a new experience of fulfillment even in the midst of chaos. It’s a high-speed, intuitive source of wisdom and clear perception, an intelligence that embraces and fosters both mental and emotional intelligence. We call it heart intelligence.
Heart intelligence is the intelligent flow of awareness and insight that we experience once the mind and emotions are brought into balance and coherence through a self-initiated process. This form of intelligence is experienced as direct, intuitive knowing that manifests in thoughts and emotions that are beneficial for ourselves and others.
The HeartMath Solution provides a systematic way to consciously activate and develop this heart intelligence. With that solution, we can learn to expand our awareness and bring new coherence to our lives. In short, we can go beyond the brain.
Early Exploration of the Heart
When I (Doc) founded the Institute of HeartMath in 1991, my colleagues and I embarked upon an in-depth study of the literature and research published on the heart. Having experienced significant improvements in our own lives through the practice of listening to and following our hearts, we turned our curiosity to the investigation of how and why that process works. We asked ourselves, Does the heart operate simply under the direction of the brain, or does it possess an intelligence of sorts that has influence on our mind and emotions? We wanted to understand how the physical heart communicates with the body and how it influences our whole system.
Although the words heart and math are rarely used together, I felt that this thought-provoking combination reflected the two most essential aspects of our work. The word heart has meaning to almost everyone, of course. When we think of heart, we think of the physical heart as well as qualities such as wisdom, love, compassion, courage, and strength—the higher aspects of all human beings. The word math resonates with most people as well. In the context of HeartMath, it refers to the stepping stones of the system—the nuts-and-bolts approach to systematically unfolding heart qualities. It also refers to physiological and psychological equations for accessing and developing the incredible potential of the heart. The term HeartMath thus represents the importance of both fire and precision in our exploration of the heart.
For centuries, poets and philosophers have sensed that the heart is at the center of our lives. Saint-Exupéry, perhaps the most spontaneously boyish author of our time, wrote, And now here is my secret, a very simple secret; it is only with the heart that one can see rightly; what is essential is invisible to the eye. [2]
The world’s languages are filled with idioms about the heart. We use them to express our instinctive knowledge that the heart is the source of our higher qualities. When people are sincere, we often say that they’re speaking from the heart. When they throw themselves into an activity, we say that they’re doing it with all their heart. When people betray their own best interests, we comment that they’re thinking with their head, not their heart. And when they fall into despair, we worry that they’ve become disheartened. Even our gestures indicate the importance we give to the heart: when people point to themselves, they generally point toward the heart.
In our explorations, we paid close attention to what had been written and said about the heart throughout history, wondering if there was more to this word heart than mere metaphor. If our culture were the only one to use the heart as a metaphor for high-quality feelings, we could consider it nothing more than a provincial turn of phrase, passed down through our ancestors. But over the centuries, the heart has been spoken of as a source of wisdom and feeling in almost all cultures. And many religions refer to the heart as the seat of the soul or the connecting place between spirit and humanness.
One of the observations that intrigued us most is that, throughout the ages, the heart has been referred to as a source not only of virtue but also of intelligence. The role of the heart as an intelligence within the human system is one of the most prevalent themes in ancient traditions and in inspirational writing. Blaise Pascal stated, We know the truth not only by reason, but also by the heart. Lord Chesterfield wrote, The heart has such an influence over the understanding that it is worth while to engage it in our interest. And Thomas Carlyle concluded, It is the heart that always sees, before the head can see.
Many ancient cultures, including the Mesopotamians, the Egyptians, the Babylonians, and the Greeks, maintained that the primary organ capable of influencing and directing our emotions, our morality, and our decision-making ability was the heart; and they consequently attached enormous emotional and moral significance to its behavior.
Similar perspectives are found in the Hebrew and Christian bibles as well as in Chinese, Hindu, and Islamic traditions. The Old Testament saying in Proverbs 23:7, For as a man thinketh in his heart, so is he, is further developed in the New Testament in Luke 5:22, What reason ye in your hearts? ; these are but two examples. And in ancient Judaic tradition, the heart center, one of the Sefirot (energy centers) is known as Tif fer et (beauty, harmony, balance).
In the Kabbalah the heart is the Central Sphere, the only one of ten to touch all the others, and it’s reputed to hold the key to the mysteries of radiant health, joy, and well-being. The aspect of balance and the attainment of bodily equilibrium is also attributed to the heart in Yogic traditions, which recognize the heart as the seat of individual consciousness, the center of life. In Yogic practice, the physical heart is considered both literally and figuratively the guide or internal guru, and to this end, many Yogic practices cultivate an awareness of one’s own heartbeat.
In traditional Chinese medicine, the heart is seen as the seat of connection between the mind and the body, forming a bridge between the two. It’s said that the heart-blood houses the shen, which can be translated as both mind and spirit. Thus the mind or spirit is housed in the heart, and the blood vessels are the communication channels that carry the heart’s vital rhythmic messages throughout the body, keeping everything working in synchrony. It isn’t surprising, then, that Chinese medicine holds that the state of each bodily organ as well as the body’s integral functioning as a whole can be assessed via the pulse of the heart.
Whereas in the West, thought is seen as exclusively a function of the brain, the Chinese language itself represents’ a different perspective. The Chinese characters for thinking, thought, intent, listen, virtue, and love all include the character for heart. An ancient Chinese dictionary describes silk threads that connect the brain and heart. In the Japanese language there are two distinct words to describe the heart: shinzu denotes the physical organ, while kokoro refers to the mind of the heart. [2a]
All these conceptions have a common view of the heart as harboring an intelligence that operates independent of the brain yet in communication with it. Are all of the cultures that share this view simply incorrect, perhaps not scientifically sophisticated enough to understand intelligence?
A New Understanding of the Heart
Despite the colorful heart metaphors that enrich the many languages of the world, most of us have been taught that the heart is just a ten-ounce muscle that pumps blood and maintains circulation until we die. When something goes wrong, you hire a technician (called a doctor) to repair the organ. If worse comes to worst, you replace your pump with another one from someone who just died. This biological view sees the heart as a working part—one devoid of independent intelligence or emotion.
Looked at biologically, the heart’s efficiency is amazing. The heart works without interruption for seventy to eighty years, without care or cleaning, without repair or replacement. Over a period of seventy years, it beats one hundred thousand times a day, approximately forty million times a year—nearly three billion pulsations all told. It pumps two gallons of blood per minute—well over one hundred gallons per hour—through a vascular system about sixty thousand miles in length (over two times the circumference of the earth). [3]
The heart starts beating in the unborn fetus before the brain has been formed. Scientists still don’t know exactly what triggers the beating, but they use the word autorhythmic to indicate that the heartbeat is self-initiated from within the heart.
As the brain begins to develop, it grows from the bottom up. Starting from the most primitive part of the brain (the brainstem), the emotional centers (the amygdala and the hippocampus) begin to emerge. It is well known to brain researchers that the thinking brain then grows out of the emotional regions. That speaks volumes about the relationship of thought to feeling. In an unborn child there’s an emotional brain long before there’s a rational one, and a beating heart before either.
