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__label__wiki	0.505745	0.505745	Eichsfeld map from 1900 The Eichsfeld (English: Oak-field) is a historical region in the southeast of the state of Lower Saxony (which is called "Untereichsfeld" = lower Eichsfeld) and northwest of the state of Thuringia ("Obereichsfeld" = upper Eichsfeld) in the south of the Harz mountains in Germany. Until 1803 the Eichsfeld was for centuries part of the Archbishopric of Mainz, which is the cause of its current position as a Catholic enclave in the predominantly Protestant north of Germany. Following German partition in 1945, the West German portion became Landkreis Duderstadt. A few small transfers of territory between the American and Soviet zones of occupation took place in accordance with the Wanfried Agreement. Typical landscape in the Eichsfeld: Villages between fields and wooded hills Today the greatest part of the Obereichsfeld makes up the Landkreis (district) Eichsfeld. Other parts belong to the district Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis. The Untereichsfeld, later Landkreis Duderstadt, was merged mostly with the Landkreis of Göttingen, while Lindau became part of Katlenburg-Lindau which is now part of the Landkreis of Northeim. Cities in the Eichsfeld are Duderstadt, Heiligenstadt, Leinefelde-Worbis and Dingelstädt. The Eichsfeld was first mentioned in 897, and in 1022 the Archbishopric of Mainz listed its possessions in the region, which were increased up until 1573. The Ottonian Untereichsfeld became part of Eichsfeld after being part of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Grubenhagen between 1342 and 1434. During the German Peasants' War within the Reichsstadt of Mühlhausen most of the monasteries, churches and castles were plundered and most of the Eichsfeld became Protestant. In 1575 the Society of Jesus successfully established the Counter-Reformation in Eichsfeld. The Thirty Years' War reached Eichsfeld in 1622 and during the years following several armies (Swedish, Danish, Thuringian) plundered the region. According to the Peace of Westphalia the Archbishopric of Mainz reestablished Catholicism in the area which was two thirds devastated and had lost 75% of its population. During the Napoleonic time Eichsfeld was part of the Kingdom of Westphalia, which was dissolved after the victory over Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig. From 1949 to 1990 the Obereichsfeld belonged to the GDR. In this atheistic state the people preserved their Catholic roots, and church life stayed relatively intact. In consequence of the traditionalism in Eichsfeld, the percentage of voters for the CDU is significantly higher than in the surrounding area.[1] ^ Kreistag of the district Eichsfeld The Eichsfeld tourism organization (HVE) (German) History and map of the Eichsfeld 1789 (German) Eichsfeld Wiki - Regiowiki for Eichsfeld (German / multilingual) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eichsfeld&oldid=891286443"	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1724942
__label__cc	0.520284	0.479716	Factor XI Factor XI or plasma thromboplastin antecedent is the zymogen form of factor XIa, one of the enzymes of the coagulation cascade. Like many other coagulation factors, it is a serine protease. In humans, Factor XI is encoded by the F11 gene.[5][6][7][8] 1XX9, 1XXD, 1XXF, 1ZHM, 1ZHP, 1ZHR, 1ZJD, 1ZLR, 1ZMJ, 1ZML, 1ZMN, 1ZOM, 1ZPB, 1ZPC, 1ZPZ, 1ZRK, 1ZSJ, 1ZSK, 1ZSL, 1ZTJ, 1ZTK, 1ZTL, 2F83, 2FDA, 2J8J, 2J8L, 3BG8, 3SOR, 3SOS, 4CR5, 4CR9, 4CRA, 4CRB, 4CRC, 4CRD, 4CRE, 4CRF, 4CRG, 4NA7, 4NA8, 4TY6, 4TY7, 4WXI, 4X6M, 4X6N, 4X6O, 4X6P, 4Y8X, 4Y8Y, 4Y8Z, 4D7F, 5E2O, 5E2P, 4D76, 4D7G, 5EXL, 5I25, 5EXM, 5EOD, 5EXN, 5EOK F11, FXI, coagulation factor XI, PTA OMIM: 264900 MGI: 99481 HomoloGene: 86654 GeneCards: F11 8 B1.1\|8 25.14 cM 45,241,174 bp[2] • serine-type aminopeptidase activity • peptidase activity • heparin binding • serine-type endopeptidase activity • serine-type peptidase activity • protein binding • hydrolase activity • identical protein binding • hemostasis • blood coagulation, intrinsic pathway • plasminogen activation • regulation of blood coagulation • proteolysis • positive regulation of fibrinolysis • blood coagulation Q91Y47 Chr 4: 186.27 – 186.29 Mb Chr 8: 45.24 – 45.26 Mb FunctionEdit Factor XI (FXI) is produced by the liver and circulates as a homo-dimer in its inactive form.[9] The plasma half-life of FXI is approximately 52 hours. The zymogen factor is activated into factor XIa by factor XIIa (FXIIa), thrombin, and FXIa itself; due to its activation by FXIIa, FXI is a member of the "contact pathway" (which includes HMWK, prekallikrein, factor XII, factor XI, and factor IX).[10] Factor XIa activates factor IX by selectively cleaving arg-ala and arg-val peptide bonds. Factor IXa, in turn, forms a complex with Factor VIIIa (FIXa-FVIIIa) and activates factor X. Inhibitors of factor XIa include protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI, a member of the serine protease inhibitor/serpin class of proteins), which is independent of protein Z (its action on factor X, however, is protein Z-dependent, hence its name). StructureEdit Although synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, FXI circulates as a homodimer. Every chain has a relative molecular mass of approximately 80000. Typical plasma concentrations of FXI are 5 μg/mL, corresponding to a plasma concentration (of FXI dimers) of approximately 30 nM. The FXI gene is 23kb in length, has 15 exons, and is found on chromosome 4q32-35.[6][7] Factor XI consists of four apple domains, that create a disk-like platform around the base of a fifth, catalytic serine protease domain. One contains a binding site for thrombin, another for high molecular weight kininogen, a third one for factor IX, heparin and glycoprotein Ib and the fourth is implicated in forming the factor XI homodimer, including a cysteine residue that creates a disulfide bond. In the homodimer, the apple domains create two disk-like platforms connected together at an angle, with the catalytic domains sticking out at each side of the dimer. Activation by thrombin or factor XIIa is achieved by cleavage of Arg369-Ile370 peptide bonds on both subunits of the dimer. This results in a partial detachment of the catalytic domain from the disk-like apple domains, still linked to the fourth domain with a disulfide bond, but now farther from the third domain. This is thought that this exposes the factor IX binding site of the third apple domain, allowing factor XI's protease activity on it. [11] Role in diseaseEdit Deficiency of factor XI causes the rare hemophilia C; this mainly occurs in Ashkenazi Jews and is believed to affect approximately 8% of that population. Less commonly, hemophilia C can be found in Jews of Iraqi ancestry and in Israeli Arabs. The condition has been described in other populations at around 1% of cases. It is an autosomal recessive disorder. There is little spontaneous bleeding, but surgical procedures may cause excessive blood loss, and prophylaxis is required.[12] Low levels of factor XI also occur in many other disease states, including Noonan syndrome. High levels of factor XI have been implicated in thrombosis, although it is uncertain what determines these levels and how serious the procoagulant state is. Contact activation pathway (also known as the intrinsic pathway) Tissue factor pathway (also known as the extrinsic pathway) ^ Fujikawa K, Chung DW, Hendrickson LE, Davie EW (May 1986). "Amino acid sequence of human factor XI, a blood coagulation factor with four tandem repeats that are highly homologous with plasma prekallikrein". Biochemistry. 25 (9): 2417–24. doi:10.1021/bi00357a018. PMID 3636155. ^ a b Asakai R, Davie EW, Chung DW (Nov 1987). "Organization of the gene for human factor XI". Biochemistry. 26 (23): 7221–8. doi:10.1021/bi00397a004. PMID 2827746. ^ a b Kato A, Asakai R, Davie EW, Aoki N (1989). "Factor XI gene (F11) is located on the distal end of the long arm of human chromosome 4". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 52 (1–2): 77–8. doi:10.1159/000132844. PMID 2612218. ^ Buetow KH, Shiang R, Yang P, Nakamura Y, Lathrop GM, White R, Wasmuth JJ, Wood S, Berdahl LD, Leysens NJ (May 1991). "A detailed multipoint map of human chromosome 4 provides evidence for linkage heterogeneity and position-specific recombination rates". American Journal of Human Genetics. 48 (5): 911–25. PMC 1683054. PMID 1673289. ^ Wu W, Sinha D, Shikov S, Yip CK, Walz T, Billings PC, Lear JD, Walsh PN (Jul 2008). "Factor XI homodimer structure is essential for normal proteolytic activation by factor XIIa, thrombin, and factor XIa". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 283 (27): 18655–64. doi:10.1074/jbc.M802275200. PMC 2441546. PMID 18441012. ^ Walsh PN (Jul 2001). "Roles of platelets and factor XI in the initiation of blood coagulation by thrombin". Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 86 (1): 75–82. PMID 11487044. ^ Emsley J, McEwan PA, Gailani D (Apr 2010). "Structure and function of factor XI". Blood. 115 (13): 2569–77. doi:10.1182/blood-2009-09-199182. PMC 4828079. PMID 20110423. ^ Bolton-Maggs PH (Jun 1996). "Factor XI deficiency". Baillière's Clinical Haematology. 9 (2): 355–68. doi:10.1016/S0950-3536(96)80068-0. PMID 8800510. Gailani D, Zivelin A, Sinha D, Walsh PN (2005). "Do platelets synthesize factor XI?". Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2 (10): 1709–12. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2004.00935.x. PMID 15456479. Dossenbach-Glaninger A, Hopmeier P (Jun 2005). "Coagulation factor XI: a database of mutations and polymorphisms associated with factor XI deficiency". Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis : An International Journal in Haemostasis and Thrombosis. 16 (4): 231–8. doi:10.1097/01.mbc.0000169214.62560.a5. PMID 15870541. Seligsohn U (Jul 2007). "Factor XI in haemostasis and thrombosis: past, present and future". Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 98 (1): 84–9. doi:10.1160/th07-04-0246. PMID 17597996. Meijers JC, Davie EW, Chung DW (Mar 1992). "Expression of human blood coagulation factor XI: characterization of the defect in factor XI type III deficiency". Blood. 79 (6): 1435–40. PMID 1547342. Gailani D, Broze GJ (Aug 1991). "Factor XI activation in a revised model of blood coagulation". Science. 253 (5022): 909–12. doi:10.1126/science.1652157. PMID 1652157. Buetow KH, Shiang R, Yang P, Nakamura Y, Lathrop GM, White R, Wasmuth JJ, Wood S, Berdahl LD, Leysens NJ (May 1991). "A detailed multipoint map of human chromosome 4 provides evidence for linkage heterogeneity and position-specific recombination rates". American Journal of Human Genetics. 48 (5): 911–25. PMC 1683054. PMID 1673289. Bodfish P, Warne D, Watkins C, Nyberg K, Spurr NK (1992). "Dinucleotide repeat polymorphism in the human coagulation factor XI gene, intron B (F11), detected using the polymerase chain reaction". Nucleic Acids Research. 19 (24): 6979. doi:10.1093/nar/19.24.6979-a. PMC 329377. PMID 1762944. Clarkson K, Rosenfeld B, Fair J, Klein A, Bell W (Dec 1991). "Factor XI deficiency acquired by liver transplantation". Annals of Internal Medicine. 115 (11): 877–9. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-115-11-877. PMID 1952475. McMullen BA, Fujikawa K, Davie EW (Feb 1991). "Location of the disulfide bonds in human coagulation factor XI: the presence of tandem apple domains". Biochemistry. 30 (8): 2056–60. doi:10.1021/bi00222a008. PMID 1998667. Naito K, Fujikawa K (Apr 1991). "Activation of human blood coagulation factor XI independent of factor XII. Factor XI is activated by thrombin and factor XIa in the presence of negatively charged surfaces". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 266 (12): 7353–8. PMID 2019570. Asakai R, Chung DW, Davie EW, Seligsohn U (Jul 1991). "Factor XI deficiency in Ashkenazi Jews in Israel". The New England Journal of Medicine. 325 (3): 153–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM199107183250303. PMID 2052060. España F, Berrettini M, Griffin JH (Aug 1989). "Purification and characterization of plasma protein C inhibitor". Thrombosis Research. 55 (3): 369–84. doi:10.1016/0049-3848(89)90069-8. PMID 2551064. Asakai R, Chung DW, Ratnoff OD, Davie EW (Oct 1989). "Factor XI (plasma thromboplastin antecedent) deficiency in Ashkenazi Jews is a bleeding disorder that can result from three types of point mutations". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 86 (20): 7667–71. doi:10.1073/pnas.86.20.7667. PMC 298131. PMID 2813350. Asakai R, Davie EW, Chung DW (1988). "Organization of the gene for human factor XI". Biochemistry. 26 (23): 7221–8. doi:10.1021/bi00397a004. PMID 2827746. Fujikawa K, Chung DW, Hendrickson LE, Davie EW (May 1986). "Amino acid sequence of human factor XI, a blood coagulation factor with four tandem repeats that are highly homologous with plasma prekallikrein". Biochemistry. 25 (9): 2417–24. doi:10.1021/bi00357a018. PMID 3636155. Warn-Cramer BJ, Bajaj SP (1986). "Stoichiometry of binding of high molecular weight kininogen to factor XI/XIa". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 133 (2): 417–22. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(85)90922-2. PMID 3936495. Bouma BN, Vlooswijk RA, Griffin JH (Nov 1983). "Immunologic studies of human coagulation factor XI and its complex with high molecular weight kininogen". Blood. 62 (5): 1123–31. PMID 6626744. Tuszynski GP, Bevacqua SJ, Schmaier AH, Colman RW, Walsh PN (Jun 1982). "Factor XI antigen and activity in human platelets". Blood. 59 (6): 1148–56. PMID 7044446. Imanaka Y, Lal K, Nishimura T, Bolton-Maggs PH, Tuddenham EG, McVey JH (Aug 1995). "Identification of two novel mutations in non-Jewish factor XI deficiency". British Journal of Haematology. 90 (4): 916–20. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.1995.tb05215.x. PMID 7669672. Pugh RE, McVey JH, Tuddenham EG, Hancock JF (Mar 1995). "Six point mutations that cause factor XI deficiency". Blood. 85 (6): 1509–16. PMID 7888672. Riley PW, Cheng H, Samuel D, Roder H, Walsh PN (Mar 2007). "Dimer dissociation and unfolding mechanism of coagulation factor XI apple 4 domain: spectroscopic and mutational analysis". Journal of Molecular Biology. 367 (2): 558–73. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2006.12.066. PMC 1945241. PMID 17257616. Samuel D, Cheng H, Riley PW, Canutescu AA, Nagaswami C, Weisel JW, Bu Z, Walsh PN, Roder H (Oct 2007). "Solution structure of the A4 domain of factor XI sheds light on the mechanism of zymogen activation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (40): 15693–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.0703080104. PMC 1987390. PMID 17884987. The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: S01.213 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Factor_XI&oldid=857002070"	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1724943
__label__wiki	0.799815	0.799815	(Redirected from Huckleberry Finn (character)) For other uses, see Huckleberry Finn (disambiguation). This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Huckleberry "Huck" Finn is a fictional character created by Mark Twain who first appeared in the book The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and is the protagonist and narrator of its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. He is 12 or 13 years old during the former and a year older ("thirteen or fourteen or along there", Chapter 17) at the time of the latter. Huck also narrates Tom Sawyer Abroad and Tom Sawyer, Detective, two shorter sequels to the first two books. Huckleberry Finn, as depicted by E. W. Kemble in the original 1884 edition of the book Tom Sawyer, Detective Pap Finn CharacterizationEdit Huckleberry "Huck" Finn is the son of the town's vagrant drunkard, "Pap" Finn. Sleeping on doorsteps when the weather is fair, in empty hogsheads during storms, and living off of what he receives from others, Huck lives the life of a destitute vagabond. The author metaphorically names him "the juvenile pariah of the village" and describes Huck as "idle, and lawless, and vulgar, and bad", qualities for which he was admired by all the children in the village, although their mothers "cordially hated and dreaded" him. Huck is an archetypal innocent, able to discover the "right" thing to do despite the prevailing theology and prejudiced mentality of the South of that era. The best example of this is his decision to help Jim escape slavery, even though he believes he will go to Hell for it (see Christian views on slavery). His appearance is described in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. He wears the clothes of full-grown men which he probably received as charity, and as Twain describes him, "he was fluttering with rags." He has a torn broken hat and his trousers are supported with only one suspender. Even Tom Sawyer, the St. Petersburg hamlet boys' leader sees him as "the banished Romantic". Tom's Aunt Polly calls Huck a "poor motherless thing." Huck confesses to Tom in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer that he remembers his mother and his parents' relentless fighting that stopped only when she died. Huck has a carefree life free from societal norms or rules, stealing watermelons and chickens and "borrowing" boats and cigars. Due to his unconventional childhood, Huck has received almost no education. At the end of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Huck is adopted by the Widow Douglas, who sends him to school in return for his saving her life. In the course of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn he learns enough to be literate and even reads books for entertainment when there is nothing else to do. His knowledge of history as related to Jim is wildly inaccurate, but it is not specified if he is being wrong on purpose as a joke on Jim. In Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the sequel to The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, the Widow attempts to "sivilize" [sic] the newly wealthy Huck. Huck's father takes him from her, but Huck manages to fake his own death and escape to Jackson's Island, where he coincidentally meets up with Jim, a slave who was owned by the Widow Douglas' sister, Miss Watson. Jim is running away because he overheard Miss Watson planning to "sell him South" for eight hundred dollars. Jim wants to escape to Cairo, Illinois, where he can find work to eventually buy his family's freedom. Huck and Jim take a raft down the Mississippi River, planning to head north on the Ohio River, in hopes of finding freedom from slavery for Jim and freedom from Pap for Huck. Their adventures together, along with Huck's solo adventures, comprise the core of the book. In the end, however, Jim gains his freedom through Miss Watson's death, as she freed him in her will. Pap, it is revealed, has died in Huck's absence, and although he could safely return to St. Petersburg, Huck plans to flee west to Indian Territory. In Tom Sawyer Abroad and Tom Sawyer, Detective, the sequels to Huck Finn, however, Huck is living in St. Petersburg again after the events of his eponymous novel. In Abroad, Huck joins Tom and Jim for a wild, fanciful balloon ride that takes them overseas. In Detective, which occurs about a year after the events of Huck Finn, Huck helps Tom solve a murder mystery. RelationshipsEdit Huck is Tom Sawyer's closest friend. Their friendship is partially rooted in Sawyer's emulation of Huck's freedom and ability to do what he wants, like swearing and smoking when he feels like it. In one moment in the novel, he openly brags to his teacher that he was late for school because he stopped to talk with Huck Finn and enjoyed it, something for which he knew he would (and did) receive a whipping. Nonetheless, Tom remains a devoted friend to Huck in all of the novels they appear in. In Huckleberry Finn, it's revealed that Huck also considers Tom to be his best friend. At various times in the novel, Huck mentions that Tom would put more "style" in Jim and his adventure. Jim, a runaway slave whom Huck befriends, is another dominant force in Huck's life. He is the symbol for the moral awakening Huck undergoes throughout Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. This is seen when Huck considers sending a letter to Ms. Watson telling her where Jim is but ultimately chooses to rip it up despite the idea in the south that one who tries helping a slave escape will be sent to eternal punishment. Pap Finn is Huck's abusive, drunken father who shows up at the beginning of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and forcibly takes his son to live with him. Pap's only method of parenting is physical abuse. Although he seems derisive of education and civilized living, Pap seems to be jealous of Huck and is infuriated that his son would try to amount to more, and live in better conditions than he did. Despite this, early in the novel Huck uses his father's method of "borrowing" though he later feels sorry and stops. InspirationEdit The character of Huck Finn is based on Tom Blankenship, the real-life son of a sawmill laborer and sometime drunkard named Woodson Blankenship, who lived in a "ramshackle" house near the Mississippi River behind the house where the author grew up in Hannibal, Missouri.[1] Twain mentions his childhood friend Tom Blankenship as the inspiration for creating Huckleberry Finn in his autobiography: "In Huckleberry Finn I have drawn Tom Blankenship exactly as he was. He was ignorant, unwashed, insufficiently fed; but he had as good a heart as ever any boy had. His liberties were totally unrestricted. He was the only really independent person—boy or man—in the community, and by consequence he was tranquilly and continuously happy and envied by the rest of us. And as his society was forbidden us by our parents the prohibition trebled and quadrupled its value, and therefore we sought and got more of his society than any other boy's." – Mark Twain's Autobiography. AppearancesEdit The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884) Tom Sawyer, Detective (1896) Tom Sawyer Abroad (1894) "Schoolhouse Hill" (1898) – unfinished "Huck Finn" (1898) – unfinished Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer among the Indians – unfinished Tom Sawyer's Conspiracy – unfinished "Tom Sawyer's Gang Plans a Naval Battle" – unfinished Since Mark Twain's death, Huck Finn has also appeared in a number of novels, plays, comic strips,[2] and stories written by various authors that purport to tell the latter adventures of Huck and his friends. PortrayalsEdit Actors who have portrayed Huckleberry Finn in films and TV include: Robert Gordon (1917) Lewis Sargent (1920) Junior Durkin (1930 and 1931) Jackie Moran (1938) Donald O'Connor (1938) Mickey Rooney (1939) Eddie Hodges (1960) Michael Shea (1968-1969, in the TV series The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn) Roman Madyanov (1973, in Hopelessly Lost) Jeff East (1973 and 1974) Ron Howard (1975) Steve Stark (1979) Ian Tracey (1979-1980, in the TV series Huckleberry Finn and His Friends) Gary Krug (1985, in The Adventures of Mark Twain) Mitchell Anderson (1990, in Back to Hannibal: The Return of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn) Elijah Wood (1993) Brad Renfro (1995) Mark Wills (voice) Leon Seidel (2011, in a German version of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer; 2012, in a German version of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn) Jake T. Austin (2013) Kyle Gallner (2015) ^ (Washington, D.C.) Express, June 6, 2007 ^ Huckleberry Finn by Clare Victor Dwiggins ("Dwig"), distributed by the Ledger Syndicate (1940–1942). Reich, W; Felton, E; et al. (1988), "A comparison of the home and social environments of children of alcoholic and non-alcoholic parents", British Journal of Addiction, 83 (7): 831–839, doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1988.tb00518.x, PMID 3207941 Haberman, Paul W. (1966), "Childhood symptoms in children of alcoholics and comparison group parents Trial: New Evidence and New Difficulties", Journal of Marriage and the Family, 28 (2): 152–154, doi:10.2307/349271, JSTOR 349271 Eiden, R; Edwards, E; et al. (2007), "A conceptual model for the development of externalizing behavior problems among kindergarten children of alcoholic families: role of parenting and children's self regulation", J Mol Biol, 43 (5): 1187–1201, doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.5.1187, PMC 2720575, PMID 17723044 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huckleberry_Finn&oldid=903843919"	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1724944
__label__wiki	0.809792	0.809792	Oyster card (pay as you go) on National Rail Oyster card readers at Maze Hill railway station The majority of rail services in the Greater London area accept Oyster card pay as you go (PAYG) payment.[1] Oyster rollout was limited to a restricted number of National Rail services[2] at the introduction of the stored-value product on London Underground in January 2004.[3] In response to an offer from Transport for London of funding to the train operating companies that have services within Greater London, plans were made to expand its acceptance across the rail network in London,[4] and it was expected that by February 2009 TfL would announce plans for all suburban trains to accept the card.[5] In May 2009 London TravelWatch indicated it had discovered that the works were unlikely to be completed until 2010.[6] On 23 November 2009 the GLA announced that from 2 January 2010 the vast majority of rail services in Greater London would accept Oyster PAYG.[1] The Oyster card was launched in 2003 with the facility to hold season-ticket Travelcards, accepted on both London Underground and National Rail services. In January 2004, a PAYG product was launched for use on London Underground and DLR, but only a limited number of National Rail operators accepted the product on parts of their routes, usually because their tickets were interchangeable with London Underground ticketing under long-standing agreements. Transport for London (TfL) and National Rail publish lists and maps of routes and stations where PAYG is valid.[2][7] In May 2006 TfL and the Department for Transport agreed a £20 million funding package for train operators to install the equipment necessary to accept PAYG at all London stations.[8] The package was not taken up by any train operating companies and in September 2006, the South West Trains franchise was renewed by the Department for Transport with the condition that smartcard ticketing must be in place by 2009.[9] In November 2007 the metro routes operated by Silverlink were brought under the control of TfL and operated under the brand name London Overground, accepting Oyster PAYG.[10] A necessary precursor of the acceptance of Oyster PAYG was the introduction of zonal single fares on the National Rail network in London; this was implemented in January 2007.[11] Also in January, the then Mayor of London Ken Livingstone announced that he required operators to sign up by 31 January 2007 in order to receive the funding package offer.[12] c2c and Chiltern Railways accepted the deal and on 31 January 2007, a commitment was made by ATOC, in principle, that all other operators would eventually accept the PAYG product.[4] According to ATOC, roll-out plans were subject to the installation of suitable ticket gates and back office equipment at all 330 stations. A 2009 date was set out for this to be finished by.[13] Current acceptance and future scheduleEdit The acceptance of Oyster PAYG on National Rail has now been implemented across the Travelcard area (Zones 1-9), and at additional stations including Watford Junction, some Abellio Greater Anglia stations and c2c stations at Purfleet, Ockendon, Chafford Hundred and Grays. Oyster PAYG is not valid on Heathrow Connect between Hayes and Harlington and Heathrow Airport, Heathrow Express. Oyster PAYG is now available on Southeastern highspeed between St Pancras International and Stratford International stations only. TfL and BAA studied acceptance of Oyster PAYG on BAA's Gatwick Express and Heathrow Express in 2006, but BAA decided not to go ahead.[14] However, since then Oyster PAYG has been introduced between Gatwick and central London. In October 2007, it was agreed by all National Rail Operators who operate services in London to implement the scheme by 2009 at the latest, as a result of both pressure from passengers and TfL. An agreement was reached with TfL to accept Oyster PAYG at all National Rail stations in Greater London. As a result of this implementation, ticket barriers with readers have been installed at some National Rail stations to prevent fare evasion, for example, London Waterloo from 2008.[15] It was announced in late 2009 that all London National Rail services would accept Oyster PAYG from 2 January 2010, although fares may not be the same as for a comparable Tube journey.[16] In the Chancellor's Autumn Statement in November 2011, expansion of the Oyster system was reported covering towns such as Guildford.[17] This appears to have been mistaken reporting, the Chancellor only referred explicitly to 'smart ticketing' being introduced, presumably the ITSO scheme being driven by DfT. The current arrangement and planned implementation schedule is as follows: 2004 implementation[3] Expansion implemented[2] Zones 1—6 completed Expansion planned Abellio Greater Anglia Liverpool Street to Walthamstow Central, Seven Sisters and Tottenham Hale (not at intermediate stations) Liverpool Street to Stratford 2006: Stratford to Tottenham Hale and Seven Sisters Jan 2008: intermediate stations[18] 2 January 2010: all remaining stations 2 January 2013: Turkey Street and Enfield Lock to Broxbourne; Harold Wood to Shenfield 19 October 2015 Rye House, St. Margarets, Ware and Hertford East[19] c2c Fenchurch Street to Upminster Liverpool Street to Barking via Stratford (not at Forest Gate or Maryland) Jan 2008: Barking to Rainham[20] 2 January 2010: Upminster/Rainham to Grays Y None.[21] Chiltern Railways Marylebone to Amersham Marylebone to West Ruislip (South Ruislip only intermediately) Jan 2008: intermediate stations [22][23] April 2008: London Paddington to South Ruislip[24] Great Western Railway Jan 2008: Ealing Broadway to Greenford (not at intermediate stations) April 2008: London Paddington to Ealing Broadway (not at Acton Main Line) Sept 2008: Acton Main Line, Drayton Green to South Greenford, Ealing Broadway to West Drayton (but not Hayes & Harlington to Heathrow)[25] Y 2020?: West Drayton to Reading [26] London Midland Euston to Harrow & Wealdstone 2007: Watford Junction to Harrow & Wealdstone[27] London Overground Euston to Harrow & Wealdstone (not at Kilburn High Road or South Hampstead) Gunnersbury to Richmond Stratford to Canning Town (closed 2006)[2] 2007: all remaining stations Y Any future lines that become part of London Overground. Southeastern Elephant & Castle to City Thameslink [28] 2 January 2010: all remaining stations 31 July 2015: St Pancras International to Stratford International on HS1.[29] 6 September 2015: Dartford.[30] 9 March 2016: Swanley Southern 2007: Clapham Junction to Watford Junction November 2009: London Victoria to Balham [31] 11 January 2016: Gatwick Airport, Horley, Salfords, Earlswood, Redhill and Merstham[32]. 25 February 2019: Epsom Y TBC: Reigate South Western Railway 2 January 2010: all stations. Y TBC: Hampton to Shepperton [26] According to SWT, rollout is on hold for unknown reasons. Thameslink and Great Northern Kentish Town to London Bridge, Elephant & Castle or Moorgate Finsbury Park to Moorgate or King's Cross 2007: Kentish Town to West Hampstead Thameslink[33] 11 January 2016: Gatwick, Horley, Salfords, Earlswood, Redhill and Merstham[32] April 2019: Cuffley, Bayford and Hertford North Y By 2019: Elstree & Borehamwood to Luton Airport; Hadley Wood to Welwyn Garden City[34] TfL Rail 31 May 2015: Liverpool Street to Shenfield 20 May 2018: Hayes & Harlington to Heathrow Terminal 4 and Heathrow Terminal 5 Y 2020?: West Drayton to Reading (as Elizabeth Line) Contactless smartcards on the railways of Britain List of smart cards ^ a b "One ticket for London as Oysterisation of rail and river confirmed". The Greater London Authority. 23 November 2009. Archived from the original on 5 May 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2011. ^ a b c d "Oyster Pay As You Go (PAYG) on National Rail" (PDF). Association of Train Operating Companies. 24 September 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 November 2009. Retrieved 5 November 2009. ^ a b Transport for London, Your Guide to Oyster, (2004) ^ a b "Train operators' Oyster acceptance welcomed". Transport for London. 31 January 2007. Archived from the original on 18 May 2008. Retrieved 16 July 2008. ^ "Oyster cards to be rolled out to every London line". The Evening Standard. 27 January 2009. Archived from the original on 30 January 2009. Retrieved 28 January 2009. ^ Jo deBank (May 2009). "Watchdog fury at Oyster delay". London TravelWatch. Archived from the original on 23 May 2009. ^ "Oyster on National Rail". Transport for London. Archived from the original on 4 July 2008. Retrieved 16 July 2008. ^ "Transport Secretary and Mayor of London Announce New Deal for Rail Passengers". Department for Transport. 10 May 2006. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2008. ^ "Department for Transport Announces Winner of South Western Franchise". Department for Transport. 22 September 2006. Archived from the original on 21 April 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2011. ^ "Introducing London Overground - a new era for London Rail". Transport for London. 5 September 2006. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2011. ^ "Smart Rail Ticketing in London a Step Closer with New Zonal Fare Structures". Publictechnology.net. 23 October 2006. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2008. ^ "Rail Firms Urged to Accept Oyster". BBC News. 9 January 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2008. ^ "ATOC'S position on Oyster pay-as-you-go and the offer by Transport for London". Association of Train Operating Companies. 31 January 2007. Retrieved 16 December 2011. ^ "Oyster Pay As You Go on Heathrow Connect - a Freedom of Information request to Transport for London - WhatDoTheyKnow:". Whatdotheyknow.com. 11 January 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2012. ^ "Oyster Cards Launched on Rail". BBC News. 1 October 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2008. ^ "Overland trains to accept Oyster". BBC News. 23 November 2009. Retrieved 3 January 2010. ^ "Better roads, rail travel and new river crossings in spending boost for London". Evening Standard. 29 November 2011. Archived from the original on 1 December 2011. Retrieved 30 November 2011. ^ "National Express to Extend Availability of Oyster Pay As You Go". National Express East Anglia. 22 February 2008. Retrieved 30 November 2011. ^ "Hertford East Extension". Abellio Greater Anglia. Retrieved 16 November 2015. ^ "c2c Storms Ahead with Introduction of Oyster". c2c. 17 January 2007. Archived from the original on 2 March 2008. Retrieved 16 July 2008. ^ (PDF). DfT. 19 April 2010 https://web.archive.org/web/20110504123642/http://www.dft.gov.uk/consultations/archive/2010/2010-09/consultation.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2011. Missing or empty \|title= (help) ^ Kobie, Nicole (1 February 2007). "London Railways to use Oyster Prepay". ITPro. Archived from the original on 23 October 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2008. ^ "Mayor Welcomes Oyster Deal with Chiltern Railways". Transport for London. 23 January 2007. Retrieved 11 June 2011. ^ "Oyster pay as You Go (PAYG) on National Rail" (PDF). Transport for London. 20 April 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 September 2008. Retrieved 16 July 2008. ^ "Oyster pay as you go now accepted at all First Great Western stations in London". Transport for London. 25 September 2008. Retrieved 30 November 2011. ^ a b "Item 8 - Oyster on National Rail - Progress Update" (PDF). Transport for London. 8 February 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2011. ^ "Oyster Agreement". Watford Observer. 16 November 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2008. ^ "Oyster Card and National Rail". National Rail. Archived from the original on 5 July 2008. Retrieved 16 July 2008. ^ "Oyster extended to Stratford on our high speed services". Southeastern Railway. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015. ^ "Contactless payments and Oyster extended to Dartford". TfL. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2015. ^ "Using Oyster Pay as you go from Clapham Junction". Southern Railway. Archived from the original on 29 February 2008. Retrieved 16 July 2008. ^ a b ""Pay as you go to get to Gatwick"". Tfl. 11 January 2016. Archived from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2016. ^ "Meet the Directors". First Capital Connect. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2008. ^ "GTR (Govia Thameslink Railway)" (PDF). July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oyster_card_(pay_as_you_go)_on_National_Rail&oldid=904225753"	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1724945
__label__wiki	0.936068	0.936068	RAF Bomber Command RAF Bomber Command controlled the RAF's bomber forces from 1936 to 1968. Along with the United States Army Air Forces, it played the central role in the strategic bombing of Germany in World War II. From 1942 onward, the British bombing campaign against Germany became less restrictive and increasingly targeted industrial sites and the civilian manpower base essential for German war production. In total 364,514 operational sorties were flown, 1,030,500 tons of bombs were dropped and 8,325 aircraft lost in action. Bomber Command crews also suffered a high casualty rate: 55,573 were killed out of a total of 125,000 aircrew, a 44.4% death rate. A further 8,403 men were wounded in action, and 9,838 became prisoners of war. Bomber Command Bomber Command badge 14 July 1936–1968 1936–1940: RAF Uxbridge 1940–1968: RAF High Wycombe Motto(s) Strike Hard Strike Sure[1] Berlin 1940–1945 Fortress Europe 1940–1944 Air Marshal Charles Portal Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Harris Aircraft flown 1939: Battle, Blenheim, Hampden, Wellesley, Wellington, Whitley. 1942: Manchester, Stirling, Halifax, Lancaster, Mosquito. 1945: Lincoln 1950: Washington B.1 1951: Canberra. 1955: Vickers Valiant 1956: Avro Vulcan 1958: Handley Page Victor. Bomber Command stood at the peak of its post-war military power in the 1960s, the V bombers holding the United Kingdom's nuclear deterrent and a supplemental force of Canberra light bombers. In August 2006, a memorial was unveiled at Lincoln Cathedral.[2] A memorial in Green Park in London was unveiled by Queen Elizabeth II on 28 June 2012 to highlight the price paid by the aircrews.[3] At the time of the formation of Bomber Command in 1936, Giulio Douhet's slogan "the bomber will always get through" was popular, and figures like Stanley Baldwin cited it. Until advances in radar technology in the late 1930s, this statement was effectively true. Attacking bombers could not be detected early enough to assemble fighters fast enough to prevent them reaching their targets. Some damage might be done to the bombers by AA guns, and by fighters as the bombers returned to base, but that was not as effective as a proper defence. Consequently, the early conception of Bomber Command was as an entity that threatened the enemy with utter destruction, and thus prevented war. In 1936, Germany's increasing air power was feared by British government planners who commonly overestimated its size, reach and hitting power. Planners used estimates of up to 72 British deaths per tonne of bombs dropped, though this figure was grossly exaggerated. As well, the planners did not know that German bombing aircraft of the day (not quite 300 Junkers Ju 52 medium bombers) did not have the range to reach the UK with a load of bombs and return to the mainland. British air officers did nothing to correct these perceptions because they could see the usefulness of having a strong bombing arm.[4] Early years of the Second World WarEdit Main article: Air warfare of World War II At the start of the Second World War in 1939, Bomber Command faced four problems. The first was lack of size; Bomber Command was not large enough effectively to operate as an independent strategic force. The second was rules of engagement; at the start of the war, the targets allocated to Bomber Command were not wide enough in scope. The third problem was the Command's lack of technology; specifically radio or radar derived navigational aids to allow accurate target location at night or through cloud. (In 1938, E. G. "Taffy" Bowen proposed using ASV radar for navigation, only to have Bomber Command disclaim need for it, saying the sextant was sufficient.[5] ) The fourth problem was the limited accuracy of bombing, especially from high level, even when the target could be seen by the bomb aimer. When the war began on 1 September 1939, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the neutral United States, issued an appeal to the major belligerents to confine their air raids to military targets.[6] The French and British agreed to abide by the request, provided "that these same rules of warfare will be scrupulously observed by all of their opponents".[7] British policy was to restrict bombing to military targets and infrastructure, such as ports and railways which were of military importance. While acknowledging that bombing Germany would cause civilian casualties, the British government renounced deliberate bombing of civilian property (outside combat zones) as a military tactic.[8] The British abandoned this policy at the end of the "Phoney War", or Sitzkrieg, on 15 May 1940, one day after the Rotterdam Blitz. Scale comparison diagram of the trio of British twin-engined medium bombers at the outbreak of the Second World War; the Whitley (pink), the Vickers Wellington (blue) and the Handley Page Hampden (yellow) The British government did not want to violate its agreement by attacking civilian targets outside combat zones and the French were even more concerned lest Bomber Command operations provoke a German bombing attack on France. Since the Armée de l'Air had few modern fighters and no defence network comparable to the British Chain Home radar stations, this left France powerless before the threat of a German bombing attack. The final problem was lack of adequate aircraft. The Bomber Command workhorses at the start of the war, the Vickers Wellington, Armstrong Whitworth Whitley and Handley Page Hampden/Hereford, had been designed as tactical-support medium bombers and none of them had enough range or ordnance capacity for anything more than a limited strategic offensive. Bomber Command became even smaller after the declaration of war. No. 1 Group, with its squadrons of Fairey Battles, left for France to form the Advanced Air Striking Force. This action had two aims: to give the British Expeditionary Force some air-striking power and to allow the Battles to operate against German targets, since they lacked the range to do so from British airfields. The Phoney War mainly affected the army; to an extent, Bomber Command too saw little combat during the first few months of hostilities. Bomber Command flew many operational missions and lost aircraft but it did virtually no damage to the Germans. Most sorties either failed to find their targets, or were leaflet-dropping missions (the first flights by RAF bombers over the German homeland were only to drop propaganda leaflets at night).[9] In May 1940, some of the Advanced Air Striking Force was caught on the ground by German air attacks on their airfields at the opening of the invasion of France. The remainder of the Battles proved to be horrendously vulnerable to enemy fire. Many times, Battles would set out to attack and be almost wiped out in the process. Due to French paranoia about being attacked by German aircraft during the Phoney War, the Battle force had actually trained over German airspace at night. Following the Rotterdam Blitz of 14 May, RAF Bomber Command was authorized to attack German targets east of the Rhine on 15 May; the Air Ministry authorized Air Marshal Charles Portal to attack targets in the Ruhr, including oil plants and other civilian industrial targets which aided the German war effort, such as blast furnaces (which were visible at night).[10][11] The first attack took place on the night of 15/16 May, with 96 bombers setting off to attack targets east of the Rhine, 78 of which were against oil targets. Of these, only 24 claimed to have found their targets.[12] Bomber Command itself soon fully joined in the action; in the Battle of Britain, Bomber Command was assigned to bomb invasion barges and fleets assembling in the Channel ports. This was much less public than the battles of the Spitfires and Hurricanes of RAF Fighter Command but still vital and dangerous work. From July 1940 to the end of the year, Bomber Command lost nearly 330 aircraft and over 1,400 aircrew killed, missing or captured. Bomber Command was also indirectly responsible, in part at least, for the switch of Luftwaffe attention away from Fighter Command to bombing civilian targets. A German bomber on a raid got lost due to poor navigation and bombed London. Prime Minister Winston Churchill consequently ordered a retaliatory raid on the German capital of Berlin. The damage caused was minor but the raid sent Hitler into a rage. He ordered the Luftwaffe to level British cities, thus precipitating the Blitz.[13] Like the United States Army Air Forces later in the war, Bomber Command had first concentrated on a doctrine of "precision" bombing in daylight. When the German defences inflicted costly defeats on British raids late 1939, a switch to night bombing was forced upon the Command. The problems of enemy defences were then replaced with the problems of night navigation and target-finding. It was common in the early years of the war for bombers relying on dead reckoning navigation to miss entire cities. Surveys of bombing photographs and other sources published during August 1941, indicated that fewer than one bomb in ten fell within 5 miles (8.0 km) of its intended target. One of the most urgent problems of the Command was thus to develop navigational aids. OrganisationEdit Bomber Command comprised a number of Groups. It began the war with Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 Groups. No. 1 Group was soon sent to France and then returned to Bomber Command control after the evacuation of France. No. 2 Group consisted of light and medium bombers who, although operating both by day and night, remained part of Bomber Command until 1943, when it was removed to the control of Second Tactical Air Force, to form the light bomber component of that command. Bomber Command also gained two new groups during the war: the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) squadrons were organised into No. 6 Group and the Pathfinder Force was expanded to form No. 8 (Pathfinder) Group from existing squadrons. Many squadrons and personnel from Commonwealth and other European countries flew in Bomber Command. No. 6 Group, which was activated on 1 January 1943, was unique among Bomber Command groups, in that it was not an RAF unit; it was a Canadian unit attached to Bomber Command. At its peak strength, 6 Group consisted of 14 operational RCAF bomber squadrons and 15 squadrons served with the group.[14][15] No. 8 Group, also known as the Pathfinder Force, was activated on 15 August 1942. It was a critical part of solving the navigational and aiming problems experienced. Bomber Command solved its navigational problems using two methods. One was the use of a range of increasingly sophisticated electronic aids to navigation and the other was the use of specialist Pathfinders. The technical aids to navigation took two forms. One was external radio navigation aids, as exemplified by Gee and the later highly accurate Oboe systems. The other was the centimetric navigation equipment H2S radar carried in the bombers. The Pathfinders were a group of elite, specially trained and experienced crews who flew ahead and with the main bombing forces and marked the targets with flares and special marker-bombs. No. 8 Group controlled the Pathfinder squadrons. A photograph taken during a typical RAF night attack with Avro Lancasters far below Strategic bombing 1942–1945Edit Main article: Strategic bombing during World War II Diagram comparing the Stirling (yellow) with its contemporaries; the Avro Lancaster (blue) and the Handley Page Halifax (pink) In 1941, the Butt Report revealed the extent of bombing inaccuracy: Churchill noted that "this is a very serious paper and seems to require urgent attention".[16] The Area Bombing Directive of 14 February 1942 ordered Bomber Command to target German industrial areas and the "morale of...the industrial workers". The directive also reversed the order of the previous year instructing Bomber Command to conserve its forces – this resulted in a large campaign of area bombardment against the Ruhr area. Professor Frederick Lindemann's "de-housing" paper of March identified the expected effectiveness of attacks on residential and general industrial areas of cities. The aerial bombing of cities such as the Operation Millennium raid on Cologne continued throughout the rest of the war, culminating in the controversial bombing of Dresden in 1945. 97 percent of Wesel was destroyed before it was taken by Allied troops. In 1942, the main workhorse-aircraft of the later part of the war came into service. The Halifax and Lancaster made up the backbone of the Command – they had a longer range, higher speed and much greater bomb load than earlier aircraft. Stirling and Wellington bombers were not taken out of service, but used on less demanding tasks such as mine-laying. The classic aircraft of the Pathfinders, the de Havilland Mosquito, also made its appearance. By 25 July 1943, the Bomber Command headquarters had come to occupy "a substantial set of red brick buildings, hidden in the middle of a forest on top of a hill in the English county of Buckinghamshire."[17] An offensive against the Rhine-Ruhr area ("Happy Valley" to aircrew) began on the night of 5/6 March 1943, with the first raid of the Battle of the Ruhr on Essen.[18][19][20] The bombers destroyed 160 acres (0.65 km2) of the city and hit 53 Krupps buildings. The Battle of Hamburg in mid-1943 was one of the most successful Bomber Command operations, although Harris' extension of the offensive into the Battle of Berlin failed to destroy the capital and cost his force more than 1,000 crews in the winter of 1943–44. In August 1943, Operation Hydra, the bombing of the Peenemünde V-2 rocket facility opened the secondary Operation Crossbow campaign against long-range weapons. By April 1944, Harris was forced to reduce his strategic offensive as the bomber force was directed (much to his annoyance) to tactical and transport targets in France in support of the invasion of Normandy. The transport offensive proved highly effective. By late 1944, bombing such as Operation Hurricane (to demonstrate the capabilities of the combined British and US bomber forces), competed against the German defences. Bomber Command was now capable of putting 1,000 aircraft over a target without extraordinary efforts. Within 24 hours of Operation Hurricane, the RAF dropped about 10,000 tonnes of bombs on Duisburg and Brunswick, the greatest bomb load dropped in a day during the Second World War. The peak of Bomber Command operations occurred in the raids of March 1945, when its squadrons dropped the greatest weight of bombs[quantify] for any month in the war. Wesel in the Rhineland, bombed on 16, 17, 18 and 19 February, was bombed again on 23 March, leaving the city "97 percent destroyed". The last raid on Berlin took place on the night of 21/22 April, when 76 Mosquitos made six attacks just before Soviet forces entered the city centre. By this point, most RAF bombing operations were for the purpose of providing tactical support. The last major strategic raid was the destruction of the oil refinery at Vallø (Tønsberg) in southern Norway by 107 Lancasters, on the night of 25/26 April. Once the surrender of Germany had occurred, plans were made to send a "Very Long Range Bomber Force" known as Tiger Force to participate in the Pacific war against Japan. Made up of about 30 British Commonwealth heavy bomber squadrons, a reduction of the original plan of about 1,000 aircraft, the British bombing component was intended to be based on Okinawa. Bomber Command groups were re-organised for Operation Downfall but the Soviet invasion of Manchuria and the Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki occurred before the force had been transferred to the Pacific. In Europe Bomber Command's final operation was to fly released Allied prisoners of war home to Britain in Operation Exodus.[21] CasualtiesEdit A diagram illustrating the actual number of aircraft used in the 13/14 February 1945 RAF night attack on Dresden with 753 Avro Lancasters in two waves, with nine Mosquitoes providing target marking Allied bombing of German cities killed between 305,000 and 600,000 civilians.[note 1] One of the most controversial aspects of Bomber Command during World War II was the area bombing of cities. Until 1942 navigational technology did not allow for any more precise targeting than at best a district of a town or city by night bombing. All large German cities contained important industrial districts and so were considered legitimate targets by the Allies. New methods were introduced to create "firestorms". The most destructive raids in terms of casualties were those on Hamburg (45,000 dead) in 1943 and Dresden (25,000–35,000 dead)[22][23]) in 1945. Each caused a firestorm and left tens of thousands dead. Other large raids on German cities which resulted in high civil casualties were Darmstadt (12,300 dead), Pforzheim (17,600 dead)[24] and Kassel (10,000 dead). Regarding the legality of the campaign, in an article in the International Review of the Red Cross it was held that, In examining these events [aerial area bombardment] in the light of international humanitarian law, it should be borne in mind that during the Second World War there was no agreement, treaty, convention or any other instrument governing the protection of the civilian population or civilian property, as the conventions then in force dealt only with the protection of the wounded and the sick on the battlefield and in naval warfare, hospital ships, the laws and customs of war and the protection of prisoners of war.[25] Bomber Command crews also suffered an extremely high casualty rate: 55,573 killed out of a total of 125,000 aircrew (a 44.4 percent death rate), a further 8,403 were wounded in action and 9,838 became prisoners of war. This covered all Bomber Command operations including tactical support for ground operations and mining of sea lanes.[clarification needed][26] A Bomber Command crew member had a worse chance of survival than an infantry officer in World War I; more people were killed serving in Bomber Command than in the Blitz, or the bombings of Hamburg or Dresden.[26] By comparison, the US Eighth Air Force, which flew daylight raids over Europe, had 350,000 aircrew during the war and suffered 26,000 killed and 23,000 POWs.[26] Of the RAF Bomber Command personnel killed during the war, 72 percent were British, 18 percent were Canadian, 7 percent were Australian and 3 percent were New Zealanders.[27] Taking an example of 100 airmen: 55 killed on operations or died as result of wounds three injured (in varying levels of severity) on operations or active service 12 taken prisoner of war (some wounded) two shot down and evaded capture 27 survived a tour of operations[28] In total 364,514 operational sorties were flown, 1,030,500 tons of bombs were dropped and 8,325 aircraft lost in action. Harris was advised by an Operational Research Section (ORS-BC) under a civilian, Basil Dickins, supported by a small team of mathematicians and scientists. ORS-BC (under Reuben Smeed) was concerned with analysing bomber losses. They were able to influence operations by identifying successful defensive tactics and equipment, though some of their more controversial advice (such as removing ineffectual turrets from bombers to increase speed) was ignored.[29] The very high casualties suffered, give testimony to the dedication and courage of Bomber Command aircrew in carrying out their orders. Statistically there was little prospect of surviving a tour of 30 operations and by 1943, one in six expected to survive their first tour and one in forty would survive their second tour.[30] The overall loss rate for Bomber Command operations was 2.2 percent, but loss rates over Germany were significantly higher; from November 1943 – March 1944, losses averaged 5.1 percent.[31] The highest loss rate (11.8 percent) was incurred on the Nuremberg raid (30 March 1944).[32] The disparity in loss rates was reflected in the fact that, at times, Bomber Command considered making sorties over France only count as a third of an op towards the "tour" total and crews derisively referred to officers who only chose to fly on the less dangerous ops to France as "François".[33][34] The loss rates excluded aircraft crashing in the UK on return, even if the machine was a write off and there were crew casualties, which amounted to at least another 15 percent.[35] Losses in training were significant and some courses lost 25 percent of their intake before graduation, 5,327 men being killed in training from 1939–1945.[36] "Balance sheet"Edit Bomber Command had an overwhelming commitment to the strategic bombing offensive against Germany, and it seems appropriate to judge its contribution to the Allied war-effort primarily in that context. The ostensible aim of the offensive, breaking the morale of the German working class, must be considered a failure. The scale and intensity of the offensive was an appalling trial to the German people and the Hamburg attacks, particularly, profoundly shook the Nazi leadership. However, on balance, the indiscriminate nature of the bombing and the heavy civilian casualties and damage stiffened German resistance to fight to the end. In any case as Sir Arthur Harris put it, the Germans living under a savage tyranny were "not allowed the luxury of morale". Sir Arthur Harris himself believed that there was a relationship between tonnage dropped, city areas destroyed, and lost production. The effect of Bomber Command's attacks on industrial production is not so clear cut. The much better provided US survey was little concerned with the RAF area bombing campaign. It pointed to the great success of the USAAF's attacks on Germany's synthetic oil plants starting in the spring of 1944 – this had a crippling effect on German transportation and prevented the Luftwaffe from flying to anything like the order of battle that the aviation engine plants, parts and sub-assembly fabrication and final assembly manufacturing facilities; Luftwaffe training and logistics could have otherwise sustained. Further, in going for targets they knew the Germans must defend, the new American escort fighters were able to inflict crippling losses on the Luftwaffe's fighter force. However it should be pointed out that the RAF also made a great contribution to the oil offensive as its abilities to attack precision targets had greatly improved since the arrival of new navigation and target-finding instruments; by mid-1944 it was also mounting huge bombing raids in daylight. Albert Speer, Hitler's Minister of Armaments, noted that the larger British bombs were much more destructive. 15 years after the war's end, Speer was unequivocal about the effect, The real importance of the air war consisted in the fact that it opened a second front long before the invasion in Europe ... Defence against air attacks required the production of thousands of anti-aircraft guns, the stockpiling of tremendous quantities of ammunition all over the country, and holding in readiness hundreds of thousands of soldiers, who in addition had to stay in position by their guns, often totally inactive, for months at a time ... No one has yet seen that this was the greatest lost battle on the German side. — Albert Speer (1959)[37][38] In terms of production decrease resulting from the RAF area attacks, the US survey, based upon limited research, found that in 1943 it amounted to 9 percent and in 1944 to 17 percent. Relying on US gathered statistics, the British survey found that actual arms production decreases were a mere 3 percent for 1943, and 1 percent for 1944. However they did find decreases of 46.5 percent and 39 percent in the second half of 1943 and 1944 respectively in the metal processing industries. These losses resulted from the devastating series of raids the Command launched on the Ruhr Valley. A contrasting view was offered by Adam Tooze (2006) that by referring to contemporary sources rather than post-war accounts there can be no doubt that the Battle of the Ruhr marked a turning point in the history of the German war economy ....[39] and that in the first quarter of 1943 steel production fell by 200,000 tons, leading to cuts in the German ammunition production programme and a Zulieferungskrise (sub-components crisis). German aircraft output did not increase between July 1943 and March 1944. Bomber command had stopped Speer's armaments miracle in its tracks.[39] This apparent lack of success is accounted for in several ways. The German industrial economy was so strong, its industrial bases so widely spread, that it was a hopeless task to try and crush it by area bombing. Further, up until 1943 it is undoubtedly the case that Germany was not fully mobilised for war, Speer remarked that single shift factory working was commonplace, and so there was plenty of slack in the system. It has been argued that the RAF campaign placed a limit on German arms production. This may be true but it is also the case that the German forces did not run out of arms and ammunition and that it was manpower that was a key limiting factor, as well as the destruction of transport facilities and the fuel to move. Some positive points should be made. The greatest contribution to winning the war made by Bomber Command was in the huge diversion of German resources into defending the homeland; this was very considerable indeed. By January 1943 some 1,000 Luftwaffe night fighters were committed to the defence of the Reich – mostly twin engined Bf 110 and Ju 88. Most critically, by September 1943, 8,876 of the deadly, dual purpose 88 mm guns were also defending the homeland with a further 25,000 light flak guns – 20/37 mm. Though the 88mm gun was an effective AA weapon, it was also a deadly destroyer of tanks, and lethal against advancing infantry. These weapons would have done much to augment German anti-tank defences on the Russian front. To man these weapons the flak regiments in Germany required some 90,000 fit personnel, and a further 1 million were deployed in clearing up and repairing the vast bomb-damage caused by the RAF attacks. This diversion to defensive purposes of German arms and manpower was an enormous contribution made by RAF Bomber Command to winning the war. By 1944 the bombing offensive was costing Germany 30 percent of all artillery production, 20 percent of heavy shells, 33 percent of the output of the optical industry for sights and aiming devices and 50 percent of the country's electro-technical output which had to be diverted to the anti-aircraft role. From the British perspective, the RAF offensive made a great contribution in sustaining morale during the dark days of the war, especially during the bleak winter of 1941–42. It was the only means that Britain possessed of taking the war directly to the enemy at that time. RAF Bomber Command had 19 Victoria Cross recipients.[40][note 2] 1946–1968Edit Bomber Command acquired B-29 Superfortresses – known to the RAF as Boeing Washingtons – to supplement the Avro Lincoln, a development of the Lancaster. The first jet bomber, the English Electric Canberra light bomber, became operational in 1951. Some Canberras remained in RAF service up to 2006 as photo-reconnaissance aircraft. The model proved an extremely successful aircraft; Britain exported it to many countries and licensed it for construction in the United States[41] and in Australia. The joint US-UK Project E was made nuclear weapons available to Bomber Command in an emergency, with the Canberras the first aircraft to benefit. The next jet bomber to enter service was the Vickers Valiant in 1955, the first of the V bombers. The Air Ministry conceived of the V bombers as the replacement for the wartime Lancasters and Halifaxes. Three advanced aircraft were developed from 1946, along with the Short Sperrin fall-back design. Multiple designs were tried out because no one could predict which designs would be successful at the time. The V bombers became the backbone of the British nuclear forces and comprised the Valiant, Handley Page Victor (in service in 1958) and Avro Vulcan (1956).[42][43] In 1956 Bomber Command faced its first operational test since the Second World War. The Egyptian Government nationalised the Suez Canal in July 1956, and British troops took part in an invasion along with French and Israeli forces. During the Suez Crisis, Britain deployed Bomber Command Canberras to Cyprus and Malta and Valiants to Malta. The Canberra performed well but the Valiant had problems, since it had only just been introduced into service. The Canberras proved vulnerable to attack by the Egyptian Air Force, which fortunately did not choose to attack the crowded airfields of Cyprus (RAF Akrotiri and RAF Nicosia holding nearly the whole RAF strike force, with a recently reactivated and poor-quality airfield taking much of the French force). Over 100 Bomber Command aircraft took part in operations against Egypt. By Second World War standards, the scale of attack was light. Between 1959 and 1963, in addition to manned aircraft, Bomber Command also gained 60 Thor nuclear intermediate-range ballistic missiles dispersed to 20 RAF stations around Britain in a joint UK-US operation known as Project Emily. During the following twelve years, Bomber Command aircraft frequently deployed overseas to the Far East and Middle East. They served particularly as a deterrent to Sukarno's Indonesia during the Konfrontasi. A detachment of Canberras had a permanent base at Akrotiri in Cyprus in support of CENTO obligations. Britain tested its first atomic bomb in 1952 and exploded its first hydrogen bomb in 1957. Operation Grapple saw Valiant bombers testing the dropping of hydrogen bombs over Christmas Island. Advances in electronic countermeasures were also applied to the V bombers over the same period and the remaining V bombers came into service in the late 1950s.[44] During the Cuban missile crisis of October 1962, Bomber Command aircraft maintained continuous strip alerts, ready to take off at a moment's notice, and the Thor missiles were maintained at advanced readiness. The Prime Minister did not disperse Bomber Command aircraft to satellite airfields, lest that be viewed as an aggressive step. By the early 1960s doubts emerged about the ability of Bomber Command to pierce the defences of the Soviet Union. The shooting down of a U-2 spyplane in 1960 confirmed that the Soviet Union did have surface-to-air missiles capable of reaching the heights at which bombers operated. Since the Second World War the philosophy of bombing had involved going higher and faster. With the supersession of high and fast tactics, ultra-low-level attack was substituted. Bomber Command aircraft had not been designed for that kind of attack, and airframe fatigue increased. All Valiants were grounded in October 1964 and permanently withdrawn from service in January 1965. Low-level operations also reduced the lifespan of the Victors and Vulcans. Bomber Command's other main function was to provide tanker aircraft to the RAF. The Valiant was the first bomber used as a tanker operationally. As high-level penetration declined as an attack technique, the Valiant saw more and more use as a tanker until the retirement of the type in 1965 due to the costs of remediating metal fatigue. With the Victor also unsuited to the low-level role six were converted to tankers to replace the Valiants, before the later conversion of the majority of Victors to tankers. The Vulcan also saw service as a tanker, but only in an improvised conversion during the Falklands War of 1982. Ironically, in the tanker role, the Victor not only outlived Bomber Command, but also all the other V bombers by nine years. In a further attempt to make the operation of the bomber force safer, attempts were made to develop stand-off weapons, with which capability the bombers would not have to penetrate Soviet airspace. However, efforts to do so had only limited success. The first attempt involved the Blue Steel missile (in service: 1963–1970). It worked, but its ranse meant that bombers still had to enter Soviet airspace. Longer-range systems were developed, but failed and/or were cancelled. This fate befell the Mark 2 of the Blue Steel, its replacement, the American Skybolt ALBM and the ground-based Blue Streak programme. However, attempts to develop a stand-off nuclear deterrent eventually succeeded. Britain procured American Polaris missiles and built Royal Navy submarines to carry them. The modern form of the British nuclear force was thus essentially reached. Royal Navy submarines relieved the RAF of the nuclear deterrent mission in 1969, but by that point, Bomber Command no longer existed. RAF Fighter Command and Bomber Command merged in 1968 to form Strike Command. RAF Coastal Command followed in November 1969. Bomber Command took time to attain full effectiveness in the Second World War, but with the development of better navigation and aircraft it proved highly destructive. The massed attacks of Bomber Command and the US Eighth Air Force compelled Germany to devote considerable resources to air defence instead of pursuing its primary war aims. Postwar, it carried Britain's nuclear deterrent through a difficult period. Air Officer Commanding-in-ChiefEdit At any one time several air officers served on the staff of Bomber Command and so the overall commander was known as the Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, the most well-known being Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Harris. The Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief and their dates of appointment are listed below with the rank which they held whilst in post. 14 July 1936 – Air Chief Marshal Sir John Steel 12 September 1937 – Air Chief Marshal Sir Edgar Ludlow-Hewitt 3 April 1940 – Air Marshal Sir Charles Portal 5 October 1940 – Air Marshal Sir Richard Peirse 8 January 1942 – Air Vice Marshal J. E. A. Baldwin (Acting C-in-C) 22 February 1942 – Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Harris 15 September 1945 – Air Marshal Sir Norman Bottomley 16 January 1947 – Air Marshal Sir Hugh Saunders 8 October 1947 – Air Marshal Sir Aubrey Ellwood 2 February 1950 – Air Marshal Sir Hugh Lloyd 9 April 1953 – Air Marshal Sir George Mills 22 January 1956 – Air Marshal Sir Harry Broadhurst 20 May 1959 – Air Marshal Sir Kenneth Cross 1 September 1963 – Air Marshal Sir John Grandy 19 February 1965 – Air Marshal Sir Wallace Kyle Battle honoursEdit "Berlin 1940–1945": For bombardment of Berlin by aircraft of Bomber Command. "Fortress Europe 1940–1944": For operations by aircraft based in the British Isles against targets in Germany, Italy and enemy-occupied Europe, from the fall of France to the invasion of Normandy. MemorialsEdit The interior of the Bomber Command Memorial in London Main article: RAF Bomber Command Memorial Singer Robin Gibb led an effort to memorialize those who lost their lives during World War II and in April, 2011, it was announced that the £5.6 million needed to build the memorial had been raised.[45] The foundation stone of the Bomber Command Memorial for the crews of Bomber Command was laid in Green Park, London on 4 May 2011.[46] The memorial was designed by architect Liam O'Connor, who was also responsible for the design and construction of the Commonwealth Memorial Gates on Constitution Hill, near Buckingham Palace. Sculptor Philip Jackson created the large bronze sculpture which stands within the memorial. It consists of seven figures 9 feet (3 m) tall, and represents the aircrew of a Bomber Command heavy bomber.[47] Jackson described the sculpture as capturing "the moment when they get off the aircraft and they've dumped all their heavy kit onto the ground."[48] The memorial was dedicated and unveiled on 28 June 2012 by Queen Elizabeth II.[48] In October 2015 a Memorial and Walls of Names were unveiled in Lincoln at the International Bomber Command Centre.[49] Target for Tonight G for George International Bomber Command Centre RAF Bomber Command Memorial RAF Bomber Command Aircrew of World War II 112 Signals Unit Stornoway ^ German deaths by aerial bombardment (It is not clear if these totals include Austrians, of whom about 24,000 were killed (see Austrian Press & Information Service, Washington, D.C Archived 20 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine) and other territories in the Third Reich but not in modern Germany.) 600,000 about 80,000 were children in Hamburg, Juli 1943 in Der Spiegel Online 2003 (in German) Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls lists the following totals and sources: more than 305,000 (1945 Strategic Bombing Survey); 400,000 Hammond Atlas of the 20th Century (1996) 410,000 R. J. Rummel, 100 percent democidal; 499,750 Michael Clodfelter Warfare and Armed Conflict: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1618–1991; 593,000 John Keegan The Second World War (1989); 593,000 J. A. S. Grenville citing "official Germany" in A History of the World in the Twentieth Century (1994) 600,000 Paul Johnson Modern Times (1983) ^ Seven of the VCs were to members of Dominion air forces and nine were posthumous. Two personnel from the same aircrew received the VC as a result of their actions on 12 May 1940. With the Germans breaking through, 12 Squadron, flying obsolete Fairey Battles, was ordered to attack two bridges on the Albert Canal near Maastricht. The whole squadron volunteered and five aircraft, all that were available, took off. Four Battles were shot down by flak and German fighters, while the fifth staggered back to base heavily damaged. One of the four shot down was piloted by Flying Officer Donald Garland, who dived from 6,000 feet (1,800 m) in the face of intense fire, and succeeded in destroying one of the bridges. He and his observer, Sgt Tom Gray, both received the posthumous award of the Victoria Cross. ^ Pine, L.G. (1983). A dictionary of mottoes (1 ed.). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 222. ISBN 0-7100-9339-X. ^ Smith, David (20 August 2006). "RAF tribute stirs up 'war crime' storm". The Observer. London. Retrieved 3 July 2008. ^ Rayner, Gordon (9 March 2012). "Lord Ashcroft donates final £1 million for Bomber Command Memorial". The Telegraph. Retrieved 25 May 2012. ^ Boyne, Walter J. (2012). Clash of Wings: World War II in the Air. Simon and Schuster. pp. 19–20. ISBN 9781451685138. ^ Judkins, Phil. "Making Vision into Power", International Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol 82, No 1 (January 2012), p.114 ^ President Franklin D. Roosevelt Appeal against aerial bombardment of civilian populations, 1 September 1939 ^ Taylor (2005), Chapter "Call Me Meier", p. 105 ^ A.C. Grayling (Bloomsbury 2006), p. 24. ^ Bleetham, Alex. "Creation of the Bomber Force 1936–1940". Retrieved 3 July 2008. ^ Hastings 1979, p. 6 ^ Taylor References Chapter "Call Me Meier", Page 111 ^ Richards 1953, p.124. ^ Richards, Dennis. The Royal Air Force 1939–1945 Volume I The Fight at Odds. ibiblio.org. p. 182 http://ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-RAF-I/UK-RAF-I-6.html. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2017. Missing or empty \|title= (help) ^ Milberry, Larry (General Editor). Sixty Years – The RCAF and CF Air Command 1924–1984. Toronto: Canav Books, 1984. (p. 166) ^ Dunmore, Spencer and Carter, William. Reap the Whirlwind: The Untold Story of 6 Group, Canada's Bomber Force of World War II. Toronto: McLelland and Stewart Inc., 1991.(p. 375). ^ Davis, Rob. "Royal Air Force (RAF) Bomber Command 1939–1945". Archived from the original on 15 June 2008. Retrieved 3 July 2008. ^ Part I: A Failure of Intelligence Technology Review, 1 November 2006[dead link] ^ Bishop, Patrick. Bomber Boys – Fighting Back 1940–1945. ISBN 978-0-00-719215-1. ^ Blank, Ralf. "Battle of the Ruhr 1939–1945". Retrieved 3 July 2008. ^ "Campaign Diary". Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary. UK Crown. Archived from the original on 15 May 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-24. ^ "The long trip home". RAF Museum. Retrieved 20 May 2016. ^ Bergander, Götz, Dresden im Luftkrieg: Vorgeschichte-Zerstörung-Folgen (Wilhelm Heyne Verlag, Munich, 1977 ^ The Bombing of Dresden in 1945:Falsification of statistics, by Richard J. Evans, Professor of Modern History, University of Cambridge, a detailed critique of tendentious material in David Irving's book. ^ Pforzheim – 23 February 1945 by Christian Groh. In German. http://babelfish.altavista.com translates the web page from German into a form of English which can be used to verify facts. ^ International Review of the Red Cross no 323, p.347-363 The Law of Air Warfare (1998) ^ a b c Roberts, Andrew (March 2007). "High courage on the axe-edge of war". The Times. London. ^ Robertson, John (1984). Australia Goes to War. Australia: Doubleday. p. 216. ISBN 0-86824-155-5. ^ Nor the Years Condemn by Rob Davies Archived 15 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine ^ A Failure of Intelligence Freeman Dyson, MIT Technology Review ^ Falconer, Jonathan Bomber Command Handbook 1939–1945 p.51 ^ Hastings 1979, p. 334 ^ Otter, p.262 ^ Hastings 1979, p. 209 and pp. 460–461 ^ Staff Air Commodore Henry Probert (obituary), The Times, 14 February 2008 ^ Momyer, William M. Air power in three wars, DIANE Publishing, ISBN 1-4289-9396-7. pp. 190–192. This book contains a full quotation of the two paragraphs quoted here, and cites the source as Albert Speer. Spandau, The Secret Diaries, New York: Macmillan and Company, 1976, pp. 339–340 ^ a b Tooze, p. 598. ^ Cosgrove, Troy. "Bomber Command's 19 Victoria Cross Winners". Archived from the original on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-03. ^ Halpenny, Bruce Barrymore (2005). English Electric Canberra: The History and Development of a Classic Jet. Pen & Sword. ISBN 978-1-84415-242-1. ^ Barry Jones (2000). V-bombers: Valiant, Vulcan and Victor. Crowood. pp. 13–15. ^ Maurice Kirby and M. T. Godwin. "V is for vulnerable: operational research and the v-bombers." Defence Studies (2009) 9#1 pp. 168–187. ^ Brookes, Andrew (2009). Vulcan Units of the Cold War. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-297-4. ^ News Archive Brothers Gibb ^ Bomber Command Memorial foundation stone laid Defence News, 5 May 2011 ^ "A fitting tribute to the young men of raf bomber command" Archived 29 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine. (2012). Bomber Command Association. Retrieved 28 June 2012. ^ a b "Queen unveils RAF Bomber Command memorial". (2012). BBC News Online. Retrieved 28 June 2012. ^ "International Bomber Command Centre". Retrieved 3 February 2016. Bishop, Patrick. Bomber Boys – Fighting Back 1940–1945. ISBN 978-0-00-719215-1. Carter, Ian. Bomber Command 1939–1945. ISBN 978-0-7110-2699-5. Don Charlwood No Moon Tonight. ISBN 0-907579-06-X. Childers, Thomas. "'Facilis descensus averni est': The Allied Bombing of Germany and the Issue of German Suffering", Central European History Vol. 38, No. 1 (2005), pp. 75–105 in JSTOR Garrett, Stephen A. Ethics and Airpower in World War II: The British Bombing of German Cities (1993) Halpenny, Bruce Barrymore. Action Stations: Military Airfields of Yorkshire v. 4. ISBN 978-0-85059-532-1. Falconer, Jonathan. Bomber Command Handbook 1939–1945. Sutton Publishing Limited. ISBN 0-7509-3171-X. Grayling, A. C. (2006). Among the Dead Cities. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0-7475-7671-6. Halpenny, Bruce Barrymore. Action Stations: Wartime Military Airfields of Lincolnshire and the East Midlands v. 2. ISBN 978-0-85059-484-3. Halpenny, Bruce Barrymore. Bomber Aircrew of World War II: True Stories of Frontline Air Combat. ISBN 978-1-84415-066-3. Halpenny, Bruce Barrymore. English Electric Canberra: The History and Development of a Classic Jet. Pen & Sword, 2005. ISBN 978-1-84415-242-1. Halpenny, Bruce Barrymore. To Shatter the Sky: Bomber Airfield at War. ISBN 978-0-85059-678-6. Harris, Arthur. Despatch on War Operations (Cass Studies in Air Power). ISBN 978-0-7146-4692-3. Hastings, Max (1979). RAF Bomber Command. Pan Books. ISBN 0-330-39204-2 Koch, H. W. "The Strategic Air Offensive against Germany: the Early Phase, May–September 1940." The Historical Journal, 34 (March 1991) pp 117–41. online at JSTOR Lammers, Stephen E. "William Temple and the bombing of Germany: an Exploration in the Just War Tradition." Journal of Religious Ethics, 19 (Spring 1991): 71–93. Explains how the Archbishop of Canterbury justified strategic bombing. Messenger, Charles. Bomber Harris and the Strategic Bombing Offensive, 1939–1945. London: Arms and Armour, 1984. ISBN 978-0-85368-677-4. Middlebrook, Martin. The Peenemünde Raid: The Night of 17–18 August 1943. New York: Bobs-Merrill, 1982. Neufeld, Michael J. The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era. New York: The Free Press, 1995. Otter, Patrick. Yorkshire Airfields Countryside Books (1998) ISBN 978-1-85306-542-2 Overy. Richard. "The Means to Victory: Bombs and Bombing" in Overy, Why the Allies Won (1995), pp 101–33 Peden, Murray. A Thousand Shall Fall. ISBN 0-7737-5967-0. Richards, Denis (1953). Royal Air Force 1939–1945:Volume I The Fight at Odds. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Smith, Malcolm. "The Allied Air Offensive", Journal of Strategic Studies 13 (Mar 1990) 67–83 Taylor, Frederick. (2005) Dresden: Tuesday, 13 February 1945. Bloomsbury. ISBN 0-7475-7084-1 Terraine, John. A Time for Courage: The Royal Air Force in the European War, 1939–1945 (1985) Tooze, Adam. The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy Penguin (2007) ISBN 978-0-14-100348-1 Verrier, Anthony. The Bomber Offensive. London: Batsford, 1968. Webster, Charles and Noble Frankland, The Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany, 1939–1945 (HMSO, 1961 & facsimile reprinted by Naval & Military Press, 2006), 4 vols. ISBN 978-1-84574-437-3. Wells, Mark K. Courage and air warfare: the Allied aircrew experience in the Second World War (1995) Werrell, Kenneth P. "The Strategic Bombing of Germany in World War II: Costs and Accomplishments", Journal of American History 73 (1986) 702–713; in JSTOR Staff, RAF History – The Second World War A bibliography prepared by the RAF (see the section "Bomber Command and the Strategic Air Offensive against Germany") – Bob Baxter's Bomber Command Comprehensive history and research about Bomber Command. – Bomber Command Memorial Appeal The website looking to raise funds for the Bomber Command Memorial in London. – Bomber Command Memorial Appeal The donation website for the Bomber Command Memorial in London. Timelines of Bomber Command over '42–'45 Related Newspaper Articles RAF Bomber Command at War 1939–45 CD audiobooks (actuality recordings) Bomber Command Squadrons "Re-arming a Bomber" 1941 Training Film on YouTube Wessex Bombing Area Bomber Command Strike Command Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RAF_Bomber_Command&oldid=903318394"	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1724946
__label__wiki	0.908251	0.908251	The Inspector Lynley Mysteries is a British crime drama, broadcast on BBC One from 12 March 2001 to 1 June 2008, comprising six series and twenty-three episodes. The protagonist, Detective Inspector Thomas "Tommy" Lynley, 8th Earl of Asherton (Nathaniel Parker), who is assigned to Scotland Yard, finds himself paired with Detective Sergeant Barbara Havers (Sharon Small). In addition to the tensions involved in solving murder cases, the series is built on clashes of personality, gender and class: Lynley is a polished man and a peer of the realm, and Havers is an untidy woman from a working-class background. DVD cover of Series One and Two Nathaniel Parker Sharon Small Lesley Vickerage Shaun Parkes 24 (list of episodes) Ruth Baumgarten Viplav Shome Sally Haynes In August 2007, the BBC announced its intention to stop production of The Inspector Lynley Mysteries. Fans of the series mounted a campaign to save it, with a petition and by contacting the BBC, but to no avail. All six series have since been released on DVD, distributed by Acorn Media UK.[1] All episodes from the first two series and two from the third are based on novels by the American writer Elizabeth George, though the plots and characters are often significantly altered. Later episodes are original stories for television based on her characters. The theme music for the series was composed by Debbie Wiseman. The first episode, A Great Deliverance, was broadcast on 12 and 13 March 2001, becoming the only two-part episode throughout the series run. It was also based on the inaugural Inspector Lynley novel. The first full series began broadcasting on 8 April 2002, with the first episode based on and named after the third novel, Well-Schooled in Murder. The first eleven episodes were based on, and named after, the eleven Inspector Lynley novels published from 1988 to 2001, beginning with the inaugural novel A Great Deliverance, but subsequently departing from the print sequence. Eight more novels have since been published as of 2015. FilmingEdit Exterior shots of Lynley and Havers' base were filmed at the Bircham Dyson Bell solicitors offices on Broadway, central London. The first episode of series five was notable for being shot in Dungeness in Kent.