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Gujarat Information
Climates in Gujarat - Not so hot and Not so Cold
Posted Date: 04 Jan 2012 |Updated: 04-Jan-2012 |Category: Gujarat Information |Author: Pritan |Member Level: Gold |Points: 15 (Rs10) |
Our Gujarat is situated 120 km to the north of Lahore. Gujarat is a coastal state lying on the west coast of India. Gujarat had the longest coastline in the country. In Gujarat, a year roughly divided into the all seasons. The state is bounded by the Arabian Sea in the west and the south west.The climate in Gujarat is moist in the southern areas while dry in the northern region.
Basic Information About Gujarat
Gujarat is one of India's most industrialized states in western India. It is bounded by the Arabian Sea in the West. It has the longest coast line 1600 km. Gujarat had dotted with 41 ports; 1 major, 11 intermediate and 29 minor ports. Gujarat spans an area of 1,96,024 Km and the population is over 5,05,97,000. The state capital is Gandhinagar. Gujarat has two official languages: Gujarati, which is derived from Sanskrit, and Hindi. The important rivers of the state are Tapti, Narmada, Sabarmati and Mahi.
The following map described about the Ports name and Location in gujarat.
Gujarat state Position on the Earth
Our Gujarat state is positioned on the earth between 20° 6' N to 24° 42' N latitude and 68° 10' E to 74° 28' E longitude.
Gujarat state Borders
Gujarat is the western most state in India, The State has an international boundary with the Pakistan at the north - western. And rajasthan state in the north east, Madhya Pradesh in the east, and Maharashtra and the Union Territories of Daman, Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli in the south side.
Different Seasons in Gujarat
The land relief in Gujarat is low in most parts of the state, resulting in a great diversity in the climate of Gujarat India. In Gujarat, a year can be roughly divided into the winter season (November to February), summer season (March to May), southwest monsoon season (June to September), and the intervening month of October.
Average Rainfalls status in Gujarat
Gujarat experiences an average rainfall of around between 33cm to 152cm. The southern parts of the state receive average rainfall between 76cm and 152 cm. The Dang district having the highest average of rainfall around 190 cm. In the northern parts of Gujarat, average rainfall ranges between 51cms to 102 cm. The southern highlands of Saurashtra and the Gulf of Cambay receives about 63 cms of rainfall, while other parts of Saurashtra receive rainfall less than 63 cm. The semi-desert Kutch area in Gujarat experiences a very low average rainfall. Some areas in Ahmedabad, Mehsana, Banaskantha, Panchmahals, Surendranagar, Jamnagar and Kutch districts face chronic shortage of water because of very low rains. These factors account for the wide diversity in the climate of Gujarat.
Weathers in Gujarat
Through the months of March to June, the weather remains hot. From November to February, the climate gets extremely dry atmosphere, and the cold northerly winds results in a mild chill in January. The southwest monsoon ensures that the city experiences a humid climate from mid-June to mid-September. .
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HEALTHY PEOPLE
HEALTHY LIVES
HEALTHY PLACES
Children’s Mental Health Week
Dr Harriet Edmondson Public Health Registrar
The Children’s Mental Health week took place nationally from the 4th-10thFebruary. This was followed shortly afterwards by the Feeling Good Week in Hertfordshire from 11-17thFebruary which aimed to promote emotional wellbeing for children and young people by raising awareness and showing where support can be accessed within the community. The mental health and wellbeing of young people is a key area of work for the public health team in Hertfordshire and these events provide an opportunity to reflect on the work being done. This is an important public health issue: one in four people will experience a mental health problem during their lifetime and over three quarters of mental health problems start before young people reach their early twenties.
At public health journal club this month, we discussed a recent paper looking at links between screen time and anxiety and depression in young people. Screen time was assessed at age 16, with follow up for anxiety and depression at age 18. The study was done because the evidence on this was unclear and it was the first study to follow up young people over time. However, the data used for the study was nearly 10 years old, leading to questions over the relevance given the changes in the way we use screen-based devices over the last 10 years. Though the paper found modest links between computer use at the weekend and depression only, it got us thinking about what we are doing to improve the mental health of young people locally. Good mental health and wellbeing is important to all of us, and it’s crucial that this remains at the forefront of public health work so that everyone feels able to get the support that they need.
Mental health and wellbeing are major focuses of work nationally. Over 70 organisations have just signed up to Public Health England’s Prevention Concordat for Better Mental Health. The concordat highlights the importance of focusing on prevention to improving public mental health and reduce inequalities. Alongside this sits work specifically targeted to young people including guidance for schools to promote emotional health and wellbeing and the development of the Rise Above peer-led digital platform, amongst other initiatives. Wellbeing week is the Mental Health Foundation’s new initiative which schools to hold their own wellbeing weeks and which uses the Five Ways to Wellbeing as a set of actions that young people can take to improve their wellbeing.
Public mental health approaches are increasingly important in Hertfordshire and involve a range of organisations and agencies. There’s a whole host of different pieces of work being done but key local resources include Just Talk, a campaign to raise awareness about mental health and wellbeing and encourage young people to talk about these issues, and current work on a new wellbeing strategy for children and young people in Hertfordshire.
As a public health registrar at Hertfordshire, it is great to work with a team doing important work on this issue and provides great opportunities for learning. A number of the registrars at HCC have had the opportunity to work on projects relating to mental health and wellbeing for young people. For example, I have been working on a project to develop e-learning for professionals who work with young people in Hertfordshire. The training is based around the ‘Making Every Contact Count’ brief intervention approach, with a focus on mental health and wellbeing and also promotes the Five Ways to Wellbeing .
To find out more about mental health and wellbeing for young people in Hertfordshire, take a look at the Healthy young minds in Herts and Just Talk websites.
Master82019-05-02T10:51:15+00:00
Six months in Public Health
Population health: The Emperor’s new clothes?
Population Health: What’s (not) in a name?
You can give your views on new or changing government policies by responding to consultations. Government departments take these responses into consideration before making decisions.
For an instant way to interact with government departments, try their social media streams. These are listed under ‘Follow us’ on the department’s home page. As well as access to blogs, audio, video and more, you can comment, debate and rate.
#hertsphconnect
Jim McManus OCDS@jimmcmanusph·
Great blog by @Wendy_J_Wills from @UniofHerts on our #HertsPHConnect asking some fundamental questions on #populationhealth #publichealth An important read this https://t.co/TFZpDmdPXF
Copyright © 2019 Herts Public Health Connect. All rights reserved.
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“I'm racing my teammates right now for this Championship”
Montoya climbed to fourth in the points standings for the 2009 Sprint Cup Championship, which will be decided at Homestead-Miami Speedway Nov. 22 (photo courtesy: Rusty Jarrett, Getty Images Sport)
NASCAR Chase Race No. 7 at Talladega was tabbed as the wildcard in the Chase for the Sprint Cup Championship, to be crowned at Homestead-Miami Speedway on Nov. 22. One strategy previously employed at ’Dega: Gain as many points as possible prior to this race, hold your breath at Alabama’s super speedway, and resume a more traditional strategy when NASCAR’s Chase for the Championship resumes with stops in Texas and Phoenix before Ford Championship Weekend at Homestead-Miami Speedway.
And Championship points leader Jimmie Johnson pretty much worked this strategy to a T, lying back at the end of the pack for almost the entire race, steering clear of two late-race crashes and emerging with a sixth-place finish when the dust settled. His closest competitors, meanwhile, all were caught up in the late-race mess: Juan Pablo Montoya finished 19th, Jeff Gordon 20th, Mark Martin 28th and Tony Stewart 35th. Jamie McMurray took the checkered flag for his first win since Daytona in July 2007.
With the second-best finish of the Top 5 Cup contenders, Montoya climbed to fourth in the points standings for the 2009 Sprint Cup Championship, which will be decided at Homestead-Miami Speedway Nov. 22.
With his sixth-place finish, the driver of the No. 48 Lowe's Impala SS extended his lead in the 2009 Chase for the NASCAR Sprint Cup to 184 points over Martin, who was the victim of the final accident of the day. Gordon remains third in the points order—just eight points down to Martin—while Montoya moved to fourth in the Chase points with three races to go.
“I’m fine,” Martin said post-race. “It was just a wreck, and I hope everybody enjoyed the show. Congratulations to Jamie McMurray.”
"I'm racing my teammates right now for this Championship, and the No. 5 car won at Phoenix, Jeff won at Texas,” Johnson said of early 2009 results at the only two tracks remaining on the schedule prior to Ford Championship Weekend at Homestead-Miami. “I don't want to spot these guys any points.
“I hate to see so many tore up cars and the big wreck that took place,” Johnson said after tip-toeing his way through the carnage. “We were conservative all day long, but Chad's [Knaus, crew chief] decision to take fuel—there were just a few of us that took fuel—and we had the wreck and the red flag. At that point guys just started running out of fuel….We went from 25th up to, I think, 11th before we took the green.
“From where we were with the red flag to where we finished. I'm still in shock. I can't believe that it worked out. I can't believe that that many guys ran out of fuel and put themselves in that position.”
Overcoming a deficit in the final three races is not out of the realm of possibility. In 1992, Alan Kulwicki overcame a 144-point deficit in the last four races of the season to win the NASCAR Sprint Cup Championship. A Hollywood scriptwriter could not have penned a more exciting season finale in 1992, when Davey Allison needed only to finish sixth or better in the last race to clinch the NASCAR Sprint Cup title. In that finale, he suffered an early crash and Bill Elliott drove to his fifth victory of the season, while Kulwicki finished second and collected bonus points for leading the most laps—which led to his winning the Sprint Cup Championship by a scant 10 points, the narrowest margin in NASCAR history.
Johnson, for one, sounded like he’s familiar with this story: “I'm not going to let up and lose focus to the job I need to do and allow the Championship to be in the forefront of my mind until it's mathematically locked [up]. I can lose 165 points next week if I miss a shift and blow the engine at the start of the Texas race and Mark has a perfect day….
“So we're in a better position, for sure. Our strategy might change some moving forward until we're [sure] we can get to Homestead.”
In his pursuit of a historical and unprecedented fourth Sprint Cup Championship, Johnson is the biggest challenge remaining for Martin, Montoya, Gordon and Stewart in their hopes of hoisting the Sprint Cup at Homestead-Miami Speedway Nov. 22. And just two races remain before it all culminates Nov. 22 at Montoya’s “home track” of Homestead-Miami Speedway. Tickets for the Sprint Cup Championship start at just $55 and are available by clicking here or by calling (866) 409-RACE.
Mark Martin, Juan Pablo Montoya, Ford 400, Ford Championship Weekend
| Add To Calendar
Miami Exotic Auto Racing
Performance Driving Group
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Some distributions generally work outside of the Ubuntu community and usually have their own package repositories. They may not release at the same time as Ubuntu. In the past, several of these derived distributions have been built directly upon other distributions, such as Debian, which is also the base for Ubuntu. The changes that Ubuntu developers make in the process of creating the distribution have been seen as positive and useful as a foundation for others with custom needs or desires. The list of derivative distributions has grown rapidly, and as distributions come and go, the list is constantly in flux. While in the first edition of this book, our list was nearly comprehensive, the size of the derivative distribution community has grown so much that compiling a complete list for this book is no longer possible. Instead, we provide a bit of the flavor of the diversity of derived distributions with some examples of the oldest and most visible derived distri butions to give you an idea of the scope of the community.
Guadalinex is the GNU/Linux distribution developed and promoted by the regional government of Andalusia, the most populated autonomous community in Spain with almost 8 million inhabitants. It is currently one of the largest free software implementations worldwide, with more than 200,000 desktops—and increasing. The project is a consequence of the unanimous support of the Andalusian Parliament on the Information Society and Innovation policies approved in 2002 and 2003, urging all the regional institutions to promote and use free software and open licenses. This makes the Guadalinex initiative unique in the world.
Guadalinex was initially released in 2003, and the first two versions were based on Debian. In 2005 the Guadalinex project decided to develop the third version deriving from Ubuntu. Guadalinex version 3 was released in January 2006 based on Ubuntu 5.10 (Breezy Badger), making it the first major Ubuntu derivative. The project is part of a government plan to implement free software as the default option in the public schools. At the beginning of 2006, this project involved 500 schools and approximately 200,000 desktops equipped with Guadalinex and free software only. These numbers increase every year as new courses start every September and new computers are purchased (about 40,000 in 2006). This initiative alone puts Guadalinex in the top position as the biggest free software implementation worldwide. Additionally, the software is used in public Internet access centers, senior centers, libraries, and women’s associations, as well as citizens’ homes. Guadalinex is merely one example of many Ubuntu derivatives created by or in cooperation with governments for use in schools and bureaucracies. It is now only one among many massive deployments of Ubuntu in these settings.
Tip: Guadalinex
Guadalinex can be found at www.guadalinex.org.
Because Ubuntu is dedicated to using free software by default as much as possible, it does not come with proprietary media codecs installed. That was the reason Linux Mint was originally created. Over time, it has developed a community that focuses on creating an easy-to-use-and-install Linux desktop that is nice to look at with a focus on making things as simple and enjoyable as possible, especially for newcomers. The distribution is completely compatible with and uses the Ubuntu software repositories. The main differences are in the look and feel as well as choices for software installed by default. Linux Mint also produces a Debian-based version.
Tip: Linux Mint
Linux Mint can be found at linuxmint.com.
Tip: More Derivatives
A list of official and recognized derivatives is kept at www.ubuntu.com/products/whatisubuntu/derivatives, and even more are listed at wiki.ubuntu.com/DerivativeTeam/Derivatives.
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Iraq Dinar - Iraqi Dinar - Iraq Stock Exchange - Dinar Revaluation and Speculation - Investors Iraq > Iraq News > Iraq Business News > Australia contributes US$1.5m to Stabilization in Iraq
View Full Version : Australia contributes US$1.5m to Stabilization in Iraq
The Government of Australia has contributed an additional US$1.5 million to UNDP’s Funding Facility for Stabilization (FFS), which finances fast-track initiatives in areas liberated from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL).
This brings Australia’s total contribution to FFS to almost US$3 million to date.
Based on priorities identified by the Government of Iraq and local authorities, FFS helps quickly repair public infrastructure, provides grants to small businesses, boosts the capacity of local government, promotes civil engagement and community reconciliation, and provides short-term employment through public works schemes.
UNDP Resident Representative for Iraq, Ms. Lise Grande, said:
“The level of destruction in the districts where fighting is still on-going in western Mosul is some of the worst in the entire military campaign. We already have 300 projects underway in Mosul, but it’s clear that this is only a start. We have to face the fact that an enormous amount of rehabilitation will be required.”
Australia’s Ambassador to Iraq, Mr. Christopher Langman, said:
“Australia is pleased to continue supporting stabilization work in Iraq, including in the newly liberated areas of Mosul. We know that restoring basic services and repairing key infrastructure are crucial so that people can return to their homes.”
Established in June 2015, FFS is working in newly liberated areas in Anbar, Salah al-Din, Ninewah, Diyala and Kirkuk Governorates. More than 1,000 projects are completed or being implemented across 23 locations. Since the start of the crisis, over 1.8 million people have returned to their homes.
(Source: UNDP)
Source: Iraq-BusinessNews.com. (http://www.iraq-businessnews.com/2017/06/20/australia-contributes-us1-5m-to-stabilization-in-iraq/)
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Impact of a Single-Session of Havening
Thandi Gursimran1*, Tom Deborah2, Gould Matthew3, McKenna Paul4, Greenberg Neil1
1Academic Department of Military Mental Health at King’s College London, England
2Chartered Occupational Psychologist and Managing Director of Human Systems, Buckinghamshire, England
3Consultant Chartered Clinical Psychologist Corporate Psychology, Emirates Group, Dubai
4Behavioural Scientist (D.Phil), Wilshire Blvd, Beverly HIlls, CA
Gursimran Thandi
Academic Department of Military Mental Health
King’s College London, Weston Education Centre
3rd Floor 10 Cutcombe Road, London SES 9RJ
Tel: (+44) 207848 5210,
E-mail: gursimran.thandi@kcl.ac.uk
Visit for more related articles at Health Science Journal
Introduction: In the UK, the economic cost of absenteeism, loss in productivity and the demand on health care services is considerable. A substantial amount of time off work certified by a doctor is due to common mental disorders. There is a need for rapid and effective interventions at step 2 of the care system.
Objective: The impact of a single-session of a brief intervention, called Havening, in addressing depression, anxiety and impaired functioning in the workplace are presented. The aim of this study was to explore the efficacy of a single-session of Havening in improving self-reported impaired occupational functioning.
Methods: Twenty-seven participants completed the Patient Health Questionnaire depression module (PHQ-9), Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7) and the Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS) before, 1-week and 2-months after the Havening intervention.
Results: The single-session of the Havening intervention had a positive impact on probable depression (PHQ-9), probable anxiety (GAD-7) and work and social adjustment (WSAS) scores over time. The scores on all three measures improved over time. A significant effect for time was observed PHQ-9 (χ2(2) =30.79 , p<0.001), the GAD-7 (χ2(2) = 38.18, p<0.001) and the WSAS (χ2(2) = 22.62, p<0.001).
Conclusion: The single-session of Havening proved efficacious in reducing self-reported symptoms on the PHQ-9, GAD-7 and the WSAS in a sample of participants who reported being occupationally impaired.
Brief-intervention; Anxiety; Depression; Occupational impairment; Havening
Recent data suggest that around 15% of the population may be affected by common mental health disorders, such as depression, generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and social anxiety disorder [1]. According to the Office of National Statistics, the 1-week prevalence rates were 4.4% for generalised anxiety disorder, 3.0% for PTSD and 2.3% for depression [2].
In industrialised nations, mental health disorders are the leading cause of sickness-related absence [3]. In the UK, 47-61% of the total time off work certified by a doctor is accounted for by common mental disorders [4] and 37% of all claims for employment support allowance are due to common mental disorders [5]. As a result, the economic cost of absenteeism, loss in productivity and demand on health care services is considerable [6].
These data have led to improved provision of psychological therapies in the treatment of depression and anxiety to, at least in part; help ensure that the pool of people who are fit to work is enlarged. One of the long-term aims of the improved provision of psychological therapies is to reduce the cost of Incapacity Benefit leading to potential savings for the Department of Work and Pensions (DWP). Furthermore, the introduction of new therapeutic provision, such as the Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) initiative, has aimed to overcome the previously unbalanced provision of psychological therapy, long waiting times, and lack of consistency in implementing NICE guidelines for depression and anxiety [7]. However, there is still room for improvement in the provision of psychological therapies including the need to explore the efficacy of brief interventions [8].
Brief interventions have proven to be effective in depression, anxiety and loss as well as substance use disorders, such as harmful drinking [9]. The WHO Brief Intervention Study Group found that five minutes of simple advice was as effective as 20 minutes of counselling [10]. They help to fill the gap between primary prevention efforts and more intensive treatment for individuals who have clinically significant disorders such as psychosis, depression associated with suicidality and serious alcohol use disorders [11].
Havening is a novel brief intervention being utilised in the treatment of depression and anxiety. Havening aims to treat depression and anxiety symptoms caused due to traumatic encoding of negative events [12] by using sensory input to alter thoughts, mood and behaviour. During Havening, the negative event and the associated emotional state are recalled and the practitioner applies a gentle touch to the forearms, which is coupled with distracting tasks. This process increases the levels of serotonin which can disrupt reconsolidation of the link between the traumatic memory of the event and the distress it causes [13].
Given the potential versatility of Havening in treating trauma related mental health problems, [12] if shown to be effective it could be a useful therapy for step 2 of a stepped care system [1].
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a singlesession of the Havening intervention on self-reported symptoms of probable depression, symptoms of probable anxiety and work and social adjustment scores in a sample of participants who reported being occupationally impaired.
A snowball recruitment method was used whereby participants were recruited, by a psychologist, who contacted individuals, via email, who had reported being occupationally impaired as a result of depression and / or anxiety. Recipients of the email were asked to pass it on to other professionals they knew who might want to seek help for self-reported mental health problems. It is not possible to ascertain how many people in total would have received the recruitment email although the initial direct approach was made to 37 individuals.
A between subjects design was used to test the impact of a single administration of Havening on the scores of self-reported depression, anxiety and functional impairment. Data were collected before the Havening intervention (T1), one week after the intervention (T2) and two months after (T3). The data collected from participants were completely anonymous and it is not possible to identify participants from the resulting article.
Participants, who reported being occupationally impaired due to depression or anxiety, were offered the opportunity to receive a single-session of Havening to assist them in regaining their occupational fitness. According to the participants all selfreported symptoms had persistently impaired their occupational functioning. Participants completed the PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), the PRIME-MD Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7) and the Work and Social Adjustment questionnaires (WSAS).
The PHQ-9 is a measure of depressive symptoms often used in primary care; it enquires about each of the 9 DSM-IV depression criteria as “0” (not at all) to “3” (nearly every day). The maximum score of the PHQ-9 is 27; lower scores demonstrate lower levels of depression. Scores of 5, 10, 15, and 20 represent cut-off points for mild, moderate, moderately severe and severe depression respectively. The diagnostic validity of the 9-item PHQ-9 has been established primary care and obstetrical settings and studies show that PHQ-9 scores > 10 have a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 88% for major depressive disorder. The internal consistency of the PHQ-9 has been shown to be high. A study involving two different patient populations produced Cronbach alphas of 0.86 and 0.89 [14].
The GAD-7 is a self-report questionnaire for screening generalised anxiety disorder. GAD-7 has seven items which measure severity of various signs of generalized anxiety disorder according to reported response categories of “not at all,” “several days,” “more than half the days,” and “nearly every day”. Scores of 5, 10 and 15 are cut-off points for mild, moderate, and severe anxiety respectively. Validation studies have shown that the GAD-7 has sensitivity of 89% and specificity of 82% for generalized anxiety disorder [15].
The WSAS is a simple 5-item patient self-report measure that assesses the impact of a person’s mental health difficulties on their ability to function in terms of work, home management, social leisure, private leisure and personal or family relationships. The WSAS asks participants to rate the extent to which their problems were affecting work and social life. Validation studies of the WSAS have shown that it is a reliable and valid measure of impaired functioning, with a reported Cronbach's alpha range from 0.70 to 0.94 [16].
Havening is a protocol based intervention and there are three ways in which it can be delivered; facilitated Havening (directly delivered by the therapist), facilitated self-Havening (therapist present) and self-Havening (no therapist). This session used both facilitated and facilitated self-Havening. The Havening facilitator demonstrated the process on five of the 30 participants.
Participants were asked to:
i. Find an exact word or phrase that represented their current emotional difficultly. Participants scaled the word/phrase from 1-10, with 10 being the highest/most distressing score.
ii. Clear their mind or to think about something nice.
iii. Use both their hands to tap on both their collarbones whilst opening and closing their eyes twice.
iv. Continue tapping, keep their head still, and to move their eyes fully to the left and to the right and then down to the left and down to the right and finally in a full circle clockwise and then anti clockwise in front of their face, keeping their head still.
v. Place their arms across their chest and close their eyes; whilst their eyes were closed, the facilitator asked them to imagine walking up a flight of stairs and to count out loud from 1 to 20 with each step that they took.
vi. With consent, the facilitator (or the participants themselves if self-Havening) gently rubbed the sides of the participant’s arms, for the duration of the counting, whilst counting with them.
vii. Re-scale the emotion 1-10. And the procedure (ii – vi) was repeated with the visual element and auditory element changed slightly; i.e. instead of climbing up stairs it was to visualise skipping over a rope and instead of counting 1-20 participants hummed Happy Birthday.
viii. Allow their arms drop and relax, to move their eyes in circles and then to close their eyes, whilst the researcher stroked the sides of their arms again 5 times and used the words “Let it Go” on the final stroke. Finally the participants were asked to open their eyes and scale the feeling on 1-10 again. This was repeated until the scale was given 1-3.
Instructions were given to the those participants who had not experienced facilitated-Havening on how to conduct facilitated self-Havening which was then carried out in pairs with the facilitator ensuring that participants were comfortable with the procedure. Havening continued until participants felt that their difficulties had improved considerably (scoring three or less) or did not improve any further. Participants were reminded to complete their questionnaire one week and two months after the Havening intervention.
Data were collected using an online survey tool and then transferred into SPSS for analysis. Due to the data not fulfilling the assumptions of normality, and due to small numbers, the nonparametric Freidman test, followed by Post-hoc Wilcoxon signed rank tests using the Bonferroni correction, was conducted to compare scores at T1 (before Havening), T2 (one-week following Havening) and T3 (two-months after Havening). All analyses were performed using SPSS for windows version 18.0.
The study had a follow-up rate of 86% with 27 participants completing the questionnaire at all three time points. Sixtyseven per cent of the participants reported that they had been experiencing the occupational impairment for more than two years and 22% reported having experienced the problem for between one and two years (Table 1).
Table 1: Demographic details of Havening sample.
n (%)
25-29 1 (4)
35-39 3 (11)
40-49 11 (41)
50+ 11 (41)
Married 13 (48)
Living with a partner 3 (11)
In a long-term relationship 1 (4)
Single 4 (15)
Separated 1 (4)
Divorced 4 (15)
Widowed 1 (4)
Employed 13 (48)
Self-employed 7 (26)
Retired 3 (11)
Unemployed 4 (15)
Duration of problem
A month – a year 3 (11)
One – two years 6 (22)
More than two years 18 (67)
Note: Number and percentage, may not add up to 100%
The results showed a significant effect for time from T1 – T3 on the PHQ-9 (χ2(2) =30.79 , p<0.001), the GAD-7 (χ2(2) = 38.18, p<0.001) and the WSAS (χ2(2) = 22.62, p<0.001). Post-hoc analysis with Wilcoxon signed-rank tests was conducted with a Bonferroni correction applied, resulting in a significance level set at p< 0.017. Overall, participants reported an improvement on all mental health measures, which were sustained at two months, after the Havening intervention. Participants reported statistically significant changes in scores from before to one-week after Havening on the PHQ-9 (Z = -4.28, p<0.001), the GAD-7 (Z = -4.37, p<0.001), and WSAS (Z = -3.56, p<0.001). A reduction in scores was reported 2-months after the Havening treatment on the PHQ-9 (Z = -4.03, p<0.001), the GAD-7 (Z = -4.29, p<0.001) and the WSAS (Z = -3.45, p<0.001) (Table 2).
Table 2: Friedman test and post-hoc Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks test with Bonferroni correction to test for significant changes in scores from T1 – T3.
Friedman test
Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks test P Value (vs. T1)
x2(2), p-value z, p-value z, p-value
PHQ-9 30.79, 0.00*** -4.28, 0.00*** -4.03, 0.00***
GAD-7 38.18, 0.00*** -4.37, 0.00*** -4.29, 0.00***
WSAS 22.62, 0.00*** -3.56, 0.00*** -3.45, 0.00***
Note: Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test using Bonferroni adjustment (new p value: 0.05/3 = 0.017), *** p <0.001, ** p<0.01, * p<0.05, n.s = nonsignificant.
This report presents the results from a single-session of Havening in treating self-reported depression, anxiety and occupational impairment. The results demonstrate that a single-session of Havening had a positive effect on reducing scores on the PHQ-9, GAD- 7 and WSAS. Participants reported that this improvement in scores was sustained one-week and two-months after the intervention.
These findings are in line with previous evaluations of a similar psychosensory therapy. A randomised controlled trial compared the effectiveness of psychosensory therapy, which included an extrasensory stimulus in the form of tapping alongside diaphragmatic breathing, for specific phobias, such as insects, rats and spiders. Following a single session of diaphragmatic breathing, patients who received this psychosensory therapy showed an improvement in their phobias which was sustained over time [17]. Similarly, in a randomised trial of 5000 patients, psychosensory therapy was more effective in treating common mental health problems than Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) or medication. Furthermore, at one-year follow-up, the patients receiving the psychosensory treatment were less prone to relapse or partial relapse than those receiving CBT or medication [18]. However, it must be noted that the evaluation by Andrade and colleagues [18] was limited in its generalisability by informal record-keeping, subjective outcome assessments, and variables that were not rigorously controlled.
The results of this study suggest that Havening might be a suitable therapy in step 2 of the care system given the positive impact of a single-session which can be self-facilitated. Systematic reviews for anxiety and depression [19] have evaluated various aspects of self-help interventions and have endorsed their use as interventions for mild to moderate anxiety and depression. Furthermore, some self-help therapies for depression have been shown to have an enduring effect at follow-up [20]. Guided selfhelp interventions have been imbedded within the mental health services, in the form of IAPT, which provide assessments and offer brief self-help interventions, cognitive restructuring and support with computerised CBT programmes.
Our data show that the Havening intervention may well be capable of rapidly improving depression, anxiety and impaired functioning through a single-session. Furthermore, the effects of the therapy were not short-lived as our results showed that participants reported sustained improvement up to two-months after the Havening process. Since the Havening technique is simple enough to administer to subjects and teach them how to re-administer it during future episodes of distress, it could offer a substantial advantage over more complicated interventions which can only be delivered by high trained therapists over multiple sessions if more robust, comparative trials of Havening continue to demonstrate that it is effective.
Limitations of the Study
This study is limited by its small sample size, lack of control group and that the sample selection was opportunistic which is therefore likely to be non-representative of the working population. Furthermore, the participants were all healthcare professionals who are likely to be more engaged and open to psychotherapy. Given the limitations of this study the results should be regarded as preliminary.
The single-session of the Havening intervention resulted in improved scores on the PHQ-9, GAD-7 and the WSAS and these improvements were sustained over time. The Havening intervention could prove to be a useful and cost-effective intervention for common mental disorders at step 2 of the care system.
NICE (2012) Common mental health disorders: identification and pathways to care (CG123) 2012
McManus S, Meltzer H, Brugha T, Bebbington P, Jenkins R (2009) Adult psychiatric morbidity in England, 2007: results of a household survey.
Harvey SB, Henderson M, Lelliott P, Hotopf M (2009) Mental health and employment: much work still to be done. Br J Psychiatry 194: 201-203.