While the source of the heartbeat is within the heart itself, the timing of the beat is thought to be controlled by the brain through the autonomic nervous system. But surprisingly enough, the heart doesn’t need a hardwired connection to the brain to keep beating. For example, when someone has a heart transplant, the nerves that run from the brain to the heart are severed, and surgeons don’t yet know how to reconnect them. But that doesn’t stop the heart from functioning. After surgeons have implanted a heart and restored its beat in a new person’s chest, the heart keeps beating—though there’s no longer any connection to the brain.
The Brain in the Heart
In recent years, neuroscientists have made an exciting discovery. They’ve found that the heart has its own independent nervous system—a complex system referred to as the brain in the heart. There are at least forty thousand neurons (nerve cells) in the heart—as many as are found in various subcortical centers in the brain. [4] The heart’s intrinsic brain and nervous system relay information back to the brain in the cranium, creating a two-way communication system between heart and brain. The signals sent from the heart to the brain affect many areas and functions in the amygdala, the thalamus, and the cortex.
The amygdala is an almond-shaped structure deep inside the brain’s emotional processing system. It specializes in strong emotional memories. The cortex is where learning and reasoning occur. It helps us solve problems and determine right from wrong. The amygdala, the thalamus, and the cortex work closely together. When new information comes in, the amygdala assesses it for emotional significance. It looks for associations, comparing what’s familiar in emotional memory with this new information coming into the brain. Then it communicates with the cortex to determine what actions would be appropriate. [5]
The discovery that the heart has its own nervous system—a brain that affects the amygdala, the thalamus, and the cortex—helps to explain what physiologists John and Beatrice Lacey of the Fels Research Institute realized in the 1970s. At that time, it was known that the body’s nervous system connected the heart with the brain, but scientists presumed that the brain made all the decisions. The Laceys’ research showed that something else was happening.
The Laceys found that when the brain sent orders to the heart through the nervous system, the heart didn’t automatically obey. Instead, the heart responded as if it had its own distinctive logic. Sometimes when the brain sent an arousal signal to the body in response to stimuli, the heartbeat sped up accordingly. But frequently it actually slowed down while the other organs responded with arousal. The selectivity of the heart’s response indicated that it wasn’t merely mechanically responding to a signal from the brain. Rather, the heart’s response appeared to depend on the nature of the particular task at hand and the type of mental processing it required.
Even more intriguing, the Laceys found that the heart appeared to be sending messages back to the brain that the brain not only understood but obeyed. And it looked as though these messages from the heart could actually influence a person’s behavior. [6]
The Laceys and others discovered that our heartbeats aren’t just the mechanical throbs of a diligent pump, but an intelligent language that significantly influences how we perceive and react to the world. Subsequent researchers also discovered that the rhythmic beating patterns of the heart are transformed into neural impulses that directly affect the electrical activity of the higher brain centers—those involved in cognitive and emotional processing. [7–9]
In the 1970s, the Laceys’ ideas were considered controversial. Yet even then, forward-looking thinkers glimpsed the depth and scope of these implications about the heart. In 1977, Dr. Francis Waldrop, then director of the National Institute of Mental Health, stated in a review article of the Laceys’ work that in the long run, their research may tell us much about what makes each of us a whole person and may suggest techniques that can restore a distressed person to health. [10]
One of our goals, as we pursued the HeartMath Solution, was to take the Laceys’ work still further. They had established the heart’s capacity to (in effect) think for itself under certain circumstances. We wanted to understand how the heart formulates its logic and influences behavior.
What Is Intelligence?
For decades researchers have sought to understand the nature of intelligence. The first IQ tests were designed early in this century to measure intelligence as cognitive ability and intellect, and our school systems were geared up to help people develop both. Because it was found that IQ scores didn’t increase much between kindergarten and adulthood, no matter how much education people received, many IQ experts argued that intelligence is inherited and can’t be changed. They endorsed widely different estimates of the heritability of intelligence, ranging from 40 percent to 80 percent. [11]
Then in 1985 Howard Gardner published his research on multiple intelligences in his book Frames of Mind, which challenged our assumptions about intelligence. Gardner determined that intelligence is far more than mere intellect. He argued that the human system has many types of independent intelligences, including logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily/kinesthetic, intrapersonal (dealing with self-knowledge), and interpersonal (dealing with knowledge of others). Gardner’s research caused many people to reconsider the traditional view of intelligence as a one-dimensional construct and to think in new ways about the factors that determine personal, social, and professional success. [12] His discoveries stimulated educators to write new curricula to help children learn through their dominant intelligence. For example, children with high bodily/kinesthetic intelligence are taught math using physical games and movements to increase learning ability, comprehension, and retention.
Later in the 1980s John Mayer, a University of New Hampshire psychologist, and Peter Salovey of Yale co-formulated a new theory of emotional intelligence that shapes the quality of our intrapersonal and interpersonal relationships. Mayer and Salovey’s definition of emotional intelligence includes five domains: knowing one’s emotions; managing one’s emotions; motivating oneself; recognizing emotions in others; and handling relationships. [13] Developing emotional intelligence involves the self-awareness of becoming aware of both our mood and our thoughts about our mood. [11]
Reuven Bar-On, a clinical psychologist and lecturer in medicine at the Tel Aviv University Medical School, coined the term emotional quotient (or EQ ) in 1985. Bar-On devoted more than fifteen years of research to developing a formal psychological survey that aims to measure people’s emotional intelligence. Based on his research and results, Bar-On summarized the qualities that contribute to emotional intelligence as follows:
It is thought that the more emotionally intelligent individuals are those who are able to recognize and express their emotions, who possess positive self regard and are able to actualize their potential capacities and lead fairly happy lives; they are able to understand the way others feel and are capable of making and maintaining mutually satisfying and responsible interpersonal relationships without becoming dependent on others; they are generally optimistic, flexible, realistic and are fairly successful in solving problems and coping with stress without losing control. [14]
In 1996 Daniel
ajlewis2_1Go to ajlewis2_1's profile
I read 16 pages. I expected some science about the heart/brain connection and it may actually be in the book somewhere. I did not find anything of substance in those 16 pages except for the probably truth that the heart does beat without the need of the brain. It was pointed out that a heart can be transplanted and started and neural connections to the recipients brain are not made.
There were a couple of things that I felt were inaccurate that I just let slide and cannot recall, but on page 16 I jumped out of the book when I was told that the human brain works in a linear, logical fashion. That, I believe from much other reading, just is not true. Look up something on mind mapping to see my point.
That was the last straw for me. I was bored until that and then I got all excited--about returning the book to the library.
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Analysis By Attorneys
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The Two Doctors Who Stand Beside Power Morcellator Lawsuit Plaintiffs
Dr. Noorchashm and Dr. Reed have been at the forefront of the anti-morcellator movement.