[2] In the first episode, Lynley drove a Peugeot 607; whereas in both series one and two he drove a Jensen Interceptor; and in later episodes a Bristol 410. Despite the frequently recurring remark in PBS Mystery! presenter Diana Rigg's introductions to the series that Lynley "is the one with the Bentley", he never drove a Bentley on TV. He does, however, drive one in the George novels. In the pilot episode, the character of Helen Clyde was played by Emma Fielding. She was later portrayed by Lesley Vickerage from series one through three (from series three she and Lynley had married and she was thus known as Helen Lynley) and by Catherine Russell in series five. Nathaniel Parker as Detective Inspector Thomas Lynley Sharon Small as Detective Sergeant Barbara Havers Emma Fielding as Helen Clyde (Pilot) Lesley Vickerage as Helen Clyde (Series 1-2) / Helen Lynley (Series 3) Catherine Russell as Helen Lynley (Series 5) Paul Hickey as Forensic Patholgist Lafferty (Series 4-6) Shaun Parkes as Detective Constable Winston Nkata (Series 5-6) Episode listEdit Pilot (2001)Edit (millions)[3] Original airdate "A Great Deliverance (Part One)" Lizzie Mickery Richard Laxton 8.37m 12 March 2001 (2001-03-12) When a farmer, William Tey, is hacked to death with an axe in his barn on the Yorkshire Moors, Scotland Yard assigns Detective Inspector Thomas Lynley and Detective Sergeant Barbara Havers to the case. Found dead at the feet of his teenage daughter, who was covered in blood and is too traumatised to say what happened, the investigation reveals that Tey's wife had left him many years before and his other daughter has run away, refusing to have anything more to do with him. When it transpires his nephew will now inherit his farm, it provides Lynley with a possible motive for the killing. "A Great Deliverance (Part Two)" Lizzie Mickery Richard Laxton 6.93m 13 March 2001 (2001-03-13) The investigation into William Tey's murder continues, leading Lynley and Havers into the steamy side of a quiet English village. Although he was a stalwart of the local church, Tey had a hidden past which provides a wide range of suspects and motives. It seems that an old case of infanticide may hold the key to the present case. Meanwhile, Lynley is forced to deal with his own traumas: a group of former colleagues who would like nothing better than to bring him down, and Deborah, the woman he loves, has just married his best friend. Series 1 (2002)Edit "Well Schooled in Murder" Simon Block Robert Young 6.84m 8 April 2002 (2002-04-08) Lynley is asked by an old school friend to investigate when one of his pupils is killed. The school in question is Bredgar Hall, a haven for the rich and the privileged with annual fees of £20,000 a year. The dead boy however, 13 year-old Matthew Whately, didn't come from a rich family. From all accounts, he was well liked and managed to fit into the school and its unique culture quite well. Faced with school administrators who seem more concerned with the school's reputation than the boy's death, Lynley and Havers must determine if the threat is from students, staff or someone not at all connected with the school. "Payment in Blood" Lizzie Mickery Kim Flitcroft 6.53m 15 April 2002 (2002-04-15) Lynley and Havers are sent to a remote Scottish mansion house, the home of Sir Stuart Stinhurst, to investigate the violent death of a famous playwright whilst she was helping to rehearse a production of her new play. Initial investigation reveals that practically anybody could have committed the crime, but everybody appears to have a convincing alibi and nobody has a motive. As the investigation continues, an apparent nearby suicide begins to have a bearing on the case - but Lynley believes that it wasn't suicide. "For the Sake of Elena" Valerie Windsor Richard Laxton 6.98m 22 April 2002 (2002-04-22) When the daughter of a Cambridge professor is brutally killed while out jogging, Lynley and Havers are assigned to the case. The young woman was deaf, and on the evidence, it appears the attack was deliberate. There are any number of suspects: the girl's father is divorced, re-married to a much younger woman who suspects him of having an affair; another Cambridge professor known for being a bit too friendly with students and against whom she was about to make a formal sexual harassment complaint; her ex-boyfriend, with whom she had recently broken up; and a student advisor who was very attracted to her, but in whom she had little interest. Miranda Raison has a minor role as Ros, girlfriend of one Elena's housemates. "Missing Joseph" Lizzie Mickery Richard Laxton 6.05m 29 April 2002 (2002-04-29) While on detachment to the Lancashire police, Lynley investigates the apparent murder of the Reverend Robin Sage, who is found on a rural path, where he was presumably walking home. The autopsy reveals that he was poisoned with wild hemlock. He had dinner the previous evening with Juliet Spence, who was also violently ill through the night, but survived the poisoning. Juliet is involved in a relationship with PC Steve Shepherd, son of the local DCI, Kenneth Shepherd, and it is apparent that Juliet's teenage daughter, Maggie, is not pleased with her mother's choice. "Playing for the Ashes" Kate Wood Richard Spence 7.05m 10 March 2003 (2003-03-10) When England cricketer Kenneth Waring dies of asphyxiation after a fire is set at a friend's house, Lynley has no doubt that he is dealing with murder. The house belonged to Waring's patron, and close friend, Miriam Whitelaw - who had a visitor the evening Waring died - her estranged daughter Olivia. Waring was separated from his wife, Jeannie, and had recently given her divorce papers. His lover and agent, Gabriella Patten, the ex-wife of a cricket teammate, has gone missing. Miriam had recently been attacked by animal rights activists which, unbeknown to her, included her daughter. When Waring's son confesses to the murder, Lynley has his doubts. "In the Presence of the Enemy" Francesca Brill Brian Stirner 6.64m 17 March 2003 (2003-03-17) The conservative editor of a major newspaper, Dennis Luxford, receives a ransom demand: publish the details of his first-born child or else. Some years earlier, he had a weekend tryst with a left-wing politician, Eve Bowen, now a government Minister, and by mutual agreement his paternity has never been publicly acknowledged. In a strange twist, the girl is killed before Luxford has a chance to publish the story. Lynley and Havers are soon dealing with another kidnapping when Luxford's young son Leo is taken and he again received the same ransom demand. "A Suitable Vengeance" Valerie Windsor Edward Bennett 6.44m 24 March 2003 (2003-03-24) Lynley and Helen's weekend away on the family estate to celebrate their engagement party descends into disaster when local shopkeeper Mick Cambrey is found dead in his shop in the village - and the local police arrest Cambrey's father-in-law, John Penellin, who is also Lynley's long-time estate manager. Lynley and Havers soon determine that the death is related to drug smuggling, but when one of the weekend guests, Justin Brooke, is found dead on the estate, they realize something other than heroin was being smuggled. "Deception on His Mind" Valerie Windsor Tim Leandro 6.19m 31 March 2003 (2003-03-31) Lynley and Havers investigate the death of Hatham Kureshi in the seaside village of Balford-le-nez. He was to marry Shala Malik, the daughter of a prominent businessman. The marriage was an arranged one, but it turns out she was having an affair with a local man, Theo Shaw, and that she is also pregnant. There is also much tension in the community owing to what some claim was a previous incident where the police supposedly covered up the murder of a 16-year old Asian boy. When Lynley learns that Hatham was also gay, it adds a whole new angle to the investigation. (millions) "In Pursuit of the Proper Sinner" Ann Marie Di-Mambro Sebastian Graham Jones 6.51m 4 March 2004 (2004-03-04) Lynley investigates the death of Nicola Maiden and Gerry Cole, who were beaten to death while out camping. Nicola's father Andy Maiden is a retired police officer but neither of her parents know, or will admit to knowing, who Cole is and thought she was seeing Julian Britton. Andy believes she was killed as a means of getting back at him and offers to go through his old files. The investigation reveals that Nicola worked for Martin Reeve, the owner of an escort agency. She had recently quit and set off on her own. Andy had also put him away once, for 10 years, leading to the break-up of Reeve's marriage. When another murder occurs, it sends the investigation in a different direction involving a theft and blackmail. "A Traitor to Memory" Kevin Clarke Brian Stirner 6.31m 11 March 2004 (2004-03-11) While attending an anniversary party at his superior officer's house, Lynley is given the task of investigating the death by car of a woman. He and Havers think it odd that he is given the case, but he doggedly pursues the truth. The woman was the mother of a gifted violinist who mysteriously abandoned his concert just at the time his mother was run down. As the plot deepens, connections to a crime 20 years earlier appear and tensions between Lynley and a fellow policeman boil over. "A Cry for Justice" Ann Marie Di-Mambro Alrick Riley 6.15m 18 March 2004 (2004-03-18) Havers is re-appointed to her rank of Detective Sergeant, and she and Lynley are assigned to investigate the murder of Morag McNicholl. The killing was made to look like a suicide, but it is clear she was killed by a blow to the head and that her wrists were slit after her death. Lynley also finds a large amount of cash in the flat, so he rules out robbery as a motive. After discovering the dead woman was membership secretary at a prestigious private club, Havers goes undercover to see what information she can glean. "If Wishes Were Horses" Simon Booker Alrick Riley 5.88m 25 March 2004 (2004-03-25) Lynley and Havers investigate the murder of a forensic psychologist, Professor Dermot Finnegan, who was blown to pieces with a car bomb. During his time in office, he completed much work for the police and the list of those seeking revenge is endless - in his home village, Noel Shakespeare's daughter was imprisoned for killing her abusive husband following Finnegan's testimony, and he has campaigned relentlessly to get her a new trial. Peter Stephanopoulos, who also served 10 years largely on Finnegan's testimony, has now been released. "In Divine Proportion" Julian Simpson Brian Stirner 5.93m 17 March 2005 (2005-03-17) Lynley and Havers are sent to a small village in East Anglia to investigate the murder of an interior designer who was shot inside her house, but her body was deliberately moved outside. As the investigation proceeds, they discover that the dead woman's sister was raped and committed suicide fifteen years earlier, and the perpetrator mysteriously disappeared. These events are somehow connected to the current crime but the perpetrator's son refuses to co-operate with the investigation and attempts suicide to avoid doing so. As the pair close in on the murderer, Havers becomes trapped in the local pub with several villagers and the murderer. "In the Guise of Death" Simon Block Nigel Douglas 6.25m 24 March 2005 (2005-03-24) Lynley is visiting the family estate with his sister, while Havers is also on leave and attending a holistic retreat. But they're soon drawn in by the local police to assist with the suspicious death of Stephen Fenner, who is found hanging in his barn. The post-mortem reveals that he was drugged and the suspicious death is soon a murder investigation. Fenner had recently been on the wrong end of a business deal having bought a lame racehorse. The investigation reveals however that there is a smuggling ring operating along the Cornish coast and Fenner may have been involved. A key suspect and a police officer will die however before Lynley and Havers identify the ringleader. "The Seed of Cunning" Mark Greig Jeremy Silberston 6.88m 31 March 2005 (2005-03-31) When the body of a doorkeeper in the House of Lords is found floating in the Thames, Lynley gets a chance to reunite with an old school mate, who heads a powerful committee deciding what missile defense system to buy. Havers, impressed with the setting, spends her nights meeting men through a dating service. "Word of God" Peter Jukes Julian Simpson 6.34m 7 April 2005 (2005-04-07) When the police discover the body of a man frozen in a meat truck, they think they have a case of people smuggling. The man had a false British passport in his possession and his death had similarities to a previous smuggling operation gone wrong. However the autopsy reveals that he was actually strangled. They also find a page from a Koran that proves to be extremely valuable. The immigration authorities, however, show little interest in Lynley and Havers' murder investigation. "Natural Causes" Peter Jukes Simon Massey 5.22m 20 July 2006 (2006-07-20) Lynley finds himself suspended from duty accused of having threatened a witness. As a result, Havers is temporarily re-assigned to DI Fiona Knight. They look into the murder of Edie Covington who was found dead in her car at the bottom of the lake. Edie was well known to many in the local area and had incurred the wrath of Owen Hardourt-Baines, a local land developer who had hoped to develop the lakeside into a housing estate. The police think they have a motive and forensic evidence that points to a killer, but in the end must look elsewhere. Although suspended, Lynley can't help but involve himself in the case. "One Guilty Deed" Mark Greig Jonathan Fox Bassett 5.24m 27 July 2006 (2006-07-27) Roger Pollard was a member of a London criminal gang run by Michael Shand. When Pollard is found on a beach shot through the head, Lynley and Havers assume Shand is responsible. They are surprised however to learn that Pollard had grown up locally, making him an easy target for anyone trying to learn his whereabouts. Havers is in her element as she used to go to a holiday camp in the area as a child. She becomes convinced that the death of a young boy from the holiday camp, Martin McRae, some twenty years before is the key to solving the crime. "Chinese Walls" Ed Whitmore Robert Bierman 6.03m 3 August 2006 (2006-08-03) Emily Proctor, a 23-year-old student, is found stabbed to death in Hyde Park. She had recently obtained a first in law and was a pupil in the Chambers of well-known barrister Tony Wainwright. At age 13, Emily had first seen Wainwright in a television documentary about refugees and had always wanted to work with him. As Lynley and Havers look into her background, however, they are able to paint a more complex picture of the victim. She had recently reunited with her half-sister and was involved in the online sex industry. When the police learn that Wainwright's fiancé was killed a few days before his wedding 15 years earlier, the investigation takes a new direction. "In the Blink of an Eye" Ed Whitmore Brian Kelly 5.69m 10 August 2006 (2006-08-10) Lynley and Havers investigate the murder of Peter Rooker, a press photographer who was killed in an alley way. Rooker had been a successful war photographer in Bosnia but in recent years had been trying his hand at being a paparazzo. Rooker was also selling his photos to Melissa Booth, the editor of a major tabloid newspaper and his one time lover, now married to Eddie Price a very powerful business man. When the police determine that they were having an affair, Price becomes their principal suspect but he has a solid alibi for the time of Rooker's murder. The broadcast of Limbo and Know Thine Enemy was initially postponed: they were due to air on 9 and 16 June 2007 respectively but did not air as scheduled. Their premiere broadcast came on 11 and 18 November 2007 on BBC Entertainment, before being broadcast on BBC One for the first time on 25 May and 1 June 2008 respectively. "Limbo" Ed Whitmore Robert Bierman 4.87m 11 November 2007 (2007-11-11) (BBC Entertainment) 25 May 2008 (BBC One) Lynley is at a birthday party for the young son of some friends when the boy disappears. Twelve years later the boy's corpse is found and Lynley travels to Rome to accompany the dead boy's sister back to England for the funeral. However, the past seems to haunt her, and a break-in at her apartment leads Lynley to suspect that the 12-year old crime is still reverberating through the victim's family. At the same time, Lynley is also dealing with the death of Helen - and not too well, tending to drown his sorrows rather than deal with the loss. "Know Thine Enemy" Ed Whitmore Graham Theakston 5.30m 18 November 2007 (2007-11-18) (BBC Entertainment) 1 June 2008 (BBC One) Lynley and Havers investigate the death of teenager Sarah Middleton, who had gone missing two weeks previously. She was found in a lake and had been dead for three or four days. She had also been sexually assaulted. When a second schoolgirl, Kelly Stevens, also goes missing the police fear they have a predator on their hands. The police focus on Guy Thompson, who had recently beaten his wife, Tanya. Havers works on gaining the wife's trust, while Lynley learns more about the husband's troubled background. As they continue the investigation, there is growing doubt as to just who is the most dangerous. International broadcastsEdit In the United States, all six series were broadcast on PBS from 2002 to 2008. A Great Deliverance was broadcast on the series Mystery! in two parts as Inspector Lynley I on 19 and 26 August 2002. Series 1 was shown on Mystery! as Inspector Lynley II on 31 August and 7, 14, and 21 September 2003. Series 2 was shown on Mystery! as Inspector Lynley III on 5, 12, 19, and 26 September 2004. Series 3 was shown on Mystery! as Inspector Lynley IV on 26 June and 3, 10, and 17 July 2005. Series 4 was shown on Mystery! as Inspector Lynley V on 10, 17, 24 September, and 1 October 2006. Series 5 was shown on Mystery! as Inspector Lynley VI on 9 and 16 September and 7 and 14 October 2007. Episode 4 was the final broadcast of Mystery! before WGBH retooled the classic anthology series, along with Masterpiece Theatre, into Masterpiece. Series 6 was shown on Masterpiece Mystery! as Inspector Lynley VII on 10 and 17 August 2008. In December 2014, Knowledge Network began broadcasting the series from the beginning in Canada. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 1 September 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2009. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link) ^ Kent Film Office. "Kent Film Office The Inspector Lynley Mysteries – Natural Causes Article". ^ a b c d e "Top 30 Programmes – BARB". barb.co.uk. Retrieved 11 February 2016. ^ "Weekly top 30 programmes - BARB". www.barb.co.uk. The Inspector Lynley Mysteries at bbc.co.uk Official Masterpiece Mystery! website for The Inspector Lynley Mysteries. Old Official Mystery! website for The Inspector Lynley Mysteries. The Inspector Lynley Mysteries on IMDb Nathaniel Parker's Official Homepage covers all the latest news on the series as well as a complete collection of episode reviews USA based Yahoo ILM Discussion Board Forum for discussion of "The Inspector Lynley Mysteries." International membership. UK based Yahoo group for discussion of the BBC's Inspector Lynley TV series Photos, fan fiction, links Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Inspector_Lynley_Mysteries&oldid=899133463"	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1724947
__label__wiki	0.977773	0.977773	Western Baseball League Find sources: "Western Baseball League" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The Western Baseball League was an independent baseball league based in the Western United States and Western Canada. Its member teams were not associated with any Major League Baseball teams. It operated from 1995 to 2002. The league was founded in 1994 by Portland, Oregon businessman Bruce L. Engel. It began play in 1995, with the following teams: Western Baseball League logo Ceased "Baseball the way it was meant to be" champion(s) Chico Heat Northern Division: Bend Bandits Grays Harbor Gulls Surrey Glaciers Tri-City Posse Southern Division: Long Beach Barracuda Palm Springs Suns Salinas Peppers Sonoma County Crushers Long Beach won the inaugural league championship, defeating Tri-City, 3 games to 1. In 1996, Surrey folded, then the Reno Chukars were added. Long Beach won its second consecutive title, again 3 games to 1 over Tri-City. In 1997, the league added the Chico Heat, while Palm Springs took the year off and Long Beach became the Mission Viejo Vigilantes. Chico won the league championship in its first season in the league, defeating Reno, 3-2. In 1998, Salinas disbanded, while dormant Palm Springs moved to Oxnard, California and became the Pacific Suns. Grays Harbor suspended operations halfway through the season, and the league took over management of the team, which continued as the Western Warriors and went on an extended 68-game road trip with no home stadium. Despite the lack of a home stadium, the Warriors made it to the league championship series before being swept by Sonoma County, 3-0. In 1999, the league disbanded the Western Warriors, while Mission Viejo, Bend, and Pacific also folded. The Sacramento Steelheads and Zion Pioneerzz were added, making the WBL a six-team league. Tri-City won the league championship for the year, 3 games to 1 over Chico. For the 2000 season, Reno called it quits after four years in the league, while Sacramento moved to Vacaville, California and became the Solano Steelheads. The WBL was back at eight teams, however, as the Yuma (AZ) Bullfrogs, Feather River (Marysville, CA) Mudcats and Valley (Scottsdale, AZ) Vipers were added. The Zion Pioneerzz won the league championship, defeating Chico 3 games to 1. For the 2001 season, Valley and Feather River folded, while league stalwart Tri-City defected to the Northwest League. The league returned to a market it previously served, adding the Long Beach Breakers to bring the loop back to six teams. The Zion Pioneerzz were renamed the St. George Pioneerzz. The expansion Breakers won the league championship, defeating Chico 3 games to 2. In its final year of 2002, the Western Baseball League again operated with six teams. St. George folded, while Marysville, Calif., re-entered the league to take the Pioneerzz' place, playing the season as the Yuba-Sutter Gold Sox. The Chico Heat won the league championship in the league's final season, defeating Long Beach 3 games to 1. After the league folded, the western United States were without independent baseball until 2005, when former WBL cities Chico, Long Beach, and Yuma were awarded franchises in the upstart Golden Baseball League. Three of the 8 current GBL cities are former Western League markets, as Reno was added to the circuit in 2006, while St. George became a member of the league in 2007. On September 9, 2014, it was reported that former WBL team, the Grays Harbor Gulls, would be reborn as a member of the new Mount Rainier Professional Baseball League in 2015 and would play their home games at Olympic Stadium once again. It is also mentioned that the "new" Gulls will have no ties to the original team. The Gulls and the MRPBL folded halfway through the inaugural season in 2015 due to financial problems. General Team Information Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Baseball_League&oldid=785443219"	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1724948
__label__cc	0.577457	0.422543	This article is about aluminium foil. For other types of foil, see Foil (disambiguation). A sheet of aluminium foil Aluminium foil (or aluminum foil), often referred to with the misnomer tin foil, is aluminium prepared in thin metal leaves with a thickness less than 0.2 mm (7.9 mils); thinner gauges down to 6 micrometres (0.24 mils) are also commonly used.[1] In the United States, foils are commonly gauged in thousandths of an inch or mils. Standard household foil is typically 0.016 mm (0.63 mils) thick, and heavy duty household foil is typically 0.024 mm (0.94 mils). The foil is pliable, and can be readily bent or wrapped around objects. Thin foils are fragile and are sometimes laminated to other materials such as plastics or paper to make them more useful. Aluminium foil supplanted tin foil in the mid 20th century. Annual production of aluminium foil was approximately 800,000 tonnes (880,000 tons) in Europe[1] and 600,000 tonnes (660,000 tons) in the U.S. in 2003.[2] Approximately 75% of aluminium foil is used for packaging of foods, cosmetics, and chemical products, and 25% used for industrial applications (e.g. thermal insulation, cables and electronics).[2] It can be recycled. In North America, aluminium foil is known as aluminum foil. It was popularised by Reynolds Metals, the leading manufacturer in North America. In the United Kingdom and United States it is, informally, widely called tin foil, for historical reasons (similar to how aluminium cans are often still called "tin cans"). Metallised films are sometimes mistaken for aluminium foil, but are actually polymer films coated with a thin layer of aluminium. In Australia, aluminium foil is widely called alfoil. 1.1 Before aluminium foil 1.2 The first aluminium foil 4 Uses 4.1 Packaging 4.2 Insulation 4.3 Electromagnetic shielding 4.4 Cooking 4.5 Art and decoration 4.6 Geochemical sampling 4.7 Ribbon microphones 5 Environmental issues Before aluminium foil[edit] Foil made from a thin leaf of tin was commercially available before its aluminium counterpart. Tin foil was marketed commercially from the late nineteenth into the early twentieth century. The term "tin foil" survives in the English language as a term for the newer aluminium foil. Tin foil is less malleable than aluminium foil and tends to give a slight tin taste to food wrapped in it. Tin foil has been supplanted by aluminium and other materials for wrapping food.[3] The first audio recordings on phonograph cylinders were made on tin foil.[4] The first aluminium foil[edit] Tin was first replaced by aluminium in 1910, when the first aluminium foil rolling plant, "Dr. Lauber, Neher & Cie."[5] was opened in Emmishofen, Switzerland. The plant, owned by J.G. Neher & Sons, the aluminium manufacturers, started in 1886 in Schaffhausen, Switzerland, at the foot of the Rhine Falls, capturing the falls' energy to process aluminium. Neher's sons, together with Dr. Lauber, discovered the endless rolling process and the use of aluminium foil as a protective barrier in December 1907. In 1911, Bern-based Tobler began wrapping its chocolate bars in aluminium foil, including the unique triangular chocolate bar, Toblerone.[6] By 1912, aluminium foil was being used by Maggi (today a Nestlé brand) to pack soups and stock cubes.[citation needed] The first use of foil in the United States was in 1913 for wrapping Life Savers, candy bars, and gum.[7] Processes evolved over time to include the use of print, colour, lacquer, laminate and the embossing of the aluminium. Manufacture[edit] A roll of aluminium foil, with micrometer showing a thickness of 13 μm (0.5 mils) See also: Rolling (metalworking) Aluminium foil is produced by rolling sheet ingots cast from molten billet aluminium, then re-rolling on sheet and foil rolling mills to the desired thickness, or by continuously casting and cold rolling. To maintain a constant thickness in aluminium foil production, beta radiation is passed through the foil to a sensor on the other side. If the intensity becomes too high, then the rollers adjust, increasing the thickness. If the intensities become too low and the foil has become too thick, the rollers apply more pressure, causing the foil to be made thinner. The continuous casting method is much less energy intensive and has become the preferred process.[8] For thicknesses below 0.025 mm (1 mil), two layers are usually put together for the final pass and afterwards separated which produces foil with one bright side and one matte side.[9] The two sides in contact with each other are matte and the exterior sides become bright; this is done to reduce tearing, increase production rates, control thickness, and get around the need for a smaller diameter roller.[9] Contrary to popular belief, there is no difference in functionality between the "shiny" side and the matte side. Some lubrication is needed during the rolling stages; otherwise, the foil surface can become marked with a herringbone pattern. These lubricants are sprayed on the foil surface before passing through the mill rolls. Kerosene based lubricants are commonly used, although oils approved for food contact must be used for foil intended for food packaging. Aluminium becomes work hardened during the cold rolling process and is annealed for most purposes. The rolls of foil are heated until the degree of softness is reached, which may be up to 340 °C (644 °F) for 12 hours. During this heating, the lubricating oils are burned off, leaving a dry surface. Lubricant oils may not be completely burnt off for hard temper rolls, which can make subsequent coating or printing more difficult. The rolls of aluminium foil are then slit on slitter rewinding machines into smaller rolls. Roll slitting and rewinding is an essential part of the finishing process. Properties[edit] Microscopic close-up of aluminium foil on the back of an intumescent rubber strip. Aluminium foils thicker than 25 μm (1 mil) are impermeable to oxygen and water. Foils thinner than this become slightly permeable due to minute pinholes caused by the production process. Aluminium foil has a shiny side and a matte side. The shiny side is produced when the aluminium is rolled during the final pass. It is difficult to produce rollers with a gap fine enough to cope with the foil gauge, therefore, for the final pass, two sheets are rolled at the same time, doubling the thickness of the gauge at entry to the rollers. When the sheets are later separated, the inside surface is dull, and the outside surface is shiny. This difference in the finish has led to the perception that favouring a side has an effect when cooking. While many believe (wrongly) that the different properties keep heat out when wrapped with the shiny finish facing out, and keep heat in with the shiny finish facing inwards, the actual difference is imperceptible without instrumentation. Increased reflectivity decreases both absorption and emission of radiation. Foil may have a non-stick coating on only one side.[10] The reflectivity of bright aluminium foil is 88% while dull embossed foil is about 80%.[7] Uses[edit] Packaging[edit] Chocolates in aluminium foil packaging Aluminium is used for packaging as it is highly malleable: it can be easily converted to thin sheets and folded, rolled or packed. Aluminium foil acts as a total barrier to light and oxygen (which cause fats to oxidise or become rancid), odours and flavours, moistness, and germs, and so it is used broadly in food and pharmaceutical packaging, including long-life packs (aseptic packaging) for drinks and dairy goods, which allows storing without refrigeration. Aluminium foil containers and trays are used to bake pies and to pack takeaway meals, ready snacks and long life pet foods. Aluminium foil is widely sold into the consumer market, often in rolls of 500 mm (20 in) width and several metres in length.[11] It is used for wrapping food in order to preserve it, for example, when storing leftover food in a refrigerator (where it serves the additional purpose of preventing odour exchange), when taking sandwiches on a journey, when baking, or when selling some kinds of take-away or fast food. Tex-Mex restaurants in the United States, for example, typically provide take-away burritos wrapped in aluminium foil. Insulation[edit] Aluminium foil is widely used for radiation shield (barrier and reflectivity), heat exchangers (heat conduction) and cable liners (barrier and electrical conductivity). Aluminium foil's heat conductive qualities make it a common accessory in hookah smoking: a sheet of perforated aluminium foil is frequently placed between the coal and the tobacco, allowing the tobacco to be heated without coming into direct contact with the burning coal. Electromagnetic shielding[edit] The shielding effectiveness of aluminium foil depends upon the type of incident field (electric, magnetic, or plane wave), the thickness of the foil, and the frequency (which determines the skin depth). Shielding effectiveness is usually broken down into a reflection loss (the energy bounces off the shield rather than penetrates it) and an absorption loss (the energy is dissipated within the shield). Although aluminium is non-magnetic, it is a good conductor, so even a thin sheet reflects almost all of an incident electric wave. At frequencies more than 100 MHz, the transmitted electric field is attenuated by more than 80 decibels (dB) (less than 10−8 = 0.00000001 of the power gets through) [12] -- however actual energy absorption is minimal: the remaining high-frequency rf energy is almost perfectly reflected from uniform flat aluminium surface, and thus, reflected signal may continue to propagate internally, and if holes or passages of suitable geometry exist in the shield, signal propagation may continue out through those, the aluminium being good material for implementation of a microwave-frequency waveguide.[citation needed] Thin sheets of aluminium are not very effective at attenuating low-frequency magnetic fields. The shielding effectiveness is dependent upon the skin depth. A field travelling through one skin depth will lose about 63 per cent of its energy (it is attenuated to 1/e = 1/2.718... of its original energy). Thin shields also have internal reflections that reduce the shielding effectiveness.[13] For effective shielding from a magnetic field, the shield should be several skin depths thick. Aluminium foil is about 1 mil (25 μm); a thickness of 10 mils (250 μm) (ten times thicker) offers less than 1 dB of shielding at 1 kHz, about 8 dB at 10 kHz, and about 25 dB at 100 kHz. At these frequencies a ferromagnetic material such as mild steel is much more effective, due to different and complementary electromagnetic permeability properties, and common practical shielding implementations utilise both an inner high-frequency reflective material such as aluminium, preferably bonded (via annealing or electroplating, done to avoid capacitance between separated layers), to a more substantial structural ferromagnetic shell, usually mild steel (in specialized applications, more expensive, less structurally useful and less workable materials may be preferred.) Despite the relative low mass density of aluminium, this design is usually both lighter and more effective than an equivalently absorptive design utilizing aluminium alone (although with poorer heat dissipative properties, typically accommodated by improved ventilation, which itself needs careful consideration in order to preserve the desired shielding effectiveness).[citation needed] Cooking[edit] Aluminium foil is also used for barbecuing delicate foods,[14] such as mushrooms and vegetables. Using this method, sometimes called a hobo pack, food is wrapped in foil, then placed on the grill, preventing loss of moisture that may result in a less appealing texture. As is the case with all metallic items, aluminium foil reacts to being placed in a microwave oven. This is because of the electromagnetic fields of the microwaves inducing electric currents in the foil and high potentials at the sharp points of the foil sheet; if the potential is sufficiently high, it will cause electric arcing to areas with lower potential, even to the air surrounding the sheet. Modern microwave ovens have been designed to prevent damage to the cavity magnetron tube from microwave energy reflection, and aluminium packages designed for microwave heating are available.[15] Art and decoration[edit] Heavier foils made of aluminium are used for art, decoration, and crafts, especially in bright metallic colours. Metallic aluminium, normally silvery in colour, can be made to take on other colours through anodisation. Anodising creates an oxide layer on the aluminium surface that can accept coloured dyes or metallic salts, depending on the process used. In this way, aluminium is used to create an inexpensive gold foil that actually contains no gold, and many other bright metallic colours. These foils are sometimes used in distinctive packaging. Geochemical sampling[edit] Foil is used by organic/petroleum geochemists for protecting rock samples taken from the fields and in the labs where the sample is subject to biomarker analysis. While plastic or cloth bags are normally used for a geological sampling exercise, cloth bags are permeable and may allow organic solvents or oils (such as oils imparted from the skin) to taint the sample, and traces of the plastics from plastic bags may also taint the sample. Foil provides a seal to the ingress of organic solvents and does not taint the sample. Foil is also used extensively in geochemical laboratories to provide a barrier for the geochemist, and for sample storage. Ribbon microphones[edit] The material used in many ribbon microphones is aluminium leaf, or "imitation silver leaf", as it is sometimes called. This is pure aluminium and is around 0.6 to 2.0 micrometres thick. It is virtually the same material that the BBC used on Coles ribbons, with the exception that they also hand beat the leaf even thinner. They did this by sandwiching the ribbon between toilet paper and beating with a ball-peen hammer. This "cold forges" the leaf. The aluminium leaf was then annealed for an hour in an oven to restore flexibility. Corrugations must also be imparted into the ribbon: Coles used 25 per inch (1 mm cycle). RCA 44BX has 19 corrugations per inch (0.7 mm cycle) and is around 50 mm (2.0 in) long; RCA 77 has 13 corrugations per inch (0.5 mm cycle). RCA ribbon material is around 1 to 1.5 micrometres (0.00005 inch) thick. The new Nady ribbon plus AEA both state that they use 2 micrometre aluminium ribbon in their microphones.[vague] Environmental issues[edit] See also: Aluminium recycling Some aluminium foil products can be recycled at around 5% of the original energy cost,[16] although many aluminium laminates are not recycled due to difficulties in separating the components and low yield of aluminium metal. Book: Aluminium ^ a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-25. Retrieved 2016-03-20. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link) ^ a b Aluminum Association (USA) Archived 2007-12-27 at the Wayback Machine ^ Berger, Kenneth R. (December 2002). "A Brief History of Packaging". University of Florida. Archived from the original on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014. ^ Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project, UCSB. "Tinfoil Recordings" (web page). Cylinder Recordings: A Primer. University of California at Santa Barbara. Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011. ^ Mary Bellis (2012-04-09). "Charles Martin Hall - The History of Aluminum". Inventors.about.com. Retrieved 2012-12-28. ^ "History". Archived from the original on 2015-05-12. ^ a b Hanlon, J. (1992). 1st ed. Handbook of Package Engineering, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and Technomic Publishing: ISBN 0-87762-924-2. Chapter 3 Films and Foils. ^ Robertson, G. (2006). 2nd ed. Food Packaging, Principles and Practise, Boca Raton, FL, Taylor & Francis Group: ISBN 0-8493-3775-5. Chapter 7 Metal Packaging Materials. ^ a b Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003). Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.). Wiley. p. 386. ISBN 0-471-65653-4. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-21. Retrieved 2014-08-24. ^ Examples of products Archived 2008-12-18 at the Wayback Machine ^ Ott, Henry (1976), Noise Reduction Techniques in Electronic Systems, Wiley Interscience, ISBN 0-471-65726-3 . Ott (1976, figure 6-13) graphs reflection loss for copper, and shows electric field and plane wave losses at greater than 90 dB. ^ Ott 1976, pp. 155–156 ^ Said, Olivier; MikeC, Chef (2011-11-22). Kitchen on Fire!: Mastering the Art of Cooking in 12 Weeks (or Less). Da Capo Press. ISBN 9780738214535. Archived from the original on 2017-10-22. ^ Huss, G. (1997) Microwaveable Packaging and Dual-Ovenable Materials in The Wiley Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology, 2nd ed., edited by Brody, A. and Marsch, K. New York, John Wiley and Sons ^ Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate. "Action Plan, page 5, table 2: 4.2 vs. 0.19". Archived from the original on 2009-04-06. Retrieved 2009-04-24. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aluminium foil. European Aluminium Foil Association Aluminium Association (USA) Aluminium Foil from How Products Are Made, vol. 1, Thomson Gale (2005). How It's Made: Aluminium Foil - HowItsMadeEpisodes channel on YouTube. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_foil&oldid=906598312" Swiss inventions Use British English from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2013	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1724949
__label__wiki	0.778661	0.778661	Nomen oblitum A nomen oblitum (Plural: nomina oblita; Latin for "forgotten name") is a technical term, used in zoological nomenclature, for a particular kind of disused scientific name. In its present meaning, the nomen oblitum came into being with the fourth, 1999, edition of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. After 1 January 2000, a scientific name may be formally declared to be a nomen oblitum when it has been shown not to have been used as a valid name within the scientific community since 1899, and when it is either a senior synonym (there is also a more recent name which applies to the same taxon, and which is in common use) or a homonym (it is spelled the same as another name, which is in common use), and when the preferred junior synonym or homonym has been shown to be in wide use in 50 or more publications in the past few decades. Once a name has formally been declared to be a nomen oblitum, the disused name is to be 'forgotten'. By the same act, the next available name must be declared to be a nomen protectum; from then on, it takes precedence.[1] An example is the case of the scientific name for the leopard shark. Despite the name Mustelus felis being the senior synonym, an error in recording the dates of publication resulted in the widespread use of Triakis semifasciata as the leopard shark's scientific name. After this long-standing error was discovered, T. semifasciata was made the valid name (as a nomen protectum) and Mustelis felis was declared invalid (as a nomen oblitum).[2] Use in taxonomy[edit] The designation nomen oblitum has been used relatively frequently to keep the priority of old, sometimes disused names, and, controversially, often without establishing that a name actually meets the criteria for the designation. Some taxonomists have regarded the failure to properly establish the nomen oblitum designation as a way to avoid doing taxonomic research or to retain a preferred name regardless of priority. When discussing the taxonomy of North American birds, Rea (1983) stated that "...Swainson's [older but disused] name must stand unless it can be demonstrated conclusively to be a nomen oblitum (a game some taxonomists play to avoid their supposed fundamental principle, priority)."[3] Banks and Browning (1995) responded directly to Rea's strict application of ICZN rules for determining nomina oblita, stating: "We believe that the fundamental obligation of taxonomists is to promote stability, and that the principle of priority is but one way in which this can be effected. We see no stability in resurrecting a name of uncertain basis that has been used in several different ways to replace a name that has been used uniformly for most of a century."[4] Glossary of scientific naming Nomen conservandum Nomen dubium Nomen novum Nomen nudum ^ ICZN 1999 (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 1999 Ed.) - http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted-sites/iczn/code/ ^ Pietsch, T.W.; Orr, J.W.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (2012). "Mustelus felis Ayres, 1854, a Senior Synonym of the Leopard Shark, Triakis semifasciata Girard, 1855 (Carchariniformes: Triakidae), Invalidated by "Reversal of Precedence"". Copeia. 2012: 98–99. doi:10.1643/ci-11-089. ^ REA, A.M. (1983). Once A River. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. ^ Banks, R.C., & Browning, M.R. (1995). "Comments on the status of revived old names for some North American birds." The Auk, 112(3): 633-648. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nomen_oblitum&oldid=882898677" Taxonomic synonyms Taxonomy (biology) Zoological nomenclature Latin biological phrases	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1724950
__label__wiki	0.735963	0.735963	SM UB-29 For other ships with the same name, see German submarine U-29. SM UB-45, a u-boat similar to UB-29 Name: UB-29 Ordered: 30 April 1915[1] Builder: AG Weser, Bremen[1] Cost: 1,291,000 German Papiermark Yard number: 243[1] Launched: 31 December 1915[1] Commissioned: 18 January 1916[2] Fate: sunk by depth charge 13 December 1916 General characteristics [2] Class and type: German Type UB II submarine 265 t (261 long tons) surfaced 291 t (286 long tons) submerged 36.13 m (118 ft 6 in) o/a 27.13 m (89 ft) pressure hull 4.36 m (14 ft 4 in) o/a 3.85 m (13 ft) pressure hull Draught: 3.66 m (12 ft) Propulsion: 1 × propeller shaft 2 × four-stroke 6-cylinder diesel engine, 284 PS (209 kW; 280 bhp) 2 × electric motor, 280 PS (210 kW; 280 shp) 9.15 knots (16.95 km/h; 10.53 mph) surfaced 5.81 knots (10.76 km/h; 6.69 mph) submerged 6,650 nautical miles (12,320 km; 7,650 mi) at 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph) surfaced 45 nmi (83 km; 52 mi) at 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph) submerged Test depth: 50 m (160 ft) Complement: 2 officers, 21 men Armament: 2 × 50 cm (19.7 in) torpedo tubes 4 × torpedoes (later 6) 1 × 5 cm SK L/40 gun Notes: 30-second diving time Imperial German Navy: Training Flotilla 8 March – 13 December 1916 Commanders: Oblt.z.S. Herbert Pustkuchen[3] 18 January – 2 November 1916 Oblt.z.S. Erich Platsch[4] 3 November – 13 December 1916 Operations: 17 patrols Victories: 36 merchant ships sunk (47,107 GRT) 3 merchant ships damaged (3,713 GRT) 2 merchant ship captured as prizes (2,170 GRT) 1 warship damaged (3,750 tons) SM UB-29 was a German Type UB II submarine or U-boat in the German Imperial Navy (German: Kaiserliche Marine) during World War I. The U-boat was ordered on 30 April 1915 and launched on 31 December 1915. She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 18 January 1916 as SM UB-29.[Note 1] The submarine sank 31 ships in 17 patrols for a total of 35,562 gross register tons (GRT).[5] UB-29 was supposedly sunk by two depth charges from HMS Landrail south of Goodwin Sands at 51°9′N 1°46′E / 51.150°N 1.767°E / 51.150; 1.767Coordinates: 51°9′N 1°46′E / 51.150°N 1.767°E / 51.150; 1.767 on 13 December 1916 ,[2] although the location of its wreck discovered in Belgian waters, approximately 15nm Nw of Oostende contradicts this claim. The Landrail might have mistaken UB-29 for another boat, possibly the UC-19.[6] The UB-29's wreckage - exceptionally well-preserved and with the hull still intact - was found by Belgian divers in the summer of 2017, and formally identified in November 2017. Its exact location was not published, in order to enable further research and protection of the site.[7] 2 Summary of raiding history 3 Wreckage Design[edit] A German Type UB II submarine, UB-29 had a displacement of 265 tonnes (261 long tons) when at the surface and 291 tonnes (286 long tons) while submerged. She had a total length of 36.13 m (118 ft 6 in), a beam of 4.36 m (14 ft 4 in), and a draught of 3.66 m (12 ft). The submarine was powered by two Benz six-cylinder diesel engines producing a total 267 metric horsepower (263 shp; 196 kW), two Siemens-Schuckert electric motors producing 280 metric horsepower (210 kW; 280 shp), and one propeller shaft. She was capable of operating at depths of up to 50 metres (160 ft).[2] The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 9.15 knots (16.95 km/h; 10.53 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 5.81 knots (10.76 km/h; 6.69 mph). When submerged, she could operate for 45 nautical miles (83 km; 52 mi) at 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 6,650 nautical miles (12,320 km; 7,650 mi) at 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph). UB-29 was fitted with two 50 centimetres (20 in) torpedo tubes, four torpedoes, and one 5 cm (2.0 in) SK L/40 deck gun. She had a complement of twenty-one crew members and two officers and a thirty-second dive time.[2] Summary of raiding history[edit] Tonnage[Note 2] Fate[8] 19 March 1916 Nominoe France 3,155 Sunk 20 March 1916 Langeli Norway 1,565 Sunk 20 March 1916 Skodsborg Denmark 1,697 Sunk 24 March 1916 Salybia United Kingdom 3,352 Sunk 24 March 1916 Sussex France 1,353 Damaged 6 April 1916 Vesuvio United Kingdom 1,391 Sunk 6 April 1916 Asger Ryg Denmark 1,134 Sunk 7 April 1916 Braunton United Kingdom 4,575 Sunk 7 April 1916 Marguerite France 42 Sunk 25 April 1916 Berkelstroom Netherlands 736 Sunk 25 April 1916 HMS Penelope Royal Navy 3,750 Damaged 17 May 1916 Boy Percy United Kingdom 46 Sunk 17 May 1916 Boy Sam United Kingdom 46 Sunk 17 May 1916 Wanderer United Kingdom 47 Sunk 6 August 1916 Loch Lomond United Kingdom 42 Sunk 3 September 1916 Gotthard Norway 1,636 Sunk 3 September 1916 Notre Dame De Lourdes France 161 Sunk 5 September 1916 Jeanne Denmark 1,191 Sunk 6 September 1916 Torridge United Kingdom 5,036 Sunk 6 September 1916 Yvonne France 104 Sunk 7 September 1916 Alice France 119 Sunk 9 September 1916 Consolation United Kingdom 47 Sunk 9 September 1916 Dorado United Kingdom 36 Sunk 9 September 1916 Favourite United Kingdom 38 Sunk 9 September 1916 Muriel Franklin United Kingdom 29 Sunk 21 October 1916 Fart 3 Norway 230 Sunk 21 October 1916 Grit United Kingdom 147 Sunk 21 October 1916 Princess May United Kingdom 104 Sunk 22 October 1916 Georges M. Embiricos Greece 3,636 Sunk 24 October 1916 Anna Gurine Norway 1,147 Sunk 24 October 1916 Sidmouth United Kingdom 4,045 Sunk 28 October 1916 Saint Charles France 521 Sunk 12 November 1916 Batavier VI Netherlands 1,085 Captured as a prize 15 November 1916 Midsland Netherlands 1,085 Captured as a prize 1 December 1916 Bossi Norway 1,462 Sunk 1 December 1916 Briardene United Kingdom 2,701 Sunk 2 December 1916 Hitterøy Norway 1,985 Sunk 6 December 1916 Ans Russian Empire 362 Sunk 6 December 1916 Marie Denmark 325 Sunk 7 December 1916 Keltier Belgium 2,360 Damaged 7 December 1916 Meteor Norway 4,217 Sunk Wreckage[edit] The well preserved wreckage of the submarine was discovered in 2017 off the coast of Oostende. Hence, the assumption that it was sunk south of Goodwin Sands after a collision with HMS Landrail cannot be maintained. One possible explanation is that UB-29 escaped after the collision, and ran into a mine in Belgian waters. Another explanation is that HMS Landrail sank another U-boat, possibly the UC-19. The German government decided to leave the 22 crew members in the wreckage. Only some minor artefacts lying outside the submarine will be salvaged for an exposition in Belgium and will later be handed to the Internationales Maritimes Museum Hamburg.[9] ^ "SM" stands for "Seiner Majestät" (English: His Majesty's) and combined with the U for Unterseeboot would be translated as His Majesty's Submarine. ^ Merchant ship tonnages are in gross register tons. Military vessels are listed by tons displacement. ^ a b c d Rössler 1979, p. 54. ^ a b c d e Gröner 1991, pp. 23-25. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boat commanders: Herbert Pustkuchen (Royal House Order of Hohenzollern)". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 29 January 2015. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boat commanders: Erich Platsch". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 29 January 2015. ^ Bendert 2000, p. 195. ^ "In Noordzee gevonden Duitse WO 1 duikboot geidentificeerd". vrt.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 2017-11-14. ^ "Gezonken WOI-duikboot voor onze kust geeft geheimen prijs". hln.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 2017-11-14. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by UB 29". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 30 January 2015. Bendert, Harald (2000). Die UB-Boote der Kaiserlichen Marine, 1914-1918. Einsätze, Erfolge, Schicksal (in German). Hamburg: Verlag E.S. Mittler & Sohn GmbH. ISBN 3-8132-0713-7. Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991). U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels. German Warships 1815–1945. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-593-4. Rössler, Eberhard (1979). U-Bootbau bis Ende des 1. Weltkrieges, Konstruktionen für das Ausland und die Jahre 1935 – 1945. Die deutschen U-Boote und ihre Werften (in German). I. Munich: Bernard & Graefe. ISBN 3-7637-5213-7. German Type UB II submarines UB-18 Preceded by: Type UB I Followed by: Type UB III List of U-boats of Germany Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in December 1916 1 Dec: HMS E37 3 Dec: Kanguroo 6 Dec: Mount Temple, SM UC-19 7 Dec: SM UB-46 10 Dec: Georgic 11 Dec: Regina Margherita 13 Dec: SM UB-29 14 Dec: Russian 15 Dec: Powhatan 21 Dec: HMS Hoste, HMS Negro, Murex 22 Dec: HMS E30 27 Dec: Gaulois 29 Dec: Alondra Other incidents 7 Dec: Keltier 12 Dec: Saint Théodore 16 Dec: USS H-3 28 Dec: Prince Rupert November 1916 January 1917 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SM_UB-29&oldid=895589316" 1915 ships Ships built in Bremen (state) World War I submarines of Germany U-boats commissioned in 1916 Maritime incidents in 1916 U-boats sunk in 1916 U-boats sunk by depth charges U-boats sunk by British warships World War I shipwrecks in the North Sea Ships lost with all hands Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1724951
__label__wiki	0.774542	0.774542	(Redirected from Stavanger, Norway) Municipality in Norway Stavanger Kommune (top down, clockwise) Breiavatnet Rica Forum Hotel Stavanger aerial photo Lille Stokkavann Monument to the Battle of Hafrsfjord View of Vagen The Oil Capital/Oljebyen Show map of Rogaland Show map of Norway Show map of Europe Coordinates: 58°57′48″N 05°43′08″E / 58.96333°N 5.71889°E / 58.96333; 5.71889Coordinates: 58°57′48″N 05°43′08″E / 58.96333°N 5.71889°E / 58.96333; 5.71889 Christine Sagen Helgø • Municipality 71.35 km2 (27.55 sq mi) • Municipality/ Urban rank 4th/3rd • Metro rank Siddis • Norwegians Language forms • Official form www.stavanger.kommune.no 50,617 +1416.8% 52,835 +4.4% Source: Statistics Norway[1][1] Stavanger (UK: /stəˈvæŋər, stæ-/, US: /stɑːˈvɑːŋər, stə-, stəˈvæŋər/,[2][3][4] Norwegian: [stɑˈvɑŋər] ( listen)) is a city and municipality in Norway. It is the third largest city[5] and metropolitan area[6] in Norway (through conurbation with neighbouring Sandnes) and the administrative centre of Rogaland county. The municipality is the fourth most populous in Norway. Located on the Stavanger Peninsula in Southwest Norway, Stavanger counts its official founding year as 1125, the year the Stavanger Cathedral was completed. Stavanger's core is to a large degree 18th- and 19th-century wooden houses[7] that are protected and considered part of the city's cultural heritage. This has caused the town centre and inner city to retain a small-town character with an unusually high ratio of detached houses,[8] and has contributed significantly to spreading the city's population growth to outlying parts of Greater Stavanger. The city's rapid population growth in the late 20th century was primarily a result of Norway's booming offshore oil industry. Today the oil industry is a key industry in the Stavanger region and the city is widely referred to as the Oil Capital of Norway.[9][failed verification] The largest company in the Nordic region,[10] Norwegian energy company Equinor is headquartered in Stavanger. Multiple educational institutions for higher education are located in Stavanger. The largest of these is the University of Stavanger. Domestic and international military installations are located in Stavanger, among these is the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation's Joint Warfare Center. Other international establishments, and especially local branches of foreign oil and gas companies, contribute further to a significant foreign population in the city. Immigrants make up 11.3% of Stavanger's population.[11] Stavanger has since the early 2000s consistently had an unemployment rate significantly lower than the Norwegian and European average. In 2011, the unemployment rate was less than 2%.[12] The city is also among those that frequent various lists of expensive cities in the world, and Stavanger has even been ranked as the world's most expensive city by certain indexes.[13][14][15] Stavanger is served by international airport Stavanger Airport, Sola, which offers flights to cities in most major European countries, as well as a limited number of intercontinental charter flights. The airport was named most punctual European regional airport by flightstats.com in 2010.[16] Every two years, Stavanger organizes the Offshore Northern Seas (ONS), which is the second largest exhibition and conference for the energy sector. Gladmat food festival is also held each year and is considered to be one of Scandinavia's leading food festivals. The city is also known for being one of the nation's premier culinary clusters. Stavanger was awarded the 2008 European Capital of Culture alongside Liverpool. 1.1 City development 1.2 World War II 1.3 Oil capital 1.5 Origin of the name 2 Government 2.1 Municipal council 3.1 Parks 4 Boroughs 4.1 Neighborhoods 5.2 Agriculture and food 5.3 Oil industry 5.4 Tourism 6 Transport 6.1 Airport 6.2 Railway 6.3 Roads 6.4 Sea 6.5 Bus 8.2 Churches 8.4 European Capital of Culture 2008 8.5 Sport and recreation 8.7 Community art 9.1 Outdoor activities 9.2 City centre 10 Notable people 11 Twin towns – sister cities Iron Age farm The first traces of settlement in the Stavanger region come from the days when the ice retreated after the last ice age c. 10,000 years ago. A number of historians have argued convincingly that North-Jæren was an economic and military centre as far back as the 9th and 10th centuries with the consolidation of the nation at the Battle of Hafrsfjord around 872. Stavanger grew into a center of church administration and an important south-west coast market town around 1100–1300.[17] Stavanger domkirke, the oldest cathedral in Norway. Stavanger fulfilled an urban role prior to its status as city (1125), from around the time the Stavanger bishopric was established in the 1120s. Bishop Reinald, who may have come from Winchester, England, is said to have started construction of Stavanger Cathedral (Stavanger domkirke) around 1100.[18] It was finished around 1125, and the city of Stavanger counts 1125 as its year of foundation.[19] With the Protestant Reformation in 1536, Stavanger's role as a religious center declined, and the establishment of Kristiansand in the early 17th century led to the relocation of the bishopric. However, rich herring fisheries in the 19th century gave the city new life. Stavanger was established as a municipality 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt). On 1 January 1867, a small area of Hetland municipality (population: 200) was transferred to the city of Stavanger. Again on 1 January 1879, another area of Hetland (population: 1,357) was transferred to Stavanger. Then again on 1 January 1906, the city again annexed another area of Hetland (population: 399). On 1 July 1923, part of Hetland (population: 3,063) was moved to the city once again. Finally on 1 July 1953, a final portion of Hetland (population: 831) was moved to Stavanger. In the 1960s, the work of the Schei Committee pushed for many municipal mergers across Norway. As a result of this, on 1 January 1965, the city of Stavanger (population: 51,470) was merged with the neighboring municipalities of Madla (population: 6,025) and most of Hetland (population: 20,861).[20] The city's history is a continuous alternation between economic booms and recessions. [21] For long periods of time its most important industries have been shipping, shipbuilding, the fish canning industry and associated subcontractors. In 1969, a new boom started as oil was first discovered in the North Sea. [22] After much discussion, Stavanger was chosen to be the on-shore center for the oil industry on the Norwegian sector of the North Sea, and a period of hectic growth followed.[22] On 1 January 2020, the municipalities of Finnøy, Rennesøy, and Stavanger are scheduled to merge into one, large municipality called Stavanger.[23] City development[edit] Find sources: "Stavanger" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Stavanger is one of Norway's oldest cities. It emerged in the 12th century during a period of population growth and increasing urbanization throughout northern Europe. The archaeological and historical sources about the first city development are sparse. Therefore, there is much we do not know about the first city development. It stands out as an important area from early times, as a desirable foothold for the monarchy and the church, as both needed a strong foothold in the South West coast area. In North Jæren, rich archaeological material suggests that the chiefs held considerable power from the early Iron Age. Stavanger had a natural harbor and was, with Jæren in the south, strategically important to the county of the East as well as to the shipping route along the western coast and the fertile Ryfylke Islands in the north. The earliest Christian impulses in Norway came to Stavanger region through trade connections with Continental Europe and Great Britain. This flourished during the Viking era. In the mid 10th century, traditional Norse burial customs ceased in the Stavanger area, at the same time as the first Christian priests began their work. Big stone crosses are visible memorials of this early Christian age (including the Tjora and Kvitsøy). On the overland approach to Stavanger, a memorial cross of HERS and lendmann Erling Skjalgsson was erected after his fall in 1028. Erling controlled power over the South West coast, and the location of the cross indicates that he had a special connection to Stavanger. The inscription on the cross shows a priest was responsible for the inscription, and he may have performed an early service at a church on site. Archaeological investigations in the current downtown and in the crypt of the Cathedral show that the great fire of 1272 probably left large parts of the city and the cathedral in ruins, including the Romanesque chancel of the cathedral. The reconstruction after the fire led to the cathedral's Western Front being replaced with a vestibule, as well as to the construction (or reconstruction) of St. Mary's Church, Bishop's Chapel, the Gothic cathedral and the expansion of the stone cellar at Kongsberg. Stavanger has a long history of education in Western Europe. It was the monastery here that first saw the need to train new employees through education. The first organized teaching in the city probably took place at a Benedictine monastery in the town, either Olav's Monastery or Monastery of people from the mid-12th century. One of the most important events in Stavanger's city history was the gift letter that King Magnus Erlingsson gave to Stavanger Bishop Eirik Ivarsson in the second half of 1100. Exactly when the king made this gift letter, and under what circumstances it happened is unknown. It may have been in 1163–1164, in connection with the King Magnus's coronation, but could also have been around 1181–1184, in connection with the support Stavanger Bishop Erik gave King Magnus at the end of the king's fight against the late King Sverre. It is undoubtedly correct to characterize Stavanger as a church city throughout the Middle Ages, up to the Reformation. The Reformation, however, dealt a hard blow to the Church in specific and Stavanger in general. The cathedral, the bishop and canons of the monastery had been large landowners. Recession of the city began with the loss of people in rural areas, as a result of which the revenues of the cathedral and the bishop fell dramatically due to reduced rental income. In 1537 the bishop's and the monastery's estate and property was confiscated by the king. Kongsberg was plundered by Christoffer Trondsen in 1539, at which time St. Swithun's casket disappeared and Bishop Hoskuld Hoskuldsson may have been executed. World War II[edit] In a prelude to the invasion, on 8 April, the German freighter Roda (6780 grt.) anchored by Ulsnes. Roda was reportedly loaded with coke, but customs officials and police authorities became suspicious about other cargo when they observed that the ship was not riding deep in the water. The ship was boarded and was ordered to move to Riska. However, Roda did not move, and the captain of the Æger, Niels Larsen Bruun, decided on his own initiative to sink the ship. After sending the crew off in lifeboats, Æger used 25 shots with 10-centimetre (3.9 in) Bofors guns to sink Roda. Early on the morning of 9 April 1940, explosions and bomb blasts from Sola-edge and news bulletins on radio announced the German attack on Norway. Sola Airport was the Germans' first target on North Jæren. The airport was attacked by six German Messerschmitt Bf 110 fighters around 8 am. The airport had been built in 1937, and in April 1940 fortifications round the airport were not yet complete. Fortifications consisted of a concrete bunker still under construction and several open shooting positions. Armament consisted of three heavy anti-aircraft machine guns, three heavy machine guns configured for ground targets, and some light machine guns at the disposal of the approximately 80 soldiers who defended the airport. The bomber wing was transferred to Sola Airport in 1939, but the planes, a total of six Fokker and three Caproni aircraft, were old and outdated. Shortly after the attack began, however, they took off. The German air attack increased in intensity. The bombardment lasted for about an hour before ten slow Ju 52 transport aircraft arrived over the airport. They had taken off from the airport at Hamburg a few hours earlier. In a parachute assault, the transport planes first dropped yellow containers containing weapons and equipment, then between ten and twelve paratroopers from each plane. This was only the second ever wartime parachute assault; the first had occurred only three hours earlier, when a bridge south of Denmark was captured in the same way. At the Sola airport, the concrete bunker held out longest, but was eventually put out of action with a hand grenade. While Norwegian soldiers were badly injured in the attempted defence, there were no fatalities; in contrast; the Germans lost several. Lieutenant Thor Tang, who led the Norwegian defense of the airport, capitulated at 10:00, and the Germans immediately began landing troops, fuel and other supplies. In all, 200 to 300 transport aircraft arrived in Sola during invasion day, and by evening several hundred soldiers and large quantities of materiel had been moved from Germany to Sola. By around 12:30 on 9 April, the first German troops advanced into Stavanger without resistance. The police station, telephone office, telegraph center, post office, port office, customs house and the gas company were the most important places, and now came under control of the Germans. The city was conquered without conflict, but the first sparks of resistance had been ignited, and several men left the city and made their way to the Norwegian troops inside Gjesdal, there to join the armed struggle against the enemy. A German POW clearing mines in Stavanger in August 1945 The Germans had placed a high priority to have a good railway connection between the air base at Sola – Stavanger district, and the rest of the country. However, it was not until 29 April 1944, that the Southern Railway was completed to Stavanger. In 1940, the Germans had envisioned it to be completed no later than 1 November 1941. After Hitler's death in 1945, Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz took over leadership of the German forces, and on 9 May 1945, gave the head of the German armed forces in Norway, General Franz Böhme, orders that "Reichskommissar" in Norway, Josef Terboven, was deposed and that all his duties were transferred to Böhme. To Böhme, in turn, he gave the task of how the capitulation of Festung Norwegen was to be implemented. There were around 15,000 German soldiers in Rogaland in 1945, and it was there where the commander of 274 Infantry Division, General Weckman, gave the formal German surrender. Before repatriation, the Germans were required to remain and clean up after five years of occupation. There were 180 German minefields in Rogaland, with a total of 480,000 mines, all of which the German Wehrmacht were required to clear. 62 Germans were killed and 94 were injured during mine clearance in Rogaland. Mines from this period continue to be uncovered.[24] Oil capital[edit] The oil industry is the backbone of Stavanger's economy. In March 1965 an agreement was signed between Norway and the United Kingdom on the sharing of the continental shelf by the median line principle. That same year a similar agreement was signed between Norway and Denmark. It was designed as a legal regime for oil exploration. The first licensing round on the Norwegian shelf was announced on 13 April 1965, and in August of that same year the government granted 22 licenses for 78 blocks for oil companies or groups of companies. The production license gave oil companies exclusive rights to exploration, drilling and production in a defined geographical area for a given period at an annual fee. Esso was the first oil company to start drilling for oil off the coast of Norway. The semi-submersible drilling vessel Ocean Traveler was towed from New Orleans to Norway, and the vessel began drilling on 19 July 1966, at block 8/3, about 180 kilometres (110 mi) southwest of Stavanger. Hallvard Trætteberg (1898–1987), a leading specialist in heraldry, was commissioned to design the official coat of arms of Stavanger, a work that lasted from the end of the 1920s until approved on 11 August 1939. His design is also used as the city's arms, flag, and seal. The coat of arms is based upon a seal which dated 1591. It shows a branch of vine (Vitis vinifera). Which leaves and branch type that is depicted on the coat of arms has been hotly debated. The original meaning and representation of the vine remains unknown.[25][26] Origin of the name[edit] The Old Norse form of the name was Stafangr. The origin of the name has been discussed for decades, and the most used interpretation is that it originally was the name of the inlet now called Vågen, which was the original site of the city, on the east shore of the bay.[27] The first element of the name is stafr meaning 'staff' or 'branch'. This could refer to the form of the inlet, but also to the form of the mountain Valberget (Staven meaning 'the staff,' is a common name of high and steep mountains in Norway). The last element is angr meaning 'inlet, bay'. Facing the North Sea, Stavanger has always been economically dependent on its access to the sea.[27] Government[edit] All municipalities in Norway, including Stavanger, are responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elect a mayor. Municipal council[edit] The municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Stavanger is made up of 67 representatives that are elected to four year terms. Currently, the party breakdown is as follows:[28] Stavanger Kommunestyre 2015–2019 Party Name Name in Norwegian Labour Party Arbeiderpartiet 18 Progress Party Fremskrittspartiet 7 Conservative Party Høyre 19 Christian Democratic Party Kristelig Folkeparti 4 Green Party Miljøpartiet De Grønne 4 Pensioners' Party Pensjonistpartiet 1 Red Party Rødt 1 Centre Party Senterpartiet 1 Socialist Left Party Sosialistisk Venstreparti 3 Liberal Party Venstre 6 Local Lists Lokale lister 3 Total number of members: 67 A beach in Randaberg The municipality of Stavanger is located in a coastal landscape, bordering the sea to the west and Boknafjorden in the northeast. The Byfjorden and Gandsfjorden run along the east side of the city. It is part of the Low-Jæren, a flat area of land consisting mostly of marsh, sand, and stone aur, that ranges from Ogna River in the south to Tungenes in the north; it is the northernmost part that includes Stavanger. The majority of the municipality lies between 0 and 50 metres (0 and 164 ft) in elevation. The landscape has a distinctive appearance with rocks and hills where there is no settlement or agriculture. The city of Stavanger is closely linked to the sea and water, with five lakes (including Breiavatnet, Stora Stokkavatnet, and Mosvatnet) and three fjords (Hafrsfjorden, Byfjorden, and Gandsfjorden); sea and water form the landscape, providing a shoreline rich with vegetation and wildlife. The terrain is low-lying: 49% of the area is less than 20 metres (66 ft) above sea level, While 7% of the land is at 60 metres (200 ft). Stavanger's highest point is the 139-metre (456 ft) tall Jåttånuten with the 136-metre (446 ft) Ullandhaug as the second highest point. The city has developed on both sides of a hollow that runs right through the terrain, with steep slopes up from the bottom. An extension of Boknafjorden and Byfjorden intersects the harbor into the hollow from the northwest, while Hillevåg lake intrudes from Gandsfjorden in the southeast. Breiavatnet is located between the two fjord arms. The city includes many islands off the coast including: Bjørnøy, Buøy, Engøy, Grasholmen, Hellesøy, Hundvåg, Kalvøy, Lindøy, Sølyst, and Vassøy. It also includes the eastern half of the island of Åmøy.[27] Parks[edit] The city park There are several parks and green spots in Stavanger municipality, both in the city and beyond. Central to the town is the city lake which is in turn surrounded by the city park, built as the city's first urban park in 1866–1868. Between the city park and the bay is located Kielland garden, which got its name because the poet Alexander Kielland's house at the time was here. Kielland Park went through a major renovation in 2007 as part of the Millennium in Stavanger municipality. At the opposite end of the city lake there is a small park outside the station; here there is Emigration, a gift from the Norwegian emigrants in the United States, commemorating the men and women of Norwegian ancestry who built America. Bjergstedparken, a park north of Old Stavanger, is the location of Bjergsted Music Center, including Stavanger Concert Hall, and its outdoor areas are often used for festivals and outdoor concerts. The Missing park, built in honor of Lars Missing, is located up the hill on the west side of the harbor, and forms the entrance from the south towards the Old Town. Canon park forms the border between Stavanger and the exit from the E39. Northward go Løkkeveien against Bjergsted westward go Madlaveien the theater and Bergelandstunnelen, east towards E39. The park is located next to old Stavanger Hospital, which also has a large park area around the main building. Through the park runs Kannik creek, which comes to the surface at the statue of the Little Mermaid and runs into Breiavannet. Kannikkbekken runs mostly underground, in pipes, before it reaches Kannik park. Outside the city center, the park southerly in relation to the large inland lakes such as Mosvatnet, Stora Stokkavatnet and Water Assen. Mosvatnet is 0.46 square kilometres (110 acres) making it the third largest in Stavanger after Hålandsvatnet and Store Stokkavatn. The lake supplied the city's drinking water from 1863 to 1931, and is now by far the most used recreation area in Stavanger. The path around the lake is 3.2 kilometres (2.0 mi) long, and much used by cyclist and joggers; sampling conducted in 1995 showed that an estimated 560,000 people used the walking trail around Mosvatnet. At the south end is Mosvangen Camping, Stavanger Svømmestadion old man and Vålandskogen, and to the west is Rogaland Kunstmuseum. Stora Stokkavatnet is 2.19 square kilometres (0.85 sq mi) – the largest in Stavanger. Right at Stora Stokkavatnet is the 0.15-square-kilometre (0.058 sq mi) Litla Stokkavatnet. The hiking trail around the lakes is 8.2 kilometres (5.1 mi) long. In the lake is a small island, Storeholmen. Store Stokkavatnet supplied Stavanger's drinking water from 1931 to 1959, and was later demoted to the reserve drinking water. In 2009 it was relegated once more, and it is now legal to swim in the water. The city is located on a peninsula on the southwest coast of Norway. The climate seems to be greatly influenced by the Gulf Stream which creates warmer temperatures throughout the year compared to other cities at similar latitudes. According to Köppen climate classification, Stavanger experiences an oceanic climate (Cfb) with five months above 10 °C (50 °F) mean temperature. The city has also a small continental climate influence which creates subzero lows during winter. The city is relatively wet with an annual average of 1,180 millimetres (46 in) of precipitation. Climate data for Stavanger Airport (Sola), Rogaland (Normals: 1961–1990, Extremes: 1944–1993) (41) 11.25 (49.1) 6 (37) 8.375 (32) −1 (−2.0) (3.6) 66 (3.6) 115 (4.3) 1,180 13.7 10.4 11.9 9.9 10.7 10.6 10.8 14.0 16.9 16.7 17.7 15.6 158.9 Average relative humidity (%) 48 79 140 168 226 222 197 159 141 80 45 33 1,538 Source #1: Deutscher Wetterdienst[29] NOAA (humidity only)[30] Source #2: eKlima[31] Boroughs[edit] Boroughs of Stavanger Stavanger is officially partitioned into 22 parts and 218 subparts. Stavanger is also divided into 7 boroughs.[32] Eiganes og Våland Storhaug Hillevåg Hinna Neighborhoods[edit] Neighborhoods include Byhaugen, Old Stavanger, Bekkefaret, Bergjeland, Eiganes, Forus, Gausel, Godeset, Indre Tasta, Jåtten, Johannes, Kampen, Kvalaberg, Kvernevik, Madlamark, Nylund, Øyane, Paradis, Stokka, Sunde, Tjensvoll, Ullandhaug, Våland, Varden, Vaulen, and Ytre Tasta.[33][34] Canning factories in the early 20th century In the early 20th century, Stavanger's industry was mainly related to fisheries and shipping. In the first half of the century it was known for canning, and in the 1950s there were over 50 canneries in town. The town was even called Norway "canned capital", and included Christian Bjelland, who founded Chr Bjelland & Co. A/S. The last of these factories were closed down in 2002. Around 1950, over half of the working population in the city employed in industry. Structural changes in industry and the strong development of the service industry has radically changed the city's economic base, and the service industry now represents over 11 percent of employment. However, the city still has 29 percent of the county's industrial employment. Engineering is now the main industry with 59 percent of manufacturing employment. This is mostly related to the offshore petroleum industry, and production of oil platforms alone account for 40 percent. Other important industries are publishing – especially high printing and the major daily newspapers in town, Stavanger and Rogaland Avis Aftenblad – and food and beverage, which includes the processing of local agricultural products from Jæren, including Gilde Vest with one of the largest slaughterhouses. Employment by place of work and industry in 2007 to 0.6% in primary, 27.4% in secondary and tertiary industries 71.7%. Employment by place of work by sector in 2007 to 24.4% in the public sector and 75.6% in the private sector and public enterprises. Industry has in recent years become highly decentralized. The most important of the newer industrial areas are Forus in the south, on the border of Sandnes and Sola, and Dusavik (mainly petroleum-related activities) in the north, on the border of Randfontein. Significant older industrial areas are Hillevåg, Buøy, the eastern districts, and in some places elsewhere along the coast. Shipbuilding and shipping has also traditionally been of great importance to the city's economic growth, and Rosenberg Shipyard, established in 1896, is located on Hundvåg. Today Stavanger is also among the country's most important maritime cities, coming in fourth for registered fleets after the cities of Oslo, Bergen and Ålesund. For the fourth consecutive year, Stavanger Region was in 2007 ranked best business region. Telemarksforsking Bo worked with Ministry NM to rank the regions in Norway with regard to profitability, growth and new businesses. The city's largest daily newspaper, Stavanger Aftenblad came out with its first issue in 1893. Competitor Rogalands Avis was first published in 1899 under the name 1ste Mai ('1 May'), and published daily. In 1987 an attempt was made to establish a new daily newspaper, The West Coast, but it was only released for two months and ended with a total loss of NOK 27 million. The first newspaper published in Stavanger, "Stavangerske Adressecontoirs Efterretninger", was a handwritten weekly newspaper that probably came out in 1769 and 1770. This was not an ordinary newspaper, but a so-called link newspaper with the privilege of bringing out announcements, small articles and ads. The first printed newspaper in Stavanger, "Stavanger Addresseavis", published its first issue on Friday, 4 October 1833. Stavanger Avis was published from 1888 until 1911. Writer and local Alexander L. Kielland was editor in 1889. Stavanger Avis was also the name of the newspaper that came out from 1942 to 1945, when Stavanger Aftenblad and Stavangeren were merged by the Press Directorate. Student newspaper SMiS (Studentmediene i Stavanger) comes out every other month. Stavanger has one principal television station, TV Vest, that sends local news and reports. Additionally, Viking TV, the channel for the football team Viking FK, started on 2 March 2008, and is distributed via Lyse's broadband network, reaching 120,000 viewers in 45,000 households. NRK Rogaland supplies local news broadcasts on radio and television. Local radio stations also provide local news and reports. Agriculture and food[edit] Stavanger region is often referred to as Norway's answer to the French food region of Lyon. The Culinary Institute, headquartered in Ullandhaug, provided a very important focus on food in Stavanger. After the Culinary Institute went bankrupt, partly due to activities in Oslo on 4 June 2008, a new culinary organization was established by the Foundation Rogaland knowledge park and Rogaland County Council. This new institute, now also known as The Culinary Institute, maintained parts of the work of the original organization, and eventually bought back the name, logo and brand Culinary Institute from the bankruptcy estate. In summer 2007, mataktørene in the region were awarded the title "Norwegian Centres of Expertise in Culinology." The building under construction at Ullandhaug will serve as a platform and innovative arena, not only for the region's R & D environment, but also for other expertise among both industry and the public. In July 2008 the Stavanger European championship qualified for the Bocuse d' Or. In 2008, Norway was represented by Geir Skeie, who also won gold. Every year there is a "Happy Food Festival" in the city center. The festival originated in the network of Rogaland county so that they could impart culinary traditions of the region. By 2020, Stavanger region intends to be the region most Norwegians associate with food products and culinary experiences. Oil industry[edit] In recent times, the city has come to be called the "oil capital," and Norway's national and largest oil company, Equinor, is headquartered at Forus, in Stavanger. Equinor(at the time known as Statoil) was founded as a limited company owned by the Government of Norway on 14 July 1972 by a unanimous act passed by the Norwegian parliament Stortinget, to enable Norwegian participation in the oil industry on the continental shelf, to build up Norwegian competency within the petroleum industry, and to establish the foundations of a domestic petroleum industry. Establishing Equinor's headquarters in Stavanger naturally led to Stavanger becoming the center of the oil industry. Petoro, a Norwegian state-owned company responsible for managing the commercial aspects of the state's direct financial interest in petroleum activities on the Norwegian continental shelf, also has its headquarters in the city. With the center of the national oil industry in Stavanger, several other international oil companies have also made their headquarters in Stavanger. The concrete base for the Troll A platform is cast in Vats, 55 km north of Stavanger NPD was created in 1972 by Ullandhaug and PSA was established on 1 January 2004 and co-located with the agency, as a regulatory body. Jåttåvågen, on Gandsfjorden, was from the 1970s to the 1990s a large industrial area, particularly for the construction of large concrete Condeep platforms and oil platforms for the offshore industry. Among others, the Condeep jacket for the three Gullfaks platforms and Troll A were cast here by Norwegian Contractors. Offshore Northern Seas is the second largest exhibition of its kind in the oil and gas industry. ONS takes place in Stavanger during the last week of August every other year. In 2008, there were 38,000 visitors, half of whom came from abroad. Stavanger is a popular tourist destination, especially in summer. The hotels in the city have good occupancy year round due to a lot of commuters who travel to work and meetings in Stavanger. In recent years, Stavanger has also become one of the most popular ports of call for cruise ships, with the number of cruise ships increasing steadily, making Stavanger one of Europe's fastest growing ports of call for cruise ships north of the Mediterranean. In 2009, 99 ships and 146,000 passengers passed through the town, and in 2010, a total of 111 cruise ships with about 175,000 passengers visited the city. P&O MV Britannia cruise ship at berth near Strandkaien, Stavanger Airport[edit] Stavanger Airport, Sola Stavanger Airport, Sola, is located in Sola, 14 minutes away from Stavanger City Center. The airport opened in 1937. In 1940 Stavanger Airport, Forus, opened, but closed in 1989. In 2013 Sola airport had over 4 million passengers and was the largest airport in Rogaland county. It is also the 3rd largest airport in Norway and 7th in the Nordic countries. The busiest route is Oslo-Gardermoen, with over 1,5 million passengers; the second most popular is Bergen Airport, Flesland, with over 700,000 passengers; Oslo-Torp is the third most popular, followed by Trondheim Airport, Værnes and Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik domestically. Internationally, the busiest routes are Copenhagen, Amsterdam, and Aberdeen. Stavanger also has connections to domestic and European destinations, including London, Berlin, Paris, Barcelona, Stockholm, Warsaw. Domestic destinations are all the way up from Tromsø down to Kristiansand. Railway[edit] Stavanger S Stavanger S opened in 1878 and is the terminus of both the Sørlandet Line and the Jæren Line. The Southern Railway goes from Oslo S to Drammen, to Kristiansand S, to, finally, Stavanger S. This route, 545 kilometers (339 mi) between Oslo and Stavanger, is scheduled over four times every day and takes around seven hours. The railway was constructed in several phases, the first section being opened in 1871 and the last not opened until 1944. While there was continual construction work from Oslo westward as far as Moi, the Jæren Line, from Egersund to Stavanger in Western Norway, was opened in 1878. Up to 1913 the name used on plans and for the completed sections was the Vestlandet Line (The West Country Line). There are also local trains in Jæren with 19 stops on one line. The line opened as a 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) narrow gauge stand-alone line on 27 February 1878. The railway was extended from Egersund to Flekkefjord as the Flekkefjord Line in 1904. The Jæren Line's only branch, the Ålgård Line from Ganddal to Ålgård, opened in 1924. In 1944, the Sørlandet Line was extended to Sira on the Flekkefjord Line, and the Jæren Line was integrated into the main railway network. Because of this, the line was converted to standard gauge. Roads[edit] National road 44 European route E39 goes through Stavanger from Haugesund and the Mastrafjord Tunnel and Byfjord Tunnel, then goes south to Sandnes. Fylkesvei 44 starts from Stavanger and ends in Kristiansand, via Sandnes and Flekkefjord. National road 509 runs between Stavanger, via Tananger arm Stavanger Airport, Sola Cross and Forus, the European route E39, and between National road 44 and E39 at Soma in Sandnes. The road length is 19.5 km (+ new part). Before 1 January 2010, the county road 509 part of the way. On 18 December 2012, the new engine traffic road Solasplitten opened as a new thoroughfare eastward, north of Forus and the European route E39. There are two tunnel projects planned: Ryfast (Ryfylke Tunnel and Hundvåg Tunnel) and Rogfast. Sea[edit] Located outside Stavanger, there is a port serving ferries to Hirtshals, Denmark. There have been advocates for the Smyril Line ferry between the Faroe Islands and Denmark to make a stop in Stavanger as the new port in Risavika allows this to be done while only adding one hour to the total sailing time. Local ferries go to Tau and Kvitsøy, while fast passenger boats go to many villages and islands between the main routes from Stavanger to Haugesund and Sauda. There are plans to reestablish the ferry link to Newcastle in the United Kingdom, which was suspended in 2008.[35] Bus[edit] Bus terminal in Sandnes, the neighboring city of Stavanger The local bus service in Stavanger is administered by Rogaland Kollektivtrafikk (RKT) under the brand name "Kolumbus".[36] The buses are operated by Boreal Transport. RKT administers all bus routes in Rogaland County. Express bus services are operated by NOR-WAY Bussekspress from Stavanger City Terminal to Kristiansand, Bergen and Haugesund, and by Lavprisekspressen to Oslo via Kristiansand. The city has a number of bus services and taxis. University of Stavanger (UIS) is the fifth university established in Norway, on 29 October 2004, when the University of Stavanger (HiS) gained university status by decision of the Council. The university has about 9,000 students and 1,200 employees and is organized into three faculties: Faculty of Humanities, Social Sciences and the Faculty of Science. The archaeological museum is also part of the university. The campus is located in Ullandhaug, with most departments located there. John B. Møst was employed as a university in 2011. Marit Boyesen was selected as the principal for the period 2011 to 2015, and started her tenure as rector 1 August 2011. As rector, she is the head of the academic activities of the University of Stavanger as well as Chairman of the University Board. The University of Stavanger became a member of European Consortium of Innovative Universities (ECIU) in October 2012. The VID Specialized University has a long history in the city. This university began as the School of Mission and Theology or Misjonshøgskolen (MHS), being established in 1843 and accredited in 2008 as a research university. It has about 300 students from approximately 20 countries. MHS is owned by the Norwegian Missionary Society. The Centre for Intercultural Communication (SIK) is associated with the college's mission. In 2016 it became part of the VID Specialized University. Jåttå Upper Secondary School The Art School in Rogaland was established in 1978, with a history back to 1957. The Scandinavian School of Management offers college studies in Marketing and Management. The school is 92.5% owned by John Bauer Group. Solborgveien Folk annually welcomes over 140 students and is owned by the Lutheran. Other private schools include the International School of Stavanger, The British International School of Stavanger and Stavanger French school, which is in the same premises as Eiganes School. Other schools in the city are the Enterprise Technical College Stavanger, Noroff Institute Stavanger, Utdanningshuset Stavanger, Acta Bible, BI Stavanger, Fjelltun Bible, Folkeuniversitetet Stavanger, Imente Vocational School Stavanger, Nor Offshore Stavanger, Norwegian School of Creative Studies Stavanger, NæringsAkademiet Stavanger Peteka – Stavanger, PNI Training Centre and Stavanger Offshore Technical College. The high schools are categorized under Rogaland county, but specifically within Stavanger municipality are the schools St. Olaf[37], St. Swithun[38], Stavanger Cathedral School[39], Hetland[40], Jatta[41], Stavanger Offshore Technical College[42], Godalen[43] and Bergeland[44]. Culture[edit] Norwegian Petroleum Museum The city has several museums and collections that are both local and national. The city's most visited museum is the Norwegian Petroleum Museum, opened in 1998. In its ten years of visitation records, from 1998 to 2008, almost 95,000 people visited the museum annually. The city's oldest museum is Missjonmuseet, established in 1864, located on the ground floor of the faculty building at MHS. The museum has about 5,000 exhibits consisting of several objects of ethnographic and historical interest from the various mission fields of study. Stavanger Museum, founded in 1877 and thus one of the oldest museums, includes several historic buildings and collections. Stavanger Museum consists of a total of eight buildings: Stavanger Museum Muségata 16, Stavanger Maritime Museum, the Norwegian Canning Museum, Ledaal, Breidablikkveien museum, combined indretning, Norwegian Printing Museum and the Norwegian Children's Museum. In the main museum are now a cultural department, a zoological collection, and a library. Museum of Archaeology in Stavanger is the largest museum in Stavanger, measured by number of employees. AmS is a state museum for the prehistoric sites in Rogaland, and is part of the University of Stavanger. The museum also conducts extensive outreach activities, and has facilities fairly close to Stavanger Museum. Rogaland Art Museum Rogaland Art Museum, located by a park, has paintings by Norwegian artist Edvard Munch, Christian Krogh, Eilif Peterssen and Harriet Backer, and also has the largest collection of Lars Hertervigs work. Other artists of Rogaland represented here include Kitty Kielland, Nicolai Ulfsten, Carl Sundt-Hansen, Olaf Lange and Aage Storstein. Vestlandske School Museum (Western Norway School Museum), in Stavanger, is currently in the old 1920 Kvaleberg school building. Established in 1925, it is a museum of school history in Rogaland. By the bay lies the Norwegian Emigration Center on the west side and on the eastern side of the bay is Valbergtårnet with his vektermuseeum. Norwegian Telecom Museum has an office in Stavanger, at Løkkeveien. Churches[edit] The Church of Norway has two deaneries (prosti) within the municipality of Stavanger: the Stavanger arch-deanery and the Ytre Stavanger deanery. The two deaneries are divided up into 17 parishes (sokn), all of which are part of the Diocese of Stavanger. Churches in Stavanger Deanery (Prosti) Parish (Sokn) Location of the Church domprosti Stavanger domkirke Stavanger Cathedral Storhaug 1150 Bekkefaret Bekkefaret Church Bekkefaret 1977 Hundvåg Hundvåg Church Hundvåg 1983 Kampen Kampen Church Eiganes og Våland 1957 St. Petri St. Petri Church Storhaug 1866 St. Johannes Frue Church Storhaug 1854 St. Johannes Church Johannes 1909 Stokka Stokka Church Stokka 1974 Tjensvoll Tjensvoll Church Tjensvoll 1978 Varden Varden Church Varden 1967 Gausel Gausel Church Gausel 1996 Hafrsfjord Revheim Church Kvernevik 1865 Hillevåg Hillevåg Church Hillevåg 1961 Hinna Hinna Church Hinna 1967 Madlamark Madlamark Church Madlamark 1976 Sunde Sunde Church Sunde 1984 Tasta Tasta Church Indre Tasta 1977 Vardeneset Vardeneset Church Ytre Tasta 2000 Austre Åmøy Chapel Austre Åmøy 1904 South West Film Forum was established in 1992 and is an organization of film workers in Rogaland. Its goal is to increase the skills of film workers in the region and encourage more filmmaking. Film Forum Southwest has received operating support from the City of Stavanger since 1995 and from the county since 1997. Additionally, they have received grants for film workshop from the county and for other industry-stimulating measures from Stavanger municipality. Stavanger has since 1997 had a grant for the support of local filmmaking. The aim has been to stimulate the local film community growth and development, and to contribute to local filmmakers so they can initiate film projects that can then apply for production funding from other government agencies. In addition, they support the already completed projects – primarily to help cinemas display locally produced film. The feature film Mongoland became a Norwegian film success, made outside of the traditional infrastructure for Norwegian film. So far this has culminated with the establishment of the production company South West Film and Film Kraft Rogaland, to ensure long-term fund allocations to filmproduksjoner. Arild Østin Ommundsen made his directorial debut with the feature film Mongoland in 2000 and has since directed and written the script for The Haunting (2003) and Monster Thursday (2005). Ommundsen helped start the new Stavanger wave that came after Mongoland premiered, and several of the actors who were instrumental have since enjoyed great success. Stavanger native Stian Kristiansen, who had his acting breakthrough in the feature film "Mongoland", debuted as a feature film director with the film interpretation of Tore Renberg's book The Man Who Loved Yngve. The film, of the same title, had its theatrical release on 15 February 2008. The film has received top marks in Norwegian media, and was watched by over 30,000 people during the premiere weekend. In 2008, Kristiansen received Stavanger's screenplay scholarship. On 30 September 2010, the film Nokas, directed by Erik Skjoldbjærg, premiered in Stavanger. The film is about the NOKAS robbery in Stavanger on 5 April 2004, and was filmed on location, using many of the locations where the factual event took place, such as the King Street counting center, in the Norway Bank building, and the Cathedral Square, by Maria Church Ruins. The family of the police officer who died during the robbery has not authorized the film. European Capital of Culture 2008[edit] Stavanger and its region, along with Liverpool, United Kingdom, was selected as a European Capital of Culture for 2008. The Stavanger2008 vision is expressed through the concept "Open Port". This can be understood both in its English sense – "an open harbour" – and in its Norwegian meaning of "an open gate", together implying openness towards the world. The region and its people is supposed to be even more open and inclusive towards art, ideas and opportunities. Stavanger was the host port of the Cutty Sark Tall Ships' Race in 1997 and 2004. Sport and recreation[edit] The largest local football club in Stavanger is Viking FK, one of the most successful football clubs in Norwegian history. The club recently moved up to Eliteserien, but has played in OBOS-ligaen (the second highest level on the Norwegian football league pyramid) this season, after having suffered a relegation from the Eliteserien in 2017. The club plays its home matches at Viking Stadion, which was opened in 2004. FK Vidar, another local football club, currently plays in the Norwegian second division, the third highest level on the football league pyramid. Stavanger Oilers is the only western team in the top Norwegian ice hockey league, GET-ligaen. The handball team Stavanger Håndball plays in the Norwegian second division. Stavanger was the host of the 2009 beach volleyball SWATCH FIVB World Championships. The Sørmarka Arena is an indoor multi-purpose ice rink used for (inter)national ice speed skating competitions. Viking FK Football 1899 Eliteserien Viking Stadion Bjarne Berntsen Stavanger Oilers Ice hockey 2000 GET-ligaen DNB Arena Pål Gulbrandsen Music[edit] Every May, Stavanger is host to MaiJazz, the Stavanger International Jazz Festival. The International Chamber Music Festival takes place every August. Stavanger is the home of the Stavanger Symphony Orchestra (SSO). Covering another part of the musical spectrum, it is also home to gothic metal bands Theatre of Tragedy, Tristania, Sirenia and the singer Liv Kristine, and the black metal band Gehenna, Janove Ottesen and Geir Zahl, founding members of the alternative rockband Kaizers Orchestra, both live in Stavanger as well. Other notable acts from Stavanger include Kvelertak, Thomas Dybdahl & Sturle Dagsland. Community art[edit] Stavanger participates in the annual Nuart festival, organised for national and international artists who operate outside of the traditional art establishment. Every September, a team of internationally acclaimed street artists contribute to "one of Europe’s most dynamic and constantly evolving public art events."[45] Especially in the summertime, Stavanger's harbour is full of large cruiseships: in 2011 Stavanger hosted 130 cruiseships. The Port of Stavanger is a popular stop on the route to the Norwegian Fjords. The charming city center is just a small walk from the quay. Outdoor activities[edit] There are not many outdoor activities in Stavanger itself, however, splendid opportunities are nearby in adjacent municipalities: Lysefjorden is particularly popular for hiking. Tourists typically visit places like Preikestolen (aka the Pulpit Rock), and Kjeragbolten. Preikestolen is a massive rock overhanging the fjord (604 meters below). Kjeragbolten is a rock wedged in the cliff approximately 1000 meters above the fjord. The straight fall 1000 meters down to the fjord makes Kjerag a very popular location for BASE jumping. Not too far from Stavanger, alpine centers are available for skiers and snowboarders throughout the winter season. [46] Along the coast south of Stavanger there are a number of large, sandy beaches, including at Sola, within close reach from the city.[47] City centre[edit] Gamle Stavanger City centre Stavanger Old Stavanger (Gamle Stavanger) is located right next to the city centre and has a collection of 18th- and 19th-century wooden structures. Stavanger domkirke (St. Swithun's cathedral) was built between 1100 and 1150 by the English bishop Reinald in Anglo-Norman style, and in the late 13th century a new choir was added in Gothic style, with a vaulted roof. The cathedral is the only Norwegian cathedral that is almost unchanged since the 14th century. The city centre itself is small and intimate, with narrow streets and open spaces protected from car traffic. The open-air vegetable market is one of the very few in Norway where you can buy produce directly from local farmers every working day through the year. Unfortunately, the Market has been in decline of recent years, and now has very few stall holders.[citation needed] Main category: People from Stavanger Twin towns – sister cities[edit] Find sources: "Stavanger" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Norway Stavanger has several sister cities; they are: Aberdeen, United Kingdom[48] Antsirabe, Madagascar Eskilstuna, Sweden Estelí, Nicaragua Galveston, United States Macaé, Brazil[49] Massawa, Eritrea Nablus, Palestine Neskaupstaður, Iceland Netanya, Israel[50] ^ http://www.ssb.no/fob/kommunehefte/1103/fob_1103_tabeller.pdf ^ Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0. ^ Jones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (eds.). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6. ^ "Stavanger". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 5 May 2019. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20090918173536/http://www.ssb.no/emner/02/01/10/beftett/tab-2009-06-16-01.html. Archived from the original on 18 September 2009. Retrieved 20 September 2009. Missing or empty \|title= (help) ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20130813123507/http://www.greaterstavanger.com/eng/Greater-Stavanger/Region. Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2013. Missing or empty \|title= (help) ^ "Gamle Stavanger" (in Norwegian). 