Li Q, Babor TF, Hao W, Chen X (2011) The Chinese translations of Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in China: a systematic review. Alcohol Alcohol 46: 416-423.
Black CD, Frost D (2011) Health at work-an independent review of sickness absence: The Stationery Office.
Cartwright S, Cooper C (1997) Managing workplace stress. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
BACP (2010) Introduction to IAPT.
McNaughton JL (2009) Brief interventions for depression in primary care: a systematic review. Can Fam Physician 55: 789-796.
Kaner EF, Beyer F, Dickinson HO, Pienaar E, Campbell F, et al. (2007) Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews. 18(2).
[No authors listed] (1996) A cross-national trial of brief interventions with heavy drinkers. WHO Brief Intervention Study Group. Am J Public Health 86: 948-955.
Higgins-Biddle TFBJC (2003) Brief Intervention For Hazardous and Harmful Drinking: A Manual for Use in Primary Care.
Ruden R (2013) Havening, A New Way of Healing 2013
Ruden R. (2005) A Neurological Basis for the Observed Peripheral Sensory Modulation of Emotional Responses. Traumatology 11:145-158.
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB (2001) The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med 16: 606-613.
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Monahan PO, Löwe B (2007) Anxiety disorders in primary care: prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection. Ann Intern Med 146: 317-325.
Mundt JC, Marks IM, Shear MK, Greist JH (2002) The Work and Social Adjustment Scale: a simple measure of impairment in functioning. Br J Psychiatry 180: 461-464.
Wells S, Polglase K, Andrews HB, Carrington P, Baker AH (2003) Evaluation of a meridian-based intervention, emotional freedom techniques (EFT), for reducing specific phobias of small animals. Journal of Clinical Psychology 59:943-966.
Andrade J, Feinstein D (2003) Preliminary Report of the First Large-Scale Study of Energy Psychology.
Gellatly J, Bower P, Hennessy S, Richards D, Gilbody S, et al. (2007) What makes self-help interventions effective in the management of depressive symptoms? Meta-analysis and meta-regression. Psychol Med 37: 1217-1228.
Andersson G, Bergström J, Holländare F, Carlbring P, Kaldo V, et al. (2005) Internet-based self-help for depression: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 187: 456-461.
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B.O. Roundup, October 24-26: 'Ouija' Scares Up More Money than 'John Wick'
Sunday, 26 October 2014 10:18 Written by iamrogue
Bust out the planchette and start a séance, kids, because Ouija is the number one movie in North America.
Unsurprisingly, a horror movie took the top spot on the weekend before Halloween. The only new horror movie available was Ouija, so that's what people saw most, while no-bullshit actioner John Wick provided a no-frills alternative.
Hasbro has been having a good year. Transformers: Age of Extinction, a hateful movie if ever there was one, is 2014's biggest global grosser, having hauled in over a billion dollars worldwide.
With its blockbuster game tight, Hasbro has now notched a big victory in the tiny-budget horror arena: Oujia earned an estimated $20.0 million from 2,858 locations in the U.S. and Canada, all at a production cost reported to be around $3 million.
The feature directorial debut of Stiles White, Oujia managed to ride out a critical shellacking and indifference from anyone who actually saw the movie thanks to a marketing effort that targeted young moviegoers and included the first-ever integrated shilling effort on Snapchat. Ouija brought out young moviegoers in force. 75% of attendees were under the age of 25 years old.
Ouija will burn off as quickly as your average horror movie, which tends to extinguish demand in the first week or so, but John Wick could stand pretty tall over the weeks to come. Keanu Reeves returns to dual-pistol gunslinging with the straightforward revenge movie, which debuted in 2,589 theaters and grossed $14.1 million, according to current estimates.
John Wick ought to hold better than Oujia, which will virtually disappear after Halloween. The film marks Reeves's addition to the stilly-yet-stripped-down action genre of which Liam Neeson is currently king.
St. Vincent expanded from 68 locations to 2,282. In the process, the Bill Murray/Melissa McCarthy dramedy earned an estimated $8.0 million. That's small shakes compared to McCarthy's recent output, but the more modest St. Vincent has been pushed more as a Murray movie, so it's not quite an apples-to-apples comparison.
Here are the top ten movies in North America for the weekend of October 24-26:
1. Ouija...........................................................$20.0 million...............New Release
2. John Wick..................................................$14.1 million...............New Release
3. Fury............................................................$13.0 million...............$46.0 million
4. Gone Girl....................................................$11.1 million...............$124.0 million
5. The Book of Life........................................$9.8 million.................$29.9 million
6. St. Vincent.................................................$8.0 million.................$9.1 million
7. Alexander and the Terrible.......................$7.0 million.................$45.5 million
8. The Best of Me...........................................$4.7 million.................$17.6 million
9. The Judge...................................................$4.3 million.................$34.3 million
10. Dracula Untold.........................................$4.3 million.................$48.3 million
Overall, October 2014 is looking like the biggest Halloween month on the books, with the top twelve raking in an estimated $102.7 million.
The upcoming Halloween weekend sees the addition of Nightcrawler, Before I Go to Sleep, and a tenth-anniversary re-release of Saw.
B.O. Roundup, March 27-29: 'Home' Over-Performs, 'Get Hard' is Tough Enough
B.O. Roundup, March 20-22: 'Insurgent' Is Up to Snuff; 'The Gunman' Shoots Itself in the Foot
B.O. Roundup, March 13-15: 'Cinderella' Enchants with a Whopping $70 Million Debut
ouija board movie
weekend estimates
B.O. Roundup, September 19-21: 'The Maze Runner' Sprints to First Place B.O. Roundup, October 31-November 2: 'Nightcrawler' and 'Ouija' Duke It Out
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Enzo Ferrari – car maker
Entrepreneur turned Ferrari into world’s most famous marque
Enzo Ferrari at the 1967 Italian GP in Monza
Enzo Ferrari, the founder of the Scuderia Ferrari motor racing team and later the Ferrari sports car factory, died on this day in 1988 at the age of 90.
Known widely as Il Commendatore, he passed away in Maranello, a town in Emilia-Romagna a few kilometres from Modena, where he had a house, the Villa Rosa, literally opposite Ferrari’s headquarters, where he continued to supervise operations almost to his death. He had reportedly been suffering from kidney disease.
Since the first Ferrari racing car was built in 1947 and the Scuderia Ferrari team’s famous prancing stallion symbol has been carried to victory in 228 Formula One Grand Prix races and brought home 15 drivers’ championships and 16 manufacturers’ championship.
Always an exclusive marque, the number of Ferraris produced for road use since the company began to build cars for sale rather than simply to race is in excess of 150,000.
Born Enzo Anselmo Ferrari in 1898 in Modena, he attended his first motor race in Bologna at the age of 10 and developed a passion for fast cars rivalled only by his love of opera.
He endured tragedy in 1916 when both his brother and his father died in a flu epidemic and was fortunate to survive another epidemic two years later, when he became seriously ill while serving with the army.
A young Enzo Ferrari pictured at the
wheel of a racing car
In 1919, he moved to Milan to work as a test driver, joining Alfa Romeo the following year. It was after winning a race in 1923 that he met the parents of First World War flying ace Francesco Baracca, who suggested the young driver use the emblem that decorated their son's plane for good luck – a prancing horse.
In 1929, he formed the Scuderia Ferrari motor racing team, which was essentially the racing division of Alfa Romeo, although that arrangement came to an end in 1937 – six years after he retired as a driver – when Alfa claimed back control of its racing operation.
Soon after leaving Alfa Romeo, Enzo Ferrari opened a workshop in Modena but the outbreak of the Second World War stalled its progress, and the first Ferrari racing car – the 125S - was not completed until 1947.
The marque scored its first win in the same year, at the Rome Grand Prix, and went on to notch victories at the Mille Miglia in 1948, the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1949 and the British Grand Prix in 1951.
In 1952 and 1953, Ferrari driver Alberto Ascari won the newly launched Formula One world championship. Around this time, the company also began producing cars for road use, with rich and famous clients soon queuing up for the chance to own one as its reputation grew as the ultimate automotive status symbol.
The Ferrari museum at Maranello has a reconstruction of Enzo's
office with a waxwork of 'il Commendatore' at his desk
Enzo suffered more personal tragedy in 1956 with the death of his son Dino from muscular dystrophy, during a period in which six of his drivers were killed and one of his cars went out of control in the 1957 Mille Miglia, killing nine spectators. Afterwards he became increasingly reclusive.
Financial issues prompted him to sell 50 per cent of Ferrari to Fiat in 1969 and he formally resigned as president of the company in 1977, although he remained involved with day-to-day running.
The Ferrari name lives on as a public company with its legal headquarters in Amsterdam. Enzo’s second son, Piero, owns 10 per cent of the company.
Ferrari's famous 'prancing horse'
at the Maranello factory
Maranello, a town of around 17,000 inhabitants 18 km (11 miles) from Modena, has been the location for the Ferrari factory since the early 1940s, when Enzo Ferrari transferred operations from Modena, due to bombing during the Second World War. The public museum Museo Ferrari, which displays sports and racing cars and trophies, is also in Maranello. In another sport, Maranello is also the starting point of the annual Italian Marathon, which finishes in nearby Carpi.
Modena should be high up the list of any visitor’s must-see places in northern Italy. One of the country’s major centres for food – the home of balsamic vinegar and tortellini among other things – it has a large number of top-quality restaurants among its narrow streets. The ideal base for visiting Ferrari’s headquarters at Maranello, it also has a beautiful Romanesque cathedral and is the birthplace of the great tenor Luciano Pavarotti, whose former home in Stradello Nava, about 8km (5 miles) from the centre of the city is now a museum.
Labels: 1988, Alberto Ascari, Alfa Romeo, Enzo Ferrari, Formula One, Francesco Barraca, Maranello, Modena, Motor racing, Motors, Scuderia Ferrari, Sport
Gino Lucetti – failed assassin
Andrea Gabrieli - composer
Leonardo De Lorenzo – flautist
Lamberto Maggiorani - unlikely movie star
Zanetta Farussi – actress
La Pietà - Michelangelo's masterpiece
Saint Patricia of Naples
Parmigianino - Mannerist painter
Roberto Assagioli – psychiatrist
History’s first air raid
Emilio Salgari – adventure novelist
Eleonora Fonseca Pimentel – poet and revolutionary...
Cesare Prandelli – football coach
Antonio Salieri - composer
Pope Benedict XIV
Umberto Baldini – art restorer
Francesco Zuccarelli - landscape painter
Aurelio Saffi – republican activist
Mario Balotelli - footballer
Massimiliano Allegri - football coach
Ippolito dè Medici – Lord of Florence
Romano Prodi – politician
Danilo Gallinari – basketball player
Gerry Scotti - television show host
Barbara Strozzi – composer
Felice Casson - politician and magistrate
Giovanni Spadolini - politician
Imperia Cognati - courtesan
Pietro Mascagni – composer
Francesca Scanagatta - soldier
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FRESH! Naked! What’s nu(de) in contemporary art
The upcoming winter FRESH! group show with have the theme "Naked! What’s nu(de) in contemporary art" with guest artists who will explore the concept of the nude in contemporary art.
Artists selected are Michele Voigt, Erik Durant, Maggie Parvaneh, Joseph O'Neill, Fransisco Palomares, Bruno Perillo, Blaire Cahill, Michel Leroy, Ajuan Song, HakChul Kim, Christopher Parrott.
The figure, specifically the nude, is arguably the most widely used subject matter in the history of art. From the Venus of Willendorf and Ancient Greece to Picasso and Giacometti, the nude figure has been used formally and conceptually to represent not only the model, but the emotions and ideals of their times and places. In this global world, what does it mean to use the nude in our modern age, particularly with the advent of new materials and technologies, both in the creation and spread of the artwork. How has the tradition carried over, and how has it changed to reflect our society?
Historically the nude was viewed in a more “heroic” fashion; from Antiquity to the Renaissance, while there were female nudes, the male nude dominated. There begins a shift in the 1600s and by the turn of the 19th century the landscape of nudes are almost entirely women, a lineage that we are still following today. What is it about the shift in modernity that has shifted the idea of the nude from “heroism” to “vulnerability” or simply more blatant “objectification”.
Viewing these artworks allows us a lens with which to see how each culture interprets beauty differently. From the Reubeneque figures to the airbrushed and photoshopped images we see today, how can the way we deal with the figure show us what our modern conceptions of beauty tell us about ourselves? How do the physical characteristics of the human body define a societies’ values? What are the values that society deems important enough to put into art?
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The Ancestors of William Longfellow of Horsforth, Yorkshire and Newbury, MA
Luckily for me, and for all who are interested in William Longfellow, his English ancestors were thoroughly researched and published way back in 1883. The researcher and author was G. F. Sewell who traveled to England and combed through the parish registers and trolled through wills of all the Longfellows he could find. He admits that he cannot absolutely link each generation and that he was "diffident" about printing his "proofs" but hoped that some other researcher could use them to find the documents which would prove a "perfect pedigree". No other researcher has come along with the perfect pedigree, so we have to make do with what he discovered, and that may be all we know about the Longfellows. So here is what he found about the Longfellows of Yorkshire.
The Longfellow family was from an area in Yorkshire just to the north and west of the city of Leeds. The Longfellow name has been found in various villages such as Otley, Guiseley, Bagley, Calverley and Horsforth. These villages are all within a few miles of each other. The county of Yorkshire was divided into smaller administrative units called 'Ridings'. These villages were in the West Riding. The area was mostly agricultural in our Longfellow's time. Horsforth was recorded in the year 1086 in the great Doomsday Book of William the Conqueror. Today it and the other villages are part of the Greater Metropolitan Area of Leeds.
Sewell was able to find evidence of the Longfellow name in the Horsforth area as far back as the 15th century. The spelling of the name has evolved, sometimes spelled with an 'O' as in Long and sometimes with an 'A' as in Lang. The name seems to have originally ended in an 'Ley' or 'Lay'.
possible ancestors
The oldest Longfellow he discovered was one James Langfellay of Otley, Yorkshire. All we know of him is that he wrote his will on 18 June 1486 and died sometime before it was proved in York, a little more than a month later, on 28 July. In his will he named his wife Alice and John Langfellay as his executors. What was the relationship between James and John? Sewell guesses that they were brothers. Relationship to our William: Unknown.
In about 1520 a John Longellay petitioned Peter Middleton Esq. to be admitted as a tenant to a small piece of land near Otley. In 1521 he was recorded in the Manorial records as being fined, along with 21 others, for taking "the lords's wood". The last record of this John comes from 1524 when he paid a day's wages to support King Henry the VIII's war against France. Nothing more is known of him.
Horsforth Path by the River Aire Rich Tea
Sewell next found evidence of a Peter Langfellowe who was vicar of Huddersfield in 1508, of Calverley in 1510 and finally vicar of Leathley, near Otley, all in Yorkshire. This Peter was died and was replaced in 1530. Sewell surmised that all three Peters are the same man, but there is not definitive proof. Relationship to our William: Unknown.
Next up is Richard Langfellay of Otley. He wrote his will in 1537. He left money in his will for the church at Otley and for upkeep and repair of the local bridge. Richard named his wife Elizabeth, but named no sons. Sewell guessed that he was the brother of Peter Langfellowe. Relationship to our William: Unknown.
A third man, a contemporary of Peter and Richard, was William Longfellow of Leathley. In his will of 1540 he named Sir Richard Langfellay, his own wife Isabel and his son, Percival Longfellow. Percival was to receive his father's land in Bagley. William's will was proved in March of 1543/4. Relationship to Peter and Richard: assumed to be brothers. Relationship to Percival: proven to be his father. Relationship to our William: unproven. Was Isabel the mother of Percival, this is unknown.
Percival Langfellow, of Bagley, wrote his will on 8 November 1577. He asked to be buried in the Calverley Churchyard and left money for the church. He named his son Thomas and left him a cupboard, a great chair and a pair of bedstocks. The rest of the household goods was divided up between daughters Jennet, Isabel and Elizabeth. No wife was named and no land was mentioned. Relationship to Thomas: proven to be his father. Relationship to our William: unproven.
St. Wilfred Calverley by Stanley Walker
No birth or death record can be found for Thomas. He did have two sons baptized at Calverley. John on 19 July 1578 and Edward on 4 March 1582/3. This Thomas would seem to be the same as named in Percival's will. He was having children at the right time and lived in the same village. I have seen on Ancestry.com a wife named Elizabeth Gookin, but no one seems to have any source for this marriage. Some trees have her birth/death as 1544-1655 which would make her 111 at her death. This makes me just a bit suspicious, how 'bout you? Thomas' death record has not been found. Relationship to Percival: most likely his son. Known father to Edward.
getting warmer
An Edward Longfellow took his daughter Grace to be baptized in the village of Guiseley on 18 Nov. 1621. Subsequent children were also baptized at Guiseley and William was named as their father. In 1619 a child named William Longfellow was baptized at Guiseley, but no parents were named. The researcher Sewell states that at that time, other children who were baptized had no parents name in the records. Sewell writes that he makes the assumption that Edward was the father of William based on the limited evidence at hand. As no other male Longfellow was baptizing children in Guiseley, it is most probable that the relationship is correct.
St. Oswald's Guiseley by Dave Bevis
When I looked for Longfellows baptized in Guiseley at that time I found not only William in 1619, but also Ane bp. 1613/4, Robert bp. 1615, Mary bp. 1617 and Elizabeth bp. 1624. Sewell did not identify Ane, Robert or Mary as siblings of William. I would think that if William was considered to be Edward's child, the others would have to be included in the family as well. Grace and Thomas, other siblings, were not baptized at Guiseley but at the Chapel at Horsforth.
not our edward
Now, at the same time our Edward was living in Guiseley, another Edward Longfellow and his wife Jane Harrison were living in Ilkley, Yorkshire. I have seem her name attached to our Edward but that is an obvious error. The name of our Edward's wife is not known.
According to another source, Edward Longfellow purchased a house in Horsforth in 1625. The house, called "Upper House", was said to have been on or near Tom Royd Hill near Woodside. This was not the only property he bought. In a search of Access to Archives, I also found a 1623 mortgage for Edward Longfellow, Husbandman of Horsforth, he bought a messuage that included a barn, orchard, garden, as well as closes and a cottage. The purchase also include lands called Claverlands and Clay Flatts.
In 1647, at the age of 65, Edward turned over his house and lands to his son William. No record of his death has been found. His wife's name remains unknown as is his date of death.
This brings me to William Longfellow Sr., the father of the immigrant William. William, as I said was baptized on 24 Oct 1619 at St. Oswald's in Guiseley. Although his father was described as a husbandman, a man who farmed and worked the land, William learned a trade and worked as a clothier. A clothier was a maker of clothing. He must have been fairly successful as he bought multiple properties around Horsforth.
On 10 Sept. 1646, at St. Wilfred's Calverley, William married Elizabeth Thornton. Although nothing is known about her, I find Elizabeth intriguing because my maiden name is also Thornton. My Thornton ancestors are said to have originated in Yorkshire. Could she be related to them? Who knows. William was recorded as having bought land at Clay Flatts from a Mary Thornton, was she her mother?
A search of the freereg.org reveals that there were two girls named Elizabeth who were born in Horsforth in around 1628 that could possibly the wife of William. First there is Elizabeth d/o John, baptized 24 Feb. 1627/8, her father's name was John Thornton. A John Thornton married Susan Stringer on 25 November 1622. The second is Elizabeth also baptized in 1628 at Horsforth, her father's name was Robart. Unfortunately, without any type of document linking Elizabeth Thornton Longfellow to any potential father we are left with guesses. I have seen on ancestry.com a date of death in the year 1671. I can find nothing that would indicate that she died that year, or any other year, for that matter. Some of these ancestry trees also have William remarrying in 1671 to a woman named Ellen Walker. This is another bit of information for which I can find no proof or documentation.
The children of William and Elizabeth were:
1. William bp. 20 October 1650, m. Ann Sewell, d. 1690
2. Sarah bp. 20 May 1652
3. Lucy bp. 8 March 1653/4
4. Nathan d. 1687
5. Isabel m. Timothy Stables
William wrote his will in July of 1704, he was buried on 25 July 1704. Elizabeth was not mentioned in his will nor were any children other than his daughter Isabel. We know that Nathan and William Jr. were dead and I guess that Sarah and Lucy had also died. No mention was made of William's grandchildren in Massachusetts.
William Longfellow of Newbury, MA
Longfellow, Wadsworth Henry and Alighieri, Dante, The Works of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: With Biographical and Critical Notes of His Life, with Extracts From His Journals and Correspondences, Vol 14, Houghton-Mifflin, 1891, pgs 421-422.
Cutter, Richard William, Genealogical and Personal Memoirs Relating to the Families of Boston and Eastern Massachusetts, Vol. 1, Lewis Historical Publishing Co., Boston, MA, 1908, pg. 92.
Speight, Harry, Through Airedale from Goole to Malham, Walker and Laycock, Airedale, 1891, p. 94.
Posted by Jeanie Roberts at 4:07 PM
Labels: Great Migration Ancestor, Massachusetts
William Longfellow of Horsforth, England and Newb...
The Ancestors of William Longfellow of Horsforth, ...
My Number One Fan
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Score At Hand - Tennis Racket Scorekeeper
Tennis Racket Scorekeeper
Description: "Score At Hand" has scored around the country with tennis players who want to focus on “being in the game”. Score At Hand is the new tennis racket scorekeeper that goes right on your tennis racket, making sure you’ll know the score at every point. Inventor Christine recalls, “Often when I was really ‘in the point,’ I struggled to remember the score by the end of the rally. Now, with the touch of a finger, I can adjust Score At Hand to the correct score without interrupting the game. The top portion is used for the game score, and the bottom is used for the set score and tiebreaks.” Score At Hand was designed and developed in Hawaii, where tennis is played year-round. Score At Hand works for everyone, but junior and senior players find it especially helpful. You can see Score At Hand in action in this YouTube Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59A2l560jHo
Score At Hand Logo
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Root - "The Book (Re-Issue)" (CD)
"The Book (Re-Issue)" track listing:
1. The Book (5:52)
2. The Mystical Words of the Wise (6:07)
3. The Curse - Durron (6:22)
4. Why? (3:20)
5. Corabeu - Part One (4:07)
6. Corabeu - Part Two (5:04)
7. The Birth (4:38)
8. Lykorian (3:48)
9. The Message of the Time (7:46)
10. Remember Me! (3:41)
11. Darkoutro - ...Toccata - Prestissimo Molto (5:19)
12. The Curse - Durron (Pre-Production) (6:34)
13. Lykorian (Demo Version 1) (3:44)
15. Corabeu - Part One (Demo Version) (4:29)
Reviewed by xFiruath on April 9, 2011
"Whether as a history lesson or a possible new favorite album, “The Book” should eventually hit any metal fan’s rotation."
Continuing to re-issue early work by the criminally unknown Czech Republic act Root, I Hate Records eventually reached one of the band’s most highly acclaimed efforts, “The Book.” Recognized as a milestone for Root, “The Book” has a significant leg up on the debut and much less polished “Zjeveni” (reviewed here) or even on the more experimental “The Temple in the Underworld” (reviewed here).
What these re-issues have shown is that Root really should have had a chance to get out into the wider metal world much sooner. If “The Book” had seen release outside Eastern Europe back in 1999, it’s almost a certainty that it would have had an impact on the changing musical landscape. As the explosion of sub-genres was happening and the lines between types of metal were being drawn, “The Book” would have been a breath of fresh air.
“The Book” seems more focused overall than “The Temple in the Underworld,” keeping up the unique style but not going nearly as eclectic. The sound is based in doom and a constant mid-tempo pace, and is overall a bit more mature and advanced than the earlier albums. Unlike with its predecessors, almost none of the album can even be remotely considered black metal anymore, as Root went a far different direction than the infamous second wave. Vocally, the disc usually sticks to a deep and clean baritone singing that can’t really be heard anywhere else.
What’s interesting about “The Book” is that it has more layers than it might first seem. The second listen through is a lot more enjoyable than the first, with the mood of the album becoming more clear. “The Book” isn’t an ambient release by any stretch of the imagination, but it has a certain chill quality that makes the music more enjoyable if it’s really being focused on instead of just heard in the background. Without resorting to ten minute long tracks that get lost in repetition or endless frozen black metal rasps, Root still manages to make an album all about atmosphere.
There are a couple of instances where Root goes out if its way to throw the audience for a loop, like on “Darkoutro.” It seems like most of the band’s albums have to have some kind of mindscrew track, and this one is it. Rather than going all psychotic like on “The Temple in the Underworld,” this particular song instead slams straight into disturbing and becomes downright scary.
Rounding out the re-issue version is pre-production and demo versions of four songs, which alternate between being either heavier or more experimental than the album tracks. Despite having noticeably lower sound quality, they are actually a lot more entertaining than the bonus tracks on the re-issue versions of the band’s other albums.
“The Book” shows what might have been if a different stylistic base had been used to influence later black and death metal albums. Whether as a history lesson or a possible new favorite album, “The Book” should eventually hit any metal fan’s rotation.
Highs: Heavy but still chill and the songs get better on each listen.
Lows: Vocal style takes a bit of getting used to, and in parts the album could use more technicality or heaviness.
Bottom line: A unique take on mid-paced and atmopsheric metal using vocal and musical styles that aren't usually heard anywhere else.
Get more info including news, reviews, interviews, links, etc. on our Root band page.
"Hell Symphony (25 Year Anniversary Reissue) " (CD)
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Mike Krukow
Mike Krukow at the 2012 San Francisco Giants World Series victory parade
Born: (1952-01-21) January 21, 1952 (age 67)
September 6, 1976, for the Chicago Cubs
June 4, 1989, for the San Francisco Giants
Chicago Cubs (1976–1981)
Philadelphia Phillies (1982)
San Francisco Giants (1983–1989)
San Francisco Giants Wall of Fame
Michael Edward Krukow (born January 21, 1952) is an American former professional baseball starting pitcher, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Chicago Cubs, Philadelphia Phillies, and San Francisco Giants.[1] He is currently a television color commentator for the Giants.
2 Major league career
3 Broadcaster
4 Video games
Krukow attended San Gabriel High School in San Gabriel, California, where he played as a catcher. He was drafted as a catcher by the California Angels in the 32nd round of the 1970 Major League Baseball Draft but did not sign.[1]
Krukow played college baseball for the Cal Poly Mustangs in San Luis Obispo, California. Though his collegiate eligibility was cut short, he still holds the school record for career earned run average at 1.94 and is tied for most shutouts in a season with five.
Major league career[edit]
Krukow being interviewed
by Milo Hamilton in 1981
Krukow was drafted by the Chicago Cubs in the 8th round of the 1973 draft. Krukow played Major League baseball for the Chicago Cubs (1976–1981), the Philadelphia Phillies (1982) and the San Francisco Giants (1983–1989). He batted and threw right-handed.
Krukow had a solid career in the major leagues. In 1982, after six years with the Cubs, he was dealt to Philadelphia for pitchers Dickie Noles and Dan Larson and outfielder Keith Moreland.
The right-handed starter was second only to Steve Carlton in wins, posting a 13–11 record and an impressive 3.12 ERA, but despite this success, the Phillies sent Krukow, Mark Davis and Charlie Penigar to the San Francisco Giants in December 1982 in a trade for Joe Morgan and reliever Al Holland. The trade helped Philadelphia win the National League pennant in 1983, but it also gave San Francisco two arms that would become a big part of the Giants' success in the late 1980s.
Although known as a starter, Krukow earned his only career save on August 31, 1984, pitching to just one batter (the Phillies' Sixto Lezcano), inducing a game-ending groundout, therefore preserving a 6–5 Giant victory.[2]
Krukow's best season was in 1986, posting a record of 20–9 with a 3.05 ERA pitching for the San Francisco Giants. Krukow finished third in that year's NL Cy Young Award voting behind Mike Scott and Fernando Valenzuela. Krukow was selected to the National League All-Star team that season. He was awarded the Willie Mac Award in both 1985 and 1986 honoring his spirit and leadership. In 1987, Krukow helped lead the Giants to their first division championship in 16 years.
Krukow's 17 no decisions were the most among MLB starting pitchers in 1987,[3] as well as being the most ever by a Giants starter dating back to at least 1908.[4] He made the only postseason appearance of his career in Game 4 of the 1987 National League Championship Series. Krukow was the winning pitcher in a 9 inning complete game, allowing 2 runs on 9 hits, as the Giants beat the St. Louis Cardinals, 4–2.[5] It was the Cardinals, however, that took the series in seven games to reach the World Series.
On June 30, 1989, Krukow underwent arthroscopic surgery to repair a torn rotator cuff in his pitching shoulder after spending parts of three seasons on the disabled list for what was believed to be bursitis. He retired in March 1990.[6] In his 14-season career, Krukow posted a 124–117 record with 1,478 strikeouts and a 3.90 ERA in 2190.1 innings pitched.
Broadcaster[edit]
After his playing career, Krukow became a radio and television sportscaster. Krukow began broadcasting as an occasional color analyst for KNBR radio in 1990 and became a full-time broadcaster in 1994. He is a seven-time Emmy award winner.[7] "Kruk," who was named as the starting right-handed pitcher to the 1980s Giants All- Decade Team in a vote by Bay Area media in 1999, is noted for his deep knowledge of the game and tremendous sense of humor.[8] He is known for his detailed scouting reports on umpires' strike zones.[citation needed]
Part of the San Francisco Giants broadcasting team, Krukow is half of the duo dubbed "Kruk and Kuip," (pronounced "Kruke" and "Kipe") along with partner Duane Kuiper, a former Giants teammate. Krukow and Kuiper tape a game-day commentary ("Kruk and Kuip on baseball") for KNBR radio as part of the Giants' pre-game radio coverage. Notably, although Krukow was a pitcher and Kuiper was a position player, Krukow has five career home runs, four more than Kuiper (who managed only one in his career despite having over 3,000 at-bats).