Two doctors from Boston have been campaigning against power morcellators since 2013. Their story has helped countless women learn of the risks associated with the tool. Dr. Hooman Noorchashm and Dr. Amy Reed have been fighting to ban the use of power morcellators during gynecological procedures for over two years.
The two doctors, a married couple with six children, live outside of Boston. Dr. Noorchashm works as a cardiothoracic surgeon at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and his wife, Dr. Reed, works as an anesthesiologist at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Neither one of them ever had any particular interest in gynecology until October of 2013.
Dr. Reed sought treatment at Brigham and Women’s Hospital for uterine fibroids. She had been experiencing pelvic pain for several months and, after consulting with her doctor, decided to undergo a hysterectomy. To avoid a large incision which would mean six to eight weeks of recovery time, her hysterectomy was performed laparoscopically. During the procedure, her surgeon used a power morcellator.
Following her surgery, she and her husband were shocked when they were informed that one of her fibroids also contained leiomyosarcoma. This uterine cancer is difficult to treat because it does not respond well to chemotherapy and radiation treatments. Both Dr. Reed and Dr. Noorchashm believe that the morcellator used during her surgery spread the leiomyosarcoma throughout her abdomen, worsening her prognosis.
Their Campaign
Dr. Noochashm began an aggressive campaign against morcellator manufacturers while sitting next to his wife’s hospital bed. He sent mass emails to every doctor in his hospital and started to publically speak out, insisting that hospitals change their procedures. He even went so far as to threaten leaving his job if his hospital did not stop using morcellators. When Dr. Reed was well enough, she too joined the campaign.
Their efforts have not been wasted. In 2014, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a safety warning which stated that if morcellators were used during hysterectomies and myomectomies, there was a risk that the surgical tool may spread undetected uterine cancer. They estimated that 1 in 350 women undergoing these procedures has uterine cancer. Unfortunately, uterine cancer encapsulated by a uterine fibroid is virtually undiagnosable until a biopsy of the fibroid is performed.
Both doctors have also reported that the Federal Bureau of Investigations has spoken with them twice. Additionally, they spearheaded a movement which lead to the U.S. Government Accountability Office announcing that they had agreed to investigate the manner in which the FDA had approved the morcellator.
The Morcellator
The power morcellator was first approved by the FDA in 1991. Manufacturers like Ethicon, a subdivision of Johnson & Johnson, were able to bypass the usual required safety testing by using the 501(k) approval process. In order to proceed with a 501(k), the manufacturer just has to show that their product is “substantially equivalent” to a previously approved device.
Current Lawsuits
Following the FDA’s safety warning, more than 30 women have filed lawsuits against various morcellator manufacturers including Ethicon, Karl Storz GmbH, Richard Wolf GmbH, and Gyrus ACMI. These lawsuits have been consolidated to form an MDL, which means that all cases will be seen in one court by one judge. The trial dates have not yet been set.
About Laurence Banville
Attorney Contributor:
Laurence P. Banville, Esq. is the managing partner of Banville Law. He is a regular contributor on several topics including negligent security cases, child sexual abuse and Dram Shop and liquor liability cases.
This article was fact checked prior to publishing by this author to ensure compliance with our rigorous editorial standards. We will only use authoritative sources. Our values compel us to provide only trustworthy information. If you find an error, please contact us.
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By Laurence Banville|2016-10-25T16:45:14-05:00October 22nd, 2015|Medical Devices|1 Comment
Dr.Margaret Aranda May 24, 2017 at 2:45 am - Reply
Very succinct article showcasing these two good doctors, whose tribulations continue as unabated as their unrelenting drive to save women from dying from the morcellator. God bless you for telling the world about this crucial issue.
Dr.Margaret Aranda
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Have You Heard of Jiu Zhang Suanshu (九章算术)?
By Lam Pin Foo April 29, 2012 Oon Lay Yong
An article by guest writer Oon Lay Yong. Refer to “About the Writer” at the end of the post. This article is an adapted version of the original article of the same title which was published in the Mathematical Medley, Singapore Mathematical Society, in September 1995.
Jiu Zhang Suanshu is gradually being given its rightful place of importance. This trend will continue into the next century as knowledge of the book increases.
Our arithmetic is built on the Hindu-Arabic numeral system. We know how useful this arithmetic is to us. It not only provides a foundation to mathematics, it is commonly known to most people throughout the world as its knowledge is necessary in our everyday living. Try to replace the Hindu-Arabic numeral system with another numeral system of a different concept and you will find that our arithmetic and its applications will collapse like a pack of cards.
Since the numeral system is so important, let us examine it in detail. The system uses a place value notation with ten as base so that anyone who uses the numeral system will only have to remember the nine signs for numbers one to nine. Depending on the number, the nine signs or digits are picked and arranged in a horizontal line from left to right in descending order of rank. For instance, the number fifty six thousand nine hundred and thirty four is notated as: 56934, and the ranks of the digits from left to right are: ten thousands, thousands, hundreds, tens and units. In the very early Hindu-Arabic numerals, if a number had no digit of a certain rank, the space of that rank was left vacant so that fifty six thousand nine hundred and four would look like this 569 4. It was later that this empty space was filled with the zero symbol as we know it today.
From 1200 to 1600, the peoples of Europe discarded their own numeral systems or, like the Romans, displaced them to secondary importance, and laboriously started to learn the Hindu-Arabic numeral system. They had before this found even simple multiplication and division extremely difficult to perform, and knew that the new numeral system would open for them an exciting world of computation leading to the new arithmetic, which would be very useful in many areas and especially in commerce. They probably had the same feeling as we have now about computers opening a new vista of high technology for us.
The numeral system produced a method of division which resulted in a notation for the common fraction, for example, five sevenths was expressed as below, without the horizontal line which we use today.
Based on the knowledge of the numeral system and the notation to express a fraction, a new world of computations began to unfold. Literature on arithmetic grew phenomenally and some of the common topics and methods included fractions, exchange of goods, partnership and sharing, proportion, Rule of Three, areas, volumes, the extraction of square and cube roots, and Rule of False Position.
In their attempts to compute, the ancient Chinese used a bundle of bamboo sticks or rods. Through this usage they invented a numeral system, which had the same concept as the Hindu-Arabic numeral system. The nine signs that represented the first nine numbers were:
Like the Hindu-Arabic numerals, the digits were arranged in a horizontal line from left to right in decreasing order of rank. As the digits were formed from rods, the ancient Chinese had an ingenious device in displaying digits which occupied alternate positions. They turned a vertical rod horizontal and a horizontal rod vertical. For example, fifty six thousand nine hundred and thirty four would look like this:
If a number had no digit of a certain rank, the space representing that rank was left vacant, so that fifty six thousand nine hundred and four would appear like this:
This was a very natural process for a system which handled with rods. The Chinese also invented the division method which left a remainder, and used the remainder in rod numerals to denote the complex concept of a fraction. For example, five sevenths was expressed as:
Over two thousand years ago, the Chinese were aware of two very useful notations – the numeral system that used a place value notation with ten as base and the notation to express a common fraction. Through the use of these two notations they were able to compute and develop numerous mathematical methods. Around the first century, such problems and methods were compiled into a book called Jiu Zhang Suanshu 九章算术 (Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art).