5 January 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2013. ^ "Boforhold, flytting og befolkningsutvikling i storbyene" (PDF) (in Norwegian). sintef.no. 1 January 2000. Retrieved 5 June 2012. ^ "Stavanger – The Norwegian Petroleum Capital". 27 March 1997. Archived from the original on 27 March 1997. Retrieved 26 August 2018. ^ "The Global 2000". Forbes. 21 April 2010. ^ Facts on Stavanger's immigrant population "Fakta om innvandrer – befolkningen i Stavanger" (PDF) (in Norwegian). imdi.no. 2007. Retrieved 6 June 2012. [permanent dead link] ^ "Stavangerstatistikken – arbeidsløshet" (in Norwegian). stavanger.kommune.no. 6 June 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2012. ^ "The World's Most Expensive Cities 2010". businessweek.com. 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2012. ^ "Numbeo Costs of Living". numbeo.com. 6 June 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2012. ^ Results from ECA International survey "And the world's most expensive city for expats is ... Tokyo". numbeo.com. 7 December 2011. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2012. ^ "2010 Airports – Best On-time Performance Awards". flightstats.com. 2011. Archived from the original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2012. ^ Phenomenology and the pioneer settlement on the Western Scandinavian Peninsula (Ingrid Fuglestvedt (2009) Lindome : Bricoleur Press) ISBN 978-91-85411-07-8 ^ "Catholic Encyclopedia: Ancient See of Stavanger". newadvent.org. ^ "UArctic Education – Student Portal". uarctic.org. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2016. ^ Jukvam, Dag (1999). "Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune – og fylkesinndelingen" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Statistisk sentralbyrå. ^ "Stavanger kommune – Byhistorie". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 24 July 2007. ^ a b c d Stavanger kommune – Byhistorie Archived 21 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Om nye Stavanger" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 4 November 2017. ^ "Minefunn på Hellestøstranden". Retrieved 26 August 2018. ^ "The Coat of Arms of Norway". The American-Scandinavian Review. June 1964. ^ "Civic heraldry of Norway – Norske Kommunevåpen". Heraldry of the World. Retrieved 4 May 2016. ^ a b c Store norske leksikon. "Stavanger" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 27 April 2016. ^ "Table: 04813: Members of the local councils, by party/electoral list at the Municipal Council election (M)" (in Norwegian). Statistics Norway. 2015. ^ "Klimatafel von Stavanger, Prov. Rogaland / Norwegen" (PDF). Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. Retrieved 31 December 2017. ^ "Sola (Stavanger Airport) Climate Normals: 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 31 December 2017. ^ "Monthly normal values Stnr 44560". Norwegian Meteorological Institute. Retrieved 31 December 2017. ^ List of boroughs in Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim and Stavanger Archived 3 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Rederarving punger ut 30 mill. for Stavanger-villa". www.dn.no. 21 August 2014. ^ NRK (19 July 2014). "To skadd i husbrann i Stavanger". ^ Adrian Pearson (27 August 2012). "North Shields to Norway ferry plan raises job hopes". journallive. ^ "Kolumbus AS". kolumbus.no. ^ "St. Olav". ^ "St. Svithun vgs". ^ "Stavanger katedralskole". ^ "Hetland". ^ "Jåttå videregående skole". ^ "Stavanger Offshore tekniske skole". ^ "Godalen vgs". ^ "Bergeland – Bergeland VGS". ^ "Nuart Festival 2018 – Art in Stavanger, Stavanger". Region Stavanger & Ryfylke. Retrieved 26 August 2018. ^ "basekjerag.com". [permanent dead link] ^ "Beaches of Rogaland in west Norway – Stavanger Travel". www.stavangertravel.com. Retrieved 26 August 2018. ^ "Twinning". Aberdeen City Council. Retrieved 2 March 2008. ^ "Prefeito recebe comitiva da Noruega interessada em investir em Macaé". Retrieved 14 September 2012. ^ "Netanya – Twin Cities". Netanya Municipality. Archived from the original on 1 February 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2013. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Stavanger. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stavanger. Norway portal Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway ‹See Tfd›(in Norwegian) Municipality web site Official city maps Stavanger Web Official web site of the region Stavanger Stavanger travel guide from Wikivoyage Municipalities of Rogaland Haugaland Most populous metropolitan areas in Norway As of 2013, according to Statistics Norway [2] 1. Oslo 1,502,604 2. Bergen 407,935 3. Stavanger 319,822 4. Trondheim 267,132 5. Kristiansand 155,648 6. Drammen 151,769 7. Fredrikstad 138,682 8. Haugesund 128,797 9. Tønsberg 120,747 10. Sandvika 118,115 11. Skien 112,082 12. Sandefjord 90,532 13. Ålesund 82,165 14. Tromsø 73,631 15. Sandnes 71,462 16. Moss 56,210 17. Sarpsborg 54,049 18. Bodø 52,768 19. Arendal 43,755 20. Larvik 42,637 21. Porsgrunn 35,504 22. Hamar 30,921 23. Halden 30,116 24. Gjøvik 29,618 25. Ski 29,482 26. Askøy 27,273 27. Lillehammer 27,044 28. Horten 26,701 29. Kongsberg 26,296 30. Molde 26,027 50 most populous urban areas in the Nordic countries 1. Stockholm 1,372,565 2. Copenhagen 1,263,698 3. Helsinki 1,214,210 5. Gothenburg 549,839 6. Malmö 341,457 7. Tampere 325,025 8. Aarhus 261,570 9. Turku 260,367 10. Bergen 255,464 11. Stavanger/Sandnes 222,697 12. Reykjavík 209,510 13. Oulu 193,817 14. Trondheim 183,378 15. Odense 173,814 16. Uppsala 140,454 17. Aalborg 132,578 18. Jyväskylä 120,306 19. Drammen 117,510 20. Lahti 117,424 21. Fredrikstad/Sarpsborg 111,267 22. Västerås 110,877 23. Örebro 107,038 24. Linköping 104,232 25. Helsingborg 97,122 26. Porsgrunn/Skien 92,753 27. Jönköping 89,396 28. Norrköping 87,247 29. Kuopio 86,034 30. Pori 84,509 31. Lund 82,800 32. Umeå 79,594 33. Esbjerg 72,060 34. Gävle 71,033 35. Vaasa 66,911 36. Borås 66,273 37. Joensuu 65,686 38. Eskilstuna 64,679 39. Södertälje 64,619 40. Karlstad 61,685 41. Randers 61,664 42. Täby 61,272 43. Växjö 60,887 44. Kristiansand 61,536 45. Kolding 58,757 46. Halmstad 58,577 47. Horsens 56,536 48. Lappeenranta 55,429 49. Vejle 53,975 50. Kotka 52,600 European Capitals of Culture Luxembourg City Luxembourg City and Greater Region Elefsina MusicBrainz: fd07dd33-6691-4247-948d-f4a2e6cb57d6 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stavanger&oldid=906343303" Cities and towns in Norway Populated coastal places in Norway Port cities and towns in Norway Port cities and towns of the North Sea Viking Age populated places Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from January 2016 Articles needing additional references from March 2016 Articles containing Norwegian-language text Articles containing Bokmål-language text Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1724952
__label__wiki	0.828746	0.828746	Western Interior Seaway A large inland sea from mid-Cretaceous to early Paleogene, splitting the continent of North America Western Interior Seaway during the mid-Cretaceous, about 100 million years ago Skull Creek Seaway The Western Interior Seaway (also called the Cretaceous Seaway, the Niobraran Sea, the North American Inland Sea, and the Western Interior Sea) was a large inland sea that existed during the mid- to late Cretaceous period as well as the very early Paleogene, splitting the continent of North America into two landmasses, Laramidia to the west and Appalachia to the east. The ancient sea stretched from the Gulf of Mexico and through the middle of the modern-day countries of the United States and Canada, meeting with the Arctic Ocean to the north. At its largest, it was 2,500 feet (760 m) deep, 600 miles (970 km) wide and over 2,000 miles (3,200 km) long. 1 Origin and geology 2 Fauna Origin and geology[edit] A broken concretion with fossils inside; late Cretaceous Pierre Shale near Ekalaka, Montana. The earliest phase of the Seaway began in the mid-Cretaceous when an arm of the Arctic Ocean transgressed south over western North America; this formed the Mowry Sea, so named for the Mowry Shale, an organic-rich rock formation.[1] In the south, the Gulf of Mexico was originally an extension of the Tethys Sea. By Late-Cretaceeous times, Eurasia and the Americas had separated along the south Atlantic and subduction on the west coast of the Americas had commenced - identified as the Laramide orogeny - the early phase of growth of the modern Rocky Mountains. The Western Interior seaway may be seen as a downwarping of the US continental crust ahead of the growing Laramide/Rockies mountain chain. In time, the southern embayment merged with the Mowry Sea in the late Cretaceous, forming the "complete" Seaway.[1] At its largest, the Western Interior Seaway stretched from the Rockies east to the Appalachians, some 1,000 km (620 mi) wide. At its deepest, it may have been only 800 or 900 metres (2,600 or 3,000 ft) deep, shallow in terms of seas. Two great continental watersheds drained into it from east and west, diluting its waters and bringing resources in eroded silt that formed shifting delta systems along its low-lying coasts. There was little sedimentation on the eastern shores of the Seaway; the western boundary, however, consisted of a thick clastic wedge eroded eastward from the Sevier orogenic belt.[1][2] The western shore was thus highly variable, depending on variations in sea level and sediment supply.[1] Monument Rocks, located 25 miles south of Oakley, Kansas. Widespread carbonate deposition suggests that the Seaway was warm and tropical, with abundant calcareous algae.[3] Remnants of these deposits are found throughout the state of Kansas. One prominent example is Monument Rocks, an exposed chalk formation towering 70 feet (21 m) over the surrounding range land. It is designated a National Natural Landmark and one of the Eight Wonders of Kansas. It is located 25 miles (40 km) south of Oakley, Kansas.[4] At a few times during the late Cretaceous the Western Interior Seaway went through periods of anoxia, where the bottom water was devoid of oxygen and the water column was stratified. At the end of the Cretaceous, a continuing uplift in a mountain-building episode called the Laramide orogeny hoisted the sandbanks (sandstone) and muddy brackish lagoons (shale) – the thick sequences of silt and sandstone still seen today as the Laramie Formation – while low-lying basins between them gradually subsided. The Western Interior Seaway divided across the Dakotas and retreated south towards the Gulf of Mexico. This shrunken, regressive phase of the Western Interior Seaway is sometimes called the Pierre Seaway.[1] During the early Paleocene, parts of the Western Interior Seaway (marine waters) still occupied areas of the Mississippi Embayment, submerging the site of present-day Memphis. Later transgression, however, was associated with the Cenozoic Tejas sequence, rather than with the previous event responsible for the Seaway. Fauna[edit] Artist's impression of a Cretoxyrhina and two Squalicorax circling a dead Claosaurus in the Western Interior Seaway Elasmosaurus platyurus in the Rocky Mountain Dinosaur Resource Center in Woodland Park, Colorado Inoceramus, an ancient bivalve from the Cretaceous of South Dakota. The Western Interior Seaway was a shallow sea, filled with abundant marine life. Interior Seaway denizens included predatory marine reptiles such as plesiosaurs, and mosasaurs that grew up to 18 metres (59 ft) long. Other marine life included sharks such as Squalicorax, Cretoxyrhina, and the giant shellfish-eating Ptychodus mortoni (believed to be 10 metres (33 ft) long);[5] and advanced bony fish including Pachyrhizodus, Enchodus, and also the massive 5-metre (16 ft) long Xiphactinus – a fish larger than any modern bony fish. Other sea life included invertebrates such as mollusks, ammonites, squid-like belemnites, and plankton including coccolithophores that secreted the chalky platelets that give the Cretaceous its name, foraminiferans and radiolarians.[citation needed] The Western Interior Seaway was home to early birds also, including the flightless Hesperornis which had stout legs for swimming through water and tiny wings used for marine steering rather than flight; and the tern-like Ichthyornis, an early avian with a toothy beak. Ichthyornis shared the sky with large pterosaurs such as Nyctosaurus and Pteranodon. Pteranodon fossils are very common and it was probably a major component of the surface ecosystem, though it was found in only the southern reaches of the Seaway.[6] On the bottom, the giant clam Inoceramus left common fossilized shells in the Pierre Shale. This clam had a thick shell paved with "prisms" of calcite deposited perpendicular to the surface, giving it a pearly luster in life. Paleontologists suggest that its giant size was an adaptation for life in the murky bottom waters, where a correspondingly large gill area would have allowed the animal to cope with oxygen-depleted waters[citation needed]. Geology of the Bryce Canyon area Zuñi sequence Sundance Sea – An inland sea that existed in North America during the mid-to-late Jurassic Period of the Mesozoic Era Pierre Shale Hudson Seaway – A major seaway of North America during the Cretaceous Period Lake Agassiz – A very large glacial lake in central North America at the end of the last glacial period ^ a b c d e Stanley, Steven M. (1999). Earth System History. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. pp. 487–489. ISBN 0-7167-2882-6. ^ Monroe, James S.; Wicander, Reed (2009). The Changing Earth: Exploring Geology and Evolution (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. p. 605. ISBN 0495554804. ^ "Oceans of Kansas Paleontology". Mike Everhart. Retrieved 2007-02-06. ^ Stokes, Keith. "Monument Rocks, the Chalk Pyramids - Kansas". www.kansastravel.org. Retrieved 7 April 2018. ^ Walker, Matt (24 February 2010). "Giant predatory shark fossil unearthed in Kansas". BBC Earth News. Retrieved 16 April 2013. ^ Benton, S.C. (1994). "The Pterosaurs of the Niobrara Chalk." The Earth Scientist, 11(1): 22-25. Marine Reptiles of South Dakota Paleo Map Project Cretaceous paleogeography, southwestern US Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Interior_Seaway&oldid=906870066" Geology of North America Historical oceans Geology of the United States Geology of Canada Cretaceous paleogeography Paleocene paleogeography	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1724953
__label__wiki	0.77041	0.77041	J.K. Rowling defends casting Johnny Depp in new film amid abuse allegations “I am genuinely happy to have Johnny playing a major character in the movies” It’s an interesting time in the world of entertainment; an equal-part empowering period for women as it is challenging. Amid the droves of brave females – and males – across the world speaking to the #MeToo hashtag, it’s our next move that’s so important. So where do you stand on the latest news of J.K. Rowling casting Johnny Depp – a man accused of abuse – in the role of villain Gellert Grindelwald in her upcoming film Fantastic Beasts And Where To Find Them sequel? Rowling’s outspoken tweets are empowering, witty and direct. Always one with a sharp tongue the famed author has gone quiet when some Twitter users have dared to press her on the issue of Depp. He is of course accused of physical and emotional abuse of his ex-wife Amber Heard. Allegations, however, have been dropped and settlement talks are in process. If you look across the pond, director Ridley Scott famously re-cast Kevin Spacey with Christopher Plummer just weeks from the release of his film All The Money In The World. The move was so unprecedented but it set the bar for other directors, producers, film distributors and streaming giants to follow suit. And they have. In a short piece on Rowling’s website, Rowling says she did consider re-casting Depp. She then goes on to defend the actor. “The huge, mutually supportive community that has grown up around Harry Potter is one of the greatest joys of my life. For me personally, the inability to speak openly to fans about this issue has been difficult, frustrating and at times painful. However, the agreements that have been put in place to protect the privacy of two people, both of whom have expressed a desire to get on with their lives, must be respected. Based on our understanding of the circumstances, the filmmakers and I are not only comfortable sticking with our original casting, but genuinely happy to have Johnny playing a major character in the movies.” “I accept that there will be those who are not satisfied with our choice of actor in the title role,” she continued. “However, conscience isn’t governable by committee. Within the fictional world and outside it, we all have to do what we believe to be the right thing.” We have the utmost respect for Rowling, so we’d love the hear your thoughts on this one. topics: screen, j.k. rowling, Johnny Depp, Fantastic Beasts, Fantastic Beasts and Where To Find Them, Harry Potter Julia Roberts Had the Perfect Reaction to Being Snubbed at the Emmys Big Little Lies: The Maddening Reason There Probably Won’t Be a Third Season Audrina Patridge Gets Emotional Over Divorce on The Hills: New Beginnings It’s Here: Watch the Trailer for the Charlie’s Angels Reboot Here’s Your First Look at The Hills: New Beginnings Audrina Patridge: “The Hills made me look desperate and always wanting Justin”	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1724955
__label__wiki	0.805147	0.805147	Accessibility and mobility Kyoto building Office space for rent subscribe to the newsletter Back to News 09/05/2019 A green and sustainable oasis in the international district of Geneva The Green Village is a new innovative real estate project located in the heart of Geneva’s international district and owned by the World Council of Churches. The exceptional location, immersed in a green oasis, will accommodate six new independent administrative and residential buildings. Green Village’s unique location is characterized by a park that connects the buildings, creating a friendly and relaxing environment. The project includes restaurants, a hotel, a conference center and generous walkways surrounded by nature. Kyoto, the first commercial building to be built, is designed for private companies, international organizations and non-governmental associations. The nine-floor building offers a total surface of 12,000 m2 with each floor of 1,253 m2, divisible and available from 280 m2. The building will have an underground parking area. Kyoto is currently available for rent and from 2022 will be available for occupancy. Apart from the location, the project’s exclusiveness is based on its advanced approach to sustainable development combined with an elegant design. The environmental and sustainable aspects of Green Village are reflected in its energy efficiency. The buildings will be low in energy consumption and powered by renewable energies, photovoltaic solar panels and grid-based energies, such as the microgrid. Green Village will comply with the Very High Energy Performance criteria of the Canton of Geneva. All actors are committed to obtain the One Planet Living (OPL) label for Green Village. OPL is an initiative of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), designating a sustainable neighbourhood, which aims as a community to meet specific standards, and bring continuous improvement in ecological practices. To mark this commitment, each new building is symbolically named after the major international agreements on sustainable development: Kyoto, Montreal, Rio, Lima, Durban and Stockholm. The Kyoto building echoes the eponymous protocol signed in 1997 to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Location and Mobility At only 10 minutes’ walk from the United Nations, the World Health Organization and the International Telecommunication Union, Green Village’s natural spaces will offer the possibility to work in a peaceful environment. Several bus and tram lines will serve the site, with excellent connection to the airport, the station and the rest of the city. The new route des Nations, expected to open in 2022, will reduce local traffic congestion and provide direct access to the motorway. The World Council of Churches (WCC) is the current land and project owner of Green Village. The WCC is a worldwide fellowship of 350 member churches which represents more than half a billion Christians around the world. The WCC calls its member churches to seek unity, a common public witness and service to others in a world where hope and solidarity are the seeds for justice and peace. The WCC works with people of all faiths seeking reconciliation with the goal of justice, peace and a more equitable world. The WCC is accompanied in developing the site by Implenia Suisse SA, which acts as developer, project manager and construction firm. Rental of the office space are managed by Jones Lang LaSalle (JLL). The siteKyoto building LRS Architectes DL-A Implenia Suisse Conseil œcuménique des Eglises Mentions légales ©2019 Implenia Suisse SA Website by SAENTYS	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1724956
__label__wiki	0.929702	0.929702	Green \| Awards Season for Environmentalists Awards Season for Environmentalists By Felicity Barringer April 11, 2011 11:44 am April 11, 2011 11:44 am Ursula Sladek seems an unlikely revolutionary — just the kind of person the Goldman awards staff is trained to find. The annual Goldman Environmental Prizes, to be presented on Monday to Ms. Sladek and five others at a ceremony in San Francisco, go to grass-roots activists who shake up the powers that be while enhancing or defending the environment. Each carries a $150,0000 stipend. While there are a variety of environmental awards in fields ranging from science to journalism, the Goldman juries have been particularly adept at picking winners who will run in trouble at home for their work or one day win far broader recognition. Wangari Maathai, the Kenyan founder of the Greenbelt Movement, which has spurred the planting of tens of millions of trees across Africa, won a Nobel Prize in 2004, 13 years after receiving a Goldman Prize. Ms. Sladek’s revolution involves a somewhat less familiar realm: the generation and marketing of electricity. In 1986, she was a homemaker and the mother of four school-age children when some radioactive isotopes blown into the air by the explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the Ukraine landed around her town, Schönau, in the Black Forest in western Germany. Her children could not play outdoors for two weeks; 25 years later, that forest’s mushrooms are still considered unsafe. Her attention turned to finding ways of rendering nuclear power unnecessary in Germany. While she has not succeeded at that, she has achieved a related goal that was not on her radar when she first plunged into energy policy. She created a small local power company, Schönau Power Supply, that provides electricity from renewable energy sources to a small portion of the German grid. Her company gets much of its energy from a patchwork of small local energy producers, including a handful of hydropower operations, solar panels, some wind turbines, and about 20 washing-machine-size co-generation plants in people’s homes that produce both heat for the home and electricity for the grid. When Ms. Sladek, now 64, began her campaign, she started small. Originally she tried to persuade friends and neighbors of the virtues of energy efficiency. Then, she said in an interview on Friday, she joined in founding a small company for reactivating small hydropower plants in the Black Forest that had fallen into disrepair. The original hydropower plants supplied about 100 homes, she said. Schönau is a small town of around 2,500 and is more of a recreational center than an industrial one, although it has a toothbrush factory and some other small industry. A few years after the Chernobyl disaster, she approached Schönau’s mayor with the suggestion that her company take the business of running the local grid away from the existing coal- and nuclear-powered utility, whose license was coming up for renewal. The mayor “thought we were crazy,” she said, and the town council voted unanimously to stick with its old electricity provider. But then a funny thing happened: in an ensuing 1991 referendum, the town’s voters approved the idea of having more than one utility to choose from. Five years later, after a bitter campaign highlighted by the toothbrush factory’s threat to move to France if the old utility were ousted, Ms. Sladek’s company won the right to control the distribution of electricity in Schönau. Today it fills about 30 percent of the town’s needs from its own renewable sources, she said, and buys renewable electricity from other German utilities to make up the remaining 70 percent. With the subsequent deregulation of the German electricity market, her company, EWS, has been able to market its renewable portfolio of power all over Germany. Currently it has 110,000 customers, and they pay the same rates as other Germans — currently the equivalent of 35 cents per kilowatt hour. With another round of utility licenses set to expire, Ms. Sladek is hoping that other citizen groups will follow her lead. Coincidentally, the award ceremony on Monday will be held in view of the shoreline of Marin County, which waged its own successful but bruising campaign to start a local utility in the heart of the service area of northern California’s large utility, Pacific Gas and Electric. “I have heard a little about this,” she said with a smile. Ms. Sladek and this year’s other recipents, who range from a Zimbabwe-based conservationist who worked to save the endangered black rhino to a Texas man who fought refinery pollution in Port Arthur, will receive their awards at a 5 p.m. ceremony at the San Francisco Opera House. Man Against the Elements Wanted: Frack Busters (Costume Preferred)	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1724957
__label__wiki	0.780897	0.780897	Creating the Future Heroes / Repairing The Systen California Rural Legal Asssistance (CRLA) / Cruz Reynoso / Harvard Law School / James D. Lorenz / legal services / O'Melveny & Myers / Phillips Academy / War on Poverty James Lorenz died earlier this year. In the late 1960s Lorenz showed himself to be one of the most important social entrepreneurs of the second half of the Twentieth Century. A 26 year old associate in a Los Angeles corporate firm, Lorenz not only dreamed up the idea of a network of local legal services offices placed all over rural California to serve its farmworkers, but also attracted the political support necessary to get his proposal funded, and then supervised the placement of its offices and the hiring of its staff. The result was California Rural Legal Services (CRLA), what many believed to be the premier legal services program in the United States. I decided to attend Lorenz’s memorial service, not only to honor a former colleague, but also to see what I could find out about the back story behind Lorenz’s success. I wasn’t disappointed. Much of the service understandably consisted of memories of Lorenz’s glory days as a golden boy on the playing fields and seminar rooms of the elite Phillips Academy, and later at Harvard College and Harvard Law School. But two speakers helped me understand how this young lawyer from a privileged background demonstrated not only the creativity to come up with the idea of CRLA, but also the political and organizational skills to make it a success. The first bit of information came from a friend of Jim’s who had done a little research to help in writing Jim’s obituary. My ears perked up when he mentioned that Lorenz wrote his senior thesis at Harvard College on the creation of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). The TVA was one of the New Deal’s most innovative and successful programs, It brought electricity to Appalachia, but Lorenz’s thesis emphasized how one of TVA’s Directors, a young Harvard Law School alumnus named James Lilienthal, believed that the TVA’s real mission was not electrical power, but the jobs and political power it would provide the impoverished citizens of Appalachia. After graduation from Harvard Law Lorenz took what seemed a very traditional career path, accepting an associate position at the prestigious Los Angeles law firm of O’Melveny & Myers. Like many young associates, Lorenz signed up to do pro bono work; the group he volunteered for provided free legal assistance to farmworkers. Soon Lorenz got a call from an individual asking for his help, but he had to refuse because he was too busy with firm work. A little later Lorenz got another call, and again had to beg off because of firm commitments. That’s when I imagine the “Eureka!” moment occurring. Lorenz saw that what farm workers in California needed was not a list of one-shot volunteer lawyers, but a law firm that could provide them the broad array of legal services that O’Melveny & Myers provided its corporate clients. And he also realized his vocation was to create such a firm. Another talk by retired California Supreme Court Justice Cruz Reynoso showed the savvy and determination that Lorenz brought to the task of making his dream a reality. Reynoso recalled his first meeting with Lorenz. It was in Washington D.C where Reynoso had recently moved to take a position at the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). But Lorenz knew Reynoso as one of the premier Mexican-American lawyers in California, a man who had earlier established a successful practice in the small rural town of El Centro, California. So Lorenz flew in from California, even wheedling an invitation to stay in the Reynoso family home in order to improve his chances of persuading Reynoso to join the CRLA Board of Directors. Cruz Reynoso later succeeded Lorenz as CRLA’s Executive Director. CRLA has won a lot of victories on behalf of farmworkers; a ban on the use of DDT in fields, the end of discriminatory placement of Spanish-speaking children in Special Education classes, and a ban of the use of the notorious “short-handled” hoe in the fields are three of many possible examples. Perhaps its success is most eloquently witnessed by the enemies it made. Governor Ronald Reagan made a concerted effort to de-fund CRLA for alleged unlawful activities, charges that were later unanimously rejected by a panel of state supreme court justices. Legal Services for the Poor nationwide has been fighting a rear-guard action against reduced financial support and crippling restrictions for the last 45 years. The fact that his creation, CRLA, has continued to flourish in this hostile environment (serving over 40,000 clients every year) is strong evidence that Lorenz had not only the right idea, but but also built a organization that had staying power when times got tough. But I hope we do more than celebrate Lorenz. We should also emulate him. Too often people think of lawyers as rear view-oriented– focused only on resolving past disputes. The story of Jim Lorenz reminds us that lawyers can also help create the future. David Fielding says Thanks for that spotlight on the trajectory of Jim Lorenz and the invaluable contributions he made to the founding of CRLA and similar legal aid projects it inspired throughout the nation. It was a heady time that he helped initiate–a time that saw young, idealistic law school graduates flock to such programs to begin their own legal careers in service of the poor and of society. I was one of those lawyers who began his career in the El Centro, California office of CRLA. The readers of your blog may not know that you, John Denvir, were another of those lawyers who brought youthful idealism to the practice of law. Lawsuits and litigation on behalf of the poor had their role, but so too did the inspired creation of community services and institutions that went beyond mere lawyering. From the same CRLA office as mine, you used your vision and skill to organize and locate funds for the establishment of a community health clinic devoted to the previously unmet needs of farmworkers and their families. Like CRLA, that clinic has grown and prospered and, to this day, continues to provide crucial medical services to the poor, including farmworkers, of California’s Imperial Valley. Kudos to both you and Jim Lorenz. denvirj says Previous PostFake Justice Next PostTrue Grit	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1724962
__label__wiki	0.654913	0.654913	[Video] Grandma Fights Back Against 3 Carjackers December 11, 2014 by Tim A grandmother who was staring down the barrel of a gun decided to fight back. According to an IMPD police report, the incident happened around 8 p.m. Sunday. Kay Kise, 67, said she had just finished Christmas shopping and was parked in front of her home in the 200 block of North Randolph Street. She said three men approached her asking for directions, then one pulled out a gun and put it to her face. She said the men were demanding the keys to her van. Despite being outnumbered and unarmed, Kise didn’t back down. “The gun was a big silver gun and it’s got a big ol’ hole in the end of it. But when he pointed it right at my nose, I just slapped it. I said, ‘You’re not taking my car,’” Kise said. “I know it’s just a vehicle but it’s the only thing I got and I don’t have no money to buy another one with. So they weren’t going to take it from me.” Kise’s granddaughters knew she was strong willed, but even they were surprised. “Any other person would probably have kind of clammed up and gave up them the keys,” said granddaughter Ashley Howard. Kise said she was pistol whipped several times and knocked back into her van. She said a neighbor heard her cries for help and that the group ran off after her neighbor came outside. “I’m so grateful for my neighbors next door for coming out and helping me last night. I’m telling you I really truly am,” she said. We talked with her neighbor who saw the attack but we don’t want to reveal her identity. “That could have been my grandma. And that’s wrong, so I helped her out,” the neighbor said. Kise was taken to Sidney and Lois Eskenazi Hospital and was released Monday morning. Her left eye was swollen shut. She said she had several broken bones on the left side of her face and bleeding in her brain. Police didn’t have a description of the attackers, only stating that they appeared to be teenagers. Police said the offenses in the case include robbery and battery. According to the city’s crime tracker website, Kise’s case was one of 12 batteries reported within a mile of her home in the past week. What would you do if you were looking down the barrel of a gun? CLICK HERE to hear to find out a Navy Seal’s secret for this situation. Army Vet Shoots Invaders Through Door With Shotgun Rescuer-Neighbor Shoots at Fleeing Gun Thieves 11 Year Old Hero Saves Mom from Attacker Grandma Escapes Death By Pulling Pistol On Knife Wielding… 60 Year Old Defends Girlfriend In Home Invasion, Shoots… Michael McSwain says Yes ,to the Grandmother that fought off the 3 attackers is a very special person .. God bless her always . And to all American citizens , please be vigilant and know your surroundings at all times . When you do not remember these basic precautions , you may only get one opportunity . react and take a deceiving position ..So cud do’s to this very special woman , and let’s all say a prayer for her to never be put in this kind of situations again .	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1724963
__label__cc	0.582571	0.417429	“Palestine” Is Now An Official Member Of Interpol Pamela Geller September 28, 2017 One more time for the deluded and deceived. “Palestine” is not a country. Never was. “Palestine” is a marketing term for Jew-hatred. Israel is Palestine — the Jewish homeland. Here is the flag of Palestine before 1948. On July 24, 1922, the Council of the League of Nations – the predecessor of the United Nations Security Council – gave its blessing to The British Mandate for Palestine, taking one of the first legal steps toward the eventual establishment of the State of Israel. (read more here) Before the establishment of Israel in 1947, Palestinian Jews and Palestinian Muslims were living in the British Mandate of Palestine. The Palestinian Muslims were conducting pogroms against the Jews and slaughtering them. The more things change…. “Terrible blow to the fight against terrorism: ‘Palestine’ becomes official member of Interpol” (translated from this French article in Le Monde Juif, thanks to Alexandre): Interpol approved on Wednesday the accession of “the State of Palestine”, said the international police organization, despite the strong opposition of Israel. “The state of Palestine and the Solomon Islands are now member countries,” said Interpol on the social network Twitter, on the sidelines of its general assembly organized in the Chinese capital Beijing. Three-quarters of the Interpol member states voted in favor of the accession of the terrorist entity “Palestine”. The goal of integrating the terrorist entity into Interpol is to strengthen its presence in international structures to move unilaterally towards the creation of a Palestinian state. Several Palestinian terrorists, members of the commando of the Rue des Rosiers attack against which international arrest warrants have been issued, are still at large, including a protected person in Ramallah by the terrorist entity “Palestinian Authority”. In 2016, the French Association of Victims of Terrorism (AFVT), one of the most important French organizations for the defense of victims of terrorism, denounced the lack of judicial co-operation of the Palestinians in the Rue des Rosiers attack. Article posted with permission from Pamela Geller Pamela Geller’s commitment to freedom from jihad and Shariah shines forth in her books Previous Chelsea Manning Inspired Communist West Point Graduate To Infiltrate The Military Next DNC Hack Was an ‘Inside Job’! Pamela Geller is the founder, editor and publisher of PamelaGeller.com and President of the American Freedom Defense Initiative (AFDI) and Stop Islamization of America (SIOA). She is the author of The Post-American Presidency: The Obama Administration's War on America, (foreword by Ambassador John Bolton), (Simon & Schuster). Stop the Islamization of America: A Practical Guide to the Resistance. She is also a regular columnist for World Net Daily, the American Thinker, and other publications. Follow her on Facebook & Twitter	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1724970
__label__cc	0.549445	0.450555	IDEAI-UPC. Intelligent Data Science and Artificial Intelligence Research Center The popup login form Catalonia AI DIH News ▶ An IDEAI researcher has received a 2018 Google Faculty Research Award Marta Ruiz Costa-Jussà, a researcher from the IDEAI-UPC, has been selected by the 2018 Google Faculty Research Awards. Marta Ruiz Costa-Jussà, a Ramón y Cajal researcher at the IDEAI-UPC, has been selected by the Google Faculty Research Awards. Her project, which is called "Interlingua-based Neural Machine Translation to reduce complexity and better exploits low resources in highly multilingual environments", has been awarded in the category of Machine Translation. The project tries to explore a neural network for translation based on an Interlingua learned automatically. This translation architecture, compared to current systems, will reduce the complexity and exploit the training data more efficiently, especially in highly multilingual environments and / or with few resources. Marta Ruiz Costa-Jussà is a PhD in Telecommunication Engineering from the UPC. Master's Degree in Language and Speech Technologies and European Master's in Research on Information and Communication Technologies, both from UPC. She has worked at LIMSI-CNRS in Paris, the Media Innovation Center of Barcelona, the University of São Paulo, the Infocomm Research Institute of Singapore and the National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico. She is currently a Ramón y Cajal researcher from the UPC and leads the DeepVoice and ALLIES projects. The Google Faculty Research Awards, one of the most prestigious in computer science and engineering at an international level, gives grants for technical research in projects related to quantum computing, machine learning, algorithms, natural language processing or others. The grants offer the opportunity to work directly with Google researchers and engineers. In this call, 910 proposals have been received from 40 countries and more than 320 universities. The committee selected 158 projects as finalists, among which is the project presented by Marta Ruiz Costa-Jussà, researcher at IDEAI-UPC within the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC). In Spain, there are two other awarded projects from the Pompeu Fabra University (UPF) and another from the University of the Basque Country. Credit to the original source (in Catalan). This website uses cookies to offer you the best experience and service. If you continue browsing, it is understood that you accept our cookies policy. UPC . Versió d'escriptori	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1724978
__label__wiki	0.724361	0.724361	Proceeding against - Idioms by The Free Dictionary https://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/proceeding+against proceed against (someone or something) (redirected from proceeding against) 1. Of a soldier or group of soldiers, to advance against an enemy unit in combat. We proceeded against the enemy encampment as planned, striking at exactly 2 AM. Our squad was ordered to proceed against the soldiers protecting the border. 2. To move forward with legal action against someone or something. The human rights group confirmed that its lawsuit is proceeding against the government after a judge threw out a motion for dismissal. She indicated that she wished to proceed against the neighbor who was responsible for the damage to her property. See also: proceed proceed against someone or something 1. to begin to move against someone or something. The entire platoon proceeded against the single enemy soldier who refused to surrender. The army proceeded against the fortress as planned. 2. to start legal action against someone or something. The district attorney will proceed against the suspect next week. The state prosecutor will proceed against the company as soon as one of the witnesses is located. <a href="https://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/proceeding+against">proceed against (someone or something)</a> private parts prize (someone or something) above (someone or something else) prize (something) from prize above prize out Probablee probe for probe into probe into (something) proceed against proceed from proceed with proceeding against proclaim (something) from the housetop(s) proclaim (something) from the housetops proclaim (something) from the rooftops proclaim something from the housetops procrastination is the thief of time Procrustean Procrustean bed Procrustean solution procure (something) for procure (something) from (someone) prod at prod at (someone or something) prod into produce (something) from (something) produce an attack produce an attack (of some illness) produce for produce from Proceed To Dial Proceed to Dismissal Proceed to Select Protocol Proceed with Transmission Proceed-on-Sight Authority Proceed-To-Select Protocol proceed-to-select signal proceed-to-transmit signal proceeded proceeded against proceeded from Proceeded Immediately By proceeded with proceeder proceeding from proceeding from antecedent to consequent proceeding with Proceeding with Orders Received proceeding without cessation proceeding without interruption Proceedings Authorization Committee Proceedings in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics Proceedings Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences Proceedings of a society Proceedings of Symposia in Applied Mathematics Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Mathematics Proceedings of the AAAS Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research Proceedings of the American Catholic Philosophical Association Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Proceedings of the Association for Japanese Literary Studies Proceedings of the Astronomical Society of Australia Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society Proceedings of the Canadian Institute of Actuaries	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1724980
__label__cc	0.618816	0.381184	IEF comments on post-2015 reports to UN Secretary-General Submitted by Arthur Dahl on 13. July 2013 - 2:02 The UN Non-Governmental Liaison Service facilitated a consultation up to 12 July to gather critical analysis from civil society on four post-2015 reports submitted to the Secretary-General: 1) High-level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda (Post-2015 HLP) 2) UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) 3) UN Global Compact (UNGC) 4) UN Development Group (UNDG): The Global Conversation Begins They specifically asked what civil society organizations agreed with or disagreed with in both the narrative sections of these reports and their proposed goals, targets and indicators. The reports all provided thoughtful analyses of the challenges post-2015, and largely converged on a proposed set of goals and targets. The International Environment Forum (IEF) therefore only made a few specific comments on some proposals in the reports. AGREEMENT WITH NARRATIVE SECTIONS HLP - http://www.worldwewant2015.org/node/352541#comment-57111 All the reports provide a good analysis of the post-2015 challenges and converge on a rather similar set of goals and targets. In the 3rd para. on p.9, the HLP says that business wants a level playing field. This is essential, but in a global economy, it must be established at the planetary level. This will require a level of international governance that does not presently exist, and has for too long been opposed by governments. It should be part of post-2015 planning. SDSN - http://www.worldwewant2015.org/node/353949#comment-57141 The SDSN makes an important point on p. 26, section V, para. 2, that the challenges are inherently integrated and the goals must be pursued in combination. We would go further and say that there will be significant trade-offs between goals that pull in different directions. For example, achieving goals 1 and 6 on ending poverty and improving agriculture, while simultaneously meeting goals 2, 8 and 9 on planetary limits, climate change and biodiversity, may only be possible with a significant redistribution of wealth and resources and a lower material standard of living in the developed countries. It is not evident that there are enough resources to go around, at least on a 15-year time scale, so poverty reduction will require wealth reduction if we are not to keep borrowing from the future. In adopting the goals, there needs to be an accompanying analysis of the resources required to implement them collectively, with a practical roadmap on how to assemble those resources over the 15-year time period. Otherwise, the result will be inevitable disappointment. On p. 27, section V., para .8, we strongly support the central objective of social inclusion, and its reflection in disaggregated metrics. This is the only way to head off the destabilizing effects of rising inequity in the present system, especially for the young. DISAGREEMENT WITH NARRATIVE SECTIONS The HLP includes a paragraph on young people (p. 17), but it does not go far enough. Transitions in the past have been led by wise statesmen. With new information technologies and social networks, the next transition will probably be led by young people, who are losing hope in the present system, and have the idealism and energy to put a new one in its place. The pressures from educated but frustrated youth are already rising in various parts of the world, and the post-2015 agenda should be their agenda. They should be more involved, and take ownership. AGREEMENT WITH GOALS, TARGETS, INDICATORS The SDSN Goals and Targets capture more scientific realism than the HLP goals, especially Goals 2, 8 and 9, and should be given priority in the final listing. DISAGREEMENT WITH GOALS, TARGETS AND INDICATORS Goal 10: transform governance, falls short of what is needed in terms of international governance to achieve goals 2, 8 and 9. The goal should call for governance mechanisms responsible to keep human impacts within planetary boundaries and to ensure sustainability of the biosphere. GLOBAL COMPACT - http://www.worldwewant2015.org/node/355657#comment-57132 Goal 1 should be rephrased to "increase prosperity via an inclusive economy". Growth should not be mentioned, as growth in areas of poverty may need to be counterbalanced by reduced consumption and increased efficiency in wealthier areas to stay within sustainable planetary boundaries.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1724981
__label__cc	0.536166	0.463834	Showing the way, taking new directions, conveying safety to its customers. Welcome to the club. ADAC Württemberg Waiblingen / 2006 / A project by Ippolito Fleitz Group and HEIKAUS Raumgestaltung GmbH The ADAC is Germany’s largest automobile club and assists, informs and represents the interests of the German car driver. With more than 14.5 million members and around 200 branch offices, the ADAC is the largest automobile club in Europe and the third largest in the world. The Baden-Württemberg division of the ADAC wished to modernise and redesign its branch offices. The Waiblingen branch, which recently moved to new premises and expanded to fit an approximately 270 square metre space, was chosen as a test model. This branch is visited by more than 25,000 customers a year and is one of the largest ADAC branch offices in the southern German state of Baden-Württemberg. The aim was to design a contemporary interior system with a modern and uncluttered feel. The system is designed in a way that takes the clearly defined functions of the space into account, and at the same time enables its implementation in different spaces. The new concept also needed to display a high degree of identification with the ADAC’s values and look, and position the club as a modern service provider with a long and proud tradition. The design concept translated these requirements using a disciplined and lucid canon of materials, deliberate contrast between heavier and lighter elements and an integrated spatial solution. The sales floor of the Waiblingen branch is almost a perfect square and is contained on three sides by walls. The space is divided up in such a way as to make the layout swiftly comprehensible: the two main focal points, the member service area and the travel bureau, are in prominent position along the two side walls, while the back wall and central area are reserved for product presentation. Along the side walls, a continuous storage system stretching from floor to ceiling supports the impression of a compact space and gives it a homogenous frame. A horizontal band of shelving running at eye level gives an additional accent to the pale grey, laminated cabinets, and affords customer-relevant information such as travel catalogues or touring maps a stylish means of presentation. The band broadens towards the presentation area for child safety seats and vehicle accessories on the rear wall. The centre of the room is characterised by two freestanding shelving units, designed to hold maps and books. These elements are enhanced by two additional compact display units. Taken in their entirety, the different heights and lengths of these elements create a topographical landscape, thereby directing the viewer’s gaze, separating areas and generating different vistas. The heaviness inherent in the massive shelving units is lightened by their detachment from the ground. All shelving and display elements have been given an oak veneer finish, and are designed as a frame to capture the products and information on display. In this way, product presentation always appears tidy and ordered, even with such a heterogeneous range of products. The information desks, at which customers can receive individual help, are striking, white, almost sculptural forms. The travel bureau and member service area are differentiated by the different forms of the fitted elements. The travel area comprises of large, inviting desks with seating for two customers at each position. The desks, whose shape is reminiscent of flying, are prominent points of reference for the customer and offer sufficient space for providing confidential help within the public space. The member service area, in contrast, features a long counter. Here it is crucial that many transactions can be handled quickly at peak times. Customer advisors sit at an elevated level so as to make the barrier to the customer as small as possible, yet as clear as necessary. An additional service table for informal and confidential consultations completes the range of fitted elements. The clarity of the room is further accentuated by a large-format, grey ceramic tile floor. Complementing the furniture, the different functional areas are marked by large, circular light islands executed in the ceiling. Their lightness forms an alluring contrast to the physicality of the fitted units. The materials and colours palette, which is strongly derived from the automobile club’s Corporate Design, is rounded off by elements in the traditional, yellow-orange ADAC corporate colour. This colour is only used as an accent colour and, in addition to its function as an identity carrier, also provides an additional level of spatial guidance. The project was realised within a very short timeframe of six weeks in cooperation with Heikaus Raumgestaltung. The new concept displays a high degree of identification with the ADAC’s values and look, and positions the club as a modern service provider with a long and proud tradition. ADAC Würrtemberg Fronackerstraße 16 Uwe Spoering Tim Lessmann 06/2007 bob (South Korea) 09/2009 International Interior Design 2009 - Vol. 9 (China) Quant 10 Hunke eyewear Hunke jewellery Drubba Moments Bolon Eyewear Gerber Shopping Mall dada Jewellery The Tailor Shop	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1724982
__label__wiki	0.722458	0.722458	"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters Ethnic groups of Loulan Tokhari people Tokharis تخاران 樓蘭人 Tokharis displaying both Caucasoid and Asiatic phenotypes ~18.3 million (2019, est.) Regions with significant populations Loulan 14,591,200‬ ~3-4 million ~5-10 thousand First language Tokhari Mandarin, Russian Predominantly Non-religious or Traditional religions (including Buddhism and irreligion) Minority of Islam, small minority of Christianity Related ethnic groups other Iranian peoples The Tokhari people (تخاران Toxârân, singular تخار Toxâr) are an Indo-European ethnicity who live in East and Central Asia. Today, Tokharis live primarily in Loulan, where they make up a majority of the population. Like many populations of central Eurasia, they are closely related to both European and East Asian populations. An estimated 70% of Tokharis living in Loulan reside in the southwestern portion of the country, the Tarim Basin. Outside of Loulan, the largest community of Tokharis is in Taoyuan County, Hunan, China. Significant diaspora communities exist in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, as well as in the United States, Australia, and Russia. 4 Genetics 5.2 Language 5.3 Cuisine 5.4 Traditional clothing and accoutrements 5.5 Names In the Tokhari language, the ethnonym is written تخار Toxâr in the singular and تخاران Toxârân in the plural. In Chinese they are known as 樓蘭人, which is romanised in pinyin as lóulánrén. In English, the name of the people is officially Tokhari, although the archaic term Tocharian persists outside of Loulan; this is considered erroneous but not offensive, and in fact may be considered poetic. Loulani or Loulanese are used as well in informal speech, although this more correctly refers to all citizens of Loulan regardless of ethnic ties. Throughout its history, the term Tokhari has taken on an increasingly expansive definition. Initially only signifying a small group of people in the historic region of Tuhristan, the term later expanded to encompass an entire ethnicity whose distinctive Persian variety and culture were shared with the people of Tuhristan. This somewhat fluid definition of Tokhari and the diverse ancestry of modern Tokharis creates some scholarly debate about what constitutes true Tokhari ethnography and ethnogenesis. Contemporary scholars consider modern Tokharis to be the descendants of a number of people, including various Indo-European and Indo-Iranian peoples in the Tarim Basin, as well as Turkic and Mongolic tribes who migrated into the area after the fall of the Uyghur Khanate. DNA analyses indicate that the peoples of central Asia such as the Tokharis are all mixed Caucasian and East Asian. Location of the Yamna Culture, ca 4000 BCE The origin of the Tokhari people begins with the expansion of the Yamna Culture on the Pontic Steppe (modern day Ukraine and southern Russia) c. 4000 BCE. Predecessors to this culture are unclear, but it has been conjectured that the culture resulted from the admixture between Ancient North Eurasians (via whom they also descend from the Mal'ta–Buret' culture or other closely related people such as Siberians and Native Americans) and Near Eastern people related to Early Neolithic Farmers, with some research identifying the latter as hunter-gatherers from the Caucasus or a similar people also related to Chalcolithic people from what is now Iran. Among the earliest ancestors of the modern Tokhari people migrated away from the Yamna homeland, diverging c. 3700 BCE. The exact route of their migration is unknown, or there may have been multiple migration routes — one directly across the steppes through modern Kazakhstan and one around the southern side of the Caspian Sea through modern Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan — which arrived in a similar location near the Tian Shan mountain range between 3000 and 2000 BCE. By 1800 BCE, the Indo-European pre-Tocharian peoples had crossed the Tian Shan and settled the fringes of the Tarim Basin, as evidenced by the discovery of the caucasoid Tarim mummies dating from the time in Kroraina and the Xiaohe necropolis. Those who remained outside of the basin became the ancestors of the nomadic Yuezhi (月氏). Within the basin, the sedentary Tocharian settlers began to diverge into separate groups. Location of the Tocharian languages in the late 7th century CE By the 7th century CE, there were at least four distinct Indo-European languages spoken in the Tarim Basin: the three closely-related but not necessarily mutually intelligible Tocharian languages in the east and north of the basin, and the Indo-Iranian Saka language in the southwest. For centuries they lived in the Tarim Basin, protected by the harsh climate of the Taklamakan Desert from steppe nomads until the beginning of the 9th century, when Turkic immigrants from the collapsing Uyghur Khaganate began to settle in the northern part of the basin. Conflicts between the incoming Turks and the native Tocharians led to many fleeing to the south and into the territory of the city state of Kroraina, bolstering the formerly comparatively minuscule Kroraini language and making the city-state the predominant power in the Tarim Basin. With the assistance of the Tibetan Emperor Sadnalegs, a Kroraini Buddhist nobleman named Guṇacandre united much of the eastern part of the Tarim Basin, imposing the Kroraini language as the administrative language of his kingdom. The already weakened state of the other Tocharian languages meant that they were absorbed into Kroraini by the end of the 9th century. Tocharian princes c. 6th century CE Guṇacandre's successors, Kśmavarme and Siddharthe II, continued to centralise Kroraini authority in the Tarim Basin, first with the aid of the Tibetan Emperor Rapalcan and later the Tang Dynasty after Queen Roce was installed as a claimant by a Tang General c. 850 CE. This Chinese puppet state, while short-lived, was instrumental in the genesis of an early Tokhari common identity, as the Kroraini language permeated through much of the non-Tocharian areas of the Tarim Basin under Chinese suzerainty. It was during this time that one of the most prolific pieces of Tocharian secular vernacular literature, the epic poem The Hidden Flower of Loulan (poem) (ཀྲོ་རྒན་ཉེ་ནྟྶེ ཨེ་ནེ་སྟ་ཡཱ པྱཱ་པྱོ Krorainentse Enestayā Pyāpyo), was written. After the Persianate Idiqut dynasty's takeover of the Loulan Kingdom, the language of administration was shifted to Classical Persian, which proliferated widely as the lingua franca of trade and eventually won out against the native Tocharian languages by the time of the Western Liao takeover in 1132, leaving only small, isolated pockets of the indigenous non-Iranian Indo-European languages of the Tarim Basin to survive into the modern day; the speakers of these remnant languages are today considered distinct ethnic groups, Agneans, the Izilakhs and the Winja. For a long period after the collapse of the Western Liao and Mongol Empires, the cultural character of the Tarim Basin remained mostly undisturbed and was left to Persianise with time until the Qing conquest in the late 1750s. Following the Dzungar genocide between 1757 and 1758, Qing authorities began to sponsor Tokhari settlement in the former Dzungar lands to the north, expanding the Tokhari culture to its present range. A girl from Turpan showing Caucasoid features The Tokhari are a Eurasian population with Eastern- and Western-Eurasian anthropometric and genetic traits. Tokharis are thus one of the many populations of Central Eurasia that can be considered to be genetically related to Caucasoid and Mongoloid populations. However, various scientific studies differ on the size of each component. Children from Turpan One study (2008), using samples from Khotan only, found that Tokharis have 60% European or Southwest Asian ancestry and 40% East Asian ancestry. A further study showed a slightly greater European component (approximately 52% European) in the Tokhari population in southern Loulan, but a slightly greater East Asian component (approximately 47% European) in the northern Tokhari population. Another study (2009) used a larger sample of individuals from a wider area, and found only about 30% of a European component to the admixture. A 2013 study on mitochondrial DNA (therefore the matrilineal genetic contribution) found the frequency of western Eurasian-specific haplogroups in Tokharis to be 42.6%, and East Asian haplogroups to be 57.4%. A further study (2016) shows that the western-Eurasian patrilineal Y-DNA haplogroups in Tokhari are about 65-70% and East Asian Y-DNA haplogroups represent about 30-35%. The admixture may be the result of a continuous gene flow from populations of European and Asian descent, or may have been formed by a single event of admixture during a short period of time (the hybrid isolation model). If a hybrid isolation model is assumed, it can be estimated that the hypothetical admixture event occurred about 126 generations ago, or 2520 years ago assuming twenty years per generation. According to a paper by Li et al.: A pair of young Tokhari women from Urabo displaying more Asiatic features "... the western East Asians are more closely related to Tokharis than the eastern East Asians. ... STRUCTURE cannot distinguish recent admixture from a cline of other origin, and these analyses cannot prove admixture in the Tokharis; however, historical records indicate that the present Tokharis were formed by admixture between Tocharians from the west and Orkhon Uyghurs (Wugusi-Huihu, according to present Chinese pronunciation) from the east in the 8th century AD. The Uyghur Empire was originally located in Mongolia and conquered the Tocharian tribes in Xinjiang. Tocharians such as Krorän have been shown by archaeological findings to appear phenotypically similar to northern and central Europeans, whereas the Orkhon Uyghur people were clearly Mongolians. The two groups of people subsequently mixed in Xinjiang to become one population, the present Tokharis. We do not know the genetic constitution of the Tocharians, but if they were similar to western Siberians, such as the Khanty, admixture would already be biased toward similarity with East Asian populations." The paper further concludes: "... that the Tokharis' genetic structure is more similar to East Asians than to Europeans, in contrast to the reports by Xu and Jin, whose work may have been affected by their sparse population coverage. The median line of the Eurasian genetic landscape appears to lie to the west of the region of Loulan. When we have collected more data on these 34 populations, we should be able to refine these estimates." The physical features of many Tokharis, characterised by a mixture of European and East Asian characteristics, is considered "exotic" to the Han Chinese; in Chinese theatre and film, the use of Tokhari actors has become common since they can play the roles of foreign characters while simultaneously able to speak Mandarin with near native fluency and diction. The ancient Indo-European ancestors of the Tokhari people practiced Shamanism and were likely polytheistic, although specific pre-Buddhist and pre-Manichaean beliefs are largely unknown. Buddhism has been the predominant religion in the Tarim basin since at least the last century before the common era. Islam first arrived in the Tarim basin in the 9th century. Most Tokharis are Mahayana Buddhists, but Islam is common particularly in the southwestern part of the Tarim basin. The language of the Tokharis is an eastern dialect of Persian known simply as Tokhari (derived from Toxâri, "of the Tocharians"). It is normally written in Perso-Arabic script since independence, but can be written with Cyrillic script or Chinese Characters as well. Despite the name, the Tokhari dialect is not derived from any of the Tocharian languages, but rather displaced them during the 9th-12th centuries. Those Tokharis who did not assimilate into the new language are known today as Agneans. The Tokhari dialect, while mostly mutually intelligible with other Persian varieties, has absorbed a significant amount of Sanskrit and Pali vocabulary due to the large Buddhist presence in the area; it has also been influenced by Chinese since the 18th century and Russian since the 1940s. Tokhari palaw (پلو) with lamb and garlic Laghmân (لغمان) Tokhari cuisine shows both Central Asian and Chinese elements. A typical Tokhari dish is palaw (پلو), a dish found throughout central Asia. In a common version of the Tokhari palaw, carrots and mutton (or chicken) are first fried in oil with onions, then rice and water are added, and the whole dish is steamed. Raisins and dried apricots may also be added. Kabâbs (کباب) are a common way of preparing meats. Another common Tokhari dish is laghmân (لغمان), a noodle dish with a stir-fried topping usually made from mutton and vegetables, such as tomatoes, onions, green bell peppers, chili peppers, and cabbage. The dish is likely to have originated from Chinese lamian, but its flavour and preparation are distinctively Tokhari. Tokhari cuisine (غذای تخاری, ğazâ-ye toxâri) is characterised by mutton, beef, camel (solely Bactrian), chicken, goose, carrots, tomatoes, onions, peppers, aubergines, celery, various dairy foods, and fruits. Sambosas (سمبوسه‎) are a popular staple; they are small baked pies that are often filled with lamb. Tokhari-style nân (نان) A Tokhari-style breakfast consists of tea with home-baked bread, yoghurt, olives, honey, raisins, and almonds. Tokharis typically treat guests to tea, bread, fruits, and nuts before the main dishes are served. The most common type of bread is simply referred to as nân (نان) in Tokhari, but is distinct from Persian nân and in other dialects is referred to more specifically as nân-e samarqandi (نان سمرقندی). Âbjaw-e siyâh (آبجو سیاه) Common spices include cumin seeds, red pepper flakes, salt, and black pepper. White raisins and almonds are also used for flavouring dishes. Beverages include black tea, a non-alcoholic honey-based drink called kwâs (کواس), and other bottled drinks that are generally available in China and Russia. Another common beverage is the locally produced black beer (آبجو سیاه, âbjaw-e siyâh), made using a cool fermentation method, which classes them as lager; it gets its dark colour from the use of particularly dark malts or roast malt extract in brewing. Grapes are grown in Loulan, which are used for wine production and other grape products. In Turpan, wine is an important part of the local economy and has been since the Tang dynasty. Traditional clothing and accoutrements A man in very traditional wear, Kashgar The Châpân (چاپان), a type of woolen coat worn over the clothes, is the traditional outerwear for men during the cold winter months. These coats are adorned with intricate threading and come in a variety of colors and patterns. Similarly to many other central Asian ethnicities, Tokhari men traditionally wear a soft flat-topped round hat known as a Pakol (پکول); equally common is the Turban, known in Tokhari as a Dastâr (دستار) or among Muslims as an ʾEmâmah (عمامه). While veils were formerly a common part of womens' wear prior to the 1940s as noted by the likes of such as Ahmad Kamal and sir Percy Sykes, but they have fallen almost entirely out of fashion and use except in the Muslim minority. Muslim men traditionally cut all of the hair from their head. All men traditionally wore beards or moustaches; in men born after 1992, this is mostly limited to Muslims. The carrying of knives on the body is a major part of traditional Tokhari culture, and are taken to demonstrate the masculinity of the wearer. In recent years since the Chinese economic reform of the late 1970s and 80s, and especially since independence, western-style casual wear has become more and more common among Tokhari people. Retrieved from "https://iiwiki.us/mediawiki/index.php?title=Tokhari_people&oldid=79466"	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1724983
__label__wiki	0.97387	0.97387	Developer Renovating 150-Year-Old Building on Charlotte Street in Uptown Saint John by Mark Leger Image: Mark Leger/Huddle SAINT JOHN – Developer Percy Wilbur has purchased a historic uptown property at the corner of Union Street and Charlotte Street and has begun renovations for a commercial and residential complex that will include a new building on the neighbouring vacant lot. Wilbur first took an interest in the three-storey building at 1 Charlotte Street four years ago but decided it didn’t make financial sense to buy it at that time. “You just couldn’t get the rents to justify the purchase and renovation costs,” he said in an interview Wednesday. But he recently changed his mind when the city informed the owner that the 150-year-old building had to be restored soon or torn down. Wilbur didn’t want to see the building destroyed and he also realized that recent developments uptown made an investment in the Union Street area more attractive. “I approached the gentleman who owned it, and we came to an agreement and I bought it,” said Wilbur. “It’s a beautiful building and I’ve been looking at it for so long. There’s just so much you could do with it and the structure itself is in really sound shape.” In its heyday, the building was home to businesses like retail clothing store Marr Millinery Co. Charlotte Street itself was for decades a clothing retail hub before the development of the east side malls. RELATED: New Developer Buys Two ‘Crown Jewels’ of King Street in Uptown Saint John Wilbur says the city centre has become a hub once again and he believes buildings like his at Charlotte and Union can become part of that renewal. “There are so many historic buildings that have to be saved from the wrecking ball,” he said. “There’s such a revival going on uptown – a lot of young professionals deciding to [live] uptown, a lot of new bars and restaurants. It’s a much different uptown core than it was five years ago.” A conceptual drawing of the planned development by Toss Solutions. Developers like Keith Brideau have been renovating historic buildings south of Union for a few years now, but the movement to revitalize the core is starting to happen in the Union St. area now too. Saint John Non-Profit Housing tore down the jelly bean buildings in the spring and a new mixed-income housing development will be constructed in its place. Beth and Allen Blois are transforming another Union Street building into a loft-style home. Saint John Mayor Don Darling says the Uptown is the fastest growing area of the city, and he believes Union Street will become a big part of that revival through developments like Wilbur’s. “I believe Saint John has a real niche when it comes to an urban experience and clearly others are noticing with people enjoying and investing in this incredible quality of life,” said Darling in a note to Huddle on Facebook Messenger. “I’m thrilled to see the expansion and new projects coming to life throughout the Penninsula and believe the Union Street corridor will see significant investment in 2018.” Wilbur has started renovations on his new building and plans to preserve, and in some cases bring back its original distinctive features. He hasn’t firmed up interior design and structural plans because he keeps discovering features of the building that have been hidden for decades. “Our plans change because there’s just so much beautiful character,” he says. “There’s cast-iron columns … with character and curves and flaring at the tops and bottoms. We were going to put in steel beams, but we said, ‘no way, let’s keep those original cast-iron columns.” Wilbur says developers would have to custom-build columns like that now. “It would cost you a fortune,” he said. “Someone had actually covered them with plywood,” said Wilbur, who was told they were originally built in a Saint John foundry. “We’re going to sandblast them and expose them and make them part of the character of the building like they were originally intended to be,” he said. The building is structurally sound, he says, a positive reflection on the quality of the original workmanship. It may have fallen into disrepair, said Wilbur, but the cast-iron columns support the floors and ceilings. Wilbur also found original timber joists. He mentioned one that is 16 inches by 16 inches. “That piece of wood was from a tree that’s [probably] 300 years old – dry as a bone and sound as can be,” he said. Wilbur plans to restore the corner building and construct a new one on the lot next door. They will be attached and appear as two separate buildings from the outside. Inside, they will function as one building, with the bottom two floors (approximately 4,500-square feet) leased to a commercial business like an IT company or boutique law or accounting firm. He also plans to construct two high-end apartments on the top floor. But he stressed that those plans could change. If there’s market demand, for example, he may make two floors of apartments rather than one. Wilbur was planning to speak publicly about the purchase after he had firm plans to share. But it became apparent that he had begun work on the building and people started sharing the news – including a conceptual exterior design – on social media. “I’m really glad for all of the positive feedback on social media,” he said. “I didn’t know there was that much interest in the building. It’s a pleasant surprise.” Wilbur hopes to complete renovations by the fall of 2018. Union Street redevelopment Uptown Saint John The Huddle Team is Growing: Meet Inda Intiar The Legalization of Marijuana Is Huddle’s Business Story of the Year	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1724984
__label__wiki	0.881284	0.881284	Giada De Laurentiis Has Finally Made It By:Mara Model Everything the Food Network star has done in her life has prepared her for the role of owning her own restaurant, and now she’s finally ready. It’s a typical week for Giada De Laurentiis. Though a resident of Los Angeles, where she lives with her husband Todd and daughter Jade and films her Food Network series Giada at Home, the gorgeous celebrity chef jet sets to her next destination. Rome? Paris? Capri? This time it’s New York City for talk-show appearances. One morning she’s whipping up a creamy dreamy casserole on TODAY. At night she’s on Watch What Happens Live answering questions about the most foul-tasting dish she’s ever had. Then, seemingly in a blink of an eye, she returns to her haven, The Cromwell Hotel in Las Vegas, to her first-ever restaurant, Giada. Before her crazy week in Manhattan, De Laurentiis has to finalize Giada’s breakfast menu, which launched on October 12. The tastings went well, she tells me, but she’s mostly excited for people to finally try her sunrise polenta waffles, prepared savory or sweet. She explains, “It’s going to be different from what you find anywhere else. [The waffles] are made with a polenta-based batter that makes them extra crispy. So I think they’re going to be a hit!” De Laurentiis has reason to be optimistic. Since the grand opening of Giada—which offers De Laurentiis’ true authentic Italian cuisine prepared with her California flair—reservations have been hard if not impossible to get. Giada is the first restaurant to open in The Cromwell Las Vegas, a relatively new establishment and the Strip’s first stand-alone boutique hotel. It’s also the first solo female chef-owned restaurant on the Strip. Last week, the restaurant and De Laurentiis’ team won a prestigious Silver State Culinary Award for Best New Fine Dining. If the accolades alone don’t tempt you to book tickets to Vegas so you can savor De Laurentiis’ famous recipes, there is the added allure of the restaurant’s luxurious European feel, which is meant to evoke De Laurentiis’ home. Along with the welcoming warm color scheme, huge retractable walls expose breathtaking views of the Bellagio fountains and Caesars Palace. By far, De Laurentiis’ proudest moment since opening Giada (which she calls “her baby”) involved her aunt. “When she tasted my arancini [fried risotto balls], she said I nailed it. Since that’s a family recipe, it’s a pretty big deal,” says De Laurentiis. Given the importance she attaches to her aunt’s opinion, it should come as no surprise that what spurred De Laurentiis’ deep passion for food and the subsequent birth of her brand was growing up and cooking with her big Italian family. Remembering Italian Culture Born in Rome, De Laurentiis moved to America as a child with her successful Hollywood family. At first there were setbacks. “Since my mom and everyone else would only speak Italian to us, I had to repeat the first grade,” she explains. However, being the product of American culture and Italian traditions has helped her take classic Italian dishes and reinvent them. When De Laurentiis was 12, she would visit her grandfather’s gourmet shop, DDL Foodshow. Her grandfather, the famous Hollywood film producer Dino De Laurentiis, played a crucial role in her development. An article in Food + Wine about the two family members encouraged the Food Network channel to create a television show revolving around De Laurentiis’ food, style and personality (it later became Everyday Italian). Nonetheless, it wasn’t the glamour of TV that inspired De Laurentiis to become a chef so much as her grandfather’s gourmet shop. She was enamored by its colors, textures and aromas as well as her grandfather’s ability to woo customers with his food. The first one in her family to go to college, she graduated from the University of California in Los Angeles with a degree in anthropology, and wanted to go to culinary school to become a pastry chef. She eventually became classically trained with Le Cordon Bleu Paris, the highest honor for culinary artists. Following her return to Los Angeles, she worked for the prestigious Ritz Carlton Fine Dining Room and Wolfgang Puck’s Spago in Beverly Hills, and later became a founder of GDL Foods, a catering company in L.A. When it came to choosing Giada’s menu, De Laurentiis again was inspired by her roots. “My family and culture not only contributed to the process of the menu but, I’m pretty sure, in true Italian form, they drove the bus. Everything I do and most everything I know comes from family,” she says. “My menu is kind of like a scrapbook, as most of my fondest memories revolve around food. It’s important to hold onto your culture and who you are.” Many classic dishes appear on Giada’s menu, from chicken cacciatore and veal chop saltimbocca Milanese style to her favorite on the lunch menu, a carbonara pizza. She also includes key indicators in her menu for gluten-free and vegan options. Ultimately, De Laurentiis aspires to go beyond the Italian stereotypes. “I think the preconceived notion is that American-Italian food is the same as authentic Italian, but they’re actually quite different,” notes De Laurentiis. “I hope I can show that Italian cuisine can actually be quite light and simple, with clean, fresh ingredients.” The Giada Touch There’s something infectious about De Laurentiis, the 44-year-old Emmy award winner, from her bubbly, winning personality to the way she pronounces words in her Italian accent (“spa-ghetti!”). Online bloggers and tabloid writers rarely dedicate negative press on De Laurentiis, despite her becoming a mogul within the food and pop culture world. Her greatest quality is how each element of her illustrious brand becomes an approachable guide to the wonderful yet complicated world of Italian cuisine, while keeping in mind the health factors that might affect each person who tries her recipes (most notably in her latest best-selling book “Giada’s Feel Good Food.”) By opening her home to viewers of her shows Everyday Italian and Giada at Home, and keeping those recipes alive within her six books, we not only witness these intricate, affectionate, and positive details of De Laurentiis, but we’re inspired to embody them. De Laurentiis is inspired by chef and mentor, Mario Batali and renowned French chef, Alain Ducasse, who taught her while she studied in Paris. When she speaks of them, it’s as if she’s speaking of royalty. It hard not to get lost in those thin, brown eyes as she explains her Parisian adventures, back to a time of unknown possibilities. De Laurentiis’ vision is quite clear when admiring Giada’s décor. When guests arrive to the restaurant, De Laurentiis wants them to feel as if they’ve been invited to her home. The most notable touches include five chandeliers in the dining room bearing the quote, “I eat a little bit of Everything, and not a lot of Anything,” a tie-in-a-bow answer to those who wonder how she stays so fit, even though she eats for a living. Posters culled from her home of her grandfather’s produced films and artwork cover the walls. Giada in Charge While De Laurentiis is one of a few women to own a restaurant on the Strip, it doesn’t stop her from being fully involved in each decision made within her brand and experiencing the challenges of having that responsibility. “When you have 300 employees, you have to inspire and teach them your philosophy on food because it’s different than everyone else’s.” She adds, “It’s taught me to really focus on what I need and want.” The closest we get to watching De Laurentiis in this type of role isn’t on one of her programs, but when she cooks with the hosts of other TV shows. It’s intriguing to watch her go from one step of the recipe to another with such ease, as her counterparts struggle to keep up, awaiting her next direction. She laughs it off though. Because that’s what the De Laurentiis brand is all about. It shows what a powerful woman can do with a few ingredients and a smile. “At this moment I would never [open a restaurant] again,” De Laurentiis mentions in our conversation in a tone that’s more serious than joking. Nonetheless, De Laurentiis never stops. One minute she’s making pumpkin muffins with a drizzled, chocolate top for friends on the East Coast, and the next she’s back in Las Vegas in Giada’s kitchen preparing lemon ricotta cookies in her black chef ’s coat. “My life moves in many different directions but I think this is a great thing. I am never ever bored.”	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1724985
__label__cc	0.569013	0.430987	Subsidiary News Conflict Minerals Reports Power Systems Division Training & Simulation Division Arotech Corporation Reports Results for the Third Quarter and First Nine Months, 2008 Company Has Break Even Results for the Third Quarter, as Revenues Increase 24% Over the Same Period Last Year ANN ARBOR, MI -- (MARKET WIRE) -- 11/11/08 -- Arotech Corporation (NASDAQ: ARTX), a provider of quality defense and security products for the military, law enforcement and security markets, today reported results for the quarter and nine months ending September 30, 2008. Release PDF 10-Q Filing Third Quarter Results Revenues for the third quarter reached $19.2 million, compared to $15.5 million for the corresponding period in 2007, an increase of 24.4% over the same period last year. Gross profit for the quarter was $5.7 million, or 29.8% of revenues, compared to $4.4 million, or 28.3% of revenues, for the corresponding period in 2007. The net loss for the third quarter was $(44,000), or $(0.00) per share, versus a loss of $(783,000), or $(0.06) per share, for the corresponding period last year. "During the third quarter our Armor and Battery Divisions were able to get back on track with their production and deliveries, while our Simulation Division continued its strong performance in what is shaping up to be a record year for that division, enabling us to break even in the third quarter," noted Arotech's Chairman and CEO Robert S. Ehrlich. "We hope to continue this positive performance during the remainder of 2008," concluded Ehrlich. First Nine Months Results Revenues for the first nine months reached $45.1 million, compared to $40.0 million for the corresponding period in 2007, an increase of 12.7% over the same period last year. Gross profit for the nine months was $11.8 million, or 26.2% of revenues, compared to $12.2 million, or 30.6% of revenues, for the corresponding period in 2007. The net loss for the first nine months was $(3.0) million, or $(0.24) per share, versus $(4.0) million, or $(0.35) per share, for the corresponding period last year. Backlog of orders totaled approximately $41.7 million as of September 30, 2008, as compared to $50.9 million at September 30, 2007. Cash Position at Quarter End As of September 30, 2008, the Company had $1.6 million in cash, $163,000 in restricted collateral securities and restricted held-to-maturity securities due within one year, and $54,000 in available-for-sale marketable securities, as compared to December 31, 2007, when the Company had $3.4 million in cash, $320,000 in restricted collateral deposits, $1.5 million in an escrow receivable, and $47,000 in available-for-sale marketable securities. Cash was invested in the Company's Armor Division and a pay down of its working capital bank line. Short term bank borrowings were $2.8 million at the end of the third quarter 2008 compared to $4.6 million at the end of 2007. The Company had trade receivables of $13.9 million as of September 30, 2008, compared to $14.6 million as of December 31, 2007. The Company had a current ratio (current assets/current liabilities) of 1.98, up from the December 31, 2007 current ratio of 1.93. Those wishing to access the conference call should dial 1-888-300-2335 (U.S.) or 1-719-325-2280 (international) a few minutes before the 9:00 a.m. ET start time. The confirmation code is 2182343. A replay of the conference call will be available starting Wednesday, November 12, 2008 at 11:00 a.m. until Friday, November 14, 2008 at 12:00 p.m. The replay telephone number is 1-888-203-1112 (U.S) and 1-719-457-0820 (international). The replay passcode is: 2182343 About Arotech Corporation Arotech Corporation is a leading provider of quality defense and security products for the military, law enforcement and homeland security markets. Arotech provides multimedia interactive simulators/trainers, lightweight armoring and advanced zinc-air and lithium batteries and chargers. Arotech operates through three major business divisions: Armor, Training and Simulation, and Batteries and Power Systems. Arotech is incorporated in Delaware, with corporate offices in Ann Arbor, Michigan and research, development and production subsidiaries in Alabama, Michigan and Israel. Except for the historical information herein, the matters discussed in this news release include forward-looking statements, as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements reflect management's current knowledge, assumptions, judgment and expectations regarding future performance or events. Although management believes that the expectations reflected in such statements are reasonable, readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, as they are subject to various risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to vary materially. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, risks relating to: product and technology development; the uncertainty of the market for Arotech's products; changing economic conditions; delay, cancellation or non-renewal, in whole or in part, of contracts or of purchase orders; dilution resulting from issuances of Arotech's common stock upon conversion or payment of its outstanding convertible debt, which would be increasingly dilutive if and to the extent that the market price of Arotech's stock decreases; and other risk factors detailed in Arotech's most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007, as amended, and other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Arotech assumes no obligation to update the information in this release. Reference to the Company's website above does not constitute incorporation of any of the information thereon into this press release. TABLE TO FOLLOW AROTECH CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (Unaudited) Nine months ended Three months ended September 30, September 30, -------------------------- -------------------------- 2008 2007 2008 2007 ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ Revenues $ 45,074,091 $ 40,011,014 $ 19,216,509 $ 15,453,124 Cost of revenues, exclusive of amortization of intangibles 33,256,814 27,764,509 13,484,314 11,079,269 Research and development 1,231,530 1,413,852 398,658 491,597 Selling and marketing expenses 3,290,499 2,999,226 1,003,504 905,725 General and expenses 10,025,658 9,221,310 3,199,878 3,309,628 intangible assets 1,362,251 1,481,764 377,230 307,871 Escrow adjustment - credit (1,448,074) - - - Total operating costs and expenses 47,718,678 42,880,661 18,463,584 16,094,090 Operating income (loss) (2,644,587) (2,869,647) 752,925 (640,966) Other income 670,483 75,452 11,334 6,333 Financial expenses, net (341,632) (707,225) (288,680) (80,412) Income (loss) before minority interest in earnings of a earnings from and income tax expenses (2,315,736) (3,501,420) 475,579 (715,045) Income tax expenses (386,690) (298,193) (374,862) (123,287) Loss from affiliated company (261,207) (139,725) (145,121) (27,546) in loss (earnings) of subsidiaries - (27,402) - 82,929 Net loss $ (2,963,633) $ (3,966,740) $ (44,404) $ (782,949) ============ ============ ============ ============ Basic and diluted net loss per share $ (0.24) $ (0.35) $ (0.00) $ (0.06) used in computing basic net loss per share 12,595,987 11,315,676 12,604,715 12,161,564 Victor Allgeier TTC Group Business Charts Business Unit Revenues Nasdaq:ARTX 2018 Annual Report PDF Latest Webcasts Noble Financial Capital Markets 10th Annual Equity Conference Jan 21, 2014 Arotech Reports First Quarter 2019 Results May 8, 2019 Arotech to Release First Quarter 2019 Results on Wednesday, May 8, 2019 Apr 25, 2019 Sign up to receive breaking news as it happens © 2019 Arotech Corporation. 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__label__wiki	0.976071	0.976071	Midnight to Six Man Get the Picture? 