Krukow has a few "Kruktionary" catchphrases, including: "Grab some pine, meat"; "Just another, ha ha ha ha, laugher!" (after a nail-biter win); and "I wanna get that!", the last of which is associated with a product endorsement.[9]
Video games[edit]
Krukow and Kuiper can be heard as the commentators in Electronic Arts video games MVP Baseball 2003, 2004 and 2005. They include Krukow's familiar "grab some pine, meat" quote.[citation needed]
Personal[edit]
Until the summer of 2014, Krukow and his wife Jennifer resided in San Luis Obispo, California, but they moved to Reno, Nevada to be closer to their grandchildren.[10] They have five adult children, Jarek, Baker, Tessa, Chase and Weston.[7] He is a talented musician, and proficient in the guitar, the mandolin, the banjo, and the ukulele.[11]
In July 2014, Krukow revealed he was suffering from inclusion body myositis (IBM). His condition was known to the Giants and many of his fellow broadcasters, but he kept the condition a secret from the general public until then.[10][11] Krukow first noticed that he was having problems about 10 years earlier, when he had lost about 100 yards (90 m) off his golf drive.[10] According to sportswriter Steve Fainaru, Krukow "blew it off... for years", but "secretly feared he had amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Lou Gehrig's disease".[10] Finally, in 2011, he saw the Giants' team neurologist, who referred him to a neuromuscular specialist who in turn diagnosed him with IBM.[10] The disease, which mainly affects the quadriceps and hand muscles, is not life-threatening, but now requires him to use a cane; eventually, Krukow will have to use a walker and/or a scooter.[11] Because of increasing hand weakness that limits his ability to play stringed instruments, he has recently taken up the drums, which require a different set of muscular movements.[10] Krukow plans to continue broadcasting for the foreseeable future,[11] but in 2017, he announced that he would reduce his schedule to 120 games a season, only working road games west of Denver, except for postseason games.[12]
^ a b "Mike Krukow Stats". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 24, 2019.
^ "Aug 31, 1984, Giants at Phillies Box Score and Play by Play". baseball-reference.com. sports-reference.com. August 31, 1984. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
^ "Pitching Game Finder: For 1987, Recorded no decision, as Starter, sorted by greatest number of games in a single season matching the selected criteria". Baseball Reference. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
^ "Pitching Game Finder: From 1908 to 2018, Playing for SFG, Recorded no decision, as Starter, sorted by greatest number of games in a single season matching the selected criteria". Baseball Reference. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
^ "Mike Krukow Postseason Pitching Game Logs". Baseball Reference. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
^ "Pirates' rooms next on arbitration list?". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Pittsburgh, PA. Associated Press (AP). March 21, 1990. p. 15. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
^ a b "SF Broadcasters". MLB Advanced Media, L.P. Retrieved July 15, 2012.
^ "Giants broadcasters". KNBR.com. Archived from the original on April 29, 2007. Retrieved May 16, 2007.
^ Nix, J.W. (April 6, 2011). "Baseball's 10 Best Active Broadcasters". Bleacher Report. Retrieved March 24, 2019.
^ a b c d e f Fainaru, Steve (September 30, 2014). "A Giant Friendship". Outside the Lines. ESPN.com. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
^ a b c d Nevius, C.W. (July 22, 2014). "Giants broadcaster Mike Krukow fighting through muscle disease". San Francisco Chronicle.
^ "Mike Krukow announces reduced 2017 broadcasting schedule". mccoveychronicles.com. February 9, 2017. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball-Reference, or Fangraphs, or The Baseball Cube, or Baseball-Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet
The Buddy System: Long-lasting friendship between Krukow, Kuiper comes across the airwaves
San Francisco Giants Broadcast Team on the Comcast SportNet Bay Area site
New York / San Francisco Giants Opening Day starting pitchers
Red Ames
Johnny Antonelli
Jesse Barnes
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Bob Knepper
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Dummy Taylor
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2016 United States House of Representatives elections in Connecticut
Main article: United States House of Representatives elections, 2016
← 2014 November 8, 2016 (2016-11-08) 2018 →
All 5 Connecticut seats to the United States House of Representatives
Majority party
Minority party
Democratic Republican
2.67% 3.13%
Elections in Connecticut
1917 (4th sp)
2006 (4th)
State Senate elections
State House elections
The 2016 United States House of Representatives elections in Connecticut were held on Tuesday, November 8, 2016 to elect the five U.S. Representatives from the state of Connecticut, one from each of the state's five congressional districts. The elections coincided with the 2016 U.S. presidential election, as well as other elections to the House of Representatives, elections to the United States Senate and various state and local elections. The primaries were held on August 9.
1 District 1
1.1 Results
District 1[edit]
See also: Connecticut's 1st congressional district
Democrat John Larson has represented this district since 1999. He is running for re-election.
Connecticut’s 1st congressional district, 2016 [1]
Democratic John B. Larson (incumbent) 200,686 64.1
Republican Matthew M. Corey 105,674 33.8
Green S. Michael DeRosa 6,563 2.1
312,923 100.0
Democratic hold
See also: Connecticut's 2nd congressional district
Democrat Joe Courtney has represented this district since 2007. He is running for re-election. Daria Novak, a radio-TV talk show host who sought the seat twice before, is the Republican nominee.[2][3] Jonathan Pelto, a former Democratic member of the Connecticut House of Representatives, is the Green Party nominee.[4] Daniel Reale is the nominee for the Libertarian Party.[5]
Connecticut’s 2nd congressional district, 2016 [1]
Democratic Joe Courtney (incumbent) 208,818 63.2
Republican Daria Novak 111,149 33.7
Green Jonathan Pelto 5,332 1.6
Libertarian Daniel Reale 4,949 1.5
See also: Connecticut's 3rd congressional district
Democrat Rosa DeLauro has represented this district since 1991. She is running for re-election.
Connecticut’s 3rd congressional district, 2016 [1]
Democratic Rosa DeLauro (incumbent) 207,515 69.0
Republican Angel Cadena 95,786 31.0
See also: Connecticut's 4th congressional district
Democrat Jim Himes has represented this district since 2009. He is running for re-election. John Shaban is running against Himes as a Republican.[6]
Connecticut’s 4th congressional district, 2016 [1]
Democratic Jim Himes (incumbent) 187,811 59.9
Republican John Shaban 125,724 40.1
Democrat Elizabeth Esty has represented this district since 2013.
Democratic Elizabeth Esty (incumbent) 179,252 58.0
Republican Clay Cope 129,801 42.0
United States House of Representatives elections, 2016
United States elections, 2016
^ a b c d e "2016 General Election November 8, 2016 Unofficial Results". ct.gov. November 8, 2016. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
^ "Republican Novak making third try for Courtney's seat". The CT Mirror. May 15, 2016. Retrieved 2016-07-18.
^ "Ann Brookes will not wage GOP primary in 2nd Congressional". The CT Mirror. May 19, 2016. Retrieved 2016-07-18.
^ "Former Connecticut state representative to seek Green Party's nomination for Congress". American Third Party Report. July 15, 2016. Retrieved 2016-07-18.
^ http://www.sots.ct.gov/sots/lib/sots/electionservices/lists/list_of_candidates/2016_candidate_list.pdf
^ Burns, Christopher (August 19, 2015). "Redding State Rep. John Shaban will run for U.S. Congress seat". The Redding Pilot. Retrieved September 16, 2015.
(2015 ←) 2016 United States elections (→ 2017)
1st, special
8th, special
2nd, special
Oregon (special)
Miami-Dade County, FL
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Connecticut&oldid=901902156"
2016 United States House of Representatives elections
United States House of Representatives elections in Connecticut
2016 Connecticut elections
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Roman Catholic Diocese of Dresden-Meissen
(Redirected from Diocese of Meissen)
Diocese of Dresden-Meissen
Dioecesis Dresdensis-Misnensis
Bistum Dresden-Meißen
Dresden Cathedral
Ecclesiastical province
16,934 km2 (6,538 sq mi)
- Catholics
(as of 2013)
141,264 (3.3%)
Roman Rite
24 June 1921 as Diocese of Meissen
15 November 1979 renamed Diocese of Dresden-Meissen
Katholische Hofkirche, Dresden
Co-cathedral
St. Peter's, Bautzen
St. Benno of Meissen
Donatus of Arezzo
Afra of Augsburg
Heinrich Timmerevers
Bishop of Dresden-Meissen
Metropolitan Archbishop
Heiner Koch
Bishops emeritus
Joachim Reinelt
bistum-dresden-meissen.de
The Diocese of Dresden-Meissen (Latin: Dioecesis Dresdensis-Misnensis; German: Bistum Dresden-Meißen) is a Diocese of Catholic Church in Germany with its seat in Dresden. It is suffragan to the Archdiocese of Berlin.
Founded as the Bishopric of Meissen (German: Bistum Meißen) in 968, it was dissolved in 1539 during the Protestant Reformation. The diocese was reestablished in 1921 and renamed Dresden-Meissen in 1980. Today its central church is Dresden Cathedral, the former Catholic Church of the Court of Saxony Sanctissimae Trinitatis built from 1739 until 1755 under Elector Frederick Augustus II, and its patron saint is Benno of Meissen.
1.1 Ancient See of Meissen
1.2 Apostolic Prefecture of Meissen
1.3 The new Diocese of Meissen
1.4 The renamed Diocese of Dresden-Meissen
2 Territory
Ancient See of Meissen[edit]
Meissen castle and cathedral
The modern city of Meissen owes its origin to a castle built by King Henry I the Fowler about 928 to protect German colonists among the pagan Wends. To insure the success of the Christian missions, Otto I suggested at the Roman Synod of 962 the creation of an archiepiscopal see at Magdeburg. Pope John XII consented, and shortly before the execution of the plan in 968 it was decided at the Synod of Ravenna (967) to create three bishoprics — Meissen, Merseburg, and Zeitz — as suffragans of the Archbishopric of Magdeburg. The year in which the Diocese of Meissen was established is disputed, as the oldest extant records may be forgeries; however, the record of endowment by Otto I in 971 is genuine.
The first bishop, Burchard (died 969), established a foundation (monasterium) which in the course of the 11th century developed a chapter of canons. In 1346 the diocese stretched from the Ore Mountains and Iser Mountains in the south, from there northwards downstream the Queis and Bober rivers, forming the eastern boundary, in the north downstream the Oder to the junction of the Lusatian Neisse and on along the Oder, then crossing to the middle course of the Spree in the northwest. It embraced the five provostries of Meissen, Riesa, Wurzen, Grossenhain and Bautzen, the four archdeaneries of Nisani (Meissen), Chemnitz, Zschillen (Wechselburg) and Lower Lusatia, and the two deaneries of Meissen and Bautzen. Poorly endowed in the beginning, it appears to have acquired later large estates under Otto III and Henry II.
The chief task of the bishops of the new see was the conversion of the Wends, to which Bishops Volkold (died 992) and Eido (died 1015) devoted themselves with great zeal; but the slow evangelization was yet incomplete when the investiture conflict threatened to arrest it effectively. Saint Benno (1066–1106), bishop when these troubles were most serious, was appointed by Henry IV and appears to have been in complete accord with the emperor until 1076; in that year, although he had taken no part in the Great Saxon Revolt, he was imprisoned by Henry for nine months. Escaping, he joined the Saxon princes, espoused the cause of Pope Gregory VII, and in 1085 took part in the Gregorian Synod of Quedlinburg, for which he was deprived of his office by the emperor, a more imperially disposed bishop being appointed in his place. On the death of Gregory, Benno made peace with Henry, was reappointed to his former see in 1086, and devoted himself entirely to missionary work among the Slavs.
Among his successors, Herwig (died 1119) sided with the pope, Godebold with the emperor. In the 13th century the pagan Wends were finally converted to Christianity, chiefly through the efforts of the great Cistercian monasteries, the most important of which were Dobrilugk and Neuzelle. Among the convents of nuns, Heiligenkreuz (English: Holy Cross) at Meissen, Marienthal near Zittau, Marienstern [de] on the White Elster, and Mühlberg (Marienstern Abbey) deserve mention.
The then Cathedral of Ss. John the Evangelist and Donatus in Meissen, now a Lutheran church.
Among the later bishops, who ranked after the 13th century as prince-bishops (Fürsten) of the Holy Roman Empire, however, again and again disputed in that position by the Margraves of Meissen, the most notable are Wittigo I (1266–1293) and John I of Eisenberg (1340–1371). The former began the magnificent Gothic cathedral in Meissen, in which are buried nine princes of the margravial House of Wettin; the latter, as notary and intimate friend of the Margrave of Meissen, afterwards the Emperor Charles IV, protected the interests of his church and increased the revenues of the diocese. During the latter's administration, in 1344, Prague was made an archiepiscopal see.
In 1365 Pope Urban V appointed the Archbishop of Prague legatus natus, or perpetual representative of the Holy See, for the Dioceses of Meissen, Bamberg and Regensburg (Ratisbon); the opposition of Magdeburg made it impossible to exercise in Meissen the privileges of this office, and Meissen remained, though under protest, subject to the jurisdiction of the Metropolitan of Magdeburg. John's successor, John II of Jenstein (1376-9), who resigned Meissen on his election to the see of Prague, Nicholas I (1379–1392), John III (1393-8), and Thimo of Colditz (1399–1410), were appointed directly from Rome, which set aside the elective rights of the cathedral chapter. Thimo, a Bohemian by birth, neglected the diocese and ruined it financially.
William I, Margrave of Meissen prevailed on Pope Boniface IX in 1405 to free Meissen from the authority of the Magdeburg metropolitan and to place it as an exempt diocese directly under the Holy See. The illustrious Bishop Rudolf von der Planitz (1411–1427), through wise regulations and personal sacrifices, brought order out of chaos. The Hussite Wars caused great damage to the diocese, then ruled over by John IV Hofmann (1427–1451); under the government of the able brothers Caspar (1451–1463) and Dietrich of Schönberg (1461–76), it soon recovered and on Dietrich's death there was a fund of 8,800 gold forms in the episcopal treasury. John V of Weißenbach (1476–1487), through his mania for building and his travels, soon spent this money and left a heavy burden of debt on the diocese. John VI of Salhausen (1488–1518) further impoverished the diocese through his obstinate attempt to obtain full princely sovereignty in the temporal territories ruled by his see, which brought him into constant conflict with George, Duke of Saxony; his spiritual administration was also open to censure.
John VII of Schleinitz (1518–1537) was a resolute opponent of Martin Luther, whose revolt began in neighbouring Wittenberg, and, conjointly with George of Saxony, endeavored to crush the innovations. The canonization of Benno (1523), urged by him, was intended to offset the progress of the Lutheran teaching. John VIII of Maltitz (1537–1549) and Nicholas II of Carlowitz (1549–1555) were unable to withstand the ever-spreading Protestant Reformation, which after the death of Duke George (1539) triumphed in Saxony and gained ground even among the canons of the cathedral, so that the diocese was on the verge of dissolution.
The last bishop, John of Haugwitz (1555–1581), placed his resignation in the hands of the cathedral chapter, in virtue of an agreement with Elector Augustus of Saxony, went over to Lutheranism, married and retired to the castle of Ruhetal near Mögeln. The electors of Saxony took over the administration of the temporalities of the diocese within the Electorate of Saxony which in 1666 were finally adjudged to them. The canons turned Protestant, and all remaining monasteries in Saxony were secularized, their revenues and buildings being devoted principally to educational works.
Apostolic Prefecture of Meissen[edit]
Before his resignation and conversion Haugwitz appointed Johannes Leisentritt as diocesan administrator, seated in Bautzen, competent for the Lusatian areas of the diocese outside of Saxony. Leisentritt failed to win the pope for establishing a new diocese comprising only the Lusatian areas of Meißen bishopric. However, in 1567 the Holy See separated the Lusatian areas from the Saxon parts of the diocese and established there the Apostolic Prefecture of Meißen, seated at St. Peter's in Bautzen, with Leisentritt as its first prefect.[1] In canon law an apostolic prefecture is a diocese on approval.
According to its location and its seat the prefecture used to be called alternatively the Apostolic Prefecture of the Two Lusatias (Upper and Lower Lusatia) or Apostolic Prefecture of Bautzen. The then liege lord of the Two Lusatias, the Catholic king of Bohemia (in personal union Holy Roman Emperor) did not effectively offend the spreading of the Reformation in the Two Lusatias. So it depended on the local vassals if Protestantism prevailed or not. When in 1635 the Lutheran Electorate of Saxony annexed the Two Lusatias it guaranteed in the cession contract (Traditionsrezess) with Bohemia to leave the existing religious relations untouched. As a signatory of the Peace of Westphalia of 1648 Saxony later agreed to maintain the religious status quo as given in the reference year of 1624 in all its territories acquired since.[2]
After the Prussian annexation of Lower Lusatia (then assigned to Brandenburg) and eastern Upper Lusatia, the latter then integrated into Silesia, the Holy See assigned the Lower Lusatian and eastern Upper Lusatian areas of the prefecture of Meißen to the Prussian Prince-Bishopric of Breslau in 1821 (Bull De salute animarum). The remaining prefecture, which had maintained a strong Catholic identity, used to be also called since the Apostolic Prefecture of (Saxon) Upper Lusatia.
The new Diocese of Meissen[edit]
The then Cathedral of St. Peter in Bautzen, cocathedral since 1980.
On 24 June 1921 Pope Benedict XV elevated the Apostolic Prefecture of Meißen to the Diocese of Meißen by his apostolic constitution Sollicitudo omnium ecclesiarum and the former's seat in Bautzen thus became the seat of the diocese.[3] In 1743 the Holy See had established the Apostolic Vicariate in the Saxon Hereditary Lands (German: Apostolisches Vikariat in den Sächsischen Erblanden), seated in Dresden, competent for the Catholic diaspora in the rest of Saxony without Lusatia and in three neighbouring principalities (Saxe-Altenburg, Reuss elder and Younger Line, which are now part of Thuringia). The vicariate was dissolved and its area and institutions integrated into the new Meißen diocese in 1921.[3]
In the years between 1945 and 1948 the number of parishioners in the Meißen diocese more than doubled because many Catholic refugees and expellees from former Eastern Germany and Czechoslovakia found refuge within its diocesan area. So many new parishes were established in the following years. Four Catholic parishes in Saxony east of the Lusatian Neisse, whose parishioners had fled or were expelled by the authorities of annexing Poland, were lost. On 24 January 1948 Bishop Petrus Legge conveyanced his jurisdiction for that Polish-annexed diocesan area to Karol Milik, the apostolic administrator of that part of the Breslau archdiocese outside of the Soviet Occupation Zone in Germany, which had also been annexed to Poland.[4] When in 1972 Pope Paul VI reduced the diocesan area of the Archdiocese of Wrocław to Polish territory only by the apostolic constitution Vratislaviensis - Berolinensis et aliarum also the Polish-annexed Meißen diocesan area became officially a part of that archdiocese. The then East German part of Breslau archdiocese was disentangled by the same apostolic constitution and became the exempt new Apostolic Administration of Görlitz.
The renamed Diocese of Dresden-Meissen[edit]
In 1980 the seat of the diocese was moved to Dresden, leading the diocese to be renamed Dresden-Meissen. Since 1994 the three formerly exempt jurisdictions of Berlin, Dresden-Meißen, and Görlitz form the new ecclesiastical province of Berlin with the latter as metropolitan see.
Territory[edit]
The area of the bishopric covers the Free State of Saxony, except for the former Prussian territory in Upper Lusatia (around Görlitz and Hoyerswerda), and adjacent parts of Thuringia (former territories of Saxe-Altenburg, Reuss-Gera, and Reuss-Greiz). It is subdivided into nine deaneries:
Roman Catholicism in Germany
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Dresden" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roman Catholic Diocese of Dresden-Meissen.
Official website ‹See Tfd›(in German)
^ Cf. "Diocese of Dresden-Meissen: Historical Details" on: The Hierarchy of the Catholic Church: Current and historical information about its bishops and dioceses (Catholic Hierarchy), retrieved on 1 April 2011.
^ Georges Hellinghausen, Kampf um die Apostolischen Vikare des Nordens J. Th. Laurent und C. A. Lüpke: der Hl. Stuhl und die protestantischen Staaten Norddeutschlands und Dänemark um 1840, Rome: Editrice Pontificia Università Gregoriana, 1987, (=Miscellanea historiae Pontificiae; vol. 53), pp. 15seq. ISBN 88-7652-568-8.
^ a b Cf. "Diocese of Dresden-Meissen", on: Catholic Hierarchy, retrieved on 8 February 2011.
^ Jerzy Pietrzak, Działalność kard. Augusta Hlonda jako wysłannika papieskiego na Ziemiach Odzyskanych w 1945 r. Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine, section 'Objęcie Rządów'.
Catholic dioceses in Germany
Province of Bamberg
Archdiocese of Bamberg
Diocese of Eichstätt
Diocese of Speyer
Diocese of Würzburg
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2012 German presidential election
(Redirected from German presidential election, 2012)
← 2010 18 March 2012 2017 →
Joachim Gauck Beate Klarsfeld
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Berlin
Horst Seehofer (Acting)
An early indirect presidential election (officially the 15th Federal Convention) was held in Germany on 18 March 2012, the last possible day following the resignation of Christian Wulff as President of Germany on 17 February 2012. Joachim Gauck was elected on the first ballot by a Federal Convention, consisting of the 620 members of the Bundestag and an equal number of members selected by the states of Germany based on proportional representation.[1][2][3][4]
On 19 February 2012, Joachim Gauck was nominated as the joint presidential candidate of the governing coalition (CDU, CSU, and FDP) and the opposition (SPD and Greens).[5] He also had the support of the Free Voters and the South Schleswig Voter Federation.
3 Candidates
3.1 CDU, CSU, FDP, SPD, Greens, Free Voters and SSW
3.2 Minor parties
4 Federal Convention
In December 2011, allegations emerged concerning Christian Wulff’s former ties with affluent businessmen. While he was still Prime Minister of Lower Saxony, Wulff denied having had any business ties with Egon Geerkens, despite having received a private home loan of about €500,000 from Egon's wife Edith in 2008 and which Geerkens had admitted arranging.[6] On 22 December 2011, Wulff made a public statement apologizing for his handling of the loan affair and conceded that he should have made his personal records available more quickly.[7]
Later, it was alleged that President Wulff had applied undue pressure to Springer Press to delay or even prevent initial revelations of the loan scandal.[8] By the beginning of January 2012, President Wulff had already lost public support, commentators were calling for him to resign, the opposition was again increasing pressure, and his own party was distancing itself from him over the allegations.[9]
On 4 January 2012, Wulff said in an interview that he wanted to stay in office and that the call to Bild editor Kai Diekmann had been a "serious mistake" that was "unworthy" of a president and for which he had already apologized.[10][11]
As more allegations of possible corruption emerged, the prosecutors in Hanover, the capital city of the state of Lower Saxony, asked the Bundestag to lift Wulff’s presidential immunity in order to investigate the possible granting or accepting of undue favors.[12] Pre-empting this, Wulff resigned on 17 February 2012,[13] explaining that the loss of the people's trust had damaged his effectiveness.
To win, a candidate must win an absolute majority on one of the first two ballots or a plurality on the third. Until the new President was elected, Horst Seehofer of the Christian Social Union (CSU), President of the Bundesrat, served as acting head of state.[1]
Candidates[edit]
CDU, CSU, FDP, SPD, Greens, Free Voters and SSW[edit]
In the days following Wulff's resignation, the media speculated about several candidates, among them Joachim Gauck, Thomas de Maizière and Klaus Töpfer. Chancellor Angela Merkel said she would consult with the Social Democrats and The Greens to find a consensus candidate to replace Wulff.[14]
On 19 February 2012, the governing coalition's CDU, CSU, and FDP and the opposition SPD and Greens agreed on independent Joachim Gauck, the 2010 presidential candidate of the SPD and Greens, as their joint candidate. This happened after the FDP, the SPD, and the Greens had strongly supported Gauck and urged CDU to support him as well.[5] The SPD chairman, Sigmar Gabriel, had already stated on 17 February 2012 that Gauck was his party's preferred candidate, alleging that Gauck enjoys "great trust from the citizenry".[15] Reportedly, Merkel conceded to FDP chairman (and Vice-Chancellor) Philipp Rösler's staunch support for Gauck; the agreement was announced after the FDP presidium had unanimously voted for Gauck earlier on 19 February.[16] The Free Voters in Bavaria and the Danish minority party, the South Schleswig Voter Federation, also supported Gauck.[17]
On the night of being nominated, Gauck warned Germans that he should not be seen as "Superman" following two successive short-lived presidencies. In the week prior to the election, Die Zeit also said that Gauck could teach Germans that "we can learn that democracy means thinking and acting for one's self rather than waiting for political redeemers."[18]
Minor parties[edit]
Die Linke nominated Beate Klarsfeld, an activist who is not a member of any party, as a candidate.[19] The National Democratic Party of Germany nominated Olaf Rose, a historian who works as an adviser to the group of the NPD in the Landtag of Saxony.[20] The German Pirate Party considered naming a separate candidate[17] but failed to do so before the election.
Federal Convention[edit]
The number of seats per party is as follows:[21]
Bundestag MPs
Länder delegates
CDU/CSU 486 237 249 39.2%
SPD 331 146 185 26.7%
Alliance '90/The Greens 147 68 79 11.9%
FDP 136 93 43 11.0%
The Left 124 76 48 10.0%
Free Voters (Bavaria) 10 0 10 0.8%
NPD 3 0 3 0.2%
Pirate Party (Berlin) 2 0 2 0.2%
SSW (Schleswig-Holstein) 1 0 1 0.1%
Voting started at noon.[18] At 14:24 on 18 March 2012, Gauck accepted his election.[22] He was elected in the first ballot with 991 votes in the Federal Convention.[23] Bundestag president Norbert Lammert announced the result. In reaction, Gauck exclaimed: "What a beautiful Sunday",[24] also referring to the anniversary of 18 March 1990 when East Germans had been able to vote freely for the first time.
Nominating party
Joachim Gauck CDU, CSU, SPD, FDP, Greens 991 80.43
Beate Klarsfeld The Left 126 10.22
Olaf Rose NPD 3 0.2
Abstentions 108 8.8
Total 1,228 100
Eligible voters/turnout 1,232 99.4
Source: Wahlrecht.de[25]
Reactions[edit]
European Commission President José Manuel Barroso congratulated Gauck. Quoting Goethe, he said: "Freedom and life are earned by those alone who conquer them each day anew."[26]
^ a b Chris Morris (17 February 2012). "German President Wulff quits in home loan scandal". BBC News. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
^ "German Presidential Vote Set For March 18". Rferl.org. 20 February 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
^ "15. Bundesversammlung zur Wahl des Bundespräsidenten – Hochrechnung der Zusammensetzung". Wahlrecht.de. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
^ "German Bundestag: Election of the Federal President". Bundestag.de. 16 February 2007. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
^ a b "German government, opposition agree on Joachim Gauck as candidate for the country's presidency". Newsday. New York. 19 February 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
^ "'President Wulff Lied'". Spiegel Online International. 12 December 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
^ "German President Apologizes for Handling of Loan Affair". Spiegel Online International. 22 December 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
^ "President Accused of Threatening Tabloid Newspaper". Spiegel Online International. 1 January 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
^ "'Wulff Has Destroyed His Last Remnants of Credibility'". Spiegel Online International. 3 January 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
^ "Fernseh-Interview von Bundespräsident Christian Wulff". Office of the Federal President. 4 January 2012.
^ "President Wulff clings on". The Local. 4 January 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
^ "German President Wulff quits in home loan scandal". BBC News. 17 February 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
^ "German President Resigns – Wulff Announces He Will Step Down". Spiegel Online International. 17 January 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
^ Brown, Stephen; Chambers, Madeline (17 February 2012). "Possible candidates for German presidency". Reuters. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
^ Gauck Favorit der SPD für Wulff-Nachfolge, DTS, 18 February 2012
^ "FDP beharrt auf Gauck: Rösler feiert gefährlichen Sieg – Politik". Süddeutsche Zeitung. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
^ a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2012. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
^ a b "Germany to elect outspoken rights activist as president". Ndtv.com. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
^ "Präsidentschaftskandidatin: Linke schicken Klarsfeld gegen Gauck ins Rennen – SPIEGEL ONLINE – Nachrichten – Politik". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
^ "Wahl des Bundespräsidenten: NPD stellt Historiker Rose als Kandidaten auf – SPIEGEL ONLINE – Nachrichten – Politik". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
^ "Zusammensetzung der 15. Bundesversammlung" (in German).
^ "Gauck ist neuer deutscher Bundespräsident «". Diepresse.com. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
^ "Joachim Gauck elected as German president". The Guardian. UK. 18 March 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
^ "Germany elects rights activist as president". Al Jazeera English. 4 October 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
^ "Bundespräsidentenwahl durch die 15. Bundesversammlung" (in German). Wahlrecht.de. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
^ "Germany swears in new president after scandals". CNN. 18 March 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
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"Pacifist" redirects here. For other uses, see Pacifist (disambiguation).
"Dovish" redirects here. For the economic term, see Dovish (inflation).
Not to be confused with pacificism.
A peace sign, which is widely associated with pacifism
World Day of Prayer for Peace in Assisi, 2011
Pacifism is opposition to war, militarism, or violence. The word pacifism was coined by the French peace campaigner Émile Arnaud (1864–1921) and adopted by other peace activists at the tenth Universal Peace Congress in Glasgow in 1901.[1] A related term is ahimsa (to do no harm), which is a core philosophy in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. While modern connotations are recent, having been explicated since the 19th century, ancient references abound.
In modern times, interest was revived by Leo Tolstoy in his late works, particularly in The Kingdom of God Is Within You. Mohandas Gandhi (1869–1948) propounded the practice of steadfast nonviolent opposition which he called "satyagraha", instrumental in its role in the Indian Independence Movement. Its effectiveness served as inspiration to Martin Luther King Jr., James Lawson, James Bevel,[2] Thich Nhat Hanh[3] and many others in the civil rights movement.