Jiu Zhang Suanshu has nine chapters and two hundred and forty six problems. It begins with the topics on fractions and although the methods involve the manipulation of rods, they are surprisingly very similar to the methods that we use. This is followed by problems on areas of different shapes such as an isosceles triangle, a trapezium, a circle and an annulus. Jiu Zhang Suanshu has probably the earliest general description of the Rule of Three. This rule is first applied to problems involving exchanges of food stuff and then to other cases. Problems on partnership and sharing dominate Chapter Three, while Chapter Four is concerned mainly with the methods of finding the square root and the cube root of a number.
The next chapter involves the calculation of volumes of solids such as a circular cone, the frustum of a cone, different types of wedges and a prism whose cross-section is a trapezium. Chapter Six is concerned with the application of proportion and inverse proportion, and gives a wealth of information on the socioeconomic aspects of life in ancient China. The first problem is stated below:
Now there is a fair [way of] transporting millet. County A has 10,000 households and [requires] 8 days’ journey to reach the destination; County B has 9,500 households and [requires] 10 days’ journey; County C has 12,350 households and [requires] 13 days’ journey; County D has 12,200 households and [requires] 20 days’ journey. The four counties transport a total of 250,000 hu of millet as tax and use 10,000 carts. It is desired that the contributions be based on the distances and the number of households. Find the amount of millet and the number of carts from each [county]. Answer says: County A 83,100 hu of millet, 3,324 carts. County B 63,175 hu of millet, 2,527 carts. County C 63,175 hu of millet, 2,527 carts. County D 40,550 hu of millet,1622 carts.
Besides problems on proportional parts, the chapter also has problems involving relative distance and speed. The Rule of False Position was one of the methods devised by ancient man to solve a problem at a time when his mind was unable to formulate or to think abstractly in terms of mathematical notations. The Chinese called the method ying bu zu and Chapter Seven is devoted to this topic. Chapter Eight involves the solutions of simultaneous linear equations up to six unknowns. The data are set in columns like our matrix notation; the subtraction of two columns gives rise to the concept and definition of a negative number. The final chapter deals with problems on the right-angled triangle.
Jiu Zhang Suanshu is the most important of all the very early Chinese mathematical texts that have survived. It provided a firm foundation and had a strong influence on the subsequent development of mathematics in China which reached its zenith in the thirteenth century.
Jiu Zhang Suanshu also stands out in the world history of mathematics. It is the earliest most outstanding book on arithmetic that was built on two mathematical notations still indispensable today: one to express a number and the other to denote a fraction. It is now been given its rightful place of importance in the history of mathematics.
When you read new books on the history of mathematics, you will notice a significant change from the old ones: Jiu Zhang Suanshu is gradually being given its rightful place of importance. This trend will continue into the next century as knowledge of the book increases.
Oon Lay Yong is a retired professor of mathematics, formerly from the National University of Singapore.
Posted in Guest Writer, History, Science & Technology
17 thoughts on “Have You Heard of Jiu Zhang Suanshu (九章算术)?”
Rajivraj
wish you a happy and prosperous 75th birthday!!!1
jackson varghese t.v
Hi i wish u a Happy Bday sir……:)
LamPinFoo
I thank all of you warmly for your kind comments and best wishes, and for your generous support for my blog. I should be grateful for your continuing support for it. I have made so many new friends from all over the world, thanks to my son, Chao Lam of computer software company Next Small Thing of Silicon Valley. He has given me the best birthday present that I could ever wish for.
vivek mohanan
You have set up a great blog…and wish you a very happy birthday
starsailover
Hi! I wish you a very happy birthday
ophiesay
Veseoj
That’s interesting, thanks! And happy birthday!
It’s a nice blog with good articles…wish you a happy birthday !
You learn something new every day.. Thanks!
and, of course -.
Have a look at the Mechanical Turk – It’s a very interesting site…
I never even heard of Jiu Saunshu before, it is nice to learn about another cultures history!
Vikrant Jadhav
I like how well you have explained “Jiu Zhang Suanshu” and the history around it as well. Very informative post.
Its nice to read all info.
harshad
I wish you many and many Happy birthday.
I had not heard of him. Thank you for enlightening me. Oh, and happy 75th birthday!
Kolmon
I wish you many and many happy years. Happy birthday.
You have set up a great blog…. wish u all the best and continue your good work.
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Tag: Prime Minister Golda Meir
Negative Attitude? Here’s Help From John C. Maxwell In Developing a Positive Attitude!
“Why Your Attitude Is So Important In Your Pathway to Success”
Do you feel the world is treating you well? If your attitude toward the world is excellent, you will receive excellent results. If you feel so-so about the world, your response from the world will be average. Feel badly about your world and you will seem to have only negative feedback from life. – John C. Maxwell
We live in a world of words. Attached to these words are meanings that bring varied responses from us. Words such as happiness, acceptance, peace and success describe what each of us desires. But there is one word that will either heighten the possibility of our desires being fulfilled or prevent them from becoming a reality within us.
While leading a conference in South Carolina, I tried the following experiment. To reveal the significance of this word, I read the previous paragraph and asked, “What word describes what will determine our happiness, acceptance, peace and success?” The audience began to express words such as job, education, money, and time. Finally someone said attitude. Such an important area of their lives was a second thought. Our attitude is the primary force that will determine whether we succeed or fail.
For some, attitude presents a difficulty in every opportunity; for others it presents an opportunity in every difficulty. Some climb with a positive attitude, while others fall with a negative perspective. The very fact that the attitude “makes some” while “breaking others” is significant enough for us to explore its importance. Studying the major statements listed in this chapter will highlight this truth to us.
Attitude Axiom #1: Our attitude determines our approach to life.
The story of the two buckets underlines this truth. One bucket was an optimist, and the other was a pessimist. “There has never been a life as disappointing as mine,” said the empty bucket as it approached the well. “I never come away from the well full but what I return again empty.”
“There has never been such a happy life as mine:’ said the full bucket as it left the well. “I never come to the well empty but what I go away again full.”
Our attitude tells us what we expect from life. If our “nose” is pointed up, we are taking off; if it is pointed down, we may be headed for a crash.
One of my favorite stories is about a grandpa and grandma who visited the grandchildren. Each afternoon Grandpa would lie down for a nap. One day, as a practical joke, the kids decided to put Limburger cheese in his moustache. Quite soon he awoke sniffing. “Why, this room stinks;’ he exclaimed as he got up and went out into the kitchen. He wasn’t there long until he decided that the kitchen smelled too, so he walked outdoors for a breath of fresh air. Much to Grandpa’s surprise, the open air brought no relief, and he proclaimed, “The whole world stinks”
How true that is to life! When we carry “Limburger cheese” in our attitudes, the whole world smells bad.