1965 Bracelets of Fingers S.F. Sorrow 1968 S.F. Sorrow Is Born Greatest Hits 1965 Walking Through My Dreams Don't Bring Me Down Essential Album Artist Playlists About The Pretty Things The Pretty Things were the also-rans of the British Invasion, a band that never got its due. Despite this lack of recognition, they were never quite ignored, cultivating a passionate cult that stuck with them through the decades -- a cult that was drawn to either their vicious early records, where they sometimes seemed like a meaner version of the Rolling Stones, or to their 1968 psychedelic masterwork S.F. Sorrow. Some of their fans advocate for the entirety of their catalog, noting how the group adeptly shifted with the times. Despite these shifts in style, they rarely racked up hits on either side of the Atlantic. In the United States, they didn't chart until 1975, a full decade after they released their rough-and-tumble debut. Back then, the Pretty Things seemed like rivals to the Rolling Stones and that was no great leap: guitarist Dick Taylor played bass in the first incarnation of the Stones, not long before he teamed up with Phil May to form the Pretty Things in 1963. Taking their name from a Bo Diddley song, the Pretty Things were intentionally ugly: their sound was brutish, their hair longer than any of their contemporaries, their look unkempt. This nastiness was evident on their first pair of singles, "Rosalyn" and "Don't Bring Me Down," two 45s that charted in 1964, their success helping to get their eponymous debut into the U.K. Top Ten a year later, but that turned out to be the extent of their commercial success. The Pretty Things may not have shown up on the charts but their cult proved to be influential: it's been said Pete Townshend was influenced by S.F. Sorrow to write Tommy for the Who and David Bowie covered both "Rosalyn" and "Don't Bring Me Down" for his 1973 album Pin Ups. Critics liked them too but that acclimation didn't sell records. Nevertheless, the Pretty Things were survivors, soldiering on through the '70s, turning into a harder, heavier outfit that was rewarded with marginal U.S. success -- 1974's Silk Torpedo and 1976's Savage Eye made the lower reaches of Billboard -- cutting a credible new wave album at the dawn of the '80s. The Pretty Things would split not long afterward but their cult remained so strong that they became a semi-active concern at the beginning of the new millennium, as they would occasional reunite for tours and recordings. Such perseverance would've seemed unlikely back in 1963 when Dick Taylor and Phil May first formed the band. Taylor had been playing with Mick Jagger in a London outfit called Little Boy Blue & the Blue Boys since he was a schoolboy and he later met Keith Richards at Sidcup Art School. In 1962, Taylor, Jagger, and Richards all started playing, once again calling themselves Little Boy Blue & the Blue Boys, with Brian Jones and Ian Stewart aboard, and this group turned into the Rolling Stones, but Taylor tired of bass and left to concentrate on art. Soon, he was convinced by fellow Sidcup Art School student Phil May to form the Pretty Things. The duo brought in bassist John Stax, guitarist Brian Pendleton, and drummer Pete Kitley; the latter would soon be replaced by Viv Prince. Bryan Morrison, who also was attending art school with Taylor and May, managed the band and helped get it signed to Fontana. "Rosalyn," the group's first single, peaked at 41 in 1964 but "Don't Bring Me Down" went to ten and "Honey I Need" topped out at 13 in 1965. These three singles helped the group's self-titled debut reach number six on the U.K. album charts, but with success came some turbulence. Drummer Prince left toward the end of 1965 and was succeeded by Skip Alan, while the group's 1966 album Get the Picture? showed the rough, ragged rock & roll group adopting a slight pop art stance. More lineup changes soon followed -- Pendleton and Stax left by early 1967, with John Povey and Wally Waller taking their place -- and Fontana pushed the group in a softer, string-laden direction for that year's Emotions. This wasn't a hit and the Pretty Things soon lost drummer Alan and decamped for EMI's Columbia, where they recorded what is roundly regarded as their masterpiece, S.F. Sorrow. Appearing at the end of 1968, S.F. Sorrow is by many measures the first rock opera, earning a big cult but not selling much. Dick Taylor left in the wake of S.F. Sorrow -- guitarist Victor Unitt, previously of the Edgar Broughton Band, took his place -- and Alan returned to the band. This new lineup first stretched its legs supporting French playboy Philippe DeBarge as he dipped his toes into rock & roll -- these recordings were long shelved; they appeared in 2010 -- and this wasn't the only way the Pretty Things made money; they moonlighted anonymously for the music library company DeWolfe, recording film music that wound up reissued under the name Electric Banana. Despite all this activity, the next big release from the Pretty Things was Parachute in 1970, which received acclaim but no sales. The lack of success led to a temporary disbandment, but they regrouped for a new contract with Warner that was inaugurated with Freeway Madness in 1972. Next, they teamed up with manager Peter Grant -- the giant behind Led Zeppelin -- and were signed to Swan Song, which released Silk Torpedo in 1974 and Savage Eye in 1976. These harder, heavier records were a bigger success in America than any previous Pretty Things LP, but it wasn't enough to keep the group together: they split up in 1976. A full-fledged reunion teaming Phil May and Dick Taylor came in 1980 when the group recorded Cross Talk, an admirable attempt to ride the new wave that did not sell. They split again, but May and Taylor started to perform regularly under a variety of different monikers, including teaming with Yardbirds drummer Jim McCarty in the '90s. As the new millennium approached, they embarked on special projects such as a revival of S.F. Sorrow, and then they recorded a brand-new full-length album called Rage...Before Beauty in 1999. Reissues and biographies followed in the 2000s as did one more album, 2007's Balboa Island, and the band also toured regularly. They decided to celebrate their 50th anniversary in style, touring Europe and the U.K. in 2013 and releasing the career-encompassing box Bouquets from a Cloudy Sky in 2015. The box set found the Pretty Things looking back during a potentially dark time, as Phil May suffered a serious health scare in 2014 when he was diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which impacts the lungs and makes it very difficult to breathe. But after giving up smoking and adopting a healthier lifestyle, May was well enough to begin work on a new Pretty Things album with Taylor, guitarist Frank Holland, bassist George Woosey, and drummer Jack Greenwood, and late 2015 saw the bloodied but unbowed Pretties not only winning enthusiastic reviews for The Sweet Pretty Things (Are in Bed Now, of Course...), but touring Europe and the U.K. in support. ~ Stephen Thomas Erlewine Kent, England The Yard Birds The Rolling Stones Cover	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1724994
__label__wiki	0.683823	0.683823	SHRADDHA SHRAMA Shraddha Sharma has become a youth icon for all, hasn’t she? She is a singer from Dehradun who started out by uploading videos on YouTube. Her first video uploaded on YouTube was a cover of the song “Main Tenu Samjhawan ki” from the movie “Virsa” at the age of 15. The Hair n Care campaign consists of a TVC with ‘Just Trust Me’ song, sung by Shraddha herself. Her channel now has over 200,000 plus subscribers. Her album titled Raastey is an eclectic mix of Pop, R&B, Rock and Dance. The album according to Shraddha, is all about life and the road that lies ahead.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1724997
__label__cc	0.702609	0.297391	Richard Cavett RICHARD CAVETT, appearing for his first Festival season, is a Drama and English major at Yale University, where he has been seen in The Scarecrow and The Great Gatsby, In Lincoln Nebraska, his home, he has appeared prominently with the Hayloft Summer Theatre and for seven years on a weekly dramatic radio program. He has appeared on TV as an actor, M. C., and as a professional magician, an art he has practiced in night club appearances for four years. contributor information not available — Added 2008-11-14 Cymbeline (1956, Oregon Shakespeare Festival, USA) .... Lords Love's Labour's Lost (1956, Oregon Shakespeare Festival, USA) .... Attendants Richard III (1956, Oregon Shakespeare Festival, USA) .... Earl of Oxford Romeo and Juliet (1956, Oregon Shakespeare Festival, USA) .... Gregory Titus Andronicus (1956, Oregon Shakespeare Festival, USA) .... Goths Titus Andronicus (1956, Oregon Shakespeare Festival, USA) .... Quintus	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725000
__label__wiki	0.623183	0.623183	Jayati Vora, an Indian journalist in New York EST / IST Some Facts About Me Communique Editorial Vol. 16 No. 4 Former U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld THE recent war crimes charges filed in Germany against former U.S. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld and his cronies are long overdue. Rumsfeld, the public face of the Iraq war, is also largely responsible for the war’s less publicized side: human rights violations and torture. The suit alleges Rumsfeld’s responsibility for “several dozen individual cases of prisoner maltreatment” and nearly 100 detainee deaths. It is being brought by U.S. and international human rights organizations—among them the Center for Constitutional Rights, the National Lawyers Guild, the International Federation for Human Rights, and the German Republican Attorneys’ Association. The suit invokes Germany’s universal jurisdiction law, which allows the prosecution of war crimes no matter where they were committed. Under the War Crimes Act of 1996 and the Anti-Torture Act of 1996, a “war crime” is any “grave breach” of common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions, which prohibits “outrages upon personal dignity, in particular, humiliating and degrading treatment,” as well as torture and murder. One of the suit’s many allegations is that Rumsfeld personally ordered harsher torture methods against Mohamed al-Qahtani, the alleged “20th hijacker” of September 11, when al-Qahtani didn’t confess to terrorist activities during initial interrogations. According to the 2005 congressional hearings on the case, Al-Qahtani was stripped, made to wear women’s underwear on his head, denied access to the bathroom, threatened with dogs, and deprived of sleep over a six-week period. The records also say he was kept in solitary confinement for 160 days and questioned for 18 to 20 hours per day. In a December 2002 directive, Rumsfeld also authorized a list of torture techniques for use against terror suspects. This list included hooding, stripping, isolation, seizure of all religious items, deprivation of light and auditory stimuli, and the use of phobias to induce stress. Rumsfeld also authorized the use of waterboarding, a form of torture in which the prisoner is strapped to an inclined board while interrogators run water over his mouth and nostrils to induce the sensation of imminent death by drowning. Furthermore, the former Defense Secretary has admitted to ordering a prisoner’s presence to be kept from prison rolls and hidden from the Red Cross for at least seven months—a violation of the Geneva Convention, which requires that all countries grant Red Cross access to detainees regardless of where they are being held. The suit also cites orders to commit torture, or failures to prevent it, by U.S. Attorney General Alberto Gonzales, former CIA director George Tenet, and recently retired U.S. Army Lieutenant General Ricardo Sanchez, the former commander of U.S. forces in Iraq. The case against Rumsfeld and his cronies is clear and compelling. German prosecutors declined to prosecute a similar, though more limited, suit in 2004. Then, Rumsfeld was protected by general diplomatic immunity. Today, stripped of his title, his flank is exposed. The German courts must uphold the rule of law and rule that Rumsfeld and company have committed war crimes, showing the world that the Bush administration cannot callously discard the human rights it claims to uphold. This editorial was printed in the fourth edition(PDF) of the student newspaper of the School of International and Public Affairs, Communiqué, where I was editor-in-chief, in the spring of 2006. Tags: 20th hijacker, alberto gonzales, center for constitutional rights, donald rumsfeld, geneva conventions, george tenet, german republican attorneys' association, international federation for human rights, iraq war, mohamed al-qahtani, national lawyers guild, red cross, ricardo sanchez, universal jurisdiction law, war crimes, waterboarding Categories Human Rights ← Communique Editorial Vol. 16 No. 2 Communique Editorial Vol. 16 No. 5 → Four on Friday (16) Watercolour Island Belize is a land smooth and green, like a bedsheet tugged flat, with an embroidery of palm trees that only wrinkle and bump the landscape. Cape Town \| Shark-Struck When confronted by great white sharks a few feet away from our boat, jaws dropped open and a collective “wow” swept the onlookers. We forgot everything we had seen in scary movies and on Discovery Channel’s Shark Week and just stared. Snake in the grass One of the seven wonders of the modern world, the limestone structure that is the Kukulcán pyramid looms at the centre of the vast public ground in Chichén Itzá, the ancient Mayan city in the heartland of Mexico’s Yucatan peninsula. A walk on the wild side Most rapids seemed to be named after people who had died or were rescued at the last minute from a terrible fate. Maybe someone long ago had thought that it would add to the thrill of rafting down the river, but to me it seemed rather depressing. I shivered in the sunlight. Chasing a Waterfall “Cookies for the survivors!” yelled Nelson cheerfully as we climbed up a muddy slope made slippery by the driving tropical rain. It was not the right sentiment to warm the hearts of the dozen or so tourists about to voluntarily zip from treetop to treetop 400ft above the ground. abdul khaliq abdul shakoor abortion adventure afghanistan agrarian crisis agriculture al qaeda belize blue tang bollywood caye caulker central park climate change columbia university corruption cozumel democracy now donald rumsfeld environment farmers fish food foreign policy four on friday gang rape gender george bush grunt fish gujjar imam india indian cuisine iran iraq war islam jayshree bajoria jeremy scahill journalism jsoc kafila kai wright mastoi meerwala mexico modern indian cuisine mukhtaran mai mukhtar bibi mukhtar mai mullah omar mumbai muzzafargarh new york new york city osama bin laden pakistan panchayat pervez musharraf rabbi shergill racism rape reuters sharks snorkel snorkeling stanley mcchrystal street food suicides supreme court tacos terrorism travel women zia ul-haq zina Indian Compass Jayshree Bajoria Johann Hari Mumbai Paused Shaunak Thakkar Photography She Negotiates The Indalian Job	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725003
__label__wiki	0.600584	0.600584	When the door is pushed aside, the outdoor air immediately is drawn in towards the depths of the mine. It is cold and damp in the dark mountain, which is illuminated only by the small torch in my hand. This is not the beginning of a horror story, but rather a description of your entry into Taberg, which is home to several hundred bats – and the so-called Mountain Lady. “This is a unique place to visit,” says Hans Fransson, chairman of the Association of Taberg Mine Guides. He is fascinated by bats and does everything he can to make visitors share his enthusiasm. “I also work as a guide at the nature centre at Store Mosse National Park. It is great fun to serve as a guide for two subjects. It’s an awesome feeling to always be able to relate something that the visitors probably have never heard.” The bloodsucking bat The largest bat in the world is the flying fox, which has a 1.8-metre wingspan and weighs one kilo. But don’t worry. It is found in warmer countries outside Europe’s borders and moreover is a vegetarian. Of more than 1,000 species, there actually are only three that live on blood, and they hang out in South America. “There are relatively few that are involved with that anyway,” Hans explains. “They set about on sleeping cattle, often taking their place in the queue.” At home in Sweden, each bat eats several thousand insects per night. “But if they get a juicy night butterfly in their stomach, there won’t be so many,” Hans jokes. “Bats are so beneficial. Expressed in monetary terms, it amounts to enormous sums that can be saved when they eat thousands of noxious insects. “So now people are thinking differently in several places. That it was stupid to exterminate them. Bats are protected by law and the Natterer's bat is on the Red List of Threatened Species. We have lots of them, which is a really great feeling.” There are 1,250 bat species in the world, whereas there are only 19 in Sweden and six species in Taberg during the winter. The mine receives 5,000 visitors every year from the beginning of May until mid-October. Hans tips us off that one has the best chance of seeing bats fly around in the mine at the beginning and end of the season. In the middle of summer they usually move out from the mine and settle in building walls and attics. There are more than 10 guides involved in the Taberg Mine, and all have to answer a great many questions. “Many people have strange ideas about bats, which we try to change. They believe that they attack people, bite and are dangerous, when they really are harmless and beneficial. The Mountain Lady The mountain is made up of the heavy type of rock known as titanomagnetite-olivinite (try quickly saying that three times in a row!), which is heavier than gneiss and granite. Mining of the ore in Taberg began during the 15th century, and that was when the Mountain Lady moved into the mountain. “All mines and caves have a mountain lady keeping watch. Ours is in the habit of playing for us inside the mine chambers.” During the 18th century the mountain supported many people in the vicinity. During World War II miners began destroying the mountain and creating passages. Every day a train loaded with material from the mountain departed for Germany. Previously the mountain was used as a factory site, and two craters were blasted into the sides of the summit to excavate useful and valuable material. This fell straight down the mountain, and at a later stage it was hauled out already crushed. “This was very clever, but of course it was not without risk. A number of accidents occurred.” After the end of the 1950s everything was quiet at the mountain and mine. But in the 1970s there was a movement to grind down everything to exploit deposits of vanadinite, which is a valuable mineral, and use the residue to build up a new Taberg alongside the cavity. But the oil crisis saved Taberg because it made the cost of devastation too high, so the mountain was allowed to remain. And what a lucky thing that was! The Association of Taberg Mine Guides, which conducts guided tours in the mine, was founded in 2007, and its activities have only increased since that time. “One of our projects was our geology room with types of rock from the area and photographs from the mine passages that are closed to the public. Another is as our museum, which is Sweden’s first bat museum. “Now we have also begun counting the bats by photographing them when they fly out and into the mountain. That is one thing that puts us on the map, but there’s also the mountain’s geology, wildlife and culture. There is a lot here.” About 30 people are allowed to accompany the guides down in the mine on the public tours, but Hans promises that all visitors will get into the mine. “One day in July during our peak season, there happened to be 100 people standing here, so that evening there were three groups taking the tour.” Kvarnvägen 9 562 41 Taberg Fladdermusen "The miracle of Småland" Attarp bath Toppstugan Taberg Refreshments 343 meters above sea leve placecs to remember Tabergs-å-leden Hiking through 18 km Tabergstoppens adventure golf Play miniature golf 343 meters above sea level Sweden´s only museum about bats Near the mine of Taberg JKPG.COM is operated by Destination Jönköping whose task is to promote and participate of Jönköping \| Huskvarna \| Gränna \| Visingsö as toursit-meetings and event destination. 0046771 211 300 \| info@destinationjonkoping.se \| Södra Strandgatan 13B 553 20 Jönköping	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725006
__label__wiki	0.721729	0.721729	Bulletin KNOB 91 (1992) 3-4 Vol 91 Nr 3-4 (1992) P.J. Margry: 'In uijterste Deftigheijt en Perfectie'. Oude kunst en historische archieven in monumentaal Occo Hofje te Amsterdam. G. Dragt: Landgoed De Schaffelaar: natuur en verleden bij Barneveld. M.S. Verweij: Penitentiaire Inrichting 'Veenhuizen' te Norg. P.C.J. van Dael: De beschildering van De Krijtberg in Amsterdam. Kees van der Ploeg: Wat kan architectuur in de middeleeuwen betekenen? https://doi.org/10.7480/knob.91.1992.3-4 'In uijterste Deftigheijt en Perfectie'. Oude kunst en historische archieven in monumentaal Occo Hofje te Amsterdam The Almshouse of Occo at Amsterdam is a charitable institution, which has been founded in the 18th century. The institution was established from the legacy of the rich Roman Catholic businesswoman Cornelia Elisabeth Occo. She desired that after her death a building of charity would be built to lodge 33 poor, Roman Catholic widows or unattached women of 50 years and older gratuitously, with medical care included. The first foundation stone laying of the, at the time relative luxurious, building (mostly private rooms) took place in 1774. Four years later the first inhabitants moved into their houses Architect Jan Luyten designed a stately but sober building in a symmetrical Louis XVI-style, which linked up very well with the, at the time in Amsterdam also very popular, neo-classicist tendency. In 1977-1978 the exterior of this important monument has been restored completely and in 1990-1991 the interior was renovated and adapted to the demands of the time. Thus the almshouse can still function the way it was meant by Cornelia Elisabeth Occo in the 19th century. Traditionally an almshouse in Amsterdam also has the disposal of a governors room, where the board of the almshouse can meet regularly. Most of the time these rooms were richly adorned with paintings and works of art. In the Almshouse of Occo the walls of this room were completely hanged with beautiful paintings from the 16th to the 18th century, most of the portraits of the family Occo and of their later hereditaries, the family Gilles de Pélichy. The almshouse also possesses historical archives with private and business-like records of the foundress and her family and the records of the almshouse and the governors. These archives now have been described and made an inventory of and with that they represent an important source for the socio-economical history of Amsterdam. Thus the... The Almshouse of Occo at Amsterdam is a charitable institution, which has been founded in the 18th century. The institution was established from the legacy of the rich Roman Catholic businesswoman Cornelia Elisabeth Occo. She desired that after her death a building of charity would be built to... P.J. Margry Landgoed De Schaffelaar: natuur en verleden bij Barneveld About 1700 a sober noble man's house called 'Hackfort' was built on the place of a ruinous castle surrounded by a canal in the province of Gelderland near Barneveld. The house and property probably owed this name to the scenery. In the 17th century the country seat was known as 'De Schaffelaar' by a supposed relationship with the hero Jan van Schaffelaar, who leapt from the tower in Barneveld during the so-called 'Hoekse and Kabeljauwse twisten' (quarrels) in 1482. In 1767 one started the building of a house in Louis-XVI style on the same location. Between 1767 and 1793 a garden was laid out in Anglo-Chinese style in the direct surroundings of the house. Also the rest of the estate was embellished at the time. The oldest laying-out of avenues at right angles probably dates from the second half of the 17th century. An extension in the form of a starred wood must have taken place between the twenties and sixties of the 18th century. The connection with the landscape played an important role at laying-out. This becomes evident from the integration of farming-land, orchards and farms. Representative and economic use herewith are united at this country seat. In the winter of 1799 the house burnt down. Baron van Zuylen van Nievelt bought the country seat in 1808 and took the English landscape style as starting point for renewal. Between 1808 and 1852 an already present watercourse was changed into a 'natural' landscape-element, a so-called 'winding pond' and the meanwhile unexplored field, where the former house was built, was taken up in the laying-out as an island. In addition a family grave, a 'flower hill' and duck-pipe were laid out and the starring wood was extended. The sober laying-out fits into the changing attitude around 1800 whereby exuberant elements - as at the Anglo-Chinese laying-out - were avoided and elements to be considered characteristic of Dutch agricultural nature were used at the laying-out of the park. This also perfectly fitted the extant laying-out of De Schaffelaar. From 1840 one started to design a new house on the estate. Here a clear development of thoughts can be distinguished, whereby acquaintance with the revival of the gothic style with belonging philosophies in England played an important role. As a consequence of this, in 1852 the building of a neo-gothic castle was started on the south-west part of the estate. Both the 'castellated character' and the changed site refer to the connection of the estate and his inhabitants with nature and Barneveld's past. In 1853 the Zochers were commissioned to design a garden in the castle's direct surroundings. The combination of neo-gothic 'castle' and laying-out of the landscape into a picturesque unit stresses the reference to nature and the past. The way an ideal image here has been created makes De Schaffelaar a unique monument in the Netherlands. Between 1767 and 1793 a garden was laid out in Anglo-Chinese style in the direct surroundings of the house. Also the rest of the estate was embellished at the time. The oldest laying-out of avenues at right angles probably dates from the second half of the 17th century. An extension in the form of a starred wood must have taken place between the twenties and sixties of the 18th century. The connection with the landscape played... About 1700 a sober noble man's house called 'Hackfort' was built on the place of a ruinous castle surrounded by a canal in the province of Gelderland near Barneveld. The house and property probably owed this name to the scenery. In the 17th century the country seat was known as 'De... Gabriëlle A. Dragt Penitentiaire Inrichting 'Veenhuizen' te Norg With the support of King William l and private persons the military man Johannes van den Bosch (1780-1840) founded the Benevolent Society in 1818. This Society aimed at exploitation of wasteland by socially weak groups so that afterwards these could provide their means of support themselves. This way the individual man would obtain a more human existence while also on a national level economical prospects would improve. In Veenhuizen at Norg in the province Drenthe the Society founded a colony for exploitation. Soon the ideal did not prove to be equal to hard reality. In 1859 the State took charge of the Benevolent Society. Meanwhile the character of the colony for exploitation changed into a penitentiary institution (1875). At the moment the infrastructure of the old colony still is present clearly, but most of the original buildings have disappeared. At the end of the 19th century the engineer-architects J.F. Metzelaar (1818-1897) and his son W.C. Metzelaar (1848-1918) designed different houses for Veenhuizen with preservation of the extant historical structure. The present complex Veenhuizen consists of farmlands, roads, canals and buildings and is an interesting challenge to the Dutch Ancient Monuments Department. At the moment State, province and municipality think about an appropriate development plan, whereby the historical character and future functional development can be adequately integrated. At the end of the 19th century the engineer-architects J.F. Metzelaar (1818-1897) and his son W.C. Metzelaar... With the support of King William l and private persons the military man Johannes van den Bosch (1780-1840) founded the Benevolent Society in 1818. This Society aimed at exploitation of wasteland by socially weak groups so that afterwards these could provide their means of support themselves.... Michiel S. Verweij De beschildering van De Krijtberg in Amsterdam The interior of the Church of St. Franciscus Xaverius or De Krijtberg at Amsterdam (built in 1880-1883 by Alfred Tepe) has remained intact completely. This neo-gothic church was restored in 1979-1990. The polychromy, to which this article is dedicated, still waits for restoration. In 1886 the provisional painting of the sanctuary and of both side-chapels took place. In 1889 the rest of the church was painted in a provisional way. In 1892-'93 the definitive painting of sanctuary and side-chapels was carried out after the design of Friedrich Wilhelm (1837-1919). At the same time Mengelberg made the apostle beam with triumphal cross in the sanctuary, Heinrich Geuer (1841-1904) made two windows for the sanctuary and the workshop Nicolas provided the left side-chapel with glass. Mengelberg saw to it that the unity of style was maintained, the figures of saints in the sanctuary and in both chapels were painted by Martin Schenk (1833-1910) after drawings by Mengelberg. Shadows in the folds of the garments to give these figures some sculptural quality. However, they stand in painted gothic niches, which do not suggest depth at all. The paintings respect the flatness of the wall according to the prescriptions in the manuals of the neo-gothics. Below the niches paintings of draperies were carried out. The painting of 1892-'93 brought about a colour- and light-contrast between the sanctuary and the side chapels and the rest of the church. In the nave a pale grey colour predominated the same red and blue while the new painting according to a description from 1906 showed a warm glow of red, blue and gold. In 1927-'28 the definitive polychroming of the transept and the nave took place. This painting was carried out by the firm of Hans Mengelberg at Utrecht. Hans Mengelberg (1885-1945) was the youngest son of the previously mentioned Friedrich Wilhelm. He also was commissioned to clean and to restore the old polychromy. At that occasion the half round columns against the pillars and walls were painted over in a simple style. The polychromy of Hans Mengelberg does not harmonize with the colours and patterns in the side-chapels and sanctuary in every way. The new paintings show larger planes, less gold, less details and more colour. The choice of the colours however does show same similarity with the stained-glass windows of Willem Mengelberg (1897-1969) in the sanctuary and in the side-aisled (1929 and 1933). The colours, which have been applied in the windows and the paintings in 1927-1933 do not harmonize at all with the interior of the church. Mengelberg saw to it that the unity of style was maintained, the figures of saints in the sanctuary and in both chapels were painted by Martin Schenk (1833-1910) after drawings by Mengelberg.... The interior of the Church of St. Franciscus Xaverius or De Krijtberg at Amsterdam (built in 1880-1883 by Alfred Tepe) has remained intact completely. This neo-gothic church was restored in 1979-1990. The polychromy, to which this article is dedicated, still waits for restoration. In 1886 the... P.C.J. van Dael Wat kan architectuur in de middeleeuwen betekenen? The article focuses on architectural iconography, which is at the core of Aart Mekking's inaugural address delivered at Leiden University. During the fifties this specialism gained popularity through the work of Günter Bandmann. Since then it has been limited by and large to the German-speaking world. Most studies in the field relate to Romanesque architecture. This may be due to the fact that here the separate parts of a building have a meaning in themselves, whereas in Gothic the concept of the building as a whole predominates, calling for an all-encompassing iconographical programme in the manner of Sedlmayr's Gothic cathedral as the image of the Heavenly Jerusalem. However, the heyday of architectural allegory is in the Gothic period, witness Durandus of Wende's Rationale (late thirteenth century). Another important difference is that Gothic building practice had become so complicated that it tended to obstruct the direct participation of the patron in the design process. Now he manifested himself above all in the decoration programmes for sculpture, stained glass, murals and liturgical props such as altarpieces. It is interesting to see Mekking apply, these problems notwithstanding, the method of architectural iconography to gothic architecture. His argument centers around the tower of Utrecht Cathedral (1321-1382). Referring to one of his earlier articles, he discovers two meanings in this tower: a secular one, i.e. symbol of the bishop's sovereignty as a feudal lord, and a religious one as the symbol of the Heavenly Jerusalem to which the bishop guides his flock. Likewise, a series of more or less close imitations of this tower is iconographically explained on the basis of this twofold meaning. Mekking's ideas, thought-provoking though they are, are not undebatable. First, architecture does not give a depiction, as a tympanum or an altarpiece does. Therefore the relation between what we see on the one hand and what it symbolically refers to on the other is more indirect than in the visual arts. In his previously published article Mekking has convincingly shown that within the iconographical context of the Ghent altarpiece the Utrecht tower signifies the Heavenly Jerusalem. This does not imply, however, that the tower itself, as it stands in Utrecht, has the same meaning. Moreover, both meanings are different in nature: the secular one is determined by specific political circumstances, the religious one is of a much more general character. Also in the case of the Amersfoort tower, strongly derived from Utrecht, there occurs this dissimilarity of meaning: according to Mekking this tower gained a concrete political meaning in the bishop's struggle against the city of Utrecht, which refused to acknowledge him as their sovereign. This interpretation is based on the medieval allegorical exegesis of the Song of Songs. The problem, though, is that such an allegory is hardly applicable to very local and temporary conditions. Similar objections can be made for the other large towers dealt with (Rhenen, Groningen and Maastricht). With regard to the group of smaller brick towers around the city of Utrecht, formal characteristics are loaded with a concrete political significance without questioning whether these features were noticed as such in their own times. In Maastricht, finally, the octagonal lantern, derived from the Utrecht tower, is interpreted as the symbol of a strongly anti-Utrecht attitude. In doing so, the Middle Ages are reduced to a collection of symbolic signs, between which an all too modern relationship is constructed. However, Huizinga among others has shown that it is very common in those times to find thoughts and ideas at odds with the behaviour shown. In other words, even when a particular meaning can nowadays be constructed, this does not necessarily mean that it existed in the past. This criticism does not mean that the method of architectural iconography is in itself wrong. On the contrary, the concept that architectural forms are not chosen at random, but that they are open to historical explanation does make sense indeed. However, not only is it necessary to distinguish between intended meaning and meaning post festum, but also between two ways of reacting: on the one hand the direct reaction to some concrete event, on the other hand the way in which such an event is coped with symbolically - symbolical here conceived in the way E. Cassirer did. For especially in the case of architectural iconography there is only a diffuse - and for that very reason dangerous - border between speculation and acceptable hypothesis. Another important difference is that Gothic building practice had become so complicated that it tended to obstruct the direct participation of the patron... The article focuses on architectural iconography, which is at the core of Aart Mekking's inaugural address delivered at Leiden University. During the fifties this specialism gained popularity through the work of Günter Bandmann. Since then it has been limited by and large to the... Kees van der Ploeg	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725013
__label__cc	0.690802	0.309198	A Shooting Star… Ghana Delves in Posted on April 23, 2013 by Juliet Yaa Asantewa Asante It is no longer very interesting to say Ghana is a shinning star in Africa. Ghana led the way in sub Saharan Africa towards independence. The first president of Ghana, Dr. Kwame Nkrumah was very instrumental in the independence struggle of a number of African countries and was recently honored by the BBC as the African of the Millennium. He is noted for his dream to create the UNITED STATES OF AFRICA. Its icons like Yaa Asantewa, a grandmother in her 70s in the 19th century, lead the war against the British in one of the fiercest battles the British encountered in their colonization of Africa. Formally known as the Gold Coast, this country is very well endowed naturally as well, with one of its cities’ TEMA, said to be sitting in the exact center of the world. With so many things going for it, it was therefore very alarming when countries we started off with, Malaysia and Singapore, whipped past Ghana in development so fast, it was a wonder the country didn’t spin! In 2013 however, the country has once again taken a decisive role in the continents’ democratic journey that is worth commending. On the 16th of April 2013, the entire country stood at the precipice of history when it started the judicial process that determines the true winner of the 2012 elections. Desisting from getting into the argument of the right or wrong of what happened, the decision to go to court is one that deserves commendation for all parties of interest in the process. As an anxious Ghanaian observing the trajectory of our delicate democracy, democracy is froth with many challenges, and remains a very expensive endeavor; as even wealthier nations will concede to. It is however the best option of governance in the world at this point and remains the only system within which any nation may hope to ensure long term sustainability. As the Arab Springs and other developments over time have attested to, the human spirit demands certain inalienable rights. The 2012 elections in Ghana was a very critical one to all parties contesting and could have easily gone south, as the country teetered on the road forward when it became clear, the results were unacceptable to certain parties. The decision to go to court, and the maturity shown by all the parties in the follow up to the 16th of April, is a win for all parties. It is a win for the sitting President, Mr. John Mahama, the opposition leader, Mr. Nana Addo, the Court system of Ghana, but most importantly, the Ghanaian people. As the world watches, and as Ghana once again makes history, let it be written that once again, this bright star in Africa is in flight… and may we land safely. May God, Jah, Jehovah, Allah and the Universe itself bless Ghana! Follow Juliet Asante on Twitter: www.twitter.com/Juliet Asante Tagged Arab Springs, British War, Colonization, Election 2012, ghana, Ghana's Independence, John Mahama, Kwame Nkrumah, Malaysia, Nana Addo, Politics News, Singapore, Yaa Asantewa THE SKY IS FALLING…	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725014
__label__wiki	0.768834	0.768834	Co-op Health Insurance Plans See Early Success By Eric Whitney April 2, 2014 POLSON, Mont. — The names of the big health insurance companies are familiar – Blue Cross, Aetna, United Healthcare. But what about CoOportunity Health, or Health Republic Insurance of New York? These are among 23 new health insurance companies that started under the Affordable Care Act. They’re all nonprofit, member-owned cooperatives, and the aim is to create more competition and drive prices down. Karl Sutton is part of a food cooperative in Montana where he grows spinach. He understands the co-op model and thinks it can work for his health insurance company. Funded almost entirely by federal government loans this year, initial enrollment numbers look pretty good for a lot of co-ops, but that’s not necessarily enough to make them successful. There are definitely people out there who are stoked about being able to buy their health insurance through a co-op. Karl Sutton is one of those people. Sutton lives in an incredibly scenic part of Montana just south of Glacier National Park. Tall dark forests, and taller mountains are blanketed white in still bitterly cold early March. But in Sutton’s mobile greenhouse, it’s warm and there’s spinach growing. He sells vegetables to nearby markets in Missoula and Kalispell, but not these greens: “This is just spinach we over wintered. We’re just eating it ourselves.” Sutton understands co-ops because he works in one: a 10-year-old growers’ co-op, with more than $1 million a year in revenue. It’s run by and for its members, and Sutton wants that model for his health insurance company, too. “When you buy into a co-op, that entitles you to one vote in the decision making, and I think it’s the one business model that actually aligns with our democracy,” he says. Sutton was eager to sign up with the new Montana Health CO-OP. He thinks if members own the company, they won’t overuse health care, to save everyone money. He knows it’s an unproven start-up. “There’s a degree of concern, but, well, we might as well try, because if we don’t have the membership then the health care co-op isn’t going to succeed,” he says. “We have to start somewhere, and I’m willing to take that risk” A couple of hundred miles and several mountain ranges away John Morrison has a comfortable law office on Last Chance Gulch, a street in the heart of Montana’s capital city, Helena. Morrison was the first president of the National Alliance of State Health CO-OPs. “In some states, co-ops are dominating the marketplace, with 80 percent of the enrollees going to the co-op,” he says. That’s in Maine. Morrison says most co-ops are very happy with their enrollment numbers. Their rates are often the lowest available through an exchange. “The co-op states have 8.4 percent lower premiums on average than the non-co-op states, across the marketplace,” says Morrison. “So co-ops are creating that competition. They’re keeping rates down in the states they’re operating in.” But not everybody thinks that lower prices in some states are directly tied to whether a state has a co-op option. Bob Laszewski is an insurance industry consultant, and he says low prices in a company’s first year don’t mean much. “We haven’t seen any claims yet. Getting the premium in the health insurance business is the first part of the business. Having enough premium to pay the claims over time is the real test,” he says. The co-ops do have a financial cushion: federal start-up loans of about $100 million each. That gives them several years to re-adjust prices to cover all the health care their members will need. It’s likely a lot of their customers are people insurance companies avoided in the past – people who either couldn’t afford insurance before the new health law subsidies, or were turned down because they were sick, says Laszewski. “These co-ops have to make it in this most problematic niche of all,” says Laszewski. “In particular they’re not in the large employer market, which is the bread and butter for these guys. They’re not in the Medicare Advantage business, they’re not in the Medigap business, they’re not in the Medicare part D business. Those are the profitable businesses in the industry.” Jerry Dworak, head of Montana’s co-op, says there is enough margin in the new exchange market for the company to survive. He says he’s especially happy with the number of customers he’s been able to get in spite of healthcare.gov simply not working for the first two months it was open. “Never in my wildest imagination, with the political capital that was involved in this thing did I think you’d hit healthcare.gov and it was blank! I never thought that was going to happen!” he laments. But Montana’s co-op has still managed to win about 40 percent of the new exchange market. Co-ops have 50 percent of the new market in Nebraska and Iowa, and 60 percent in Kentucky. Dworak attributes Montana’s successes, so far, to tirelessly beating the bushes for customers. “It’s grassroots,” he says. “One thing about Montana, what really plays is what one Montanan says to another one in a coffee shop.” Dworak is so optimistic, he’s planning to expand into Idaho next year. He knows it’s going to be tough to carve out a successful niche in a brand new and volatile market. This story is part of a reporting partnership between NPR and Kaiser Health News. Cost and Quality Insurance The Health Law Uninsured Copy And Paste To Republish This Story Eric Whitney We encourage organizations to republish our content, free of charge. Here’s what we ask: You must credit us as the original publisher, with a hyperlink to our khn.org site. If possible, please include the original author(s) and “Kaiser Health News” in the byline. Please preserve the hyperlinks in the story. It’s important to note, not everything on khn.org is available for republishing. If a story is labeled “All Rights Reserved,” we cannot grant permission to republish that item. Have questions? Let us know at KHNHelp@kff.org	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725018
__label__wiki	0.977706	0.977706	AC/DC Studio Album: Latest Update Comes From Longtime Engineer GREENSBORO, NC - AUGUST 27: Angus Young performs with AC/DC during the Rock Or Bust Tour at the Greensboro Coliseum on August 27, 2016 in Greensboro, North Carolina. (Photo by Jeffrey A. Camarati/Getty Images) Erica Banas // Rock Music Reporter April 10th AC/DC fans have been abuzz for months about a potential new studio album from the band, and the latest update on the potential project comes from longtime engineer Mike Fraser. Fraser, who has engineering credits on AC/DC last five studio albums, appeared on Mastering Music Mastering Life recently where he briefly spoke about the heavily-speculated. “Well, yeah, I can say that we’ve been in the studio doing something. What’s come of that I can’t discuss yet,” said Fraser. As for whether or not singer Brian Johnson is singing on this album, Fraser simply said, “I think so.” Once again, as with most things pertaining to AC/DC, everyone is playing very close to the vest. This morsel of information is the first bit of news since February when Eddie Trunk reported that his source indicated the new album will serve as a tribute to Malcolm Young and that the late guitarist “…had a bunch of stuff recorded that they worked off of and sort of incorporated into the record.” News of Johnson’s involvement on the album dates back to late January when a Facebook post from grindcore band Terrorizer went viral. The band’s post read, “We ran into Brian Johnson from AC/DC at the airport today after the flight home and we asked him about the rumors of him being on the new AC/DC album and he said, ‘Yes’ and that he is ‘Sick of denying it.’” Erica Banas is a rock/classic rock blogger. The first man she ever loved was Jack Daniel. (True story.)	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725021
__label__wiki	0.982434	0.982434	Sep 2, 2011 \| 01:39 Japan FinMin may be a "yes man" Sept. 2 - New Japanese Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda appoints his cabinet, picks inexperienced lawmaker as finance minister. Toshi Maeda reports. Japan's new prime minister Yoshihiko Noda launched his Cabinet Friday (September 2), picking a relatively inexperienced lawmaker as finance minister. Noda's decision to tap Jun Azumi, a 49-year-old former TV announcer, for the finance portfolio signals the prime minister himself will call the shots on key economic policies. Noda was the finance minister until last week, and is a fiscal hawk keen to rein in Japan's huge national debt. Appointed as Japan's new foreign minister is Koichiro Gemba, a 47-year-old former national strategy minister. Japanese media was quick to nickname Noda's new team the "Loach cabinet" after the new prime minister compared himself to the freshwater fish that looks like a small eel during his campaign speech, saying: "I am a loach. A loach does not have to emulate a goldfish." (SOUNDBITE) (Japanese) JAPANESE CHIEF CABINET SECRETARY OSAMU FUJIMURA, SAYING: "We hope to use the right people for the right jobs. Prime Minister Noda has said that he is a loach fish, and so we hope to likewise do our best and make politics better, even if we do have to crawl through the mud to do it." Meanwhile, outgoing leader Naoto Kan left the prime minister's office Friday (September 2) with flowers and to applause. Kan held the top job for almost 15 months, with Noda now Japan's sixth premier in five years. Toshi Maeda, Reuters.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725023
__label__wiki	0.926867	0.926867	July 2, 2019 / 11:25 PM / 16 days ago Amazon to add over 2,000 jobs in Britain this year FILE PHOTO: A worker picks orders at Amazon's fulfilment centre in Peterborough, Britain November 15, 2017. REUTERS/Darren Staples LONDON (Reuters) - Amazon (AMZN.O) will add over 2,000 permanent jobs in Britain this year, taking the U.S. retail giant’s UK workforce to more than 29,500, it said on Wednesday. The company said the jobs will be at its UK head office in London, in research and development, Amazon Web Services and operations. The roles include entry-level positions at warehouses as well as engineers, software developers, data scientists, and cloud and machine learning experts. In 2018, Amazon added 2,500 permanent jobs in Britain, its biggest market in Europe. On Tuesday the retail giant said it would create 1,800 permanent jobs this year in France, its second-biggest European market. More than 170 of the new jobs in Britain will be at Amazon’s development centers in Cambridge, Edinburgh and London. Apart from nationwide goods deliveries, Amazon’s services include video streaming and a digital home assistant known as Alexa. Amazon says it has invested over 9.3 billion pounds ($11.7 billion) in its UK operations since 2010 but does not break down that figure between capital expenditure and operating costs. Reporting by James Davey; Editing by Susan Fenton	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725025
__label__cc	0.666042	0.333958	Five facts about the upcoming Second Regional Land Forum land grabs Organized by the Mekong Regional Land Governance (MRLG) project and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, the Second Regional Land Forum will take place in Bangkok, Thailand from the 28-30 May. 1) Why is the Land Forum taking place? To discuss in a regional setting a variety of topics that can help to improve the situation for smallholder tenure security. This includes community access to land and forests, customary land rights, community empowerment and policy advocacy, land distribution, management and monitoring, gender perspectives to land issues, responsible agricultural investments, as well as land conflict resolution and mitigation strategies. Presentations from actors representing all sectors will provide insights across the Mekong countries, as well as initiatives further afield and participants will have ample opportunity to engage in discussions. Two reports will also be launched, the Mekong State of Land Report, which presents a comprehensive review of land resources, distribution and governance conditions in the Mekong region, will be launched for consultation. The report has been produced by the Centre for Development and Environment of the University of Bern, with the support of MRLG and various authors. In addition, four Policy Guidance Notes on the Challenges and Opportunities to the Recognition and Protection of Customary Tenure Systems in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Viet Nam will be launched which were prepared by FAO and MRLG. 2) What will the event sessions cover? Amongst other key issues to be covered, the Forum will open with a Data and Technology Showcase event, poster and publications display, and opportunities to join a master class on Land Conflict Transformation, as well as an academic reunion and exchange session. The event also marks the end of MRLG Phase 1 and will serve as an occasion to introduce Phase 2, which continues to work to ensure that all smallholders have secure and equitable access to agricultural land and forest, particularly indigenous and ethnic minority communities. 3) Who has been involved in the spearheading of the Second Regional Land Forum? Partners of the event include the Mekong Region Land Governance Project, the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), as well as co-organizers during the event, the Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), the University of Bern, the Research Centre for Social and Sustainable Development (RCSD), the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, and the Independent Mediation Group (IMG). FAO and MRLG are grateful for support from the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), MRLG receives funding from the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and the Government of Luxembourg. 4) What is envisioned in terms of outcome? Dietmar Herbon of GIZ, sees the Forum as a major networking opportunity and envisages the creating of long-lasting working relationships: : “It is our hope that participants get exposed to and interested in new topics and experiences outside of their usual areas of work. We also believe that this can be a good opportunity for networking across the region and the chance to foster some lasting connections built on the notion that none of us are working in siloes and that we are not alone in our ideas and thoughts. This is a great way for different stakeholders, including CSOs, academia, the private sector and policy makers to come together.” 5) What role will the Land Portal play? The Land Portal is proud to be a media partner for the upcoming Forum. Follow our Twitter handle (@landportal) and our Facebook page for live coverage of the event! Hashtags to look out for: #regionallandforum2018 #StateofLand #MekongLandGovernance	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725031
__label__wiki	0.56956	0.56956	HomePosts tagged 'Egypt' June 20, 2019 June 20, 2019 Lawrence Africa, Angola, Belt and Road Initiative, BRI, Cairo, Cape Town, China, development, Egypt, Ethiopia, Germany, President Trump, Rwanda, South Africa, superhighway, Uganda, US, Xi Jinping Everyday, nations around the world are experiencing economic growth by participating in China’s Belt and Road Initiative-BRI. For a truly global transformation, the United States must join this new paradigm of development. The most productive way to enhance relations with China, is for President Trump, at next week’s G-20 meeting, to discuss with President Xi Jinping, the US joining the BRI. This would create an unprecedented level of economic growth throughout the world. It would also be a brilliant flank against those voices in the US, and internationally, who are demonizing China, and trying two divide our two great nations. {Independent}: Belt and Road Contributing to Prosperity in Africa A feature today in the South African {Independent Online Business Report} publication reviews the benefits of the Belt and Road Initiative for Africa, saying that Liberia, Morocco, and Tunisia have benefited from African development projects, as has Ethiopia from the Addis Ababa Light Rail, which cut travel time to and from the city. Through the BRI, China has also built a light-rail system in Abuja, Nigeria, the first to be built in Western Africa. Chinese construction companies have further assisted Angola in rebuilding its Benguela Railway, which had been destroyed in the civil war. The country can now transport goods from Angola’s western coastline to the border of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Chinese-funded projects have also led to the construction of the Isimba and Karuma hydroelectric power stations, two new sources of electricity to Uganda, which will ultimately aid development. In Rwanda, road construction projects have brought young citizens into construction through their employment. This ultimately improved their welfare and provided labor skills. In the spirit of BRI’s trade ambitions, Egypt now looks to make the idea of the Cape-to-Cairo road a reality. Since taking the reins as 2019-2020 chairperson of the African Union, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi of Egypt plans to construct a superhighway through multiple African nations, eventually ending in Cape Town, to open countries to trading in the Cape’s ports and in Cairo, Egypt’s gateway to the European Union. German Mittelstand Supports New Silk Road China’s proposed Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has been creating opportunities for German enterprises, said Hans von Helldorff, chairman of the board of the Federal Association of German Silk Road Initiative (BVDSI), in an interview with Xinhua on June 17. “The future markets and the new markets, for example, are in Asia, Africa, as well as Eastern and Southern Europe. They are not so well-connected. China has been providing the connections, thus it will generate great opportunities,” said von Helldorff, stating that new markets are needed by Germany’s Mittelstand firms. Von Helldorff said that, thanks to the inter-connectivity, businesses have already been on the rise in some German cities, such as Hamburg and Duisburg. Many small and medium-sized companies in Germany got contracts with seaborne and logistics enterprises from China and other countries for local registration, legal, accounting, and tax services, von Helldorff stated. “The infrastructure projects along the Belt and Road countries also need a lot of know-how. Harbor-related, road-related, train-related, etc. We have to open our eyes and participate in them,” von Helldorff said, declaring that the strengths of German businesses can contribute as an “innovation and investment engine.” Speaking about prevailing doubts and worries about the BRI, allegations that the initiative might be politically motivated and harm local industries, von Helldorff said that some of them are simply clichés and that some are unfounded. “The BVDSI sees China as a fast-growing economy that follows a plan. We need to sit and make eye-to-eye contacts and negotiations. Only cooperation in the sense of fair competition is for the benefit of humanity,” von Helldorff said. The BVDSI, founded in March 2019, is a business association serving as a platform for the interests of small- and medium-sized German companies. The BVDSI plans to organize a forum later this year in Germany on the BRI for partners to establish project-related contacts. April 24, 2019 June 13, 2019 Lawrence Africa, Belt and Road Forum, Belt and Road Initiative, Djibouti, Doraleh Multi-Purpose Port, Egypt, Ethiopia, FOCAC, globalization, Infrastructure, Kenya, Morocco, Nigeria, Rwanda, Silk Road, Xi Jinping (China’s CGTN published my article today, on the eve of the historic 2nd Belt and Road Forum) CGTN: ABOUT US Opinion-April 24, 2019 Belt and Road Initiative: Another path to globalization Editor’s note: Lawrence Freeman is a Political-Economic Analyst for Africa, who has been involved in economic development policy of Africa for 30 years. The article reflects the author’s opinion, and not necessarily the views of CGTN. On the eve of the second Belt and Road Forum (BRF), it is irrefutable that the world has been transformed in the five years since Chinese President Xi Jinping announced the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).China’s archetype for global development is based on the more elevated concept of each country contributing to the “common destiny of all nations” and mankind’s “shared future.” By focusing on “global connectivity” through massive investments in infrastructure, linking China to the rest of the world through its land and maritime new Silk Roads, China has presented the world with a new paradigm for development – in effect, redefining globalization. According to the World Economic Forum (September 2018), “the BRI will encompass 70 percent of the world’s population (4.4 billion) and 63 percent of the world’s GDP (21 trillion U.S. dollars),” primarily from construction of rail lines, highways, ports, airports, hydro-energy plants and pipelines. The first BRF held in May 2017 included 29 foreign heads of state, 11 heads of international organizations and over two dozen attendees on the ministerial level. Because of the expansion of the BRI over the last two years, already 40 world leaders have confirmed their attendance for this year’s conference. Awakening the Sleeping Giant, Africa Nowhere, outside of China itself, are the positive effects of China’s BRI more evident than on the African continent. At the 2017 BRF, the only African heads of States who attended were Ethiopia and Kenya, and ministers from Egypt and Tunisia. With Nigeria, the most populated nation in Africa, officially joining the BRI in 2019, and increased collaboration with China throughout all geographical sections of Africa, participation at this year’s BRF from Africa will undoubtedly be higher. Engineers from the Addis Ababa Information & Communication Technology Development Agency in Ethiopia, Africa, train on Huawei’s networking equipment at the training center at Huawei headquarters in Shenzhen, China, September 15, 2011. /VCG Photo Prior to the announcement of the BRI, China had already forged a close working relationship with Africa by convening China-Africa Summits (Forum on China-Africa Cooperation) every three years beginning in 2000, rotating the venues between China and Africa. At the seventh summit held last year in Beijing, all but one of the 54 African nations attended. Unfortunately, the West lost its vision of development for Africa after the death of President John F. Kennedy, instead adopting a no-infrastructure policy. What Africa has needed most since the 1960s “Winds of Change” liberation from colonialism is infrastructure, water, energy, rail and roads. China has a different view on this. Ambassador David Shinn, a respected scholar on Africa, wrote last month: “China has been indisputably the single most important builder of infrastructure in Africa since the beginning of the 21st century.” Take, for example, Djibouti, which is a BRI hub. China is building the Doraleh Multi-Purpose Port and international free trade zone in this northeast African nation, strategically located right off the Indian Ocean and on the Gulf of Eden. It is estimated that one-third of global shipping passes by this port. In 2016, the first electrically driven train in sub-Saharan Africa, connecting Addis Ababa, the capital of landlocked Ethiopia, to the port city of Djibouti was inaugurated. This rail line built by Chinese companies utilizing and training African laborers and engineers is key to the develop-ment of the Horn of Africa, providing Ethiopia a port to export the products of its nascent manufacturing sector. Aboubaker Omar Hadi, chairman of Djibouti Ports and Free Zone Authority, told Xinhua that “projects involving cooperation with China are helping Djibouti promote trade in Africa as well as distribution across the East African region… which couldn’t be achieved without developing proper infrastructure, such as seaports and railway connections.” Chinese workers help to build a new train station in Beliatta in a southern province near Hambantota, which is Chinese managed and designed in Beliatta, Sri Lanka, November 18, 2018. /VCG Photo‍ Hadi called the “debt-trap” propaganda against the BRI, “complete nonsense, as benefits generated from infrastructure construction will far exceed the investment.” African nations are attempting to industrialize their economies with growth in their manufacturing sectors. China is assisting by creating special economic zones, industrial parks, and industrial zones in Nigeria, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Egypt, Morocco, and Rwanda. Industry and infrastructure generate jobs, raise skill levels and transfer technology. Will the West Join the BRI? Africa’s requirement for infrastructure is enormous, allowing Western nations the opportunity to join with China to industrialize this vast undeveloped continent, which is projected to have 2.5 billion people by 2050. President Xi, at the first BRF, said: “We should foster a new type of international relations featuring win-win cooperation” and “development holds the master key to solving all problems.” Regrettably, western nations have been hostile to joining the BRI. However, last month’s ground-breaking signing of a memorandum of understanding (MOU) by Italy – the first G-7 nation to join China’s BRI – portends a potential change towards a new constructive dynamic. Read: China’s New Approach to Globalization Science and Technology Will Transform Africa: Ethiopia to Launch New Satellite in 2019 November 28, 2018 Lawrence Addis Ababa University, Africa, African Satellites, African space policy, African Union, agriculture, Belt and Road Initiative, economic growth, Egypt, Ethiopia, Horn of Africa, Kenya, Morocco, Nigeria, science and technology, South Africa, Space Silk Road Finally, in recent years African nations and the African Union have embarked on the exciting and necessary use of space technology to advance their societies. Science and technology are the most fundamental drivers of economic growth. It is the discovery of new scientific principles of space that lead to breakthroughs in new technologies to transform the continent. For too long, Africa has been denied the “right” to use space science, and it no surprise that Ethiopia is in the leadership of this effort. Ethiopia Will Have Its Own Remote Sensing Satellite, with Help from China As reported yesterday by Reuters, the government of Ethiopia announced that Ethiopia would have an Earth remote sensing satellite built in China and launched in September 2019. China would pay $6 million for the design and construction of the satellite and the launch, toward the $8 million total cost. {The EastAfrican} weekly newspaper and on-line site reported that the satellite will be launched from China, but the command and control center will be based in Ethiopia. Although according to the Reuters wire, the satellite will be used for “climate and related phenomena,” in fact, the data will also be used for agriculture, land use, and other necessary monitoring for the economy. Ethiopia’s Ministry of Innovation and Technology released a statement on the future of the country’s space plans, and mentioned a number of African space projects. One of these involves China granting $550 million to Nigeria to purchase two satellites according to Quartz Africa multimedia website, which explains that China has “deepened its place in all spheres, economic and political. Conquering the space business and providing space mapping services is part of Beijing’s globe-spanning Belt and Road Initiative, with both state-run and private Chinese space companies selling made-in-China satellites abroad.” Quartz Africa reports that “as satellites get smaller and cheaper, an increasing number of African nations are declaring their plans to look skyward. The African Union has also introduced an African space policy, which calls for the development of a continental outer-space program and the adoption of a new framework to use satellite communications for economic progress. The demand for satellite capacity is expected to double in the next five years in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Undoubtedly, as part of the “Space Silk Road,” China will be playing a leading role in bringing space technology to Africa. Read: China to Help Launch Ethiopia’s First Satellite in 2019 Africa Advancing With Science, Technology, and Infrastructure December 14, 2017 Lawrence Africa, Africa's East coast ports, Africa's popualtion growth, AIIB, Belt and Road Initiative, China, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Tanzania, development, Djibouti, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ethiopia to Djibouti electrified rail line, Infrastructure, Kenya, manufacturing, nuclear energy, Railroads, Rwanda, science, South Africa, South Sudan, Standard Gauge, Sudan, technol;ogy, Uganda China’s Belt and Road Initiative and Its Long-Term Impact on African Countries Dr. Alexander Demissie of Ethiopia, an expert in China-Africa relations, spoke in Germany, November 26, 2017. Below are excerpts from an excellent presentation by Dr. Demissie on the increasingly productive relationship between China and Africa to develop the continent’s infrastructure, which Europe and the Unites States have refused to do. ‘My third point: the BRI is primarily an infrastructural undertaking. We don’t yet have political institutionalization. We have infrastructural ideas. We have corridors, but we don’t yet have political institutions. So, if we talk about the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), or the Silk Road Bank, these are just connected to infrastructure; they are not political ideas. “Interestingly, this idea fits perfectly into the current African need—infrastructure development. Africa wants infrastructure, going back here to the African Union’s Agenda 2063 strategic framework that has also, coincidentally, been coming up. Together with the BRI, Africa wants a good infrastructure connection, a good internal interconnectivity. So, the idea of the BRI coming from China is perfectly fitting into the idea—actually happening or being discussed—within the African continent. “China has also been very clear since Johannesburg in 2015 that they want to cooperate more with Africa more on infrastructural projects that create regional connectivity. That is where the BRI comes in. That’s why I mentioned earlier that the BRI is primarily an infrastructure topic. Putin and El-Sisi Sign Economic Deals in Cairo; Russia To Build Nuclear Power Four-Plant Complex for Egypt December 11, 2017–Russia and Egypt have signed an agreement to construct Egypt’s first nuclear plant, which will be followed by construction of three more. Costing $21 billion, the porject is scheduled to be finished by 2028-2029. Russian President Vladimir Putin met today in Cairo with Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi. They discussed economic matters, energy, and politics, as well as the possibility of resuming air travel between Russia and Egypt, which was suspended in November 2015 after the crash of a Russian passenger jet over Sinai in what is believed to have been an act of terrorism. President Putin stated, “I am pleased to note that our economic links are developing at a fairly high pace, and we really have a lot of good projects ahead.” President al-Sisi responded, “Since the 1950s and ’60s, Russia has always supported Egypt and still supports our country: both with metallurgical plants and the construction of the Aswan Dam, and today we will sign a contract for the construction of a nuclear power plant.” The preliminary agreement between the countries was signed in 2015; a loan from Russia will cover 85 percent of the construction costs. Russia’s Rosatom will service the complex’s four reactors for 60 years, its chairman Aleksey Likhachyov said today, RT reported. Representatives of Russia’s Rosatom nuclear corporation and Russian universities have recently visited Egyptian universities to prepare engineering students to work at the Daba nuclear power plant in the future. The Russian delegation gave a number of presentations at the Russian Center for Culture and Science in Cairo. One day after Eyptian President El-Sisi and Russian President Putin witnessed the signing of a deal for the construction of four Russian reactors in the Dabaa Nuclear Power Plant project, it is reported that the Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA) has already begun a study at the El Nagila site, which takes about three years, to see if it is suitable for the construction of four nuclear plants, according to sources at the Egyptian Ministry of Electricity. The study will be carried out parallel with the construction at the Dabaa site, where the first reactor is scheduled to come on-line in 2026. When that plant is complete, it will become only the second country in Africa, following South Africa, to have a nuclear power plant. The {Daily News Egypt} reports that Egypt has signed protocols and MOUs with 10 countries for cooperation in nuclear energy, to help with training and the utilization of expertise in reactor management, and security, safety, and the possibility to provide formal advisory services to the EAEA Africa’s Ports Revolution: Railway Ports of the East This an informative article written on February 23. 2017, reporting on the exciting potential for the developments of Africa’s East coast ports with railroad connections to the interior of the continent. The population of Africa is presently 1.2 billion and growing at a rate of 2.5% a year, more than twice that of any other continent. In two years’ time, it will gain the population of the UK; in 12 years of compounded growth it will gain the population of China. All these extra people may add dynamism to economies, but only if the increase in labour supply can be matched by an equivalent increase in economic activity; otherwise, rising population density may destabilise social and political systems – an effect already seen in Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). This challenge has led to a different pattern of development for ports on Africa’s east coast, compared to the west coast. In the west, the centres served by these ports are close by, sometimes right outside the port gate. In east Africa, by contrast, they are between 500km and 1,000km away, and most of the infrastructure needed to reach them has not yet been built. In the case of the Doraleh container terminal at Djibouti, the goal is the Ethiopian highlands and the valley of the White Nile at Khartoum, a cluster roughly equivalent to the population of Japan. In East Africa, a similar-sized population is grouped in the Great Lakes states, South Sudan and the DRC. All of these centres, with the marginal exception of the DRC, are landlocked. Their ability to attract investment and benefit from globalisation depends, among other things, on having efficient rail, road and pipeline links to the Indian Ocean “transit states” of Kenya, Tanzania and Djibouti. He Wenping-The Belt & Road: China Shares Its Development with Africa & the World December 3, 2017 Lawrence Africa, Belt and Road Initiative, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, industrialization of Africa, Maritime Silk Road, President Trump, US, Xi Jinping Below are excerpts from a speech by Prof. He Wenping discussing “President Xi’s Perspective for the Year 2050 and the Perspective of African Development.” Germany, November 25, 2017 The Industrialization of Africa “Let’s quickly go to the One Belt, One Road: This is just what I call—this is not official, it’s what I call it—I think this is a 1.0 version of One Belt, One Road, because all those things you see, the Maritime one and the Silk Road continental one, go through 64 countries. In this 1.0 version, only Egypt is from Africa, among these 64 countries. But now, I think One Belt, One Road is entering 2.0 version—that is, now facing all the countries in the world. As President Xi Jinping mentioned to the Latin American countries, “you are all welcome to join the Belt and Road.” In the Chinese “40 Minutes,” Xi said, all the African continent is now on the map of the One Belt, One Road, the whole African continent, especially after the May Belt and Road Summit in Beijing had taken place. “So now, its face is open to all the countries in the world, now it’s inclusive. Any country that would like to join, I would like to say. You see, these are two leaders in the world: People are saying “America First” is the idea. You see from abroad, Trump in the White House saying, “America First.” If anything is not too good for America, it’s not good at all. But, for President Xi Jinping, the One Belt, One Road is to make the world better. It’s not, “make China better,” because with all this Belt and Road, the Chinese foreign exchange reserves, we’re now enjoying the number-one highest foreign exchange reserves in the world. “So, we’re going to use those foreign exchange reserves to build all those roads—connectivity! Connect China and other countries to join together, to build trade. And there are three connectivities we are talking about: First is the policy connectivity, China’s One Belt, One Road initiative is relevant to countries, their own development strategy. For example, Ethiopia. Ethiopia has now been named as the “next China” on the African continent. It’s not my invention, these words—many scholars have been published talking about which country in Africa is going to be the China in Africa, which means, developing faster! Faster and leading other countries forward. Most of them refer to Ethiopia. ” Ethiopia has now reached an GDP growth rate, last year, as high as 8%, but the whole rest of the continent, especially the oil rich countries, are suffering from lower oil prices. So they have developed an industrialization strategy; their strategy and the China strategy should be connected. One is called the policy connectivity Presidents of Egypt, South Africa, and Nigeria Speak-out October 2, 2017 November 14, 2017 Lawrence Africa, African Union, agriculture, Cheikh Anta Diop, Egypt, electrical power, Kwame Nkrumah, Libya, Nigeria, President el-Sisi, President Nasser, President Zuma, regime change, South Africa, Syria, Yemen Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el Sisi Reiterates Egypt’s Orientation Is Toward Africa President el-Sisi, in a timely reiteration of a theme in his 2014 inaugural address, told the UN General Assembly Sept. 19 that “Africa lies at the heart of Egypt’s foreign policy.” He also condemned the current world order for its hypocrisy and its reliance on “conflict and zero-sum games,” and had sharp remarks about the state of affairs in Libya and Syria. Concerning Africa, el-Sisi said, “As Egypt’s geographical home, Africa lies at the heart of Egypt’s foreign policy, for it is in Africa that our historic roots lie, and it is from Africa that we derive pride in our identity and our deep sense of belonging. This continent has also become subject to the same security threats facing the Arab region, and constitutes a major example of the crisis in the current international economic order, which cements poverty and economic disparity. This global order bears a major responsibility in the economic, political and social crises that threaten international peace and stability, rendering any discussion on sustainable development goals futile.” Leaders in Black Africa in the 1950s and 1960s, the era of African (political) independence–such as Ghana’s Kwame Nkrumah and Senegal’s Cheikh Anta Diop–looked to ancient Egypt and the Egypt of their contemporary, President Gamal Abdel Nasser, as a source of inspiration. El-Sisi repeatedly condemned the current world order, and pointed to the alternative, saying in one place, “Force and zero-sum games cannot remain as a means to realize interests, especially in today’s world, which is based on mutual interdependence among nations, and where significant horizons for cooperation and understanding exist to achieve the common interests of everyone….” “This requires,” he said, “involving developing countries more in the international economic governance structure and facilitating their access to easier financing, markets, and technology transfer.” Turning to the Arab region’s crises, with emphasis on Syria, he said that these crises can only be resolved by “upholding the notion of the modern nation-state.” There will be “no salvation for Syria except through a consensual political solution amongst all Syrians at the core of which is the preservation of the unity of the Syrian state, the maintenance of its institutions, and the broadening of their political and social base to include all factions of the Syrian society, and to decisively counter terrorism until it is defeated.” On Libya, Iraq, and Yemen, he said: “Egypt will not allow the continuation of attempts to tamper with the unity and integrity of the Libyan state, or to undermine the capabilities of the Libyan people. We will continue to work diligently with the UN to achieve a political settlement based on the Sokhairat Agreement. The aforementioned logic applies to the Egyptian strategy regarding the crises in Iraq and Yemen.” South African President Zuma’s Message at the UNGA: No More Regime Change, Anywhere! President Jacob Zuma’s assertive address to the UN General Assembly on Sept. 20 included a denunciation, in detail, of regime change as a threat to world peace and development. It seems clear that his message was directed especially to U.S. President Donald Trump. He said in part: “In 2011, the African Union called for dialogue to resolve the crisis in Libya. Unfortunately, some among us here opted for guns and bombs. Today those countries are making little effort to promote stability in Libya. The major focus and preoccupation has become how to deal with the flow of migrants arriving in Europe from our continent and the Middle East, which are just mere symptoms. “The war in Libya contributed a great deal to the destabilization of the Sahel region and all the way to Central Africa, creating a corridor for illicit trafficking in arms as well as terrorist activities. “In fact, had our warning been heeded, that the supply of arms to civilians in Libya and the arming of civilians in Syria would cause loss of life, great instability, and mayhem, the world would be more peaceful today. “South Africa continues to call for an immediate end to the violence and for a Syrian-led political transition and a negotiated settlement reflecting the will of the Syrian people. “In both instances of Libya and Syria, we strongly cautioned against seeking to resolve internal challenges of sovereign states by imposing foreign solutions through military means.” Regarding North Korea, he said: “We continue with our call for calm in the Korean Peninsula. The situation cannot be allowed to get out of hand. …. It can no longer be acceptable that some few countries keep arsenals and stockpiles of nuclear weapons as part of their strategic defense and security doctrine, while expecting others to remain at their mercy.” Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhari Speaking on October 1. Below are excerpts from President Buhari’s address to the Nation of Nigeria on the 57th anniversary of independence from British colonial rule “Recent calls on re-structuring, quite proper in a legitimate debate, has let in highly irresponsible groups to call for dismemberment of the country. We cannot and we will not allow such advocacy. As a young Army Officer, I took part from the beginning to the end in our tragic civil war costing about 2m lives, resulting in fearful destruction and untold suffering. Those who are agitating for a re-run were not born by 1967 and have no idea of the horrendous consequences of the civil conflict which we went through “December last year, this Administration has produced over 7 million 50Kg bags of fertilizer. Eleven blending plants with a capacity of 2.1 million metric tons have been reactivated. We have saved $150 million in foreign exchange and N60 billion in subsidy. Fertilizer prices have dropped from N13,000 per 50Kg bag to N5,500. “Furthermore, a new presidential initiative is starting with each state of the Federation creating a minimum of 10,000 jobs for unemployed youths, again with the aid of CBN’s development finance initiatives. “Power remains a huge problem. As of September 12th, production of power reached an all — time high of 7,001 Megawatts. Government is increasing its investment, clearing up the operational and financial log jam bedeviling the industry. We hope to reach 10,000 Megawatts by 2020. “Key priorities include better energy mix through solar and Hydro technologies. I am glad to say that after many years of limbo, Mambilla Power Project has taken off. “Elsewhere in the economy, the special window created for manufacturers, investors and exporters, foreign exchange requirements has proved very effective. Since April, about $7 billion has come through this window alone. The main effect of these policies is improved confidence in the economy and better investment sentiments. “The country has recorded 7 consecutive months of lower inflation, and the Naira rate is beginning to stabilize, appreciating from N525 per $1 in February this year to N360 today. Broad-based economic growth is leading us out of recession. Interview with Sudan Foreign Minister August 21, 2017 November 17, 2017 Lawrence agriculture, BRICS, counter terrorism, Egypt, Ethiopia, Horn of Africa, President Al-Baashir, Qattara Depression, Russia, Sanctions, South Korea, Sudan, US By Joseph Hammond Joseph Hammond recently spoke with Sudanese Foreign Minister Ibrahim Ghandour in Khartoum. In July, Trump decided to continue the probationary period on Sudanese sanctions another three months until September. Sudanese Foreign Minister Ibrahim Ghandour Question: What are Sudan’s foreign policy priorities at present? A: Our priorities are first of all good relations with neighbors we always try to strike “zero problems with neighbors” and we are surrounded by six neighbors and each of those countries have either internal conflict or international problems at the moment. Taking a wider few to the East we have we Al-Shabab and Boko Haram to the West. We also have the problem of ISIS in our region. Solving these security challenges involves close coordination with our neighbors and that is our priority. Sudan is both part of Africa and the Arab region so that is a priority before we look wider afield for allies in solving those issues. In nutshell our goal is to have our country at the heart of peaceful and integrated region. Q: In 1995, the United States imposed sanctions on Sudan due to its support for terrorists like Bin Ladin and Carlos the Jackal. The former is now dead and the latter is now in prison after he was surrendered by Sudan to France. What is Sudan doing to ensure the Trump Administration lifts the sanctions? A: In June 2016, we received and agreed up a five track plan between the United States of America and the Sudan. The five tracks include counter-terrorism, an investigation into claims that we have a link to the Lord’s Resistance Army(LRA), Peace with South Sudan, Peace within Sudan and as well as humanitarian issues. We engaged on this for 6 months with the Obama administration to relieve the sanctions and that happened in January this year. We have had several meetings on this process at the hieghest levels including with Dr. [Susan] Rice and we engaged with [Secretary of State] John Kerry. We had a lot of engagement and we are waiting for the final decision in July. In the last week of April, we had more meetings with the U.S. government and both sides agree there has been 100% implementation from of the five track plan. Sudan has been contributing to U.S. counter-terrorism efforts since before the turn of the century and the Pentagon confirmed that there is no links between our government and Joseph Kony’s LRA. On the basis of the last bilateral engagements things are moving forward. Q: The fate of the sanctions aside Sudan is still-listed as a state sponsor of terrorism. A: There will not be economic issues after July if things go smoothly. However, if the state-sponsorship designation continues it’s a diplomat paradox. Last year on 15th of June the outgoing CIA director [John Brennan] said Sudan is cooperating very well with U.S. counter-terrorism efforts. How can a country be cooperating on U.S. counter terrorism efforts yet remain on the state sponsor of terrorism list. The administration should work with Sudan to have its named removed from the state-sponsorship of terrorism list. Q: Well to clarify Sudan is not under embargo its under sanctions. A: I mean practically speaking it has been embargo on us because other countries are not trading with us with us due to U.S. sanctions. So Sudan shifted to Iran and other countries to help the national army to support a rebellion. A rebellion I might added aided by the same countries who were imposing this embargo. Everybody knows the South Sudan has been supported by the West and other regional countries. Iran is not our natural ally but, it was necessity. When you are pushed against a wall you find you can do anything. Q: Earlier this year Sudanese President Omer Al-Baashir visited Ethiopia and called for the creation of a Horn of Africa economic community. His proposal was supported by his Ethiopian hosts but, what is the status this union? A: Yes, the Horn of Africa economic community was discussed between Baashir and the Prime Minsiter of Ethiopia [Hailemariam Desalegn] and both leaders agreed it is an important issue that should be discussed. Additionally, Somalia and Djibouti have responded positively to the proposal. A meeting of experts has been scheduled for late June and then there will be a foregin ministers meeting. If things go forward there will be a summit and a declaration. We are hoping that this issue will come to a reality there is a lot in common between the countries in the Horn of Africa. There is a lot of potential for stronger economic partnerships between these countries and Sudan. Economic collaboration means collaboration on everything. This organization can work to ensure that we are better connected by road, rail and there is free movement of people and goods. Q: Well another important country for Sudan during this period was Russia. Which leads me to the Syrian Civil War where Sudan has taken a position very close to Russia’s hasn’t it? Sudan does not believe that Assad has to go before a peace agreement can be achieved… A: Let me separate this issue as these are two questions are relations. With the Russia we maintain excellent Russian relations. Russia has invested in our economy in particularly in gold mining. In fact we have good relations in all other fields. Russia supports Sudan and on the Security Council when we face unjustified pressure. On Syria our position has been from the beginning has been that this conflict has to resolved through direct negotiations and still this is our position and still is our position. Foreign military intervention will not solve We have been clear on this with our other Arab allies. President Baashir said this again at the recent Arab League meeting in Amman, Jordan. Syria need direct negotiations between rebel groups and Assad. The Syrian Civil War will not be solved by foreign powers. It will be solved by discussions amongst the Syrian people. If what we said had been listened to earlier those hundreds of thousands of people would not have lost their lives Q: There is a major conflict on your borders in Libya. What role is Sudan playing in Libya? A: We are very concerned about the situation in Libya…This is a conflict with clear consequences for the world beyond our region as well. For example, the fighting Libya has made it difficult to combat illegal migration from our region through Libya or Algeria and onto Europe. One of concerns is of course the conflict in Libya will impact the on-going peace process in Darfur. In Darfur other than one or two holdouts there is now peace throughout the region. However, we are concerned that there are 600 rebels from the Minnawi faction of the Sudan Liberation Movement who are fighting in Libya with General Haftar’s forces. Those rebels could return any time with supported from Libya and re-ignite the war in Darfur. Thus we have deployed 2,000 troops along are border with Libya. We are also concerned about ISIS, they have been kicked out of Sirte but, they are now regrouping who knows where. We are also concerned about the fact that Southern Libya has become a no-man’s land. The civil war in Libya must be solved by negotiation with the various factions.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725034
__label__cc	0.731736	0.268264	Trademarks, Science & Technology, Communications & Media, Patents Sicklerville, Clementon, Vineland, Marlton, Cherry Hill Intellectual Property & Copyright Top Williamstown Intellectual Property & Copyright Lawyers - New Jersey Nearby Cities: Sicklerville, Clementon, Vineland, Marlton, Cherry Hill Related Practice Areas: Trademarks, Science & Technology, Communications & Media, Patents Benjamin Appelbaum, Attorney at Law Intellectual Property & Copyright Lawyers Serving Williamstown, NJ (Nationwide) Safeguarding the intellectual property of individuals & businesses since 1994. Specialty in trademarks, copyrights and patents. Morris County New Jersey Intellectual Property, Patents, Trademark & Copyright Lawyer Benjamin Appelbaum is a sole practitioner and a Registered Patent Attorney. His areas of specialization include the chemical, mechanical and electro-mechanical arts. 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We don't intimidate or try to persuade our... Need help with Intellectual Property & Copyright Law? You've come to the right place. If you have created something new -- whether it is artistic or scientific -- and you wish to protect your rights to your invention, an intellectual property lawyer can help. Intellectual property lawyers also help you react to unauthorized use and misuse of your intellectual property in cases like copyright infringement. Use FindLaw to hire a local intellectual property lawyer near you to help you proactively and reactively protect your intellectual property. Need an attorney in Williamstown, New Jersey? Use the contact form on the profiles to connect with a Williamstown, New Jersey attorney for legal advice. City - Is the lawyer's office conveniently located near you?	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725035
__label__wiki	0.775954	0.775954	What is Tokusatsu? https://kamenrider.fandom.com/wiki/Kamen_Rider_1_(movie) Michael Avery, Staff Reporter Filed under Reviews, Uncategorized What is Tokusatsu? Tokusatsu is a Japanese term for live-action film or television drama that makes heavy use of special effects featuring giant monsters/robots, people in spandex, etc. Kamen Rider, for example, is a show with people transforming into bug-eyed superheroes in spandex. Super Sentai is similar to Kamen Rider. Instead of one or two bugmen fighting a monster of the week sent by an evil organization, it’s usually five six people in spandex fighting monsters from an evil organization once a week. With giant robots from the team fighting the now gigantified monster. Ultraman is a series of a long line of giant heroes fighting giant monsters. However, they do not appear all together. More like once a year. Those are the main three series; however, there is a series called Metal Heroes which is aimed for teens and adults. Let’s take an in-depth look at what each series has to offer. Kamen Rider is more like a show for teens than for kids plot wise anyways. Other than that it’s anything a kid could ask for in a live-action TV show. It has great action, great characters and actors, and an awesome legacy of almost 50 years of fighting monsters, and fantastic memories for kids in Japan and a lot of people in the West. (It’s currently 47 years.) This year’s entry for the series, Kamen Rider Zi-O, is the last entry of the Heisei era since 2001 with the main rider traveling to the past to take care of enemies to keep the past intact with a little twist in it, too. At the time I’m writing this, it’s still airing weekly. Some Americans know the shows Kamen Rider Ryuki and Kamen Rider Black RX as Kamen Rider Dragon Knight and, unfortunately, Masked Rider. (Adaptations of those two shows, Dragon Knight did a successful airing on 4Kids until they cancelled it before the finale and Masked Rider is not doing so well) Super Sentai is more teamwork-based than fighting on your own most of the time. With five or three members at first fighting an evil organization for about 10-15 episodes until the 16th episode where a new sixth member debuts (fourth and fifth member if it’s just three members) and it becomes better in more ways than one. It has some filler episodes including a great cast of colorful characters and a fantastic story to go along with it. The additional sixth member is usually someone new, or someone we already know. The show Americans are familiar with, Power Rangers, is adaption of the series with morals and a toned down version, sometimes with an original plot. This year’s entry, (which is still airing at the time I’m writing this) Kaitou Sentai Lupinranger vs. Keisatsu Sentai Patranger, has two main teams instead of just one. One is on the side of the law, and the other is against it. It deals with the Lupinrangers fighting evil to gather collection pieces called the Lupin Collection and breaking the law like Sly Cooper would do. The Patrangers try to stop the threat and the thieves as well. With it close to its 45th anniversary up in 2020, it has a great legacy and is still going strong, although it is not as popular as Kamen Rider. Ultraman, while not as popular as Kamen Rider and Super Sentai, is very interesting, having the fight scenes take place fully grown, and the humans having more screen time and more character development put into it. Unfortunately, I haven’t watched any Ultraman series entry yet, but I’ve heard Ultraman Geed is pretty good with its being kind of an anniversary show with previous Ultramen showing up as the transformation gimmick of the show. At the time I’m writing this, this year’s entry, Ultraman R/B, is still airing weekly, with it getting a movie with the protagonist of Ultraman Geed returning as well. It’s been airing long before Kamen Rider and Super Sentai premiered, having 52 years worth of a legacy. It’s interesting, and I’d say check it out of you’re interested. Metal Heroes is more for teens and adults and hasn’t gotten a show since B-Robo Kabutack (the show that cancelled the whole series), which was actually excluded from the official list of Metal Heroes from Toei themselves, making them non-canon because they’re too kiddish, and it says it ends with B-Fighter Kabuto. It started out with Uchū Keiji Gavan from 37 years ago and ended in the end 1998. I haven’t seen any of the shows from that series yet, but even though the series was cancelled, the first show, Uchuu Keiji Gavan, still has crossovers with Super Sentai called Space Squad, featuring two previous Sentai teams that are police and space themed. Most Americans, or at least some adults who grew up with these upcoming shows, know the entries Juuko B-Fighter and B-Fighter Kabuto and the Chojinki Metalder as Big Bad Beetleborgs, Beetleborgs Metalix and VR Troopers. In the US, the two shows were cancelled due to lack of stock footage. Most of the adaptations used stock footage from the shows from Japan and replaced the Japanese characters with American characters. These shows are just the beginning of an awesome line of series in this genre of Tokusatsu. What sets them apart is the feeling you get from watching them, like with Ex-Aid for example. While watching it, I felt like the characters were actually there and felt emotional when something happened to them. With Uchu Sentai Kyuranger, I felt like the characters were there getting their jobs done; I know I’ll get the same feeling when watching Ultraman and Metal Heroes. I hope readers will watch them as well and love their shows. Thanks for reading, and I’ll see ya!	