1.1 Moral considerations
1.2 Nonviolence
1.3 Absolute pacifism
2 Police actions and national liberation
3 Early traditions of pacifism
3.2 Lemba
3.3 Moriori
3.4 Greece
3.5 Roman Empire
3.6 Christianity
4 Modern history
4.1 Peace movements
4.2 Non-violent resistance
4.3 World War I
4.4 Between the two World Wars
4.5 World War II
4.5.4 Conscientious Objectors
4.6 Later twentieth century
4.7 Anti-War Literature of the 20th Century
5 Religious attitudes
5.1 Bahá'í Faith
5.2 Buddhism
5.3.1 Peace churches
5.3.2 Pentecostal churches
5.3.3 Other Christian denominations
5.4 Hinduism
5.5 Islam
5.5.1 Ahmadiyya
5.5.2 Sufism
5.6 Jainism
5.7 Judaism
5.8 Raëlism
6 Government and political movements
6.1 Pacifism and abstention from political activity
6.2 Anarcho-pacifism
6.3 Opposition to military taxation
Pacifism covers a spectrum of views, including the belief that international disputes can and should be peacefully resolved, calls for the abolition of the institutions of the military and war, opposition to any organization of society through governmental force (anarchist or libertarian pacifism), rejection of the use of physical violence to obtain political, economic or social goals, the obliteration of force, and opposition to violence under any circumstance, even defence of self and others. Historians of pacifism Peter Brock and Thomas Paul Socknat define pacifism "in the sense generally accepted in English-speaking areas" as "an unconditional rejection of all forms of warfare".[4] Philosopher Jenny Teichman defines the main form of pacifism as "anti-warism", the rejection of all forms of warfare.[5] Teichman's beliefs have been summarized by Brian Orend as "... A pacifist rejects war and believes there are no moral grounds which can justify resorting to war. War, for the pacifist, is always wrong." In a sense the philosophy is based on the idea that the ends do not justify the means.[6]
Moral considerations[edit]
Anti-war activist arrested in San Francisco during the March 2003 protests against the war in Iraq
Pacifism may be based on moral principles (a deontological view) or pragmatism (a consequentialist view). Principled pacifism holds that at some point along the spectrum from war to interpersonal physical violence, such violence becomes morally wrong. Pragmatic pacifism holds that the costs of war and interpersonal violence are so substantial that better ways of resolving disputes must be found. Pacifists generally reject theories of Just War.
Nonviolence[edit]
Some pacifists follow principles of nonviolence, believing that nonviolent action is morally superior and/or most effective. Some however, support physical violence for emergency defence of self or others. Others support destruction of property in such emergencies or for conducting symbolic acts of resistance like pouring red paint to represent blood on the outside of military recruiting offices or entering air force bases and hammering on military aircraft.
Not all nonviolent resistance (sometimes also called civil resistance) is based on a fundamental rejection of all violence in all circumstances. Many leaders and participants in such movements, while recognizing the importance of using non-violent methods in particular circumstances, have not been absolute pacifists. Sometimes, as with the civil rights movement's march from Selma to Montgomery in 1965, they have called for armed protection. The interconnections between civil resistance and factors of force are numerous and complex.[7]
Absolute pacifism[edit]
An absolute pacifist is generally described by the British Broadcasting Corporation as one who believes that human life is so valuable, that a human should never be killed and war should never be conducted, even in self-defense. The principle is described as difficult to abide by consistently, due to violence not being available as a tool to aid a person who is being harmed or killed. It is further claimed that such a pacifist could logically argue that violence leads to more undesirable results than non-violence.[8]
Police actions and national liberation[edit]
Although all pacifists are opposed to war between nation states, there have been occasions where pacifists have supported military conflict in the case of civil war or revolution.[9] For instance, during the American Civil War, both the American Peace Society and some former members of the Non-Resistance Society supported the Union's military campaign, arguing they were carrying out a "police action" against the Confederacy, whose act of Secession they regarded as criminal.[9][10] Following the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, French pacifist René Gérin (1892–1957) urged support for the Spanish Republic.[11] Gérin argued that the Spanish Nationalists were "comparable to an individual enemy" and the Republic's war effort was equivalent to the action of a domestic police force suppressing crime.[11]
In the 1960s, some pacifists associated with the New Left supported wars of national liberation and supported groups such as the Viet Cong and the Algerian FLN, arguing peaceful attempts to liberate such nations were no longer viable, and war was thus the only option.[12]
Early traditions of pacifism[edit]
Vereshchagin's painting The Apotheosis of War (1871) came to be admired as one of the earliest artistic expressions of pacifism
Advocacy of pacifism can be found far back in history and literature.
China[edit]
During the Warring States period, the pacifist Mohist School opposed aggressive war between the feudal states. They took this belief into action by using their famed defensive strategies to defend smaller states from invasion from larger states, hoping to dissuade feudal lords from costly warfare. The Seven Military Classics of ancient China view warfare negatively, and as a last resort. For example, the Three Strategies of Huang Shigong says: "As for the military, it is not an auspicious instrument; it is the way of heaven to despise it", and the Wei Liaozi writes: "As for the military, it is an inauspicious instrument; as for conflict and contention, it runs counter to virtue".[13]
The Taoist scripture "Classic of Great Peace (Taiping jing)" foretells "the coming Age of Great Peace (taiping)".[14] The Taiping Jing advocates "a world full of peace".[15]
Lemba[edit]
The Lemba religion of southern French Congo, along with its symbolic herb, is named for pacifism : "lemba, lemba" (peace, peace), describes the action of the plant lemba-lemba (Brillantaisia patula T. Anders).[16] Likewise in Cabinda, "Lemba is the spirit of peace, as its name indicates."[17]
Moriori[edit]
Moriori tree carving found in the Chatham Islands.
The Moriori, of the Chatham Islands, practiced pacifism by order of their ancestor Nunuku-whenua. This enabled the Moriori to preserve what limited resources they had in their harsh climate, avoiding waste through warfare. In turn, this led to their almost complete annihilation in 1835 by invading Ngāti Mutunga and Ngāti Tama Māori from the Taranaki region of the North Island of New Zealand. The invading Māori killed, enslaved and cannibalised the Moriori. A Moriori survivor recalled : "[The Maori] commenced to kill us like sheep ... [We] were terrified, fled to the bush, concealed ourselves in holes underground, and in any place to escape our enemies. It was of no avail; we were discovered and killed – men, women and children indiscriminately."[18]
Greece[edit]
In Ancient Greece, pacifism seems not to have existed except as a broad moral guideline against violence between individuals. No philosophical program of rejecting violence between states, or rejecting all forms of violence, seems to have existed. Aristophanes, in his play Lysistrata, creates the scenario of an Athenian woman's anti-war sex strike during the Peloponnesian War of 431–404 BC, and the play has gained an international reputation for its anti-war message. Nevertheless, it is both fictional and comical, and though it offers a pragmatic opposition to the destructiveness of war, its message seems to stem from frustration with the existing conflict (then in its twentieth year) rather than from a philosophical position against violence or war. Equally fictional is the nonviolent protest of Hegetorides of Thasos. Euripides also expressed strong anti-war ideas in his work, especially The Trojan Women.[19]
Roman Empire[edit]
Several Roman writers rejected the militarism of Roman society and gave voice to anti-war sentiments,[19] including Propertius, Tibullus and Ovid.[20] The Stoic Seneca the Younger criticised warfare in his book Naturales quaestiones (circa 65 AD).[21]
Maximilian of Tebessa was a Christian conscientious objector. He was killed for refusing to be conscripted.[22]
Christianity[edit]
See also: Christian pacifism
Throughout history many have understood Jesus of Nazareth to have been a pacifist,[23] drawing on his Sermon on the Mount. In the sermon Jesus stated that one should "not resist an evildoer" and promoted his turn the other cheek philosophy. "If anyone strikes you on the right cheek, turn the other also; and if anyone wants to sue you and take your coat, give your cloak as well ... Love your enemies, do good to those who hate you, bless those who curse you, pray for those who abuse you."[24][25][26] The New Testament story is of Jesus, besides preaching these words, surrendering himself freely to an enemy intent on having him killed and proscribing his followers from defending him.
There are those, however, who deny that Jesus was a pacifist[23] and state that Jesus never said not to fight,[26] citing examples from the New Testament. One such instance portrays an angry Jesus driving dishonest market traders from the temple.[26] A frequently quoted passage is Luke 22:36: "He said to them, 'But now, the one who has a purse must take it, and likewise a bag. And the one who has no sword must sell his cloak and buy one.'" Pacifists have typically explained that verse as Jesus fulfilling prophecy, since in the next verse, Jesus continues to say: "It is written: 'And he was numbered with the transgressors'; and I tell you that this must be fulfilled in me. Yes, what is written about me is reaching its fulfillment." Others have interpreted the non-pacifist statements in the New Testament to be related to self-defense or to be metaphorical and state that on no occasion did Jesus shed blood or urge others to shed blood.[23]
Modern history[edit]
Penn's Treaty with the Indians. This treaty was never violated.
Beginning in the 16th century, the Protestant Reformation gave rise to a variety of new Christian sects, including the historic peace churches. Foremost among them were the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), Amish, Mennonites, and Church of the Brethren. The humanist writer Desiderius Erasmus was one of the most outspoken pacifists of the Renaissance, arguing strongly against warfare in his essays The Praise of Folly (1509) and The Complaint of Peace (1517).[19][27]
The Quakers were prominent advocates of pacifism, who as early as 1660 had repudiated violence in all forms and adhered to a strictly pacifist interpretation of Christianity. They stated their beliefs in a declaration to King Charles II:
"We utterly deny all outward wars and strife, and fightings with outward weapons, for any end, or under any pretense whatever; this is our testimony to the whole world. The Spirit of Christ ... which leads us into all truth, will never move us to fight and war against any man with outward weapons, neither for the kingdom of Christ, nor for the kingdoms of this world.[28]
Throughout the many 18th century wars in which Britain participated, the Quakers maintained a principled commitment not to serve in the army and militia or even to pay the alternative £10 fine.
The English Quaker William Penn, who founded the Province of Pennsylvania, employed an anti-militarist public policy. Unlike residents of many of the colonies, Quakers chose to trade peacefully with the Indians, including for land. The colonial province was, for the 75 years from 1681 to 1756, essentially unarmed and experienced little or no warfare in that period.
From the 16th to the 18th centuries, a number of thinkers devised plans for an international organisation that would promote peace, and reduce or even eliminate the occurrence of war. These included the French politician Duc de Sully, the philosophers Émeric Crucé and the Abbe de Saint-Pierre, and the English Quakers William Penn and John Bellers.[29][30]
Pacifist ideals emerged from two strands of thought that coalesced at the end of the 18th century. One, rooted in the secular Enlightenment, promoted peace as the rational antidote to the world's ills, while the other was a part of the evangelical religious revival that had played an important part in the campaign for the abolition of slavery. Representatives of the former included Jean-Jacques Rousseau, in Extrait du Projet de Paix Perpetuelle de Monsieur l'Abbe Saint-Pierre (1756),[31] Immanuel Kant, in his Thoughts on Perpetual Peace,[32] and Jeremy Bentham who proposed the formation of a peace association in 1789. Representative of the latter, was William Wilberforce who thought that strict limits should be imposed on British involvement in the French Revolutionary War based on Christian ideals of peace and brotherhood. Bohemian Bernard Bolzano (1781–1848) taught about the social waste of militarism and the needlessness of war. He urged a total reform of the educational, social, and economic systems that would direct the nation's interests toward peace rather than toward armed conflict between nations.
During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, pacifism was not entirely frowned upon throughout Europe. It was considered a political stance against costly capitalist-imperialist wars, a notion particularly popular in the British Liberal Party of the twentieth century.[33] However, during the eras of World War One and especially World War Two, public opinion on the ideology split. Those against the second World War, some argued, were not fighting against unnecessary wars of imperialism but instead acquiescing to the fascist evils of Germany, Italy and Japan.[34]
Peace movements[edit]
During the period of the Napoleonic Wars, although no formal peace movement was established until the end of hostilities, a significant peace movement animated by universalist ideals did emerge, due to the perception of Britain fighting in a reactionary role and the increasingly visible impact of the war on the welfare of the nation in the form of higher taxation levels and high casualty rates. Sixteen peace petitions to Parliament were signed by members of the public, anti-war and anti-Pitt demonstrations convened and peace literature was widely published and disseminated.[35]
"Peace". Caricature of Henry Richard, a prominent advocate of pacifism in the mid-19th century
The first peace movements appeared in 1815–16. In the United States the first such movement was the New York Peace Society, founded in 1815 by the theologian David Low Dodge, and the Massachusetts Peace Society. It became an active organization, holding regular weekly meetings, and producing literature which was spread as far as Gibraltar and Malta, describing the horrors of war and advocating pacificism on Christian grounds.[36] The London Peace Society (also known as the Society for the Promotion of Permanent and Universal Peace) was formed in 1816 to promote permanent and universal peace by the philanthropist William Allen. In the 1840s, British women formed "Olive Leaf Circles", groups of around 15 to 20 women, to discuss and promote pacifist ideas.[37]
The peace movement began to grow in influence by the mid-nineteenth century. The London Peace Society, under the initiative of American consul to Birmingham Elihu Burritt and the reverend Henry Richard, convened the first International Peace Congress in London in 1843.[38] The congress decided on two aims: the ideal of peaceable arbitration in the affairs of nations and the creation of an international institution to achieve that. Richard became the secretary of the Peace Society in 1850 on a full-time basis, a position which he would keep for the next 40 years, earning himself a reputation as the 'Apostle of Peace'. He helped secure one of the earliest victories for the peace movement by securing a commitment from the Great Powers in the Treaty of Paris (1856) at the end of the Crimean War, in favour of arbitration. On the European continent, wracked by social upheaval, the first peace congress was held in Brussels in 1848 followed by Paris a year later.[39]
After experiencing a recession in support due to the resurgence of militarism during the American Civil War and Crimean War, the movement began to spread across Europe and began to infiltrate the new working class socialist movements. In 1870, Randal Cremer formed the Workman's Peace Association in London. Cremer, alongside the French economist Frédéric Passy was also the founding father of the first international organisation for the arbitration of conflicts in 1889, the Inter-Parliamentary Union. The National Peace Council was founded in after the 17th Universal Peace Congress in London (July August 1908).
An important thinker who contributed to pacifist ideology was Russian writer Leo Tolstoy. In one of his latter works, The Kingdom of God is Within You, Tolstoy provides a detailed history, account and defense of pacifism. Tolstoy's work inspired a movement named after him advocating pacifism to arise in Russia and elsewhere.[40] The book was a major early influence on Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869–1948), and the two engaged in regular correspondence while Gandhi was active in South Africa.[41]
Bertha von Suttner, the first woman to be a Nobel Peace Prize laureate, became a leading figure in the peace movement with the publication of her novel, Die Waffen nieder! ("Lay Down Your Arms!") in 1889 and founded an Austrian pacifist organization in 1891.
Non-violent resistance[edit]
"Leading Citizens want War and declare War; Citizens Who are Led fight the War" 1910 cartoon
In New Zealand, during the latter half of the 19th century British colonists used many tactics to confiscate land from the indigenous Māori, including warfare. In the 1870s and 1880s, Parihaka, then reputed to be the largest Māori village in New Zealand, became the centre of a major campaign of non-violent resistance to European occupation of confiscated land in the area. One Māori leader, Te Whiti-o-Rongomai, inspired warriors to stand up for their rights without using weapons, which had led to defeat in the past. In 1881 he convinced 2000 Maori to welcome battle-hardened British soldiers into their village and even offered food and drink. He allowed himself and his people to be arrested without resistance for opposing land confiscation. He is remembered as a great leader because the "passive resistance" his practice prevented British massacres and even protected far more land than violent resistance.[42]
Mohandas K. Gandhi was a major political and spiritual leader of India, instrumental in the Indian independence movement. The Nobel prize winning great poet Rabindranath Tagore, who was also an Indian, gave him the honorific "Mahatma", usually translated "Great Soul". He was the pioneer of a brand of nonviolence (or ahimsa) which he called satyagraha—translated literally as "truth force". This was the resistance of tyranny through civil disobedience that was not only nonviolent but also sought to change the heart of the opponent. He contrasted this with duragraha, "resistant force", which sought only to change behaviour with stubborn protest. During his 30 years of work (1917–1947) for the independence of his country from the British Raj, Gandhi led dozens of nonviolent campaigns, spent over seven years in prison, and fasted nearly to the death on several occasions to obtain British compliance with a demand or to stop inter-communal violence. His efforts helped lead India to independence in 1947, and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom worldwide.
World War I[edit]
The Deserter (1916) by Boardman Robinson
Peace movements became active in the Western world after 1900, often focusing on Treaties that would settle disputes through arbitration, and efforts to support the Hague conventions.[43]
The sudden outbreak of the First World War in July 1914 dismayed the peace movement. Socialist parties in every industrial nation had committed themselves to antiwar policies, but when the war came, all of them, except in Russia and the United States, supported their own government. There were highly publicized dissidents, some of whom went to jail for opposing the draft laws, like Eugene Debs in the U.S.[44] In Britain, the prominent activist Stephen Henry Hobhouse went to prison for refusing military service, citing his convictions as an "International Socialist and a Christian"[45] Many socialist groups and movements were antimilitarist, arguing that war by its nature was a type of governmental coercion of the working class for the benefit of capitalist elites. The French socialist pacifist leader Jean Jaurès was assassinated by a nationalist fanatic on July 31, 1914. The national parties in the Second International increasingly supported their respective nations in war and the International was dissolved in 1916.
A World War I-era female peace protester
In 1915 the League of Nations Society was formed by British liberal leaders to promote a strong international organisation that could enforce the peaceful resolution of conflict. Later that year the League to Enforce Peace was established in America to promote similar goals. Hamilton Holt published an editorial in his New York City weekly magazine the Independent called "The Way to Disarm: A Practical Proposal" on September 28, 1914. It called for an international organization to agree upon the arbitration of disputes and to guarantee the territorial integrity of its members by maintaining military forces sufficient to defeat those of any non-member. The ensuing debate among prominent internationalists modified Holt's plan to align it more closely with proposals offered in Great Britain by Viscount James Bryce, a former ambassador from the UK to the U.S.[46] These and other initiatives were pivotal in the change in attitudes that gave birth to the League of Nations after the war.
Some of the many groups that protested against the war, as well as the traditional peace churches, were the Woman's Peace Party (which was organized in 1915 and led by noted reformer Jane Addams), the International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace (ICWPP) (also organized in 1915),[47] the American Union Against Militarism, the Fellowship of Reconciliation, and the American Friends Service Committee.[48] Jeannette Rankin, the first woman elected to Congress, was another fierce advocate of pacifism, the only person to vote no to America's entrance into both World Wars.
Between the two World Wars[edit]
The soldiers of the red Army in Russia, who on religious grounds refused to shoot at the target (evangelicals or Baptists). Between 1918 and 1929
After the immense loss of nearly ten million men to trench warfare,[49] a sweeping change of attitude toward militarism crashed over Europe, particularly in nations like Great Britain where many of its citizens questioned why it was involved in the war. After World War One's official end in 1918, peace movements across the continent and the United States renewed, gradually gaining popularity among young Europeans who grew up in the shadow of Europe's trauma over the Great War. Organisations formed in this period included the War Resisters' International[50] the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, the No More War Movement and the Peace Pledge Union (PPU). The League of Nations also convened several disarmament conferences in the inter-war period such as the Geneva Conference, though the support pacifistic policy and idealism received varied across European nations. These organizations and movements attracted tens of thousands of Europeans, spanning most professions including "scientists, artists, musicians, politicians, clerks, students, activists and thinkers."[51]
Great Britain[edit]
Pacifism and revulsion with war were very popular sentiments in 1920s Britain. A stream of novels and poems on the theme of the futility of war and the slaughter of the youth by old fools were published, including, Death of a Hero by Richard Aldington, Erich Remarque's translated All Quiet on the Western Front and Beverley Nichols's expose Cry Havoc. A debate at the University of Oxford in 1933 on the motion 'one must fight for King and country' captured the changed mood when the motion was resoundingly defeated. Dick Sheppard established the Peace Pledge Union in 1934 totally renouncing war and aggression. The idea of collective security was also popular; instead of outright pacifism the public generally exhibited a determination to stand up to aggression, but preferably with the use of economic sanctions and multilateral negotiations.[52] Many members of the Peace Pledge Union later joined the Bruderhof[53] during its period of residence in the Cotswolds.[54] There, English, Jews and Germans lived side by side despite local persecution.[55]
Refugees from the Spanish Civil War at the War Resisters' International children's refuge in the French Pyrenees
The British Labour Party had a strong pacifist wing in the early 1930s and between 1931 and 1935 was led by George Lansbury, a Christian pacifist who later chaired the No More War Movement and was president of the PPU. The 1933 annual conference resolved unanimously to "pledge itself to take no part in war". "Labour's official position, however, although based on the aspiration towards a world socialist commonwealth and the outlawing of war, did not imply a renunciation of force under all circumstances, but rather support for the ill-defined concept of 'collective security' under the League of Nations. At the same time, on the party's left, Stafford Cripps's small but vocal Socialist League opposed the official policy, on the non-pacifist ground that the League of Nations was 'nothing but the tool of the satiated imperialist powers'."[56] Lansbury was eventually persuaded to resign as Labour leader by the non-pacifist wing of the party and was replaced by Clement Attlee.[57] As the threat from Nazi Germany increased in the 1930s, the Labour Party abandoned its pacifist position and supported re-armament, largely due to the efforts of Ernest Bevin and Hugh Dalton who by 1937 had also persuaded the party to oppose Neville Chamberlain's policy of appeasement.[58]
The League of Nations attempted to play its role of ensuring world peace in the 1920s and 30s, although with the increasingly revisionist and aggressive behaviour of Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and Imperial Japan, it ultimately failed to maintain such a world order. Economic sanctions were used against states that committed aggression, such as Italy when it invaded Abyssinia, but there was no will on the part of the principal League powers, Britain and France, to subordinate their interests to a multilateral process or to disarm at all themselves.
Spain[edit]
The Spanish Civil War proved a major test for international pacifism, and the work of pacifist organisations (such as War Resisters' International and the Fellowship of Reconciliation) and individuals (such as José Brocca and Amparo Poch) in that arena has until recently[when?] been ignored or forgotten by historians, overshadowed by the memory of the International Brigades and other militaristic interventions. Shortly after the war ended, Simone Weil, despite having volunteered for service on the republican side, went on to publish The Iliad or the Poem of Force, a work that has been described as a pacifist manifesto.[59] In response to the threat of fascism, some pacifist thinkers, such as Richard B. Gregg, devised plans for a campaign of nonviolent resistance in the event of a fascist invasion or takeover.[60]
France[edit]
As the prospect of a second major war began to seem increasingly inevitable, much of France adopted pacifist views, though some historians argue that France felt more war anxiety than a moral objection to a second war. Neighbors with Germany, Hitler's spreading influence and territory posed an enormous threat to French livelihood. The French countryside had been devastated during World War One and the entire nation was reluctant to subject their territory to the same treatment. Though all countries in the First World War had suffered great losses, France was one of the most devastated and did not want a second war.[61]
Germany[edit]
As Germany dealt with the burdens of the Treaty of Versailles, a conflict arose in the 1930s between German Christianity and German nationalism. Many Germans found the terms of the Treaty of Versailles debilitating and humiliating. German nationalism offered a way to regain the country's pride. German Christianity warned against the risks of getting into a war similar to the one Germany lost in 1918. As the German Depression worsened and fascism began to rise in Germany, a greater tide of Germans began to sway toward to nationalistic side of Hitler who would come to crush pacifism.[62]
World War II[edit]
A peace strike rally at University of California, Berkeley, April 1940
With the start of World War II, pacifist and anti-war sentiment declined in nations affected by war. Even the communist-controlled American Peace Mobilization reversed its anti-war activism once Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, mainstream isolationist groups like the America First Committee, declined, but many smaller religious and socialist groups continued their opposition to war.
Bertrand Russell argued that the necessity of defeating Adolf Hitler and the Nazis was a unique circumstance where war was not the worst of the possible evils; he called his position relative pacifism. Shortly before the outbreak of war, British writers such as E. M. Forster, Leonard Woolf, David Garnett and Storm Jameson all rejected their earlier pacifism and endorsed military action against Nazism.[63] Similarly Albert Einstein wrote: "I loathe all armies and any kind of violence; yet I'm firmly convinced that at present these hateful weapons offer the only effective protection."[64] The British pacifists Reginald Sorensen and C. J. Cadoux, while bitterly disappointed by the outbreak of war, nevertheless urged their fellow pacifists "not to obstruct the war effort".[65]
Pacifists across Great Britain further struggled to uphold their anti-military values during the Blitz, a coordinated, long-term attack by German aircraft on Great Britain. As the country was ravaged nightly by German bombs, pacifists had to seriously weigh the importance of their political and moral values against the desire to protect the home front of their country.[66]
Some scholars theorize that pacifism was the cause of France's rapid fall to the Germans after it was invaded by the Nazis in June 1940, resulting in a takeover of the government by the German military. Whether or not pacifism weakened French defenses against the Germans, there was no hope of sustaining a real pacifist movement after Paris fell to the Nazis. Just as peaceful Germans succumbed to violent nationalism, the pacifist French were muzzled by the totality of German control over nearly all of France.[67]
The French pacifists André and Magda Trocmé helped conceal hundreds of Jews fleeing the Nazis in the village of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon.[68][69] After the war, the Trocmés were declared Righteous Among the Nations.[68]
Pacifists under the Third Reich were dealt with harshly, reducing the movement into almost nonexistence; those who continued to advocate for the end of the war and violence were often sent to labor camps; German pacifist Carl von Ossietzky,[70] and Olaf Kullmann, a Norwegian pacifist active during the Nazi occupation,[71] were both imprisoned in concentration camps and died as a result of their mistreatment there. Austrian farmer Franz Jägerstätter was executed in 1943 for refusing to serve in the Wehrmacht.[72]
German nationalism consumed even the most peaceful of Christians, either convincing them that the Nazis and Hitler were acting in the good faith of Germany or sufficiently suppressed by the fascist Nazi regime of the 1930s and 1940s that they were content to act as bystanders to the violence occurring around them. Dietrich Bonhoeffer, an anti-Nazi German pastor who later died in 1945 in the Flossenbürg concentration camp, once wrote in a letter to his grandmother: "The issue really is: Germanism or Christianity."[73]
After the end of the war, it was discovered that "The Black Book" or Sonderfahndungsliste G.B. list of Britons to be arrested in the event of a Nazi invasion of the UK included three active pacifists; Vera Brittain, Sybil Thorndike and Aldous Huxley (who had left the country).[74][75]
There were conscientious objectors and war tax resisters in both World War I and World War II. The United States government allowed sincere objectors to serve in noncombatant military roles. However, those draft resisters who refused any cooperation with the war effort often spent much of each war in federal prisons. During World War II, pacifist leaders like Dorothy Day and Ammon Hennacy of the Catholic Worker Movement urged young Americans not to enlist in military service.
Conscientious Objectors[edit]
During the World Wars, young men conscripted into the military but who refused to take up arms were called conscientious objectors. Though these men had to either answer their conscription or face prison time, their status as conscientious objectors permitted them to refuse taking part in battle using weapons and the military was forced to find a different use for them. Often, these men were assigned various tasks around the battlement including medical duties, though some were assigned various civilian jobs including farming, forestry, hospital work, and mining.[76] Conscientious objectors were viewed by their fellow soldiers, the combatants of the war, as cowards and liars, claiming that any moral objection was most likely just a man's fear of being in the line of fire. In Great Britain during World War Two, the majority of the public did not approve of moral objection by soldiers but supported their right to abstain from direct combat. On the more extreme sides of public opinion were those who fully supported the objectors and those who believed they should be executed as traitors.[76] The objectors of World War Two in particular were scorned as fascist sympathizers and traitors to their countries, though many of the men abstaining from taking up arms cited the influence of growing up in the shadow of World War One and their shellshocked fathers as major reasons for refusing to partake in the violence.[77]
Later twentieth century[edit]
A demonstrator offers a flower to military police at an anti-Vietnam War protest, 1967
Martin Luther King Jr (1929–68), a Baptist minister, led the civil rights movement, which successfully used Gandhian nonviolent resistance to repeal laws enforcing racial segregation and work for integration of schools, businesses and government. In 1957, his wife Coretta Scott King, Albert Schweitzer, Benjamin Spock, and others formed the Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy (now Peace Action) to resist the nuclear arms race. In 1958 British activists formed the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament with Bertrand Russell as its president.
In 1960, Thich Nhat Hanh came to the US to study comparative religion at Princeton University and subsequently was appointed lecturer in Buddhism at Columbia University. Thich Nhat Hanh had written a letter to Martin Luther King in 1965 entitled "Searching for the Enemy of Man" and during his 1966 stay in the US met with King and urged him to publicly denounce the Vietnam War.[3] King gave his famous speech at the Riverside Church in New York City in 1967,[78] his first to publicly question the U.S. involvement in Vietnam.
Other examples from this period include the 1986 People Power Revolution in the Philippines led by Cory Aquino, and the 1989 Tiananmen Square Protests which included the broadly publicized "Tank Man" incident.
On December 1, 1948, President José Figueres Ferrer of Costa Rica abolished the Costa Rican military.[79] In 1949, the abolition of the military was introduced in Article 12 of the Costa Rican constitution. The budget previously dedicated to the military is now dedicated to providing health care services and education.[80]
Anti-War Literature of the 20th Century[edit]
Edmund Blunden's Undertones of War (1928).
Robert Graves's Goodbye to All That (1929).
Erich Marie Remarque's All Quiet on the Western Front (1929).
Beverley Nichols's Cry Havoc! (1933).
A.A. Milne's Peace with Honour (1934).
Aldous Huxley's Ends and Means (1937).