One of the valid ways to test your attitude is to answer this question: “Do you feel your world is treating you well?” If your attitude toward the world is excellent, you will receive excellent results. If you feel so-so about the world, your response from the world will be average. Feel badly about your world, and you will seem to have only negative feedback from life. Look around you. Analyze the conversations of people who lead unhappy, unfulfilled lives. You will find they are crying out against a society, which they feel is out to get them and to give them a lifetime of trouble, misery and bad luck. Sometimes their own hands have built the prison of discontent.
The world doesn’t care whether we free ourselves from this prison or not. It marches on. Adopting a good, healthy attitude toward life does not affect society nearly so much as it affects us. The change cannot come from others. It must come from us.
The apostle Paul had a terrible background to overcome. He told Timothy that he was the “chief of sinners.” But after his conversion he was infused with desire to know Christ in a greater way. How did he fulfill this desire? Not by waiting for someone else to assist him. Neither did he look backward and whine about his terrible past. Paul diligently “pressed on to lay hold of Jesus.” His singleness of purpose caused him to state, “But one thing I do: forgetting what lies behind and reaching forward to what lies ahead, I press on toward the goal for the prize of the upward call of God in Christ Jesus” (Philippians 3:13,14).
We are individually responsible for our view of life. The Bible says, “Whatever a man sows, this he will also reap” (Galatians 6:7). Our attitude and action toward life help determine what happens to us.
It would be impossible to estimate the number of jobs, which have been lost, the number of promotions missed, the number of sales not made and the number of marriages ruined by poor attitudes. But almost daily we witness jobs that are held but hated and marriages that are tolerated but unhappy, all because people are waiting for others, or the world, to change instead of realizing that they are responsible for their behavior. God is sufficient to give them the desire to change, but the choice to act upon that desire is theirs.
It is impossible for us to tailor-make all situations to fit our lives perfectly. But it is possible to tailor-make our attitudes to fit. The apostle Paul beautifully demonstrated this truth while he was imprisoned in Rome. He certainly had not received a “fair shake” The atmosphere of his confinement was dark and cold. Yet he writes to the church at Philippi brightly declaring, “Rejoice in the Lord always; again I will say rejoice” (Philippians 4:4). Notice that the confined man was telling carefree people to rejoice Was Paul losing his mind? No. The secret is found late in the same chapter. Paul states:
Not that I speak from want; for I have learned to be content in whatever circumstances I am. I know how to get along with humble means and I also know how to live in prosperity; in any and every circumstance I have learned the secret of being filled and going hungry, both of having abundance and suffering need (verses 11-12).
The ability to tailor-make his attitude to his situation in life was learned behavior. It did not come automatically. The behavior was learned and a positive outlook became natural. Paul repeatedly teaches us by his life that man helps create his environment-mental, emotional, physical and spiritual-by the attitude he develops.
Attitude Application:
Circle, underline, or highlight the number that most closely reveals your attitude toward life:
1. “Make the World Go Away”
2. “Raindrops Keep Falling on my Head”
3. “I Did It My Way”
4. “Oh, What a Beautiful Morning”
Attitude Axiom #2: Our attitude determines our relationships with people.
The Golden Rule: “Therefore, however you want people to treat you, so treat them” (Matthew 7:12). This axiom takes on a higher significance when, as Christians, we realize that effective ministry to one another is based on relationships. The model of ministry (as I understand ministry) is best captured in John 13. Christ and His disciples are gathered in the upper room. The components of Christ’s model of ministry are:
1. Men with whom He had shared all areas of life;
2. An attitude and demonstration of servanthood;
3. An all-encompassing command of relational love. (“By this all men will know you are My disciples.”)
An effective ministry of relating to others must include all three of these biblical components. No single methodology (preaching, counseling, visitation) will effectively minister to all the needs all the time. It takes a wise combination of many methods to reach the needs of people. And the bridge between the gospel remedy and people’s needs is leadership based on relationship. John 10:3-5 gives a view of relational leadership:
1. Relationship to the point of instant recognition (He calls His own sheep by name);
2. Established relationship built on trust (His sheep hear his voice and come to Him);
3. Modeled leadership (He walks ahead of them and they follow Him).
Yet establishing such relationships is difficult. People are funny. They want a place in the front of the bus, the back of the church and the middle of the road. Tell a man there are 300 billion stars, and he will believe you. Tell that same man that a bench has just been painted, and he has to touch it to be sure.
People are frustrating at times. They show up at the wrong place at the wrong time for the wrong reason. They are always interesting but not always charming. They are not always predictable because they have minds of their own. You can’t get along with them, and you can’t make it without them. That’s why it is essential to build proper relationships with others in our crowded world.
The Stanford Research Institute says that the money you make in any endeavor is determined only 12.5 percent by knowledge and 87.5 percent by your ability to deal with people.
87.5% people knowledge + = Success 12.5% product knowledge
That is why Teddy Roosevelt said, “The most important single ingredient to the formula of success is knowing how to get along with people.”
“I will pay more for the ability to deal with people than any other ability under the sun;’ asserted John D. Rockefeller.
J. Paul Getty, when asked what was the most important quality for a successful executive, replied, “It doesn’t make much difference how much other knowledge or experience an executive possesses; if he is unable to achieve results through people, he is worthless as an executive.”
When the attitude we possess places others first and we see people as important, then our perspective will reflect their viewpoint, not ours. Until we walk in the other person’s shoes and see life through another’s eyes, we will be like the man who angrily jumped out of his car after a collision with another car. “Why don’t you people watch where you’re driving?” he shouted wildly. “You’re the fourth car I’ve hit today!”
A few years ago I was traveling in the South and stopped at a service station for some fuel. It was a rainy day, yet the station workers were diligently trying to take care of the customers. I was impressed by the first-class treatment and fully understood the reason when I read this sign on the front door of the station:
WHY CUSTOMERS QUIT
1% die, 3% move away, 5% other friendships, 9% competitive reasons (price), 14 % product dissatisfaction – BUT…68% quit because of an attitude of indifference toward them by some employee! In other words, 68 percent quit because the workers did not have a customer mindset working for them.
Usually the person who rises within an organization has a good attitude. The promotions did not give that individual an outstanding attitude, but an outstanding attitude resulted in promotions. A recent study by Telemetrics International concerned those “nice guys” who had climbed the corporate ladder. A total of 16,000 executives were studied. Observe the difference between executives defined as “high achievers” (those who generally have a healthy attitude) and “low achievers” (those who generally have an unhealthy attitude):
High achievers tended to care about people as well as profits; low achievers were preoccupied with their own security.
High achievers viewed subordinates optimistically; low achievers showed a basic distrust of subordinates’ abilities.