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725038
__label__wiki	0.790451	0.790451	Home Music Alternative Big Red Machine and Justin Vernon’s Artistic Force of Nature Big Red Machine and Justin Vernon’s Artistic Force of Nature Eric Carlson Since when did Justin Vernon rule the world? In 10 years since “For Emma, Forever Ago,” the singer has gone from hushed auteur of quietly devastating folk music to genre-crossing megastar, playing to rabid crowds in arenas and major festivals around the country. For a man that’s rubbed shoulders with Kanye, toured around the world, and put out one critically-acclaimed album after another, he doesn’t seem to be showing any signs of letting up, or losing touch with his artistic life force. He also seems to be having a lot of fun. Just last month, around the same time he announced his new collaborative project called Big Red Machine, Vernon appeared with Dead & Company (which features none other than John Mayer) and ripped out a few tracks on stage in his native state of Wisconsin. When your music has permeated the culture to a certain extent, you exist on a whole new level as an artist. Evenas a I write this, I take my headphones off for a second and realize that “Skinny Love” is playing at the coffee shop I’m sitting in. Years ago I remember hearing the song for the first time in a ski adventure movie my friend made me watch, and would soon encounter people all over the country who’d sigh at any mention of the song. They found in it an emotional intensity they connected with and an unutterable pain that was sung out to the world. Justin DeYarmond Edison Vernon, the man behind the enigma that is Bon Iver, furthers his legend on his new collaboration with The National’s Aaron Dessner. An auteur in his own right, Aaron and his brother Bryce have been busy in the music world for two decades now. Aaron even helped Vernon put together the Eaux Claires Music and Arts festival held in Vernon’s hometown of Eau Claire, WI. Big Red Machine’s official album release will be at the end of August. Alleviating the distinct pain of waiting, Vernon and Dessner have already dropped four out of the ten tracks, which you can listen to here. Plus, for the devoutly curious music geeks out there, you can entertain yourself by diving into Vernon and Co.’s other big announcement. This is the release of a new music-listening platform called PEOPLE. What is PEOPLE? Regardless of the details, it seems to fit into the aesthetic that revolves around Vernon, the Dessner brothers, and the rest of their crew: uninhibited creativity, a prophetic ability to curve trends to once-criticized styles (think the piano rock of Bruce Hornsby), and a basic-HTML minimalist designer chic. Visit the website and you can scroll the cursor to transform a spectrum of colors into inverted rainbows. All of People’s ideas will come together during a concert at the Funkhaus in Berlin from August 18th to the 19th, which promises to be the pinnacle of their collective vision. Here’s a blurb from the event’s website: “There will be no line up. You won’t know who you’re going to see until the artists come on stage. We experience the process, beyond names and expectations. There will always be music. After 8pm we all come together on the main stage for the PEOPLE Mixtapes bringing together the highlights of the week” So I try out their new streaming platform. I search through the “people” on PEOPLE and choose an artist called Eric Timothy Carlson. Yes, he has the same name has me, and yes, I did choose it somewhat because of that. I also chose him because he did the art for Bon Iver’s 2016 album “22, A Million,” and since I know his name from the project I have ever more reason to check out his music. I choose a song called “Two Pianos at April Base” by his band called “Presence.” The raw, reverby piano track takes me into the heart of PEOPLE’s vision. One of its tenets concerns a new paradigm of sharing uninhibited music with others around the world, about somehow moving past the commercialism and oversaturation of music in our culture and allowing artists to create work unencumbered. After the piano track fades away, I stumble across a file of Justin Vernon and Francis Starlite (of Francis and the Lights) talking about the ideas behind PEOPLE. I’ll leave you to listen to it on your own. Though I will tell you this. It’s a heady quest into some of the intentions Vernon has for the music industry, which are, in a word, revolutionary. Vernon’s various collaborations are a comfort to Bon Iver’s legions of fans, who I imagine get a little antsy when the band takes five years between albums, like they did between 2011 and 2016. Big Red Machine, thankfully, is a worthy addition to his catalog. On the four tracks that have been released, Dessner and Vernon mix ideas into seamless music collage, summoning forth raw emotion into a result that feels like a culmination of their shared vision. These ideas come to light on “Forest Green,” which is so hypnotically catchy I lose myself in its repeated lines (so phonetically similar they trap you inside them). “I was gonna give you all of my time / More time / More time” Vernon sings, playing off that melodic line over and over. Meanwhile, the track builds quietly, crafting a world of sound that secretly invites you in and becomes more intense and all-encompassing with each measure. Equally esoteric and relatable, it’s a healthy addition to the Bon Iver tome, if not a complete departure from the folk-inflected muses of his past. Time will tell what will come of Vernon’s vision and the impact of PEOPLE. Regardless, he has become a superstar of our music age, one whose legend and power only seems to grow. If anyone can rework the way we interact with music, I’d put my money on Justin Vernon. aaron dessner new streaming music platform Previous articleSheriff: 8 people dead after Missouri tourist boat accident Next articleSheriff: 11 people dead after Missouri tourist boat accident http://clippings.me/users/ericcarlson Eric Carlson is a writer invested in the impact music has on people and society. When not playing music himself, he spends time listening to records and riding his bike. He currently lives in Denver. You can reach him at ericcarlson15@gmail.com. clippings.me/ericcarlson Brian Eno’s “Music For Airports”: a quiet revolution in both sound... Alternative March 9, 2018 Fountain Square Music Festival 2017 Alternative October 10, 2017	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725040
__label__cc	0.55211	0.44789	Out on a limb: Personality test Athletes are known for being difficult patients, with psychology often playing as important a role as biomechanics. The objective is to keep an athlete’s personality from getting in the way of proper medical care. But sometimes that’s easier said than done. Just ask the Boston Red Sox. Out on a Limb: Thinking globally There are a lot of reasons you might not want to leave the country these days. Terrorism. The economy. Language barriers. Maybe you just feel there’s no need – you can have a perfectly good vacation, and even update your professional credentials at the same time, without the hassle of renewing your passport or trying to remember where you put the darned thing. Out on a limb: Weakness in numbers Sometimes it’s hard to tell when it’s spring in New England, particularly when there are frost warnings in late April and the local hockey and basketball teams are still playing well into May. But one telltale sign is when the air is abuzz with baseball statistics. By Jordana Bieze Foster, Editor Out On a Limb: Up from the wreckage Have a bad day at the office? At least you didn’t have to worry about not having any electricity. Or clean water. Most of us take these things for granted. But for some practitioners, in places devastated by war or by natural disaster, they are very real concerns that go hand in hand with lower extremity care. By Jordana Bieze Foster, Editor Out On a Limb: Pro rated When hearing about how a therapy has helped a professional athlete, it can be difficult to extrapolate those results to your own patient population. Tiger Woods may have lost Gatorade, but he’ll always have platelet rich plasma. By Jordana Bieze Foster Out on a Limb: Ad salutem As true as it is in advertising, it may be even more true in healthcare. As evidence, this issue features not one but two articles on the ongoing battle to improve patient compliance—a battle practitioners have been fighting since even before the halcyon days of the three martini lunch. By Jordana Bieze Foster Out on a limb: Making a head case Athletes know about the importance of keeping your head in the game. Just ask Lindsey Jacobellis. Or Chris Webber. But a growing body of research suggests that poor decision making isn’t the only way the brain can sabotage an athlete’s performance. Jordana Bieze Foster, editor Continue reading → Out on a limb: It’s all about you At Lower Extremity Review, we know there are literally thousands of products out there that can help you improve your clinical outcomes. But the existence of all those products doesn’t really do you or your patients much good if you don’t know where to find them. Out on a limb: Knowing better I have a confession to make: I’m one of those women. The kind of woman who is the subject of this month’s cover story on high heels. Out on a limb: Ahead of the curve It isn’t often discussed in the medical literature or in scientific sessions, nor is it mentioned in this month’s cover story on bracing and athletic performance. But the extent to which an athlete can benefit from orthotic management depends at least in part on his or her skill level. Out on a limb: Getting a leg up So now we know more about Oscar Pistorius’ body than any of us does about our own. Courtesy of the Journal of Applied Physiology and a dream team of scientists, we know his metabolic cost of running, his sprinting endurance, his swing times, his stance-average vertical ground reaction forces. We know how each of those variables stacks up against those of elite non-amputee runners. Out on a Limb: Thinking big Obesity is a big problem, one that seems to just keep getting bigger. You’re launching a new magazine? Now? In this economy? Don’t you know that newspapers and magazines are downsizing and folding left and right? Good questions, all. But I can assure you, we’re not living in a bubble. We personally know far too many people, in publishing and in other markets, who have been adversely affected by the recession.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725041
__label__cc	0.569931	0.430069	Carolyn Forché \| What You Have Heard Is True: A Memoir of Witness and… This event has already happened. Check out our other great events! Carolyn Forché \| What You Have Heard Is True: A Memoir of Witness and Resistance Tue, March 19, 2019 7:30 P.M. Parkway Central Library In conversation with Beth Kephart, the award-winning author of twenty-four books, including Going Over, Handling the Truth: On the Writing of Memoir, and Flow: The Life and Times of Philadelphia’s Schuylkill River. “An unflinching witness and eloquent mourner” (The New Yorker), Carolyn Forché is the author of the poetry collections Blue Hour, The Angel of History, The Country Between Us, and Gathering the Tribes. For this body of work she has amassed an impressive list of honors, including fellowships from the Academy of American Poets and the National Endowment for the Arts, the Windham-Campbell Prize, and the Los Angeles Times Book Award. The Lannan Chair in Poetry at Georgetown University, Forché is also a respected translator, editor, and activist. What You Have Heard Is True tells the story of her journey with an enigmatic man into the chaos and horror of the Salvadoran Civil War. 1901 Vine Street (between 19th and 20th Streets on the Parkway) Upcoming Events at Parkway Central Library Roots2Rise Wellness: Yoga on the Rooftop Summer Series Self-Care Saturday Maker Studio -light-up greeting cards Movie Double Feature Sundays on Stage: Family Magic Show with Ran'D Shine Upcoming Author Events - Ticketed Series Events Ta-Nehisi Coates \| The Water Dancer \| Irvine Auditorium \| 3401 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Malcolm Gladwell \| Talking to Strangers: What We Should Know about the People We Don’t Know \| Irvine Auditorium \| 3401 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725046
__label__cc	0.709645	0.290355	Obituary of George E Brugger Our beloved George E Brugger has left this earth peacefully on February 28, 2019 with his beloved wife, Evelyn, and sister, Ellen, by his side and went to be with the Lord. George was born March 23, 1930 in Putnam, Connecticut to Jules and Jeanne Brugger. George was loved by many friends. His wit, humor, compassion, and kind heart brought joy, hope, light, and laughter to the many whose lives he touched through his relationships and community service through his 26 years as a volunteer delivering meals on wheels. He received a lifetime achievement award from Barack Obama for his 26 years of dedication to serving others. George built his home with the help of Carl Nielsen, Scandia Construction in 1983. He loved to work with his hands fixing or making things. He liked playing cards with friends, trips to the casino, playing slot machines and enjoyed his computer for research, solving puzzles, and keeping up with friends and family on Facebook. George is preceded in death by his parents; Jules and Jeanne Brugger, sons; George Brugger, Jr. and Marc Brugger, and brother; Emile Brugger. He leaves behind his loving wife; Evelyn Brugger, sister; Ellen Brugger, daughter; Denise Brugger, sons; Jon, Steven, Francis, Thomas Dean (Tracy), daughters-in-law; Joan and Jen, sister-in-law; Doris, grandchildren; Krysta, Kyra, Grant, Molly, David, Charlotte, Trish, Nicholas, Kristopher, Conner, Justin, Dylan, Thomas Dean Jr., Michael (Meg), great-grandchildren; Mickayla and Brady as well as nieces and nephews; Michael, Bobby, Irene, David, Liz, Cindy, Robbie and Kara. A Memorial Service will be held at Lietz-Fraze Funeral Home on Friday, March 22, 2018 at 4: 00 pm. A reception will be held after the service at the Senior Center of Lake Havasu City. In lieu of flowers, donations can be made to Lake Havasu City Senior Center in George’s honor.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725047
__label__cc	0.645651	0.354349	LifeSciences BC > Membership > LifeSciences BC Members Alphabetical > Amgen British Columbia Inc. Amgen British Columbia Inc. www.amgen.ca 7990 Enterprise Street Burnaby BC V5A 1V7 Member Sector: Biopharmaceuticals Amgen British Columbia Inc., one of several research facilities operated by Amgen Inc., specializes in the discovery and development of human therapeutic antibodies. The research center, located in Burnaby, became part of Amgen with Amgen’s acquisition of Abgenix, Inc. in April 2006. It employs approximately 65 people, including research scientists and a small support staff. Amgen is headquartered in the United States and has more than 17,000 staff members worldwide. A biotechnology pioneer since 1980, Amgen was one of the first companies to realize the new science’s promise by bringing novel medicines from lab, to manufacturing plant, to patient. Amgen therapeutics have changed the practice of medicine, helping millions of people around the world in the fight against cancer, kidney disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and other serious illnesses. With a deep and broad pipeline of potential new medicines, Amgen remains committed to advancing science to dramatically improve people’s lives.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725050
__label__wiki	0.576869	0.576869	Home Shows & Happenings Arts and Culture #WillYouStillLoveMe: The Julia Buencamino Project Sparks Mental Health Awareness Through Art Chalk Magazine By Marie Francia Julia Buencamino, daughter of acclaimed actors Nonie and Sharmaine Buencamino, was 15 when she took matters into her own gentle hands. Three years after her passing, mom Shamaine, still distraught but hopeful, spoke about what the family went through. “The journey has been difficult. I think it is one of the most traumatic experiences a person can have. Survivors of suicide, or loss because of suicide, is a very complicated grief. It has been a journey and it is not over, but talking about it really helps,” she shares. Earlier on, Shamaine recalls how she and husband Nonie would see cuts and wounds on either Julia’s arms or legs, and she would deny self-mutilation, saying they were just scratches from school activities. It wasn’t. Shamaine and Nonie didn’t make a big fuss out of it because Julia didn’t show any signs of depression. She was an active kid, doing theater and television work. They made sure there was time for family. Julia had sturdy emotional support, but with her clinical mental condition, that wasn’t enough. “During the wake of Julia, I woke up and there was this loud voice in my head saying, make it public. I just didn’t know how,” said Shamaine. “I went through her stuff, I wanted to understand what happened to Julia. Because I was reading her journals and researching about her illness, I would write posts on Facebook and people were reacting and some of them were saying, ‘My child also suffers’ and ‘Why don’t you do something about it?’” That’s when the couple realized they needed to create a special project that would advocate awareness on mental health disorders, and why people should talk about it. Hence, the birth of the Julia Buencamino Project. The Buencaminos, Shamaine particularly, got the courage to speak up about their grief a year after Julia’s death through the Julia Buencamino Project. She was invited to schools and universities to give talks to students and parents about the importance of communication and how it can make a huge difference in a child’s development. “You know when you put in your head the idea that anyone is susceptible to mental illness, that’s when you’ll see the signs,” she said. On the third anniversary of Julia’s passing, Shamaine and the Buencamino family together with sportscaster TJ Manotoc, who has also battled with anxiety and depression, worked together on a very special exhibition called #WillYouStillLoveMe. It aims to encourage those in a similar situation to reach out and ask for help, to speak and be heard. “I would just want to add that this collaboration is also here to ask people to listen and do their part. We are going to use #letstalkletslisten. We can’t just all be talking. Someone needs to listen. We are hoping this initiative will bring a community together that is willing to listen, make a stand and together move to make a difference in each other lives. This is why we have so many volunteers. Everyone is doing this pro bono. Everyone we asked help from said YES! We all feel the need to come together and offer a safe space - where they won’t be judged, where they will be accepted, and they will be loved.” As the poem of Julia said – Everyone is welcome to join the event on July 14, 6PM at Whitespace, Makati to celebrate life and the wonders that come with it, through the stories of individuals who either have gone through the same journey as TJ and Shamaine or knew someone who did. Award-winning director Pepe Diokno also offered his support to the team and has helped spread the word by volunteering to direct their promotional materials. #WillYouStillLoveMe is a one-day exhibition of experiential art from spoken word to monologues to song and dance numbers to visual art. The #WillYouStillLoveMe Project is a plea to everyone to face the demons of depression head and start speaking up about their battle even when their voice is shaking. ALSO READ: In Focus: 5 Ways YOU Can Take Part In The Fight For Mental Health TAGS: Chalk Magazine Julia Buencamino mental health Daily Diaries: 3 Things To Do Instead of Comparing Yourself to Other Girls In Focus: 5 Signs that You are Not Ready to Get a Tattoo Yet Style Inspo: 6 Tips to Make Tiangge Clothes Look Expensive	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725052
__label__wiki	0.871674	0.871674	‘Game of Thrones’ is ending, but will live on in merchandise This product image released by HBO shows various styles of Adidas x Game of Thrones Ultra Boosts sneakers inspired by HBO's "Game of Thrones" series. Image: HBO via AP Associated Press / 05:43 PM April 24, 2019 NEW YORK — From wine to clothing to tours, HBO and retailers have cashed in through the years with “Game of Thrones” merchandise. “Thrones” is not only a huge international show but also a massive business, with all sides hoping to pad the bank during the show’s eighth and final season. “It’s thousands of products, just a lot of stuff all around the world,” said Jeff Peters, HBO’s vice president of licensing and retail. “We’re so busy we don’t stop and count.” In this April 10, 2019, file photo costumes of the characters Joffrey Baratheon and Margaery Tyrell on display during the launch of The Game of Thrones Touring Exhibition at the Titanic Exhibition centre in Belfast, Northern Ireland. The exhibition is made up of authentic costumes, props and settings from seven seasons. Image: AP Photo, File Products include makeup, beer, toy collectibles and even high fashion collaborations. But while the show itself is a TV phenomenon, that doesn’t guarantee fans will flock to stores. “It’s certainly good to be lucky. But you don’t get to where the merchandising programs are with HBO and what they’ve done with ‘Game of Thrones’ unless you have a true, point-by-point marketing and merchandising and retail strategy,” said product and licensing expert Tony Lisanti. “This is a global property and every country may resonate a little different,” he said. California-based Vintage Wine Estates has been making the official “Game of Thrones” wine for three years now, said Pat Roney, the company’s CEO. “Just the excitement all over the world with the calls that we get from almost 40 different countries to sell wine — it’s just amazing,” he said. Popular tours of “Game of Thrones” filming locations in Croatia and Ireland have boosted small, local economies there, according to TripAdvisor’s Andrew Aley. In this June 13, 2014, file photo “Game of Thrones” fans stop for a picture on their way to Audleys field and castle, castleward, Strangford, Northern Ireland. Audleys field and castle was used for filming Season 1 as King Robert Baratheon and his retinue arrive at Winterfell. Image: AP Photo/Peter Morrison, File “Some really positive examples like Northern Ireland, for example, where it’s not somewhere that’s always been on every tourist’s radar and it’s now become one of the major pillars of tourism in that local economy,” he said. “But it’s one of those factors that’s then driving tourism to other attractions as well, like at Belfast Titanic or Giant’s Causeway.” It wasn’t always this easy for HBO to find retailing partners for “Game of Thrones,” Peters said. “At the beginning, nobody really knew what it was,” he said. “So, we were the ones making phone calls and we were saying, ‘Hey, you got to get in on this. We think there’s a great opportunity.’ As the show got established and got big, then all the calls came to us and people were just throwing ideas and pitches.” Some of those ideas resulted in fashion collaborations with companies like Adidas, who created the now hard-to-find “Adidas x Game of Thrones Ultra Boosts” shoes, as well as a collection with men’s fashion designer John Varvatos. This product image released by HBO shows various styles of Adidas x Game of Thrones Ultra Boosts sneakers inspired by HBO’s “Game of Thrones” series. Image: HBO via AP “The one thing that always stands out in my mind from the first season was all the textures, all the way the leathers are finished, the artisan fabrics, and it’s a lot of what we do,” said Varvatos. “But I also didn’t want to make ‘Game of Thrones’ (clothes) where someone felt like they were wearing a costume around town. … So what you wanted to do is take that inspiration with a lot of the great details from the wardrobe from the show and put that into product that people actually could wear.” There are also “Thrones”-themed board games like “Monopoly,” ”CLUE” and “Risk”; Danielle Nicole’s “Game of Thrones” handbags; and beer made by upstate New York’s Brewery Ommegang. Just how much money is being made? No one really knows except HBO. And the number’s hard to estimate, for a reason. “HBO wants to get as high a licensing fee as possible. It will not want the companies that license ‘Game of Thrones’ to know what deals HBO is striking so that those companies seek to obtain a lower fee,” wrote Dr. Larry Chiagouris, professor of marketing at Pace University, in an email to the Associated Press. His broad guess of how much HBO is bringing in: “It’s a lot!” Aside from the chance to make money, there have been other benefits to retailers joining forces with HBO. Take Urban Decay’s new makeup collection, for example. This product image released by HBO shows Urban Decay’s new makeup collection inspired by the HBO series “Game of Thrones.” Image: HBO via AP “A couple of these products didn’t even exist in our line before. So the lipsticks were reimagined and have new casings and everything else,” said Wende Zomnir, founding partner and chief creative officer of Urban Decay (the company previously worked with HBO on the show “Vinyl”). There’s been a push to get new “Thrones” products out in time for the last season, but Lisanti thinks that even when the show ends, the products will stay in demand thanks to streaming and planned spinoffs. “As long as there’s new content, then the franchise will continue to be popular. And that content doesn’t have to be another series,” said Lisanti. It could be events such as a “traveling exhibition, concerts series, and events in cities and around the world.” HBO isn’t worried. “We’re striking right now while the iron is hot,” said Peters. “But we’re pretty confident that there will be interest in ‘Game of Thrones’ for a long time.” NVG Travel to Spain, Croatia, and Northern Iceland, “Game of Thrones” Style ‘Game of Thrones’, ‘Aladdin’, Avengers makeup collections make a splash AdidasGame of ThronesHBOmakeupmerchandiseTourismUrban Decay nguno Previous Stolen in France, 1.5 million euro Impressionist work found in Ukraine Next Influencer invasion as Pakistan launches tourism push	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725053
__label__wiki	0.869119	0.869119	Small Business of the Year: MyGreenBuildings, LLC Steve Ellis November 1, 2010 Awards, Press Leave a Comment Sarasota Observer by: Maria Amodio \| Observer Intern MyGreenBuildings, LLC has a new location on Orange Avenue, but nearly everything in the office, from the sliding-glass doors to the chair at owner Steve Ellis’ desk, is recycled. The materials came from an office building in downtown Sarasota that MyGreenBuildings is currently in the process of renovating. “We negotiated a deal with our clients that instead of getting rid of perfectly good materials, we would put them to use in our new office,” says Ellis. Ellis first got into green building in 2006, when he set out to distinguish a piece of property in a tight real-estate climate. He decided to renovate the home as the first renovated structure in the state to be green-building certified by the Florida Green Building Certification Coalition. The self-proclaimed “real-estate junkie” became fascinated by the ever-evolving techniques of the green-building industry and has been hooked ever since. “I love the technology,” says Ellis. “I love that what we’re doing is helping people live healthier and safer lives and protect their family and their belongings.” But Ellis hadn’t just found a new calling in that initial project — he also met his future business partner. Ellis hired Grant Castilow to work with him on the renovation, but the two ended up getting along so well that they decided to start a company together. “Grant and I had very similar goals,” says Ellis. “We learned a ton, we got along and that was the genesis of MyGreenBuildings.” Ellis and Castilow co-founded MyGreenBuildings in 2006, and both owners became LEED-accredited professionals. In 2009, MyGreenBuildings built the greenest home in the state at the time. The Siesta Key Zen project received 234 out of 300 possible points from the LEED certification system. MyGreenBuildings is currently working on the restoration of an original Carl Abbott home in Sarasota, which is an honor for Ellis and Castilow, who are both big fans of his work. The company has worked on several commercial projects, including Orthodontists of Sarasota and the Black Bird Home Gallery on Main Street, but Ellis says nothing compares to building people’s homes. “Building for people is a real art,” says Ellis. “When you’re building for people, they put so much time and effort into thinking through every little nuance. As a custom home builder you have to match wits with that.”	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725057
__label__wiki	0.579555	0.579555	“Sick” Ship Now Clean, Departs S. Fla. By Lisa Cilli February 11, 2012 at 6:46 pm Filed Under:CDC, Crown Princess, Cruise Ship Illness, Gastrointestinal Virus, Norovirus, Princess Cruise, Princess Cruise Lines, U.S. Centers For Disease Control and Prevention, Virus FT. LAUDERDALE (CBSMiami) – The Princess Cruise Line ship “Crown Princess” departed Saturday afternoon after undergoing two days of intensive cleaning following back-to-back outbreaks of the norovirus. Nearly 60 crew members and 114 passengers reported illness on its most recent voyage, according to Princess Cruises. The company decided to return to Port Everglades on Thursday, two days earlier than planned so it could spend time disinfecting the ship. In a statement, the company said: “The enhanced disinfection of the ship in Fort Lauderdale will include bringing aboard additional cleaning crews to assist with a thorough sanitization of all public spaces and surfaces including soft furnishing and carpets, railings, door handles and the like. The staterooms will be sanitized multiple times before making up the rooms with fresh linens and towels on Saturday morning, just prior to passenger embarkation.” It was the second time in two weeks the ship reported passengers and crew will from the norovirus, which attacks the gastrointestinal system. Many who got sick were confined to their rooms as they dealt with bouts of vomiting and diarrhea. Two weeks ago, nearly 400 people became sick. In addition to refunding the cruise fare, Princess Cruise Lines said they will help arrange flights home, pay for flight change fees, provide hotel accommodation if necessary and offer a 25 percent discount on a future cruise. Cruise ships have struggled with containing the threat of the norovirus, which is common in the general population but which spreads more easily among large groups in concentrated areas, like those found in a cruise ship. The disease is passed by contact with infected people, items they touch, such as food in buffets, and human waste. Most cruise lines have hand sanitizer stations aboard, and regularly urge passengers to use them. However, it’s easy for the disease to spread even in clean environments. Princess Cruise is owned by Doral-based Carnival Cruise Lines. Jolynn Ware says: I received a 25% credit from this cruise not on future cruises	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725058
__label__wiki	0.991543	0.991543	Soundtracks, Miami Vice film Miami Vice: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Top Chart Position (Top 200) Did Not Chart RIAA Certification The Best of Miami Vice (2006 album) Miami Vice: Original Motion Picture Score Miami Vice: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is a 2006 soundtrack album containing music from the film adaptation of the same name. The original Miami Vice television series composer, Jan Hammer, is notably absent from the film's soundtrack; Michael Mann did not want to use the show's theme song in the film, nor did he want any association with the TV series with regards to the songs used in the movie. Fans of the show e-mailed Universal Studios thousands of letters requesting the "Miami Vice Theme" be included, but ultimately Mann refused. As Hammer himself put it: "I was completely surprised they didn't have a remake of it. I think it's a case of being too cool for school." It is widely accepted that Hammers' 2006 cover of "Crockett's Theme" with rapper TQ was done as a form of protest towards this decision, and to display the kind of musical direction Hammer would have taken had he been included in the film's music-making process. Despite Mann's wishes for the film and series to be distinct entities music-wise, Phil Collins' hit song "In the Air Tonight", which featured famously in the show's pilot episode, did appear in the film, albeit as a cover by Miami-based rock band Nonpoint. The song is played over the film's end credits, although as another nod to the original series, the Director's Cut relocates the song to the build-up to the climactic shootout, thereby mirroring its use in the TV show. Notes Edit Some of the music included on the soundtrack album notably differs from the music used in the film itself: Of the first four songs featured in the film's opening scene inside the Mansion nightclub, only Nina Simone's "Sinnerman" is the same as it is in the movie. The versions of Goldfrapp's "Strict Machine" and Freaky Chakra's "Blacklight Fantasy" that appear in the film are both remixes, whereas the soundtrack includes the original versions. More surprisingly, Jay-Z & Linkin Park's "Numb/Encore" does not appear on the soundtrack album at all, despite being the first song used in the movie and its heavy use in all of the film's trailers. The Audioslave songs "Shape of Things to Come" and "Wide Awake" feature in the film, but neither appears on the soundtrack because the band wished to hold back the then-unreleased tracks for their new album. Much like the Nina Simone and Freaky Chakra songs featured during the film's nightclub scene, the version of Moby's "Anthem" found on the soundtrack is the original dance-flavoured album version, and not the haunting piano remix heard in the film. This difference was one of the major criticisms of the album. King Britt's "New World in My View" appears in the film as an instrumental, while the version on the soundtrack includes its usual spoken lyrics. Moby & Patti LaBelle's "One of These Mornings" and Emilio Estefan's "Pennies in My Pocket" were recorded exclusively for the film and have never appeared on any other album (although both are covers of existing songs). The final four tracks on the album are score pieces written for the film, whereas the other tracks are contemporary music. "A-500" samples the first few notes from Jan Hammer's "Crockett's Theme", although the similarity goes no further than that. As well as the official soundtrack album, a score album was also produced. Although officially a promotional-only release, it has since been made available as a bootleg. 1 "In the Air Tonight" Nonpoint 4:33 2 "One of These Mornings" Moby feat. Patti LaBelle 3:59 3 "We're No Here" Mogwai 5:36 4 "Sinnerman (Felix da Housecat's Heavenly House Mix)" Nina Simone 4:36 5 "Auto Rock" Mogwai 4:17 6 "Arranca" Manzanita 3:50 7 "Ready for Love" India.Arie 4:28 8 "Strict Machine" Goldfrapp 3:52 9 "Pennies in My Pocket" Emilio Estefan 3:51 10 "New World in My View" King Britt 5:31 11 "Sweep" Blue Foundation 10:50 12 "Anthem" Moby 3:27 13 "Blacklight Fantasy" Freaky Chakra 5:09 14 "Mercado Nuevo" John Murphy 2:13 15 "Who Are You" John Murphy 1:33 16 "Ramblas" King Britt 2:28 17 "A-500" Klaus Badelt 2:35 Retrieved from "https://miamivice.fandom.com/wiki/Miami_Vice:_Original_Motion_Picture_Soundtrack?oldid=39287" Miami Vice film More Miami Vice Wiki 1 James "Sonny" Crockett 2 Miami Vice (2020 Series)	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725059
__label__wiki	0.957031	0.957031	Strategic Homeland Intervention, Enforcement and Logistics Division members, S.H.I.E.L.D. Psi Division members, Secret Identity, Bob Harras/Creator Keith Pollard/Creator Telepaths Technopaths Network Nina (Earth-616) Network Nina S.H.I.E.L.D., Psi Division S.H.I.E.L.D. agent, Esper division Bob Harras, Keith Pollard Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Vol 3 #2 Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Network Nina was a cyber-psionic whose abilities were engineered by S.H.I.E.L.D.'s Esper Division. She developed telepathic abilities from the program, but was also rendered somewhat unstable. Nina was discharged from the program and ended up running a bar in the Florida Keys after the Deltite Affair. When the Gnobian Death's Head Commandos began striking at former S.H.I.E.L.D. agents, Nick Fury recruited Nina back into active duty.[1] Nina was a regular asset to S.H.I.E.L.D. as they reformed under the purview of the United Nations. Battle with X-Force Nina could scan for hostile forces, so Nick Fury assigned her for an infiltration mission into Graymalkin. Unfortunately, aboard the space station, she learned that the E-M burst which decloaked the base was also screening her telepathy, so she couldn't scan anyone, and her whole team got eventually defeated by the X-Force[2]. When War Machine confronted the X-Force and the battle got too destructive, Professor announced to everyone on board that emergency measures were being taken and a destruct sequence had begun. While Network Nina and the other S.H.I.E.L.D. operatives were deciding what they would do and if they should leave before the ship broke apart or if they should try to salvage what they could, the Professor announced an alert and the ship exploded[3]. Network Nina and the other S.H.I.E.L.D. agents, as well as the rest of X-Force, were then teleported aboard the Sternberg by Lila Cheney.[4] Battle with Psi-Borg When Nick Fury suspected G.W. Bridge had been forced to act against his will, he had Network Nina scan Bridge's mind. Nina detected signs of intrusion, and they tracked the culprit back to Psi-Borg, a SHIELD Super-Agent who was secretly a Hydra infiltrator. Nina nearly killed herself exerting her cyber-psionic implants against Psi-Borg is psychic combat.[5] She eventually recovered, though, and was seen at the funeral service for Kate Neville.[6] Cyber-Psionic: Nina had cybernetic implants in her head that engineered telepathic abilities. The bio-mechanical nature of her powers allowed her to read minds, but also transmit the information she received into mechanical storage databases. 37 Appearances of Network Nina (Earth-616) Minor Appearances of Network Nina (Earth-616) Media Network Nina (Earth-616) was Mentioned in 2 Images featuring Network Nina (Earth-616) Quotations by or about Network Nina (Earth-616) Character Gallery: Network Nina (Earth-616) http://home.gate.net/~furyofshield/shield/agents/agentnina.html Search this site for: Network Nina · Network Nina (Earth-616) ↑ Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Vol 3 #2 ↑ X-Force #20 ↑ Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Vol 3 #45 Retrieved from "https://marvel.fandom.com/wiki/Network_Nina_(Earth-616)?oldid=4640833" Strategic Homeland Intervention, Enforcement and Logistics Division members S.H.I.E.L.D. Psi Division members	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725062
__label__wiki	0.812557	0.812557	K P Abraham Memorial Fund March 1, 2018 Alumni AffairsProf. K.P. AbrahamRaju Ravi An Appeal to Alumni and well wishers The Indian Institute of Science and the Department of Materials Engineering announce the launch of the KP Abraham Memorial Fund. We aim to generate a corpus of at least Rs. 2 crores that will serve the twin objectives of partially equipping laboratories in our new building and of endowing a visiting faculty chair. Professor Kadavil Poulose Abraham (1920-2011) served the department for 21 years, including the period 1972-1977 when he was the fourth Head of the Department. As a teacher, Professor Abraham inspired many generations of students through his lectures on thermodynamics and extractive metallurgy. His teaching covered both iron & steel and nonferrous metals. He helped establish laboratories in Process Metallurgy, some of which were pioneering in the Indian scene. When that generation of alumni reflects on the solidity of the fundamentals with which they left IISc, it is in large part a testimony to the academic excellence that Professor Abraham nurtured. His students went on to become leading metallurgists and materials scientists, both, in academic institutions as well as in industry, in India and abroad. In launching this appeal, the Institute and the department, where he spent the major part of his working life, would like to pay tribute to his accomplishments in laying the foundations for what has now become a vibrant centre for teaching and research in the field of materials in India. The present appeal follows our earlier tribute to Professor Brahm Prakash, the first Indian Head of the Department, which saw the establishment of the Prof Brahm Prakash Visiting Chair and Prof Brahm Prakash Laboratory by generating resources of the order of Rs 1 crore from Government institutions, alumni, and well wishers, nearly 2 decades ago. The department has just commenced the construction of a 4-storeyed building which will house about 2500 square metres of laboratories, classrooms and offices to accommodate our expanding needs that arise from a research student strength that now exceeds 110, a new Undergraduate programme, in addition to the traditional Masters and in the diversification of our research interests to include electronic materials, polymers and bio-engineering. The KP Abraham Chair Professorship will add to existing chairs to enable distinguished scientists to spend significant periods of time at IISc. We invite alumni and well-wishers to contribute generously to the fund (Contributions received so far Rs.70.20 Lakhs, for details Click here). Cheques may be drawn in favour of Registrar, Indian Institute of Science – KP Abraham Memorial Fund. Donations from Indian citizens will attract Tax relief to the extent of 100% of the donation without limit under section 35(i)(ii) OR sec 80G(2)(a)(iiif). Wire transfer details are given below: Name of institution: Indian Institute of Science Name of Bank: State Bank of India, IISc Branch, Bangalore 560012, India Account Name: Registrar, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012 Account Number: 317 280 981 70 Swift Code: SBI NIN BB 425 IFSC Code Number: SBIN 000 2215 IISc PAN Number: AAATI 1501 J IISc TAN Number: BLRI 00710D Abinandanan TA Chairman, Department of Materials Engineering Indian Institute of Science, Banagalore 560012, India abinand_AT_materials.iisc.ernet.in ← 12 March 2018 @ 4pm: PhD Colloquium by Mr. Mulualem Abebe 15 Mar 2018 @ 11am: PhD Colloquium by Mr. Nalla Somaiah →	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725063
__label__wiki	0.95745	0.95745	The supermarket giants continue to squeeze small business Eight months ago I wrote about this predominately to raise awareness about the plight of newsagents and the two major supermarkets looking to take more market share from them. To recap, in 2010 the Australian Labor Party (ALP) sold and privatised the New South Wales (NSW) lotteries to the Tatts Group (Tatts), a condition of privatising it was a five year moratorium that prevented Coles and Woolworth’s from selling lottery tickets and scratch tickets. The moratorium rule was also meant to include meetings between Tatts, NANA (The Newsagents Association of NSW and the Australian Capital Territory) and the NSW state government every six months, this did not happen. Mediation with Tatts and NANA last November also produced no results. The moratorium was due to end on March the 31st this year and there was grave concern in the industry that as of April 1st 2015, Tatts could sell to any retailer that it chooses. The timing was right before the NSW election and the ALP opposition leader, Luke Foley attempted to make it an election issue with the Liberal National Party (LNP) Premier, Mike Baird. Mr Foley announced as an election promise on January 20th that an ALP government would extend protections for newsagents to preserve the industry. The NSW Treasurer, Andrew Constance, promptly came back with modelling showing that maintaining the exclusivity, could cost the government $760 million in forgone revenue by 2050 when the contract ends. On Thursday January 29th Mr Constance, sat down with Tatts chief executive Robbie Cooke, and signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU). The understanding being that for newsagents and convenience stores, Coles and Woolworth’s would not be able sell lottery products in their supermarkets until 2018. NANA chief executive, Andrew Packham, questioned the deal and said that he was “astounded” the government would sign an agreement when his association was still in negotiations about the moratorium with Tatts. The industry was also due to meet with Mr Baird to discuss it the following Monday. Mr Packham also said that the MOU was of limited value because it didn’t include retail fuel outlets also owned by the big two supermarkets. Last month Tatts announced that it had entered into franchise agreements with Woolworth’s petrol stations in NSW and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) to sell its full range of lottery products. The arrangement includes five Woolworth’s petrol stations in the ACT, twenty-four in NSW and twenty-five outlets in Victoria. ACT Gaming minister, Joy Burch understands that Tatts informed the ACT Gambling and Racing Commission (AGRC) of its decision only shortly before the announcement. “This news has come as a surprise to me, so I can fully understand the shock and confusion being felt by so many in our small business community.” Ms Burch asked the AGRC to urgently investigate the government’s options and said that they would look at details of the deal to determine their approach. “As racing and gaming minister, I am concerned about the impact that opening up sales of gambling products like scratchies to 24/7 outlets may have on existing harm minimisation measures.” Upon the AGRC recommendations, stores will only be allowed to sell lottery products between five am and nine pm. Ms Burch said “These new hours will ensure the current access to purchase these products will remain, but will not allow sale at all hours of the night,” and that “I was concerned that lottery products were going to be available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. I believe the community would consider this to be inappropriate, as no other gambling product in the ACT is available through retail shops at all hours of the night.” NANA is justifiably worried as to what this means for small business, they sent a letter to Tatts outlining their concerns. They also made it known that they were aware that negotiations between Woolworths Petrol must’ve been ongoing even before they had to sign the new agreement this year. The Australian Newsagents Federation (ANF) ACT director Alan MacDonald, has been working together with NANA and the ACT opposition to table legislation next week on the 16th September to limit lottery sales to small businesses in the ACT. The next day the member for Tamworth, Kevin Anderson and Minister for Small Business, John Barilaro on behalf of NANA, will present a 125,000 signature petition to the NSW Parliament Legislative Assembly for debate. The ANF has also joined an alliance of other small business groups representing two million small retailers, expressing dismay over the federal government’s decision last week to defer competition reforms. These reforms were the recommendations of the government’s Harper review into competition policy. The proposed changes are to section 46 of the Competition and Consumer Act requiring a small business to prove that the action of a bigger business had the “effect” of substantially lessening competition, instead of being required to prove that the action had been done with that “purpose”. It would also remove a section forbidding a big business from “taking advantage” of its market power. Companies including Telstra, Bluescope, and Qantas have joined Coles and Woolworths, as well as Wesfarmers and the Business Council of Australia (BCA) in a major lobbying group campaigning against it. The BCA believes that the effects test proposal would be damaging to competition and the Australian economy: “Small business needs to understand they will not be quarantined from the impact of this change which will apply equally to all business, for example, in regional towns or markets where a small business’s product or service is dominant,” the BCA statement also said that “In these circumstances, small businesses, could be the instigator of actions against other small businesses, who would bear the unintended consequences of additional cost and uncertainty.” The Small Business minister, Bruce Billson, was understood to have the support of at least six back benchers but not the support of cabinet colleagues Treasurer Joe Hockey, Attorney General George Brandis, Trade minister Andrew Robb, Finance minister Mathias Cormann and Communications minister Malcolm Turnbull. Mr Billson has said that: ‘he won’t shy away from continuing to advocate for section 46 of the Competition Act to be amended, saying SMEs (Small to Medium Enterprises) are disadvantaged under the current application of the law.’ Today on average, every Australian man, woman and child spends $100 a week on food, merchandise, liquor, hardware or petrol at Wesfarmers/Coles or Woolworth’s outlets. Mr Robb said in August 2013 that: “We are an oligopoly community. We shouldn’t fight it.” How that sentiment encourages true competition I don’t know, but it does fly in the face of Mr Billson’s attempts to protect small business from big business abusing its market power. What is also of interest is that Mr Baird’s father, former Liberal minister, Bruce Baird chaired an inquiry into the retail sector in 1999. He described it as “heavily concentrated and oligopolistic in nature” and he expressed concern about predatory pricing and unconscionable market conduct. Out of 332 submissions to the inquiry, 285 were against the increasing power of the big two supermarkets. The 1999 Baird Report from the House of Representatives inquiry cautiously recommends an increase in the Australian Competition and Consumer Commision (ACCC) powers to regulate “unconscionable conduct”. The big two supermarkets have too much power, by giving them a share of the lottery market even in petrol stations is acquiescing. There is no room for competition let alone for small business with the big two having a monopoly and having the power and money to lobby the government. It’s time that the Government of today or tomorrow addresses this urgently without fear or favour. Posted in politics on September 12, 2015 by Melanie McCartney. 1 Comment ← What does the ChAFTA really mean for Aussie jobs? Australia Post cannibalising mail and print for its own benefit → Pingback: The Supermarket Giants continue to squeeze small business \|	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725071
__label__wiki	0.596249	0.596249	25 August 2004 15:03pm By Tyler Bjorn (As Amended by ISAF) Byte World Championship The 2004 Byte World Champion has been the biggest as well as the most competitive championship ever and it seems appropriate that all was decided on the last day of racing. The final three races were enough for Calvin ZHI YANG LIM of Singapore to take over the lead and become the 2004 Byte World Champion and Byte World Youth Champion. Calvin's consistency throughout the event was truly remarkable. He won the Qualifying Series and scored no lower than ninth in Gold Fleet. Danielle DUBE (CAN) made her move on the final day to take the Female Byte World Championship and Ray Smith (GBR) made a successful defence of the Byte World Masters Championship he first won in Singapore. Byte designer Ian BRUCE presided over the awards ceremony. Results are available on the event website via the link below.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725072
__label__cc	0.56478	0.43522	Saturday 3 February 2018 Transcript Topics: Senator Lucy Gichuhi joining the Liberal Party; Preschool funding; ABC Cabinet files Simon Birmingham: Firstly, though, of course it’s a great thrill that Senator Lucy Gichuhi has chosen to join the Liberal Party of Australia here in the South Australian division. This is a wonderful testament to the fact that we have over the last year worked cooperatively with Lucy in the Senate and here in South Australia to build a strong relationship. But of course, it’s also a testament to the fact that, as Lucy has outlined in her statements to date, she truly aligns with Liberal values, Liberal principles, and that that, of course, is what has drawn her to work with us. I know that the Prime Minister, who met with Lucy yesterday morning, is thrilled and delighted that she will be part of our team. I’m confident that in Canberra, Lucy will be a strong advocate for South Australia and for Liberal values, and that here in South Australia, Lucy will continue to be a hard working senator for South Australia, committed to working across the different communities of SA, to working with us to make sure that in a Liberal family that represents a broad diversity of views and backgrounds, we continue to do that, and that Lucy, with her unique life story and background that she brings to the Parliament and to the Party, will only strengthen that diversity and connection that we can have with the community. Lucy, thank you so much and welcome. Lucy Gichuhi: Thank you very much, Simon, and everybody who has done a brilliant job to welcome me. And for me, this is an opportunity to learn how to serve South Australians, learning from parliamentarians because, as you may all know, I’m not coming from a political background, I’m coming from a layman, and ordinary day mum and dad on the street, so when I got to Canberra my goal was to learn and learn as much as I can do, and I could only learn from those who are doing it- at Canberra those who are experienced, and that conclusion has led me to decide to join the Liberal Party. So thank you very much for welcoming me and all the politicians, everybody in Canberra, all the parliamentarians, including staffers, have been very helpful. We’ve learnt a lot from them and we will continue to learn and I’ll continue to do my best to serve South Australians. Thank you very much. Simon Birmingham: We’ll take questions on everything in a second, but I’ll make a few preschool comments, so then we can do all of the questions. The Turnbull Government today is thrilled to commit some $440 million to continue preschool access for predominantly four year olds, for children in their year before school. This is about ensuring that children access preschool for 15 hours per week. It will help and benefit around 350,000 young students across the country, ensuring that they get the skills and the opportunity to go to preschool, where they will learn and prepare for school: everything from how they should behave in the classroom, how to hold a pencil, as well as brain and development and cognitive skills that will be established to help them get to a flying start at school. We know that early childhood education is very important and we know that, of course, it can provide the greatest benefits for children who may not be getting the stimulation or support that ideally they would at home. And that’s why a message that I have for the states in committing this extra funding is that they must do more to ensure that the kids who will benefit most are actually turning up to preschool, because our data and assessments to date demonstrate that more than a quarter of children might be enrolled in preschool services, but they’re not turning up, and that that is much, much higher across disadvantaged cohorts of children from Indigenous backgrounds, socially or economically disadvantaged backgrounds, from language backgrounds other than English. So the states and territories, in administering this preschool funding, must focus over the next couple of years on ensuring they lift attendance rates for disadvantaged kids who stand to gain the most from being at preschool and accessing those services. And we look forward to working with the states over those next couple of years to make sure the funding is put to the greatest use, to boost those attendance rates, so that we can then structurally deliver the long term programs that Australia needs. Journalist: Why is the funding only for one year? Is that not a bit of a stop gap measure? Simon Birmingham: Well, this provides certainty of funding right through to the end of 2019, so essentially up until 2020. This gives a good long period of time for the states to deliver on the areas where we’ve identified failings. We’re not going to give the states a blank cheque when they’re failing to actually get the kids who can benefit most to turn up to the preschool. We want to work with the states to make sure we can target those children at disadvantage, that we can lift those attendance rates, and that we can get over the next couple of years better data, better attendance, that can provide the basis to better structured preschool arrangements for the long term. Journalist: Senator, why is preschool so important? Can you tell us? Simon Birmingham: Preschool’s critical because it develops those skills that children need before they start school. Whether it’s as simple as holding a pencil, or of course all of the different cognitive and brain development attributes that you’d hope are being stimulated in children, all of those things are critical for a child walking into the school classroom. So our commitment is to make sure that school education, whether record levels of needs-based funding, is as best it can be right across Australia, and that preschool provides the foundation, the building blocks, for kids to be able to succeed when they get to school. Because if they’re falling behind when they start school, falling behind in the early years of school, it becomes harder and harder to close the gap. Journalist: So why only funding for predominantly four year olds in SA? Three year olds are in preschool as well. Simon Birmingham: Well, what we’ve identified is that the challenge here is that the states and territories have been taking this money for many years now and haven’t been getting the kids who need it most into the preschools, so the focus and the target that we’ve laid out here is to say yes, we’ll provide further funding, we’ll extend the program, but we need to make sure that it’s working for the four year olds who’ve got the most to gain before we simply give the states a blank cheque on anything else. Journalist: [Indistinct] So this is the second time you’ve changed parties in 15 months. Is this where you’re going to stay now? Lucy Gichuhi: I’ve actually never changed to anything. I came from the streets, like I have said, I came here like an ordinary mum and dad, found myself in Family First, and it’s my party who disappeared. I couldn’t make that decision and I needed to study and understand what politics is all about, how to serve South Australia, and that is what I was doing for nine months. So I’m not changing anything. This is my first political, ever, decision I’ve made. Journalist: So why didn’t you join Cory Bernardi’s Conservative Party? You’ve been recorded to have some pretty conservative views, surely it would’ve been a perfect fit? Lucy Gichuhi: Like I said, I took time to study the political landscape and for me, my goal is to serve South Australians. So, it is to work with the party or the team, more the team, that does this best. For the moment, with my understanding, that is the team that serves all South Australians, remember it’s all South Australians, so I appreciate, and of course the support of all parliamentarians have been very supportive. At this point in time, according to what I’ve understood in the last nine months, the best place, the best team that enables me to serve all South Australians is the Liberal Party. Journalist: What did the Prime Minister and the Party offer you to join up? Lucy Gichuhi: There was no pre-condition for me joining the Liberal Party. So all they offered me is support and lessons, which I can learn about how to serve South Australians, and they are… Journalist: [Interrupts] Sorry, did the Liberal Party approach you or did you approach them to join? Lucy Gichuhi: Look, since I got into politics, that’s nine months ago, all the parties have approached me to work with them as a team - all the parties, I mean all the parties. So it has been a type of weighing which party allows me to serve South Australians best. Journalist: There’s a difference between working with you and asking you to join up. Did the Liberal Party or the Prime Minister actually approach you and say, we would like you to join our party officially? Lucy Gichuhi: I made the decision to join the team that allows me to serve South Australians the best. Journalist: So you approached the Prime Minister? Lucy Gichuhi: I made a decision at some point to join the team that allows me to serve South Australians the best. Journalist: And I know you say you didn’t change parties, but you were in Family First and now you’re in the Liberal Party, so don’t voters deserve to know who they’re voting for and what party that person will represent when they cast the ballot? Lucy Gichuhi: Absolutely they deserve and that is part of that voters’ challenge is to understand who is running their country. So Family First is so aligned in policy to the Liberal Party that anyone doing their homework a bit will realise that Family First is so aligned in policy and politics to the Liberal Party [indistinct]. Journalist: So why did it merge with the Conservatives, then, if it’s such a Liberal … Lucy Gichuhi: If you did a bit of homework around this whole major move, you would realise that I joined at the time the Party- by the time I joined, the Party had already made that decision. So I was right in the border. I did not have time to be part of that decision, which I respect. The only decision I can control at that point was what I was going to do myself, with the information I had, that is of benefit to South Australia. Simon Birmingham: And I think that’s a fair point - let’s remember that Family First dissolved the Party at the time Lucy entered the Senate and Lucy has taken the time since then, six months or however long it’s been, nine months, to reflect upon what is the best decision for her and the best way, as she says, that she can serve South Australia. And she’s determined that joining the Liberal Party is the best way to serve the South Australian public and we warmly welcome her. Journalist: Just a bit of a question for the both of you, I suppose, again: for most of the nine months you’ve been in, you have sort of voted along lines with the Government. It doesn’t really change your numbers in the Senate that much, does it? It’s still the same crossbench to deal with. Simon Birmingham: Well, we will continue to show the respect that we do to the crossbench and to work with all cross benchers in the Senate to make sure that the Government presses its agenda. It’s that approach of respecting cross benchers and working constructively with them that has helped to bring Lucy to join the Liberal Party. Of course, we’d welcome any others who’d like to join the Liberal Party too, but in the interim, yes, we will work one by one, as we have to, to continue to succeed in getting our legislative program through, and we have been successful: school funding reforms, company tax reforms, reforms across a range of national security issues; the Government has demonstrated we can deliver through the Senate time and time again. Journalist: Senator, can I just ask you a quickie: you’ve been in, as you say, nine months now, what do you feel you’ve achieved for South Australia in nine months as an independent? Lucy Gichuhi: Can you repeat the question? Journalist: Sorry, what do you feel you’ve achieved as an independent for South Australia in your nine months so far? Lucy Gichuhi: What I’ve basically achieved as a Senator for South Australia is to bring awareness to migrants, people from emerging community, small business and employers, workers, every mum and dad on the street, just to have that confidence that they can be involved in learning their own country. Starting from the state, people need to be involved in understanding what goes in my country, who makes the decision? Chip into the future of this country. It’s mandatory that we all feel that we are all Australians, irrespective of where we come from, who we are, young, old; everybody, because it’s our country, all of us. Journalist: Senator Birmingham, I have some questions about the ABC Cabinet, if you don’t mind answering them? Simon Birmingham: Sure. Journalist: Okay, so the Prime Minister’s Cabinet basically confirmed that it lost the Cabinet files that were published in the ABC. How serious is that admission from the department? Simon Birmingham: This is a serious issue and that’s why it is receiving a full and proper investigation, and I expect that the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet will get to the bottom of exactly what went wrong. Journalist: Should that person or people be sacked? Simon Birmingham: Well, let’s let the investigation take place, understand exactly what went wrong, and then consequences will be dealt with in accordance with the usual public service codes. Journalist: The ABC has been told that Australia’s Five Eyes of Intelligence partners have been notified of this breach. Has this breach damaged those relationships and what assurances has the Federal Government given to those five places? Simon Birmingham: The tightness of our security relations with other countries is something that we value and that we work closely with, and nothing really threatens that close bond and cooperation that we have with our security partners. We make sure day in day out that that is a tight knit relationship; we are absolutely confident it will continue to be in the future. Journalist: Can we expect further inquiry into this? Simon Birmingham: There is an investigation, of course, underway. That investigation will be fully undertaken and, of course, whatever consequences flow from that will be a matter for the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet in accordance with the usual public service codes and guidelines. Thanks everybody. Journalist: [Indistinct] Simon Birmingham: The Labor Party went to the last election without promising a single cent for preschool over the next few years. What the Turnbull Government’s delivered is preschool funding that stretches from before the last election until after the next election. That’s providing clear long term certainty, but we’re also making sure that it’s not a blank cheque for the states; it’s an opportunity for the states to focus on the areas where they’re failing, which is their failure to get the children who need it most, from disadvantaged backgrounds, actually into the preschools and attending. That’s what we want to work towards because that way, for the long term, we can build a much stronger and much more successful framework for preschool in Australia. Journalist: Thank you very much. Last modified on Monday 18 September 2017 [11531\|22346]	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725073
__label__cc	0.584693	0.415307	HomeAntidepressants Tramadol Trazodone $40.00 – $240.00 SKU: Traz-1 Categories: Antidepressants, Miscellaneous, Painkillers Tramadol hydrochloride (Figure 1) is an analgesic agent, used to treat a range of pain syndromes [1], and is a synthetic opioid structurally related to morphine and codeine [2]. The marketed tramadol hydrochloride (HCl), ULTRAM®, is available in the USA, along with over 90 countries [3]. In the past tramadol has been classified as a low abuse potential drug, enabling it to be classified as a non-controlled drug [4]. Tramadol is available in capsule form, drops, sustained-release formulations and as solutions for intravenous and subcutaneous injection [4]. The WHO, in their 36th ECDD Tramadol review report described tramadol as a 2-step analgesic in the WHO guidelines for the relief of cancer [5]; with tramadol also applied in cases of acute and chronic pain [5]. Since 2007, China’s FDA has marked tramadol as a ‘second category psychoactive substance’ [5]. Tramadol, an opioid analgesic along with being a weak serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, is also considered a weak agonist at the -opioid receptor [6; 7]. Clinically, tramadol has been shown to be used for pain reduction attributed to neuropathy, osteo- and rheumatoid arthritis and lower back pain [7]. Moreover, tramadol is also used in cancer pain [8]. In addition, pharmacologically, tramadol exists as two ‘versions’; with both exhibiting different mechanisms of action [1]. In addition, tramadol has also been noted to be a treatment in opioid withdrawal, premature ejaculation and anxiety disorders [7]. Recent data suggest that tramadol abuse is prevalent in 32 countries; according to the latest International Narcotics control Board Survey, in which 77 countries responded to tramadol [9]. In terms of Tramadol’s metabolism it is distributed throughout the body, with metabolism occurring in the liver [8; 2], and excretion via the kidneys [4]. As tramadol is usually administered as a racemic mixture – (+) and (-) tramadol – 10-30% of it, in its original form, is excreted in the urine [2]. Tramadol undergoes metabolism – via cytochrome 2D6 – into two metabolites: one is the therapeutically active O-desmethyl-tramadol (M1), the other is through N-demethylation to an inactive N-desmethyl-tramadol (M2) [2; 10]. The active tramadol metabolite (M1) half-life in the system is 5.5-9.5 hours [2]. Treatment for pain using oxycodone, considered a strong opioid analgesic, is only considered when treatment of tramadol in individuals has proven unsuccessful; or if individuals are non-respondent to the weak opioid [11; 12]. Tramadol dose comes in many pharmaceutical forms [4]. For subcutaneous injection, tramadol a 50mg or 100mg dose in solution are available [4]. Therapeutic tramadol doses have been described as 50mg (orally) and 50-100mg (injection) [13]. Several studies have been reviewed and tramadol doses documented; these include a majority if oral tramadol administrations – capsules of 100mg, 200mg, 300mg and 400mg [4]. One study assessing the clinical equivalence of controlled-release oxycodone (20mg) and controlled-release tramadol (200mg) in a random, double-blind study in patients (54) undergoing breast cancer surgery found a similar analgesic effect from both oxycodone and tramadol [14]. Tramadol overdose has been attributed to the serotonin syndrome [1; 2]. This phenomena results from an excess serotonin at the 5-HT (serotonin) receptor, characterised by an alteration in one’s mental status and autonomic function [1]. Importantly, serotonin syndrome can affect individuals across all ages; from newborns to the elderly [1]. Effectively, overdosing on tramadol exhibits symptomology including central nervous system (CNS) depression, nausea, vomiting, tachycardia and seizure [1]. Serotonin syndrome, in a tramadol context, can be life-threatening. Studies involving the evaluation of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PD) interactions of tramadol and mirogabalin, along with other central nervous system depressants, found that a co-administration of mirogabalin/tramadol increased the likelihood of nausea [15]. For use of tramadol in children, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), in 2015, issued a boxed warning to describe a safe and effective prescription in children [16]. Tramadol has also been shown to decrease gene expression in genes in the hippocampus [17]. One study used tramadol (50mg/kg) to assess the neurotoxic effects associated with cognitive dysfunction [17]. In this work, Baghishani et al (2017) treated 35 rats with 50mg/kg tramadol and found this analgesic might contribute to disturbances in learning and memory [17]. Choo et al (2018) described tramadol tolerability, within the scope of a tramadol target dose [18]; this was suggested as being dependent on the varying doses of tramadol [18]. Tramadol withdrawal can include signs such as restlessness, agitation, anxiety and gastrointestinal discomfort [5].Tramadol dependence (addiction) has been noted as being of a low dependence (abuse) potential, with dependence based on long-term use. However, the WHO recognises that dependence differs from country and availability of tramadol [5]. Side effects associated with (+) tramadol include nausea and vomiting [2]. According to a tramadol review by Grond et al (2004), the most common adverse effects arising from the use of tramadol – data from over 20 000 patients – included: nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, sweating, vomiting and dry mouth [4]. Normal tramadol dose is 50-100mg, administered orally [19], however, at higher tramadol doses, sides effects such as nausea and vomiting occur more frequently and intravenous injection [19]. Interestingly, a single dose of tramadol can also cause adverse side effects; this has been reported in a patient in which a single-dose resulted in ataxia, dilatation of pupils, trembling, and dysphasia which ceased after discontinuing tramadol treatment [19]. Reported cases of tramadol and vomiting include two female patients who were administered an intravenous, 50mg tramadol dose [19]. Immunologically, tramadol has been shown to both suppress and stimulate natural killer cell activity and T-cell proliferation [4]. [1] Burton D. Beakley, Adam M. Kaye, and Alan D. Kaye, 2015. Tramadol, Pharmacology, Side Effects, and Serotonin Syndrome: A Review. Pain Physician 2015; 18:395-400. [2] Ulrich Klotz, 2003. Tramadol − the Impact of its Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties on the Clinical Management of Pain. Arzneim.-Forsch. Drug Res. 53, No. 10, 681−687. [3] W. N. Wu, L. A. McKown & S. Liao, 2008. Metabolism of the analgesic drug ULTRAM ® (tramadol hydrochloride) in humans: API-MS and MS/MS characterization of metabolites. Xenobiotica, 2002, vol. 32, no. 5, 411±425. [4] Stefan Grond and Armin Sablotzki, 2004. Clinical Pharmacology of Tramadol. Clin Pharmacokinet 2004; 43 (13): 879-92. [5] World Health Organisastion, 2014. Expert Committee on Drug Dependence Thirty‐sixth Meeting. Tramadol Update Review Report Agenda item 6.1. [6] A. G. A. Farag, M. A. Basha, S. A. Amin, N. F. Elnaidany, N. G. Elhelbawy, M. M. T. Mostafa, S. A. Khodier, R. A. Ibrahem, R. Z. Mahfouz, 2018. Tramadol (opioid) abuse is associated with a dose- and time-dependent poor sperm quality and hyperprolactinaemia in young men. Andrologia. 2018;50:e13026. [7] Xameer Hassamal, KarenMiotto,WilliamDale, Tai Danovitch, 2018. Tramadol: Understanding the Risk of Serotonin Syndrome and Seizures. The American Journal of Medicine, Vol 131, No 1. [8] J. Faria, J. Barbosa, R. Moreira, O. Queiro, F. Carvalho, R.J. Dinis-Oliveira, 2018. Comparative pharmacology and toxicology of tramadol and tapentadol. European Journal of Pain, 22 (2018) 827—844. doi:10.1002/ejp.1196. [9] Amany I. Ahmed, Khalifa El-Dawy, Medhat M. Fawzy, Haytham A. Abdallah, Heba N. Abd elsaid, Wessam O. Elmesslamy, 2018. RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW OF TRAMADOL ABUSE. Slov Vet Res 2018; 55 (Suppl 20): 471–83. DOI 10.26873/SVR-677-2018. [10] UM Stamer, F Musshoff, M Kobilay, B Madea, A Hoeft and F Stuber, 2007. Concentrations of Tramadol and O-desmethyltramadol Enantiomers in Different CYP2D6 Genotypes. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, volume 82, number 1. DOI:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100152. [11] Wojciech Leppert, 2010. Role of oxycodone and oxycodone/naloxone in cancer pain management. Pharmacological Reports, 62, 578-591. [12] Eija Kalso, 2005. Oxycodone. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, Vol. 29 No. 5S. [13] S Shadnia, K Soltaninejad, K Heydari, G Sasanian and M Abdollahi, 2008. Tramadol intoxication: a review of 114 cases. Human & Experimental Toxicology (2008) 27: 201–205. [14] Sandra Kampe, Karsten Wolter, Mathias Warm, Oguzhan Dagtekin, Sasan Shaheen, Susanne Landwehr, 2009. Pharmacology 2009;84:276–281 DOI: 10.1159/000242998. [15] Mendel Jansen, Jeanne Mendell, Alexander Currie, James Dow, Ling He, Domenico Merante, Victor Dishy, Hitoshi Ishizuka, and Hamim Zahir, 2018. Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Safety, and Tolerability of Mirogabalin When Coadministered With Lorazepam, Zolpidem, Tramadol, or Ethanol: Results From Drug-Drug Interaction Studies in Healthy Subjects. Clinical Pharmacology in Drug Development 2018, 7(6). [16] Frédérique Rodieux, Laszlo Vutskits, Klara M. Posfay-Barbe, Walid Habre, Valérie Piguet, Jules A. Desmeules and Caroline F. Samer, 2018. When the Safe Alternative Is Not That Safe: Tramadol Prescribing in Children. Frontiers in Pharmacology, Volume 9, Article 148. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00148. [17] Farideh Baghishani & Abbas Mohammadipour & Hossain Hosseinzadeh & Mahmoud Hosseini & Alireza Ebrahimzadeh-bideskan, 2018. The effects of tramadol administration on hippocampal cell apoptosis, learning and memory in adult rats and neuroprotective effects of crocin. Metabolic Brain Disease (2018) 33:907–916. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-018-0194-6. [18] Kim Hoon Choo, Rishya A/L Manikam, Khadijah Poh Yuen Yoong and Vanitha A/P Kandasamy, 2018. Prophylactic metoclopramide use in trauma patients given tramadol: A randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 1–8. [19] Arbind Kumar R, Elna Paul, Aishwarya TV, 2018. Tramadol Induced Vomiting. PTB Reports, 2018; 4(2): 19-20. [20] Hazem M. Abu-Shawish, Nasser Abu Ghalwa, Faried R. Zaggout, Salman M. Saadeh, Ayoub R. Al-Dalou, Anwar A. Abou Assi, 2010. Improved determination of tramadol hydrochloride in biological fluids and pharmaceutical preparations utilizing a modified carbon paste electrode. Biochemical Engineering Journal 48 (2010) 237–245. doi:10.1016/j.bej.2009.10.019. Be the first to review “Tramadol” Cancel reply Buspar (Buspirone) Clozaril (Clozapine)	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725076
__label__cc	0.524369	0.475631	“Celeb Talk: Hilary Duff Loves Being A Mom” Hilary Duff has joined the campaign to support Johnson’s Baby Cares partnership with Save the Children for the second year in a row. The actress recently visited the Save the Children early childhood education school in Yucca Valley, California – where she met with families who benefit from the program. Celebrity Baby Scoop recently had a chance to catch up with Hilary about the Johnson’s Baby Cares program, her 1-year-old son Luca, and her biggest motherhood rewards. CBS: Tell us about partnering with Johnson’s Baby for Johnson’s Baby Cares. What’s it all about? Why did you get involved? HD: “I can’t believe I have my first year as a mom under my belt – time flies. Looking back on it, I’ve been thinking a lot about the support I received from my family, friends and fans over the past year, and how their words of encouragement really helped me get through some challenging days. Unfortunately not all moms have the same support system or even basic everyday resources to help them with motherhood. That’s why I’m proud to partner with Johnson’s Baby Cares for the second year on its newest campaign centered around Johnson’s Baby “Care Cards” – which is helping to deliver encouragement and positive support to moms across the country, while also raising funds for families and babies assisted by Save the Children. Now, everyone can help in an easy and fun way! Visit www.johnsonsbabycares.com to send a digital Care Card filled with love and inspiration to a special mom in your life. For every card sent, shared or liked Johnson’s Baby will donate $1 to Save the Children to benefit early parenting and childhood education programs. CBS: How’s baby Luca doing? Is he into everything these days now that he’s walking? HD: “Luca’s incredible! I can’t believe he is already 13 months old. He’s certainly an active boy and yes, even more so now that he is walking. In fact, he basically skipped the walking stage and went straight to “speed walking.” I spend my days on my feet trailing him around the house and yard!” CBS: How has your life changed in the last year since you’ve become a mother? What are the greatest rewards of motherhood? Biggest challenges? HD: “I really love being a mom. Motherhood changes the way you see the world. I’ve always been passionate about giving back, but now I’m more passionate about supporting causes that help other moms and babies, like Johnson’s Baby Cares. I’m rewarded by Luca every day, whether it’s with a new smile or an accomplished milestone, but the biggest reward has to be discovering this tremendous newfound love that I had no idea existed within me. Every day brings new challenges, but you learn to trust yourself and your instincts to help get through them. CBS: You seem to have the ‘perfect’ life with a great career and family life. But do you think women can REALLY ‘have it all’? Have you had to make sacrifices now that you’re a mom? HD: Nobody’s life is perfect but in this day and age women are able to find a balance between work and home life. Of course my life has changed but I don’t think of them as sacrifices because I was ready for this new chapter! CBS: We saw you and Mike enjoying Coachella. Comment on the importance of making time as a couple. Do you think it’s important? Do you have regular date nights? HD: Yes of course it’s important to make time to focus on your relationship. But it’s not always easy! We aren’t huge planners, we tend to do things last minute but we enjoy going out for nice dinners or spending time with friends. CelebrityBabyScoop.com is one of the most popular blogs on the topic and the foremost provider of everything celebrity-baby, featuring baby fashion, baby names, baby trends and up-to-the-minute celebrity baby gossip and pics. Get all the latest news, updates, and photos about Hollywood’s most beloved celebrity moms, dads and their babies. Who’s the latest Tinseltown baby? Who’s due next and who just announced a pregnancy? It’s all on Celebrity Baby Scoop. Undercover Mama: Make ANY shirt a nursing shirt! Glad Rags : For The Happiest of Periods Things I’ve Learned As A Mom, So Far « Topping Off A Good Day Travel Guide: Spring into Indigenous Arts at Casa de Campo »	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725077
__label__wiki	0.673156	0.673156	Racism does not need racists Jorge Majfud In my classes, I always try to make clear the difference between opinions and facts. It is a fundamental rule, a very simple intellectual exercise that we owe ourselves to undertake in the post-Enlightenment era. I started becoming obsessed with such obvious matters when I found out, in 2005, that some students were arguing that something “is true because I believe it” – and they weren’t joking. Since then, I’ve suspected that such intellectual conditioning, such a conflation of physics with metaphysics (cleared up by Averroes almost a thousand years ago) – which year by year becomes increasingly dominant (faith as the supreme criterion, regardless of all evidence to the contrary) – has its origins in the majestic churches of the southern United States. But critical thinking involves so much more than just distinguishing facts from opinions. Trying to define what a fact is would suffice. The very idea of objectivity itself paradoxically originates from a single perspective, from one lens. And anyone knows that with the lens of one photographic or video camera, only one part of reality is captured, which quite often is subjective or used to distort reality in the supposed interest of objectivity. For some reason, students tend to be more interested in opinions than facts. Maybe because of the superstitious idea that an informed opinion is derived from the synthesis of thousands of facts. This is a dangerous idea, but we can’t run away from our responsibility to give our opinion when it’s required. All that we can and should do is take note that an informed opinion continues to be an opinion which must be tested or challenged. An opinion On a certain day, students discussed the caravan of 5,000 Central Americans (at least one thousand of whom were children) fleeing violence and heading for the Mexican border with the US. President Donald Trump had ordered the border closed and called those looking for refuge “invaders”. On 29 October 2018, he tweeted: “This is an invasion of our Country and our Military is waiting for you!”