Religious attitudes[edit]
See also: Religion and peacebuilding
Bahá'í Faith[edit]
Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith abolished holy war and emphasized its abolition as a central teaching of his faith.[81] However, the Bahá'í Faith does not have an absolute pacifistic position. For example, Bahá'ís are advised to do social service instead of active army service, but when this is not possible because of obligations in certain countries, the Bahá'í law of loyalty to one's government is preferred and the individual should perform the army service.[82][83] Shoghi Effendi, the head of the Bahá'í Faith in the first half of the 20th century, noted that in the Bahá'í view, absolute pacifists are anti-social and exalt the individual over society which could lead to anarchy; instead he noted that the Bahá'í conception of social life follows a moderate view where the individual is not suppressed or exalted.[84]
On the level of society, Bahá'u'lláh promotes the principle of collective security, which does not abolish the use of force, but prescribes "a system in which Force is made the servant of Justice".[85] The idea of collective security from the Bahá'í teachings states that if a government violates a fundamental norm of international law or provision of a future world constitution which Bahá'ís believe will be established by all nations, then the other governments should step in.[86]
Buddhism[edit]
Main articles: Buddhism and violence, Engaged Buddhism, and Religion and peacebuilding § Buddhism and peacebuilding
Buddhism is generally seen as among the least violent religious traditions,[87] and Ahimsa (do no harm), is a primary virtue in Buddhism.[88]
Aung San Suu Kyi is a Buddhist nonviolent pro-democracy activist and leader of the National League for Democracy in Myanmar (Burma), who became State Counsellor (similar to prime minister) of Myanmar in April 2016. A devout Buddhist, Suu Kyi won the Rafto Prize and the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought in 1990 and in 1991 was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her peaceful and non-violent struggle under a repressive military dictatorship. One of her best known speeches is the "Freedom From Fear" speech, which begins, "It is not power that corrupts but fear. Fear of losing power corrupts those who wield it and fear of the scourge of power corrupts those who are subject to it."[89]
Main article: Christian pacifism
Blessed are the Peacemakers (1917) by George Bellows
Peace churches[edit]
Peace churches are Christian denominations explicitly advocating pacifism. The term "historic peace churches" refers specifically to three church traditions: the Church of the Brethren, the Mennonites (and some other Anabaptists, such as Amish Hutterites, and the Bruderhof[90]), and the Quakers (Religious Society of Friends). The historic peace churches have, from their origins as far back as the 16th century, always taken the position that Jesus was himself a pacifist who explicitly taught and practiced pacifism, and that his followers must do likewise. Pacifist churches vary on whether physical force can ever be justified in self-defense or protecting others, as many adhere strictly to nonresistance when confronted by violence. But all agree that violence on behalf of a country or a government is prohibited for Christians.
Pentecostal churches[edit]
Jay Beaman's thesis[91] states that 13 of 21, or 62% of American Pentecostal groups formed by 1917 show evidence of being pacifist sometime in their history. Furthermore, Jay Beaman has shown in his thesis[91] that there has been a shift away from pacifism in the American Pentecostal churches to more a style of military support and chaplaincy. The major organisation for Pentecostal Christians who believe in pacifism is the PCPF, the Pentecostal Charismatic Peace Fellowship.
The United Pentecostal Church, the largest Apostolic/Oneness denomination, takes an official stand of conscientious objection: its Articles of Faith read, "We are constrained to declare against participating in combatant service in war, armed insurrection ... aiding or abetting in or the actual destruction of human life. We believe that we can be consistent in serving our Government in certain noncombatant capacities, but not in the bearing of arms."[92]
Other Christian denominations[edit]
The shadow of the cross symbolizes the connection between religion and war in Constantine's Sword (film)
The Peace Pledge Union was a pacifist organisation from which the Anglican Pacifist Fellowship (APF) later emerged within the Anglican Church. The APF succeeded in gaining ratification of the pacifist position at two successive Lambeth Conferences, but many Anglicans would not regard themselves as pacifists. South African Bishop Desmond Tutu is the most prominent Anglican pacifist. Rowan Williams led an almost united Anglican Church in Britain in opposition to the 2003 Iraq War. In Australia Peter Carnley similarly led a front of bishops opposed to the Government of Australia's involvement in the invasion of Iraq.
The Catholic Worker Movement is concerned with both social justice and pacifist issues, and voiced consistent opposition to the Spanish Civil War and World War II. Many of its early members were imprisoned for their opposition to conscription.[93] Within the Roman Catholic Church, the Pax Christi organisation is the premiere pacifist lobby group. It holds positions similar to APF, and the two organisations are known to work together on ecumenical projects. Within Roman Catholicism there has been a discernible move towards a more pacifist position through the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Popes Benedict XV, John XXIII and John Paul II were all vocal in their opposition to specific wars. By taking the name Benedict XVI, some suspected that Joseph Ratzinger would continue the strong emphasis upon nonviolent conflict resolution of his predecessor. However, the Roman Catholic Church officially maintains the legitimacy of Just War, which is rejected by some pacifists.
In the twentieth century there was a notable trend among prominent Roman Catholics towards pacifism. Individuals such as Dorothy Day and Henri Nouwen stand out among them. The monk and mystic Thomas Merton was noted for his commitment to pacifism during the Vietnam War era. Murdered Salvadoran Bishop Óscar Romero was notable for using non-violent resistance tactics and wrote meditative sermons focusing on the power of prayer and peace. School of the Americas Watch was founded by Maryknoll Fr. Roy Bourgeois in 1990 and uses strictly pacifist principles to protest the training of Latin American military officers by United States Army officers at the School of the Americas in the state of Georgia.
The Southern Baptist Convention has stated in the Baptist Faith and Message, "It is the duty of Christians to seek peace with all men on principles of righteousness. In accordance with the spirit and teachings of Christ they should do all in their power to put an end to war."[94]
The United Methodist Church explicitly supports conscientious objection by its members "as an ethically valid position" while simultaneously allowing for differences of opinion and belief for those who do not object to military service.[95]
Members of the Rastafari Movement's Mansion Nyabinghi are specifically noted for having a large population of Pacifist members, though not all of them are.
Hinduism[edit]
Main article: Ahimsa
Non violence, or ahimsa, is a central part of Hinduism and is one of the fundamental Yamas – self restraints needed to live a proper life. The concept of ahimsa grew gradually within Hinduism, one of the signs being the discouragement of ritual animal sacrifice. Most Hindus today have a vegetarian diet. The classical texts of Hinduism devote numerous chapters discussing what people who practice the virtue of Ahimsa, can and must do when they are faced with war, violent threat or need to sentence someone convicted of a crime. These discussions have led to theories of just war, theories of reasonable self-defence and theories of proportionate punishment.[96][97] Arthashastra discusses, among other things, why and what constitutes proportionate response and punishment.[98][99] The precepts of Ahimsa under Hinduism require that war must be avoided, with sincere and truthful dialogue. Force must be the last resort. If war becomes necessary, its cause must be just, its purpose virtuous, its objective to restrain the wicked, its aim peace, its method lawful.[96][98] While the war is in progress, sincere dialogue for peace must continue.[96][97]
Islam[edit]
Islam does not have any normative tradition of pacifism,[100][101] and warfare has been integral part of Islamic history both for the defense and the spread of the faith since the time of Muhammad.[102][103][104][105][106] However, different Muslim movements through history had linked pacifism with Muslim theology.[107][108][109]
Ahmadiyya[edit]
Further information: Ahmadiyya view on Jihad
According to the Ahmadiyya understanding of Islam, pacifism is a strong current, and jihad is one's personal inner struggle and should not be used violently for political motives. Violence is the last option only to be used to protect religion and one's own life in extreme situations of persecution. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, the founder of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, said that in contrary to the current views, Islam does not allow the use of sword in religion, except in the case of defensive wars, wars waged to punish a tyrant, or those meant to uphold freedom.[110]
Ahmadiyya claims its objective to be the peaceful propagation of Islam with special emphasis on spreading the true message of Islam by the pen. Ahmadis point out that as per prophecy, who they believe was the promised messiah, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, rendered the concept of violent jihad unnecessary in modern times. They believe that the answer of hate should be given by love.[111] Many Muslims consider Ahmadi Muslims as either kafirs or heretics, an animosity sometimes resulting in murder.[112][113][114]
Sufism[edit]
Further information: Sufism
Prior to the Hijra travel, Muhammad struggled non-violently against his opposition in Mecca,[115] providing a basis for Islamic pacifist schools of thought such as some Sufi orders.[116]
In the 13th century, Salim Suwari a philosopher in Islam, came up with a peaceful approach to Islam known as the Suwarian tradition.[107][108]
The earliest massive non-violent implementation of civil disobedience was brought about by Egyptians against British occupation in the Egyptian Revolution of 1919.[117]
Khān Abdul Ghaffār Khān was a Pashtun independence activist against the rule of the British Raj. He was a political and spiritual leader known for his nonviolent opposition, and a lifelong pacifist and devout Muslim.[118] A close friend of Mohandas Gandhi, Bacha Khan was nicknamed the "Frontier Gandhi" in British India.[119] Bacha Khan founded the Khudai Khidmatgar ("Servants of God") movement in 1929, whose success triggered a harsh crackdown by the British Empire against him and his supporters, and they suffered some of the most severe repression of the Indian independence movement.[120]
Jainism[edit]
Non-violence, Compassion for all life, human and non-human, is central to Jainism. Human life is valued as a unique, rare opportunity to reach enlightenment. Killing any person, no matter what crime he may have committed, is considered unimaginably terrible. It is a religion that requires monks, from all its sects and traditions, to be vegetarian. Some Indian regions, such as Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh have been strongly influenced by Jains and often the majority of the local Hindus of every denomination are also vegetarian.[121]
Judaism[edit]
Although Judaism is not a pacifist religion, it does believe that peace is highly desirable. Most Jews will hope to limit or minimise conflict and violence but they accept that, given human nature and the situations which arise from time to time in the world, there will be occasions when violence and war may be justified. [122] The Jewish Peace Fellowship is a New-York based nonprofit, nondenominational organization set up to provide a Jewish voice in the peace movement. The organization was founded in 1941 in order to support Jewish conscientious objectors who sought exemption from combatant military service.[123] It is affiliated to the International Fellowship of Reconciliation.[124] The small Neturei Karta group of anti-Zionist, ultra-orthodox Jews, supposedly take a pacifist line, saying that "Jews are not allowed to dominate, kill, harm or demean another people and are not allowed to have anything to do with the Zionist enterprise, their political meddling and their wars.".[125] However, the Neturei Karta group do support groups such as Hezbollah and Hamas that are violent towards Israel.[126] The Hebrew Bible is full of examples when Jews were told to go and war against enemy lands or within the Israelite community as well as instances where God, as destroyer and protector, goes to war for non-participant Jews.[127] The Holocaust Remembrance Day (called Yom Hashoah in Hebrew) is a day a remembrance for many Jews as they honor those who fought to end the Hitler government which starved, shot, gassed and burned over six million Jews to death. It is observed on the day corresponding to the 27th day of the month of Nisan on the Hebrew calendar.[128]
Raëlism[edit]
Non-violence is an important doctrine within Raëlism. The founder of this religion Rael has said "The one holding the weapon is as responsible as the one giving the orders". Other Rael statements include "even if the Elohim asked them to kill someone they should refuse".[129]
Government and political movements[edit]
Remarque's anti-war novel All Quiet on the Western Front was banned and burned by war-glorifying Nazis
While many governments have tolerated pacifist views and even accommodated pacifists' refusal to fight in wars, others at times have outlawed pacifist and anti-war activity. In 1918, The United States Congress passed the Sedition Act of 1918. During the periods between World Wars I and World War II, pacifist literature and public advocacy was banned in Italy under Benito Mussolini, Germany after the rise of Adolf Hitler,[130] Spain under Francisco Franco,[131] and the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin.[132] In these nations, pacifism was denounced as cowardice; indeed, Mussolini referred to pacifist writings as the "propaganda of cowardice".[130]
Today, the United States requires that all young men register for selective service but does not allow them to be classified as conscientious objectors unless they are drafted in some future reinstatement of the draft, allowing them to be discharged or transferred to noncombatant status.[133] Some European governments like Switzerland, Greece, Norway and Germany offer civilian service. However, even during periods of peace, many pacifists still refuse to register for or report for military duty, risking criminal charges.
Anti-war and "pacifist" political parties seeking to win elections may moderate their demands, calling for de-escalation or major arms reduction rather than the outright disarmament which is advocated by many pacifists. Green parties list "non-violence" and "decentralization" towards anarchist co-operatives or minimalist village government as two of their ten key values. However, in power, Greens often compromise. The German Greens in the cabinet of Social Democrat Gerhard Schröder supported an intervention by German troops in Afghanistan in 2001 if that they hosted the peace conference in Berlin. However, during the 2002 election Greens forced Schröder to swear that no German troops would invade Iraq.
March of Peace, which took place in Moscow in March 2014
Some pacifists and multilateralists are in favor of international criminal law as means to prevent and control international aggression. The International Criminal Court has jurisdiction over war crimes, but the crime of aggression has yet to be clearly defined in international law.
The Italian Constitution enforces a mild pacifist character on the Italian Republic, as Article 11 states that "Italy repudiates war as an instrument offending the liberty of the peoples and as a means for settling international disputes ..." Similarly, Articles 24, 25 and 26 of the German Constitution (1949), Alinea 15 of the French Constitution (1946), Article 20 of the Danish Constitution (1953), Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution (1947) and several other mostly European constitutions correspond to the United Nations Charter by rejecting the institution of war in favour of collective security and peaceful cooperation.[134]
Pacifism and abstention from political activity[edit]
However, some pacifists, such as the Christian anarchist Leo Tolstoy and autarchist Robert LeFevre, consider the state a form of warfare. In addition, for doctrinal reason that a manmade government is inferior to divine governance and law, many pacifist-identified religions/religious sects also refrain from political activity altogether, including the Anabaptists, Jehovah's Witnesses and Mandaeans. This means that such groups refuse to participate in government office or serve under an oath to a government.
Anarcho-pacifism[edit]
Main article: Anarcho-pacifism
Henry David Thoreau, early proponent of anarcho-pacifism
Anarcho-pacifism (also pacifist anarchism or anarchist pacifism) is a form of anarchism which completely rejects the use of violence in any form for any purpose. The main precedent was Henry David Thoreau who through his work Civil Disobedience influenced the advocacy of both Leo Tolstoy and Mohandas Gandhi for nonviolent resistance.[135] As a global movement, Anarchist pacifism emerged shortly before World War II in the Netherlands, Great Britain and the United States and was a strong presence in the subsequent campaigns for nuclear disarmament.
Violence has always been controversial in anarchism. While many anarchists during the 19th century embraced propaganda of the deed, Leo Tolstoy and other anarcho-pacifists directly opposed violence as a means for change. He argued that anarchism must by nature be nonviolent since it is, by definition, opposition to coercion and force and since the state is inherently violent, meaningful pacifism must likewise be anarchistic. His philosophy was cited as a major inspiration by Mohandas Gandhi, an Indian independence leader and pacifist who self-identified as an anarchist. Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis was also instrumental in establishing the pacifist trend within the anarchist movement.[136] In France anti-militarism appeared strongly in individualist anarchist circles as Émile Armand founded "Ligue Antimilitariste" in 1902 with Albert Libertad and George Mathias Paraf-Javal.
Opposition to military taxation[edit]
Many pacifists who would be conscientious objectors to military service are also opposed to paying taxes to fund the military. In the United States, The National Campaign for a Peace Tax Fund works to pass a national law to allow conscientious objectors to redirect their tax money to be used only for non-military purposes.[137]
One common argument against pacifism is the possibility of using violence to prevent further acts of violence (and reduce the "net-sum" of violence). This argument hinges on consequentialism: an otherwise morally objectionable action can be justified if it results in a positive outcome. For example, either violent rebellion, or foreign nations sending in troops to end a dictator's violent oppression may save millions of lives, even if many thousands died in the war. Those pacifists who base their beliefs on deontological grounds would oppose such violent action. Others would oppose organized military responses but support individual and small group self-defense against specific attacks if initiated by the dictator's forces. Pacifists may argue that military action could be justified should it subsequently advance the general cause of peace.
Still more pacifists would argue that a nonviolent reaction may not save lives immediately but would in the long run. The acceptance of violence for any reason makes it easier to use in other situations. Learning and committing to pacifism helps to send a message that violence is, in fact, not the most effective way. It can also help people to think more creatively and find more effective ways to stop violence without more violence.
In light of the common criticism of pacifism as not offering a clear alternative policy, one approach to finding "more effective ways" has been the attempt to develop the idea of "defence by civil resistance", also called "social defence". This idea, which is not necessarily dependent on acceptance of pacifist beliefs, is based on relying on nonviolent resistance against possible threats, whether external (such as invasion) or internal (such as coup d'état).
Jewish armed resistance against the Nazis during World War II
There have been some works on this topic, including by Adam Roberts[138] and Gene Sharp.[139] However, no country has adopted this approach as the sole basis of its defence.[140] (For further information and sources see social defence.)
Axis aggression that precipitated World War II is often cited[by whom?]as an argument against pacifism. If these forces had not been challenged and defeated militarily, the argument goes, many more people would have died under their oppressive rule. Adolf Hitler told the British Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax in 1937 that the British should "shoot Gandhi, and if this doesn't suffice to reduce them to submission, shoot a dozen leading members of the Congress, and if that doesn't suffice shoot 200, and so on, as you make it clear that you mean business."[141]
Adolf Hitler noted in his Second Book: "... Later, the attempt to adapt the living space to increased population turned into unmotivated wars of conquest, which in their very lack of motivation contained the germ of the subsequent reaction. Pacifism is the answer to it. Pacifism has existed in the world ever since there have been wars whose meaning no longer lay in the conquest of territory for a Folk's sustenance. Since then it has been war's eternal companion. It will again disappear as soon as war ceases to be an instrument of booty hungry or power hungry individuals or nations, and as soon as it again becomes the ultimate weapon with which a Folk fights for its daily bread."[142]
Hermann Göring described, during an interview at the Nuremberg Trials, how denouncing and outlawing pacifism was an important part of the Nazis' seizure of power: "The people can always be brought to the bidding of the leaders. That is easy. All you have to do is tell them they are being attacked and denounce the pacifists for lack of patriotism and exposing the country to danger. It works the same way in any country."[143]
Some commentators on the most nonviolent forms of pacifism, including Jan Narveson, argue that such pacifism is a self-contradictory doctrine. Narveson claims that everyone has rights and corresponding responsibilities not to violate others' rights. Since pacifists give up their ability to protect themselves from violation of their right not to be harmed, then other people thus have no corresponding responsibility, thus creating a paradox of rights. Narveson said that "the prevention of infractions of that right is precisely what one has a right to when one has a right at all". Narveson then discusses how rational persuasion is a good but often inadequate method of discouraging an aggressor. He considers that everyone has the right to use any means necessary to prevent deprivation of their civil liberties and force could be necessary.[144] Peter Gelderloos criticizes the idea that nonviolence is the only way to fight for a better world. According to Gelderloos, pacifism as an ideology serves the interests of the state and is hopelessly caught up psychologically with the control schema of patriarchy and white supremacy.[145]
Catholic peace traditions
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Jewish Peace Fellowship
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Unitarian Universalist Association
Visigothic Code
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacifism&oldid=905879284"
Political theories
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LOTTA WENGLÉN
artist/composer/producer
Lotta Wenglén was born in Malmoe in 1971 and started playing guitar and writing songs at an early age. She soon began making tape recordings with her older brother.
When the two of them where introduced to a four channel analogue porta studio it was pure heaven.
In her teens Lotta started her first band, but it wasn´t until the winter of 1995, when Lotta and two friends formed the band ”ba-ba-loo”, that the music started to find a form. The band had some local gigs in Malmoe but soon they got the danish recordcompany Mega Records to record their debut album ”Frosting- the american way” with help from producer Billy Cross (Bob Dylan´s former guitarist ). The album was released in 1998.
In 1999, Lotta and Uffe, the bassplayer from ba-ba-loo took in two new band members and changed their band name to ”bobby ray”. They recorded a demo and played at Popstad 2000 in Malmoe.
In the year 2000 Lotta went solo and recorded the album ”Golden Green” (DUNDRET STUDIO). It was released through Adrian Recordings in 2001. American songwriter Chip Taylor joined her in a duet on the album, ”The hard part´s to stay”. The song was also released as a single two months before the album came out.
Lotta started her own label in 2001, Margit Music (namned after her grandmother) and released the ep ”Scratch”, the single ”Ambassador of love” and the album ”Paintbrush” that same year. All recorded at MIN STUDIO (former Dundret Studio) in Malmoe.
During the years 2003 and 2004 she wrote, produced and recorded her third album in her small home studio in her house in Hököpinge Kyrkby. She namned it ”Ask Harry” and released it in Sweden through Margit Music in February 2005.
Lotta moved to Malmoe in 2005 and wrote new songs. She had no plan of making them into an album. Instead she recorded songs and released them the next day on myspace.
When she found out that she had been granted financial support from Statens Kulturråd to produce an album she had a change of plan. She already had songs to fill an album so her fourth album ” In The Core” was released in September 2008.
Lotta started playing with Carolina Carlbom (Pujskins), Magnus Sveningsson (The Cardigans) and Måns Wieslander (Elevator Adam). They toured in Germany and new songs where written. The songs became Lottas fifth album ”Thanks for your generous donations!”
Erika Rosén, Sofia Härdig and Katharina Nuttall joined her on the album along side the band. The album was recorded during a short period of time and followed a crazy production plan that Lotta had come up with. Alot of the humour and fun recordings made it through the mix. The album was relased in May 2011.
At this time Lotta was one out of five caracters in Jessica Nettelbladts movie "I am my own Dolly Parton" and these five women recorded (with Katharina Nuttall as engineer) an album under the name "Dollykollot". An album with both their own songs and Dolly songs.
In 2013 Lotta and her guitarist Måns Wieslander formed the duo Blind Lake and recorded an album named "On Earth". It was released in June 2015. During 2016-2018 they recorded new songs to be released in 2019.
Between 2017-2019 Lotta played percussion in the band Cecilia Nordlund & Fullmånen från Helvetet. The band released an ep and toured with Pelle Ossler in 2017 and in 2018 came their debut album "Åska & Blod".
In 2018 Lotta started working on her new solo songs (in swedish) with Lasse Johansson Ståle. The first single will be out in 2019!
Lottas new songs in swedish
Lotta and Lasse Johansson (Cardigans) has started working with her new songs written in swedish. They record the vocals and guitar in Lottas studio in Böste and then Lasse continues the work, adding different elements to the songs in his studio in Malmö. A very exciting journey has begun in a totally unexplored musical landscape for this new-founded team.
Spotify | Facebook
MARGIT MUSIC
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Lough Gara Lakes & Legends
Showcasing the beauty, heritage and history of Ballaghaderreen and its hinterland
Old Military Barracks/St. Nathy’s School
The Old Military Barracks was constructed in 1798 by Lord De Freyne and Viscount Dillon after the Rebellion. It was built to monitor the crossing of the Lung River. The building is said to have its very own ghost, a British Soldier, who hung himself here. According to locals the ghost haunts the corridors of the old building each year on the 3rd of November. In 1896, the barracks became home to the towns secondary school, St. Nathy’s College, named after the patron saint of the diocese.
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Browns' Kareem Hunt banned 8 games by NFL for 'altercations'
By TOM WITHERS AP Sports Writer
FILE - In this Nov. 19, 2018, file photo, Kansas City Chiefs running back Kareem Hunt warms up before an NFL football game against the Los Angeles Rams, in Los Angeles. The NFL has suspended Browns running back Kareem Hunt for eight games after a video showed him kicking a woman and he was later involved in a fight at a resort. The league on Friday, March 15, 2019, cited a violation of its personal conduct policy "for physical altercations at his residence in Cleveland last February and at a resort in Ohio last June." Hunt will not be paid during the half-season suspension, which he will not appeal. (AP Photo/Kelvin Kuo, File) (Kelvin Kuo)
CLEVELAND (AP) - Kareem Hunt promises to change. The NFL will hold him to his word.
The league suspended the Cleveland Browns running back for eight games on Friday for two "physical altercations," one in which Hunt shoved and kicked a woman in a hotel hallway while he played for Kansas City.
Hunt will not be eligible to play until November as part of his penalty for violating the league's personal-conduct policy. The 23-year-old, who quickly became a star player with the Chiefs before his conduct prompted the team to cut him during a Super Bowl push last season, will not be paid during the half-season suspension, which will be lifted on Aug. 31. He can practice and will be eligible to play in Cleveland's preseason games.
Hunt will not appeal the league's findings, which came following an investigation into the hotel incident and a fight in June at Put-In-Bay island, a resort area in Ohio.
"I want to again apologize for my actions last year," Hunt said in a statement released by the Browns. "I know that my behavior hurt a lot of people, and I again apologize to them. I respect the league's decision on discipline, and I appreciate the time I spent with Commissioner Goodell last week. I'm grateful for my time with the Browns over the last month and thankful to all the people in the organization that have welcomed me.
"I also appreciate all of the support I received from my union through this process.
My commitment to earning the trust of the league, my teammates, the organization and this community through my actions will continue, and I understand there is a lot of hard work ahead of me before I'm able to fully return to playing the game I love."
Hunt was placed on the commissioner's exempt list and missed Kansas City's final five games. His career appeared at a crossroads before the Browns, at the prompting of general manager John Dorsey, signed Hunt in February. Dorsey drafted Hunt while he was in Kansas City and felt the Ohio native was contrite and deserved a second chance.
In recent months, Hunt has been receiving counseling and assured Goodell he "accepts responsibility for his conduct and the discipline that has been imposed," the league said. "He has committed to take advantage of available resources to help him grow personally and as a member of the Cleveland community, and to live up to his obligations as an NFL player."
"I know that he has really done a nice job of being committed and of doing that work so that he can be the best version of himself," Dorsey said Thursday. "I know he has been diligently working on that."
Hunt has been working out at the Browns' facility in Berea, Ohio, and is scheduled to take part in the team's offseason program starting April 1.
Hunt's suspension caps a busy week for the Browns, who acquired superstar wide receiver Odell Beckham Jr. on Tuesday in a trade with the New York Giants. Cleveland has also made several other moves in free agency.
Hunt's arrival has made Browns third-down running back Duke Johnson expendable and the team has considered trading him.
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Could Linkin Park, Green Day, Nine Inch Nails Be The Next U2?
Are some of today's rockers modeling themselves after Bono's band of Irish lads?
archive-Chris-Harris 05/23/2007
Everyone's heard the saying A&R guys have been kicking around for decades to describe the hottest up-and-comers: "the next Beatles." While this title has been liberally conferred upon many acts since the Beatles' prime, no artist has really been as big a hit or had as profound an influence on pop culture as the Fab Four. But U2 have come pretty damn close.
With upward of 170 million albums sold worldwide and three decades of commercial and critical success, there's no denying that U2 are one of the biggest rock bands on the planet. With the Edge's soaring, signature guitar chime and the group's catalog of arena-size anthems, U2 have consistently reinvented themselves, experimenting with and evolving the direction of their unique sound, even at the risk of alienating some of their die-hard fans.
They've maintained their musical relevance, and the bandmembers have achieved gravity outside the realm of rock and roll. The band — and in particular frontman Bono, who's become something of a global ambassador — has used its music and celebrity to shine a spotlight on political and social issues and injustices, working closely with organizations like Amnesty International, Make Poverty History, the ONE Campaign, Live Aid and Live 8 (see "Jay-Z, U2, Madonna, Pink Floyd Deliver Live 8 Highlights"). Bono has become increasingly involved in campaigning for Third World debt relief and raising awareness of the plight of Africa, including the AIDS pandemic (see "Bono, Brad Pitt Launch Campaign For Third-World Relief" and "Bono's Humanitarian Efforts Not Good Enough For North Dakota").
In 2002, Bono formed DATA (Debt, AIDS, Trade, Africa), an advocacy organization dedicated to eradicating extreme poverty and AIDS in Africa, and he's met with a host of world leaders to solicit support for the various campaigns he backs. For his part, the Edge founded Music Rising, a campaign to rescue the musical culture of the U.S.'s Central Gulf region following the catastrophic summer 2005 hurricanes (see "U2 Keeping Up Charitable Momentum Following Superdome Set").
So forget the Beatles — we're more interested in who's poised to become the next U2. Here are some notable candidates.
Linkin Park:
It's hard to imagine the architects of "One Step Closer" could one day be as internationally influential as a band like U2. But they're certainly keeping pace with the band as far as album sales are concerned (see "Linkin Park Rule The Albums Chart: New LP Has Best First-Week Sales Of The Year"), and aesthetically speaking too, the California hard rockers are definitely on their way. The band's latest video, for the track "What I've Done," resembled U2's "Vertigo" clip in several ways.
(Could Linkin Park follow in U2's footsteps? Watch right here.)
First, there's the setting: a dusty, windy desert, where both bands rock out with purpose. Then there's frontman Chester Bennington's penchant for Bono-like shades. In the video, he even seems to borrow Bono's signature microphone-stand manipulation, swaying back and forth and side to side and cradling a pole. And what of the black-and-white cover of Linkin Park's new record, the Rick Rubin-helmed Minutes to Midnight (see "Linkin Park's Minutes To Midnight Preview: Nu-Metallers Grow Up")? Doesn't it sort of resemble the cover of U2's 2000 effort, All That You Can't Leave Behind? And is it just a coincidence that U2's next LP will also be produced by Rubin?
Minutes to Midnight is also the most political of Linkin Park's three studio sets, as evidenced by the lyrics to "Hands Held High," on which Mike Shinoda sings, "For a leader so nervous, in an obvious way/ Stuttering and mumbling for nightly news to replay/ And the rest of the world watching at the end of the day/ In the living room laughing, like, 'What did he say?' "
And let's not forget Bennington's humanitarian work. In the wake of Hurricane Katrina, Bennington appeared with Mötley Crüe at ReAct Now: Music & Relief, a concert to benefit Katrina's survivors, for a rendition of "Home Sweet Home" (the benefit also featured U2, as it so happens; see "U2, Coldplay, Pearl Jam Added To MTV Disaster-Relief Show").