High achievers sought advice from their subordinates; low achievers didn’t.
High achievers were listeners; low achievers avoided communication and relied on policy manuals.
In 1980-81 I took on a rather ambitious project, which included teaching and leading fifteen pastors and their congregations to become growing, vibrant churches. One of my favorite responsibilities was to speak in a Sunday service and recruit workers for that particular church. Right before the “enlisting service;’ I would ask the pastor how many people he thought would come forward, sign a card and enlist in evangelism and discipleship. I would watch the pastor slowly calculate the “who woulds” and the “who would nots:” After receiving the carefully chosen number, I would announce, “More than that number will sign up.”
Why could I say that? Did I know his people better than he did? Of course not. What I did know was that the pastor had mentally placed his people into slots and “knew” how they would react during the service. Since I did not know the congregation, my attitude was open and positive toward all of them. I treated the listeners as if they all would respond, and most did! All fifteen pastors guessed lower than the actual laity response.
A negative past experience sometimes paralyzes our thinking and our attitude. A man unable to find his best saw, suspected his neighbor’s son who was always tinkering around with woodworking. During the next few days everything that the young man did looked suspicious-the way he walked, the tone of his voice and his gestures. But when the older man found the saw behind his own workbench, where it had fallen when he accidentally knocked it off the bench, he no longer saw anything suspicious in his neighbor’s son.
Challenge: For one week treat every person you meet, without a single exception, as the most important person on earth. You will find that they will begin treating you the same way.
Attitude Axiom #3: Often our attitude is the only difference between success and failure.
History’s greatest achievements have been made by men who excelled only slightly over the masses of others in their fields. This could be called the principle of the slight edge. Many times that slight difference was attitude. The former Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir underlined this truth in one of her interviews. She said, “All my country has is spirit. We don’t have petroleum dollars. We don’t have mines or great wealth in the ground. We don’t have the support of a worldwide public opinion that looks favorably on us. All Israel has is the spirit of its people. And if the people lose their spirit, even the United States of America cannot save us.” This great lady was saying,
Resources + Bad Attitude = Defeat
Resources + Right Attitude = Victory
Below I’ve listed resources that enable a person to achieve success. Beside this list write down some of your other blessings. Read them when you are losing that slight edge.
Certainly aptitude is important to our success in life. Yet success or failure in any undertaking is caused more by mental attitude than by mere mental capacities. I remember times when Margaret, my wife, would come home from teaching school frustrated because of modern education’s emphasis on aptitude instead of attitude. She wanted the kids to be tested on A.Q. (attitude quotient) instead of just the I.Q. (intelligence quotient). She would talk of kids whose I.Q. was high yet their performance was low. There were others whose I.Q. was low, but their performance was high.
As a parent, I hope my children have excellent minds and outstanding attitudes. But if I had to choose in an “either-or” situation, without hesitation I would want their A.Q. to be high.
A Yale University president some years ago gave this advice to a former president of Ohio State: “Always be kind to your A and B students. Someday one of them will return to your campus as a good professor. And also be kind to your C students. Someday one of them will return and build a two-million dollar science laboratory.”
A Princeton Seminary professor discovered that the spirit of optimism really does make a difference. He made a study of great preachers across past centuries. He noted their tremendous varieties of personalities and gifts. Then he asked the question, “What do these outstanding pulpiteers all have in common besides their faith?” After several years of searching he found the answer. It was their cheerfulness. In most cases they were happy men.
There is very little difference in people, but that little difference makes a big difference. The little difference is attitude. The big difference is whether it is positive or negative. Nowhere is this principle better illustrated than in the story of the young bride from the East who, during wartime, followed her husband to a U.S. Army camp on the edge of the desert in California.
Living conditions were primitive at best, and her husband had advised against her move, but she wanted to be with him. The only housing they could find was a rundown shack near an Indian village. The heat was unbearable in the daytime—115 degrees in the shade. The wind blew constantly, spreading dust and sand all over everything. The days were long and boring. Her only neighbors were Indians, none of whom spoke English. When her husband was ordered farther into the desert for two weeks of maneuvers, loneliness and the wretched living conditions got the best of her. She wrote to her mother that she was coming home. She couldn’t take it anymore.
In a short time she received a reply which included these two lines, “Two men looked through prison bars; one saw mud, the other saw stars.” She read the lines over and over again and began to feel ashamed of herself. She didn’t really want to leave her husband. All right, she thought, she’d look for the stars. In the following days she set out to make friends with the Indians, asking them to teach her weaving and pottery. At first they were distant, but as soon as they sensed her genuine interest, they returned her friendship. She became friendly with their culture and history—in fact, everything about them. As she began to study the desert, it too changed from a desolate, forbidding place to a marvelous thing of beauty.
She had her mother send her books. She studied the forms of the cacti, the yuccas and the Joshua trees. She collected sea shells that had been left there when the sands had an ocean floor. Later, she became such an expert on the area that she wrote a book about it.
What had changed? Not the desert; not the Indians. Simply by changing her own attitude she had transformed a miserable experience into a highly rewarding one.
There is very little difference in people, but that little difference makes a big difference. That difference is attitude. Think of something that you desire. What attitude will you need to get it or achieve it?
Attitude Axiom #4: Our attitude at the beginning of a task will affect its outcome more than anything else.
Coaches understand the importance of their teams having the right attitude before facing a tough opponent. Surgeons want to see their patients mentally prepared before going into surgery. Job-seekers know that their prospective employer is looking for more than just skills when they apply for work. Public speakers want a conducive atmosphere before they communicate to their audience. Why? Because the right attitude in the beginning insures success at the end. You are acquainted with the saying, “All’s well, that ends well.” An equal truth is “All’s well that begins well.
One of the key principles I teach when leading evangelism conferences is the importance of our attitude when witnessing to others. Most of the time it is the way we present the gospel rather than the gospel itself that offends people. Two people can share the same news with the same person and receive different results. Why? Usually the difference is in the attitude of the person sharing. The eager witness says to himself, “People are hungry for the gospel and desirous of a positive change in their lives.” The reluctant witness says to himself, “People are hungry for the gospel and desirous of a positive change in their lives.” The reluctant witness says to himself, “People are not interested in spiritual things and don’t want to be bothered.” Those two attitudes will not only determine the number of attempts made in witnessing (can you guess which one will witness?) but also will determine the results if they both share the same faith.
The American statesman Hubert H. Humphrey was admired by millions. His bubbly enthusiasm was contagious. When he died I cut out one of his quotes from a newspaper article about him. It was written to his wife on his first trip to Washington, D.C., in 1935: “I can see how someday, if you and I just apply ourselves and make up our minds for bigger things, we can someday live here in Washington and probably be in government, politics or service. Oh gosh, I hope my dream comes true; I’m going to try anyhow.” With that type of attitude he couldn’t fail!