. The military deployment to the border alone cost the US about $200 million. Since one of my students insisted on knowing my opinion, I started off with the most controversial side of the issue. I observed that this country, the US, was founded upon the fear of invasion, and only a select few have always known how to exploit this weakness, with tragic consequences. Maybe this paranoia came about with the English invasion of 1812, but if history tells us anything, it’s that the US has practically never suffered an invasion of its territory – if we exclude the 9/11 attacks in 2001; the one on Pearl Harbor, which at the time was a military base in foreign territory; and, prior to that, at the very beginning of the twentieth century, the brief incursion of a Mexican named Pancho Villa mounted upon a horse. But the US has indeed specialized in invading other countries from the time of its founding – it took over the Indian territories, then half of Mexico, from Texas, to reinstall slavery, to California; it intervened directly in Latin American affairs, to repress popular protests and support bloody dictatorships – all in the name of defence and security. And always with tragic consequences. Therefore, the idea that a few thousand poor people on foot are going to invade the most powerful country in the world is simply a joke in poor taste. And it’s likewise in bad taste for some Mexicans on the other side to adopt this same xenophobic talk that’s been directed at them – inflicting on others the same abuse they’ve suffered. A critical view In the course of the conversation, I mentioned in passing that in addition to the foundational paranoia, there was a racial component to the argument. “You don’t need to be a racist to defend the borders,” said one student. True, I noted. You don’t need to be a racist to defend borders or laws. At first glance, the statement is irrefutable. However, if we take history and the wider current context into consideration, an openly racist pattern jumps out at us right away. At the end of the nineteenth century, the French novelist Anatole France wrote: “The law, in its majestic equality, forbids rich and poor alike to sleep under bridges, to beg in the streets, and to steal their bread.” You don’t need to be an elitist to support an economically stratified culture. You don’t need to be sexist to spread the most rampant type of sexism. Thoughtlessly engaging in certain cultural practices and voicing your support for some law or another is quite often all it takes. I drew a geometric figure on the board and asked students what they saw there. Everyone said they saw a cube or a box. The most creative variations didn’t depart from the idea of tri-dimensionality, when in reality what I drew was nothing more than three rhombuses forming a hexagon. Some tribes in Australia don’t see that same image in 3D but rather in 2D. We see what we think and that’s what we call objectivity. When President Abraham Lincoln emerged victorious from the American Civil War (1861-1865), he put an end to a hundred-year dictatorship that, up to this day, everyone calls “democracy.” By the eighteenth century, black slaves had come to make up more than fifty percent of the population in states like South Carolina – but they weren’t even citizens of the US, nor did they enjoy even minimal human rights. Many years before Lincoln, both racists and anti-racists proposed a solution to the “negro problem” by sending them “back” to Haiti or Africa, where many of them ended up founding the nation of Liberia (one of my students, Adja, is from a family which comes from that African country). The English did the same thing to “rid” England of its blacks. But under Lincoln blacks became citizens, and one way to reduce them down to a minority was not only by making it difficult for them to vote (such as by imposing a poll tax) but also by opening the nation’s borders to immigration. The Statue of Liberty, a gift from the French people to the American people to commemorate the centenary of the 1776 Declaration of Independence, still cries with silent lips: “Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free…” In this way, the US opened its arms to waves of impoverished immigrants. Of course, the overwhelming majority were poor whites. Many were opposed to the Italians and the Irish because they were red-headed Catholics. But in any case, they were seen as being better than blacks. Blacks weren’t able to immigrate from Africa, not just because they were much farther away than Europeans were, but also because they were much poorer, and there were hardly any shipping routes to connect them to New York. The Chinese had more opportunities to reach the west coast, and perhaps for that reason a law was passed in 1882 that prohibited them from coming in just for being Chinese. I understand that this was a subtle and powerful way to reshape demographics, which is to say the political, social and racial make-up of the US. The current nervousness about a change to that make-up is nothing more than the continuation of that same old logic. Were that not the case, what could be wrong with being part of a minority group or being different from others? You don’t need to be a racist… Clearly, if you’re a good person and you’re in favour of properly enforcing laws, it doesn’t make you a racist. You don’t need to be racist when the law and the culture already are. In the US, nobody protests Canadian or European immigrants. The same is true in Europe and even in the Southern Cone of South America [the southernmost region of Latin America, populated mainly by descendants of Europeans]. But everyone is worried about the blacks and the hybrid, mixed-race people from the south. Because they’re not white and “good”, but poor and “bad”. Currently, almost half a million European immigrants are living illegally in the United States. Nobody talks about them, just like nobody talks about how one million United States citizens are living in Mexico, many illegally. With communism discarded as an excuse (none of those chronically failing states where migrants come from are communist), let’s once again consider the racial and cultural excuses common to the century prior to the Cold War. Every dark-skinned worker is seen as a criminal, not an opportunity for mutual development. The immigration laws are themselves filled with panic at the sight of poor workers. It’s true that you don’t need to be racist to support laws and more secure borders. You also don’t need to be racist to spread and shore up an old racist and class-based paradigm, while we fill our mouths with platitudes about compassion and the fight for freedom and human dignity. Related Topics:EuropeHistoryHuman RightsImmigrationMexicoRefugee CrisisUSA War, Anniversaries and Lessons Never Learned Americans’ Self-Contradictory Views of Socialized Healthcare Professor of Latin American Literature and International Studies at Jacksonville University in Florida, in the United States, Jorge Majfud is a renowned Uruguayan American writer, who regularly contributes to the international media. He is the author of many novels including The Queen of America, Crisis and Tequila, and books of essays such as A Theory of Semantic Fields. Rahul D. Manchanda, Esq. The greatest mistake any leader, or moneyed powerful individual, or even masses of people (all 3 of which tend to have the loudest voices) is to culturally appropriate unto themselves, just exactly what it means to be an American, based on their own selfish notion of what it means. The fact remains that the ideal of Americanism is a concept – a truly growing, organic, ever changing, and ever expanding idea that is enshrined within its founding documents and laws. For example, the Declaration of Independence, Bill of Rights, US Constitution, Civil Rights Act, and the Equal Rights Amendment, among scores of other acts of legislation, point to an ever growing ongoing journey to forge a new nation, just like ancient Rome did, united by a common destiny, and drawn from different experiences, cultures, cuisines, religions, ethnicities, races, nationalities, and world views. So when President Trump on July 15, 2019 told four minority female congresswomen in sum and substance to “go back to there they came from” if they “didn’t like America,” he trampled over their own views, ideals, and experiences as Americans. Quite simply his statement was an appropriation of what it means to be an American, from the point of view of a German/ Irish American senior citizen male, to a group of Latin/ Somali/ Palestinian/ African-American younger females. Perhaps President Trump should re-visit his own people’s racial history, wherein the Irish were systematically excluded by the previously arrived and established Anglican Protestants, or even with the Germans in America who were actually interred in camps during the periods of World War I & World War II. The German-American Experience During World War II, the legal basis for this detention was under Presidential Proclamation 2526, made by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt under the authority of the Alien and Sedition Acts. With the U.S. entry into World War I, German nationals were automatically classified as “enemy aliens.” Two of the four main World War I-era internment camps were located in Hot Springs, N.C. and Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer wrote that “All aliens interned by the government are regarded as enemies, and their property is treated accordingly.” The Irish-American Experience In 1836, young Benjamin Disraeli wrote: “The Irish hate our order, our civilization, our enterprising industry, our pure religion. This wild, reckless, indolent, uncertain and superstitious race have no sympathy with the English character. Their ideal of human felicity is an alternation of clannish broils and coarse idolatry. Their history describes an unbroken circle of bigotry and blood.” Nineteenth-century Protestant American “Nativist” discrimination against Irish Catholics reached a peak in the mid-1850s when the Know-Nothing Movement tried to oust Catholics from public office. Much of the opposition came from Irish Protestants, as in the 1831 riots in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. After 1860, many Irish sang songs about “NINA signs” reading Help wanted – no Irish need apply. The 1862 song “No Irish Need Apply” was inspired by NINA signs in London. Alongside “No Irish Need Apply” signs, in the post-World War II years, signs saying “No Irish, No Blacks, No Dogs” or similar anti-Irish sentiment began to appear as well. Billionaires, Vanity and Modern Democracy Dr. Arshad M. Khan The bullying in Washington is the current trend. On Monday, the British ambassador resigned his post after Trump refused to deal with him. Well-liked in Washington and the halls of Congress, his downfall was an honest assessment of the Trump administration as ‘inept’ and ‘dysfunctional’. The letters were leaked in the U.K. Suppose the president tweets comments contrary to current established policy, does that mean a policy change? Do departments adapt promptly. Nobody knows. That’s dysfunctional, and everyone knows it. In the meantime, he has enjoyed 17 golf outings since February averaging three a month. No wonder he is that rare president who does not seem to age in office from the stresses of the job. Obama’s hair turned gray. But then a lighter hand on the tiller has kept us out of war, whereas Obama, the Nobel Peace Laureate, destroyed Libya and escalated in Afghanistan. The consequences are still being felt in Southern Europe particularly, through the hordes of refugees still continuing to arrive. Also in the resurgence of anti-immigration political parties in northern Europe. The supreme irony is the fact of refugees being rescued from ramshackle boats and dinghies or often dying in one part of the Mediterranean while the Obamas cruise on a billionaire’s luxury yacht in another. Is that a metaphor for democracies in the modern world? One is also reminded of Mr. Modi’s specially woven pinstripe cloth repeating his name endlessly on the stripes in the material. Fortunately, the current president does not like the sea, or we would never see him in Washington. As it is he has had 14 visits to golf clubs (not as much time on the course however) since the beginning of June. He once had a small yacht that lay anchored in New York until he sold it. His pleasures have generally centered on the more mundane: cheeseburgers and women — the younger the better, although perhaps not as young as those that have gotten his friend Jeffrey Epstein in trouble again. To be fair, Trump had a falling out with him ‘about 15 years ago’ he said recently. ‘I was not a fan of his, I can tell you,’ he added although he called him a ‘terrific guy’ in 2002. At least one party had 28 girls to a so-called calendar-girl party at Mar-a-Lago (Trump’s estate and club) in Florida, meaning selection of a calendar girl. The male celebrities attending, according to the man assigned the task of finding the girls, happened to be Trump and Epstein, and no one else! So surprised, the man still remembers the story. The falling out between Trump and Epstein was rumored to have been a business deal. It brings us to the second resignation, that of Alex Acosta the Labor Secretary. A Harvard-educated lawyer, Mr. Acosta was the US attorney for the Southern District of Florida when he made a generous agreement with Epstein who had been charged with sex crimes. For a 13-month sentence of mostly community work, usually from his mansion, Mr. Epstein was protected from further prosecution. In a clear rebuke to Acosta, the case has been re-opened with a new charge of sex-trafficking minors. As a result, Mr. Acosta has had to bow to the chorus of calls for his resignation. The real question: How ever did Trump get elected? A mainstream press failure? What has happened to Western liberal idea? Alexander Yakovenko In the recent interview with President Putin, the Financial Times seems to have launched a discussion on liberalism only at its own peril. Inadvertently, a real problem was touched upon, whose pressing nature is no longer denied by anyone in the West. The newspaper had to admit it in its Editorial of 29 June. Its authors claim that the threat to liberalism comes from within, including President Trump and his policies, Brexit and, certainly, the rise of “populist nationalism”. They refer to voters’ disillusionment with liberalism and loss of confidence in the economic system and trust in political elites. The latter are invited to redouble their efforts to take into consideration issues raised by voters and “to renew liberalism”. Hence, the Russian leader has only identified a problem that Western elites are unable to acknowledge, desperately defending the status-quo as having no alternative. But where is the problem? The systemic crisis of Western society, if we are to call a spade a spade, has its roots in Reaganomics and Thatcherism. In early 1980s, disregard for the lessons of the Great Depression led to Anglo-American attempts to sort of try the pre-1929 Pure Capitalism. This unleashed the forcers of a “self-regulated market” with the state playing a minimal role – a key concept of liberal economics. The idea of social accountability of business had no place in that system. At the same time, financial sector was deregulated through the step-by-step repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act, which was one of key elements of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal. Its architect was British economist John Maynard Keynes. It was only natural that the 2008 crisis also started in the financial sphere which had practically lost touch with the real sector of economy. Then neoliberalism (as it became known) came to be imposed by Anglo-Saxon nations on the whole of the EU through the Lisbon agenda. The then Prime Minister Tony Blair was pretty good at it. When asked what she considered as her key legacy, Margaret Thatcher pointed to Blair who continued her economic policies under the “New Labour” slogan. For instance, everyone knows what the nationalization of British railways led to. Profits are reaped by operators, while costs are borne by taxpayers who finance UK Rail, the state-run company responsible for railroad infrastructure. And this is not the only way to privatise profits while collectivising costs. In fact, globalisation has become one such practice for Western elites. Its original motive was quite liberal and far from being altruistic or even geopolitical (Donald Trump has reassessed this part of it when he blamed globalisation for China’s economic rise). It was about cheap labour for increased profits. The jobs that were to be transferred abroad should have been compensated for by a new technological revolution. But it’s not happening, not even in the second generation. Information technologies do not create as many jobs, and we are already talking of robotisation and artificial intelligence, as well as a universal minimum living allowance as a solution to the problem of poverty and unemployment. It was Keynes who said: “Free trade assumes that if you throw men out of work in one direction you re-employ them in another. As soon as that link is broken the whole of the free trade argument breaks down”. Liberalism in politics, especially after the end of the Cold War, has degenerated into averaging and alternative-free policies in the “end of history” spirit. Even Henry Kissinger admitted in his “World Order” (2014) that Western elites had again relied on automaticity, as was the case with the market. But as it was shown by Karl Marx supported by modern economists (Joseph Stiglitz, Paul Krugman, Thomas Picketty and others), free markets always give advantage to the investing classes, which only leads to more inequality. In this respect, the 45-year post-WW2 period was an exception to the rule due to the creation of a social welfare state – the one that is now being destroyed by the neoliberal economics. Along with it the middle class is being destroyed – the pillar of Western democracy. For these reasons the real discourse of democracy is being substituted in the West by a discourse of liberalism. This involves labelling all protest voters as “populists” and “nationalists”, allowing to side-step the issue of the inability of the actual political system to represent this silent majority. Yet, that is what’s going on when differences blur between the Right and the Left, Tory and Labour in Britain, Republicans and Democrats in the US, or Christian Democrats and Social Democrats in Germany’s “Grand coalition”. Is it any wonder that when an opportunity arises to have a say, this majority votes for Brexit, Trump, or newly-created anti-system parties and movements, often with marginal ideologies? In social terms, as BBC is trying to explain in this ongoing debate, liberalism is about protecting the rights of minorities of all kind, including transgender persons. It turns out that there’s nobody to protect the interests of the majority. Yet, we are speaking of the post-war “social contract”, which simply does not work in liberal economics. Anglo-Saxons are on the path of further liberalisation, which the continental Europe cannot afford. Boris Johnson, contributing to the discussion, has said the other day that Brexit is precisely aimed at giving a new lease of life to it by following the US in income tax reductions for business and private individuals. British political analyst David Goodhart (in “The Road to Somewhere: The Populist Revolt and the Future of Politics”, 2017) shows another perspective of the issue. In his opinion, the elites have become cosmopolitan, but the majority has remained rooted in their own countries, regions and communities. In other words, the majority sticks to its national identity, unlike the elites. Even the European middle class, united by similar living standards and occupations, becomes aware of its nationality when hit by bad economic times. Those who accuse Russia of meddling in internal affairs of Western countries are essentially denying their voters the right to vote, while the genesis of the liberalism crisis clearly points to its roots and origins inside the system. It was no-one else but Angela Merkel who in 2010 spoke of failure of multiculturalism in Germany, while calling for intensifying efforts at integrating immigrants into German society. It was not Moscow that drew the attention to this problem. As early as 2007, the Economist wrote of a “secular overreachl” in the West, while today many are voicing concerns over a “liberal overreach”. Speaking broadly, it can be said that in the absence of a competitive environment in the realm of ideas after the end of the Cold War (which ended up doing a disservice to Western elites), liberalism has mutated into a dogma, a totalitarian ideology which does not tolerate dissent or pluralism of ideas. No wonder that the elites have resorted to political technologies, media control and political correctness to tighten the grip on the freedom of speech and generate semblance of an alternative-free existence. Social media have put an end to this, becoming a tool for politically alienated electorate to self-organize. As a measure to protect the status quo, the elites are now constructing an artificial dichotomy of liberalism vs authoritarianism, i.e. if not one, it’s definitely the other. It is, therefore, not about the end of the liberal idea, just as President Putin pointed out, but that it cannot claim to be a one-size-fits-all model negating the wealth of ideas in Europe and the world. The problem is that any ideology, as history has shown, is always aggressive when it claims the ultimate truth, exceptionalism and, as a result, becomes a threat to the world. The notion of a “liberal world order” has also been introduced only recently, as a defensive reaction of the West when its dominance in global politics, economy and finance is coming to an end. Everything could have been different, had Western elites bothered to make this order, Bretton Woods institutions included, truly liberal, open and inclusive. Nobody was preventing them from doing so. From our partner International Affairs	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725078
__label__cc	0.674054	0.325946	Tag Archives: Triennial Pae White’s colourful installation drawing in all ages The National Gallery of Victoria (NGV) is Australia’s oldest and possibly most well loved museum of art, founded in 1861. Its mission statement – “To illuminate life by collecting, preserving and presenting great art” and perhaps the unwritten mission of “giving it to the people”. NGV Triennial 15 December 2017-15 April 2018 In 2016 the NGV was the 19th most popular art gallery in the world with more than 2.6 million visitors across its two campuses. The ranking places the gallery in the company of Paris’s Musee d’Orsay and New York’s Museum of Modern Art. Visitors flock to the NGV Triennial in Melbourne The NGV is not only Australia’s most popular art gallery, but one of the top 20 most visited art museums worldwide as revealed by the U.K’s The Art Newspaper in its latest survey of global art museum attendance. Not a bad effort for a small country on the world stage. Australia’s population is around 24.8 million compared with the U.S.A.’s 326.8 million and U.K.’s 66.6 million people. This ranking was based on visitation to “Van Gogh and the seasons” from the 2017 Winter exhibition. (Note that another Australian art museum on the list was the Queensland Gallery of Modern Art with its 2016/17 Summer exhibition – Sugar spin: You, me, art and Everything.) Yayoi Kusama’s Obliteration Rooms are always popular with visitors The NGV held forty-nine exhibitions during 2016-17, including major retrospectives of international and Australian artists and designers, as well as focused displays of works in the NGV collection. The quality and variety of audience engagement initiatives presented in support of these exhibitions was extensive. They offered guided tours, audio tours, mobile phone apps, talks, lecture series and workshops as well as social events – such as the Friday Night events (aimed at capturing more of the younger audiences after work), the Summer Sundays music series and the NGV Kids Summer festival and supporting Kids spaces for some of the major exhibitions. For example – as part of the exhibition Andy Warhol / Ai Weiwei (2015-2016), NGV Kids presented Studio Cats, a large-scale installation especially for children and families to draw upon creative connections between the two artists and their mutual love of cats. The Gallery aims to present programmes that engage visitors in meaningful cultural experiences and to keep them coming back. According to their audience research data, The National Gallery of Victoria enjoys one of the highest community participation rates in the world. 70% of their visitors are local from Melbourne and regional Victoria unlike many other international art museums where the majority of visitors are incoming tourists. This also indicates that the locals keep coming back which is what every cultural institution needs to strive for. This is what Nina Simon talks about most recently in The Art of Relevance but also in The Participatory Museum and her Museum 2.0 Blog. For any Cultural Institution, the collection remains fundamental to the audience engagement and education strategy. The thoughtful curation and presentation of historical and contemporary collections is a key museum management strategy for continuing and ongoing audience engagement. Colleen Dilenschneider regularly writes about this in her Know Your Own Bone Blog (most recently in Special Exhibits vs. Permanent Collections (DATA) and previously in Death by Curation).The NGV strategy is to ensure that its collection is accessible to the widest possible audience who may be unable to visit the museum through the ongoing work of the NGV Digitisation Project which is still progressing. I have to disclose that I am already a big fan of the NGV and the way that they design their spaces. I visit the NGV each time that I am in Melbourne, so over many years have enjoyed both Summer and Winter exhibitions as well as taking time to learn about the permanent collection shown across both campuses (St Kilda Road and the Ian Potter Centre in Federation Square). On my recent visit I took in the inaugural Triennial at the National Gallery Victoria which on the surface (without actual audience data analysis) appears to be a great success. What I enjoyed most about this free experience was seeing the diversity of visitors attending the exhibition and the way that the work of 100 contemporary artists, architects and designers from 32 countries was juxtaposed against the existing works from the collection – which was great exposure. Audience engagement with the art at NGV Triennial I think that there is currently a cultural revival happening worldwide despite Government funding cuts trying to choke the Arts into submission. Creativity and cultural heritage feed the soul when so much about modern life seems to do the opposite. Now is a better time than ever for cultural institutions to offer their prospective audiences something new and different, to re-energise and maybe even reinterpret their collections to be more inclusive, to build community and feed the souls that are weary of modern life and meaningless 24 hour connectedness to media, social media and globalised sameness. Keep leading the way National Gallery of Victoria and hopefully other cultural institutions in Australia will follow or at least just lift their game a notch. Interesting reading: Cultural Heritage and the City Cultural heritage as a driver of economic growth and social inclusion Creative Country The value of culture This entry was posted in art galleries, audience engagement, blogging, Cultural heritage, GLAM sector, heritage, heritage and cities, Melbourne, museum, museums, The Arts in Australia, visitor feedback, visitor tracking and tagged art, audience engagement, Australia, blogging, collections, Cultural heritage, Cultural Institutions, culture, diversity in museums, education, exhibition, exhibitions, Melbourne, museum attendance, museum audiences, museum design, museum whisperings, museums, QAGOMA, Triennial on April 7, 2018 by lyndalllinaker.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725081
__label__wiki	0.789242	0.789242	Combrig 1/700 Battleship Retvizan, 1902 resin kit #70109 SKU CMBRG-70109 This is a waterline 1/700 scale resin kit by Combrig Models Retvizan (Ретвизан) was a Russian Pre-dreadnought battleship which built before the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05. She was unique in that many of her components and their actual fabrication was done in the United States for the Imperial Russian Navy. Much of her side armor was forged by the Bethlehem Steel Corporation, and she was built by the William Cramp and Sons Ship & Engine Building Company of Philadelphia. The armament was made at the Obukhov works in St Petersburg and shipped to America for installation. Throughou her Russian service the ship was commanded by Eduard Schensnovich. The ship had extensive trials in America before delivery to the Baltic where she took part in a Naval Review in Reval staged for the State visit of Kaiser Wilhelm II in August 1902. The Retvzan was transferred to the Russian Pacific Fleet in late 1902 sailing in company with the Russian battleship Pobeda and the cruisers Diana, Pallada and Bogatyr. She arrived at Port Arthur (now Lüshunkou) China on 4 May 1903. She was present at the Battle of Port Arthur where she was torpedoed by Japanese destroyers and grounded, five men were killed. She was repaired and took part in the Battle of the Yellow Sea, where she was hit by 18 shells and suffered 6 dead and 43 wounded. She was subsequently trapped in Port Arthur and sunk at her moorings by numerous howitzer shells on 6 December 1904, during the Siege of Port Arthur. Retvizan was raised by the Japanese and repaired at Sasebo between 1906 and 1908. Renamed Hizen, she served in the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War I, in which she took part in the hunt for the cruiser squadron of Maximilian von Spee and in the Japanese intervention in the Russian Civil War. She was retired as a result of the Washington Naval Treaty in 1923 and sunk as a target ship in the Bungo straits on 12 July 1924.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725082
__label__cc	0.730092	0.269908	Journalist Roland Martin Shares Thoughts On Bill Cosby Conviction Courtesy of Roland Martin The world is still reeling from the shocking sexual assault conviction of comedian Bill Cosby on Tuesday. While debates rage on social media, we decided to call in one of the most respected names in journalism to give us some perspective and insight. Award-winning journalist, author, TV host and multimedia entrepreneur Roland S. Martin recently launched #RolandMartinUnfiltered, a daily digital show, in early September. His show reports on news and current events that are important to people of color, covering a wide range of topics including politics, social justice, sports, education, business, finance, entertainment and pop culture. Roland checks in with Melz On The MIC to share the latest information on Cosby's sentencing, his personal thoughts on the case and details on how you can catch Roland Martin: Unfiltered which is available on Facebook, YouTube, Periscope and Instagram TV, and is available on-demand on a multitude of digital platforms, including Roku, Apple TV, Amazon Firestick, Google Chromecast and more. Filed Under: Bill Cosby, Conviction, Melz On The MIC, Roland Martin, Roland Martin: Unfiltered	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725086
__label__wiki	0.588667	0.588667	Swizz Beatz Works on New Album With J. Cole C. Vernon Coleman II Noam Galai/Paras Griffin, Getty Images (2) School's out. Now it's time to get it in. Swizz Beatz is back in his bag and working on a new project. He recently revealed that J. Cole will be a part of the forthcoming offering. Swizzy let the cat out of the bag via Instagram by posting a picture of the two entertainers posing side-by-side in the studio. "Told you I'm in Album mode !!!! @realcoleworld good vibes and Magic Zone☠️☠️☠️☠️☠️☠️ the graduation is over !!!" he captioned the photo. This should be good. Now that the Grammy-winning producer has completed his program at Harvard, he has a lot more time on his hands. Swizz graduated from the Harvard Business School last week, where he earned his certificate from the Ivy League school's Owner/President Management Program. The course focuses on corporate growth, financial success and leadership expertise and is designed for CEOs, COOs, Presidents, Managing Directors and Executive directors with at least 10 years of work experience. "I'm taking more classes even when I graduate because the knowledge don't stop," the producer said in a recent video he posted on Instagram. "The fun don't stop. Just because you wanna get your education, that don't mean you can't still be cool, can't still have fun... Whoever tell you that you don't need to be educated, they must not be educated themselves." But for now, it looks like Swizz has music on the mind. His last album, One Man Band, dropped 10 years ago and featured the singles "It's Me Bitches," "Money in the Bank" and "Top Down." We are still waiting on that battle with Timbaland. Check out Swizz's noteworthy IG post below. Here Are the Best Projects Released From 104 Past and Present XXL Freshmen Source: Swizz Beatz Works on New Album With J. Cole	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725087
__label__wiki	0.829942	0.829942	Landowner faces fine for cutting trees in western N.D.G. A Montreal landowner faces $5,000 fine for cutting trees in western N.D.G., along the falaise St-Jacques escarpment. Trees were cut down on Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue St. in N.D.G. near the work being done on the Turcot Interchange. Marie-France Coallier / Montreal Gazette A landowner in western Notre-Dame-de-Grâce could be facing a fine for cutting down dozens of mature trees on his property. “There was a cut-down in western N.D.G., kind of part of the falaise St-Jacques, but on the north side of Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue Blvd., between the McDonald’s and the old Motel Raphael,” Peter McQueen, borough councillor for Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce, told the Montreal Gazette. McQueen noted the trees were not cut as a result of work on the Turcot Interchange construction project. “It wasn’t Transport Quebec that did this. It was a private landowner there,” he said. “There was some dumping on his land, so there was an order from the city to clean up, and then he went and cut down all the trees, which he’s not allowed to do, and now he’s getting fined, probably the maximum of $5,000 for that number of trees.” “It’s a real shame,” added McQueen, who will try to lobby government bodies to help replant some trees. “Of course, activists are going to want to know what we (at the city) can do and what Transport Quebec can do to replant these trees quickly.” As for the landowner: “We’re fining him, no question,” McQueen said. The landowner will probably be fined the maximum amount, he added. “It’s $500 per tree, up to a maximum of $5,000, and he crossed the maximum.” The tree cutting did not sit well with Lisa Mintz, founder of Sauvons la falaise, an environmental group aimed at protecting the falaise St-Jacques eco-territory, a four-kilometre escarpment between the Turcot Interchange and Montreal West. Mintz said the trees were felled on private land that is considered part of the escarpment. “Technically, it’s not (part of the escarpment), but ecologically it is,” she explained. “It’s not the designated eco-territory part, but it is part of the falaise.” Mintz said birds and other wildlife will be affected by the cut. “My concern as a birdwatcher is that it’s migration time and the birds are coming back. The same birds come back to the same area every year. “They’re going to have flown thousands of kilometres (to find) somebody destroyed their home while they were away.” McQueen said the issue of replanting new trees and other concerns will likely be discussed Monday night at the Turcot Neighbourhood meeting. The public meeting is set for 7 p.m. at the St-Raymond Community Centre, 5600 Upper Lachine Rd. Monday Calendar: March 21-27, 2016 Montreal police ask for public's help in reviving missing child case...	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725089
__label__wiki	0.801396	0.801396	Dic Geeks Mostly Kobolds EXTEND Like What I Like Mostly Kobolds chomp Review: Guppy (PC) Mark 21st November 2017 Reviews Developer: ninjadodogames Publisher: ninjadodogames There are, in retrospect, a surprisingly small number of games about being a fish. Whilst there are certainly some memorable outliers, such as Feeding Frenzy or flOw there’s a definite dearth of games in which you control a fish. This is probably because bad things happen to fish in video games. For every playable fish in a video game, there are dozens of games in which the player character wrenches potentially hundreds of fish out of the water in a violent manner and then eats them or sells them. Heck, even when you get to control the fish they more often than not are under repeated threats of being swallowed whole by larger fish. Quite frankly if you’re a fish in a video game and you’re not a yellow fish detective or Will Smith fish, you’re going to be constantly fleeing for your life. And so we come to the topic of Guppy, a game in which you play as a fish. And get eaten by larger fish. A lot. The gameplay of Guppy is simple, requiring only two buttons to play. The player is a small fish moving around a pond tasked with eating as many flies as possible before a larger fish can eat the player. Control of the fish is supposedly a simulation of actual fish movement (albeit on a 2-dimensional plane): The player swishes the guppy’s tail with the left and right keys which both generates momentum and turns the fish. The key to playing the game is in both the careful timing of such swishes (mashing the buttons too quickly doesn’t necessarily generate as much momentum as decisive, well timed swishes of the tail) and the balance of momentum against control. It can be difficult at first, but after a little practice I found myself being able to swim around the screen with a reasonable level of control and accuracy, albeit with some difficulty stopping during the quicker movements. But it’s at this point where the supposed simulation ends, and the game’s actual design becomes apparent: whenever the player collects a fly, the resulting ripples alert every large fish in the pond, who will swarm the player if they stick around. Whilst the game starts with only the one fish, the further the player advances into the game the more there are to deal with up to a maximum of eight, and so the more dangerous collecting each fly becomes. Get caught by a big scribbly fish and it’s an immediate game over, back to square one. Luckily, the pond isn’t an empty void filled with flies and massive fish, and there are a few tricks that the player can use to avoid being eaten immediately. Each time the game starts over a new pond is randomly generated, with a random number of rocks and lily pads scattered around the minimalist environment. Rocks are simple obstacles that offer a barrier between the player and larger fish, while lily pads offer places for the player to hide: Whilst under a lily pad, the player’s fish turns a satisfying shade of green not only marking it as invisible to the larger fish but also making it invulnerable to collisions with the larger fish until they leave the safety of the undergrowth. The game is, essentially, an arcade stealth game. And one with a simple enough combination of mechanics, risk vs. reward gameplay loop and high-score seeking outcome that makes it quite moreish. And it’s quite pretty too, in a minimalist way. Whilst each pond is represented, for the most part, by an empty white background, the game populates them with enough hand-painted details that it comes to life. Each randomly generated level is full of life and smatterings of detail, whether it be in the form of small schools of fish meandering around, the bubbles that pop when your fish runs through them or the sunken rocks that lend a momentary bit of texture to the minimal backdrop, there’s always something aesthetically pleasing to help your tiny fish navigate the reasonably sized pond. However, the crowning achievement of the game’s aesthetic is the music. Guppy’s soundtrack consists of a handful of rhythms and leitmotifs that the game combines, fading tracks in and out depending upon what the player can see on the screen at any time. The player’s theme forms the basis of the tracks with the calm plucking of the high notes of a guitar, while a larger, deeper and more ominous string instrument generates a feeling of dread whenever a predatory fish is on the screen. Aesthetic elements have their own themes and instruments too; the presence of bubbles adds a subtle synth to the track whilst schools of fish have their own rapid, darting arrangement (which I want to say is from a viola but I know nothing about music). My personal favourite though is the theme for a large friendly fish who receives a slow brass theme that seems to imply that he’s been through some things, but now he’s big enough to be safe from the predators. Like everything else in the game, the music is extremely simple but constructed and tweaked in such a way that it becomes more than the sum of its parts. The game’s minimalist nature also works against it, however. The game’s UI is so lacking (ie, nonexistent aside from an initial press left and right to swim dialog) that had I not found accidentally found the game’s manual whilst looking to see if there was anything in the game’s folder, I’d probably never have realised that the game has a dynamic split-screen multiplayer feature that can be activated at any time using the return key. And it’s a shame that the graphics are essentially locked to a 480p resolution. Whilst I have no objections to playing the game in a window, it’s kind of sad that the game’s minimalist watercolour and pencil charm degrades so badly when stretched out. The charm of a pencil sketch fish is immediately lost when you zoom in enough to see pixelation and the slightly messy anti-aliasing the game uses to keep things looking sharp. It shatters the illusion somewhat. But quite frankly, none of this is a deal-breaker. Guppy is an absolutely tiny title that punches far above its weight and has kept me entertained in quickfire bursts for more than two hours so far, and which I will more than likely be heading back to for more quick fixes in future. It combines a level of simplicity with excellent gameplay, and a level of polish in sound design that would befit a much better looking title. Whilst the experience is ultimately quite shallow and won’t be to some people’s tastes, for anyone looking for something immediate and arcade-ish I wholeheartedly recommend giving this one a look. Guppy is available from Steam and itch.io. Mostly Kobolds received a free review key for this title. Previous PostBudget Bundle Blitz: DIG Super Bundle 119 Next PostBudget Bundle Blitz: IndieGala Black Friday Special	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725090
__label__wiki	0.967596	0.967596	All Time Top Tamil Movies list Tamil movies have been doing exceptionally great for a long time. Recently we are seeing how these movies are attracting young across India. The first silent movie in Tamil, “Keechaka Vadham” in 1918 brought everyone attention. Since then we have been seeing huge growth in the Kollywood industry. Known for their unbelievable action scenes & unique story, Kollywood industry has succeeded in attracting young & have slowly influenced Bollywood Industry to adapt their style. So In this article, we are listing All-Time Top Tamil Movies based on the Critics rating and commercial Success at Box Office. Top Tamil Movies List Also, read Tamil Movies Box Office Collections Tamil Bog Boss Updates Upcoming New Tamil Movies Coming Out this Diwali Biggest Box Office Hits & Flops of 2018 – Bollywood, Hollywood, Tollywood, Kollywood Upcoming New Tamil Movies Coming Out Now In Theatres Nayakan (1987) Nayakan – Top Tamil Movies of All Time Production company Muktha Films Cast Kamal Haasan, Saranya Karthika Music Ilaiyaraaja Cinematography P. C. Sreeram Producer Muktha Srinivasan, Muktha V. Ramaswamy, G. Venkateswaran Written and Directed by Mani Ratnam Release Date 1 July 1987 Nayakan is one of the best action- gangster movie from 1987. This movie has won several awards and was praised by critics. Watching this movie still gives tears & especially Kamal Haasan’s acting. This movie was & still is one of the best Drama movies of all time. Another big reason for this movie to become the great hit was because of Mani Ratnam’s amazing direction & Ilaiyaraaja’s music. This story is based on real-life Bombay underworld don Varadarajan Mudaliar, and Describing the struggle of the South Indians, who live in Bombay (now Mumbai). Thalapathi (1991) Thalapathi – Top Tamil Movies of All Time Production company G. V. Films Ltd Cast Rajinikanth, Mammootty, Arvind Swamy, Amrish Puri, Srividya, Bhanupriya, Shobana Geetha Cinematography Santosh Sivan Producer G. Venkateswaran Release Date 5 November 1991 Thalapathi is a 1991 Tamil-language crime-drama movie. This movie was one of the best Classic movies ever. The story, direction, acting, songs, picturization were incomparable. Featuring Rajinikanth & Mammootty, Aravind Swamy that makes the movie worth watching. This movie is based on the friendship between Duryodhana and Karna of the Hindu epic, Mahabharata. Roja(1992) Roja – Top Tamil Movies of All Time Production company Kavithalayaa Productions Cast Arvind Swamy, Madhoo Producer K. Balachander Release Date 15 August 1992 Roja is a Tamil-language romantic thriller movie. this movie received several awards and was praised by critics. It was the highest grossing Tamil movie of 1992. This movie is one of the musical hit movies ever. This movie story was based on the relationship between Satyavan and Savitri of the Hindu epic, Mahabharata. The movie about Roja a normal girl, who gets married to Rishi. Rishi is kidnapped by militants during a secret undercover mission in Jammu and Kashmir. how she makes efforts to find her husband. Gentleman (1993) Gentleman – Top Tamil Movies of All Time Production company A. R. S. Film International Cast Arjun, Madhoo, Goundamani, Charan Raj, Subhashri, Senthil, Vineeth Music A. R. Rahman Cinematography Jeeva Producer K. T. Kunjumon Written and Directed by Shankar Release Date 21 October 1993 Gentleman was one of the best movies ever seen. This movie is a 1993 best action-thriller movie with the best storyline and dialogs, with direction. It was legendary director Shanker’s first movie. Kicha is a small business owner by day becomes modern day robin hood by night takes from the rich to provide education for the poor. Why he become a robin hood, and what happens in his life. Baasha(1995) Baasha-Top Rated Tamil Movies of All Time Production company Sathya Movies Cast Rajinikanth, Nagma, Raghuvaran Music Deva Cinematography P. S. Prakash Producer R. M. Veerappan Written and Directed by Suresh Krissna Release Date 12 January 1995 Baasha is a Tamil-language action movie. This movie was one of the highly successful movies in the career of Rajinikanth and his won Cinema Express Award and Filmfans Association Award for the Best Actor for his performance in the movie. it was the highest grossing Tamil cinema movie releasing in1995. This movie which was based on the 1991 Hindi movie Hum. The movie story about the life of an auto driver Manikkam, who stays away from violence but forced to show his violent side after his sister is attacked and his past life as a gangster is revealed. Indian-Top Rated Tamil (Kollywood) Movies of All Time Production company Sri Surya Movies Manisha Koirala, Urmila Matondkar, Sukanya Producer A. M. Rathnam, Jhamu Sughand Written and Directed by S. Shankar Release Date 9 May 1996 Indian is one of the best Classic movies ever seen. This movie is a 1996 action thriller movie. The legend actor Kamal Hassan’s performance won at the Tamil Nadu State Film Award and the Filmfare Award. It was also the highest grossing Tamil movie. This movie story about an Indian freedom fighter, who against the British rule. After independence, he has strived fights corruption in the society. he murders all the illegal persons one by one using an ancient martial arts technique. Iruvar (1997) Iruvar -Top Rated Tamil Movies of All Time Production company Madras Talkies Cast Mohanlal, Prakash Raj, Aishwarya Rai, Revathi, Gouthami, Tabu, Producer Mani Ratnam, G. Srinivasan Iruvar is a 1997 Tamil-language epic political drama movie. The movie, which is based on the relationship between cinema and politics in Tamil Nadu. Iruvar was praised by critics and won the Best Film award at the Belgrade International Film Festival and two National Film Awards. This movie storyline is based on the real-life relationship between M.G. Ramachandran and Karunanidhi. How they fought in life and how they got popularity. Ramana(2002) Ramana -Top Rated Tamil Movies of All Time Production company Aascar Film Pvt. Ltd Cast Vijayakanth, Simran, Ashima Bhalla, Vijayan, Yugi Sethu, Riyaz Khan, Mukesh Rishi Music Ilaiyaraja Cinematography M. S. Prabhu Producer V. Ravichandran Written and Directed by A. R. Murugadoss Ramana is a 2002 Tamil language action drama movie. This movie is one of the remarkable Tamil drama movies. It was won the 2002 Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film and Director A. R. Murugadoss took Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Dialogue Writer. The movie story about a man named Ramana who eradicate corruption, with the help of his former students who work in various government offices. Anniyaan(2005) Anniyaan-Top Rated Tamil Movies of All Time Production company Aascar Films Cast Vikram, Sadha, Vivek, Prakash Raj Music Harris Jayaraj Cinematography Ravi Varman, V. Manikandan Release Date 17 June 2005 Anniyaan is a 2005 psychological thriller movie and, is one of the best movies ever. This movie is a box office success, becoming one of the highest-grossing Tamil movies of 2005 in India and overseas. Anniyaan movie won eight Filmfare Awards and six State Film Awards. The movie story about the life of Raamu(Vikram), who suffered multiple personality disorder. He works as a lawyer by day and a vigilante at night. He takes tips from the ‘Garuda Purana’ as his tools to expose various antisocial elements. Enthiran(2010) Enthiran-Top Rated Tamil Movies of All Time Production company Sun Pictures Cast Rajinikanth, Aishwarya Rai, Danny Denzongpa Cinematography R. Rathnavelu Producer Kalanithi Maran Release Date 1 October 2010 Enthiran is a 2010 science fiction movie has won the Indian National Film Award and several Filmfare awards, including the Critics Award for Best Movie and Best Screenplay. This movie was the fourth-highest grossing South Indian movie of all time. The movie story about the scientist Vaseegaran ( Rajinikanth) to control his creation, a robot named Chitti (Rajinikanth), after robot software is upgraded to give it the ability to exhibit human emotions. Problems arise when the Chitti falls in love with the scientist’s girlfriend (Aishwarya Rai). Thuppakki(2012) Thuppakki-Top Rated Tamil Movies of All Time Production company V Creations Cast Vijay, Kajal Aggarwal, Sathyan, Vidyut Jammwal, Jayaram Producer S. Thanu Written and Directed by AR Murugadoss Release Date 13 November 2012 Thuppakki is a 2012 action-thriller movie won six Vijay Awards from sixteen nominations and nominated for seven South Filmfare Awards, including Best Film, Best Director and Best Actor for Vijay. The movie story about Jagdish (Vijay) is a soldier, who visits Mumbai for a holiday to be with his family and find a suitable bride. Jagadish(Vijay) has a mission to crack down on terrorist sleeper cells in Mumbai. How he is moving around like an ordinary person using his brain and brawn in the correct measure, tracks down the terrorist in his own unique way forms the rest of this escapist entertainer. Kaththi(2014) Kaththi-Top Rated Tamil Movies of All Time Production company Ayngaran International, Lyca Productions Cast Vijay, Samantha Akkineni, Neil Nitin Mukesh Music Anirudh Ravichander Cinematography George C. Williams Producer K. Karunamoorthi, A. Subashkaran Kaththi is a Tamil Crime Thriller movie is one of the best movies ever. that has won several awards and praised by critics. It was the highest grossing south Indian movie of 2014. The movie story about Jeevanandham(Vijay), a social activist fight against an MNC company to restore farming. The other person Kathiresan(Vijay), a thief, who changes position with Jeevanandham because of destiny, and leads the war with the corporate heads by, Neil Nitin Mukesh, which tries to steal the fertile lands from villagers. Thani Oruvan(2015) Thani Oruvan-Top Rated Tamil Movies of All Time Production company AGS Entertainment Cast Jayam Ravi, Arvind Swamy, Nayanthara Music Hip-hop Tamizha Cinematography Ramji Producer Kalpathi S. Aghoram, Kalpathi S. Ganesh Written and Directed by Mohan Raja Thani Oruvan is a 2015 Tamil action thriller movie and That has won several awards where the critics have praised this movie for best acting, best direction, best story and etc. This movie was one of the highest grossed movies in Tamil. The movie story about Mithran is an IPS Officer who wants to arrest Siddharth Abhimanyu, an affluent scientist who uses secret illegal medical practices for profit. 24 movie-Top Rated Tamil Movies of All Time Production company 2D Entertainment Cast Suriya, Samantha Ruth Prabhu, Nithya Menen, Saranya Ponvannan Cinematography Tirru, Kiran Deohans Producer Suriya Written and Directed by Vikram Kumar 24 is a science fiction thriller movie with the best storyline and dialogs. This movie won two awards at the 64th National Film Awards for Best Cinematography and Best Production Design and hero Suriya has taken the Critics Best Actor Award at 64th Filmfare Awards. This movie story is based on the Based on the concept of time-travel. sethuraman(Surya), a scientist who creates a watch that you can travel on time. His brother Athreya(Surya), who wants to watch for him and hence kills Sethuraman (scientist). In the process of his killing, he will go to coma, also damaging his body. 26 years later, Athrea recovers and he wants to find the watch so that he can change his state. Vikram Vedha (2017) Vikram_Vedha-Top Rated Tamil Movies of All Time Production company Y NOT Studios Cast R. Madhavan, Vijay Sethupathi, Shraddha Srinath, Kathir, Varalaxmi Sarathkumar Music Sam C. S. Cinematography P. S. Vinod Producer S. Sashikanth Written and Directed by Pushkar–Gayathri Release Date 21 July 2017 Vikram Vedha is a modern action thriller movie. Crossed the worldwide gross to ₹70 crore making it one of the highest-grossing Tamil movie of all time. This movie was received four Filmfare and three Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards and two Techofes Awards. The movie story about Vikram(Madhavan), a policeman. Vikram and his partner Simon are on the hunt to capture Vedha. When one-day Vedha(Vijay Sethupathi) surrenders, he offers to tell Vikram a story, throwing Vikram’s life into disarray. 96 Movie(2018) 96-Top Rated Tamil Movies of All Time Production company Madras Enterprises Cast Vijay Sethupathi, Trisha, Adhitya Bhaskar, Gouri G Kishan Music Govind Menon Cinematography Mahediran Jayaraju Producer S. Nandagopal Written and Directed by C. Prem Kumar 96 movie is a Tami 2018 love romantic movie. This movie was one best romantic movies ever. We see how both the leads share their love with each other, without sharing a word. Both the characters had played the best role, which makes this movie the best Tamil romantic of the year 2018. The movie’s story is about the journey of Ram (Vijay Sethupathi) who decides to visit his native place to do his work and have some old, good memories. During his visit, he goes through some good memories from his School times & meets his old friends. As he visits his native place his friends plan for a School reunion where he meets his first love, Janaki (Trisha Krishnan). Previous articleUpcoming New Telugu Movies Coming Out Now In Theatres Next articleTop Rated Malayalam Movies Of All time	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725091
__label__wiki	0.748265	0.748265	D’ANTONI BRINGS HOPE By Mike Vaccaro THE first time, the first taste, was March 1967, a few months before Mike D’Antoni’s 16th birthday. Walt Frazier would introduce himself to the Garden and to the world that week at the National Invitation Tournament, win the MVP as he led Southern Illinois to the title, provide an unwitting flash of magic soon to blossom. It was another point guard that brought the D’Antoni family north, though, lured them to the big city from Mullens, W. Va. Danny D’Antoni was playing for Marshall, and the Herd won a couple of games, beating Villanova in overtime in the first round and burying Nebraska in the second before Marquette finally sent them back home in the semis. MORE: Curry Fury: Dropped From Rotation NEWS: Overdosed Isiah Was Sprawled On Floor: Cops MORE: Run-And-Gun Knicks Open Tonight Vs. Heat Get MORE at the Knicks Blog And Danny’s kid brother took in all of it that week – all the sights, all the smells, all the sounds of the Garden, the old Garden, the one on Eighth Avenue and 49th Street that shares a name and a soul with the building in which he will work his first game as Knicks coach this evening. “It was the lights that I remember most of all,” D’Antoni said yesterday, laughing, reminiscing, anticipating. “I remember how bright it was. Basketball never looked that bright to me before. The court seemed like this hollow place in the middle of the building at the bottom of all this light and it was just amazing.” It is good that he remembers how bright it was that spring, 41½ years ago, because all of the Garden’s glow and luminosity will be trained on him beginning tonight, a night that feels like more than just the beginning of a new season. The Knicks, shrouded in darkness and battered by brutal basketball for so long, begin a whole new chapter of their history. In a city that believes in relentless reinvention, it is a welcome change. “Nobody wants to hear about tomorrow,” D’Antoni said. “For me, it’s a little different because the last few years, in Phoenix, we went into seasons knowing how good we were and what we were supposed to do. It was a different agenda, you cared only about the final score.” “We still care about that, don’t get me wrong,” D’Antoni said. “But we also have to be building for the future. It’s a different kind of challenge, and an exhilarating one.” The coach isn’t the only one feeling it. This is such a splendid basketball city, one that has lain dormant for too long, the Knicks having spent so much of their recent history daring fans to maintain their loyalties, defying them to keep caring even as the product on the Garden floor grew rancid and stale. There aren’t a lot of cities that would be as patient with their devotions, and there aren’t a lot of franchises in this city that would retain the kind of passionate following the Knicks have across the past few years. Somehow, through all the losing and all the embarrassments, Knicks fans have hung around. They’ve kept watching. They’ve kept coming. They’ve kept caring. Maybe D’Antoni knew all of this already. But it is reinforced whenever he commutes from his home in Westchester into Manhattan. It was hammered home a few weeks ago, when he took his family to the August Wilson Theater to watch “Jersey Boys,” and all along his walk on 52nd Street people shouted encouragement at him, all during his night inside the theater people recognized him and waved and flashed thumbs-ups. “That when it really hit me,” D’Antoni said. “It’s just everywhere in the city, ordering coffee, at the deli, at a restaurant, inside the theater, people just want to say good luck and you can tell how much the team means to them. It’s amazing. The Knicks have a special place in the city and everybody wants them back there.” It won’t be this year. It may not be as soon as anyone wants. But starting tonight, finally, New York gets its basketball team back. Starting tonight, finally, the Knicks start winning their soul back. michael.vaccaro@nypost.com MORE: Complete Knicks Coverage MORE: Knicks Blog Filed under new york knicks Curry to sit vs. Miami	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725094
__label__cc	0.651932	0.348068	Synergism of Natural Selection and Introgression in the Origin of a New Species Author(s): Grant, Peter R.; Grant, B. Rosemary To refer to this page use: http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/pr10m7f Abstract: This article explores how introgressive hybridization enhances the evolutionary effects of natural selection and how, reciprocally, natural selection can enhance the evolutionary effects of introgression. Both types of interaction were observed during a 40-year study of Darwin’s finches (Geospiza) on the small Galapagos island of Daphne Major. Hybrids, produced rarely by Geospiza fortis (medium ground finch) breeding with Geospiza scandens (cactus finch) and Geospiza fuliginosa (small ground finch), survived and bred as well as the parental species in the past 3 decades. By backcrossing, they increased the standing genetic variation and thereby the evolutionary responsiveness of the populations to natural selection. Natural selection occurred in droughts and oscillated in direction as a result of climatically induced fluctuations in food composition. Introgressive hybridization has led to the formation of a new lineage. It was initiated by a large, introgressed, hybrid male with a unique song and genetic marker that immigrated from the nearby island of Santa Cruz and bred with local hybrids and with G. fortis. All members of the lineage died in the 2003–2005 drought except a brother and a sister, who then bred with each other. Subsequent increase in the lineage was facilitated by selective mortality of the largest G. fortis. Breeding endogamously, the lineage is behaving as a biological species. Publication Date: May-2014 Citation: Grant, Peter R, Grant, B Rosemary. (2014). Synergism of Natural Selection and Introgression in the Origin of a New Species. The American Naturalist, 183 (5), 671 - 681. doi:10.1086/675496 DOI: doi:10.1086/675496 Journal/Proceeding Title: The American Naturalist Version: Final published version. Article is made available in OAR by the publisher's permission or policy. All Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725095
__label__wiki	0.810604	0.810604	Won’t accept award in Israel due to ‘extremely distressing’ recent events: Natalie Portman 11:50 AM \| April 20, 2018 Natalie Portman will not travel to Israel to accept an award she was scheduled to receive in June, saying she “cannot in good conscience move forward with the ceremony.” “Recent events in Israel have been extremely distressing to her and she does not feel comfortable participating in any public events in Israel,” a representative for the “Annihilation” star told the Genesis Prize Foundation, which presents the award. As a result, the June 28 ceremony in Jerusalem will be canceled entirely, the foundation said in a statement on Thursday. “We are very saddened that she has decided not to attend the Genesis Prize Ceremony in Jerusalem for political reasons,” the statement said. “We fear that Ms. Portman’s decision will cause our philanthropic initiative to be politicized, something we have worked hard for the past five years to avoid.” Portman, who was born in Israel and has duel Israeli and American citizenship, did not specify which “recent events” were the catalyst for her decision, though she is not the first performer to cancel public appearances in Israel due to protests over the country’s ongoing conflict with Palestinians. Last November, Portman was selected to receive the 2018 Genesis Prize, dubbed the “Jewish Nobel,” for her demonstration of “outstanding professional achievement and commitment to the Jewish people and Jewish values, such as social justice, tolerance and charity.” At the time, she committed to “re-gift” the $1 million in prize money to charities focused on advancing women’s equality. “The mission of the Genesis Prize is to create a space where we can cast politics aside and come together to appreciate Jewish accomplishments that continue to contribute so much to human civilization; to contemplate Jewish identity and values and what they mean in the 21st century; to strengthen the bond between the State of Israel and the Jewish Diaspora; and to celebrate pride in being Jewish, and – especially in this 70th anniversary year – in the State of Israel,” the Genesis Prize Foundation statement continued. “We are disappointed that this year we will not be able to fulfill this mission in full.” Natalie Portman is ‘obsessed’ with perfume Natalie Portman seeks restraining order Natalie Portman ‘envious’ of her co-stars FBISE to award certificates to seminary students: Minister there will be no water in lahore after 10 years don't worry busses and trains and flyovers will remain there 2008-02013 2013-2018 White elephants of democracy Amna Ejaz Rafi Soft power in countering extremism Yasir Habib Khan CPEC-BRI global appeal, survivability Pakistan Analytica? The unfolding political scenario A Laudable Undertaking Border Fencing Questioning NAB’s Practices Our healthcare Cabinet facilitates money laundering	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725096
__label__cc	0.643863	0.356137	Matt Leinart lashes out about QB flip-flop in Arizona By Brad Biggs A day after being pulled as the starting quarterback of the Arizona Cardinals, Matt Leinart is not happy and doesn’t believe the playing field is even right now. Leinart, who will enter during the second quarter Saturday night when the Cardinals play the Chicago Bears at Soldier Field, has been moved to No. 2 for what could be the final evaluation by coach Ken Whisenhunt in what now looks to be an open competition with Derek Anderson. Leinart has had six possessions through the team’s first two preseason games, leading to 0 points. He’s completed 10-of-13 passes for 77 yards. His six possessions have resulted in three first downs. Meanwhile, Anderson has complete 24-of-41 passes for 193 yards with one touchdown and two interceptions. His possessions have resulted in 15 first downs. “It is disappointing and a little bit frustrating,” Leinart said, according to the team's Web site. “I can’t sit up here and say I’m happy and all smiles. It is frustrating. I am not sure the expectation put on me. I have high expectations on myself, and I think, based on my body of work in the preseason, I have been accurate and not turned the ball over. I think the preseason is about gelling together as an offense. We have a lot of new faces on the offense. “When you don’t move the ball, it’s not what you want, but that is what preseason is for. To gel together as an offense. It is what it is. I don’t make these decisions. I have done everything coach has asked of me. I have been committed and I have worked extremely hard. If it is an open competition, then let’s have it that way from the start, if this is what this is. “Moving forward, I have to keep working. Go out (Saturday) and work my butt off and let my play do the talking. I am confident in my ability. I am extremely disappointed, and I’m not exactly sure why this decision was made, but it’s not my decision. “If it is an open competition, then let's have it that way from the start, if this is what this is.” The plan is for Leinart to enter the game in the second quarter and get time with the starters. He will also start the third quarter. So, if Anderson performs well, the job could be his. What is bothersome here is that Leinart has only thrown 13 passes through two games. He’s basically been on the bench the last three seasons and Whisenhunt could have done a better job of tailoring the action for Leinart to get the ball in the air. He is a first-round investment by the organization. But at the same time, it’s not like this evaluation has been ongoing. Since the spring. And for Leinart the evaluation process has been going on for years. “I don't know how you judge performance when you have 13 pass attempts to the other guy's 40,” Leinart said. “I’m not going to look much into it. I am going to go out, play my game, and take advantage of the opportunity I get. That’s all you can do,” he added. “It’s mentally draining. It drains you a little bit and it’s been like that the last three years. Physically I feel fine and I have been efficient this preseason … in the limited, limited opportunities I have had, I think I’ve done my best. Can I get better? Absolutely. I know that. I’m not perfect and I know I have a lot of work to do. If it’s open competition, I think you need equal opportunity. Who’s to say … I don’t know if that is happening.” Leinart said that he expects to be the starter in Week 1. As for the possibility of a trade? “We'll cross that bridge when we come to it,” he said, according to the Twitter account of the Arizona Rebulic's Kent Somers. “I know my opportunity will come this year.” It’s hard to be as confident as Leinart is. Will his opportunity really arrive or has it passed him by already? Follow me on Twitter: BradBiggs Click here to purchase the Total Access Pass/ Fantasy Draft Guide from the NFP and receive a free Deuce Brand watch while supplies last.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725098
__label__wiki	0.955788	0.955788	Source: Dolphins try out Massaquoi, Matt Willis, Mike Thomas, Ben Obomanu The Miami Dolphins tried out four wide receivers and signed none of them, according to a league source. The audition included Mohamed Massaquoi is a former Cleveland Browns second-round draft pick from Georgia who has also played for the Jacksonville Jaguars and the New York Jets. He has caught 118 career passes for 1,745 yards and seven touchdowns. They also worked out former New York Jets wide receiver Ben Obomanu, former Jaguars, Detroit Lions and Arizona Cardinals wide receiver Mike Thomas and former Denver Broncos, Lions and Baltimore Ravens wide receiver Matt Willis.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725099
__label__cc	0.542849	0.457151	Starting a conversation about conversation Small class size and circular design facilitate dialogue (Andrew Lindbloom/The Seraphim). By Andrew Lindbloom, Staff Writer It’s all about school work, family, and sports. These are the types of conversations most commonly experienced on a day-to-day basis at Notre Dame Preparatory. At least, that’s what senior Elizabeth McSorley surmised. Although shallow, these conversations represent an attempt at dialogue. When people think about dialogue, it’s often viewed as simply, “Hey Paul, how’s it going?” However, dialogue expands beyond a casual greeting. Dialogue is the exchange of ideas and opinions between two or more entities, stimulating and challenging an individual’s ideals, values, and beliefs. In other words, it’s both a tool and a skill that is imperative to learn. What is the importance of dialogue? It serves as a gate that facilitates the conversation of any topic, most often utilized in the discussion of both sensitive and volatile topics. As asserted in a 2012 article in the United Nations Chronicle, dialogue is essential for conflict prevention and peace-building. Indeed, dialogue brings four aspects to the table: primarily, an inclusive process for identifying new approaches to address common challenges. Secondly, it entails learning, not just talking. Moreover, it recognizes one another’s humanity; and lastly, it stresses a long-term perspective. These aspects not only serve as political maneuvers; they are applicable to every day life and to every day people. They hinder miscommunication, and instill a two-way conversation. According to New York University professor Jonathan Haidt, “[when] both sides believe so fiercely in their convictions that they view the other side as not just wrong but fundamentally evil,” that’s when there’s a clear problem. Conflict and hatred don’t stem from evil, instead they stem from a lack of understanding, reflection, and openness. Dialogue in a high school setting Typically, students come into their freshman year of high school equipped with a set of values and beliefs instilled by their parents. Although conversations regarding sensitive topics tend to be avoided, high school is regarded as the ideal stage for a maturing young adult to participate in such discussions. “Dialogue in high school is especially important because it’s not only where you’re growing as a person, but what you’re doing along with your classmates,” remarked NDP senior Reagan Ackerman. Casual dialogue with cell phones is the norm among some NDP students. (Andrew Lindbloom/The Seraphim). High school is the time where students can begin to form their autonomy and self-understanding. This stage ultimately shapes who he or she becomes as a young adult. “Dialogue opens people’s views up to criticism and also opens them up to becoming finer and ultimately better […] which leads them to become better people,” stated senior Trevor Gannalo. When dialogue is brought into the picture, it becomes less about students mirroring their parents’ beliefs, and more about forming their own. Through the help of teachers, these conversations are given parameters and are facilitated. Dialogue in a high school setting provides the opportunity to test a student’s thought process and grow from the mistakes he or she makes while reflecting on others’ input. In an era in which people are easily distracted by electronics, face-to-face meaningful discussions are increasingly unique. Dialogue at NDP In a Nov. 2017 Seraphim survey of 127 students pulled from a pool of 313 random interviewees, 64.6 percent said they feel comfortable discussing controversial and/or sensitive topics at school. In translation, it can be predicted that over two-thirds of the student population of 940 students feel like they can actively participate in these types of dialogues, while one-third doesn’t. Among the comments granted anonymity, due to the sensitivity of the topic: “I don’t feel comfortable talking about abortions because teachers are very bitter if one brings it up.” Another anonymous survey taker wrote, “In some classrooms I feel are completely open to free discussion. However, I have heard stories of teachers who will strongly argue with students if they have opinions against their own, berating them to the point where they do not feel [they] can discuss the other side of a matter because the teacher is so one-sided.” The dialogue of friendship ensues as soon as the bell rings at NDP (Andrew Lindbloom/The Seraphim). “I feel like Notre Dame is relatively progressive – there are still some topics that I would avoid (it would be nice if I didn’t have to) – and I feel pretty comfortable talking about things like abortion, and LGBT rights,” said a third anonymous survey respondent. “By no means will everyone agree on these topics, but I know that people are willing to discuss them.” Does the NDP learning community instigate dialogue? The majority of the students interviewed said “yes”, however, how is this achieved? The key to meaningful dialogue in a high school setting is creating an environment where students feel comfortable and safe to express their opinions; in other words, a safe haven. This is accomplished not through the students, but rather through the teachers, the individuals who most often interact with students. They’re responsible for educating, and for creating an optimal learning environment, unique to each classroom. According to an article written in 1996 by Mary Solely, a senior program officer in the Education and Training Division at the United States Institute of Peace in Washington, D.C., an educator can achieve such environment by “instilling the capacities to make thoughtful decisions and judgments, encouraging students to sustain democratic principles and participate in democratic processes, and creating habits that will fortify continued learning.” However, this isn’t necessarily a consensus among educators; more so in a small Catholic school, such as NDP. “You may have other teachers that may not listen to a pro-choice argument at all,” expressed Mr. Lamb, social studies teacher and head of the social studies department. “That might feel that it’s unacceptable to do something like that, but in the social studies classes you’re supposed to be discussing things like that.” Although discussion of sensitive topics is part of the social studies curriculum, it’s also vastly visible in other classes, such as philosophy, medical ethics, and theology; courses designed to be taught through Socratic-type-methods, where ethics and morality are a prime focus. “In the classroom, we encourage and often require discussion and debate,” stated Mrs. Fraser, a theology teacher for both juniors and seniors. “Everyone is constantly inundated with moral dilemmas – in social media, with friends and family, at work, movies, and music. We need to learn to examine an issue by taking it apart and asking the questions that will guide us to conclude, is this right or wrong, and what will be my response when tempted or manipulated.” Mrs. Fraser, an NDP theology teacher, is open to discussions about morality. (Andrew Lindbloom/The Seraphim). As explained by junior Cale Gregory, it’s usually the teachers who initiate the conversations. It’s the Catholic teachings that provide a “moral base,” nonetheless it’s the students who lead the discussions both inside and outside the classroom. Students want to engage in these challenging conversations, however, the environment has to be welcoming. The present minority While a majority of NDP students feel comfortable expressing themselves, a whopping 35.4 percent of the student population do not; many of whom blame the homogenous population that conforms the school: Caucasian, affluent, and individuals of the Catholic faith. Some students may regard the school’s unapologetic Catholic identity as, “a moral base that is needed for a controversial grey area”. Others see it as a detriment to an environment open to discussion. “Since we are a Catholic school, many believe that putting down anyone with opposite views to the Church is okay because our school propagates the Catholic ideals,” said a senior granted anonymity. “There’s nothing wrong with anyone’s religious or personal beliefs. I believe the only issue stems from not being accepting of the beliefs of others.” According to school records, 68 percent of the NDP populous is Catholic. Although not enough data is present, it can be assumed that Catholic students feel more comfortable expressing their beliefs and opinions since the majority shares these beliefs. Why does this matter? In a setting that is affiliated with a certain belief system, like religion, or even a geographical background, there will always be a majority bias, and there’s nothing wrong with that reality. However, the issue stems from the lack of opposing thoughts either because there are none, or because individuals don’t feel comfortable speaking against the status quo. Diversity of opinions, ideas, and beliefs are essential to a society conformed of people from all over the world. Furthermore, having a high school environment that prepares students for the ideological jungle that college presents, is more important than ever in U.S. history. The present minority is the minority in a setting that is most often outcast because of what they believe. This is what dialogue attempts to erase.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725100
__label__wiki	0.780302	0.780302	Home \ Archives \ Comoros admitted into SADC Comoros admitted into SADC Albertina Nakale Windhoek As part of its landmark resolution, the just-ended 37th Ordinary Southern African Development Community (SADC) Summit of Heads of State and Government has admitted the Union of Comoros as a member state. The Summit took place from August 18-20 in Pretoria, South Africa. Comoros brings the membership of the regional bloc to 16. Comoros and Burundi have for the past years expressed interest in joining SADC. However, Burundi’s application is still on the table. Channel Africa’s Nhlanhla Mahlangu reported yesterday that the heads of state and government reiterated their collective resolve to promote peace and stability in the region. At the Summit, Namibia was conferred as deputy chair of SADC. President Hage Geingob thanked the member states for the conferment. Geingob said there are some legitimate expectations among the peoples of SADC member states that the presence of SADC should be felt among the communities through implementation of development projects, such as infrastructure, among others. “We should, therefore, continue to put the triple challenges of poverty eradication, job creation and inclusive growth at the centre of our developmental agenda. As we develop and refine our policy responses, let us be guided by the notion as postulated by Joseph Stiglitz that inclusive and shared growth is a policy choice,” he told delegates. Therefore, he noted, whether it is industrialization, financial sector deepening, promotion of the blue economy, or any other matter, member states must be inclusive in their approach. He said Namibia believes that inclusivity spells peace and harmony, whereas exclusivity spells conflict and disaster. He urged SADC member states that development must continue to be people- centered and home grown. To meet these expectations, he said, it is of paramount importance that they constantly demonstrate their commitment to the ideals of the founding giants of SADC. Furthermore, Geingob said member states must renew their commitment to honour their financial obligations to the organization, and implement decisions and maintain unity. He commended President Eduardo Dos Santos of the Republic of Angola, and the people of Angola, for taking the next step in solidifying their democracy. “We have taken note of the smooth transition at party level, which once against demonstrates that inner party democracy is alive and at work in parties of former liberation movements. We wish the people of Angola well with the general elections slated for the 23rd of August.” Geingob further noted that the president of Botswana, Seretse Khama Ian Khama, who is stepping down next year, will be missed. “We are going to miss him, we cannot allow him to retire at such a young age. We will, therefore, from time to time call on your wisdom in our quest to refine processes, systems and institutions in our development community, as well as to deepen integration through industrialization and promotion of increased cross-border trade and regional value chains,” he said. Geingob extended his kind invitation to SADC member states to come to Namibia for the 38th SADC Ordinary Summit of Heads of State and Government in 2018. He said the people of Namibia are looking forward to welcoming them to the land of the brave. Home \ Archives \ Comoros admitted into SADC - New Era Live	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725102
__label__wiki	0.526424	0.526424	Will The Kitchen Sink Work? By Nate Silver With Sarah Palin's attack yesterday on Barack Obama's patriotism and his ties to former Weather Underground ringleader William Ayers, the McCain campaign has left little doubt about in which direction it intends to head over the final month of the campaign. Namely, they're going to drive their campaign into a ditch -- and hope they can find a way to take Obama along for the ride. It is a sad denouement for what was one to be a high-minded campaign focused around themes of honor and reform, themes that were resuscitated briefly during the Republican Convention, possibly accompanied by McCain's taking a one-term pledge. It is also, however, Mr. McCain's strategists would seem to have concluded, their only remaining hope. I am not here to dispute that this is McCain's best strategy -- in the same way that an onside kick is a team's best strategy when it trails late in the game with no timeouts left. But like the onside kick, it is fairly unlikely to work. For one thing, increasing numbers of middle class Americans may already have decided that Barack Obama is their home team. One of the more powerful dynamics during the first Presidential debate is that Obama, in the first 15 minutes of the proceedings, pointed to himself and said, "Hey! Middle Class! I'm your guy!". McCain did not mention the middle class, instead reverting to traditional Republican talking points about supply-side economics. From there forward in that debate, dial testers reacted poorly when McCain attacked Obama, or appeared to be contemptuous of him. If this is the case, however -- and it very well could be -- then this election is over. If the middle class had decided that Barack Obama is their guy, then he's going to win. So assume for a moment that there remain a sufficient number of persuadable voters to provide McCain with a prospective path toward victory. Even so, I think most observers have tended to overstate the extent to which this election is in fact about Barack Obama. It is also very much about John McCain. As I argued in the Los Angeles Times in August, the principal reason why McCain has been able to remain in a relatively tight race with Obama, even as the Republican brand is in shambles, is because he has largely been able to distance his brand from that of the Republicans. This is evidenced by the fact that polling during the primaries indicated that Obama was in fact headed toward a landslide victory against virtually any other Republican, whether Mike Huckabee or Fred Thompson or Mitt Romney (though the later might have had some interesting opportunities in light of the current economic crisis). By contrast, for all the time her advisers spent trumpeting her electability, Hillary Clinton never had more than a 3-point lead against McCain before exiting he race, and trailed him for much of the primary season. It may be quite difficult for McCain to attack Obama in this fashion without significantly damaging his own brand. The chart below presents a smoothed curve of each candidate's net favorability ratings since the first of the year: What's interesting is that, with the exception of the past couple of weeks, McCain's and Obama's ratings have been fairly strongly correlated, tending to rise and fall together. This is not to say that negative campaigning doesn't work -- it sometimes does -- but it works at diminished efficiency, because you may be giving back 50 cents on the dollar by harming your approval scores. If the McCain campaign brings up William Ayers -- or Jeremiah Wright -- it will almost certianly be seen as attack politics. This might seem to be stating the obvious. But remember that this wasn't the case during the primaries. The Wright and Ayers stories were instead driven by actual news -- ABC's reporting of Wright's inflammatory sermons, for instance -- and were largely not pushed by the Clinton campaign. So unless McCain's oppo research team is sitting on some fresh news about Obama's ties to Ayers or Wright, the stories are liable to be reported as a typical partisan attack, which will impeach their credibility in the public's eyes and reduce their staying power. The Obama campaign does face a bit of a dilemma. By responding to the attacks aggressively -- as they seem inclined to do -- they may be able to mitigate their impact, and possibly turn them around on John McCain. But they also keep the story in the news. The Obama campaign can't afford to be swiftboated, but it also wants to be careful not to make this the story for more than a couple of news cycles. Ultimately, however, the fact that McCain is resorting to these sorts of attacks are an indication of just how much his brand has been damaged. They certainly aren't likely to help him to repair it. --Nate Silver The Plank, Social Issues, Barack Obama, John McCain, William Ayers	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725105
__label__wiki	0.686439	0.686439	Early Learning and Childcare Academy launched Starting a career in Early Learning & Childcare (ELC) just got easier with the launch of a new online facility at http://elcacademy.scot/ in Aberdeen this week. The ELC Academy website is a major milestone in the collaboration between Moray, Aberdeenshire and Aberdeen City Councils. The website is a one-stop-shop to support and develop the workforce currently working in or looking to begin a career in ELC in the North East of Scotland. With up-to-date information on training, job vacancies and careers advice in the three local authority areas this is the first of its kind to launch ahead of the Scottish Government's ELC expansion programme. Following the launch, Councillor John Wheeler, Education and Children’s Services Convener for Aberdeen City Council, said: "We are committed to reducing inequalities and enhancing outcomes for children, that is why we are committed to expanding early learning and childcare provision. Working with Moray and Aberdeenshire councils we have developed an approach that will help pool resources, increase our early learning and childcare workforce and enhance the skills of our people. The launch is an important milestone in achieving our ambitions and we look forward to collaborating with our partners on this vital piece or work."	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725106
__label__cc	0.504775	0.495225	KLM first airline with verified WhatsApp business account Customers worldwide receive flight information through WhatsApp Amstelveen/San Francisco, 5 September 2017 – WhatsApp and KLM Royal Dutch Airlines have started a unique test for a new service on WhatsApp. KLM now offers her customers around the world booking confirmation, check-in notification, boarding pass, flight status updates and asking questions in 10 different languages on WhatsApp via the official WhatsApp Business application. KLM is one of the first companies and the very first airline worldwide with a verified WhatsApp business account. Together with a small number of businesses, WhatsApp is testing ways for businesses to communicate with customers using WhatsApp. WhatsApp wants to create value for both customers and the businesses they connect with in their daily lives. This pilot programme is part of that effort. To this end, WhatsApp has created an enterprise solution that makes it possible for businesses like KLM to connect with their customers in a fast and personal way on WhatsApp. The rollout has already started in a limited number of countries, and the service will become more widely available in the coming days and weeks. I am very proud that KLM is the world’s first airline with a verified WhatsApp account. This unique partnership with WhatsApp underlines our position as an aviation pioneer. We want to be where our customers are and, given the 1 billion users, you have to be on WhatsApp. With an account verified by WhatsApp, we offer our customers worldwide a reliable way to receive their flight information and ask questions 24/7. This truly is a major next step in our social media strategy. KLM President & CEO, Pieter Elbers KLM flight info easy to find through verified WhatsApp account Offering flight information to customers through a verified WhatsApp business account makes information easy to access in a single place, making it available at the airport, en route or at home. Customers can also directly contact KLM’s social media service agents, 24/7, via WhatsApp. The service is available to customers who book tickets or check in via KLM.com and opt-in to receive information via WhatsApp. Secure messages Messages are secure so that they can only be read by the customer and KLM, and no one else, not even WhatsApp. Customers can easily recognise verified businesses using the official WhatsApp business application. This means that customers will see a green checkmark badge next to the KLM contact name on WhatsApp. KLM and Social Media Since 2009, KLM has gained a reputation as pioneer in the field of social media services and campaigns. KLM has over 25 million fans and followers on various social media platforms. Through these channels, KLM receives over 100,000 mentions every week, 15,000 of which are questions or remarks. These are personally answered by more than 250 service agents, who form the world’s largest, dedicated social media team. On WhatsApp, Facebook, Messenger, Twitter, LinkedIn, WeChat and KakaoTalk (Korean), KLM offers her customers a 24/7 one-stop-shop in nine different languages: Dutch, English, German, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Chinese, Japanese and Korean. During office hours, KLM also offers services in Italian. KLM was the world’s first airline to offer customers the option of receiving flight documents and status updates via Messenger, Twitter and WeChat. NEW LOGO 0121KLM_KLM_WHATSAPP_FLOW_FINAL_2017_0908	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725108
__label__wiki	0.654331	0.654331	Obama: diagnostic tests, vaccines and treatments needed for Zika virus Reuters January 27, 2016 U.S. President Barack Obama delivers remarks to members of the U.S. Conference of Mayors in the East Room at the White House in Washington January 21, 2016. REUTERS/Jonathan Ernst WASHINGTON (Reuters) - U.S. President Barack Obama on Tuesday called for the rapid development of tests, vaccines and treatments to fight the Zika virus, following a briefing on the spread of the mosquito-transmitted disease, the White House said. The World Health Organization has predicted the virus, linked to brain damage in thousands of babies in Brazil, will spread to most countries across the Americas, including the United States. "The president emphasized the need to accelerate research efforts to make available better diagnostic tests, to develop vaccines and therapeutics, and to ensure that all Americans have information about the Zika virus," the White House said in a statement. Obama's briefing included Centers for Disease Control Director Thomas Frieden, the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Anthony Fauci, and Health and Human Services Secretary Sylvia Mathews Burwell, and covered factors that could affect the potential spread of the virus in the United States. (Reporting by Roberta Rampton; Editing by Clarence Fernandez) Construction fences going up around White House for a long planned-renovation project Dilemmas for West as Iran's arrests of dual nationals mount ActBlue Has Brought in a Whopping $420 Million This Year What Rare Earths Tell Us about China's Competitive Strategy	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725109
__label__wiki	0.881349	0.881349	‘Satisfying’ Results By Zachary Goldfarb ’05 Endowment records 12.7% return as long-ago investments pay off “The ball bounced our way a lot” during a volatile year for the global economy. — Andrew Golden, president of the Princeton University Investment Co. The University’s endowment enjoyed a 12.7 percent return for the year ending June 30, rising to an all-time high of $22.7 billion, officials announced in October. After taking into account gifts and spending, the endowment increased in value by $1.7 billion. The performance was not as strong as in the preceding year, when the endowment had a 19.6 percent return. The decade-long average annual return of the endowment declined from 10.5 percent in 2014 to 10.1 percent in 2015. Still, University officials say they are happy with the results, which outpaced the benchmark Standard & Poor’s 500 index. The S&P 500 increased only 5.2 percent in the year ending June 30 — a period that saw substantial volatility in the global economy. “The ball bounced our way a lot,” said Andrew Golden, who manages the endowment as the president of the Princeton University Investment Co. (Princo). “There was a lot of good luck involved.” Golden said the returns were driven by long-ago investments that finally paid off and unexpectedly swift profits from recent trades. In particular, the University had put money into biotechnology and health companies, as well as venture capital-backed firms. Profits from those investments were realized this year. “What’s satisfying is that a very good portion of the portfolio involved ... realizations of past efforts, and a lot of work done by us and our external managers came to fruition this year,” Golden said. He noted that investors are starting to fully appreciate advances in the biotechnology field that will allow more personalized medicine, as well as the potential of the so-called technology “unicorns” — private startups that have received valuations of more than $1 billion. While some market commentators have warned that there might be a bubble in the startup market, he said Princeton is somewhat insulated from those concerns because it has begun to realize some of its big investments. But he also added that these unicorns enjoy substantial revenue and a degree of profit, unlike those of the infamous dot-com boom of the late 1990s. Another source of strength last year were currency hedges. As global markets swooned, the U.S. dollar rose strongly against the euro and the yen. The University bought protection against those fluctuations, which paid off when markets stabilized. The move was atypical, Golden acknowledged, because Princo long has argued against trying to time the market. Occasionally, he said, Princo will try to bet on market fluctuations — “when there is a very large opportunity. We say we’ll shoot a very slow-moving duck.” This year’s 12.7 percent return placed Princeton at the top of the Ivy League, with Harvard posting a 5.8 percent return and Yale marking an 11.5 percent increase. MIT was a leader among highly selective schools with a gain of 13.2 percent. For the past decade, Princeton and Columbia are tied for the highest average annual endowment return. Since the end of the fiscal year, some of the gains have been lost as markets have been battered by developments in Europe and Asia. Golden said in early October that the endowment was down a few percentage points since June 30. “The new fiscal year is off to a choppier start, and we’ve not been immune to that,” he said. The University has substantial exposure to global markets. It seeks to invest, on average over the long term, 9 percent of its money in domestic stocks, 6 percent in developed countries’ stock markets, and 10 percent in emerging markets. It aims to place 25 percent in private equity; 21 percent in real estate, natural resources, and other “real assets”; and 24 percent in a category called independent return, generally funds with specialized strategies. It also puts 5 percent in fixed-income investments. The actual allocations can vary somewhat due to adjustments and market fluctuations. In the past year, domestic stock markets were the biggest winner in the portfolio, up 33 percent. That was followed by private equity at 22 percent, international emerging markets at 15 percent, developed-country stock markets at 12 percent, independent return at 5.5 percent, and fixed income at 1 percent. Real assets were down less than 1 percent. The results were reported during a period of renewed scrutiny over how major universities are spending their money. Congress has been questioning whether wealthy universities are spending enough of their investment returns, while at the same time asking if too much is being spent on executive compensation and administrative costs. Other questions about the nature of university endowments — and their tax-free status — have been raised because of mega-donations, such as a $400 million gift by hedge-fund manager John Paulson to Harvard, and in writings by inequality economist Thomas Piketty suggesting that schools were benefiting from growth in their investments without expanding social mobility. An op-ed piece in The New York Times by a University of San Diego law professor accused wealthy schools of “hoarding money,” calculating that at the schools with the five largest endowments, private-equity fund managers are receiving more than students. Golden said Princeton’s goal “is to spend as much as possible consistent with two constraints, and those constraints are underappreciated.” First, he said, the endowment is meant to last for centuries, and so the University has to be measured in how it spends. Second, the endowment pays for about half of the University’s budget. “It’s critical that the spending streams be stable,” he said. “So in good years we’re going to be spending less as a percentage of the endowment than in lean years.” Princeton aims to spend 4 to 6.25 percent of its endowment each year, a goal it has been hitting in recent years. Golden also took issue with those who might criticize the fees paid to outside managers for investing the University’s money. “We have shown that whatever fees we are paying seem to be worth it, due to our returns,” he said. “We always look for good value in fee structure and for aligned interest, and that does not necessarily mean minimizing fees.” Source URL: https://paw.princeton.edu/article/%E2%80%98satisfying%E2%80%99-results	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725116
__label__wiki	0.877928	0.877928	Richard Goode Brahms: Seven Fantasies, Op. 116; No. 2: Intermezzo in A minor - Johannes Brahms, Sonata Opus 10, No. 7 in D Major, No. 3: III. Menuetto: Allegro - Ludwig van Beethoven, Sonata in F Major, K. 533: III. Allegretto Trio in E flat, Op. 40: I. Andante - Johannes Brahms, William Purvis, Daniel Phillips, Sonata no. 21 in C major, op. 53 [Waldstein]: Allegro con brio - Ludwig van Beethoven, One of the most respected recitalists of the day, Richard Goode turned to solo and concerto performances late in life. He had made a reputation for himself more as a chamber musician, with frequent participation at the Spoleto Festival and as a founding member of the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center. Goode's musical genealogy is exceptional. Born on June 1, 1943, he grew up in the East Bronx, in a family that could be described as "semi-musical": his father was a piano tuner and an amateur violinist who hoped his son would take up the same instrument. He sent his son to a neighborhood piano teacher, believing that the keyboard instrument would give the boy the solid musical grounding he would need. When it became evident that the piano was where Richard's talents lay, his father sent him to study with Elvira Szigeti, aunt of the great Hungarian violinist Joseph Szigeti. Through his association with Elvira Szigeti, Goode came to the attention of arts patron Rosalie Leventritt, who arranged an audition for the 10-year-old with Rudolf Serkin. Serkin was impressed, and recommended him to Claude Frank. Subsequently Goode went on to study with Nadia Reisenberg, Karl Ulrich Schnabel, and Serkin himself, who reigned at the Curtis Institute in Philadelphia. Goode's repertoire is anchored in the middle-European classics, and like Artur Schnabel, with whom he has often been favorably compared (by Karl Ulrich Schnabel, among others), he has made a specialty of the long-neglected piano sonatas of Franz Schubert. His early '80s recordings of the complete piano sonatas of Beethoven, for Book-of-the-Month Records and Elektra/Nonesuch, brought his insightful artistry to a wider public. He has not eschewed modern music, though his tastes run toward a more conservative style of modernism; the works of George Perle are prominent in his repertoire. A concern for the inner essence of music and its architectural balance has made him into an introspective artist; the self-effacement that so often goes with this introspection (plus a dollop of chronic stage fright) kept Goode from seeking out the solo concert spotlight for many years. It was only after the encouragement of respected friends and colleagues (Leonard Bernstein among them) that he left the relative security of playing chamber music and took the decisive step toward a solo career. Goode was 47 years old when he made his acclaimed Carnegie Hall debut with a program that included, characteristically, Schumann's Davidsbündlertänze. Goode is possessed of a restless intellect and has developed passions for literature (Moby Dick and Finnegan's Wake rank high on his list). He has explored visual art extensively as well, noting that these seemingly extracurricular pursuits enhance his musical ones. With his wife Marcia, who is a violinist, he lives in New York City. Mexico City, MX377 LISTENERS Santiago, CL267 LISTENERS London, GB261 LISTENERS Los Angeles, US244 LISTENERS Schubert, Schumann & Brahms: Lieder Brahms Viola Sonatas Beethoven: The Complete Piano Concertos Mozart: Piano Concerto No. 25 In C, K.503 / No. 9 In E-Flat, K.271 Beethoven: The Op. 10 Piano Sonatas Goethe Lieder Mozart Piano Concertos: No. 27 in b-flat Major, K. 595; No. 19 in F Major, K. 459 This Is: Brahms Intense Studying: Mixtape Edition Classical Piano Essentials Classical Era 50: Spotify Picks This Is: Schumann Artur Schnabel Listen to Richard Goode now. Listen to Richard Goode in full in the Spotify app	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725120
__label__wiki	0.89308	0.89308	Aishwarya keeps mum on comeback in Bollywood Edited By Odishatv Bureau Published By Odishatv Bureau On Jan 10, 2013 - 9:21 AM Mumbai: Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, who has been away from the silver screen for about two years, is keeping mum on her comeback project amid reports that she has been approached by Mani Ratnam and Karan Johar. When asked about her comeback on the silver screen, Aishwarya said, "I cannot give you a date. Whenever I am on board for a film I will let you all know. There is no guarantee in creative field. Without hurting anyone's sentiments, there is no guarantee of the release of a film," she said. The actress on Wednesday unveiled the 58th Filmfare Award black trophy. The organisers plan to do something special this year as this is the 100th year of Indian cinema. "I am privileged and honoured to be here. It is for the first time that I am not nominated…but that was due to my baby Aaradhya. But still I will take this black lady trophy home (the one she unveiled)," she said. Aishwarya refused to pick up any favourite actor, actress, film of 2012, but said her actor husband Abhishek Bachchan was her "favourite for life."	