The band also helped relief efforts for victims of the 2004 tsunami, staging several charity concerts and setting up an additional fund called "Music for Relief" — Bennington visited victims of that disaster in Phuket, Thailand (see "Linkin Park Establish Charity To Help Tsunami Victims"). Linkin Park also participated in Bob Geldof's 2005 Live 8 concerts, appearing onstage with Jay-Z in Philadelphia (see "50 Cent Drops Off Live 8 Bill — But Destiny's Child And Linkin Park Sign On").
According to Bennington, "There's nothing you can say that sucks about being compared to U2."
Green Day:
The Berkeley, California, band — which has influenced the likes of My Chemical Romance and Blink-182 — has come a long way since the dope and dick jokes that pervaded 1992's Kerplunk. Like U2, they've become one of the most important bands in the world and, also like U2, they believe in reinvention, especially during periods when their relevance has been challenged. Their recent work has contained a much deeper message than the joys and perils of self-manipulation; Green Day's 2004 opus American Idiot was a politically tinged rock opera dealing with the nature of individuality and rebellion and the war in Iraq (see "Why Idiot Was The Smart Move For Green Day").
In 2005 Green Day performed as part of Live 8, and last year the band collaborated with none other than U2 themselves on a Rick Rubin-produced cover of the Skids' "The Saints Are Coming" (see "MTV News Exclusive: Catch A Sneak Peek Of U2/ Green Day 'Saints' Video"). Sales from the single benefited the Edge's Music Rising campaign. In April, frontman Billie Joe Armstrong headed to New Orleans to help rebuild homes destroyed by the storm.
Green Day have also joined forces with the Natural Resources Defense Council, one of the most effective environmental organizations in the U.S., for the "Move America Beyond Oil" campaign and other environmental concerns. The work they've done has helped raise awareness of the nation's dependency on oil and offers possible courses of action to reverse the trend.
Coldplay:
From a strictly political standpoint, of all of rock and roll's big names, Coldplay are perhaps the most comparable to U2.
Chris Martin, who leads the British quartet, has been particularly outspoken on issues of fair trade and has become the face for Make Trade Fair, a campaign organized by Oxfam International to promote trade justice among governments, institutions and multinational corporations. Martin has personally traveled to Ghana and Haiti to see firsthand the effects of unfair trade practices. And when the band performs live, he can usually be spotted with the words "make trade fair" or an equal sign written on his left hand.
Martin has been fairly active in politics and has been a vocal critic of Bush and the war in Iraq. He threw his support behind John Kerry's failed presidential bid in 2004 during his acceptance speech at the 2004 Grammy Awards, when the band's song "Clocks" was awarded Record of the Year honors. The band also supports Amnesty International.
Oh yeah, and Martin's been known to refer to himself as "Crono," a play on the name of his "hero," Bono.
Nine Inch Nails:
Trent Reznor has gone from crafting tunes about his personal anguish and misery (see 1989's Pretty Hate Machine) to addressing social and political themes on his most recent outing, this year's Year Zero (see "Nine Inch Nails' Year Zero Preview: Beginning To Solve The Mystery"). The concept album revolves around the generally terrifying story of a future society poised on the brink of spiritual, moral, political and environmental Armageddon — his response to Bush's presidency and the war in Iraq.
Reznor, of course, has made no secret of his disapproval of the POTUS; in 2005, he dropped out of performing at the 2005 MTV Movie Awards because of a disagreement with the network over the use of an unaltered image of George W. Bush as a backdrop to the band's performance of "The Hand That Feeds" (see "Nine Inch Nails Drop Out Of MTV Movie Awards Over Bush Dispute"). The song includes the lyrics, "What if this whole crusade's a charade/ And behind it all there's a price to be paid/ For the blood on which we dine/ Justified in the name of the holy and the divine."
Reznor — whose work has influenced the likes of Marilyn Manson and Filter — has also thrown his support behind People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, which he filmed a public-service announcement for in 2006. Reznor narrated an undercover video exposing the gruesome cat- and dog-fur trade in China and the barbarity of the fur industry throughout the world. "Workers kick and stomp on the cages and jab the animals with sticks to get them out, then their weakened bodies are bludgeoned, hanged, bled or strangled with wire nooses to kill them," he says in the spot. "Many of the cats and dogs still have collars on, proof that they were someone's beloved companions."
System of a Down:
Descendants of survivors of the 1915 Armenian Genocide, System of a Down had no choice but to be a political band. Frontman Serj Tankian helped form the Axis of Justice, a nonprofit organization dedicated to bringing together musicians, music fans and grassroots political organizations to fight for social justice, and the band frequently promotes awareness of the Armenian Genocide (see "System Of A Down Mark Genocide By Playing, Not Preaching").
Every year (with the exception of 2006), System of a Down have organized "Souls" concerts to raise money to support the cause. System's song "P.L.U.C.K. (Politically Lying, Unholy, Cowardly Killers)," from 1998's self-titled debut, touches upon the genocide, and in the CD's booklet, the band dedicates the track "to the memory of the 1.5 million victims of the Armenian Genocide, perpetrated by the Turkish Government in 1915." The song "Holy Mountains," from 2005's Hypnotize, is also about the genocide.
"B.Y.O.B.," the Grammy Award-winning single that was featured on Hypnotize's counterpart LP, Mezmerize, questions the integrity of war and was believed to be a direct attack on Bush's international policies.
Last spring, the band asked its fans to contact Bush, urging him to properly characterize the Armenian Genocide as "genocide" in presidential statements. Tankian said at the time that "the constant, ridiculous denial of the Armenian Genocide by not only Turkey but by consecutive U.S. administrations made me aware of the world of disinformation and injustices around the globe."
But with the future of the heavy-metal act unclear (they announced they'd be going on an indefinite hiatus a year ago; see "System Of A Down Aren't Breaking Up — They're Going On Hiatus"), System don't seem a very likely candidate for the title of "the next U2."
U2:
It's not as though the Irish rockers are going anywhere anytime soon, and they've shown no signs they're ready to renounce their place as rock and roll royalty. They're hard at work on their next album — what will be their 12th studio release — with Rubin at the boards, and Bono's humanitarian efforts have not waned one bit. Bono just joined the Irish government's Hunger Task Force as part of his continuing efforts to raise awareness of world poverty.
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Was Selena Gomez Really Naked On Her Revival Album Cover?
Also, watch as she gets a text from a 'cute guy' mid-interview.
Christina Garibaldi 09/11/2015
Selena Gomez may look completely naked on the cover of her Revival album, but it turns out she was covering up just a bit.
https://instagram.com/p/7YduTpOjOp/?taken-by=selenagomez
"I have these high-waisted shorts that are cut off, and it kind of reminds me of a little Linda Ronstadt '70s vibe. I always used to get told I look like her and I started listening to her music because of that and I love '70s," she told Ryan Seacrest before checking her phone to see which song of Linda's is her favorite, but instead she said:
"Oh I got a text from a cute guy."
WHO IS THIS CUTE GUY, SELENA?! She wouldn't give up any details, only that he has brown hair. Sel, that doesn't really help us much.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j2RjaCgBuz0
She quickly went on to talk more about that racy photo, which she described as a "beautiful representation of where I am" and said that her upcoming LP (October 9) was a bit inspired by Christina Aguilera's Stripped album, which also featured the singer topless on the cover.
"That's one of my favorite albums and that was kind of what I started off Revival as, some sort of story. I mean, that album for her was incredible -- 'Beautiful,' 'Can't Hold Us Down,' all of that -- that's the stuff that I love," she said. "That was an album, that was complete on my record. I have 'Rise,' 'Survivors,' 'Revival,' 'Kill Em With Kindness.' My stuff is full on, it's an album, it's a piece, it's something that I'm proud of."
Another thing she is proud of is how she handled herself in the face of body shamers this year. After pictures surfaced of the singer in a bikini while vacationing with friends in Mexico, some were quick to judge her curvy figure, writing some pretty hurtful comments. That prompted her to post this photo with the caption, "I love being happy with me yall #theresmoretolove."
https://instagram.com/p/1jmYv8ujDS/
"I did gain weight, but I don't care," she said. "I posted this photo on Instagram, and I was like, there's more to love. I'm happy with myself, and the reason I did that was because I didn't want them to win, 'cause then the next day it wasn't about how I gained weight, it was how I embraced it, and that's my approach."
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Punishment Was Written Down, Part II
The Coat of Arms of the Holy See, Donald Lindsay Galbreath, A Treatise on Ecclesiastical Heraldry (W. Heffer and Sons, 1930).
The Flame says:
“The Eternal Father sent a King to His people. That Divine King, coming on earth, had everything in His possession. He reigned for thirty-three years. After that reign, He divided the earth into kingdoms. Those have been delineated according to His designs, and the earth did not know how to make choice of his own kings to maintain peace between peoples.
“The first King has been put to death for the ransom of His own. Those who will be ruling after Him will be unthroned, and many among them put to death. The kingdoms of the earth will return, as of old, without any other government than the ruling of the first King, the One who created and ordered everything.
“It is not on the same day that some will be put to death, others thrown to exile. The following years… all those years will divide the kingdoms. It will be by the year, and even less than that, that kings of the earth will cease to exist. All will march along towards their ruin and desolation. The earth will be left but a desert. Kings will be ruling no more, except the one who is endowed with the eternal authority.
“If the kingdom which stands close to perishing (France), has to be the first one to undergo retaliation, it will be the first one to blossom again, the first one to be rebuilt in peace; but the subjects who will have to pay honor to its Saviour will be very few in number in the heart of that kingdom. Those who will render honor to that Saviour will be the sons of France and several others who will have come from the countries where the Exiled one has been dwelling.
“After all kings and kingdoms will have been destroyed, only the Eternal King, the true one, will be left who will be able to distinguish and make choice of subjects that may be worthy of maintaining peace. The whole earth will have been overturned and troubled during those days.” (January 12, 1882)
[Source: pp. 229 – 230, Prophecies of La Fraudais].
Reflection on this prophecy:
The Eternal Father sent Christ, who is the “Divine King, coming on earth, [who] had everything in His possession. He reigned for thirty-three years.”
After Christ’s Death and Resurrection, the kingdom of Christ is ruled by Saint Peter,the first Pope, and the kingdom of the devil is ruled by various pagans and the first heretics: “After that reign [Christ’s], He divided the earth into kingdoms.”
The people belonging to the kingdom of the devil, by not having the One True Faith, chose leaders who ruled for themselves or for other men's interests, and so “the earth did not know how to make choice of his own kings to maintain peace between peoples.”
Christ is “The first King [who] has been put to death for the ransom of His own.”
After Him, His Vicars, the Popes, are opposed and hated ("unthroned" from the laws of the countries), and many are put to death: “Those who will be ruling after Him will be unthroned, and many among them put to death.”
This prophecy then speaks of “kings of the earth” which are differentiated from the Vicars of Christ through time. Unlike the Papacy, the “kings of the earth will cease to exist. All will march along towards their ruin and desolation.”
Only the Pope, who has the power to bind and to loose in Heaven and Earth, shall remain: “Kings will be ruling no more, except the one who is endowed with the eternal authority.”
This prophecy predicts that violence and destruction will fall to France first out of all of the kingdoms, but that she shall also be the first to rise again: “If the kingdom which stands close to perishing (France), has to be the first one to undergo retaliation, it will be the first one to blossom again, the first one to be rebuilt in peace”.
However, France will have very few Frenchmen left in Paris to greet their liberator, the French Monarch: “[T]he subjects who will have to pay honor to [France's] Saviour will be very few in number in the heart of that kingdom.”
And now we have the exciting part of this prophecy, the part that mentions the Church in Exile, and puts faithful Catholics in France!
Alongside the liberated and exultant Frenchmen, will be those of us who are in communion with the Papacy which has been exiled since 1958: “Those who will render honor to that Saviour will be the sons of France and several others who will have come from the countries where the Exiled one has been dwelling.”
The final image presented through this prophecy is of the Holy Father re-establishing Christ’s Rule on earth through the Lawful control of the State by the Church; that is, the Kingship of Christ:
“After all kings and kingdoms will have been destroyed, only the Eternal King, the true one, will be left who will be able to distinguish and make choice of subjects that may be worthy of maintaining peace.”
The masonic lies will be dead at last.
Christus vincit! Christus regnat! Christus Imperat!
Links: Pope Gregory XVII The See of the Cross
"We declare, say, define and proclaim to every human creature that they by necessity for salvation are entirely subject to the Roman Pontiff ." - Decree of Pope Boniface VIII, Unam Sanctam,Nov. 18, 1302, ex cathedra
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Articles from Princess Cruz
Postdoctoral Research Fellowships in Optical Coherence Tomography at The Tearney Lab at the Wellman Center for Photomedicine at the Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA USA
Explore Optical Coherence Tomography News Feb 13 2019 Jobs & Studentships
A Postdoctoral research fellowship in the area of optical coherence tomography (OCT) is available in the Tearney Lab at the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) in the Wellman Center for Photomedicine. This appointment will be made at the rank of postdoctoral fellow or instructor at Harvard Medical School, commensurate with the applicant’s experience. MGH’s role as a leading teaching affiliate of Harvard Medical School and close ties to Harvard University and MIT provide an outstanding environment for developing and translating new OCT technologies with applications in basic and clinical research. The fellowship will focus on high resolution OCT imaging ...
Mentions: Guillermo J. Tearney Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard University
Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Opening in In Vivo Microscopy at the Wellman Center for Photomedicine at the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston USA
A Postdoctoral research fellowship in the area of In Vivo Microscopy is available in the Tearney Lab at the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) in the Wellman Center for Photomedicine. This appointment will be made at the rank of postdoctoral fellow at Harvard Medical School. MGH’s role as a leading teaching affiliate of Harvard Medical School and close ties to Harvard University and MIT provide an outstanding environment for developing and translating new in vivo microscopy technologies with applications in basic and clinical research. The fellowship will focus on the development and clinical application of advanced in vivo microscopy imaging ...
Postdoctoral Research Fellowships in In Vivo Microscopy at the Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA USA
Explore Optical Coherence Tomography News Nov 15 2017 Jobs & Studentships
A Postdoctoral research fellowship in the area of In Vivo Microscopy is available in the Tearney Lab at the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) in the Wellman Center for Photomedicine. This appointment will be made at the rank of postdoctoral fellow at Harvard Medical School. MGH’s role as a leading teaching affiliate of Harvard Medical School and close ties to Harvard University and MIT provide an outstanding environment for developing and translating new in vivo microscopy technologies with applications in basic and clinical research.
The fellowship will focus on the development and clinical application of advanced in vivo microscopy imaging ...
Postdoctoral Research Fellowships in Optical Coherence Tomography at the Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA USA
A Postdoctoral research fellowship in the area of optical coherence tomography (OCT) is available in the Tearney Lab at the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) in the Wellman Center for Photomedicine. This appointment will be made at the rank of postdoctoral fellow at Harvard Medical School. MGH’s role as a leading teaching affiliate of Harvard Medical School and close ties to Harvard University and MIT provide an outstanding environment for developing and translating new OCT technologies with applications in basic and clinical research. The fellowship will focus on the development and clinical application of advanced OCT imaging devices, including endoscopic ...
Postdoctoral Research Fellowships (Optical Coherence Tomography) Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital
Explore Optical Coherence Tomography News Dec 15 2014 Jobs & Studentships
Postdoctoral Research Fellowships in Optical Coherence Tomography at Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital
Explore Optical Coherence Tomography News Apr 10 2014 Jobs & Studentships
Mentions: Guillermo J. Tearney Massachusetts Institute of Technology Massachusetts General Hospital
Topics in the News
(6 articles) Massachusetts General Hospital
(6 articles) Harvard University
(6 articles) Guillermo J. Tearney
(1 articles) Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(1 articles) Center for Ophthalmic Optics and Lasers
(1 articles) Oregon Health & Science University
(1 articles) David Huang
(1 articles) Yali Jia
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A thrill of a lifetime – 335 feet bungi jump at Victoria Falls, October 2005.
Mike Cantlin filming. (Southern Discovery Adventure trip, 2005)
See my Playlist: Travel in Africa, for a VIDEO of this amazing thrill on
For a complete Playlist of all videos on YouTube, please click the icon to the left.
New Trekker Adventures LTD.
A travel company with a large dose of adventure, catering for your families, by our families.
Our Origin and Purpose
New Trekker Adventures was founded by Willie Grové in 1997, and incorporated in the State of Ohio in 2005. The company specializes in small, private, guided adventure trips, such as climbing Kilimanjaro or trekking to Everest Base Camp and back. We also specialize in small private game reserve adventures in Southern Africa, partic ularly in Botswana. We have brought many amazed Americans to fall in love with Africa this way. See our collection of videos at Travel in Africa on YouTube.
The Grové Family
Willie Grové was born in South Africa. He immigrated to the United States in 1978 after marrying an American girl from Columbus, Ohio. Katie and Willie have shared great adventures together and have traveled in many parts of the world. Africa and its people and wildlife remain their first love. In addition to leading adventure tours through New Trekker Adventures Ltd., Willie is a 30-year veteran Financial Consultant with an international investment firm. In 2005 he was selected by Barron’s Magazine as one of the Top 100 Consultants in America. He was selected as one of the top 25 for the state of Ohio and one of the top 1,000 in America every year from 2009 to 2015. He was also selected by Registered Rep. magazin e as one of America’s Top 50 Advisors in 2004 and one of 10 Outstanding Brokers in America in 1997. He has a successful investment practice in Columbus, Ohio, serving clients across America. Katie has a fashion accessories company Abrigo Bag Ltd.
Willie and Katie live in Columbus, Ohio, and New York City. They have two children.
Thomas, formerly a video game designer and entrepreneur in San Francisco, is married to Yukiko Miyajima, and they have a son, William Ryusei. They moved to Saigon, Vietnam where Thomas was head of design for a large French video game development company until 2014 when he started his own design firm, dxSaigon and recently launched an online design magazine, dxMag.
Daughter Jessica Grové is a Broadway actress in New York City and is married to another Broadway actor, Dan Cooney. Dan is the founder of The Encore Musical Theatre Company in Dexter, Michigan, and has a greater than 20-year Broadway performance history, from Evita and Les Misérables to Mamma Mia.
You may contact Willie Grové and new Trekker Adventures LTD by emailing ntainfo@me.com or calling 614 477-0105. On the right are a number of links to other related sites or sites of interest. Float the cursor over the link to see a short description of the site. Scroll down to see more links.
Our Excursions
New Trekker Adventures LTD excursions and expeditions are by appointment only. Please contact Willie Grové for details and departure dates. Please see our blog posts in Southern Discovery for examples of previous adventures.
I am indebted to W. Thomas Grové for designing the original layout of this site, and for teaching and coaching me into using WordPress. Thomas is founder and owner of dxSaigon, a design and development consultancy based in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. I am also indebted to Thomas for conjuring up the name, New Trekker Adventures when he was just 16-years-old. We were on a six-week safari in Southern Africa when he compared what we were doing with the adventures of the pioneers of South Africa in the 1800’s, called Voortrekkers. Thomas also came up with our logo on that same trek in Africa.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This profile contains information from the State of Ohio Secretary of State registration
Company Name NEW TREKKER ADVENTURES LTD.
Entity Number 1550320
Filing Type DOMESTIC LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY
Filing Date 06/15/2005
Expiry Date Indefinite
Location Columbus, Ohio and new York, New York
County Franklin
State Ohio
Agent WILLIAM T. GROVE
8 on the Square, #1701
8 East Broad Street
Email Address: ntainfo@me.com
Website: www.newtrekkeradventures.com
Effective Date: 06/15/2005IncorporatorWilliam T. Grové
NEW TREKKER ADVENTURES LTD. is a company incorporated in Ohio and its Entity Number is 1550320. NEW TREKKER ADVENTURES LTD. Incorporation registration was filed on 06/15/2005. The company’s status is listed as Active.
The company engages in the business of private travel, conducting small guided adventure tours to Africa, South East Asia, and the Himalayas. Countries include: all Southern Africa Countries, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Egypt, as well as Japan, Vietnam, and Nepal. Guided tours to the summit of Kilimanjaro, and to Everest Base Camp, as well as Alaska and Belize. Ski trips and trekking adventures to the Western States of the USA.
4 thoughts on “New Trekker Adventures, LLC”
เสื้อผ้าแฟชั่น August 6, 2016 at 12:18 pm
Thanks for finally talking about >New Trekker Adventures |
The Worldwide Adventures of Willie Grové and Family <Loved it!
adventure vietnam April 5, 2017 at 6:11 am
Hello this is somеwhat of off toρic but I was wanting
to know if ƅlοgs use WYSIWYG editors or if you have to manually code wіtһ HTML.
I’m starting a blog soon but have no ϲoding skiⅼls so I wanted to get advice from someone with expeгience.
Any help would be enormously apprecіated!
wgrove Post author February 17, 2018 at 11:59 am
wgrove Post author February 17, 2018 at 12:00 pm
I use WordPress. It is easy to use and you do not need to know programming.
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Links: Constitution of Pakistan | Legislation | www.pakistani.org
Constitution (Amendment) Order, 2007
President's Order No. 5 of 2007
An order further to amend the Constitution.
Whereas pursuant to the Proclamation of Emergency of 3rd Day of November, 2007, the Chief of Army Staff has promulgated the Provisional Constitution order No.1 of 2007, by virtue of which the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan has been placed in abeyance;
And whereas the said provisional Constitution order provides that the President may from time to time amend the Constitution, as is deemed expedient;
And whereas it is expedient to amend the Constitution for the purposes hereinafter appearing;
NOW, THEREFORE, the President is pleased to make and promulgate the following Order:-
1. Short title and commencement:-
(1) This Order may be called the Constitution (Amendment) Order, 2007.
(2) It shall come into force at once.
2. Amendment of Article 175 of the Constitution:-
In the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, hereinafter referred to as the Constitution, in Article 175, in clause (1), after the word "Province" the words "and a High Court for the Islamabad Capital Territory" shall be inserted.
Explanation: The words "High Court" wherever occurring in the Constitution shall include the High Court for Islamabad Capital Territory".
3. Amendment of Article 186A of the Constitution:-
(1) In the Constitution, Article 186A shall be renumbered as clause (1) thereof and in clause (1) renumbered as aforesaid, after the word "High Court" occurring at the end the words "or withdraw any case, appeal or other proceedings pending before a High Court to it and dispose of the same" shall be added.
In the Constitution, in Article 198, after clause (1), the following new clause shall be inserted, namely:-
"(1A) The High Court for Islamabad Capital Territory shall have its Principal seat at Islamabad."
In the Constitution, in Article 218, in clause (2), in sub-clause (b), for the word "Four" the word "Five" shall be substituted and after the word "Province" the words "and Islamabad Capital Territory" shall be inserted.
6. Addition of Article 270AAA to the Constitution.-
In the Constitution, after Article 270AA, the following new Article shall be added, namely:-
"270AAA. Validation and affirmation of laws etc.-
(1) The proclamation of Emergency of 3rd November, 2007, all President's Orders, Ordinances, Chief of Army Staff Orders, including the Provisional Constitution order No.1 2007, the Oath of Office (Judges) Order, 2007, the amendments made in the constitution through the Constitution (Amendment) Order, 2007 and all other laws made between the 3rd day of November, 2007 and the date on which the Proclamation of Emergency of the 3rd Day of November, 2007, is revoked (both days inclusive), are accordingly affirmed, adopted and declared to have been validly made by the competent authority and notwithstanding anything contained in the Constitution shall not be called in question in any court or forum on any ground whatsoever.
(2) All orders made, proceedings taken, appointments made, including secondments and deputations, and acts done by any authority, or by any person, which were made, taken or done, or purported to have been made, taken or done, on or after the 3rd day of November, 2007 in exercise of the powers derived from any Proclamation, Provisional Constitution Order No. 1 of 2007, President's orders, ordinances, enactments, including amendments in the Constitution, notifications, rules, orders, bye-laws, or in execution of or in compliance with any orders made or sentences passed by any authority in the exercise or purported exercise of powers as aforesaid, shall, notwithstanding anything contained in the Constitution or any judgment of any court, be deemed to be and always to have been validly made, taken or done and shall not be called in question in any court or forum on any ground whatsoever.
(3) All proclamations, President's orders, ordinances, Chief of Army Staff Orders, laws, regulations, enactments, including amendments in the Constitution, notifications, rules, orders or bye-laws in force immediately before the date on which the Proclamation of Emergency of the 3rd day of November, 2007 is revoked, shall continue in force until altered, repealed or amended by the competent authority.
Explanation.- In this clause, "competent authority" means,-
(a) in respect of President's orders, ordinances, Chief of Army Staff Orders and enactments, including amendments in the Constitution, the appropriate Legislature; and
(b) in respect of notifications, rules, orders and bye-laws, the authority in which the power to make, alter, repeal or amend the same vests under the law.
(4) No prosecution or any other legal proceedings, including but not limited to suits, constitutional petitions or complaints, shall, notwithstanding anything contained in the Constitution or any other law for the time being in force, lie in any court, forum or authority against any person or authority on account of or in respect of issuance of the legal instruments referred to in clause (1) and on account of or in respect of any action taken by the Chief of Army Staff, the President or any other in exercise or purported exercise of the powers referred to in clause (2).
(5) For purpose of clauses (1), (2) and (4) all orders made, proceeding taken, appointments made, including secondments and deputation, acts done or purporting to be made, taken or done by any authority or person shall be deemed to have been made, taken in good faith and for the purpose intended to be served thereby.
7. Amendment of Article 270B of the Constitution:-
In the Constitution, in Article 270B after the word "Assemblies" occurring for the second time, the comma, words and figure ", and the General Elections 2008 to the National Assembly and Provincial Assemblies" shall be inserted.
8. Amendment of Article 270C of the Constitution:-
In the Constitution, in Article 270C after the brackets, figures and word "(1 of 2000)" the words, brackets, figure and comma "or the Oath of Office (Judges) Order, 2007" shall be inserted and for the words "that Order" the words "the said Orders" shall be substituted.
Source:: The News: November 21, 2007: http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=11293
Source:: Associated Press of Pakistan: http://www.app.com.pk/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=21447&Itemid=1
Source:: Converted into pakistani.org XML and then to HTML using pakistani.org XSLT by Shehzaad Nakhoda.
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Home » Create Instagram Online » Create Instagram without App
Create Instagram without App
By sayabukan7@gmail.com — Sunday, September 2, 2018 — Create Instagram Online
This I teaches you Create Instagram Without App. Instagram is an online mobile photo-sharing, video-sharing and also social networking solution that allows its customers to take photos and videos, and share them on a selection of social networking systems, such as Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr and also Flickr. In August 2015, variation 7.5 was launched, enabling individuals to upload pictures caught in any kind of facet proportion. Individuals could likewise use electronic filters to their photos. The maximum period for Instagram videos is 15 secs.
By Whom Instagram Produced or Made?
Instagram was developed by Kevin Systrom as well as Mike Krieger, and launched in October 2010 as a cost-free mobile application. The solution quickly gained appeal, with over 100 million active customers since April 2012 and also over 300 million as of December 2014. Instagram is distributed via the Apple App Store, Google Play, and Windows Phone Shop. Assistance for the application is available for apple iphone, iPad, iPod Touch, and Android handsets, while third-party Instagram apps are offered for Blackberry 10 and Nokia-Symbian Devices.
1. Go to https://www.instagram.com in an Internet web browser.
2. Click Sign up. It's a web link on the best side of the web page, beside "Don't have an account?".
3. Enter your account info.
- Go into a mobile number or e-mail address.
- Type your full name.
- Create a username.
- Create a password.
- Conversely, you could click Sign in with Facebook to link your Facebook account as well as use that as your log-in details for Instagram.
4. Click Sign up. You'll be required to your new customer web page in the internet browser, however you must download and install the mobile app to start using Instagram with full functionality.
- Because Instagram is a mobile-first app that does not allow straight uploads over the Web, it's recommended you download and install the mobile app. Nevertheless, there are some desktop workarounds if you do not have accessibility to a mobile phone.
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The Girl Whose Titles Were Long
We've been talking a lot about sequels around here lately, leading me to make a comparison I wouldn't have expected, prior to seeing The Girl Who Played with Fire: the second chapter in the gritty Millennium trilogy - adapted from the late Stieg Larsson's novels – has, on a surface level, some key components in common with this summer's much bigger follow-up, Iron Man 2. Both are transitional entries in popular franchises; both tend to favor action setpieces and multiple plot lines over the more subtle storytelling of their originals, and as a result, aren't as engaging or taut as their predecessors (not an uncommon criticism of sequels). Still, Fire is a solid, enjoyable film - another characteristic it shares with IM2.
Slightly more conventionally helmed by director Daniel Alfredson than The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo's Niels Arden Oplev, the movie wastes no time launching into muckraking protagonist Mikael Blomkvist's (Michael Nyqvist) next adventure; those who haven't seen Dragon will be lost. As with the last film, which had Blomkvist investigating a decades-old series of unsolved Swedish murders, he is assisted in his latest case by punky private investigator/hacker, Lisbeth Salander (Noomi Rapace), the real star of the series. This time, the pair becomes embroiled in a human trafficking chase, leading Salander to confront some of her past's secrets.
While Fire is a much more expository narrative than Dragon, Salander remains a compelling, badass character (rooted in Rapace's commanding performance), and the story provides an opportunity for viewers to learn more about her background. The movie retains the series' clear Silence of the Lambs imprint, but manages to feel just as influenced by the derring-do of the Bourne franchise. This blending can be by turns effective and disjointed, intertwining twisty and complicated plot elements. (Perhaps the inevitable American adaptations - the first of which arrives next year from, promisingly, David Fincher - will provide a more realized offering?)