Most projects fail or succeed before they begin. A young mountain climber and an experienced guide were ascending a high peak in the Sierras. Early one morning a tremendous cracking sound suddenly awakened the young climber.
He was convinced that the end of the world had come. The guide responded, “It’s not the end of the world, just the dawning of a new day.” As the sun rose, it was merely hitting the ice and causing it to melt.
Many times we have been guilty of viewing our future challenges as the sunset of life rather than the sunrise of a bright new opportunity.
For instance, there’s the story of two shoe salesman who were sent to an island to sell shoes. The first salesman, upon arrival, as shocked to realize that no one wore shoes. Immediately he sent a telegram to his home office in Chicago saying, “Will return home tomorrow. No one here wears shoes.”
The second salesman was thrilled by the same realization. Immediately he wired the home office in Chicago saying, “Please send me 10,000 shoes. Everyone here needs shoes.” Raise the level of your attitude!
Attitude Axiom #5: Our attitude can turn problems into blessings.
In Awake, My Heart, my find J. Sidlow Baxter writes, “What is the difference between an obstacle and an opportunity? Our attitude toward it. Every opportunity has a difficulty and every difficulty has an opportunity.”
When confronted with a difficult situation, a person with an outstanding attitude makes the best of it while he gets the worst of it. Life can be likened to a grindstone. Whether it grinds you down or polishes you depends upon what you are made of.
While attending a conference of young leaders, I heard this statement: “No society has ever developed tough men during times of peace.” Adversity is prosperity to those who possess a great attitude. Kites rise against, not with, the wind. When the adverse wind of criticism blows, allow it to be to you what the blast of wind is to the kite—a force against it higher. A kite would not fly unless it had the controlling tension of the string to tie it down. It is equally true in life.
When Napoleon’s school companions made sport of him because of his humble origin and poverty, he devoted himself entirely to his books. Quickly rising above his classmates in scholarship, he commanded their respect. Soon he was regarded as the brightest in the class.
If the germ of the seed has to struggle to push its way up through the stones and hard sod, to fight its way up to the sunlight and air and then to wrestle with storm, snow and frost, the fiber or its timber will be all the tougher and stronger.
Few people knew Abraham Lincoln until the great weight showed his character.
Robinson Crusoe was written in prison. John Bunyan wrote Pilgrim’s Progress in the Bedford jail. Sir Walter Raleigh wrote The History of the World during a thirteen-year imprisonment. Luther translated the Bible while confined in the castle of Wartburg. For ten years Dante, author of The Divine Comedy, worked in exile and under the sentence of death. Beethoven was almost totally deaf and burdened with sorrow when he produced his greatest works.
When God wants to educate a man, He does not send him to the school of graces but to the school of necessities. Through the pit and the dungeon Joseph came to the throne. Moses tended sheep in the desert before God called him for service. Peter, humbled and broken by his denial of Christ, heeded the command to “Feed My sheep.” Hosea loved and cared for an unfaithful wife out of obedience to God.
In the Chinese language, whole words are written with a symbol. Often when two completely unlike symbols are put together, they have a meaning different from their two separate components. An example is the symbol of “man” and that of “woman.” When combined, they mean “good.”
The same is true of dreams and problems. As the answers always lie in the questions, so the opportunities of life lie directly in our problems. Thomas Edison said, “There is much more opportunity than there are people to see it.”
Great leaders emerge when crises occur. In the lives of people who achieve, we read repeatedly of terrible troubles which force them to rise above the commonplace. Not only do they find the answers, but also they discover a tremendous power within themselves. Like a ground swell far out in the ocean, this force within explodes into a mighty wave when circumstances seem to overcome. Then out steps the athlete, the author, the statesman, the scientist or the businessman. David Sarnoff said, “There is plenty of security in the cemetery; I long for opportunity.”
We will know our attitude is on the right track when we are like the small businessmen whose clothing store was threatened with extinction. A national chain store had moved in and acquired all the properties on his block. This one particular businessman refused to sell. “All right then, we’ll build around you and put you out of business,” the new competitors said. The day came when the small merchant found himself hemmed in with a new department store stretching out on both sides of this little retail shop. The competitors’ banners announced, “Grand Opening!” The merchant countered with a banner stretching across the entire width of his store. It read, “Main Entrance.”
List two problems that are presently a part of your life. Besides the two problems write down your present reactions to them. Are they negative? Your challenge: Discover at least three possible benefits from each problem. Now attack the problem with your eyes on the benefits, not the barriers.
Attitude Axiom #6: Our attitude can give us an uncommonly positive perspective.
The result of that truth: the accomplishment of uncommon goals. I have keenly observed the different approaches and results achieved by a positive thinker and by a person filled with fear and apprehension.
Example: When Goliath came up against the Israelites, the soldiers all thought, He’s so big we can never kill him. David looked at the same giant and thought; He’s so big I can’t miss.
Example: When you go to a shopping mall or any public place that contains a lot of cars and people, do you start at the farthest point of the parking lot and work your way toward the building, or drive to the front, assuming someone will be pulling out so you can pull in? If you operate from a positive perspective in life you will always go to the front. One time I had a friend ask me why I always assumed a close parking space would be available. My answer: “The odds are that a person coming out of the store has been there the longest. Since that individual arrived at the store the earliest, he parked the closest.” When they pull out, I drive in and give them a friendly wave. It’s the least I can do for a person who has saved my parking space.
Former Moody Bible Institute President George Sweeting, in his sermon entitled “Attitude Makes the Difference,” tells about a Scotsman who was an extremely hard worker and expected all the men under him to be the same. His men would tease him, “Scotty, don’t you know that Rome wasn’t built in a day?” “Yes,” he would answer, “I know that. But I wasn’t foreman on that job.”
The individual whose attitude causes him to approach life from an entirely positive perspective is not always understood. He is what some would call a “no-limit person.” In other words, he doesn’t accept the normal limitations of life like most people. He is unwilling to accept “the accepted” just because it is accepted. His response to self-limiting conditions will probably be a “Why?” instead of an “Okay.” He has limitation in his life. His gifts are not so plentiful that he cannot fail. But he determined to walk to the very edge of his potential or the potential of a prophet before he accepts a defeat.
He is like the bumblebee. According to a theory of aerodynamics, as demonstrated through the wind tunnel tests, the bumblebee should be unable to fly. Because of the size, weight and shape of his body in relationship to the total wingspread, flying is scientifically impossible. The bumblebee, being ignorant of scientific theory, goes ahead and flies anyway and makes honey every day.
This mindset allows a person to start each day with a positive disposition, like the elevator operator on Monday morning. The elevator was full and the man began humming a tune. One passenger seemed particularly irritated by the man’s mood and snapped, “What are you so happy about?” “Well, sir,” replied the man happily, “I ain’t never lived this day before!”
Asked which of his works he would select as his masterpiece, architect Frank Lloyd Wright, at age 83, replied, “My next one.” The future not only looks bright when the attitude is right, but also the present is much more enjoyable. The positive person understands that the journey is as enjoyable as the destination.