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725122
__label__wiki	0.61994	0.61994	David Johnson – Chief Executive David joined our team in July 2015 after eight years working in South Africa, where he brought together NGOs specialising in sexual and reproductive health and rights, and environmental conservation. David is passionate about environmental issues, is a qualified Game Ranger and prior to working for us, David advised our Population & Sustainability Network member, the Endangered Wildlife Trust, on integrating sexual and reproductive health actions within their conservation programmes. David is a former solicitor and has practised law in England & Wales, the Republic of Ireland, Hong Kong and South Africa (where he ran his own practice and represented numerous trusts and NGOs on legal, strategic and fundraising issues). David has a particular focus promoting the importance of reproductive health and rights to the conservation sector, including work with the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). He is a member of the Executive Committee of the IUCN National Committee UK, and a member of the IUCN Commission on Environmental, Economic & Social Policy. Carina Hirsch – Advocacy & Projects Manager Carina holds a postgraduate degree in Economics and Public Management. Prior to joining, Carina worked for the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations carrying out research and implementing projects on women’s empowerment in agriculture and food security in several West African countries and India. Carina has also advocated for rural women and sustainability issues in various international policy making forums as Policy Officer at the World Farmers’ Organization. Kathryn Lloyd – Programmes & Operations Manager Kathryn holds a BSc in Human Geography and an MA in International Development from the University of Leeds. Prior to joining, Kathryn worked for CAFCASS in the quality improvement team, focusing on project and event management, data analysis, and content management. Kathryn volunteered for many years in the charity sector in the UK for organisations such as Friends of the Earth, Groundwork, and Women Working Worldwide. She also has experience working in Ethiopia on issues relating to women’s rights and empowerment, HIV/AIDS, and orphans and vulnerable children. Nataliya Cuttell – Financial and Office Manager Nataliya joined us in 2019 and brings over 10 years of experience from working as a Finance Manager in several growing global health charities in UK (Medical Aid Films, Global Health Film Initiative) and over 25 years of international experience from commercial sector. She is a life member of RHS and also supports other charities promoting recycling, human and animal well-being, preservation of old crafts and skills for future generations. Dr Chelsea Morroni – Sexual & Reproductive Health Consultant (South Africa projects) Chelsea Morroni has lived and worked in southern Africa for nearly 20 years. She directs the Botswana Sexual and Reproductive Health Initiative, is a medical advisor to the Botswana Family Welfare Organisation, a special advisor to the Botswana Ministry of Health Family Planning Programme and provides family planning training and mentorship for the Network at our South African project sites. Chelsea has a BA in social anthropology from Harvard University, an MPH and medical degree from the University of Cape Town, an MPhil and PhD in epidemiology from Columbia University, a Diploma in Tropical Medicine from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and a Diploma in Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare from the UK Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725129
__label__cc	0.515117	0.484883	Kevin Fetterplace From the age of 15 when he ran the Fed 13 Rock n’ Roll Roadshow which spent three years as the premier Rock n’ Roll/Rockabilly management and promoters in Southern England to the current running of a global PR/Marketing agency – Mojo Working International, via 10 years managing rock bands and selling records and selling out shows, “I’ve managed to stay alive and work in the industry I love very much for ALL of my life” says Kevin. Kevin lives and breaths this business now in New York, following 10 amazing years in Europe, Africa and Asia. How did you get started in the music and entertainment industry? I started at a very young age. I was going to a local youth club when I was about thirteen years of age and I put records on for everyone to have a little dance. Then they used to have a bigger disco on the Friday night – that was the sort of thing where you’d have to go, cause you know your mates all went and it was very important when you were 14 or 15 to go to this thing. I started playing the records at that too, and within a year, I had five of these discos running. I called it Lawrence Promotions – my second name and when I was 16 I got my first tax return that I had to take to school and get my Math teacher to help me out with. I was making more than he was!! And from there, I started promoting rock n’ roll and rockabilly bands. That was when I was about sixteen ‘cause that was my first love and I did very well at it. It was called The Fed 13 Rock‘n’Roll Roadshow. I’d charge people a pound to get in (don’t forget that this was in England in the early 80’s where I worked hard at the resurgence of rockabilly around the world), We’d get a couple of hundred kids come along just to dance. And then on a Saturday night, a local promoter and myself would put on bands and we would do the emceeing and playing music, and that’s what we did right until I was about 18. Then I started messing around with managing bands and started Clown Management and started working for some well-known band managers, artist managers and record labels. I managed bands at my own band management agency through my twenties. I also launched a security company called Principal, that did a lot of pits at shows and festivals as well as a lot of one-one protection for pop stars and I also launched Jester Promotions, which was a radio and TV promotions agency. My band management company was ripped off for a lot of money by a major record label who refused to pay up European Tour Support they had guaranteed and before I could sue, it was gone, so I went back to working at a music magazine.. How has the industry changed since you first started and what did you do to help change it? Two years later, I started Mojo Working really because I was working at that music/audio magazine and I realized there was nobody marketing what we call entertainment technology. At that time, I was looking at recording studios, record producers and companies making really cool gear for studios. There was nobody marketing them sensibly or intelligently. So what I did was I got a rock band photographer who had worked with everyone from Ozzy to Bon Jovi and I took him into a recording studio and gave him an outboard unit and I said to him, “Light like this like you’d light somebody’s face”, then I had a guy who worked in the fashion business as a designer to help me do the advertisement for it, and that brand was called Focusrite. and I worked with them for many years afterwards. No-one had ever thought of cool ways to market studios and gear before – no one had really used “end-user” endorsements before where you got a rock star or famous record producer to appear in an advertisement with your client’s gear – now everyone does it, but we were the first. That’s how I started Mojo Working. I combined my experience with being on the road, with my experience in recording studios with bands and mixed it up! But I’ve always loved managing bands and once when a studio in Amsterdam wanted to hire me but couldn’t afford to because a band’s label owed them too much money from making their album, I took over the management of the band, got them a major recording contract who paid off the studio time bill and then the studio hired me as a result! Brilliant. That little project took me off to Africa to make the video for the single, Canada to tour and all around Europe. Had a great time! And I got paid! Again, no-one would do this now. Or even then. The studio couldn’t believe I’d do this for them, The label was small and had used the studio for months recording this record but couldn’t afford to pay them before they got a deal. SO I got them the deal in order for the studio to get paid in order for them to hire me! This is what has kept myself and Mojo Working for all these years. The willingness to go all out for a client. Of course in the early 90’s we didn’t really have the Internet yet, although I have had an email address since 1992, so sending out press releases and press packs has changed A LOT! We used to have this thing in England where electricity was cheaper at certain times of the day. And we would have a fax machine and we’d fill it up with paper, with addresses and things on it, program the fax machine to go off during the cheaper times of the day and leave it there overnight. The following morning was always horrible. Fax paper everywhere! But that’s how we’d send out our press releases. Then, every day we’d go to the post office with our envelopes, stick stamps on to press packages and put them in the mail. Now you can send MP3’s if you’re promoting a record. Then you had to send them the record! Now it’s all done electronically. Now I can send out you know releases to a thousand people just with a push of a button. During the time I was marketing gear and studios I also worked for a lot of bands like The Fall, and Steele Pulse and was even the Marketing Director for a couple of dance labels – including the big hit “Sounds of the City, Manchester” What are the biggest benefits of having a PR firm working for you? In an interview I did a little while ago, I was asked to describe my job. And I said, “Well a publicist sells the unwanted to the unwilling for the frikkin’ ungrateful.” Well I think what we at Mojo are able to do is cut through the clutter. Now, unfortunately there are people out there pretending to be PR’s who charge you a lot of money but who don’t know what they’re doing. AVOID THEM!! But if a PR knows what they are doing, they are able to reach out and talk to journalists and talk to writers about the subjects they want to hear about. You’re able to, as I say, cut through the clutter. You know, it can be a soul-destroying job sometimes, it really can. But that’s only when your client has an ego way bigger than the real world they live in. Those people drive me nuts and I never, ever stay working for people like that, because they will never be happy. But if you work for nice people and you work for good products and you work for things you believe in, then you can have a nice career, make a reasonable living out of it and do well. And luckily I did well. When is a band ready, or should hire a PR firm? Everybody should have a PR plan. Once you have decided you are serious about this, you should be doing your own PR. Make sure you are in the listings for gigs, make posters and put them up all over town or get someone authorized by the city to do it. Make sure you are sending your news and new dates to music editors at the local newspapers, websites, guides etc. Make sure you’re talking to the local college radio and internal newsletters that most schools have. Invite music editors down to you gigs and buy them a few beers (remember, they are as poor as you are and as hungry for success) have them hitch their horse to your cart! There’s still a lot of kudos to saying “I’m With The Band!” Some road advice here: You should also have arrangements with T-shirt companies, so you can sell T-shirts because that’s how you’re going to eat at a gig and put gas in the tank. I’ve kept tours on the road from selling t-shirts and CD’s Literally!! What gets you interested in a new client? Something that’s different, there’s gotta be something that’s unique, it’s gotta be something that resonates with me. There are things that I just won’t do, and some people whose attitude makes me decide not to work with them, but if you have something exciting to say, something different to offer – whether that’s your work as a composer or a songwriter, or something you’ve made that will change a guitarist’s life forever, get in touch! What would you short-list as of some of the most influential online music sites? I like going through Reverb Nation, Facebook and MySpace and stuff like that and picking up stuff that I just don’t know anything about. I actually get a lot of like people sending me stuff as my name has been out there and on the back of records for a while now, but most of what I do is via word of mouth or recommendation. One great way to find new bands and new music is to Google “New Bands” “Unsigned Bands” etc etc. What is viral marketing and how does it effect the music industry? Viral marketing is probably the most exciting thing that’s ever come around and it’s made easier by the internet, but by no means has happened as a result of it. I mean, the Grateful Dead were doing it for years. I guess you can argue that viral marketing started with bands like that. I used to manage a band called The Enid twenty odd years ago, and what they did was they collected the names and addresses of everybody that bought a t-shirt at their concert, or even came to their concerts. They’d have volunteers at each show who would take your name and address etc and have a guestbook and they’d sign it and put their names and addresses into their files and they had cards made for everybody. And every time that band played in your area you’d get an invitation to go and see their band. You would get a free ticket or a special recording or similar if you brought 3 friends with you.. We used to sell out 3000 seats A GIG doing that form of marketing… That’s viral marketing. Now of course, you’re doing it all on a much bigger scale. You’re using visuals, you’re using audio, you’re doing it with the Internet. But it’s the same idea. It’s just word-of mouth. It’s the same idea. What are some simple things that all bands can do to help promote themselves and reach a greater audience? As I say, have a PR plan and stick to it. Make sure that you’ve got packs. Make sure you’ve got posters. Make sure you’ve got photographs, make sure you’ve got CDs or DVDs that you can sell on the road, so that you can actually eat while you’re on the road. Make sure that you’re doing research. You can buy books which will tell you who the local newspapers are, who the local college radio stations are. Find out that information and use that information. Record your shows, then sell DVDs or the audio CDs of those shows. Give them mementos. There’s a band called Marillion out of the UK, one of my personal favorite bands. And they do this all the time, they record a show, they record it onto a disk. The things are available a few weeks later. Now if you were at that show, then you can order this properly mixed and mastered CD or DVD of the very show you were at, what a wonderful memento to have, isn’t it? You can do that. Anybody can do that. What is the toughest aspect to working with bands/musicians? Egos. Bands always think they’re bigger than they are. No matter how big the band is. It’s true. I used to get around getting yelled at by making sure that from the band’s hotel to the venue, there were always posters. On the way to the gig – you could just point them out! Also, I used to travel with copies of the album and make sure that the stores nearest the gig/hotel carried copies of the record. Saves a LOT of aggravation! What is a common error made by bands trying to self-promote? Same thing really, trying to be bigger than they actually are. Or think they are bigger than they actually are. So, they do one of two things. They either think they are bigger than they actually are and therefore don’t bother to do their public relations, or they just don’t understand the importance of it and so haven’t built it into their system to do it and that is a BIG mistake. I think you’ve got to make sure you’ve done two newspapers, a radio station and a tv station for every single gig you do. No matter how big a band you are. If not, don’t be surprised to see no-one at your gig or negative reviews the next day. What is a realistic time frame for a PR campaign to show results? A minimum of three months. What are a few suggestions/tips you can offer bands? Be open. Be friendly with the media. Allow the media access to you and make sure you court them. Make sure that every gig you do, every town you play, every show you play, play it like it’s your last. Make sure that you’re giving everything on that stage. I mean I used to manage a band where the bass player would fall off the stage drunk every night. It was cute for the first little while. Then it got really boring. And in front of record labels and things, it just wasn’t cute anymore. You gotta give it your everything. You gotta make sure you’re playing and performing to the very best of your ability. And you gotta make sure you’re promoting yourself in the same way. And you have to do this every single time you play, without any exception. After all a doctor doesn’t operate on someone and only do it at half their ability. A plumber doesn’t replace half a pipe and call it a day. I think people also forget that being a musician is YOUR JOB. It’s what you do to make a living. It’s what puts food on your family’s table and clothes on your kid’s back. If you’re the 99% of musicians out there who are NOT famous, but are still working, then you need to thank all your God’s for that and make sure you do your work and do it well. Always. Tell me a little about Mojo Rising. Mojo Rising… Mojo Working which is my main company has been going for 18 years. And it’s a full service PR agency. But, for the 18 yrs that I’ve been running Mojo working, I’ve always had people phone me up and say, “You know Kevin, we think your work is brilliant, absolutely great – I’d love for you to work for me – I’ve got three hundred dollars, what can I do?” To be honest with you – not very much. Because PR takes up time. And to hire somebody, a professional – that’s what you are doing – buying their time. Say you’re a car mechanic and you charge $50 an hour. How would you feel if someone said to you – that’s fine – I’ll pay you $10, but I want the same job done? Same thing with hiring a PR company. Mojo Rising –is going to allow people to have an inexpensive but high-impact PR piece out there at media. Lets say a guy’s made a widget, and it’s the greatest widget in the world but he doesn’t know what to do with it. We will interview him and we’ll create a full press release, add images and send it out among our database of hundreds of journalists across the planet. We’ll tell media and their readers exactly what this person’s doing and why they’re doing it. We will direct traffic to wherever this widget or project or whatever is held – be it a website, Facebook, Linked-In site, My Space – wherever. We will literally tell the world all about your news – and all for a few hundred bucks! It’s the best PR service for those many, many people on a budget out there. And just because it’s inexpensive doesn’t mean we’ve cut corners – it’s effective and far-reaching, often reaching thousands of people we KNOW are interested in what you have to tell them.. We’ve spent a lot of time developing this and we’re pretty proud of it! What sort of cost would a PR campaign for a band usually cost – that are starting out and they want to get a bit of media? Depends on what they’re trying to do, and what level they’re at. I mean if you’re looking at a band trying to get into all the newspapers, all the magazines, it could run many thousands of dollars, but there are ways around this for those who can’t afford this type of money or need that kind of service. It’s OK if you’re a major artist, but what if you’re not? (and 99% of musicians are NOT major artists!) Well, as we’ve mentioned, there is still a lot you can do for yourselves. For instance, if you are looking for somebody to work with you [at a reduced cost], get a friend to help you out! There’s always somebody you know that’s doing a marketing degree, or doing a writer’s degree, or a journalism degree or is just interested in your band or project. Have them help you with your bios. Have them help reach out to local radio and television and local newspapers and music magazines. And as the band grows, they grow with you. Having your own press officer on the road with you is good fun. You can do it that way because hiring public relations people can be expensive, and that’s because it is very labor intensive. Finally, you’ve gotta work with somebody that has the cojones to be able to deal with the stress and aggravation of dealing with you AND the media every day! And that costs money. But, as I say, if you’re a young band and you’re starting out, get all your friends to help you out. If you’re a gear developer or a live sound engineer or an aspiring record producer or video director – have somebody be your press officer. Have them tell the world why YOU deserve to be famous! For more on Mojo Rising contact: Kevin.MojoRising@Gmail.com or Bonny.MojoRising@Gmail.com	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725134
__label__wiki	0.612845	0.612845	How to Find Ex Dividend Dates By: Tim Plaehn How to Find Stocks With High Institutional Buying If an investor owns a stock on the ex-dividend date, the investor is entitled to receive the dividend and it will be deposited in her investment account on the payment date. The day before the ex-dividend date is the last day to buy the stock and still receive the dividend. Corporations are under no obligation to stick to a specific schedule for dividend date so an investor must do a little research and watch the news. Determine the approximate dividend declaration dates of the stocks for which you want the ex-dividend dates. The best resource for this information is the news release listing on the investor page of the company's website. Most companies pay dividends four times a year and there will be a news or earnings release that announces the pertinent dividend dates. Read the dividend news announcements and make note of the date of the announcement, dividend record date and dividend payment date. The announcements are at approximately the same time each year. An important piece of information is the time between the dividend announcement and the record date. Watch the company's news releases for the next dividend announcement. It will be a date close to previous years. Read the dividend announcement and note the dividend record date. Calculate the ex-dividend date. The ex-dividend date is two business days before the record date. Do not count weekends and holidays. Most companies offer email notification of press releases. Sign up on the investor page of the website to get the news as soon as it is released. There are websites that give ex-dividend information for a fee. The provide some information for free, but a paid subscription is required for most of the information. The value of the stock drops on the ex-dividend date by the amount of the dividend. No dividend is guaranteed or paid on a specific date until it is declared by a company's board of directors. Do not assume a stock will go ex-dividend on a specific date without reading the specific dividend declaration. SEC: Ex-dividend dates Tim Plaehn has been writing financial, investment and trading articles and blogs since 2007. His work has appeared online at Seeking Alpha, Marketwatch.com and various other websites. Plaehn has a bachelor's degree in mathematics from the U.S. Air Force Academy. How to Play The Ex Dividends Stock Market To Make a Nice Return How to Buy Stock Before Ex-Dividend Date How to Sell After the Ex Dividend Date How to Get the Dividend Per Share How to Calculate Growth Rate in Dividends How Often Are Dividends Paid?	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725136
__label__wiki	0.632738	0.632738	Bernard F Ax Grave site information of Bernard F Ax (1913 - 1987) at Saint Clair Cemetery in Greensburg, Westmoreland, Pennsylvania, United States from BillionGraves Register to get full access to the grave site record of Bernard F Ax Saint Clair Cemetery 212 Linda Dr Greensburg, Westmoreland, Pennsylvania KRobDFW folkreligion Find more about Bernard F... We found more records about Bernard F Ax. Jone Az (Ludwig) Grave Site of Bernard F Bernard F Ax is buried in the Saint Clair Cemetery at the location displayed on the map below. This GPS information is ONLY available at BillionGraves. Our technology can help you find the gravesite and other family members buried nearby. Greensburg,Westmoreland,Pennsylvania Other Sources for Bernard F Ax Bernard Ax Social Security Death Master File (courtesy of ssdmf.info) 2 Feb 1913 - Jan 1987 Life timeline of Bernard F Ax Bernard F Ax was born in 1913 Bernard F Ax was 16 years old when The New York Stock Exchange crashes in what will be called the Crash of '29 or "Black Tuesday", ending the Great Bull Market of the 1920s and beginning the Great Depression. The New York Stock Exchange, is an American stock exchange located at 11 Wall Street, Lower Manhattan, New York City, New York. It is by far the world's largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed companies at US$21.3 trillion as of June 2017. The average daily trading value was approximately US$169 billion in 2013. The NYSE trading floor is located at 11 Wall Street and is composed of 21 rooms used for the facilitation of trading. A fifth trading room, located at 30 Broad Street, was closed in February 2007. The main building and the 11 Wall Street building were designated National Historic Landmarks in 1978. Bernard F Ax was 17 years old when Great Depression: In a State of the Union message, U.S. President Herbert Hoover proposes a $150 million (equivalent to $2,197,000,000 in 2017) public works program to help generate jobs and stimulate the economy. The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, beginning in the United States. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations; in most countries it started in 1929 and lasted until the late-1930s. It was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the world's economy can decline. Bernard F Ax was 31 years old when World War II: The Allied invasion of Normandy—codenamed Operation Overlord—begins with the execution of Operation Neptune (commonly referred to as D-Day), the landing of 155,000 Allied troops on the beaches of Normandy in France. The Allied soldiers quickly break through the Atlantic Wall and push inland in the largest amphibious military operation in history. The Allies of World War II, called the United Nations from the 1 January 1942 declaration, were the countries that together opposed the Axis powers during the Second World War (1939–1945). The Allies promoted the alliance as a means to control German, Japanese and Italian aggression. Bernard F Ax was 40 years old when Jonas Salk announced the successful test of his polio vaccine on a small group of adults and children (vaccination pictured). Jonas Edward Salk was an American medical researcher and virologist. He discovered and developed one of the first successful polio vaccines. Born in New York City, he attended New York University School of Medicine, later choosing to do medical research instead of becoming a practicing physician. In 1939, after earning his medical degree, Salk began an internship as a physician scientist at Mount Sinai Hospital. Two years later he was granted a fellowship at the University of Michigan, where he would study flu viruses with his mentor Thomas Francis, Jr. Bernard F Ax was 52 years old when Thirty-five hundred United States Marines are the first American land combat forces committed during the Vietnam War. The United States Marine Corps (USMC), also referred to as the United States Marines, is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting amphibious operations with the United States Navy. The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the four armed service branches in the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. Bernard F Ax was 64 years old when Star Wars is released in theaters. Star Wars is a 1977 American epic space opera film written and directed by George Lucas. It is the first film in the original Star Wars trilogy and the beginning of the Star Wars franchise. Starring Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher, Peter Cushing, Alec Guinness, David Prowse, James Earl Jones, Anthony Daniels, Kenny Baker, and Peter Mayhew, the film focuses on the Rebel Alliance, led by Princess Leia (Fisher), and its attempt to destroy the Galactic Empire's space station, the Death Star. Bernard F Ax died in 1987 at the age of 74 Browse > United States > Pennsylvania > Saint Clair Cemetery > Bernard F Ax Grave record for Bernard F Ax (1913 - 1987), BillionGraves Record 5825403 Greensburg, Westmoreland, Pennsylvania, United States	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725139
__label__wiki	0.938363	0.938363	Merritt W. Egan 26 Nov 1920 - 16 Jan 2008 Grave site information of Merritt W. Egan (26 Nov 1920 - 16 Jan 2008) at Ririe-Shelton Cemetery in Ririe, Bonneville, Idaho, United States from BillionGraves Register to get full access to the grave site record of Merritt W. Egan Nasceu: 26 Nov 1920 Casado(a): 15 Jun 1940 Morreu: 16 Jan 2008 Ririe-Shelton Cemetery 182 E 129 N Ririe, Bonneville, Idaho Headstone Description Children - Ramon, Joan, Judy, Michael, Married June 15 1940 jalilo Find more about Merritt W.... We found more records about Merritt W. Egan. Betty I. Egan (Lee) 29 Jul 1921 - 25 Nov 2000 Grave Site of Merritt W. Merritt W. Egan is buried in the Ririe-Shelton Cemetery at the location displayed on the map below. This GPS information is ONLY available at BillionGraves. Our technology can help you find the gravesite and other family members buried nearby. Ririe,Bonneville,Idaho Other Sources for Merritt W. Egan Family Search Person Life timeline of Merritt W. Egan Merritt W. Egan was born on 26 Nov 1920 Merritt W. Egan was 10 years old when Great Depression: In a State of the Union message, U.S. President Herbert Hoover proposes a $150 million (equivalent to $2,197,000,000 in 2017) public works program to help generate jobs and stimulate the economy. The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, beginning in the United States. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations; in most countries it started in 1929 and lasted until the late-1930s. It was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the world's economy can decline. Merritt W. Egan was 25 years old when World War II: Combat ends in the Pacific Theater: The Japanese Instrument of Surrender is signed by Japanese Foreign Minister Mamoru Shigemitsu and accepted aboard the battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay. The Pacific War, sometimes called the Asia-Pacific War, was the theater of World War II that was fought in the Pacific and Asia. It was fought over a vast area that included the Pacific Ocean and islands, the South West Pacific, South-East Asia, and in China. Merritt W. Egan was 32 years old when Jonas Salk announced the successful test of his polio vaccine on a small group of adults and children (vaccination pictured). Jonas Edward Salk was an American medical researcher and virologist. He discovered and developed one of the first successful polio vaccines. Born in New York City, he attended New York University School of Medicine, later choosing to do medical research instead of becoming a practicing physician. In 1939, after earning his medical degree, Salk began an internship as a physician scientist at Mount Sinai Hospital. Two years later he was granted a fellowship at the University of Michigan, where he would study flu viruses with his mentor Thomas Francis, Jr. Merritt W. Egan was 44 years old when Thirty-five hundred United States Marines are the first American land combat forces committed during the Vietnam War. The United States Marine Corps (USMC), also referred to as the United States Marines, is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting amphibious operations with the United States Navy. The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the four armed service branches in the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. Merritt W. Egan was 52 years old when Munich massacre: Nine Israeli athletes die (along with a German policeman) at the hands of the Palestinian "Black September" terrorist group after being taken hostage at the Munich Olympic Games. Two other Israeli athletes were slain in the initial attack the previous day. The Munich massacre was an attack during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, in which the Palestinian terrorist group Black September took eleven Israeli Olympic team members hostage and killed them along with a West German police officer. Merritt W. Egan was 62 years old when Michael Jackson's Thriller, the best-selling album of all time, was released. Michael Joseph Jackson was an American singer, songwriter, and dancer. Dubbed the "King of Pop", he was one of the most popular entertainers in the world, and was the best-selling music artist during the year of his death. Jackson's contributions to music, dance, and fashion along with his publicized personal life made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades. Merritt W. Egan was 78 years old when Columbine High School massacre: Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold killed 13 people and injured 24 others before committing suicide at Columbine High School in Columbine, Colorado. The Columbine High School massacre was a school shooting that occurred on April 20, 1999, at Columbine High School in Columbine, an unincorporated area of Jefferson County, Colorado, United States, in the Denver metropolitan area. In addition to the shootings, the complex and highly planned attack involved a fire bomb to divert firefighters, propane tanks converted to bombs placed in the cafeteria, 99 explosive devices, and car bombs. The perpetrators, senior students Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, murdered 12 students and one teacher. They injured 21 additional people, and three more were injured while attempting to escape the school. The pair subsequently committed suicide. Merritt W. Egan died on 16 Jan 2008 at the age of 87 Browse > United States > Idaho > Ririe-Shelton Cemetery > Merritt W. Egan Grave record for Merritt W. Egan (26 Nov 1920 - 16 Jan 2008), BillionGraves Record 3921271 Ririe, Bonneville, Idaho, United States	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725140
__label__cc	0.599978	0.400022	Super Lawyers → Lawyer Directory → Estate & Trust Litigation Attorneys → California → Oxnard → Mark A. Lester Mark A. Lester Top Rated Estate & Trust Litigation Attorney in Oxnard, CA Jones & Lester LLP \| 300 East Esplanade Drive, Suite 1200 Visit: www.joneslester.com Selected to Super Lawyers: 2015 - 2019 Education: Seattle University School of Law Estate & Trust Litigation (70%), Estate Planning & Probate (20%), Business/Corporate (10%) At Jones & Lester, A Limited Liability Partnership, in Oxnard, California, Mark A. Lester devotes his practice to clients primarily located in Los Angeles and Ventura counties. He focuses on the legal practice areas of estate planning, commercial law, real property law and taxation. More specifically, clients come to Mr. Lester for help with probate, trust administration, succession planning, and trust and estate litigation. Commercial clients can request assistance with transactions and litigation. In 1977, Mr. Lester earned a Bachelor of Arts from Stanford University, and he later enrolled at Seattle University School of Law. While there, he served as associate editor for the University of Puget Sound Law Review, which has since been renamed as the Seattle University Law Review. He also served as chair of the Membership Committee for The International Legal Honor Society of Phi Delta Phi and received the American Jurisprudence Award in trusts and estates. After receiving his Juris Doctor in 1980, Mr. Lester proceeded to earn his Master of Laws in taxation in 1981 from Boston University School of Law. As a member of The State Bar of California, Mr. Lester may practice before all California state courts. He is also admitted to practice before the U.S. District Courts for the Northern, Southern, Central and Eastern Districts of California, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit and the U.S. Tax Court. Mr. Lester currently serves on the Board of Trustees of the California Board of Legal Specialization with his term expiring in 2020. Mr. Lester holds memberships with the Ventura County and the Los Angeles County bar associations and is a frequent speaker and presenter at local bar and national continuing legal education programs. His peers hold him in high esteem, and Mr. Lester has earned an AV Preeminent* rating through Martindale-Hubbell. *AV Preeminent and BV Distinguished are certification marks of Reed Elsevier Properties Inc., used in accordance with the Martindale-Hubbell certification procedures, standards and policies. Martindale-Hubbell is the facilitator of a peer review rating process. Ratings reflect the confidential opinions of members of the bar and the judiciary. Martindale-Hubbell ratings fall into two categories: legal ability and general ethical standards. Estate & Trust Litigation (70%): Will Contests Estate Planning & Probate (20%): Estate Planning, Guardianships & Conservatorships, Living Wills, Power of Attorney, Probate & Estate Administration, Trusts, Wills Business/Corporate (10%): Business Formation and Planning, Limited Liability Companies, Partnership, Contracts, Business Organizations Will Contests, Estate Planning, Guardianships & Conservatorships, Living Wills, Power of Attorney, Probate & Estate Administration, Trusts, Wills, Business Formation and Planning, Limited Liability Companies, Partnership, Contracts, Business Organizations Super Lawyers: 2015 - 2019 To: Mark A. Lester Additional Sources of Information About Mark A. Lester Visit my FindLaw® profile About Mark Lester Admitted: 1981, California Professional Webpage: http://www.joneslester.com/attorneys/mark-lester/ Honors/Awards: Goldline Research: The Ten Most DependableTM Lawyers (Trusts & Estates) of California, 2008 AV Preeminent rating from Martindale-Hubbell, 2001 to Present, 2001 Humanitarian Award, Elite American Lawyers, 2015 American Jurisprudence Award (Wills & Trusts), 1979 Certificate of Recognition – Superior Court of the State of California, County of Los Angeles - Probate Settlement Officer Program, San Fernando Valley Bar Association, 2017 Professional of the Year in Trust and Estate Planning, Worldwide Registry, 2015 Membership Committee of Phi Delta Phi, Chairman, Seattle University School of Law, 1979 Top 101 Industry Experts, Worldwide Who's Who, 2016 Top Lawyers - The Secrets to Their Success; Estate Planning, and Trust and Probate Law, Executive Spotlight, Worldwide Publishing, 2017 Special Licenses/Certifications: California Certified Specialist in Estate Planning, Trust & Probate Law by State Bar of California Board of Legal Specialization Bar/Professional Activity: U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, 1987 Appointed Member of the Estate Planning, Trust and Probate Law Advisory Commission, California Board of Legal Specialization, State Bar of California, 2011-2016, 2011 U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, 1990 Chair of Estate Planning Law Advisory Commission, California Board of Legal Specialization, State Bar of California, 2015-2016, 2015 Appointed Member, Board of Trustees, California Board of Legal Specialization, State Bar of California, 2016-2020, 2016 Liaison to C.E.B. Governing Committee, 1985-86, 1985 Volunteer, Los Angeles County Bar Association - Barristers Disaster Relief Assistance Committee, 1991 to Present, 1991 U.S. District Court for the Central District of California, 1982 U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California, 1985 Vice Chair of Estate Planning Law Advisory Commission, California Board of Legal Specialization, State Bar of California, 2014-2015, 2014 Member, Los Angeles County Bar Association, 1986 to Present, 1986 California Young Lawyers Association - District Six Director, 1984-1987, 1984 Volunteer, Los Angeles County Bar Association Dispute Resolution Services, 1991 to Present, 1991 State Bar of California, 1981 U.S. District Court for the Southern District of California, 1987 Vice President, C.E.B. Governing Committee, 1985-1986, 1985 U.S. Tax Court, 1987 Member, Executive Committee, Ventura County Bar Association, Estate Planning & Probate Section, 2014 to Present, 2014 C.Y.L.A. Chairman for State Bar Annual Meeting, 1987 Ventura County Bar Association, 1998 to present, 1998 Pro bono/Community Service: Board of Directors - Oxnard Police Foundation, 2005 to 2017, 2005 1st Assistant Scoutmaster - National Scouting Jamboree Troop 831, 2010 Probate Committee, San Fernando Valley Bar Association, LASC Probate Settlement Conference Program, 2017 to Present, 2017 Board of Directors - Family Health Care Centers of Greater Los Angeles, Inc., 2014 to present, 2014 Volunteer, Wellness & Caregiver Center, Camarillo Health Care District, Pro Bono Legal Services, 2010 to present, 2010 Assistant Scoutmaster - Troop 485, Western Los Angeles County Council, Westlake Village, CA, 2008 to present; father of 3 Eagle Scouts, 2008 Board of Governors, Tower Club, Oxnard, 2015 to Present, 2015 Volunteer Settlement Officer, San Fernando Valley Bar Association, LASC Probate Settlement Conference Program, 2014 to Present, 2018 Scholarly Lectures/Writings: National Business Institute, co-Author & co-Lecturer - "How to Draft Wills & Trusts in California", 2004 Puget Sound Law Review, now known as the Seattle University Law Review, Associate Editor 2018 National Business Institute – “The Probate Process in California from Start to Finish” – Chapter 5 “Handling Claims Against the Estate” and Chapter 10 “Probate Disputes & Litigation”, Author & Co-Presenter, The Probate Process in California from Start to Finish, 2018 National Business Institute co-Author & co-Lecturer - "The Ultimate Guide to Probate in California", 2016 National Business Institute co-Author & co-Lecturer - "The Top 9 Probate Problems and How to Solve Them", 2017 Woodland Hills Tax & Estate Planning Council, co-Author & co-Presenter – “To Have and to Hold Out or Is DNA Enough to Claim Your Inheritance”, 2017 San Fernando Valley Bar Probate Section, co-Author & co-Presenter – “Certificates of Independent Review & Gifts to Care Custodians”, 2017 Woodland Hills Tax & Estate Planning Council, Author & Presenter – “Surcharges and Sanctions: The Good, The Bad & The Ugly”, 2016 Ventura County Bar Association, Trusts & Estates Section, co-Author & co-Presenter – “Ethically Managing an Estate Planning Practice”, 2015 San Fernando Valley Estate Planning Council, Author & Presenter – “Effectively Using Petitions to Compel Accountings and to Appoint Neutral Trustees to Resolve Trust Disputes”, 2017 North San Diego County Bar Association / Probate Section, Author & Presenter – “Effectively Using Petitions to Compel Accountings and to Appoint Neutral Trustees to Resolve Trust Disputes”, 2013 Ventura County Bar Association / Probate Section, Author & Presenter – “Effectively Using Petitions to Compel Accountings and to Appoint Neutral Trustees to Resolve Trust Disputes”, 2012 July 2018 – Ventura County Bar Association, Trusts & Estates Section – “Do You Know Who Your Children Are? Determining Parentage in Probate and Trust Administration Proceedings” – Co-authored with Wendy Lascher, Co-Author and Co-Presenter, Do You Know Who Your Children Are? Determining Parentage in Probate and Trust Administration Proceedings, 2018 National Business Institute, co-Author & co-Lecturer - "The Probate Process in California from Beginning to End", 2003 National Business Institute, co-Author & co-Lecturer - "Estate Planning and Recovery for Elderly Clients", 2007 National Business Institute, co-Author & co-Lecturer - "California Probate: Beyond the Basics", 2005 National Business Institute co-Author & co-Lecturer - "Oddities & Challenges in California Probate", 2004 Verdicts/Settlements: Askari v. R&R Land Company 179 Cal. App. 3d 1101, 225 Cal. Rptr. 285, 1986 Estate of Odian 145 Cal. App. 4th 152, 51 Cal. Rptr. 3d 390 - Court of Appeal expanded the definition of “care custodian” , 2006 Christie v. Kimball 202 Cal.App.4th 1407, 136 Cal.Rptr.3d 516 - Court of Appeal affirmed the probate court’s own authority to order an accounting from a trustee as part of its plenary powers of managing cases under Probate Code §17206, 2012 Other Outstanding Achievements: Eagle Scout - Troop 354, San Gabriel Valley Council, 1969 Educational Background: Boston University - LLM (Taxation), 1981 University of Puget Sound School of Law (now Seattle University School of Law) - JD - Law Review (1978-1980), 1980 Stanford University - BA (Economics), 1977 Website - www.joneslester.com Office Location for Mark A. Lester 300 East Esplanade Drive Mark A. Lester:	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725141
__label__cc	0.557266	0.442734	A/B testing and irreducible complexity I was raised in a devout Christian family, which resulted in a fair amount of inner conflict and soul-searching throughout my academic life, particularly with respect to my ninth-grade education on evolution1. This in turn ultimately led me to read a book called Darwin’s Black Box by Michael Behe, which argues in favor of intelligent design2 on the basis of a concept called irreducible complexity. It is actually a pretty reasonable argument, in my opinion—though I’m admittedly no expert on the subject—at least in that its premise seems plausible. To summarize in one sentence: Behe argues that there are systems in present-day organisms consisting of interacting parts, each of which on its own would provide no reproductive advantage to an individual and so cannot be explained purely by Darwinian natural selection. Only taken as a whole do these systems provide reproductive advantages; and so some other process must have generated them (where intelligent design enters the picture). Behe provides plenty of low-level biochemical examples that I won’t bother you with, primarily because I don’t remember them. But whether or not you agree with his argument—and my limited research leads me to believe that (surprise!) most of the scientific community does not–I think the concept of irreducible complexity is a useful one. Even if Behe is wrong with respect to evolution, we all know and probably to some extent accept the idea behind the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Not everything in this world is the end result of some sequence of perfectly incremental changes, each coherent and explicable in its own right. Morever, if a whole could be greater than the sum of its parts, this leaves open the possibility that any given part on its own could even have negative effects, and only contribute towards a positive whole in concert with other parts. This is a particularly important lesson for software developers—we who are practically hard-wired to test the validity of every assumption and break all problems into smaller pieces. We do love our A/B testing; but as Robert J. Moore recently wrote in an article on TechCrunch, these can be taken too far. I have been disheartened on more than one occasion by data-driven minds pushing to validate a large feature through A/B testing each of its smaller parts individually, only to “discover” that the feature had no impact, or even a negative impact, on whatever was being measured. I can’t prove it (without buy-in, that is), but my suspicion is often that the larger feature in its complete form might still have yielded positive results in these cases. It’s difficult to make this argument, though. The obsessively data-driven approach is actually a very scientific way of tackling a problem: as we all learned in science class, the only true way to test a variable is in isolation, with all other potential factors held constant. One of the problems with applying this scientific methodology to a software project, of course, is that you cannot possibly hold all factors but one constant. The market, your competitors, your users—everything is changing around you at all times. But even if you could somehow contain all that, there remains that nagging possibility that Behe was right, and you risk breaking a big good thing into many small bad things. How do you draw the line? I’m afraid I don’t have a satisfying answer to that. But from experience, I think I prefer to lean closer to the “test the whole feature” side of the spectrum than the “test each part by itself” side. Not that my parents were Biblical literalists. I never heard either my mom or my dad argue with any passion for a Young Earth, for example. I’m inclined to believe my sense of friction between religion and science during my formative years was as much a result of anti-religious sentiments among my science teachers (and peers) as anything else. ↩ Not necessarily of theistic origin. ↩	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725143
__label__wiki	0.920981	0.920981	News Release: March 13, 2013 at 4:35 pm EDT ALMA Finds ‘Monster’ Starburst Galaxies Credit: Vieira et al., ALMA (ESO, NAOJ, NRAO), NASA, NRAO/AUI/NSF. Observatory’s early strides provide astounding view of cosmic history Astronomers using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) telescope have discovered starburst galaxies earlier in the Universe’s history than they were previously thought to have existed. These newly discovered galaxies represent what today’s most massive galaxies looked like in their energetic, star-forming youth. The research is the most recent example of the discoveries coming from the new international ALMA observatory, which celebrates its inauguration today. The results, published in a set of papers to appear in the journal Nature and in the Astrophysical Journal, will help astronomers better understand when and how the earliest massive galaxies formed. The most intense bursts of star birth are thought to have occurred in the early Universe in massive, bright galaxies. These starburst galaxies converted vast reservoirs of gas and dust into new stars at a furious pace – many thousands of times faster than stately spiral galaxies like our own Milky Way. The international team of researchers first discovered these distant starburst galaxies with the National Science Foundation’s 10-meter South Pole Telescope. Though dim in visible light, they were glowing brightly in millimeter wavelength light, a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that the new ALMA telescope was designed to explore. Using only 16 of ALMA’s eventual full complement of 66 antennas, the researchers were able to precisely determine the distance to 18 of these galaxies, revealing that they were among the most distant starburst galaxies ever detected, seen when the Universe was only one to three billion years old. These results were surprising because very few similar galaxies had previously been discovered at similar distances, and it wasn’t clear how galaxies that early in the history of the Universe could produce stars at such a prodigious rate. “The more distant the galaxy, the further back in time one is looking, so by measuring their distances we can piece together a timeline of how vigorously the Universe was making new stars at different stages of its 13.7 billion-year history,” said Joaquin Vieira a postdoctoral scholar at Caltech who led the team and is lead author of the Nature paper. In fact, two of these galaxies are the most distant starburst galaxies published to date — so distant that their light began its journey when the Universe was only one billion years old. Intriguingly, emission from water molecules was detected in one of these record-breakers, making it the most distant detection of water in the Universe published to date. “ALMA’s sensitivity and wide wavelength range mean we could make our measurements in just a few minutes per galaxy — about one hundred times faster than before,” said Axel Weiss of the Max-Planck-Institute for Radioastronomy in Bonn, Germany, who led the work to measure the distances to the galaxies. “Previously, a measurement like this would be a laborious process of combining data from both visible-light and radio telescopes.” The galaxies found in this study have relatives in the local Universe, but the intensity of star formation in these distant objects is unlike anything seen nearby. “Our most extreme galactic neighbors are not forming stars nearly as energetically as the galaxies we observed with ALMA,” said Vieira. “These are monstrous bursts of star formation.” The new results indicate these galaxies are forming 1,000 stars per year, compared to just 1 per year for our Milky Way galaxy. This unprecedented measurement was made possible by gravitational lensing, in which the light from a distant galaxy is distorted and magnified by the gravitational force of a nearer foreground galaxy. “These beautiful pictures from ALMA show the background galaxies warped into arcs of light known as Einstein rings, which encircle the foreground galaxies,” said Yashar Hezaveh of McGill University in Montreal, Canada, who led the study of the gravitational lensing. “The dark matter surrounding galaxies half-way across the Universe effectively provides us with cosmic telescopes that make the very distant galaxies appear bigger and brighter.” Analysis of this gravitational distortion reveals that some of the distant star-forming galaxies are as bright as 40 trillion Suns, and that gravitational lensing has magnified this light by up to 22 times. Future observations with ALMA using gravitational lensing can take a more detailed look at the distribution of dark matter surrounding galaxies. “This is an amazing example of astronomers from around the world collaborating to make an exciting discovery with this new facility,” said Daniel Marrone with the University of Arizona, principal investigator of the ALMA gravitational lensing study. “This is just the beginning for ALMA and for the study of these starburst galaxies. Our next step is to study these objects in greater detail and figure out exactly how and why they are forming stars at such prodigious rates.” ALMA, an international astronomy facility, is a partnership of Europe, North America and East Asia in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. ALMA construction and operations are led on behalf of Europe by ESO, on behalf of North America by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), and on behalf of East Asia by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ). The Joint ALMA Observatory (JAO) provides the unified leadership and management of the construction, commissioning and operation of ALMA. The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation, operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. Charles Blue, Public Information Officer cblue@nrao.edu South Pole Telescope-discovered galaxy observed by ALMA and Hubble Space Telescope (HST). The massive central galaxy (blue, HST) bends the light of a more distant, submillimeter-bright galaxy, forming a ring-like image of the background galaxy, (red, ALMA). Hi-Res File Screensize File More News From Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array Planetary Rings of Uranus ‘Glow’ in Cold Light Using the both ALMA and the VLT, astronomers have imaged the cold, rock-strewn rings encircling the planet Uranus. Rather than observing the reflected sunlight from these rings, ALMA and the VLT imaged the millimeter and mid-infrared “glow” naturally emitted by the frigidly cold particles of the rings themselves. Cool, Nebulous Ring around Milky Way’s Supermassive Black Hole New ALMA observations reveal a never-before-seen disk of cool, interstellar gas wrapped around the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way. The Giant In Our Backyard For decades astronomers have dreamed of seeing a black hole. That dream may soon become a reality. Radio Astronomy and Black Holes Using the EHT, with ALMA as its most sensitive component, astronomers have captured the first direct visual evidence of a black hole: an image of the supermassive black hole at the center of Messier 87 (M87), a giant elliptical galaxy 55 million light-years from Earth. More News Related to Chemistry and Cosmology Liberal Sprinkling of Salt Discovered around a Young Star ALMA discovered ordinary table salt in a not-so-ordinary location: 1,500 light-years from Earth in the disk surrounding a massive young star. First Science with ALMA’s Highest-Frequency Capabilities Band 10, ALMA’s highest frequency vision, has given scientists a new view of jets of warm water vapor streaming away from a newly forming star and uncovered an astonishing assortment of molecules. Pair of Colliding Stars Spill Radioactive Molecules into Space Astronomers have made the first definitive detection of a radioactive molecule in interstellar space: a form, or isotopologue of aluminum monofluoride. The new data reveal that this radioactive isotopologue was created by the collision of two stars, a tremendously rare cosmic event that was witnessed on Earth as a “new star,” or nova, in the year 1670. Even Phenomenally Dense Neutron Stars Fall like a Feather Harnessing the exquisite sensitivity of the GBT, astronomers have given one of Einstein’s predictions on gravity its most stringent test yet. By precisely tracking the meanderings of three stars in a single system – two white dwarf stars and one ultra-dense neutron star – the researchers determined that even the most massive of objects “fall” in the same manner as their less-dense counterparts.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725149
__label__wiki	0.663706	0.663706	Salman Ahmad and Shahram Azhar Live Concert Salman Ahmad and Shahram Azhar live in concert, for the benefit of the flood victims of Pakistan. Tickets will be sold at door. $5 for Harvard undergraduates, $10 others. To reserve tickets email harvardsangeet@gmail.com All proceeds from the concert will be donated to Salman and Samina Global Wellness Initiative for the welfare of families affected by the recent flood in Pakistan Salman Ahmad Salman Ahmad, one of South Asia’s most influential cultural figures, is a musician, physician and United Nations goodwill ambassador. His band, Junoon, has sold over 25 million albums worldwide and has shared the stage with artists such as Melissa Etheridge, Alicia Keys, Sting, Earth Wind and Fire, and Wyclef Jean. With his wife, Samina, he launched an NGO called the Salman & Samina Global Wellness Initiative (SSGWI), that is currently working to rehabilitate flood effected families in Pakistan. Shahram Azhar Shahram Azhar is the lead vocalist of the up and coming Pakistan musical band, Laal. In just a short span of one year, Shahram and his band have gained national as well as international recognition for their song, Main Nay Kaha, a satirical poem composed in the 1960’s by Habib Jalib, and their album ‘Umeed e Sahar’. Leverett House Dining Hall 8 Mill Street Saturday, March 26 · 8:30pm – 10:30pm	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725152
__label__wiki	0.888885	0.888885	Ron Thornton, Emmy-Winning Visual Effects Guru on ‘Babylon 5,’ Dies at 59 The London native brought the power of CGI to television and also worked on ‘Star Trek: Voyager’ and ‘Buffy the Vampire Slayer.’ 11:22 AM PST 11/22/2016 by Mike Barnes Michael Schwartz/WireImage Ron Thornton Ron Thornton, an Emmy-winning visual effects designer, supervisor and producer who worked on such shows as Babylon 5 and Star Trek: Voyager, has died. He was 59. Thornton, often credited with bringing the power of CGI to television visual effects, died Monday at his home in Albuquerque, N.M., after a short battle with liver disease, his friend, veteran VFX supervisor Emile Smith, told The Hollywood Reporter. Thornton received his Emmy for the 1993 telefilm Babylon 5: The Gathering (the pilot for the series) and also was nominated for his work on episodes of Star Trek: Voyager and Buffy the Vampire Slayer and on the 2002 telefilm Superfire. In 1991, the London native was working with innovative rock star and multimedia artist Todd Rundgren on a computer-animated short film when he was approached by the producers of the space opera Babylon 5, then in development. His collaboration with Rundgren led Thornton to suggest using computers for the effects on the show. He created a one-minute video of proposed effects for the series, and that was instrumental in Babylon 5 selling to Warner Bros. Television in July 1992. The series aired from 1994-’98 on the Prime Time Entertainment Network and TNT. Thornton formed Foundation Imaging to continue creating the visuals for Babylon 5 and served for four years as the series’ special effects designer. He went on to supervise the CG visual effects for such Star Trek shows as Deep Space Nine, Voyager and Enterprise. His recent work included effects work on the 2012 pilot for ABC’s Nashville and producing the web series Talking Tom and Friends in Vienna. In 1987, Thornton began to experiment with consumer-level computer hardware to create 3D computer graphics for pre-visualizing FX shots. Smith pointed out that Thornton, whom he considered his mentor, “pioneered the movement away from the expensive, mainframe-based CGI solutions to more affordable desktop hardware and software, offering legions of self-taught and hobbyist artists the chance to progress into professional animation and visual effects. Many were mentored by Thornton himself.” Thornton, who studied at West Kent College, began his entertainment career at the BBC, where he created props and miniatures for the sci-fi shows Dr. Who and Blakes 7. He immigrated to the U.S. in 1984 and went on to work on films including Real Genius(1985), Commando (1985), Critters(1986), Spaceballs (1987) and Robot Jox (1989). Survivors include his wife, Lada. A GoFundMe page has been set up to help her pay for his medical expenses. 0 comments on “Ron Thornton, Emmy-Winning Visual Effects Guru on ‘Babylon 5,’ Dies at 59”	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725155
__label__wiki	0.897127	0.897127	Tag Archives: admiral frank fletcher The Battle Of Midway at 77 Years: “A Magic Blend of Skill, Faith, and Valor” Today we remember the Battle of Midway, the turning point of World War Two in the Pacific. By all empirical means the vastly superior Japanese fleet should have defeated the Americans, but success in war is not based on material alone. There are things unaccounted for, things that happen in the confusion of battle that The Prussian military theorist Carl von Clausewitz wrote. “War is the province of chance. In no other sphere of human activity must such a margin be left for this intruder. It increases the uncertainty of every circumstance and deranges the course of events.” Six months after Pearl Harbor the United States Navy met the Imperial Japanese Navy in battle on the seas and in the airspace around Midway Island. It was a battle between a fleet that had known nothing but victory in the months after Pearl Harbor and one with the exception of a few minor tactical successes was reeling. Akagi April 1942 The Japanese had swept across the Pacific and the Indian Oceans and decimated every Allied Naval forces that stood in their way. After Pearl Harbor they had sunk the HMS Prince of Wales and HMS Repulse off of Singapore. Next in a series of engagements destroyed the bulk of the US Asiatic Fleet in the waters around the Philippines and the Dutch East Indies culminating in the Battle of the Java Sea where the bulk of the American, British, Dutch and Australian (ABDA) naval forces engaged were annihilated attempting to fight superior Japanese forces. HMS Hermes sinking after Japanese Carrier air attack in the Indian Ocean In the Indian Ocean Admiral Nagumo’s carriers dispatched a force of Royal Navy cruisers and the Aircraft Carrier HMS Hermes. In only one place had a Japanese Naval task force been prevented from achieving its goal. At the Battle of the Coral Sea where Task Force 11 and Task Force 17 centered on the Carriers USS Lexington and USS Yorktown prevented a Japanese invasion force from taking Port Moresby sinking the light carrier Shoho, damaging the modern carrier Shokaku and decimating the air groups of the Japanese task force. USS Hornet launching B-25 Bombers during the Doolittle Raid In May US Navy code breakers under the direction of Commander Joe Rochefort at Pearl Harbor discovered the next move of the Imperial Navy an attack on Midway Island and the Aleutian islands. Since the occupation of Midway by Japanese forces would give them an operational base less than 1000 miles from Pearl Harbor Admiral Chester Nimitz committed the bulk of his naval power, the carriers USS Enterprise CV-6, USS Yorktown CV-5 and USS Hornet CV-8 and their 8 escorting cruisers and 15 destroyers, a total of 26 ships with 233 aircraft embarked to defend Midway. Nimitz also sent a force of 5 cruisers and 4 destroyers to cover the Aleutians. SBU-2 Vindicator Dive Bomber landing on Midway (above) PBY Catalina (below) Land based air assets on Midway were composed of a mixed Marine, Navy and Army air group of 115 aircraft, many of which were obsolete. Aboard Midway there were 32 US Navy PBY Catalina Flying Boats, 83 fighters, dive bombers, torpedo planes and Army Air Force bombers piloted by a host of inexperienced pilots. Nimitz’s instructions to his Task Force Commanders was simple “You will be governed by the principle of calculated risk, which you shall interpret to mean the avoidance of exposure of your force to attack by superior enemy forces without good prospect of inflicting … greater damage on the enemy.” Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto commanded the Combined Fleet. The victor of Pearl Harbor and the triumph’s in the first six months of the Pacific War was determined to end the war with a decisive battle at Midway. His plans were opposed by many in the Imperial General Staff, especially those in the Army but when the US raid on Tokyo, the Doolittle Raid, all opposition to the attack was dropped. The Japanese sent a force of 7 battleships and 7 carriers against Midway. These included the elite First Carrier Striking Group composed of the Pearl Harbor attackers Akagi, Kaga, Soryu and Hiryu and their highly trained and combat experienced air groups. Among the surface ships was Yamamoto’s flagship, the mighty Battleship Yamato, at 72,000 tons and armed with 9 18” guns, the most powerful and largest battleship ever to see combat. The strike force included 273 aircraft and was escorted by 14 cruisers and 39 destroyers. They were to take Midway and then destroy the US Navy when it came out to fight. Yamamoto sent a force force of 4 battleships, 12 destroyers assigned screen to the Aleutian invasion force which was accompanied by 2 carriers 6 cruisers and 10 destroyers. The other carriers embarked a further 114 aircraft. Despite this great preponderance in numbers Yamamoto’s plan was complex and his forces too far apart from each other to offer support should and get into trouble. The powerful Japanese Task forces were scattered over thousands of square miles of the Northern Pacific Ocean where they could not rapidly come to the assistance of any other group. With the foreknowledge provided by the code breakers the US forces hurried to an intercept position northeast of Midway eluding the Japanese submarine scout line which the Japanese Commander Admiral Yamamoto presumed would find them when they sailed to respond to the Japanese attack on Midway. Task Force 16 with the Enterprise and Hornet sailed first under the command of Rear Admiral Raymond A Spruance and Task Force 17 under Rear Admiral Frank “Jack” Fletcher with the Yorktown which had been miraculously brought into fighting condition after suffering heavy damage at Coral Sea. Fletcher assumed overall command by virtue of seniority and Admiral Nimitz instructed his commanders to apply the principle of calculated risk when engaging the Japanese as the loss of the US carriers would place the entire Pacific at the mercy of the Japanese Navy. On June 3rd a PBY Catalina discovered the Japanese invasion force and US long range bombers launched attacks against it causing no damage. The morning of the 4th the Americans adjusted their search patterns in and the Japanese came into range of Midway and commenced their first strike against the island. In response land based aircraft from Midway attacked the Japanese carrier force taking heavy casualties and failing to damage the Japanese task force. The American Carrier task forces launched their strike groups at the Japanese fleet leaving enough aircraft behind of the Combat Air Patrol and Anti-submarine patrol. As the Americans winged toward the Japanese fleet the Japanese were in a state of confusion. The confusion was caused when a scout plane from the Heavy Cruiser Tone that had been delayed at launch discovered US ships but did not identify a carrier among them until later into the patrol. The carrier was the Yorktown and TF 17, but for Nagumo who first expected no American naval forces, then received a report of surface ships without a carrier followed by the report of a carrier the reports were unsettling. Orders and counter-orders were issued as the Japanese attempted to recover their strike aircraft and prepare for a second strike on the island and then on discovery of the Yorktown task force, orders changed and air crews unloaded ground attack ordnance in favor of aerial torpedoes and armor piercing bombs. The hard working Japanese aircrew did not have time to stow the ordnance removed from the aircraft but by 1020 they had the Japanese strike group ready to launch against the US carriers. As the Japanese crews worked the Japanese carriers were engaged in fending off attacks by the US torpedo bomber squadrons, VT-6 from Enterprise, VT-8 from Hornet and VT-3 from Yorktown. The Japanese Combat Air Patrol ripped into the slow, cumbersome and under armed TBD Devastators as they came in low to launch their torpedoes. Torpedo Eight from Hornet under the command of LCDR John C Waldron pressed the attack hard but all 15 of the Devastators were shot down. Only Ensign George Gay’s aircraft was able to launch its torpedo before being shot down and Gay would be the sole survivor of the squadron. LCDR Lance Massey CO of VT-3 LCDR John Waldron CO of VT-8 LCDR Eugene Lindsey CO of VT-6 Torpedo 6 from Enterprise under the command of LCDR Eugene Lindsey suffered heavy casualties losing 10 of 14 aircraft with Lindsey being one of the casualties. The last group of Devastators to attack was Torpedo 3 from Yorktown under the command of LCDR Lem Massey from the Yorktown. These aircraft were also decimated and Massey killed but they had drawn the Japanese Combat Air Patrol down to the deck leaving the task force exposed to the Dive Bombers of the Enterprise and Yorktown. There had been confusion among the Americans as to the exact location of the Japanese Carriers. Bombing 8 and Scouting 8 from Hornet did not find the carriers and had to return for lack of fuel while losing a number of bombers and their fighter escort having to ditch inn the ocean and wait for rescue. The Enterprise group composed of Bombing-6 and Scouting 6 under CDR Wade McClusky was perilously low on fuel when the wake of a Japanese destroyer was spotted. McClusky followed it to the Japanese Task Force. The Yorktown’sgroup under LCDR Max Leslie arrived about the same time. Akagi dodging bombs at Midway At 1020 the first Zero of the Japanese attack group began rolling down the flight deck of the flagship Akagi, aboard Kaga aircraft were warming up as they were on the Soryu. The unsuspecting Japanese were finally alerted when lookouts screamed “helldivers.” Wade McClusky’s aircraft lined up over the Akagi and Kaga pushing into their dives at 1022. There was a bit of confusion when the bulk of Scouting 6 joined the attack of Bombing 6 on the Kaga. That unprepared ship was struck by four 1000 pound bombs which exploded on her flight deck and hangar deck igniting the fully fueled and armed aircraft of her strike group and the ordnance littered about the hangar deck. Massive fires and explosions wracked the ship and in minutes the proud ship was reduced to an infernal hell with fires burning uncontrollably. She was abandoned and would sink at 1925 taking 800 of her crew with her. LT Dick Best of Scouting 6 peeled off from the attack on Kaga and shifted to the Japanese flagship Akagi. On board Akagi were two of Japan’s legendary pilots CDR Mitsuo Fuchida leader of and CDR Minoru Genda the architect of the Pearl Harbor attack and subsequent string of Japanese victories. Both officers were on the sick list and had come up from sick bay to watch as the fleet was attacked. Seeing Kaga burst into flames they stood mesmerized until Akagi’slookouts screamed out the warning “helldivers” at 1026. Best’s few aircraft hit with deadly precision landing two of their bombs on Akagi’s flight deck creating havoc among the loaded aircraft and starting fires and igniting secondary explosions which turned the ship into a witch’s cauldron. By 1046 Admiral Nagumo and his staff were forced to transfer the flag to the cruiser Nagara as Akagi’s crew tried to bring the flames under control. They would do so into the night until nothing more could be done and abandoned ship at 2000. Admiral Yamamoto ordered her scuttled and at 0500 on June 5th the pride of the Japanese carrier force was scuttled. VB-3 under LCDR Max Leslie from the Yorktown stuck the Soryu with 17 aircraft, however only 13 of the aircraft had bombs due to an electronic arming device malfunction on 4 of the aircraft, including that of Commander Leslie. Despite this Leslie led the squadron as it dove on the Soryu at 1025 hitting that ship with 3 and maybe as many as 5 bombs. Soryu like her companions burst into flames as the ready aircraft and ordnance exploded about her deck. She was ordered abandoned at 1055 and would sink at 1915 taking 718 of her crew with her. The remaining Japanese flattop the Hiryu attained the same fate later in the day after engaging in an epic duel with the Yorktown which her aircraft heavily damaged. Yorktown would be sunk by the Japanese submarine I-168 while being towed to safety. USS Yorktown under attack from Kate Torpedo Bombers from Hiryu on June 4th 1942 In five pivotal minutes the course of the war in the Pacific was changed. Authors have entitled books about Midway Incredible Victory by Walter Lord and Miracle at Midway by Gordon Prange and those titles reflect the essence of the battle. The American victory at Midway changed the course of the war in the Pacific. The Battle of Midway established the aircraft carrier and the fast carrier task force as the dominant force in naval warfare which some would argue it still remains. Finally those five minutes ushered in an era of US Navy dominance of the high seas which at least as of yet has not ended as the successors to the Enterprise, Hornet and Yorktown ply the oceans of the world and the descendants of those valiant carrier air groups ensure air superiority over battlefields around the world. Walter Lord, whose history of the battle is still the classic presentation of it wrote: “Even against the greatest of odds, there is something in the human spirit – a magic blend of skill, faith, and valor – that can lift men from certain defeat to incredible victory.” Filed under History, Military, Navy Ships, US Army Air Corps, US Marine Corps, US Navy, World War II at Sea, world war two in the pacific Tagged as admiral chester nimitz, admiral chuichi nagumo, admiral frank fletcher, admiral raymond spruance, admiral yamamoto, battle of coral sea, battle of java sea, battle of midway, carl von clausewitz, cdr minoru genda, cdr mistuo fuchida, doolittle raid, douglas tbd devastator, gordon prange, hms hermes, hms prince of wales, hms repulse, ijn akagi, ijn hiryu, ijn kaga, ijn nagara, ijn shoho, ijn shokaku, ijn soryu, ijn tone, ijn yamato, incredible victory, lcdr eugene lindsey, lcdr john waldron, lcdr lem massey, lcdr max leslie, lcdr wade mcclusky, lt dick best, miracle at midway, pby catalina, pearl harbor attack, sbu2 vindicator, tbf avenger, uss enterprise cv-6, uss hornet cv-8, uss yorktown cv-5, walter lord August 8, 2018 · 00:01 Remembering the Guadalcanal Campaign at 75 Years Today is another day where I am posting an article dealing with the Guadalcanal campaign. The campaign is often forgotten in our day. It was featured during the mini-series The Pacific and the 1998 film The Thin Red Line. The campaign was long and bloody, but it allowed the United States to gain the initiative in the Pacific, and it was the first time that American Marines and Soldiers defeated the Japanese on land, even as the U.S. Navy fought a series of naval engagements which cost the Imperial Japanese Navy large numbers of ships and combat seasoned sailors that they could not replace. It was also the first time that the United States military began to operate in a joint manner. Thus it is important, and sadly it is all too often forgotten, even by military history buffs. I was able to meet Mitchell Paige who was awarded the Medal of Honor on Guadalcanal about three years before he died when I was stationed at Camp Lejuene North Carolina. He was spry and active, and it was an honor to meet him after hearing him speak. This is a “wave top” look at the campaign. Maybe someday when I finish my Civil War books I will write something more about this campaign. That being said I hope this article might inspire my readers to read any of the fine books that deal with this campaign. Have a great night. The Decision to Invade Guadalcanal came to American attention in early 1942 as a result of the Japanese South Pacific advance, which “threatened the Allied line of communications with Australia.”[1] Admiral King believed that “the Japanese must not be permitted to consolidate the formidable prizes” that they were then in the course of gathering.”[2] General MacArthur and Admiral Nimitz both wanted to “exploit the Midway victory by a speedy change-over from the defensive to the counter offensive.”[3] MacArthur wanted to strike Rabaul directly using Navy carriers. The Navy, not wanting to give up control of its carriers proposed a strategy of working up through the Solomon Islands, under Navy control.[4] The debate was at times acrimonious. Eventually King and General Marshall worked out a compromise that divided the campaign between the Navy and MacArthur,[5] the Navy in charge of taking Guadalcanal and Tulagi.[6] OPERATION WATCHTOWER was approved in a Joint Chief’s of Staff directive on July 2nd 1942.[7] Partners Rear Admiral Richmond K. Turner and Major General Alexander Vandegrift The Japanese had not initially placed a high priority on the Solomons, “as they did not expect a counteroffensive in the Pacific for months.”[8] However, after Coral Sea and Midway, they authorized operation “SN” to “strengthen the outer perimeter of Japan’s advance by constructing airfields at key strategic points….”[9] The Japanese sent a contingent of troops, which arrived on June 8th[10] to build an airfield on Guadalcanal, in addition to the seaplane base on Tulagi, as part of a strategy to take the offensive in the South Pacific with an attack on Port Moresby in mid-August.[11] Coastwatchers Japanese commanders were impatient for the airstrip to be completed, yet work began at a leisurely pace, with the Japanese unaware that every move was being “watched and reported to Allied headquarters in Australia,” by coast-watchers.[12] As the Japanese on Guadalcanal dithered the Americans rushed their preparations for the invasion[13] nicknamed “SHOESTRING” by American officers. The Landings and Initial Actions through the Ilu (Tenaru) River Marines coming ashore at Guadalcanal Preparations, though rushed enabled the 1st Marine Division under General Vandegrift to embark on transports for Guadalcanal, despite not being combat loaded and having been assured that they “need not expect a combat mission before 1943.”[14] The invasion force under the overall command of Admiral Fletcher and Admiral Richmond “Kelly” Turner set sail on July 25th and cloaked by heavy rain and clouds[15] remained undetected by the Japanese until they arrived in the waters off Guadalcanal, achieving complete surprise.[16] The invasion force landed on both Tulagi and Guadalcanal. On Tulagi, 1st Raider Battalion under Colonel Edson and 2nd Battalion 5th Marines quickly drove off the 350 Japanese defenders of the 3rd Kure Special Naval Landing Force,[17] and in three days eliminated the Japanese garrison which resisted to the death, with only 23 prisoners.[18] On nearby Gavutu-Tanambogo 1st Parachute Battalion subdued the Japanese personnel operating the seaplane base, though not without difficulty, the naval bombardment was ineffective[19] and the Parachutists suffered heavy casualties[20] and forcing the commitment of the 1st and 3rd Battalions, 2nd Marines.[21] Across the sound the main force of 1st Marine Division went ashore near Lunga Point with 5 infantry battalions. The Marines rapidly ran into difficulty, not due to the Japanese garrison, which melted into the jungle,[22] but to a lack of maps, the thick jungle and kuni grass, their own “deplorable physical condition” from being shut up in the holds of the transports for two weeks and overburdened with full packs and extra ammunition.[23] Japanese “Betty” Bombers attacking US Transports While the Marines advanced inland, supplies built up on the landing beaches due to the limited number of cargo handlers. Additionally, the Japanese launched a number of heavy air raids which caused minimal damage to the destroyer Mugford on the 7th but were more successful on the 8th damaging a transport badly enough that it had to be abandoned. Marine M3 Stuart Light Tank and Crew at Guadalcanal The Marines on Guadalcanal, comprised of the 1st and 5th Marine Regiments consolidated a bridgehead around the captured airfield on the 8th, but the next day found that their situation had changed dramatically. The Japanese Navy had attacked and mauled the covering force, sinking four cruisers and damaging one at the Battle of Savo Island.[24] The destruction of the covering force and Admiral Fletcher’s withdraw of the carriers forced the transports to depart on the 9th, still bearing much equipment, supplies and nearly 1800 men of the 2nd Marines.[25] Vandegrift was left with only 5 infantry and 3 artillery battalions, and the 3rd Defense battalion on the island as well as some tanks, engineers and Navy “Seabees.”[26] When the Navy left Vandegrift went over to the defensive and organized a line from the Ilu river on the east to Lunga point and the airfield to a point about 1000 yards past Kukum.[27] Defenses were prepared to defend against potential Japanese amphibious attacks. 1st Marines held the eastern perimeter and 5th Marines (-) the west. One battalion with tanks and half-tracks was reserve. The line was thin and not continuous, thus Vandegrift could only watch and wait for the Japanese strike and move “part of his mobile reserve to meet it when it came.”[28] On the 12th a prisoner reported that Japanese near Matanikau were willing to surrender and LtCol Goettge the G-2 led a 25 man patrol to investigate. The patrol was ambushed and decimated with only three survivors.[29] The Japanese landed the advance party of the 5th Special Naval Landing Force in broad daylight on the 16th, and Vandegrift decided to bring 2/5, and the Raider and Parachute battalions from Tulagi as soon as he had ships to do it.[30] On the 20th the airfield was opened and a squadron each of Marine Fighters and Dive Bombers landed on Guadalcanal.[31] Makeshift Obstacles: With no barbed wire the Marines used the ingenuity General Hyakutake of the 17th Army was allotted 6,000 men of the Special Naval Landing Force, and the Kawaguchi and Ichiki detachments to re-take Guadalcanal. 17th Army also had the Sendai 2nd and the 38th Divisions, tank and artillery units, but they were scattered from Manchuria, to Borneo and Guam.[32] Hyakutake was ordered to use only the Ichiki detachment, a move which some at Imperial GHQ vigorously opposed.[33] Kawaguchi, recognized Guadalcanal’s importance and told a reporter that “the island would be a focal point in the struggle for the Pacific.”[34] On the 18th Colonel Ichiki landed with half of his unit, 915 men, 25 miles east of the Marines. Overconfident, he disobeyed orders to wait for the rest of his troops, left 125 men behind to guard his bridgehead and set off to attack.[35] Colonel Ichiki whose elite 5th Special Naval Landing Force was annihilated at the Tenaru River Ichiki’s force attacked shortly after 0100 on the 21st. He thought that he had achieved surprise[36], but, opposing him was 2nd Battalion 1st Marines under LtCol. Al Pollock. Warned by patrols that encountered the oncoming Japanese, and by Sergeant Major Vouza,[37] the Marines were on alert, well dug in, though lacking barbed wire, of which a single strand was emplaced across their front. The Japanese ran into the barbed wire and were mowed down as they attempted to cross the sandspit against G/2/1 and a weapons platoon. About 0300 artillery joined the action, catching the Japanese bunched together near the sandspit inflicting heavy casualties.[38] Around 0500 Ichiki made another attempt, sending a company through the surf, which was engulfed in machine gun and artillery fire.[39] At daylight the Marines counter attacked. Colonel Cates ordered Lt.Col. Cresswell’s 1st Battalion 1st Marines, to envelop the Japanese along the beach. Pollock’s Marines ranged mortars and small arms fire on Japanese survivors to their front, picking them off “like a record day at Quantico” Dead Japanese of the Ichiki Detachment at the Tenaru [40] Marine aircraft made their first appearance, strafing the Japanese survivors. A light tank platoon crossed the Ilu and began to mop up the Japanese with 1/1 at 1530. At 1630 Ichiki burned his regimental colors and committed suicide. The Battle of the Ilu was over, the Japanese suffering at least 777 dead,[41] 15, 13 of whom were wounded were captured, only a Lt. Sakakibara and one soldier escaped to join those at the landing site.[42] The Marines suffered 35 dead and 74 wounded.[43] Ichiki made critical mistakes; he failed to reconnoiter, made a frontal attack against a dug in enemy and repeated it, with disastrous results.[44] Hyakutake informed Tokyo: “The attack of the Ichiki detachment was not entirely successful.”[45] The Americans were shocked at the Japanese fight to the death, and Griffith would note: “from this morning until the last days on Okinawa, the fought a ‘no quarter’ war. They asked none for themselves. They gave none to the Japanese.”[46] Bloody Ridge Artists depiction of Sgt Mitchell Paige assaulting attacking Japanese units at Bloody Ridge A round of minor engagements was fought in late August and early September as each side sent reinforcements. Kawaguchi’s brigade landed between August 29th and September 4th, but many troops were lost due to air attacks on the destroyers, transports and barges. Kawaguchi received the remainder of Ichiki’s force, bringing his force to 6200 men. He refused Hyakutake’s offer of an additional infantry battalion, believing intelligence that only 2000 Marines remained on Guadalcanal.[47] In fact Vandegrift had already moved the Raiders, Parachutists from Tulagi to Guadalcanal. Most of Kawaguchi’s force was east of the Marines; elements of 4th Regiment under Colonel Oka were on the Matanikau.[48] Vandegrift used the Raiders to attack Kawaguchi’s rear areas, capturing Tasimboko and killing 27 Japanese, destroying many of his troop’s supplies and foodstuffs.[49] Kawaguchi was infuriated by the attack and 17th Army prepared to send troops from the Sendai 2nd Division to the island. Vandergrift and Key Marine Leaders The Raiders and Parachutists took positions on a ridge south of Henderson field on their return from the raid against Kawaguchi’s rear. Vandegrift placed his “Amtrackers” to the west of the ridge with 1st Pioneer Battalion.[50] Colonel deValle’s artillery was emplaced to give close support and observers attached to Edson’s battalion. The artillery was registered on pre-plotted points.[51] Edson’s force had little time to prepared defenses and due to the ridge and jungle prevented him from having “anything like a continuous line.”[52] First Marines held the line from Edson’s left to the sea along the Ilu. Unlike Ichiki, Kawaguchi avoided an attack on the strong 1st Marines position, and headed across the jungle to attack the airfield from the south with the 124th Infantry Regiment. Due to the difficult approach his battalions had a hard time reaching their start positions, two of the three reached the assembly areas two and three hours after the start time. When they did attack they lost their way, became scattered and intermingled; and Kawaguchi his battalion commanders lost all control.[53] The attack on the 12th was frustrating to Kawaguchi who later wrote “In all my life I have never felt so helpless.”[54] The attack was so ineffective that Edson thought the Japanese were “testing” him.[55] Marine Artillery on Guadalcanal Kawaguchi regrouped as did Edson, who pulled back his line 200 yards to a stronger point on the ridge, reorganizing the line and command and control.[56] This improved fields of fire for his automatic weapons.[57] 2nd Battalion 5th Marines, the only reserve was moved south of the airfield so it could relieve Edson on the 14th.[58] As darkness fell, the Japanese attacked. I/124 attacked the ridge and the area to the west. Marines withdrew up the ridge under heavy pressure supported by artillery, which dropped fires almost on top of the Raider positions.[59] During the withdraw the Parachutists became confused and continued to withdraw, and only stopped when Edson’s operations officer, Major Bailey stepped in and halted it. Artists depiction of the Battle of Bloody Ridge Artillery pounded I/124 and halted its attack even as companies of the reserve, 2nd battalion 4th Regiment attacked forcing the Raiders back to a knoll, the last defensive position before Henderson Field.[60] Edson exhorted the Marines who threw the Japanese back, and parachutists under Captain Torgerson counterattacked. Two more attacks were repulsed with assistance from 2/5 which had moved up in support.[61] The third Japanese battalion did not get into action[62] and Colonel Oka in the west made a weak attack that was handily defeated. The Japanese lost over 1200 men in their attack on the ridge.[63] The demoralized Japanese retreated west to join Oka’s men, taking a week and costing even more casualties.[64] Short on food, Oka pushed the survivors west and so he could defend the river line.[65]On the 18th Vandegrift was reinforced with 4700 men of the 7th Marines along with trucks, heavy equipment and supplies.[66] Edson was promoted to command 5th Marines.[67] Matanikau Battles and the Fight for Henderson Field Marine F4F Wildcat on Henderson Field The Japanese now decided to send the Sendai and 38th divisions and heavy artillery to the island. Hyakutake went to the island to direct the campaign. The decision resulted in the suspension of 17th Army’s offensive against Port Moresby.[68] Admiral Yamamoto committed the fleet to cover the operations[69] setting up a major air, land and sea confrontation with the Americans. However before these forces could reach the island Vandegrift launched a series of attacks against Oka’s force on the Matanikau using the Raiders, and elements of 5th and 7th Marines.[70] The first attacks took place 24-27 September. The Matanikau position was important to future Japanese operations as their artillerymen stressed that they could not effectively shell the airfield unless guns were emplaced across the river.[71] The Raiders attacked at the log bridge[72] supported by C/1/7 and were repulsed by Oka’s 12th Company with heavy casualties.[73] Puller’s attack by 2/5 and parts of 1/7 at the mouth of the river was rebuffed by 9th Company. An amphibious assault by three companies of 1/7 was ordered by Edson who mistakenly believed that his Marines had crossed the river.