Jonas Frykberg's - who returns as co-writer for the threequel - script may close with an unsatisfying ending, but only because it's an obvious setup for The Girl Who Kicked the Hornet's Nest (arriving stateside in October); it's a testament to the absorbing universe created by Larsson, and strikingly adapted by Alfredson and Oplev, that we immediately want to know what happens next. The Millennium trilogy's core elements may be fairly standard crime procedural material, but its unique perspective is original enough to excitingly propel the series.
Posted by John G. Potter at 11:30 AM
In the Coens' version, Buscemi played Jon Arbuckle...
Tim Allen pleads for Toy Story 4
DVD Watch
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Machaut/Hyperion Project
Voices Appeared
Publicity Materials
Voices Appeared is a soundtrack of music from the lifetime of Jeanne d'Arc to accompany screenings of Carl Theodor Dreyer's 1928 silent film, La Passion de Jeanne d'Arc. It was devised in 2015 by Donald Greig, a member of the group, and has been performed more than fifty times worldwide, including at the Salzburg Festival, in New York, Los Angeles, London, Seville, Amsterdam, Toronto, Montreal, Zurich, Hamburg and Malmö. Future performances include San Francisco, Cologne, Paris, Vancouver and Seattle.
“The spectator was immersed in the fifteenth century...moved by the intensity of images and music.’ El Mundo
“[T]his is an exceptional achievement that reminds us just how potent the combination of silent film and live music can be.” The Guardian
[T]his now seems the benchmark score for Dreyer’s masterpiece." Classical Source
“A radical solution” The New Yorker
“a brilliant experiment” Cleveland Classical
“...a thought-provoking experiment that questioned the relationship between sound and image.” Musical Toronto
“Even without Dreyer’s searing film, to hear music of this immensely early period sung with such purity, wisdom, and insight is an inspiration” The Church Times
‘The vocal performance of the Orlando Consort was admirable, completing this marathon with unending elegance and lightness of touch, synchronising the smallest gestures and looks of the film with absolute precision.” Dreh Punkt Kultur
“If the film of Dreyer, in its inexorable advance to death at the stake of its protagonist, is distressing by itself, with this music, sung intensely during the hundred minutes by the five singers of the Orlando Consort, it is redoubled, together with an ability to stir our consciences and our emotions. Dreyer would have approved the experiment with enthusiasm and, from now on, it seems impossible to see the film again without it.” El País
Scene breakdown
"The following provides a breakdown of the various scenes of Carl Theodor Dreyer's La Passion de Jeanne d'Arc (1928) with a map of the music used in The Orlando Consort's Voices Appeared project. You will also find explanations for the choice of music, together with information about the composers and the compositions."
Dreyer, strangeness and perversion
"I’m going to write a separate essay on the particular nature of film space in the movie, but it might help to consider the previous example in a little more detail. Lemaître’s questions to Joan about the Lord’s Prayer are shown with him looking off screen left, gazing down at Jeanne. But when he begins another line of questioning without any of the characters having moved, he is now looking up at her. To interpret this inconsistency as metaphor is certainly possible – Lemaître has been belittled; Jeanne is now in the ascendancy - but the examples are so numerous that one hesitates to do so."
Article for The Guardian
"Tonight, in St Margaret’s church in York, and the following day in Tewkesbury Abbey, the Orlando Consort, a vocal ensemble that specialises in medieval music, will take to the stage and sing a chanson by Guillaume Dufay with lyrics by Christine de Pizan from her 1429 poem about Joan of Arc. Dressed all in black, small earpieces in our ears, the glow of two laptops casting ghostly shadows on our faces, we will look more like Kraftwerk c.1975 than an early-music group."
"In the early days of film scoring, composers wrote music to last a specific amount of time, achieving that by dividing the beat and ascribing metronome marks. Then, more often than not, it was down to a conductor to observe those instructions in the studio. The orchestra would be assembled beneath a large screen, with a view of both afforded to the conductor. The metronome mark would be a guide only, specific moments – ‘stings’, beginnings or endings – indicated by a streamer that ran across the film so that the conductor could co-ordinate that particular dramatic moment with his beat (it was ubiquitously a man conducting)."
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© 2019 Copyright The Orlando Consort
What am I listening to?
You are listening to O tres piteulx / Omnes amici 'Lamentatio sancte matris ecclesie Constantinopolitane', a track from our latest release on Hyperion of music by Guillaume Dufay, one of the most important composers of the fifteenth century. It is a lament on the fall of Constantinople to the Turks in 1453. It's one of the group's favourite pieces, a gentle and affecting piece that features both French and Latin texts, the latter from the Book of Lamentations. You can hear more on the Hyperion website, read the engaging liner notes, and order or download tracks or the entire album in a number of formats.
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Issue Date: 2019 JULY, Posted On: 7/10/2019
07102019 NRF to Name Kohl’s CEO Michelle Gass as The Visionary 2020
NRF TO NAME KOHL'S CEO MICHELLE GASS AS THE VISIONARY 2020
The National Retail Federation today announced that it will name Kohl's CEO Michelle Gass as "The Visionary," an award given each year to an outstanding leader in the retail industry. The award will be presented during the sixth annual NRF Foundation Honors on January 12, 2020, in New York City.
"In today's competitive and evolving retail landscape, companies need leaders who are willing to take risks to make more meaningful, personal connections with their customers," NRF President and CEO Matthew Shay said. "Michelle has cultivated an environment at Kohl's where risk-taking is encouraged, which has never been more important than in today's dynamic retail environment. Her extensive retail experience and instinctive understanding of what customers want has already solidified her reputation as a transformative leader, and we can't wait to see what she does next."
The Visionary award is presented each year to a retail executive with a proven track record of spearheading change in the industry. Earlier this year, prominent retail executives were asked to identify an individual who has changed and continues to transform the retail landscape in a positive way. Gass was selected for her success in driving momentum in the Kohl's business and fostering a culture of innovation and inspiration among Kohl's associates. As the company's first female CEO, Gass has led Kohl's focus on becoming an active and wellness destination, launched Kohl's new loyalty program and is responsible for bringing in new categories, partners and brands, from Amazon to Under Armour.
Former recipients include Nike Chairman, President and CEO Mark Parker; Walmart President and CEO Doug McMillon; and Levi Strauss & Co. President and CEO Chip Bergh.
Gass will also be a keynote speaker at NRF's 109th annual convention, NRF 2020 Vision: Retail's Big Show, where over 38,000 retailers from nearly 100 countries will gather in New York January 12-14 to address the latest trends, innovations and strategies for transformation.
"It's a tremendous honor to be recognized by NRF," Gass said. "I'm incredibly proud of our Kohl's associates who work hard each day to deliver greatness for our customers, and who are driving our business priorities for our long-term growth. It's a transformative time in retail, and we're excited to come to the table with new and innovative ideas that fuel the future of our company and retail industry."
Gass joined Kohl's in 2013 as chief customer officer and was named chief merchandising and customer officer in 2015. She was promoted to CEO-elect in October 2017 and assumed the role of CEO in May 2018. As CEO, Gass is responsible for Kohl's overall strategy and operations, overseeing more than 1,100 Kohl's stores in 49 states, Kohls.com and 130,000 associates nationwide. Gass is driving an ambitious plan for growth, forging new partnerships with innovative players like Amazon, Nine West, Elizabeth and James, Lego, Under Armour, Aldi and Planet Fitness. She is also positioning Kohl's as a leading omnichannel retailer, building out the company's digital capabilities, omnichannel operations and online growth. Gass has championed innovative thinking and bold initiatives at Kohl's and is transforming the company's culture to embrace new ideas that excite customers and allow the company to thrive throughout the dynamic times in retail.
Prior to Kohl's, Gass spent more than 16 years at Starbucks Corporation, holding a variety of leadership roles across marketing, global strategy and merchandising, including president of Starbucks Europe, Middle East and Africa. Gass has more than 25 years of experience in the retail and consumer goods industries.
The NRF Foundation Honors, formerly known as the NRF Foundation Gala, raised $3.2 million in 2019 to fund the Foundation's work promoting retail as an industry of opportunity and providing resources to prepare people for retail jobs that lead to promising careers. Now in its sixth year, the 2020 Honors will celebrate today's leaders in retail and the impact of the Foundation's philanthropic work.
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Board index » The Forum » The SAAF!
SAAF 21 Squadron VVIP transport over budget by millions
Airfire
Post subject: SAAF 21 Squadron VVIP transport over budget by millions
Posted: 04 Dec 2017, 13:42
In a parliamentary question placed before Minister Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula it has been revealed that the SA Air Force (SAAF) is over budget by R35 million for VVIP and VIP transport in the 2016 / 17 financial year. This is not all opposition Democratic Alliance (DA) party shadow defence and military veterans minister Kobus Marais was told by the Minister. “For the 2015 / 16 period the air force also overspent the VVIP budget to the extent of R22.5 million. All told that is a total overspend in excess of R57 million in two financial years,” he said. The Ministerial response to his question also shows at least three ‘big ticket VVIP charters’, which collectively cost t R12.5 million in the financial year that ended on 31 March this year. “This is what happens when President Jacob Zuma refuses to fly on the perfectly functional presidential jet, Inkwazi.”
A lack of qualified maintenance and service personnel has seen low availability of aircraft including Inkwazi, a Falcon 900B and a Falcon 50. It has been reported that the situation is heading towards a complete grounding of all aircraft on the squadron’s inventory. Speaking at a CSANDF briefing at AFB Waterkloof earlier this month Lt Gen. Msimang said aircraft availability at 21 Squadron would be markedly better in six months’ time. This was because plans were in place and work was being done to ensure the air force had sufficient trained personnel to keep the VIP squadron’s aircraft airworthy. “The only maintenance the SAAF will not be able to do itself is deep maintenance and this will be outsourced,” Msimang said. He did not respond when asked which aircraft were currently serviceable and which were expected to be airworthy during the course of next year.
Yesterday is history.
Tomorrow is a mystery.
But today is a gift.
That's why it's called the present.
Adrian Munro
http://www.weddingduo.co.za
https://www.facebook.com/Airfirephotography/
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Latest Events, Information & Tickets. Independent Theater Guide.
Rob Thomas at Saenger Theatre
Rob Thomas Tickets
Man, it's a hot one! That's how music fans reacted the moment Rob Thomas dropped the news about his upcoming tour. This smooth rocker will do the rounds of various concert venues to prep-up and drum-up his latest album release 'Chip Tooth Smile'. Rob Thomas' ever loyal fans who stuck with him through and through back in the days of Matchbox 20 and on to his solo career, are grinning from ear to ear as they have started booking their tickets. Demand for tickets are piling up, so better start getting yourself one before it's too late. Book your tickets now!
A countdown, list, or polls about the hottest male lead vocalists or solo singers would always include Rob Thomas. Apart from his oozing sex appeal, and his smooth yet gritty voice, Rob Thomas has killer songwriting skill to boot, — a hitmaker, a superstar in every sense of the word.
With his stint as lead singer of luminary alt-rock band Matchbox 20, they have delivered an amazing collection of timeless hits which include "Unwell", "Push", "Bent", "3AM", "If You're Gone", "Disease", "Mad Season", and many more.
After spending a decade with Matchbox 20, Rob Thomas decided it was time to make it on his own. His solo debut album“…Something to Be” shot up to the number 1 spot on the Billboard 200 chart, propelled by the debut single from the album entitled “Lonely No More”, which took on the number 6 spot on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. During this time, Rob Thomas also provided vocals for one of Santana's biggest hit – "Smooth", which is a certified triple platinum single.
A listing of Rob Thomas' hit songs is more than enough reason to compel you to book your ticket at once. Certified must-see, must-watch concert!
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Independent guide linking to ticket resale marketplace.
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Actor / former professor earns a ForYourEmmy® consideration
Home /Entertainment, Featured, News/Actor / former professor earns a ForYourEmmy® consideration
Entertainment,Featured,News |
by Aaliyah Humphrey
Former adjunct professor and actor Clark Jackson is in the running for an Emmy® nomination for outstanding guest actor for FX’s hit drama show, Pose.
In season 1, Jackson guest starred as Lawrence Richards, Damon Richards (Ryan Jamaal Swain) father who neglected his sexuality and banned him from his home.
Despite teaching for several years, Jackson has always been an actor. He has acted for over 20 years under the CBS Corporation for guest roles.
Jackson’s numerable notable TV appearances, include Luke Cage, Conviction, Madam Secretary, The Black List, The Good Wife and Law & Order.
Jackson explained how a series of unfortunate events led him to be the actor he is today. He recalled how after his uncle was fatally shot he was taken to Grady Memorial Hospital. In the waiting room, he was fully inspired by Alex Haley’s, Roots for the first time.
“There’s something about what Kunta Kinte was going through in that moment and seeing the power and the emotion behind that – there was something about that I saw in myself. That’s when the original seed was planted. I must have been maybe 9 years old.” He said.
In his freshmen year of high school, he soon got into drama, then graduated Yale School of Drama soon after. He carried his skills as a public speaking teacher for Hunter College and St Francis College. He did all this, while having occasional acting roles.
Even though he had been acting for years, his guest role in Pose made an even bigger significance. Jackson made a long-standing relationship with casting director, Alexa Fogel who casted the HBO drama, The Wire. She gave him the opportunity to expand his abilities by playing roles outside his usual appearance.
“It’s actually difficult sometimes to get people to see you in a light outside of however people have cast you. In my case that’s a polished and educated man in suit. For the most part FBI, lawyer stuff like that.” He said.
Contrary to these usual roles, Jackson played Mr Richards in one scene as the uneducated father whose unsure of how to address his son’s behavior.
SYNOPSIS: Lawrence Richards (Clark Jackson), a blue-collar worker throws his teenage son out of the house when he discovers he’s gay.
“What made it significant was that it was a role that was rough around the edges, not polished and not well spoken. It was very physical. I don’t get to do many things that are physical. I assault the character who’s my son.”
For a groundbreaking LGBTQ show, Jackson had to look at homophobia as a whole. He also said he had to make sure to control his classical training.
“I really had to make sure that I didn’t let my classical training or certain way of speaking and presenting myself speak into the character.”
Aside from this role, Jackson hopes to finally land a series regular role for a better stability and working schedule.
“Course I’m grateful that I get the guest star roles, but what I’m really hungry for is that series regular gig. That’s kind of what everyone who’s in the business of television is kind of gunning for.”
He recently had the opportunity to audition for a series regular in a show called Dinner in Delmonico from his popular reviews from Pose.
“I looked at the bible, which is like laying out several seasons of the shows and kind of describing the characters and everything else. It was incredible!” He said.
At the end of it all, Jackson wants his students to feel empowered by his acting abilities and educated to see what’s possible for them.
“As an actor, I want people to experience and expand a sense of themselves. Touching on deeper aspects of themselves. Touch on contradictions of themselves that can coexist at the same time.”
Image from https://www.clarkjacksononline.com/photos.html
The Good, the Bad, and the Nets
Prestigious Position: A Peek into the Terrier Sports Network
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Rex on English and Writing
Rules for Submitting Comments
Why I Started this Blog
Tales from the Man who would be King
Rex Jaeschke's Personal Blog
Books by My Bed
18. October 2010 Rex Jaeschke books, reading (0)
© 2010 Rex Jaeschke. All rights reserved.
Ok, I admit it. I'm a non-recovering bookaholic! They say that admission is the first step to recovery, but, frankly, I'm not at all interested in recovering. I hope I'll be addicted to books until I die. And after that, I may well be a librarian in one of those places that starts with 'H'.
The Road to Addiction
So how did it all start? Well, first there was the casual, innocent browse at the newsagent's comic book stand. That was followed by annual book gifts from various sources. That led to a library card. Sure, I told myself, these books were only for recreational use, and I could stop reading anytime I liked. But whom was I kidding? I needed a chapter, sometimes two, on a daily basis. Eventually, I found bigger libraries and others who loved books as much as I did, maybe even more! There was a big wide world of addicts out there; there were others just like me. I was not alone. I moved on to harder stuff like history, geography, biographies, and, yes, animal husbandry, which contained lurid descriptions of the form and purpose of the naughty bits of the various farm animals that I studied in Agricultural Science. I knew it was wrong, but I was spiraling out of control. But what to do? [To all you fans of the Prairie Home Companion radio show, wouldn't this be a good time for some Be-Bop-A-Re-Bop rhubarb pie?]
My First Library
From age 7–12, I lived on a 4,000-acre wheat and sheep farm. The stone farmhouse was quite large, the walls were thick, and the ceilings were very high. Each bedroom has its own fireplace, and each fireplace had a long, high mantelpiece. I had a large bedroom all to myself.
Up to age 11, I attended two different rural schools. The first was three miles from my house and was run in the village hall. Besides that building, the village consisted of a general store with post office and house attached, a public tennis court, and a railway siding with storage sheds for bags of cereal grain. When we got down to four students, the school closed, and we were bused to the next town, a booming metropolis with not one, but two stores, a post office, a school and schoolhouse, a church, 10 houses, and a larger railway siding. That school had 25 students, in seven grades, all in the same room with the same teacher.
Each month, a wooden crate of books arrived at the local railway siding from the state lending library. In effect, they were being lent to the school, which, in turn, lent them to its students. Although the school had a few reference books of its own, half of the books available for borrowing were replaced each month. That is, the school library contents almost completely rotated every two months.
At the end of each school year, we students put on a concert involving acting and singing. [Due to their extreme lack of ability to carry a tune, certain students—no including moi—were told to "just move your lips" without actually making a noise!] And each student was given a book of fiction bought from money raised by the School Welfare Club. Similarly, each year at Sunday School, each kid got a book of fiction.
By the time I was 10, my collection of books totaled 20. [The only other books in the house were a set of encyclopedias and some penny-dreadful novels, of the western and detective persuasion.] Of course, with such a large number of books, how would I ever be able to keep track of them? What I needed was an organized system.
After a long period of serious thought (that must have lasted at least 60 seconds) I had "a plan more cunning that the plan devised by the Professor of Cunning at Oxford University". [There you go Black Adder fans!] I would create a library, complete with catalog. Undaunted by the magnitude of the task at hand and having no knowledge whatsoever of the Dewey Decimal System of Classification, I soon came up with a stunningly simple scheme. I would number my 20 books starting at 1 and going all the way up to 20! It was brilliant, and it worked. I arranged them on the mantelpiece of my bedroom.
[Some 45 years later, as I peruse my bookcases I see four books from that original collection. They are:
Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe
Bishop Jim by Joyce Reason
The Racketty Street Gang by L.H. Evers
Hanna-Barbera's Huckleberry Hound Giant Story Book]
Mr. Dewey Goes to Work
At some point during my high-school years, I had an epiphany: the gateway to everything and anything was through books. No matter what one's circumstances were, one could always go to a library and borrow a book. And the only limits to what one could learn by reading were the selection of books available and the extent of one's own imagination. [With the ubiquitous internet, the selection limit has been removed completely. And libraries have become places to get free internet access, so access to information is no longer a problem for those who truly are looking.]
My parents had no interest in what I was studying at high school, and so they never questioned my requests for education-related books or supplies. As a result, I always bought new copies, and to this very day, I have all my high school textbooks from Year 10 (1967) onwards and all those from my nine years as a part-time university student.
By the age of 21, I was well and truly addicted to books, and I owned more than 750 of them. My pride and joy was a spanking new Encyclopedia Britannica set. During the next few years, my collection increased to about 1,000.
I'd long ago abandoned my 1–20 numbering system, but having spent a lot of time in libraries and bookstores I was acquainted with several cataloging systems. As a result, I purchased the 10th Abridged Edition of the Dewey Decimal Classification handbook (1971). From among the various author-cataloging systems, I chose the Cutter-Sanborn Three-Figure Author Table invented by Richard A. Cutter. I set about figuring out each book's abridged catalog and author codes, and I typed them on small labels, which I affixed to the spine of each book. It took several months part-time for me to catalog the whole collection. Along the way, I built a 9 foot-by-9 foot bookcase set for my treasures.
Early in 1976, I started Computing Science classes at the then South Australian Institute of Technology, which gave me access to a card-punching facility. Eventually, I got all the book records "punched up" and I wrote some COBOL programs to print my catalog in different orders. [Later on, I moved the data to a DEC PDP-11 system and rewrote the programs in Fortran. Much later, with the advent of PCs, I moved the data to my own computer and rewrote the programs in C.]
A Long Separation and a Joyous Reunion
In June 1979, I left Australia for an open-ended period to take up an initial 1-year work contract in the US. As you might imagine, it's hard enough to decide what basics to pack in two suitcases for a one-way trip abroad without having to think about any books I might want. In the end, I did pack several work-related books I thought might be useful. Finding a not-so-temporary home for 1,000 books was also an interesting challenge, but a friend came to the rescue. (Thanks very much Bill.)
A month before my departure—which was a totally planned 2-week trip across the Pacific via an Air New Zealand DC-10, through the US, and then on to Washington DC—an engine fell off the wing of an American Airlines DC-10 near Chicago. (Don't you just hate that when that happens?) In any event, all DC-10s around the world were grounded indefinitely, including my flights on Air New Zealand. Eventually, I traveled via Asia and across the Atlantic; however, that route limited luggage by weight rather than by size (or vice versa; I don't remember which), and I could take only one case. Fortunately, the ruthlessness of having to pack the important things from my life into two cases stood me in good stead when it came to halving them. Who needs pajamas, socks, and underwear anyway?
Five years later, I had settled permanently in the US and had bought a townhouse. It was time to bring my babies home. So, on my next trip to Australia, I packed all my books—and a few other things that had been in storage—and took them to a shipping office at Port Adelaide for the long sea voyage to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. [The port of Baltimore, Maryland, would have been more convenient, but that option was not available at that time.] Back home, I was notified when the container carrying my boxes had docked, and I rented a small covered truck to pick them up in Philadelphia, a 3-hour drive to the northeast. Within several days, I had all the books shelved in my large basement office, and I had installed a comfortable sofa and reading light where I could read, admire, and caress my beauties.
"Out of Sight" is "Out of Mind"
Some years later, I moved my office two flights up, primarily to get away from the very cold temperatures of the basement, most of which was underground. As my new office was much smaller than my old one, I could not take many of the books with me. Whereas I'd seen my collection every day for some years, I no longer saw it unless I went to visit it specifically. Eventually, I put a bookcase on the main living area and rotated selections of books through that, so I'd be reminded of their existence.
So What Books do I Really Have by my Bed?
Here they are in the order in which I picked them off the floor:
Historical Atlas of the 20th Century. Maps, maps, and more maps, with timelines.
Philip's Standard Reference Atlas [of the world].
Reader's Digest The Bible Through the Ages.
Canada's Incredible Coasts.
Atlas of World History.
The Atlas of North American Exploration.
Hammond Atlas of the 20th Century.
The White House: An Illustrated Tour.
America's National Parks.
The World: Afghanistan to Zimbabwe.
The American Presidents. A 2–3-page summary of each president from George Washington to Bill Clinton.
The Chronicle of World History, a 670-page tome that covers events from 3500 BC to 2008 AD. Most articles run half a page, and many have photos or maps. Each major period starts with a series of essays.
Countries and Continents, 320-page book in which each country has photos and a page of text in the form of questions and answers. Each country's summary contains the flag, currency, system of government, capital, main languages spoken, area, population, religion, and notable features.
Modern Mathematics. It's a great refresher course on things such as logic; sets, relations, and functions; whole numbers, rational numbers, real numbers; probability, statistics; and geometry.
The Old Farmer's 2010 Almanac. "The Original Farmer's Almanac, useful, with a pleasant degree of humor, including weather forecasts for 16 regions of the United States, planting tables, and Zodiac sheets."
The Faith Instinct: How Religion Evolved and Why it Endures, by Nicholas Wade. I read a review of this in the Economist, and went and browsed a copy at a bookstore. Although I have yet to read it, it's one of the few books for which I paid nearly full price.
Biting the Wax Tadpole: Confessions of a Language Fanatic. It's a collection of linguistic trivia [and a gift from recent houseguest Felicity].
Our American Government, 2000 Edition. A book of questions with answers and information, published by the US Government.
Paddington at Work, by Michael Bond. I must say that I do like Paddington Bear. [Before Paddington Railway Station in London was renovated, I made the pilgrimage there to see him in a large glass showcase complete with his labeled luggage "From Darkest Peru" and a note from Aunt Lucy. Now, there is a much smaller homage to him.]
Maps of The Caribbean, Central America, & South America and Fairfax County, Virginia.
The Constitution of the United States of America. The Constitution, unratified amendments, and an Analytical Index, published by the US Government.
How Our Laws Are Made. A book of questions with answers and information published by the US Government.
Earth: The Definitive Guide to Our Planet. This fine Smithsonian publications runs 500 pages and is chock full of pictures, charts, and short pieces.
The Complete History and Wars of Ancient Greece.
Life: Evolution Explained.
The Annotated Alice: Alice's Adventures in Wonderland & Through the Looking Glass, by Lewis Carroll.
The Unfinished Nation: A Concise History of the American People.
American Government: Everything You Need to Understand Our Democratic System. Part of the "Essential book" series.
Barack Obama: Words That Inspired a Nation. Book and DVD [gift from friend Phil].
Regional Cooking from the Southwest.
Economist, Special Holiday Double Issue, December 19, 2009. Contains a set of great essays.
Santa Fe Rules, a novel by Start Woods.
Portrait in Death, a novel by J.D. Robb.
As you can see, almost all of these books contain reference material. Most cost $3–10, and have many photos, drawings, and/or maps. Almost all have relatively short articles, making it easy to pick one up at random to learn or be challenged over a cup of coffee.
While most of my books are more than 30 years old they still have value. To be sure, a lot of new information has been discovered or developed in most fields since they were published, but the fundamental principles remain intact. In any event, most used bookstores wouldn't take them even as donations. And with the advent of the internet, most people under 30 seem to be little interested in books in general. But that's their problem.
So what do I think about the new electronic book readers? For novels, they seem like a fine idea, but most of my reading involves reference works with lots of color photos and maps printed on rather large pages. Besides, I like the smell of most books (although I must say that, occasionally, I do come across one that simply stinks). Besides, if I really want to browse on-line material, I can always fire up my 10-inch netbook computer.
You may well ask, "Don't all those books take up a lot of space?" Of course, but I still have room to get in and out of bed, and room for more books too. And if I really run low on space, I can always get rid of the some non-essential stuff like furniture, except for the bookcases, of course!
I've just returned from two week's holiday in Germany, going by train downstream near the Rhine River, from Mainz to Koblenz, Bonn, and Cologne. It was hard work, but someone has to do it, right?
Rex is based in Purcellville, Virginia, USA, where he can be reached at rex@RexJaeschke.com. To learn about his professional life, see www.RexJaeschke.com.
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Law Enforcement in the US (2)
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Keeping parents and children alive
Increasing effectiveness
Child participation and human rights
RIATT ESA
Reducing new HIV infections among adolescent ...
This RIATT-ESA briefing paper presents an overview of the current HIV epidemiological situation among AGYW in the ESAR, including key risk factors, availability and efficacy of evidenced-based strategies, and recommendations for offering comprehensive and multi-layered HIV preventions aimed at AGYW in the region.
Relevance, Implementation and Impact of the ...
This report summarizes research findings on the impact of the Sinovuyo Teen Parenting programme piloted in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, between November 2014 and September 2016.
Situational analysis on early and unintended ...
Early and unintended pregnancy (EUP) is a global public health concern and extremely prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. This document reports on a situational analysis that was conducted by Research and Training for Health and Development (RTHD) consultants from September to December 2017
Ending the AIDS epidemic among children, ...
In its first progress report, Start Free Stay Free AIDS Free reflects on the achievements made during the first year of implementation and highlights areas where urgent action is needed.
Standards for improving the quality of care for ...
The World Health Organization Standards for improving quality of care for children and young adolescents in health facilities is published to address the broader vision, in which “every woman, child and adolescent receives quality care throughout the life continuum and levels of care”.
Orphaned and vulnerable
Rob Worthington
Social protection, Orphaned and vulnerable, Southern Africa Develop
Livelihood-based social protection for orphans and vulnerable children: Success stories from Malawi
Livelihood-based social protection for orphans and vulnerable children: Success stories from Malawi.pdf
This Situation Analysis Report is part of a broader review and assessment of agricultural and livelihood-based social protection for orphans and other vulnerable children (OVC) programmes in Malawi that are deemed to have potential for replication and scaling up. The United Nations (UN) and Partners Alliance for livelihood-based social protection for OVC champions this initiative against the background of a widely acknowledged need for a coordinated approach and response among a multiplicity of stakeholders to reduce transaction costs, and improve efficiency and effectiveness in the efforts that are intended to build a better future for OVC. During the Global OVC Partners Forum in October 2003, a decision was made to undertake joint rapid assessment, analysis and action planning (RAAAP) to act as a basis for OVC national responses. The overall objective of the RAAAP process was to identify immediate key actions needed to significantly scale up national multisectoral responses in a number of countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Similarly, the need for coordination and leadership on OVC issues was acknowledged and expressed by the Southern African Development Community (SADC) ministers in 2004 through the Cape Town Declaration, and further by the intergovernmental conference in 2006 through what is known as the Livingstone Call for Action.
Following such appeals for greater commitment, cooperation and action to provide social protection, countries in the region have made various responses. By mid 2005, sixteen countries in southern and eastern Africa, including Malawi, completed the first RAAAP phase which resulted in the design of the SADC National Plan of Action (NPA) for OVC. The UN and Partners Alliance for livelihood-based social protection for OVC was formed in early 2006 between UN agencies (FAO [Food and Agricultural Organization], UNICEF [United Nations Children’s Fund] and WPF [World Food Programme]), governments (line ministries for the NPA), and civil society organizations such as CARE (Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere) and Oxfam. In Malawi, the RAAAP process was commissioned in 2004, facilitated by a national task force for OVC with support from the technical working group on OVC which comprised technical staff from UNICEF, UNAIDS (Joint United Nations Programme for HIV/AIDS), USAID (United States Agency for International Development) and WFP. The RAAAP contributed a great deal to the development of the 2005–2009 NPA for OVC. The development of the NPA was facilitated by a country steering committee which comprised members from key line ministries of government, UN agencies, donors, the National AIDS Commission and the chair of the national task force for OVC.