One day a man was watching two masons working on a building. He noticed that one worker continually frowned, groaned and cursed his labors. When asked what he was doing, he replied, “Just piling one stone on top of another all day long until my back is about to break.” The other mason whistled as he worked. His movements were swift and sure and his face was aglow with satisfaction. When asked what he was doing, he replied, “Sir, I’m not just making a stone wall. I’m helping to build a cathedral.”
A friend of mine in Ohio drove for an interstate trucking company. Knowing the hundreds of miles he logged weekly, I once asked him how he kept from getting extremely tired. “It’s all in your attitude,” he replied. “Some drivers ‘go to work’ in the morning but I ‘go for a ride in the country.’” That kind of positive perspective gives him the “edge” on life.
Notice the limitation that you or your friends accept today. With each limitation example ask the question, “Why? Example: “Why did I choose this parking space far away without checking up close first?” Make a mental note to become a “no limit person” each time you ask the question, Why?
Attitude Axiom #7: Our attitude is not automatically good just because we are Christians.
It is noteworthy that even the seven deadly sins (pride, covetousness, lust, envy, anger, gluttony, and sloth) are all matters of attitude, inner spirit and motives. Sadly, many carnal Christians carry with them inner spirit problems. They are like the elder brother in the parable of the prodigal son, thinking they do everything right. He chose to stay home with his father. No way was he going to spend his time sowing wild oats. Yet, when the younger brother came back home, some of the elder brother’s wrong attitudes began to surface.
First came a feeling of self-importance. The elder brother was out in a field doing what he ought to do, but he got mad when the party began at home. He didn’t get mad because he didn’t like parties. I know he liked parties, because he claimed to his father that he would never let him throw one!
That was followed by a feeling of self-pity. The elder brother said, “Look! For so many years I have been serving you, and I have never neglected a command of yours; and yet you have never given me a kid, that I might merry with my friends; but when this son of yours came, who devoured your wealth with harlots, you killed the fatted calf for him” (Luke 15:29-30).
Often we overlook the true meaning of the story of the prodigal son. We forget that have not one but two prodigals. The younger brother is guilty of the sins of the spirit (attitude). When the parable closes, it is the elder brother—the second prodigal—who is outside the father’s house. [For an outstanding presentation of the Gospel from Luke 15 and contrast in the religiosity of the one son and rebelliousness of the other – see Tim Keller’s short book: The Prodigal God – DPC].
In Philippians 2:3-8, Paul talks about the attitudes we should possess as Christians:
Do nothing from selfish ambition or conceit, but in humility count others more significant than yourselves. Let each of you look not only to his own interests, but also to the interests of others. Have this mind among yourselves, which is yours in Christ Jesus, who, though he was in the form of God, did not count equality with God a thing to be grasped, but emptied himself, by taking the form of a servant, being born in the likeness of men. And being found in human form, he humbled himself by becoming obedient to the point of death, even death on a cross.
Paul tells us at least 5 things about the proper Christian attitude:
Do things for the right reasons (verse 3).
Regard others as more important than yourself (verse 3).
Look out for the interests of others (verse 4).
Christ recognized His sonship and therefore was willing to serve God and others (verse 6).
Possess the attitude of Christ, who was not power hungry (verse 6) but rather emptied Himself (verse 7), demonstrated obedience (verse 8) and fulfilled God’s purpose (verse 8).
When our emphasis of lifestyle is focused on verse 4, looking out for own personal interests, we become like the elder brother. We nurture attitudes of jealousy, pity and selfishness. Christians who possess no greater cause than themselves are not as happy as those who do not know Christ as Savior, yet have a purpose greater than themselves.
This “elder brother” attitude has three possible results, none of which is positive.
First, it is possible for us to assume the place and privilege of a son while refusing the obligations of a brother. The elder brother outwardly was correct, conscientious, industrious and dutiful [externally religious], but look at his attitude. Also note that a wrong relationship with the brother brought a strained relationship with the father (Luke 15:28).
Second, it is possible to serve the Father faithfully yet not be in fellowship with Him. A right relationship will usually cultivate similar interests and priorities. Yet the elder brotherhad no idea why the father would rejoice over his son’s return.
Third, it is possible to be an heir of all our Father possesses yet have less joy and liberty than one who possesses nothing. The servants were happier than the elder son. They ate, laughed and danced while he stood on the outside demanding his rights.
A wrong attitude kept the elder brother away from the heart’s desire of the father, the love of his brother and the joy of the servants. Wrong attitudes in our lives will block the blessings of God and cause us to live below God’s potential for our lives.
When our attitude begins to erode like the elder brother’s we should rememeber two things:
Our privilege: “My child, you have always been with me” (Luke 15:31)
Our possessions: “All that is mine is yours” (Luke 15:31).
Take a moment to list your privileges and possessions in Christ. How rich we are!
About John C. Maxwell
John C. Maxwell is an internationally renowned pastor, leadership expert, coach, and author who has sold over 21 million books. Dr. Maxwell founded EQUIP and the John Maxwell Company, organizations that have trained more than 5 million leaders in 174 countries. Every year he speaks to Fortune 100 companies, international government leaders, and organizations such as the United States Military Academy at West Point, the National Football League, and the United Nations. A New York Times, Wall Street Journal, and Business Week best-selling author, Maxwell’s The 21 Irrefutable Laws of Leadership has sold more than 2 million copies. Developing the Leader Within You and The 21 Indispensable Qualities of a Leader have each sold more than 1 million copies. The article above was adapted from the encouraging and practical book by John C. Maxwell. The Winning Attitude: Your Pathway to Personal Success. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2001, Chapter 3.
You can read his blog at JohnMaxwellOnLeadership.com, follow him at Twitter.com/JohnCMaxwell, and learn more about him at JohnMaxwell.com.
Author lifecoach4GodPosted on October 20, 2012 Categories Attitude, Book Excerpts, Coaching Resources, Encouragement, Family and Parenting, Help For Mid Life, Illustrations for Teachers/Preachers, John C. Maxwell, Pastoral Resources, RelationshipsTags 14, 7 Attitude Applications, 7 Attitude Axioms by John Maxwell, Galatians 6:7, George Sweeting, high achievers, How to Develop a Positive Attitude, Is our attitude important for success?, John 10:3-5, John C. Maxwell, Limburger cheese and grumpy grandpa illustration, Luke 15:29-30, Our attitude determines our approach to life, Our attitude determines our relationships with people., Paul tells us at least 5 things about the proper Christian attitude:, Philippians 2:3-8, Philippians 3:13, Philippians 4:4, positive perspective, Prime Minister Golda Meir, The Golden Rule, The whole world stinks, The Winning Attitude, What is The Golden Rule?, Why Your Attitude Is So Important?Leave a comment on Negative Attitude? Here’s Help From John C. Maxwell In Developing a Positive Attitude!
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