[74] The force isolated by Oka’s II/124 and 12th Company, its commander killed and the Marines had to be rescued by Navy units.[75] Navy Corpsmen preparing to evacuate a wounded Marines (above) and the 1st Marine Divsion Field Hospital A second attack by the Marines on the Japanese, now reinforced by 4th Infantry Regiment on 6-9 October dealt them a crushing blow. An attack by 2/5 and 3/5 along the coast met heavy Japanese resistance and General Nasu decided to push across the river. While this was taking place, 7th Marines and the Whaling Group[76] outflanked the Japanese on the river and pushed to the coast. The Marines mauled the 4th Infantry, a Japanese report noting at least 690 casualties.[77] The action had decisive impacts on the next phase of Japanese operations. General Hyakutake Commander of the Japanese 17th Army defending Guadalcanal 7th Marines and the 164th Regiment of the Americal Division arrived allowing Vandegrift to mount a full perimeter defense while Admiral Halsey replaced Ghormley as COMSOPAC.[78] Arriving on 10 October with the Sendai Division and 17th Army Artillery, Hyakutake, was notified that “American artillery had ‘massacred” the Fourth Infantry Regiment”[79] and found Ichiki and Kawaguchi’s units in an emaciated condition, the total effectives of the 6 battalions numbering less than a full strength battalion.[80] He radioed Rabaul “SITUATION ON GUADALCANAL IS MUCH MORE SERIOUS THAN ESTIMATED, and asked for more reinforcements and supplies at once.”[81] The Navy turned back a Japanese bombardment group on the 12th, but battleships and cruisers blasted Henderson Field on the 13th, 14th and 15th, destroying many aircraft.[82] The 14″ guns of the Japanese Battleship Kongo and her sister Haruna pounded Henderson Field Hyakutake received reinforcements including tanks and an infantry-artillery group and prepared to attack. General Sumiyoshi[83] was to make a diversionary attack along the coast with Army artillery and 5 infantry battalions. The Sendai Division under General Maruyama[84] with 9 infantry battalions moved inland along a route “the Maruyama road,”[85] to make the main effort to attack the airfield from the south. Sumiyoshi divided his artillery to support the bombardment of Henderson Field and support his infantry attacks, but was short ammunition.[86] The Marines had fortified the eastern side of the Matanikau and Sumiyoshi probed the Marines with infantry and tanks and artillery fire on the 20th and 21st, giving the Marines their first taste of concentrated artillery.[87] Sumiyoshi’s demonstration on the coast was effective, and Maruyama’s division remained undetected throughout its advance avoiding Marine and native patrols.[88] Japanese dead after the failed attack on Henderson Field The attack began on the 23rd with Sumiyoshi attacking on the Matanikau; but he did not get the word that the attack for that night had been postponed until the 24th since Kawaguchi’s units had not gotten to assembly areas on the right of Sendai division.[89] His tanks advanced at 1800 and all but one were destroyed by deValle’s artillery as soon as they moved across the sandspit. The supporting infantry withdrew, and most never went forward as they were hit hard in assembly areas by Marine artillery losing over 600 men.[90] The action succeeded in the Marines shifting 2/7 and 3/7 north leaving Puller’s 1/7 alone on “Bloody Ridge.”[91] Fortunately for the Marines these Japanese forces were detected by Scout-Sniper’s[92] and Puller dug in his battalion deeper and set out a platoon in an outpost 1500 meters south of his position.[93] Chesty Puller On the 24th Maruyama’s Sendai troops attacked the ridge. He divided his force into two wings each of three infantry battalions commanded by General Nasu on the left and Colonel Shoji[94] on the right, three battalions served as a reserve. He advanced at 1900 but a storm turned the jungle into a vast mud bog exhausting the Japanese. Shoji’s wing advanced tangential to the Marine line and only one battalion made contact with Puller’s battalion.[95] Nasu’s troops hit Puller’s who realized that he was facing a major attack; he fed platoons from 3rd Battalion 164th Infantry, a National Guard unit into his lines and requested reinforcements.[96] The Marines and Guardsmen beat back all but one attack, that of LtCol. Furimiya of III/29 who got into the Marine perimeter and held out 48 hours, colors flying, leading Hyakutake to believe that they had captured the airfield.[97] The Japanese were driven off 9th Company of the 29th Regiment was wiped out primarily by the efforts of Sgt. John Basilone’s machine gun section.[98] Wrecked Aircraft on Henderson Field The next day was known as “Dugout Sunday”[99] and that night the Japanese renewed the attack. This was better coordinated, but the Marines, reinforced by 3/164 and 3/2, and backed by artillery, devastated the Sendai division. Nasu and the commander of 16th Infantry were killed with at least 2000 of their soldiers.[100] Colonel Oka attacked 2/7 and was driven off with heavy casualties. Marine Sgt. Mitchell Paige won the Medal of Honor for single handedly manning his platoon’s machine guns after his troops became casualties, going gun to gun.[101] The attacks were crushed leaving more than 3000 dead or dying Japanese on the battlefield.[102] On the Offensive Marines pause during advance As the Japanese struggled out of jungle to the coast the Marines began preparations to attack as each side brought in reinforcements, the Americans receiving the 8th Marine Regiment and 2nd Raider Battalion of 2nd Marine Division, as well as the 2nd Marines who had been on Tulagi and more of the Americal Division.[103] On November 1st and 5th Marines attacked across the Matanikau and by the 4th had eliminated a Japanese pocket on Point Cruz.[104] To the east 1/7 and 2/7 along with 2/164 and 3/164 attacked Col. Shoji’s force and fresh troops sent to relieve him near Koli Point. The battle lasted until the 9th when Shoji broke through the American cordon with 3000 men pursued by 2nd Raider Battalion. Shoji eventually made it back to 17th Army with 700-800 soldiers, most unfit for combat after battling the Raiders and the jungle.[105] The Japanese attempted to reinforce the island during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal from 13-15 November. Out of 11,000 troops of 38th Division on 11 transports only 2000 got ashore after 7 of the 11 were sunk enroute by Henderson Field aircraft and the surviving ships beached.[106] Grounded Japanese Transport and Midget Submarine on Guadalcanal The Americans received the rest of 2nd Marine and Americal Divisions and parts of 25th Division and Vandegrift decided to attack, his command now being a de-facto Corps.[107] Though they still numbered 30,000 the Japanese were incapable of offensive operations but still full of fight.[108]On 18 November the 8th Marines and the Army and elements of the 164th and 182nd regiments attacked on the Matanikau. They met heavy resistance from Col. Sakai’s 16th Infantry and in a 6 day battle and lost 134 dead with minimal gains.[109] The new arrivals allowed 1st Marine Division to be withdrawn[110] as it was no longer combat effective.[111] On 9 December Vandegrift[112] turned over command to General Alexander Patch of the Americal Division. Advancing across a improvised pontoon bridge Patch used early December to conduct aggressive patrolling[113] and decided to clear the Japanese from Mt Austen, which they had nicknamed “Gifu” and in a 22 day battle the 132nd Infantry eliminated the 38th Infantry Group.[114] With the 25th, Americal and 2nd Marine Division Patch now headed XIV Army Corps.[115] Although the Americans were unaware the Japanese had decided to withdraw from Guadalcanal on 31 December, after a heated debate.[116] Major General Vandegrift, Colonel Edson, 2nd Lt Mitchell Paige and Sgt John Basilone all awardees of the Medal of Honor The final offensive began on 10 January. Patch hoped to clear out the Japanese by April.[117] The 2nd Marine Division attacked along the coast while General Lawton Collins led his 25th Division in a flanking movement heavily supported by artillery and air. 6th Marine Regiment relieved 2nd Marines flanking the Japanese enveloped the majority of the 4th and 16th Regiments.[118] The Japanese began withdrawing on the 17th moving west shielded by the Yano battalion.[119] Collins troops finally reduced and eliminated the Japanese on the Gifu by the 23rd.[120] “The annihilation of Japanese detachments from regimental size down” characterized operations over the final phase of the command.[121] A characteristic of American operations now included the use of heavy massed artillery including time on target or “TOT” missions.[122] On the 22nd the Japanese began to extricate their troops via the Tokyo Express at Cape Esperance.[123] On 1 February Patch landed 2/132 at Verahue on the southwest tip of the island and the 25th and Americal Divisions continued their push to the west against the rearguards of 17th Army. On the 8th of February the last survivors were withdrawn[124] in a move described by the Chief of Staff 17th Army as a “minor miracle.”[125] The Japanese were shocked that the Americans “press them hard” and turn the withdraw “into a bloody rout.”[126] Still expecting a fight Patch’s troops found nothing on Cape Esperance but abandoned boats and supplies.[127] Japanese Prisoners The Guadalcanal campaign had ended with the loss of nearly 30,000 Japanese. Japan lost the psychological advantage it had possessed from the beginning of the war.[128] It was an action that was an offensive won with defensive actions. The Americans seized a strategic point that the Japanese could not afford to lose and then fought a defensive battle of attrition to grind the Japanese down. The American Marines and Soldiers showed themselves to be the equals of the Japanese in one of the most demanding campaigns of the war. Kawaguchi would comment to a reporter in Manila; “We lost the battle. And Japan lost the war.”[129] Appendix: Leaders On Guadalcanal Major General Alexander A. Vandegrift: (1887-1973) Commander of 1st Marine Division on Guadalcanal. He served in the Corps 40 years and retired in 1949 as Commandant of the Marine Corps. After Guadalcanal he commanded 1st Marine Amphibious Corps at Empress Augusta Bay. He was a key player in the congressional debates regarding the Marine Corps in 1946 when President Truman supported by the Army pushed to eliminate the Marine Corps as a ground combat force. He was awarded the Medal of Honor for his service at Guadalcanal. USS Vandegrift FFG-48 was named after him. That ship made the first visit of a US warship to Vietnam since the Vietnam War in 2003. Major General Alexander Patch: (1889-1945) Commander of XIV Army Corps at Guadalcanal. He assumed command of forces on island from Vandegrift on 9 December 1942. General Marshall ordered him to Europe in 1943 to take command of 7th Army from General Patton. He commanded 7th Army in the south France and the Rhone campaign of 1944, leading that army across the Rhine in 1945. He was to take command of 4th Army in the United States but died of Pneumonia. He was considered a very good commander in both the Pacific and Europe. Patch Barracks in Stuttgart Germany is named after him. Major General Lawton Collins: (1896-1987) “Lightning Joe” Collins commanded 25th Infantry Division (Tropical Lightening) at Guadalcanal. He commanded VII Corps and distinguished himself in France and was instrumental in Operation COBRA and the breakout from Normandy. He was considered by many to be one of the outstanding Corps commanders in the Second World War. During Korea he was Army Chief of Staff and later served with NATO and as a special representative to Vietnam. Lieutenant Colonel Lewis B. “Chesty” Puller: (1898-1971) “Chesty Puller commanded 1st Battalion 7th Marines at Guadalcanal and was instrumental in the fight for Henderson Field against the Sendai Division. His early career was marked by much time in Haiti and Nicaragua where he was awarded his first and second Navy Crosses. He served with the “China Marines” (the 4th Marines) He was wounded on Guadalcanal and later served as Executive Officer 1st Marine Regiment and commanded that Regiment at Peleliu. In Korea he again commanded 1st Marines at the epic Battle of the Chosin Reservoir. He was promoted to Brigadier General and served as Assistant Division Commander for that Division. He was promoted to Major General and Lieutenant General prior to his retirement in 1955. He is considered one of the most iconic and beloved Marines who have ever lived earning 5 Navy Crosses and numerous other awards for valor in combat include the Bronze and Silver Stars and Distinguished Service Medal and the Purple Heart. The USS Puller (FFG-23) a Perry Class Frigate was named after him. His uniforms and many of his medals and citations were displayed at the former Marine Corps Barracks, Naval Weapons Station Yorktown until 2006 when they were transferred to the custody of the Marine Corps Museum following the death of his wife Virginia who insisted that they be displayed in Yorktown. General Harukichi Hyakutake: (1888-1947) Commanded 17th Army on New Guinea and Guadalcanal. He was an infantry officer who studied crypto analysis and served with the Kwantung Army in Manchuria before the war and following Guadalcanal he remained in command of Japanese Troops in the Solomons. He returned to Japan at the end of the war and died in 1947. Major General Kiyotake Kawaguchi: (1892-1961) Commanded 35th Infantry Brigade on Guadalcanal and was senior officer until the arrival of General Hyakutake and the Sendai Division. Led the unsuccessful battle at “Bloody Ridge” and was relieved of his command just prior to the October attack on Henderson Field. Was one of the few Japanese officers who expressed an early understanding of the importance of Guadalcanal to the overall war effort. Following his evacuation from Guadalcanal and return to Japan he was transferred to the reserve. Convicted of war crimes in 1946 for actions committed in the Philippines in 1941-42 he was released in 1953 and died in 1961. [1] Spector, Ronald H. Eagle Against the Sun: The American War With Japan, The Free Press, New York, NY p.185 [2] Morison, Samuel Elliott, The Two Ocean War: A Short History of the United States Navy in the Second World War, Little, Brown and Company, Boston and Toronto, 1963. p.164 [3] Liddle-Hart, B.H. History of the Second World War G.P. Putnam’s Son’s. New York, NY 1970. 356 [4] Ibid. Spector. p.185 [5] Ibid. Spector comments that “MacArthur declared that the navy’s obstinacy was part of a long time plot to bring about ‘the complete absorption of the national defense function to the Navy, the Army being regulated to merely base, training, garrisoning, and supply purposes.’” (p.185) [6] Toland, John. The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936-1945, Random House Publishers, New York, 1970. p.346 [7] Ibid. Morison. p.165 [8] Ibid. p.350 [9] Frank, Richard B. Guadalcanal: The Definitive Account of the Landmark Battle, Penguin Books, New York, NY 1990. p.30 [10] Ibid. p.31 [11] Ibid. Morison. p.166 [12] Griffith, Samuel B II. The Battle for Guadalcanal originally published by Lippincott, New York, 1963, University of Illinois Press, Champaign IL, 2000. p.19 [13] Costello, John. The Pacific War 1941-1945, Quill Publishers, New York, NY. 1981. p.320. [14] Ibid. Spector. p.186 [15] Ibid. Frank. p.60 [18] Ibid. Costello. p.323 [19] Ibid. Griffith. p.49 [20] Ibid. Frank. p.72. 1st Raider Battalion took 22% casualties and 1st Parachute Battalion 50-60%. [21] Ibid. Frank. p.74. Frank notes that of the 536 Japanese defenders that only about 50, a platoon from the 3rd Kure Naval Landing force were trained for ground combat. [24] Savo Island was the worst defeat suffered by the US Navy. In a short engagement the heavy cruisers Astoria, Quincy and Vincennes and the RAN Canberra were sunk and the Chicago badly damaged, leaving the covering force but one heavy cruiser and some AA Cruisers and Destroyers to cover the transports. Over 1000 sailors lost their lives. [25] Ibid. Frank. p.125 [26] Costello notes the presence of the Seabees, but neither Franks nor Griffith mentions them by name. The discrepancy appears to be the date of their arrival on the island. Morrison notes that 387 men of the 6th Seabee Battalion landed on September 1st with 2 bulldozers and other equipment and that they then took over the improvement of Henderson Field. Morison, Samuel Elliott. The Struggle for Guadalcanal: August 1942-February 1943, Volume V of History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Copyright 1949, Samuel Elliott Morison, Castel, Books New York, NY 2001, published in arrangement with Little Brown and Company. p.76 [28] McMillan, George. The Old Breed: A History of the First Marine Division in WWII, The Infantry Journal Incorporated, Washington DC. 1949. p.50 [29] Ibid. Frank. p130, Griffith. p.70. McMillan pp.52-56. This incident is still shrouded in mystery as no Japanese records survive to record the outcome of the incident. According to McMillan, when Goettge went out he believed he was also on a humanitarian mission and took the assistant division surgeon and a language officer. The Goettge Field House at Camp LeJeune NC is named in his honor. [31] Ibid. McMillan. pp.56-57 [32] Ibid.. p.59 [33] Ibid. Griffith. pp.79-80 some believed the commitment of small numbers inadequate to the task would repeat the defeats suffered at the hands of the Russians and in China. Ichiki himself was given poor intelligence stating that there were only about 2000 Americans on the Island and that they suffered from low morale and were trying to flee Guadalcanal to Tulagi. (p.81) [34] Ibid. Toland. p.364 [35] Ibid. p.365 [37] Ibid. McMillan. p.61. Vouza, a native constable had actually been captured and interrogated by the Japanese, who bayoneted him and left him for dead. [38] Ibid. pp.61-62 [41] Ibid. Frank. p.156. Richard Tregaskis in Guadalcanal Diary reports that he heard there were 871 Japanese dead in the battle area. Tregaskis, Richard, Guadalcanal Diary, Originally published by Random House, 1943. Modern Library Paperback edition, Random House Publishers, NY 2000, with an introduction by Mark Bowden. p.130 [42] Ibid. Toland. p.367 Griffith reports that a Captain Tamioka survived. (p.87) [43] Various accounts give slightly different figures for the Marine casualties. This number is taken from McMillan. [44] Ibid. Griffith. pp.87-88. Griffith comments: “there was something more fundamental involved here than action taken on the basis of poor information, a reckless and stupid colonel, dedicated soldiers, and a disparity in weapons. This was ‘face.’ Once committed to the sword, Ichiki must conquer or die. This was the code of the Samurai, ‘The Way of the Warrior’: Bushido. (p.88) [45] Ibid. McMillan. p.64 [47] Ibid. Frank. p.218. Toland reports that he received intelligence that 5000 Marines were on the island but he believed that he could be victorious. (p.378) [48] Ibid. Toland. p.376. Oka’s force was particularly hard hit by the air attacks during transit, losing 650 out of 1000 men, and his survivors had little food and ammunition and were not in good condition to attack. [49] Ibid. Frank. pp.221-222. They also brought back documents, Kawaguchi’s dress uniforms and beer. [50] Vandegrift rusted in the understanding that every Marine is a rifleman. [51] Ibid. Griffith. p.115 [56] Ibid. Frank. p.235 He still lacked the manpower to form a continuous line. [62] This was III/124 under Colonel Wanatabe, suffering from old war wounds he failed to get his unit into the fight and Kawaguchi told him to commit Hari-Kari. (Griffith .121) [63] Ibid. Griffith. p.121. The Marines lost 263 men of which 49 were killed and 10 missing. The Parachute battalion which began the campaign with 397 men had only 86 ambulatory after “Bloody Ridge” and were withdrawn. (Frank. p.241) [64] Ibid. Costello. p.346 Frank also notes that another of Kawaguchi’s battalions, the Kuma battalion and his artillery fared even worse while trying to move to the west, becoming lost in the jungle for three weeks, losing all their weapons and becoming severely malnourished. (Frank. p.246) [66] Ibid. Toland. p.385 The Japanese began to call the island Starvation Island. [67] Edson and Bailey both were awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor for their actions on the ridge. (McMillan p.81) [68] Ibid. Griffith. pp.126-127 [69] Ibid. Spector. p.199 and Costello. p.348 [70] Ibid. Frank. p.269. [72] Ibid. Griffith. p.135. Griffith refers to this as the “Jap bridge.” I use Frank’s the name given by Frank. [74] Ibid. Toland.p.390 [75] Ibid. Frank p.273-274. Frank analyzes: “In a retrospective assessment, the Marines found that the operation had an improvised purposeless flavor. It had been initiated without meaningful intelligence on the enemy situation or the terrain, and the attack was characterized by the commitment of battalions along unreconnoitered axes, beyond mutual support range, and without coordination of movements or of air and artillery support.” (p.274)Griffith comments: “Here Edson, as always supremely confident, had dispersed his force haphazardly to assault an enemy well armed, well concealed, and at each pointing superior strength. Second Matanikau hammered home to Vandegrift that a commander who allows himself or a subordinate, to drift aimlessly into any action will pay the price. (Griffith p.137) [76] Ibid. Griffith. p.283. The Whaling Group consisted of 3rd Bn 6th Marines and the Scout Sniper detachment. [77] Ibid. 289. The Division history of 1st Marine Division reported over 900 Japanese killed. (McMillan p.96) [82] Ibid. Griffith. p.157. By the 15th the Marines only had 27 aircraft left, but by the evening a Navy fighter squadron had reinforced them. [83] Artillery commander 17th Army. [84] Ibid. Toland. p.393. Maruyama noted before the division departed from Japan that Guadalcanal was the “Decisive battle between Japan and the United States, a battle in which the fate of the Japanese Empire will be decided.” [85] Ibid.p.340 Toland notes how this “road” had been hacked out of the jungle in the proceeding month. (Toland. p.393) [86] Ibid. p.342. The 15 150mm guns targeted the airfield and the remaining 17, 75mm and 100mm guns and howitzers targeted the infantry. [87] Ibid. Griffith. p.165-166 [89] Ibid. Griffith. pp.166-167. Sumiyoshi was not at fault as he had fallen into a coma brought on by Malaria. Kawaguchi was relieved by Hyatutake for this failure. [91] Ibid. McMillan. p.105 [92] Ibid. Toland. p.401. Frank notes that even this discovery did not alert the Marine command to the Japanese presence south of the ridge and he credit’s Puller’s lack of complacency. [94] Ibid. Frank. Shoji had relieved Kawaguchi. [95] Ibid. Frank. pp.352-353 [96] Ibid.. p.355-356 [97] Ibid. p.356. Furimiya would eventually commit suicide when he had lost the rest of his troops. His diary, found by the Americans made a note that “we must not overlook firepower.” (p.366) Griffith notes the officer as Ishimiya and notes that only 9 men were with him. (p.169) [98] Ibid. p.356. Basilone won the Congressional Medal of Honor. [99] The day was marked by a fierce air-sea battle between American aircraft and a Japanese naval task force sent to shell Henderson Field and supporting fighters. A number of Japanese ships were damaged and the light cruiser Yura sunk. See Morison. History of Naval Operations in WWII vol V. pp.197-198 [100] Ibid. Frank. pp.364-365 [101] Ibid. pp.363-364. I met Paige in 2000 at Camp LeJeune. This icon of the Corps remained an outspoken Marine until the day that he died. [102] Ibid. Toland. p.404 [103] Ibid. Liddle-Hart. p.361 [104] Ibid. Griffith. p.184 [105] Ibid. Frank. pp.421-424. [106] Ibid. Morison. History of Naval Operations. p.182. Frank backs this number and Liddle-Hart gives 4000. [107] Ibid. McMillan. p.135 [108] Ibid. Griffith. p.212-213 [110] The 1st Marine Division lost 621 KIA, 1,517 WIA and 5601 Malaria cases. Its Marines earned 5 Congressional Medals of Honor, 113 Navy Crosses and 4 Distinguished Service Medals. (McMillan pp.138-139) [112] Vandegrift would become Commandant of the Marine Corps in 1944. [113] Johnston, Richard W. Follow Me! The Story of the Second Marine Division in World War II, Copyright 1948 by the 2nd Marine Division Historical Board and published by Random House, New York, NY. 1948. p.69 [115] Ibid. Johnston. p.72 [116] Ibid. Toland. pp. 421-426. Generals Sato and Tanaka engaged in a fist-fight ended by Tojo and the Emperor himself probed the High Command about the defeat and personal approved the Japanese withdraw. [117] Ibid. Spector. p.213 [118] Ibid. Frank. p.557 [119] Ibid. p.560 [122] Bergerud, Eric. Touched With Fire: The Land War in the South Pacific, Penguin Books, New York, NY 1996. p.192 [124] Ibid. p.595 Depending on the source the Japanese withdrew anywhere from 10,000 to 13,000 troops from the island. [126] Ibid. [127] Ibid. Morison. History of Naval Operations, p.371. [128] Murray, Williamson and Millett, Allan R. For the Common Defense: Fighting the Second World War, The Belknap Press or Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA 2000. p.215 Bergerud, Eric. Touched With Fire: The Land War in the South Pacific, Penguin Books, New York, NY 1996 Costello, John. The Pacific War 1941-1945, Quill Publishers, New York, NY. 1981 Frank, Richard B. Guadalcanal: The Definitive Account of the Landmark Battle, Penguin Books, New York, NY 1990 Griffith, Samuel B II. The Battle for Guadalcanal originally published by Lippincott, New York, 1963, University of Illinois Press, Champaign IL, 2000 Johnston, Richard W. Follow Me! The Story of the Second Marine Division in World War II, Copyright 1948 by the 2nd Marine Division Historical Board and published by Random House, New York, NY. 1948 Liddle-Hart, B.H. History of the Second World War G.P. Putnam’s Son’s. New York, NY 1970 McMillan, George. The Old Breed: A History of the First Marine Division in WWII, The Infantry Journal Incorporated, Washington DC. 1949 Morison, Samuel Elliott, The Two Ocean War: A Short History of the United States Navy in the Second World War, Little, Brown and Company, Boston and Toronto, 1963 Murray, Williamson and Millett, Allan R. For the Common Defense: Fighting the Second World War, The Belknap Press or Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA 2000 Spector, Ronald H. Eagle Against the Sun: The American War With Japan, The Free Press, New York, NY Toland, John. The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936-1945, Random House Publishers, New York, 1970 Tregaskis, Richard, Guadalcanal Diary, Originally published by Random House, 1943. Modern Library Paperback edition, Random House Publishers, NY 2000, with an introduction by Mark Bowden Filed under History, Military, us army, US Army Air Corps, US Marine Corps, US Navy, world war two in the pacific Tagged as 1st marine division, 25th infantry division, 2nd marine divsion, admiral frank fletcher, alexander vandergrift, americal division, battle if tenaru river, battle of mataniko river, bloody ridge, coast watchers, colonel edson, general hyakutake, general lawton collins, guadalcanal, henderson field, ichiki detachement, john basilone, kawaguchi detachment, lightening joe collins, ltcol chesty puller, naval battle of guadalcanal, operation watchtower, richmond kelly turner, sgt mitchell paige, the pacific hbo mini-series, the thin red line, tokyo express, u.s. marine corps The Bloody Battle of Savo Island: The Beginning of the Guadalcanal Campaign USS Quincy under Attack off Savo Island We continue to work in our house with contractors doing repairs and renovations. Likewise we have been thinning out our belongings and placing things that we want to keep but don’t currently in storage. My God the people at the Goodwill donation center absolutely love me. Tomorrow will be more of the same except that I will be doing some paining in the soon to be complete master bathroom and our guest room. The painting in the guest room is preparatory to ripping up the old laminate floor and laying down the new flooring, but I digress… So, for the next few days I will be posting some articles about the Guadalcanal campaign, a pivotal series of battles in the Second World War where the United States and its allies took the offensive against Imperial Japan. This article deals with the first naval engagement of that campaign which was the worst and most lopsided defeat ever suffered by the U.S. Navy in history. I am posting these articles because they are forgotten by so many. Tomorrow I will begin posting articles on the Guadalcanal Campaign, but the story of “Bloody Savo” is here. Have a good night. On August 8th 1942 the U.S. Task Force supporting the invasion of Guadalcanal was tired. The crews of the ships had been in continuous combat operations conducting naval gunfire support missions, fending off numerous Japanese air attacks and guarding against submarine attacks for two days. The force commanded by Admiral Richmond K. Turner was still unloading materials, equipment and supplies needed by the men of the 1st Marine Division who they had put ashore on the morning of the seventh. On the afternoon of the eighth Turner was informed by Admiral Frank “Jack” Fletcher that he was pulling his carrier task force out of action. Fletcher alleged that he did not have enough fighter aircraft (79 remaining of an original 98) and as low on fuel. The carriers had only been in action 36 hours and Fletcher’s reasons for withdraw were flimsy. Fletcher pulled out and left Turner and his subordinate commanders the responsibility of remaining in the area without air support with the transports still full of badly needed supplies and equipment. Admiral Gunichi Mikawa As the American drama played out, the Japanese moved forces into position to strike the Americans. Admiral Gunichi Mikawa commander of the 8th Fleet and Outer South Seas Force based at Rabaul New Britain quickly assembled a force of 6 heavy cruisers, the 14,000 ton Atago Class Chokai, and the four smaller ships of the Kako Class, the Aoba, Kako, Kinugasa and Furutaka, the light cruisers Yubari and Tenryu and the destroyer Yunagi. Mikawa raised his flag aboard Chokai and the force sped down “the slot” which ran the length of the of the Solomon’s chain mid day on the seventh. The Americans had warning of their coming. The first sighting was by B-17s before the Japanese forces had reached Rabaul. The second was the elderly U.S. Navy submarine S-38 at 2000 on the 7th when they were 550 miles away not far from Rabaul. This report was discounted because it would not be unusual to find a number of fleet units steaming near a major naval base and fleet headquarters. The last which should have alerted the allies was a sighting by a Royal Australian Air Force patrol aircraft on the morning of the 8th. However the pilot did not report the sighting until he returned from his mission returned to his base and had his tea. The eight hour delay in reporting the information as well as errors in it which reported 2 submarine tenders as part of the force lulled the Allied forces into believing that the Japanese were setting up a seaplane base and posed no threat to the invasion forces. It was a fatal error of reporting and judgment by the pilot. USS Astoria on August 8th off Guadalcanal and USS Chicago (below) In the absence of good information Turner deployed his support ships to cover the three entrances into what soon would be known as Iron Bottom Sound. He placed the Anti Aircraft Cruiser USS San Juan and Australian Light Cruiser HMAS Hobart to the east with two destroyers under the command of Rear Admiral Norman Scott. To protect the south west entrance into the sound south of Savo Island Turner placed the Heavy Cruisers USS Chicago, HMAS Australia and HMAS Canberra and two destroyers under the command of Rear Admiral R.A.C. Crutchley RN who in theory commanded the screening force. To the north of Savo he deployed the Heavy Cruisers USS Vincennes, USS Astoria and USS Quincy and two destroyers under the tactical direction of Captain Frederick Riefkohl aboard Vincennes. To the west of Savo he placed two destroyers to act as picket ships. Unfortunately these ships radar sets were insufficient and would fail to pick up the approaching enemy. Allied Dispositions During the early evening Turner recalled Crutchley to his flagship for consultations of what to do regarding Fletcher’s retreat. Crutchley came over in his flagship the Australia denuding the southern force of its commander as well as one of its three heavy cruisers. He left the commanding officer of Chicago Captain Howard D. Bode in tactical command but Bode did not have his ship take the lead position in the patrol assuming Crutchley would return bymidnight. USS Vincennes (above) and USS Quincy (below) HMAS Canberra Mikawa launched float planes to scout the locations of the American ships and to provide illumination once the battle began. Some of these aircraft were spotted but no alert measures were taken as many assumed the Japanese to be friendly aircraft. Many commanding officers were asleep or resting away from the bridge of their ships, lookouts were tired and not expecting the Japanese and Condition Two was set in order to provide some of the tired crews a chance to rest. Light Cruiser Yubari illuminating American cruisers at Savo Island Admiral Mikawa now new the Allied disposition and ordered his ships to battle stations at 0045. At 004 he sighted and passed astern of USS Blue the southern picket which also failed to detect the Japanese force. Mikawa assumed that the destroyer might have reported his presence, briefly turned north but turned back to his original course when a lookout allegedly spotted a destroyer to his northeast. He gave the order to attack at 0132 and promptly spotted the American destroyer USS Jarvis which had been heavily damaged and without radio communications was making her way toAustralia for repair and passed her after some ships fired torpedoes and raced toward the southern force at 26 knots. With the southern force just a few miles away Mikawa ordered his ships to commence firing at 0136 and at 0138 torpedoes had been launched. Mikawa’s lookouts spotted the northern group at 0144 and changed course. The maneuver was badly executed and left the Japanese in two columns as they swiftly closed on the Americans. Mikawa’s flagship Chokai launched torpedoes at 0148 and Astoria the cruiser closest to the Japanese set general quarters at 0145 and at 0150 the Japanese illuminated her with searchlights and opened fire. Astoria under the direction of her gunnery officer returned fire at 0152 ½ just before her Captain came to the bridge unaware of the situation. He ordered a cease fire until he could ascertain who he was firing at assuming the Japanese to be friendly ships. He delayed 2 minutes and ordered fires commenced at 0154 but the delay was fatal. Astoria had opened fire on the Chokai which then had time to get the range on the American cruiser and hit her with an 8” salvo which caused fires which provided the other Japanese ships an aiming point. Japanese artist depiction of attack on US Navy Cruisers at Savo Island Astoria was left burning and heavily damaged barely maintaining headway but attempted to fight on scoring a hit on Chokai’s forward turret even as the Japanese opened up on the next cruiser in line the USS Quincy. Quincy caught between the two Japanese columns. Aoba illuminated her with her searchlight and Japanese forces opened fire. The gunnery officer order Quincy to return fire getting two salvos off before her skipper Captain Samuel Moore came to the bridge, briefly ordered a cease fire assuming that he was firing on Americans and turned on his running lights. Quincy was ripped by salvo after salvo which killed Captain Moore and nearly everyone in the pilothouse just as a torpedo ripped into her engineering spaces turning them into a sealed death trap forcing the engineer to shut down the engines. Burning like a Roman candle Quincy was doomed she was ordered abandoned and capsized and sank at 0235. However Quincy did not die in vain, at 0205 two of her 8” shells hit Chokai causing enough damage the Admiral’s chart room that Mikawa would order a withdraw at 0220 which spared the now defenseless American transports. Vincennes, the lead ship and flagship was next in the line of death. Captain Reifkohl order General Quarters sounded not long after the Japanese illuminated the southern group. At 0150 Vincennes was lit up by the searchlights of three Japanese ships which opened fire on her. Vincennes returned fire at 0153 hitting Kinugasa before she was hit starting fires on her scout planes mounted on their catapults. The Japanese mauled Vincennes, three possibly four torpedoes ripped into her as shells put ever gun out of action. At 0215 she was left burning and sinking by the Japanese who soon withdrew from the action. Ordered abandoned she sank at 0250. HMAS Canberra being evacuated by the Patterson and Blue Canberra struggled against the odds but was abandoned and was sent to the bottom by an American torpedo at 0800. Astoria also struggled for life but the damage was too great and she was abandoned sinking at 1215. Mikawa withdrew up the sound but on his return the Heavy Cruiser Kako 70 miles from home was sunk by torpedoes from the American submarine S-44 sinking in 5 minutes. The Americans and Australians lost 4 Heavy Cruisers sunk and one heavily damaged. Two destroyers were also damaged. Casualties were heavy; Quincy lost 389 men killed, Vincennes, 342, Astoria, 235, Canberra, 85, Ralph Talbot, 14, Patterson, 10, and Chicago, 2. It was an unmitigated disaster, an allied force destroyed in less than 30 minutes time. Boards of inquiry were held and Captain Bode hearing that he shouldered much blame killed himself in 1943. Wreck of the USS Quincy It was a rude awakening to a Navy which had believed that technical advances would give it victory and which in the words of Admiral Ernest King was not yet “sufficiently battle minded.” It was the first of many equally bloody battles in the waters around Guadalcanal which in the coming campaign became known as Ironbottom Sound. Filed under History, Military, Navy Ships, US Navy, world war two in the pacific Tagged as admiral frank fletcher, admiral gunichi mikawa, admiral v c n crutchley, battle of savo island, captain frederick riefkohl, captain howard bode, guadalcanal, hmas australia, hmas canberra, ijn aoba, ijn chokai, ijn furutaka, ijn kako, ijn kinugasa, ijn yubari, rear admiral norman scott, richmond kelly turner, uss astoria, uss blue, uss chicago, uss jarvis, uss quincy, uss ralph talbot, uss vincennes “A Magic Blend of Skill, Faith, and Valor” The Battle of Midway Aichi D3-A “Val” Dive Bomber Filed under History, leadership, Military, Navy Ships, US Navy, World War II at Sea, world war two in the pacific The Battle of Midway at 75 Today marks the 75th anniversary of the Battle of Midway, the epic “David versus Goliath” battle that ended Japan’s chance to win World War Two in the Pacific. It was a battle where skill, luck, good fortune and courage combined to allow the United States Navy to deliver a crushing defeat the previously undefeated Kido Butai, the Japanese First Carrier Striking Force which had run rampant across the Pacific and Indian Oceans in the six months after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Today, the youngest survivors of the battle are over ninety years old. Their generation, like the rest of what we remember as the Greatest Generation will soon pass from the bonds of this earth into eternity. As you read this remember their sacrifice and too remember the tragedy of the Japanese sailors and airmen that were lost at Midway due to their government’s aggression against their neighbors throughout Asia that led to their attack on the American Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor. United States Navy codebreakers had broken the Japanese diplomatic and naval codes in 1941, and in May the Navy code breakers under the command of Commander Joseph Rochefort at Pearl Harbor discovered Yamamoto’s plan to have the Imperial Navy attack Midway Island and the Aleutian Islands. Knowing the Japanese were coming, and that the occupation of Midway by Japanese forces would give them an operational base less than 1000 miles from Pearl Harbor, Admiral Chester Nimitz, commander of the U.S. Pacific Fleet committed the bulk of his naval power, the carriers USS Enterprise CV-6, USS Yorktown CV-5 and USS Hornet CV-8 and their 8 escorting cruisers and 15 destroyers to defend Midway. This force of 26 ships with 233 aircraft embarked to defend Midway while a force of smaller force 5 cruisers and 4 destroyers was dispatched to cover the Aleutians. The forces on the ground at Midway had a mixed Marine, Navy and Army air group of 115 aircraft which included many obsolete aircraft, 32 PBY Catalina Flying Boats and 83 fighters, dive bombers, torpedo planes and Army Air Force bombers piloted by a host of inexperienced but resolute airmen with which to defend it. It also had a ground force of U.S. Marines, should the Japanese actually land on the island. The only Japanese carrier to survive the initial assault, Hiryu continued the fight. Hiryu’s dive bombers found Yorktown and while they suffered heavy losses to the F4F Wildcats of Yorktown’s CAP, three Val’s from Hiryu scored hits which started fires and disabled Yorktown, causing her to lose power and go dead in the water. Yorktown’s damage control teams miraculously got the fires under control, patched her damaged flight deck while her engineers restored power and Yorktown was back in action steaming at a reduced speed of 20 knots but able to conduct air operations again, but the plucky Hiryu and her depleted air group were not done. Hiryu’s second strike composed of Kate Torpedo Bombers discovered Yorktown, and since she appeared undamaged the squadron leader assumed that she was another carrier. Yorktown’s reduced CAP was unable to stop the Kates and the Japanese scored 2 torpedo hits causing another loss of power and a severe list. Thinking that she might capsize, her captain ordered that she be abandoned. The Damaged Hiryu As this was occurring a mixed attack group from the Enterprise and now “homeless” Yorktown aircraft attacked Hiryu. Like her sisters she was caught with her flight deck full of fueled and armed aircraft preparing for another strike against the Americans. The damage to the brave ship was mortal. Her crew abandoned ship and she sank the following day. Yorktown would be sunk by a Japanese submarine, along with the destroyer Hamman a few days later as her crew attempted to get her to Pearl Harbor. In five pivotal minutes the course of the war in the Pacific was changed. Tagged as admiral bull halsey, admiral chester nimitz, admiral chuichi nagumo, admiral frank fletcher, admiral raymond spruance, admiral yamamoto, battle of midway, dick best, eugene lindsey, george gay, ijn akagi, ijn fuso, ijn hiryu, ijn kaga, ijn mikuma, ijn musashi, ijn nagara, ijn soryu, ijn tone, john waldron, lem massey, max leslie, minoru genda, mitsuo fuchida, SBD Dauntless, TBD Devastator, torpedo 3, torpedo 6, torpedo 8, uss enterprise cv-6, uss hamman, uss hornet cv-8, uss yorktown cv-5, vmf-221, vmsb-241, wade mcclusky August 11, 2016 · 21:40 The Guadalcanal Campaign: A Wave Top View of a Forgotten yet Epic Battle This is a “wave top” look at the campaign. Maybe someday when I finish my Civil War books I will do something about this campaign. That being said I hope this article might inspire my readers to read any of the fine books that deal with this campaign. Have a great night. Filed under History, Military, world war two in the pacific The Guadalcanal Campaign: Bloody Savo For the next few days I will be posting some articles about the Guadalcanal campaign, a pivotal series of battles in the Second World War where the United States and its allies took the offensive against Imperial Japan. This article deals with the first naval engagement of that campaign which was the worst and most lopsided defeat ever suffered by the U.S. Navy in history. I am posting these articles because they are forgotten by so many. Tomorrow I will begin posting articles on the Guadalcanal Campaign, but the story of “Bloody Savo” is here. Have a good night. fletcPadre Steve+ It was a rude awakening to a Navy which had believed that technical advances would give it victory and which in the words of Admiral Ernest King was not yet “sufficiently battle minded.” It was the first of many equally bloody battles in the waters around Guadalcanal which became known as Ironbottom Sound.. Saying Goodbye to a Shipmate...Fair Winds and Following Seas Senior Chief Branum RT @WisePaxCat: Times Investigation: Trump administration has gutted programs aimed at detecting weapons of mass destruction https://t.co/z… 4 minutes ago RT @johnpavlovitz: It's easier for you to tell yourself that all those crossing the border are inhuman, vicious, immoral predators. That n… 5 minutes ago RT @DoctorCandiru: @fawfulfan I really hope everyone understands how bad this is, and how anti-labor Eugene Scalia is. https://t.co/yeaKzyJ… 5 minutes ago @paulkrugman @rabbijilljacobs Yes it should, the evil “cosmopolitan Jews.” Used so often by the Nazis. 7 minutes ago RT @paulkrugman: If you're Jewish and the use of "cosmopolitan" doesn't scare you, read some history twitter.com/BennettJonah/s… 8 minutes ago	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725161
__label__wiki	0.677658	0.677658	Ecumenical reconstruction, advocacy and action: The World Council of Churches in times of change, from the 1940s to the early 1970s A. Laine, J. Meriläinen, M. Peiponen Faculty of Theology Common Matters This article sheds light on the history of the World Council of Churches (WCC) from the vantage points of three different programmes that helped transform the new interchurch organization into the flagship of the modern ecumenical movement of the 20th century. Reconstruction, advocacy and action were the strategic methods the WCC resorted to in the turbulent times of the 1940s the 1960s. Besides representing three different approaches to achieving certain aims of ecumenical work, these three methods also developed into programmes within the WCC: the Reconstruction Department, the Commission of the Churches on International Affairs and the Programme to Combat Racism. The motivation of the WCC can best be located in the Christian principles of helping those in need and strengthening the fellowship of churches in an inter-church body. Nonetheless, political intentions and ideological goals also underlay the activities of the WCC, which evidently intended to secure the standing of Christianity in difficult times and in the midst of such menacing ideologies as communism, secular humanism and apartheid. The active role of ecumenically minded American mainline Protestants in exerting pressure on the WCC in these endeavours is indisputable. Although the WCC can be seen as an active political agent against the background of the Cold War, it in fact functioned more as an international body engaged in ideo- logical battle to safeguard the operational preconditions of churches and respect for human rights. Since action and prophylaxis were needed to maintain and strengthen Christian fellowship across political and ideological lines, the three programmes concentrated not on Christian dogma but on social ethics. © 2017 [2018] Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen. Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte https://doi.org/10.13109/kize.2017.30.2.327 614 Theology Laine, A., Meriläinen, J., & Peiponen, M. (2017). Ecumenical reconstruction, advocacy and action: The World Council of Churches in times of change, from the 1940s to the early 1970s. Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte, 30(2), 327-341. https://doi.org/10.13109/kize.2017.30.2.327 Laine, A. ; Meriläinen, J. ; Peiponen, M. / Ecumenical reconstruction, advocacy and action : The World Council of Churches in times of change, from the 1940s to the early 1970s. In: Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte. 2017 ; Vol. 30, No. 2. pp. 327-341. @article{22c2b1fca71640b99dbd2468ef3affc1, title = "Ecumenical reconstruction, advocacy and action: The World Council of Churches in times of change, from the 1940s to the early 1970s", abstract = "This article sheds light on the history of the World Council of Churches (WCC) from the vantage points of three different programmes that helped transform the new interchurch organization into the flagship of the modern ecumenical movement of the 20th century. Reconstruction, advocacy and action were the strategic methods the WCC resorted to in the turbulent times of the 1940s the 1960s. Besides representing three different approaches to achieving certain aims of ecumenical work, these three methods also developed into programmes within the WCC: the Reconstruction Department, the Commission of the Churches on International Affairs and the Programme to Combat Racism. The motivation of the WCC can best be located in the Christian principles of helping those in need and strengthening the fellowship of churches in an inter-church body. Nonetheless, political intentions and ideological goals also underlay the activities of the WCC, which evidently intended to secure the standing of Christianity in difficult times and in the midst of such menacing ideologies as communism, secular humanism and apartheid. The active role of ecumenically minded American mainline Protestants in exerting pressure on the WCC in these endeavours is indisputable. Although the WCC can be seen as an active political agent against the background of the Cold War, it in fact functioned more as an international body engaged in ideo- logical battle to safeguard the operational preconditions of churches and respect for human rights. 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In: Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte, Vol. 30, No. 2, 2017, p. 327-341. T1 - Ecumenical reconstruction, advocacy and action T2 - The World Council of Churches in times of change, from the 1940s to the early 1970s AU - Laine, A. AU - Meriläinen, J. AU - Peiponen, M. N1 - cited By 0 N2 - This article sheds light on the history of the World Council of Churches (WCC) from the vantage points of three different programmes that helped transform the new interchurch organization into the flagship of the modern ecumenical movement of the 20th century. Reconstruction, advocacy and action were the strategic methods the WCC resorted to in the turbulent times of the 1940s the 1960s. Besides representing three different approaches to achieving certain aims of ecumenical work, these three methods also developed into programmes within the WCC: the Reconstruction Department, the Commission of the Churches on International Affairs and the Programme to Combat Racism. The motivation of the WCC can best be located in the Christian principles of helping those in need and strengthening the fellowship of churches in an inter-church body. Nonetheless, political intentions and ideological goals also underlay the activities of the WCC, which evidently intended to secure the standing of Christianity in difficult times and in the midst of such menacing ideologies as communism, secular humanism and apartheid. The active role of ecumenically minded American mainline Protestants in exerting pressure on the WCC in these endeavours is indisputable. Although the WCC can be seen as an active political agent against the background of the Cold War, it in fact functioned more as an international body engaged in ideo- logical battle to safeguard the operational preconditions of churches and respect for human rights. Since action and prophylaxis were needed to maintain and strengthen Christian fellowship across political and ideological lines, the three programmes concentrated not on Christian dogma but on social ethics. © 2017 [2018] Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen. AB - This article sheds light on the history of the World Council of Churches (WCC) from the vantage points of three different programmes that helped transform the new interchurch organization into the flagship of the modern ecumenical movement of the 20th century. Reconstruction, advocacy and action were the strategic methods the WCC resorted to in the turbulent times of the 1940s the 1960s. Besides representing three different approaches to achieving certain aims of ecumenical work, these three methods also developed into programmes within the WCC: the Reconstruction Department, the Commission of the Churches on International Affairs and the Programme to Combat Racism. The motivation of the WCC can best be located in the Christian principles of helping those in need and strengthening the fellowship of churches in an inter-church body. Nonetheless, political intentions and ideological goals also underlay the activities of the WCC, which evidently intended to secure the standing of Christianity in difficult times and in the midst of such menacing ideologies as communism, secular humanism and apartheid. The active role of ecumenically minded American mainline Protestants in exerting pressure on the WCC in these endeavours is indisputable. Although the WCC can be seen as an active political agent against the background of the Cold War, it in fact functioned more as an international body engaged in ideo- logical battle to safeguard the operational preconditions of churches and respect for human rights. Since action and prophylaxis were needed to maintain and strengthen Christian fellowship across political and ideological lines, the three programmes concentrated not on Christian dogma but on social ethics. © 2017 [2018] Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen. KW - 614 Theology U2 - 10.13109/kize.2017.30.2.327 DO - 10.13109/kize.2017.30.2.327 JO - Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte JF - Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte Laine A, Meriläinen J, Peiponen M. Ecumenical reconstruction, advocacy and action: The World Council of Churches in times of change, from the 1940s to the early 1970s. Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte. 2017;30(2):327-341. https://doi.org/10.13109/kize.2017.30.2.327 10.13109/kize.2017.30.2.327	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725165
__label__cc	0.547732	0.452268	Commercial management drawing more players to the table by Linda O'Flanagan August 7, 2013 0244 Joseph Greenblatt By Linda O’Flanagan Modern property managers are swapping their clip boards and coveralls for a place in the boardroom and, if the Institute of Real Estate Management has its way, they could take over the C-Suite. “We are seeing a shift in real estate management as a career of coincidence, as it was for many senior practitioners, to a career of choice,” said Joe Greenblatt, CPM, president elect of IREM. “We are now recruiting people who are very well educated, have earned a CPM (Certified Property Manager designation) and are 25 years old. Think about the impact they will have just because of the age that they are coming into the industry.” In New York City bold-faced IREM alumni include Jeffrey I. Brodsky, president of Related Management; David Kuperberg, CEO of Cooper Square Realty. Accredited commercial managers are collecting a median salary of $94,000 a year (at last count, done in 2009) and they’ve been officially labeled among the happiest employees in the country. A survey by CareerBliss in 2012 ranked them No. 2 – tied with executive chefs and surpassed only by software quality assurance workers . “As a group, managers are generally happy because they find their work gratifying,” said Greenblatt. “They can see the tangible results of their work when so many of us can’t. For that labor and effort, we see tenant retention and satisfaction, and return on investment for clients. “These are metrics of success that can be measured and, as investors and owners become more sophisticated in their demands, it is driving the requirement that managers have not only strong technical skills, but soft leadership skills as well. “The results are available for everyone to see in real time. If you are not good, it shows immediately.” With managers recognized as being more pragmatic and risk averse than their real estate contemporaries, Greenblatt said more and more people who recognize that in themselves are finding their way into the industry. IREM’s job has been to help them make the leap from the basement to the boardroom through a platform of education and outreach that has been recognized as industry leading. “When the recession hit, we were in the middle of an accounting conversion, our budget was askew and we had to make adjustments,” said Beth Machen, current IREM president. “ If we wanted to keep moving forward, we had to come up with a way to innovate funding and provide services and information that brought value to members and target projects that are important to us.” The organization funneled its resources into website upgrades, e-books, social media, education and leadership programs. And, instead of targeting only members, it has embraced the management industry as a whole to continually raise standards across the board. “We are focusing on serving our membership as part of a broader industry,” said Machen. “Demands on real estate managers across the spectrum are increasing, in some cases very steeply. “Our membership represents the upper end – the best educated real estate management professionals in the business, yet there are thousands of other real estate managers functioning in the same environment of increasing demands. We want to serve these people as well , and reach the full spectrum of those engaged in real estate management.” IREM has signed educational Memorandums of Understanding with firms such as NAI Global, Coldwell Banker Commercial and Transwestern and has partnered with universities like Cornell and Georgetown to integrate management skills to real estate curriculum. Among its legislative efforts, the Institute has been actively lobbying the Environmental Protection Agency against applying new lead paint regulations to public and commercial properties and it is campaigning for Internet sales tax equality for online and physical retailers. The result has been a three percent increase in membership over the past three year, to 18,000 individual members managing nearly $2 trillion in real estate assets. “Our belief is that if we provide value to a broader array of real estate managers, then they will progress in age with us,” said Greenblatt. “ It not just about our members but, from an altruistic angle, our bylaws say we are here to serve the industry.” Added Machen, “Our message for the industry is that we want to make them the best they can be, which will move our industry forward and make our properties more valuable. It’s all about value.” According to a report from Ariel Property Advisors, multi-family sales in second quarter of 2013 jumped 50 percent in transactions from the first quarter, saw a 20 percent rise in buildings sold, and a 63 percent jump in the dollar volume of those trades. “A lack of inventory in the first quarter created pent-up demand for multifamily assets, which when combined with higher prices led to a substantial increase in activity in the second quarter,” said Shimon Shkury, president of Ariel Property Advisors. “We believe the market in the remainder of the year will build on this momentum and that rising interest rates also may push more owners to sell versus refinance.” Year-over-year, 2Q numbers decreased seven percent in transaction volume, four percent in building volume and seven percent in dollar volume from the same time last year, which saw 229 buildings sold for a total of $1.7 billion. But after a lackluster first quarter, Manhattan saw a 67 percent jump in sales in the second quarter with $839.729 million worth of product sold. Notable deals included a $62 million portfolio sale along the Bowery and the $400 million sale of 400 West 63rd Street and 60 Riverside Drive. Northern Manhattan, which has seen stunning growth since the beginning of the year, according to a Massey Knakal report, has seen prices rising from $169 to $213 psf and higher prices per unit, to around $142,397. For the second consecutive quarter, Brooklyn led the New York City submarkets in number of transactions, with 49 sales comprising 69 buildings; a 63 percent increase in transaction volume and 77 percent increase in building volume from the first quarter of 2013. Coupled with June employment reports, the city is recovering from the recession well. According to an assessment of NYS Labor numbers carried out by Eastern Consolidated, the city added 14,3000 jobs in June, the highest since 2000. Among other industries, the construction industry had significant job growth in June, adding 4,600 jobs, while securities and real estate both had gains with 400 and 600, respectively. According to the report, the growth was expected “given the increase in construction permits issued this year,” and recent progress with the Hudson Yards project as well as the World Trade Center site. In November 2011, Related announced that more than 20,000 construction jobs will be generated by the construction of the first building in the Hudson Yards project, which will house anchor tenant Coach. More than 100,000 construction jobs will be generated by development of the Eastern Railyard (including over 80,000 direct jobs) and over 10,000 permanent new jobs will be generated upon completion of both yards, which will also serve as home to 30,000 office workers. Joseph moving up on Madison The Smith to open in NoMad Linda O'Flanagan Retailers asking: If you feed them, will they come? Moinian taps JLL to lease new office tower	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725166
__label__wiki	0.541102	0.541102	American Psychological Association 2018 By Andrew Lynch 6th Medical Recruiting Battalion Lt. Col. Joseph H. Afanador, United States Army Recruiting Command, command psychologist shares his experiences as an Army psychologist at a breakout session during the American Psychological Association 2018 Convention at the Moscone Center in San Francisco, California on August 9. Afanador was one of seven military psychologists selected by the APA’s Society for Military Psychology, Division 19, to sit on a panel to answer questions regarding psychology and their military career. For more information on the Army's more than 90 medical specialties go to healthcare.goarmy.com. U.S. Army medical recruiters and subject matter experts at the American Psychological Association 2018 Convention at the Moscone Center in San Francisco, California on August 9. From left to right; Sgt. 1st Class Anthony M. Foronda, Lt. Col. Joseph H. Afanador, Capt. Emily Burris, Staff Sgt. Shanna M. Rodriguez, and Maj. Lakishia M. Simmons. Maj. Lakishia M. Simmons, San Francisco Medical Recruiting Station officer-in-charge, speaks with a convention attendee and her parent at the American Psychological Association 2018 Convention held at the Moscone Center in San Francisco, California on August 9. Simmons was on hand with her healthcare recruiting team to explain the benefits and opportunities of a career in Army Medicine. For more information on the Army's more than 90 medical specialties go to healthcare.goarmy.com. Maj. Lakishia M. Simmons, San Francisco Medical Recruiting Station officer-in-charge, speaks with an attendee of the American Psychological Association 2018 Convention at the Moscone Center in San Francisco, California on August 9. Simmons was on hand with her team to explain the benefits and opportunities of a career in Army Medicine. For more information on the Army's more than 90 medical specialties go to healthcare.goarmy.com. Staff Sgt. Shanna M. Rodriguez, health care recruiter with the San Francisco Medical Recruiting Station, and Capt. Emily Burris, clinical psychology resident with Brooke Army Medical Center, speak with an attendee of the American Psychological Association 2018 Convention at the Moscone Center in San Francisco, California on August 9. Rodriguez and Burris were on hand with explain the benefits and opportunities of a career in Army Medicine. For more information on the Army's more than 90 medical specialties go to healthcare.goarmy.com. Staff Sgt. Shanna M. Rodriguez, health care recruiter with the San Francisco Medical Recruiting Station, speaks with an attendee of the American Psychological Association 2018 Convention at the Moscone Center in San Francisco, California on August 9. Rodriguez was on hand with Soldiers from her station to explain the benefits and opportunities of a career in Army Medicine. For more information on the Army's more than 90 medical specialties go to healthcare.goarmy.com. Capt. Emily Burris, clinical psychology resident with Brooke Army Medical Center, speaks with an attendee of the American Psychological Association 2018 Convention at the Moscone Center in San Francisco, California on August 9. Burris was on hand with Soldiers from the San Francisco Medical Recruiting Station to explain the benefits and opportunities of a career in Army Medicine. For more information on the Army's more than 90 medical specialties go to healthcare.goarmy.com. Staff Sgt. Shanna M. Rodriguez, health care recruiter with the San Francisco Medical Recruiting Station, scans a QR code of an attendee of the American Psychological Association 2018 Convention at the Moscone Center in San Francisco, California on August 9. Rodriguez and Capt. Emily Burris, clinical psychology resident with Brooke Army Medical Center, with were on hand with explain the benefits and opportunities of a career in Army Medicine. For more information on the Army's more than 90 medical specialties go to healthcare.goarmy.com. SAN FRANCISCO, Cal., Aug. 14, 2018 — U.S. Army medical recruiters and subject matter experts communicated the benefits and opportunities of careers in Army Medicine at the American Psychological Association 2018 Convention held at the Moscone Center in San Francisco, California on August 9.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725170
__label__wiki	0.821891	0.821891	2017 NAACP Image Awards - Press Room LOS ANGELES, CA - FEBRUARY 11: Celebrities and Honorees in the press room at the 48th NAACP Awards at the Pasadena Civic Center on Saturday, February 11, 2017, in Los Angeles, CA, USA. LOS ANGELES, CA - FEBRUARY 11: Celebrities and Honorees in the press room at the 48th NAACP Awards at the Pasadena Civic Center on Saturday, February 11, 2017, in Los Angeles, CA, USA. (Photo by Aaron J /RedCarpetImages.net) 4001qed20170211 NAACP Image Awards Press Room	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725171
__label__wiki	0.531537	0.531537	Home/Seals & Signets/Seal & Signet Rings Seals have been used throughout history to show personal imprints that act as markings of authenticity and binding agreements and edicts. In the past signet rings were worn by Kings, Popes, Bishops and Roman Emperors. Other high ranking church officials and noblemen also use them as a sign of their nobility, importance and power. Probably the most famous religious signet ring in the world, today, is worn by the Pope. His ‘Sacred Seal’ ring is called the “Fisherman’s Ring”, a massive and ornate gold seal ring, which denotes the seal of his authority. When the Pope dies, the Cardinals break his ring. A new signet ring is created for each new succeeding Pope. A related practice is found among blacksmiths: their touchmark (a stamp used on the hot metal to show who made it) is destroyed upon their death. Although rarely used today for impressing wax onto a document, Seals are still very popular. Engraved seal rings and signet rings, are worn by family members wishing to proudly wear their heritage and family history. Engraved with your crest or coat of arms, a custom engraved signet ring, meticulously sculpted or carved by our skilled craftsmen, is an iconic piece of jewellery that will immortalize your family’s cherished history. History of Signet Rings A signet ring has always distinguished an individual as one of high social standing, a privilege, a military distinction and a rich ornament. The seal marks the dignity and importance of its wearer. This provides a visual and symbolic “certification” which validates acts executed in their name. In other words they provided a visual “Plumbline of Authenticity” proving that the wearer was not only truly who he said he was, but they symbolized his power in the community. The theft of a signet ring was punishable by death. Originally they were only worn by royalty, religious officials and noblemen. As time passed, tradesmen and merchants also began wearing these rings. Royal signet rings were lavishly decorated with precious metals, rich enamels and gems of every color and facet. Tradesmen and merchants’ signet rings had mottos or logos cut into them. Seals were used in the earliest civilizations. In ancient Mesopotamia seals were engraved on cylinders. They could be rolled to create an impression on clay, such as a label on a consignment of trade goods. From Ancient Egypt seals in the form of signet-rings of kings have been found. From the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC until the Dark Ages, seals of various kinds were in production in the Aegean islands and mainland Greece. The Late Bronze Age is the time par excellence of the lens-shaped seal and the seal ring, which continued in to the Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic periods, in the form of pictorial engraved gems. Engraved gems continued to be produced and collected until the 19th century. During the early Middle Ages seals of lead were in common use both in East and West, but these leaden authentications soon went out of favour in western Christendom and it became the universal practice to take the impressions in wax. The signet is a small seal dating from the reign of Edward II (1307-27) until 1851. Every warrant of the privy seal or great seal required a seal. Ever since the middle ages those entitled with a grant to bear heraldic arms used signets. A seal authorized orders or letters to authenticate the bearer. This is therefore why this genre of Jewellery Men rings are respectfully labelled Heraldic Rings. More modern times Signets and Seals were the distinguishing mark of legal stamping and authentication for 600 years. Businesses, lawyers and government therefore used them. Their presence is also felt today even in common parlance. “set one’s seal on” meaning to authorize or give one’s approval to something. “signed sealed and delivered” – this idiom additionally referring to a legal deed. Gold signet rings became increasingly popular from the 17th century onward as the ultimate, portable mark of distinction. By the 18th century the signet ring (or fob signet for ladies) was also more widely used to seal letters. They also included those of a more lighthearted or personal nature . Seals and Signets became more elaborate with the introduction of gemstones set in Gold. Engraving consequently became more precise and artistically challenging to cope with the much harder materials. Seal engraving became a true art form in its own right and remains no less so today. You will find exquisite creations in The Regnas Collection today. Most classical engraved gemstone rings were originally worn as signet rings. This inspired the wide spectrum of gemstones used today. They include Lapis Lazuli, Rock Crystal, Amethyst, Red Agate, Jade Albite, Rhodonite, Jade, Bloodstone and Black Onyx, among others. Signet rings are also used as a souvenir or membership attribute, such as a class ring ( which typically bears the coat of arms or crest of the school). The Masonic ring is an especially relevant example of this. You can consequently find many such designs in the The Regnas Collection Heraldic Rings section. FAMOUS SIGNET RING-BEARERS THROUGHOUT THE AGES Pompey: (106-48 B.C.) Pompey’s signet ring displayed a lion bearing a sword. This Roman politician, Gnaeus Pompeis Magnus, better known as Pompey, was one of the greatest generals of his time. Julius Caesar: (circa July 12/13, 102/100 B.C. – March 15, 44 B.C.): His ring had an armed Venus. Caesar Augustus: (63 B.C. – 14 C.E.) His signet ring had first a sphinx, then the head of Alexander the Great. Finally he placed his own image on his signet ring. Rome achieved great glory under Emperor Octavian/Augustus. Nero (37 AD – 68 AD) was the 5th and last of the Julio/Claudian dynasty of Roman Emperors. His reputation is as an ineffectual, neglectful and brutal leader. His signet ring represented the flaying of Marsyas by Apollo. Michelangelo, (1475-1564) The face of Michelangelo’s signet ring contained a carving of a segment of the Sistine Chapel	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725172
__label__wiki	0.943905	0.943905	Fox, National Geographic Release Preview Of “Cosmos: Possible Worlds” Host Neil de Grasse Tyson at the Cosmos booth signing on Saturday at the FOX Fanfare at San Diego Comic-Con © 2018. Photo: Alan Hess/FOX © 2018 FOX Broadcasting SAN DIEGO– FOX and National Geographic’s highly anticipated Emmy Award-winning series, “Cosmos” is returning in the spring of 2019. The minds behind the series, executive producer/writer/director Ann Druyan (who won an Emmy Award for writing the 2014 series and a Peabody Award for producing it) and executive producers Seth MacFarlane (Family Guy, The Orville, “Cosmos: A SpaceTime Odyssey”), Brannon Braga (The Orville, “Cosmos: A SpaceTime Odyssey,” “Terra Nova”) and Jason Clark (The Orville, “Cosmos: A SpaceTime Odyssey”), along with series host Neil deGrasse Tyson, the famed pop-culture icon, astrophysicist and host of the Emmy Award-nominated “StarTalk,” were all on hand Saturday to share the sneak peek during their panel at San Diego Comic-Con. Cosmos: Possible Worlds” is set to premiere on FOX and National Geographic in next year in March. Following a successful run in 2014 as the most-watched series ever on National Geographic Channels internationally, and seen by more than 135 million people worldwide on National Geographic and FOX, the new season will once again premiere in the U.S. on both FOX and National Geographic and globally on National Geographic in 171 countries and 43 languages. In the vastness of space and the immensity of time, the number of worlds to explore and stories to tell are virtually infinite. The first two seasons of the “Cosmos” television series transported a global audience to the farthest reaches and most deeply hidden recesses of the universe. In the course of those journeys, the series dramatized the lives of many of the forgotten searchers who contributed to the world’s understanding of who, when and where we are in the universe. “Cosmos: Possible Worlds” will venture to previously uncharted territories. In conjunction with the launch of the new season, National Geographic will publish a companion book, Cosmos: Possible Worlds by Ann Druyan, the long-awaited follow-up to Carl Sagan’s international bestseller, Cosmos: A Personal Voyage. The book is scheduled for release on February 19, 2019. “Cosmos: Possible Worlds” is produced by Cosmos Studios, the Ithaca, NY-based company Ann Druyan co-founded in 2000, and Fuzzy Door Productions, Seth MacFarlane’s company. Druyan and Brannon Braga are the series’ writers. Druyan, MacFarlane, Braga and Jason Clark executive-produce. Fans can “Like” “Cosmos: Possible Worlds” on Facebook at CosmosOnTV. Follow the series on Twitter @CosmosOnTV Photos and videos are posted on Instagram @CosmosOnTV. Filed Under: Entertainment, Television	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725174
__label__wiki	0.571584	0.571584	In my last blog post published on the 20th of April 2019, I wrote about the legacy of Columbine twenty years on. The school shooting at Columbine High School in which thirteen victims were killed has been cited by numerous subsequent school shooters and aspiring attackers. The most recent example of this involved a female teenager said to have been infatuated with the shooting who travelled to Colorado from Florida, made some threats that were enough to shut down a number of schools and ending up killing herself. Another woman who was stopped in the parking lot of Columbine High School was said to have frequently posted about the Columbine shooters on Tumblr, describing them as ‘God-like.’ Those said to be obsessed with the massacre are described as ‘Columbiners.’ (1) Littleton, the suburban neighbour where Columbine High School is located, is associated with the site of a high-profile tragedy. Although there has been remodelling of the school, the building more or less stands as it did in 1999. Unfortunately, this has meant it has become somewhat of a macabre attraction for visitors. Superintendent Jason Glass reported that the amount of individuals trying to enter the school building or trespassing in the campus area were the highest on record in 1999. Some of them are coming just to see where the tragedy took place, others coming to pay respect to the victims. (2) There are a minority, however, who may pose a threat. The challenging part is trying to distinguish which of the many threats — which spike exponentially following a new school shooting — are credible. The unprecedented growth in the amount of threats Columbine High faced ahead of the twenty year anniversary coupled with the constant stream of macabre visitors have provoked a debate about whether the school itself should be torn down and rebuilt. Following the Sandy Hook school shooting, the building was demolished and rebuilt. This massacre took place in 2012, however, when the United States had tragically became all-too-familiar with school shootings. In 1999, when Columbine occurred, it seems unlikely that anyone had actually envisaged the infamous status the Columbine shooters and the school itself would take on. There are those who in favour of doing tearing down Columbine and starting afresh with a new building. The former principal who was in post at the time of the shooting, Frank DeAngelis, supports a new building facility writing in a Facebook post that “it is people that make us a family, not the building.” (3) Similarly, in the community blog about schools in Jefferson County, a letter was submitted by Superintendent Jason Glass in early June 2019 advocating rebuilding the school further away from the road. He advanced some ideas for the new school. These included keeping the name, school mascot and colours the same and preserving the Hope Library that was built in honour of the victims. (4) On the other hand, there are those who feel that this would not solve the problem — particularly if the name Columbine was still retained— or that the building represented a symbol of strength in the community. (5) This debate is likely to unfold over the coming months. Regardless of what Jefferson County School District decide to do about the building, it is likely that the term ‘Columbine’ itself will always be synonymous with a terrible and destructive act of violence. [This blog post was put together using articles about the potential destruction of Columbine High School and previous knowledge about Columbine. The next blog post will look at Jamie’s Law, a bill for purchasing ammunition named in honour of a victim of the Parkland School Shooting.] (1) Brianna Provenzano. (2019) ‘A “Morbid Fasicnation” with Columbine High School Might Lead to Its Shuttering.’ Pacific Standard, 10 June. Retrieved from https://psmag.com/news/a-morbid-fascination-with-columbine-high-school-might-lead-to-its-shuttering Jessica Contrera. (2019) ‘The Man Keeping Columbine Safe.’ Washington Post, 5 April. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2019/04/05/its-been-years-since-columbine-shooting-his-job-is-stop-next-attack/?utm_term=.e48d700ae442 (3) Julie Turkewitz and Jack Healy. (2019) ‘Columbine High School Could Be Torn Down to Deter copycats.’ The New York Times, June 7. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/07/us/columbine-high-school-demolition.html (4) Jason Glass. (2019) ‘A New Columbine?’ Advance Jeffco, June 6. Retrieved from https://advancejeffco.blog/2019/06/06/a-new-columbine/ This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged Columbine, Columbine High School, Columbine school shooting, Columbiners, copycat effect, copycatting, Sandy Hook school, Sandy Hook school shooting, threats on June 19, 2019 by SKerr1. ← The Infamy of Columbine: Twenty Years On	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725181
__label__cc	0.686762	0.313238	Kathy Hibbard, Terrestrial Ecology Program < Back to Carbon Cycle & Ecosystems Kathy Hibbard is a Program Manager for the Terrestrial Ecology Program (TE). She currently works at NASA HQ as an IPA detailee from the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in Richland, WA. TE address changes in the global carbon cycle and ecosystem structure and function using space-based observations. The program’s research approach combines the use of remote sensing tools to observe terrestrial ecosystems and their responses to variable forcings, field campaigns and related process studies to highlight ecosystem function, and ecosystem and biogeochemical cycle modeling to analyze and predict responses. An important component of the Terrestrial Ecology program focuses on research to establish a theoretical basis for measuring Earth’s surface properties using electromagnetic radiation and developing the appropriate methodologies and technical approaches to analyze and interpret such measurements. The program funds numerous laboratory and field campaigns that contribute to quantifying our scientific understanding of carbon cycle and ecosystem changes. Typical field studies include airborne in situ and remote sensing instrumentation for focused aircraft field campaigns, remote sensing and in situ observations, and long term ground based in situ and remote sensing programs. Kathy’s research interests are in how the Earth system is changing, both in response to and driven by human activities and the climate system. Much of her research has been focused on characterizing successional recovery and ecosystem change to catastrophic fire or incremental change in ecosystem structure and function due to direct human management (e.g., grazing, logging) and indirect human influence (e.g., fire suppression) in semiarid ecosystems. Kathy worked for over ten years for the Earth system modeling projects of the International Geosphere/Biosphere Programme (IGBP) and expanded her knowledge of the terrestrial carbon, nitrogen and hydrologic cycles to global interactions with the atmosphere, coastal and marine systems. During that time, she worked with the global climate modeling community to develop a carbon cycle diagnostics framework for the Fifth IPCC Assessment Report (AR5) as well as the design and development of the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP’s) that form the basis of the scenarios for AR5. Kathy’s interest in human/environmental systems continued with the initiation and continued representation in the Integrated History and Future of People on Earth (IHOPE) activity which develops models and case studies of human interactions with their environment since the time of human settlement. Kathy joined PNNL in late 2009 to lead the Platform for Regional Integration Analysis and Models (PRIMA) initiative that couples regional climate, land, ocean, socio-economics and energy systems. PRIMA evaluates how to consider mitigation and adaptation strategies for land, energy and water systems in response to climate change. Kathy received her BS and MS in Biology and Rangeland Management at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, CO in 1983 and 1987, respectively. She received her Ph.D. in Rangeland Ecology & Management at Texas A&M University, College Station, TX in 1995 investigating the consequences of grazing and fire suppression on semiarid savanna systems on soil carbon and nitrogen cycles with extensive in situ field studies combined with the development of the current savanna default parameterization for the CENTURY model. After five years at PNNL, NASA HQ called and all of the international ordination and ecosystem training has provided a great springboard for her current assignment. Email: kathleen.a.hibbard@nasa.gov	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725182
__label__wiki	0.548161	0.548161	Statewide Adoption Utah universities look to security best practices to implement IP video By Courtney Pedersen Schools should be safe havens for education. New developments in video surveillance based on IP technology are helping primary and secondary schools, colleges and universities improve security, enhance operations and minimize losses in commercial areas such as bookstores, cafeterias and vending machine halls. Compared to traditional analog video systems, IP-based solutions are more versatile and cost effective. It is also a cost advantage to be able to leverage previous investments in analog cameras by connecting them through inexpensive video encoders in an IP video surveillance system. UPGRADING EXISTING SOLUTIONS For these reasons, two Utah universities wanted to significantly upgrade their existing surveillance systems. Utah State University (USU) and Salt Lake Community College (SLCC) both had stand-alone analog systems with just a few cameras in different campus buildings with viewing capabilities limited to single locations. Officials wanted more comprehensive campus-wide solutions that could be operated from single command centers for each school. Campus staff had not always kept cameras operable so efficient video playback also became a major issue, especially as it pertained to police investigations. Each school decided on an open platform, IP-based solution centered around Milestone XProtect VMS, and network cameras from Axis Communications. USU is located in Cache Valley, and is the land grant school for Utah. There are campuses in every county in the state. At the end of 2015, USU had nine locations managed with XProtect corporate software, with the Milestone Federated Architecture feeding back the video data to the main campus in Logan. USU has 435 cameras deployed at all of its locations and SLCC has 235 cameras. SLCC has recently standardized on Axis cameras, while USU has purchased Axis cameras almost exclusively for the past several years in addition to using Axis encoders to integrate older analog cameras into the Milestone IP video platform. SLCC currently has 180 cameras deployed through Axis encoders for incorporating their older, analog cameras. With the adoption of the software, each campus has been able to centralize their video monitoring and greatly improved coordination with on-campus police, reducing incidence response time and mitigating the theft of student valuables and in the campus bookstores. The cameras give each campus high-resolution images that provide comprehensive coverage through seamless integration with the VMS. LARGE POPULATION, MULTI-SITE CAMPUSES Salt Lake Community College is Utah’s largest college with the most diverse student body. It serves more than 60,000 students on 10 campuses and hosts online classes. SLCC offers flexible scheduling with an exceptional range of academic and career-oriented options. SLCC offers more than 200 degree and certificate programs in academic, technical and vocational fields. It is accredited by the Northwest Association of Schools and Colleges. Since its founding in 1888, USU has evolved from a small-town college tucked away in the Bear River Mountains, part of the Wasatch Range, to a thriving research university respected around the world. Students choose from an array of academic and social opportunities at a university known for its intellectual and OPEN PLATFORM BUILDS IN FUTURE GROWTH AND SCALABILITY When it comes to surveillance for higher education, the universities were looking to invest in a “future-ready” platform that could evolve and scale with the growth of the schools. Both saw enormous benefits in the Milestone open platform, which provides a unified management approach with the flexibility to deploy a wide variety of camera models and third-party integrations. Eric Allen, systems administrator at USU, said the university maintains servers and storage in a single, centralized location, a primary reason USU migrated. “We now have the ability to leverage our existing infrastructure across campus,” Allen said. “We can now plug in a new camera, have it immediately pop up in the Milestone system and monitor it from our desk, instead of running around to different locations to check on and manage cameras.” CHOOSING RESOLUTION While Milestone supports numerous camera choices, USU and SLCC now rely almost exclusively on Axis cameras. Nathan Howard is an IT project manager at SLCC who highlights the Axis ease-of-use. “You can configure all your camera settings at one time in the Milestone software, from frame rates to your password, which is an incredible time saver,” Howard said. MILESTONE MAKES CAMPUSES MORE SECURE Travis Dunn, a sergeant with the USU Police Department, said that the solution has allowed him and his deputies to initiate proactive safety protocols. “When it snows in our higher elevations, we can see it in the camera system and call out snow removal staff to clean sidewalks faster,” Dunn said. “So we’re not waiting for someone to slip and fall.” Dunn also cites the reliability of the technology in facilitating the police department investigations. “We use it to get statements from people in our interview rooms,” said Dunn. “It’s important that the video works the first time, because we don’t often get a second chance with criminals.” Howard pointed out that a huge advantage in the switch to IP video was the clarity of the images and the ability to share them with the police for investigatory purposes. “With the old analog system, we had a lot of blurry images,” Howard said. “It made it difficult on our police to conduct investigations. When there is an incident now, we have crystal-clear image quality as well as the ability to zoom in on the views as we need to with the software. The image quality has made our investigations more efficient and more effective.” MILESTONE MAPPING FEATURES OFFER BIG BENEFITS The mapping features have proven particularly useful for the universities. Howard works in concert with the Utah Highway Patrol (UHP), the Utah state police. He created default camera views for UHP, to ensure officers are only looking at the necessary cameras. “I can go into the UHP group on the platform and easily modify their views if they need eyes on a new area,” Howard said. “In addition to all the buildings they have access to view, I have set something up for them called a ‘blank view.’ It’s a 2x2 or a 2x6 blank grid. If they have evidence they need to submit to court, they can scroll down to a camera and pull in only the pertinent feeds. It’s a fantastic feature.” ESTABLISHING SYSTEM UNIFORMITY, OPEN COMMUNICATION AND BEST PRACTICES In 2008, USU partnered with Utah-based Stone Security to help choose a system that best met its specifications. Stone Security has won numerous awards as an installation partner and is a diamond-rated reseller. Based in Utah, Stone Security had the advantage of being familiar with the various universities structure and requirements. This allowed Stone to sell the significant benefits of the non-proprietary, open platform architecture that offers clients who need to protect their investment over the long term. As USU moved forward with standardization, other educational institutions saw their success and followed suit. David Tidwell, IT manager at USU, commended Stone Security for its extensive knowledge of Milestone and Axis products, as well as exemplary customer support. “Stone Security has been a great partner in this process,” said Tidwell. “They’re available at a moment’s notice, they take the time to troubleshoot problems and they are always calling us with the latest and greatest product rollouts. It’s been a great and fruitful relationship from the outset.” Five of the seven major universities in Utah are now using a security solution similar to to the one at USU. Since 2011, Stone Security has organized the annual Campus Security Conference, which provides a forum for the universities to hear about new offerings, and to discuss challenges, solutions and best practices with each other. Mike Hussey, who was recently named the chief information officer (CIO) of the state of Utah, was the keynote speaker in 2015. He was responsible for the recent installation of similar solution at the state capitol, and said that the conference is a great way for him to continue the learning process. “We are in the middle of our security installation,” Hussey said. “Many of my colleagues and I at the Capitol are new to the software and the cameras. Attending this conference is a great way for me to learn more about the companies whose products the state has invested in, and hear from Utah’s higher learning institutions about exactly how they are using these products to not only keep their campuses safe, but create smarter, more efficient communities.” “To have this network of individuals with years under their belt is invaluable,” Howard said. “When I didn’t know what frame rate to set up my live views versus my recording views, all it took was one phone call.” AN EASY-TO-USE VIDEO SYSTEM USU’s software user base is diverse, including the IT departments monitoring data centers and network equipment, USU police responding to on-campus incidents, researchers supervising labs and department managers handling the flow of building traffic and watching out for thefts. “Training sessions were really easy,” Allen said. “We only have to sit down with the users for five to 10 minutes, show them the system and they run with it.” Howard used the numerous online tutorials to generate a reference guide for himself. When it came to the point of installation, he already had a good working knowledge of the system. “The user interface is so intuitive,” Howard said. “And it couldn’t be easier to add a camera or click over one on a map and pull it up on my screen.” Allen said there are only two administrators running the entire system at USU, and that’s never been a problem. “The ease of use means we can get in, do what we need to do and never worry about system glitches,” said Allen. UNEXPECTED BENEFITS USU has leveraged Axis and Milestone beyond traditional campus security. The college has a farm on campus where animal science professors and their students conduct research with cows and goats. David Tidwell said that in the past when a cow was far along in her pregnancy, researchers were forced to sleep at the farm to ensure they didn’t miss the birth. “We have a couple of cameras monitoring the pens,” said Tidwell, who is a team coordinator at the university. “Now, the researchers can watch the cows on from the comfort of their homes. If they see an animal start to go into labor, they can make sure someone gets there.” This article originally appeared in the September 2016 issue of Security Today.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0021.json.gz/line1725188

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