The need to reconsider the livelihood part of the social protection agenda for orphans and other vulnerable children In Malawi, it is generally acknowledged that the development of the NPA has raised the profile of OVC and led to improvements in funding OVC projects. However, it has also been argued, both in the country and in the region, that support to OVC projects has mainly focused on education and child protection without adequately addressing the livelihoodbased social protection needs of OVC1. Based on this assertion, FAO was mandated to review and assess innovative agricultural and livelihood programmes from the perspective of the emerging social protection agenda for OVC and in the context of HIV and AIDS in the eastern and southern African regions, in order to identify promising practices that could be replicated and scaled up. This study is therefore part of this regional effort
Child rights legislation, Kenya, Orphaned and vulnerable
National policy on orphans and vulnerable children: Republic of Kenya - Draft 3
The HIV/AIDS pandemic, alongside other forms of socio-economic deprivation is a major contributor towards susceptibility of the Kenyan family today. The plight of children is at stake with the number of orphans being expected to rise to two million by 2010, with HIV/AIDS contributing up to 60% of the total cases. These children have indeed limited access to psychosocial and economic support, leading them to being the most vulnerable of our Kenyan society.
In response to this a National Steering Committee (NSC) on Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC) was constituted in May 2004, to deliberate upon interventions. The Committee is headed by the Ministry of Home Affairs. A rapid assessment on the state of OVC was carried out in June 2004, with the support of various development partners. The report of this assessment informed on the regrettable vulnerability of children, demanding immediate action. Consequently the NSC noted the need to come up with a national policy on OVC to steer intervention.
HIV/AIDS, Orphaned and vulnerable
Literature review: Care and support for teaching and learning
In 2004, UNICEF estimated that the number of children orphaned by AIDS globally would exceed 25 million by 2010, most of them in sub-Saharan Africa. HIV and AIDS, poverty and a variety of other factors in the physical, political, socio-economic and ecological environments would radically threaten survival and development opportunities of children. This projection was published in UNICEF’s 2004 Framework for the Protection, Care and Support of Orphans and Vulnerable Children, a document drawn up by a wide array of practitioners and representatives, government and non-government, in the international development field, with the purpose of providing global leaders and decision makers with a common agenda for an effective response to the problems of orphans and vulnerable children and youth.
At the time of reporting, 2004, according to the framework, few resources were reaching families, schools, communities and health care and welfare systems to help them cope with the impact of these hazards. Little attention was being given in national development agendas to help provide a front-line response and donors had not yet come up with comprehensive and targeted programmes. The framework stressed that governments and agencies needed to work together in co-ordinated ways to achieve an effective response to the problems presented by the epidemic and the related problem of poverty in underdeveloped regions of the world. Leadership, co-ordination and facilitation by governments were described as fragmented and weak, with programmes reaching a tiny minority of vulnerable children.
Over the last six years, since the publication of the 2004 UNICEF framework, the demand for an education sector response has been mounting and programme interventions to offer care and support to vulnerable children have been piloted and implemented. Increasingly Ministries of Education across Africa have risen to the challenge of providing large-scale interventions at a national level. This has been most evident in the sub-Saharan region, incorporating the SADC region, where widespread poverty and high HIV prevalence has had an unprecedented negative impact on millions of children. A review of the literature available suggests that more widely across
developed and developing nations, education-based interventions have concentrated on supporting children through HIV education and awareness-raising. Sub-Saharan Africa appears to lead the way in proposing and piloting more holistic and integrated models of care and support which focus on a broad spectrum of the needs of children, especially the most vulnerable.
The Southern African Development Community (SADC) region is afflicted by poverty, war, HIV and AIDS placing millions of children at risk. Providing care and support to vulnerable children is one of the greatest challenges currently facing the region. The education sector is just one sector in which there are negative repercussions: The majority of OVCY are of school-going age; however they are less likely to enrol at or attend school regularly and more likely to drop out of school than their non-vulnerable peers[2]. Thus, the growing number of OVCY is offsetting progress towards achieving the Education For All (EFA) goals and other international and national targets. There is however, a great deal of potential, for education systems to form a key part of the solution to providing care and support to OVCY.
Children spend a large portion of their lives at school. Sometimes a school is the only infrastructure in a small rural community and for parents and children alike represents the promise of learning which will secure a child’s future. The school brings together people who occupy a number of different roles (in the classroom, in the playground, in management and on governing bodies, in support services and other groups). The school has therefore been identified by many service provision agencies and organisations as an essential node for the delivery of care and support services to vulnerable children.
Schools are not the only centres for the provision of support services, however. Over the last ten to fifteen years, as HIV /AIDS has tightened its grip over communities across the southern African region, a plethora of non-government initiatives, operating independently of schools, have been set up to respond to the needs of children and families made vulnerable by the pandemic.
All approaches to the implementation of care and support interventions in the school appear to uphold above all a common commitment to putting the needs and interests of the child first and strengthening school communities to provide a more caring, supportive and inclusive environment for effective teaching and learning.
Mainstreaming care and support in school-based interventions involves a paradigm shift in the schools’ approach to the development and education of the child. Schools are no longer expected to hand down an education package from within a vertical ministerial stream. Rather, policies, services and programmes designed to support vulnerable children and their families need to be more diffuse and enacted in an integrated manner, rather than in programme isolation. Children’s developmental needs (health, education, protection, nutrition and poverty reduction, for example) must be addressed across policies, procedures, planning, budgeting, capacity building, human resource development, monitoring and evaluation and inter-sectoral networking.
This literature review aims to identify the core elements which are necessary for the provision of school-based care and support to teachers and learners in the SADC region. With a focus on particular studies and programmes, it aims to provide signposts for the development of the existing sub-regional research agenda, identifying lessons learnt from current practices.
Section 2 identifies the main documentation sources used in this literature review as well as the limitations associated with these.
Section 3 gives a brief overview of the institutional policy framework for a co-ordinated response to providing care and support for children rendered vulnerable by socio-economic and health factors at international, regional and national levels. International instruments have set targets for countries to draft and implement domestic policies to address the needs of vulnerable sectors. A review of progress in SADC Member States in achieving compliance in law and policy reform, together with progress in implementation, is being conducted separately.
Section 4 provides a brief overview of the SADC region focusing on demographic data that has a bearing on the ability of children in the Region to access quality education. and the importance of the school system as entry points for the care and support interventions through partnership of government and non-government organisations across a wide spectrum.
Section 5 discusses the various modalities of care and support for teaching and learning observable in 14 programme interventions across the SADC region, touching on implementation achievements and challenges.
Section 6 provides a summary of the core elements of care and support for teaching and learning and demonstrated by the commonalities in the 14 programme interventions discussed in Section 5.
Section 7 draws out some of the information and research gaps evident in the literature and suggests potential areas for further research.
Children affected by AIDS, HIV/AIDS, Orphaned and vulnerable
Legal frameworks and policies for orphans and vulnerable children
A list of legal frameworks and policies for orphans and vulnerable children in SADC countries.
childrens rights, Orphaned and vulnerable
National plan of action for orphans and vulnerable children 2006-2010: Kingdom of Swaziland
Swaziland, like other Sub-Saharan Countries, continues to be deeply affected by the HIV and AIDS pandemic, which poses a threat to the country's economic and social development. In 2004, Sentinel Surveillance results from 17 Antenatal clinics identified an HIV and AIDS prevalence of 42.6 percent. An estimated 17,700 people died of AIDS-related deaths in 2003. The pandemic combined with widespread poverty, a weakening economy and regional drought, has left nearly one-third of children living in conditions typical of disaster situations. This especially affects orphans and vulnerable children left destitute and often forced to fend for themselves. With legislation and policies to protect children's property and rights still incomplete, too many cases continue to occur of children being disinherited and impoverished after the loss of parents.
A 2004 “rapid assessment” determined the magnitude and nature of the OVC challenge through analysing and summarising existing data. The analysis engaged key stakeholders who: examined available data; assessed critical gaps and constraints on leveraging OVC programmes; identified key actions and resources required to address these gaps; and mobilised leaders, partners and resources around a series of actions and follow-up that resulted in this National Plan of Action for OVC.
Child rights legislation, Orphaned and vulnerable
National plan of action for orphans and other vulnerable children: Zimbabwe
An estimated 761,000 children in Zimbabwe have lost one or both parents to HIV/AIDS. Projections suggest that by the year 2005, there will be approximately 1.1 million children under the age of 15 who will have been orphaned due to AIDS. In response to this crisis, the Government of Zimbabwe has endorsed the urgent need for coordinated, expanded interventions to strengthen existing work being undertaken by government ministries, nongovernmental organisations (NGOs), community-based organisations (CBOs), faith-based organisations (FBOs) and United Nations (UN) agencies. With support from the Social Services Action Committee of the Cabinet (SSACC), a national stakeholders' conference was held in Harare in June 2003 to widen the consultative process and secure broad-based support for a National Plan of Action (NPA) for Orphans and other Vulnerable Children (OVC).
Global resources and key, Orphaned and vulnerable, Increasing effectiveness
Policies for orphans and vulnerable children: A Framework for moving ahead
Policies for orphans and vulnerable children: A Framework for moving ahead.pdf
This paper aims to present a summary of the global OVC situation and current policy responses; to outline existing policy frameworks for responding to OVC; to identify policy-level gaps in national responses to the growing crisis of OVC; and to propose a country-level “OVC policy package” and recommendations for future policy dialogue and action
Ensuring child participat, Strengthening families, Caring for children, Child rights legislation, Family and community, Nutrition and food, Psycho-social support, Resource tracking and aid, Southern Africa Developme, Child protection, Youth, Orphaned and vulnerable
Namibia National Agenda for Children 2012-2016
Namibia's National Agenda for Children 2012-2016
The Namibia National Agenda for Children 2012-2016 is a call to action to put the constitutional mandate on the rights of children into implementable strategies. The Agenda is anchored on five pillars: health and nourishment; early childhood development and schooling; HIV prevention, treatment, care and support; adequate standard of living and legal identity; and protection against neglect and abuse.
The importance of Namibia developing its first-ever National Agenda for Children was highlighted through the publication of Children and Adolescents in Namibia 2010: A Situation Analysis, and through a review of the National Plan of Action for Orphans and Vulnerable Children (2006-2010). Two critical issues were identified through these processes: that Namibia needed to adopt a multi-sectoral approach to planning and implementation towards child-centred development, and that we needed to look more broadly at the concepts of vulnerability and inequity through the lens of a child’s life cycle.
Through a broad-based consultative process which involved government, NGOs, civil society organisations, children and development partners, the national commitments for children were identified, discussed and prioritised. While these five-year commitments have been integrated into current sector policies and plans to a large extent, the National Agenda for Children brings them together concisely, which will enable all stakeholders to plan, implement and monitor their actions for children in a coordinated manner. The Agenda also serves as a major contribution to overall national development planning processes.
While the Ministry of Gender Equality and Child Welfare has been assigned the task of facilitating the development of the national agenda for children, the primary responsibility for ensuring that is is implemented lies with the line ministries and their partners.
Orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) Rapid Country Assessment, Analysis, and Action Planning (RAAAP) Initiative final report: Executive summary
OVCRapid Country Assessment, Analysis, and Action Planning (RAAAP) Initiative final report: Executive summary
In November 2003, USAID, UNICEF, UNAIDS, and the World Food Program (WFP) launched the massive orphans and other vulnerable children (OVC) Rapid Country Assessment, Analysis, and Action Planning (RAAAP) Initiative in partnership with in-country donor offices, national OVC steering committees, and the POLICY Project to assess current levels of support and care for children who have been orphaned or made vulnerable by AIDS in 17 sub-Saharan countries. These countries are Botswana, Central African Republic, Côte d’Ivoire, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Twelve of these countries are slated to receive funding from the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief.
The RAAAP Initiative on behalf of Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children in Sub-Saharan Africa was an unprecedented effort to identify and analyze the range of services being provided to an estimated 10.6 million children (up to age 17) orphaned by AIDS in the aforementioned 17 countries. The countries were selected had large numbers of OVC. In 11 of these countries, more than 15 percent of all children under the age of 17 were orphans in 2003. The estimated total number of orphans in the 17 countries was 26.7 million in 2003 (Children on the Brink, 2004).
Orphaned and vulnerable, Caring for children, Strengthening families, Regional Psychosocial Sup
Online videos: Changing childcare in the region
REPSSI has just released two new short online online, looking at how care for vulnerable children can be improved at community level.
The first video, “Changing Child Care in Africa” (4 minutes in length) shows how graduates of a special new distance-learning course are applying what they have learned in communities across Africa. The Certificate Course in Community-Based Work with Children and Youth, developed by REPSSI and UNICEF, has changed how these community volunteers, social workers, teachers, police, community workers and community caregivers work with children. Hailed as an innovative solution to capacity-building, there are over 1000 students set to graduate this year from over 400 organisations in ten countries. Watch the video here.
The second video, “Voices from the community: Caring for our Vulnerable Children” (5 minutes in length) brings together voices of community members across Africa who feel empowered to do something to protect their vulnerable children. Teachers, village leaders, grandmothers and CBO staff explain the changes they and their communities have experienced thanks to training in psychosocial support, and demonstrate just how resourceful and dedicated ordinary people can be. Watch the video here.
African region and Africa, HIV/AIDS, Orphaned and vulnerable
Conducting a situation analysis of orphans and vulnerable children affected by HIV/AIDS: A framework and resource guide
Conducting a situation analysis of orphans and vulnerable children affected by HIV/AIDS: A framework and resource guide.pdf
This framework and resource guide is intended to help people involved in programs assisting orphans and vulnerable children conduct a situation analysis. It is hoped that this guide will bring about a better understanding ofthe essential elements and outcomes of a situation analysis in order to promote realistic, effective, and feasible interventions to protect and improve the well-being of the children and families who bear the greatest impact of the AIDS epidemic. The guide serves as a tool for collecting and synthesizing in-country and sub-national information. Examples of situation analyses and related research are provided throughout the document to draw upon the variety of approaches, and their components, that communities and institutions have undertaken to assess their particular situation. We hope that these will be used as applicable lessons from actual experience.
Keeping parents and child, Resource tracking and aid, Global resources and key, AIDS prevention, HIV/AIDS, Orphaned and vulnerable
Children and AIDS: Fourth stocktaking report, 2009
Children and AIDS: Fourth stocktaking report, 2009.pdf
Years ago, when the devastating impact of the AIDS epidemic on children was just becoming apparent, there was no way to imagine an AIDS-free generation in the foreseeable future.
In 2005, the epidemic’s consequences prompted UNICEF, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and other partners to launch Unite for Children, Unite against AIDS, a global campaign to focus attention and resources on mitigating the worst effects of HIV and AIDS on children and young people.
Four years into this effort, many lives have been saved or improved because national governments, non-governmental organizations, local communities and international organizations have been examining the evidence and responding.the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV is a global objective.
Combination prevention – integrating behavioural, structural/ social and biomedical approaches – can help to reduce HIV prevalence among young people. AIDS-sensitive, rather than AIDS-exclusive, interventions are being embraced in many places to benefit children affected by AIDS
Children affected by AIDS, Orphaned and vulnerable
Child protection and children affected by AIDS: A companion paper to the framework for protection, care and support of orphans and vulnerable children living in a world HIV and AIDS. August 2006
The past six years have seen increasing engagement by the international community on HIV, AIDS and children. One of the eight Millennium Development Goals set by governments in 2000 relates directly to HIV and AIDS. In 2001, at the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS, governments pledged to protect children affected by the disease. Global commitment to combat the impact of HIV and AIDS on children was again outlined in 2002 in ‘A World Fit for Children’, the outcome document of the UN General Assembly Special Session on Children. More recently, in June 2006, the UN General Assembly adopted the Political Declaration on HIV/AIDS, which reiterated government commitment to “addressing as a priority the vulnerabilities faced by children affected by and living with HIV; providing support and rehabilitation to these children and their families, women and the elderly, particularly in their role as caregivers; promoting child-oriented HIV/AIDS policies and programmes and increased protection for children orphaned and affected by HIV/AIDS…and building, where needed, and supporting the social security systems that protect them.” Many international and non-governmental organizations have endorsed The Framework for the Protection, Care and Support of Orphans and Vulnerable Children Living in a World with HIV and AIDS (The Framework), which outlines key strategies and actions. In October 2005, the Unite for Children. Unite against AIDS global campaign was launched. Among the central goals of the campaign is the protection, care and support of children affected by AIDS. Many countries heavily affected by the pandemic have responded by developing their own plans of action for orphans and vulnerable children, creating a mechanism for coordination and oversight for governments to work closely with civil society. This companion paper to The Framework provides additional information and outlines recommended actions for protecting affected children from increased vulnerability, and for reducing the higher risks they face of abuse, exploitation and neglect. While this paper discusses the protection issues facing children globally, its actions speak directly to the findings of the publication, Africa’s Orphaned and Vulnerable Generations: Children affected by AIDS, which incorporates new research on the vulnerability of orphans in the region hit hardest by the pandemic. All children have a right to protection. A child whose family is wealthy can still be raped or beaten. A girl in a loving family may still be married against her will when this is the social norm. Nevertheless, the risks for children increase when they or their families are poor, lack access to basic services, or are stigmatized within their communities. Parents are children’s first line of protection; risks increase when parents are absent due to illness, death or abandonment.
Children affected by AIDS are particularly vulnerable to protection violations because these problems are more likely to cluster in their lives. Reaching this group of children can be difficult because they may be hidden from view due to the stigma around HIV and AIDS. Children affected by AIDS share many vulnerabilities with children who have disabilities, children who are discriminated against due to the colour of their skin or children who have lost their parents as a result of armed conflict.
Protecting children affected by AIDS requires strengthening national and community-level responses for all vulnerable children. Governments, civil society and their partners can make real progress towards this goal by enhancing social protection, legal protection and justice and alternative care. This work must be underpinned by efforts to address the silence and stigma that allow both HIV- and AIDS-related discrimination, abuse and exploitation of children to continue. It also requires strengthening government authorities that hold the bulk of responsibility for protection, to more effectively provide oversight and coordination. This responsibility often falls to government social welfare agencies, but may also include health, education and other agencies. Priority actions needed in each of these areas are detailed in this document and are summarized in the matrix on the following page.
Caring for children, Strengthening families, Family and community, EAC, Southern Africa Develop, Orphaned and vulnerable
Changing the face of care for vulnerable children: REPSSI Certificate Course in Community-Based Work with Children and Youth
Changing the face of care for vulnerable children: REPSSI certificate course in community-based work with children and youth.pdf
The Regional Psychosocial Support Initiative (REPSSI) reviews their Certificate Course in Community-Based Work with Children and Youth. It responds to a critical regional demand for quality training in child care, and specifically social and emotional (psychosocial) support, child protection and promotion of children’s rights. The Certificate is a standardised, accredited course for East and Southern Africa.
This overview provides information on the course and feedback on the impact it has had for those who have completed the course.
For more information about the certificate course, and how you can support students to enroll, contact:
Willys Simfukwe, Head of Programmes, Willys.simfukwe@repssi.org or Lynette Mudekunye, REPSSI Deputy Executive Director, lynette.mudekunye@repssi.org.
REPSSI is also offering several training courses throughout the year on building capacity to provide psychosocial support and monitoring of support interventions. Find out more about these trainings on our events page.
REPSSI, 372A Oak Ave, Randburg, GP, 2194, South Africa+27 (11) 998 5820riattesamanagement@repssi.org
Tweets by @RIATTESA
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Follow Richard Barnes and his work across London, Ealing and Hillingdon and Harefield. London 2012 Olympics
With the 2012 Olympic Games fast approaching, I have been working incredibly hard to champion equality and diversity. The Reading and Literacy Project For London
Creating fresh opportunities with The Mayors innovative new Literacy programme aimed at getting children into reading. New Years Eve 2012
London welcomes in the New Year with a beautiful yet dramatic fireworks show on the banks of the River Thames. How The Actions Of A Few Effect The Many
The inexcusable violence and mindless thuggery seen across the city will not be allowed to continue.
richardbarnes_
We are all Equal
As the public are probably all now aware, an advertising campaign that was due to be distributed onto London buses and public transport has caused much offence to the LGBT community and indeed any rational, open minded person. The offence caused has been evident on social media networking sites Twitter and Facebook and I am grateful to these members of the public for bringing the issue to my attention.
Upon hearing the public’s outrage at these advertisements, I immediately contacted Boris and the Transport Commissioner,
London 2012 will be a success
In around twenty weeks London will open its doors to the world’s media, fans and athletes; as it hosts the modern Olympiad for the third time in its history.
I think I speak for all Londoners when I say that London is immensely proud to welcome the world to our great city. I believe it will not only be a successful month for our athletes in Team GB; but also for British businesses and manufacturers, as we show the world what this city can do.
Regeneration Boost for Hillingdon
The Mayor of London, Boris Johnson recently revealed his proposal to invest over £2.7 million to rejuvenate Ruislip Manor and Northwood Hills town centres. This investment will drive economic growth and opportunity through job creation. The funding will also provide for new signage, street furniture, improved street lighting and the planting of new trees.
This comes as part of the Mayor’s programme to improve town centres across London, to ensure that they remain key parts of local communities.
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It was pay day on Sunday, so Jamie and myself popped down to Zest after work for a few pints. I had had a busy twelve hour shift, and needed a beer!
Darrell and Natalee came down later, where we met a couple of new mates!
This lovely couple arrived in Spain on Saturday. Their circumstances, although very different from ours, are not that dissimilar to our own. It is always good to meet new friends in Spain. We have so many already, it was just a bonus stumbling aacross these two, after a few drinks in our local square. They don't live too far away from us, and it was great to be invited back to theirs for drinks after Zest closed. Natalee and I stayed for a good few hours, chatting away, finally getting home at 4am. These two are an inspiration for many reasons. They have made it to Spain, with their daughter Lexi. They, like us all, have bothered to try and make something of their lives. Good luck to them!
This morning, I was feeling a little worse for wear, but the sun was out and it was hot, very hot. On days like that you just don't get depressed or down.
One of my regular customers, who comes in every day, popped down for a pint this afternoon. He was his happy cheerful self
I always enjoy speaking to Pete. He is naturally cheerful and happy and always puts a smile on my face. I offer him a Mojito cigarette every day, which he is fascinated with, clicking away for the desired taste. We generally, always pass the time of day and have time for a quick chat!
Pete had just finished work and as it happens, I had a little more time on my hands than usual. I have always said, that everyone has a story to tell, Pete is no exception. He has lived in Spain for about thirty years, having moved here, because of stress. This man had made a lot of money, certainly more than I have ever dreamed of having, but during the process of making it, he became ill. Coming to Spain for him should have been temporary, instead he spent a life time, living and working here. He knew no Spanish when he came and now speaks it perfectly, showing that a new life is possible for all of us.
We both swapped stories, offering an explanation, as to what exactly had happened in our lives, to make us, upsticks and leave. My story is completely different to his, yet for some reason, we are both living in this place, having turned up after terrible times. He was a success in every sense of the word, achieving everything I would have loved to. I am at the beginning of my journey, with a Euro in my pocket, yet I am sat, talking to a man, who quite frankly, is an inspiration.
Pete is an artist, who spends his time doing the things he wants to do, rather than the things, he was required to do, in the past. This person has grafted and worked hard, when people like me, were partying too much. He was a forward thinker, when I was negative, looking back at past mistakes, but most of all he was a success, when in life, I was a failure. When someone explains how they 'did it', it really does seem simple. Had I been a little more canny in life, given away a lot less and concentrated on building a future, I could have been where he is today, but then not everyone has my story to tell.
When I explained to Pete, what exactually happened to me, he seemed a little gobsmacke. Although, like everyone, when one explains the true nature of what occurred, he didn't actually seem that surprised. Pete has really been the first person, I have ever spoken to about the last five years of my life, apart from those who were there, suffering with us, during our final year in The UK. Some times you have to trust your own instincts and if you trust someone, you have to go with it.
Like Pete and myself, most people I have met in Gran Alacant have a story to tell. GA is full of colourful, some eccentric, warm characters. In fact Pete told me there are over one hundred nationalities, living here, in this Urbanization of ten thousand people. It really is like a small town. Everone knows everyone else and everyone, goes out of their way to help others, who are finding adjusting to life in Spain difficult. Pete was full of advice and encouragement, even after the story I told him. He is a very positive man, because that is what Spain does to you. It really does make one feel exhillerated, even after the most traumatic of times.
I love to meet new people. At the moment, new people are coming in to Gran Alacant all the time. The summer season has started, and finally I am seeing coach after coach of holiday makers arriving for the summer. These people are here long term. Two or three months at a time, is not unsual and I am relishing meeting such a melting pot of people. When one lives in this place, which is a tourist trap, one can not help but feel happy, everyday. After all people who are here, indeed anywhere, on holiday, generally, in the main, are joyful to be on vacation.
Pete told me on Sunday, about the old Gran Alacant, The area used to be mountainous and used for goat farming. Masa, one of the large builders of homes in Spain, bought all the land, which at the time, was practically worthless and turned it into the large sprawling urbanization it is today. Literally they made money out of thin air. These are all facts, about the area I call home. I want to know, as much as I can about this place. I really am not like most people. I need and have questions for everything. I like to learn!
We spoke about the Euro Referendum, The Royal Family, Homosexuality, Sociopathy, art and most interestingly about the psychology of those from different Nations, that live and make up the population of Gran Alacant. The regimented Germans, the expressive Spanish and the harsh Norweigens. We said nothing derogetory towards any one group, at all, we saved that for charities and their failure, abuse and treatment of vulnerable people. Pete said he felt we had made the right decision in coming to Spain. He agreed there was no point in fighting against ruthless people, who try at any cost to protect themselves, but he also said my story has to be told, something I am working on, every day.
The expat community, also became a topic for discussion. I have said it before and will say it again, they have been instrumental in our success or failure in Spain. Pete used to live in a more rural location, but moved to an urbanixation, because, like us all, he needed interaction. He had made many Spanish friends, but they were still, just not able to offer the synergy, that we all need as human beings. The expat community, go a long way to solve these problems. We both agreed that the advice given by people sat drinking in squares all day, was probably not the best advice to take. Within five years, Pete deviated from the local British Community and forged his own way in Spain. Each person is of course different. I enjoy my interaction with British people and always listen to good advice, no matter who it is from. There is a first time for everything as they say, but I am listening and acting as and when I can!
Finally we spoke about relationships. The most important factor at play, between couples who move here, is the make or break nature of their lives together. Pete remarked at how many relationships, not least his own, had broken down, within the first six months of moving to spain. It seems that the newness of it all makes for new starts in every respect. Like Pete, I tend to think, what will be, will be. If you are supposed to stay with your partner forever, you will, otherwise it will fail, no matter what.
Darrell picked me up after work at 6pm tonight and we went to Lidl, to find some inspiration for dinner. Instead we were inspired by the 1.89 € price tag on a bottle of Rioja. It is actually cheaper to get pissed in Spain, than it is to eat.
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Hutch Harris of The Thermals carries a torch for Kim Deal
Hutch Harris and Kim Deal
Hutch Harris’ recommendation: “Kim Deal is definitely my number one inspiration/role model/crush, and she has been almost as long as I’ve been playing guitar and writing songs. Not only was she a member of The Pixies, the group whose records serve as the bible for alternative rock, but she created one of my favorite bands of all time, The Breeders! I’ve had the pleasure to meet Kim Deal on a few occasions, and she was always incredibly friendly and down to earth. One time at a Breeders show she was just hanging out at the merch table, free to talk with any fans who wanted to bug her. I couldn’t fucking believe it! An amazing musician/songwriter and a total sweetheart/babe. She’s got it all!”
New to Kim Deal and The Breeders? Start here: “Pod and Last Splash were both hugely influential records for me. Besides blowing my young, stoned teenage mind on daily basis, these records showed me that songs could be very simple and still convey complex ideas and emotions. These records are rudimentary, but textured and psychedelic in a very modern (90’s) kind of way. Last Splash is obviously one of the best records of the 90’s, and defines that entire era for me. Not as serious as Nevermind, not as self-obsessed as Siamese Dream, but rocks as hard as both.”
Listen to a track from the album:
About the guest author, Hutch Harris: Hutch is the frontman for The Thermals, an indie rock group from Portland, Oregon. Their first offering, More Parts Per Million, was mixed from Death Cab For Cutie’s Chris Walla (who is set to produce their upcoming album). They are now in support of their Breederish collection, Now We Can See .
Check the official Thermals site for developments on their new album and tour dates.
Filed Under: '90s Rock, Alternative Rock, Pop/Alternative, Power Pop Tagged With: Hutch Harris, Kim Deal, The Breeders, The Pixies, The Thermals
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Startup India
X /category/breaking-news/category/business/category/delhi-ncr/category/entertainment/category/international/category/latest-news/category/lifestyle/category/national/category/other_news/category/regional/category/sports/category/tech-world/category/tech-world/category/lifestyle/technology/category/uttarpardesh/royalbulletin-video-newshttp://www.royalbulletin.com
Home > Sports > Ponting backs England to win the World Cup
Ponting backs England to win the World Cup
London, Former Australia captain Ricky Ponting has predicted that hosts England will emerge as the ICC Men's Cricket World Cup 2019 champions,...
Admin1 | Updated on:13 July 2019 1:58 PM GMT
London, Former Australia captain Ricky Ponting has predicted that hosts England will emerge as the ICC Men's Cricket World Cup 2019 champions, ahead of their clash against New Zealand in the final at Lord's on Sunday. Hosts England are competing in a World Cup final for the first time since 1992, thanks to back-to-back wins over quality opponents in their last three games. In the second semi-final at Edgbaston, they stormed past their arch-rivals, and defending champions, Australia by a convincing margin of eight wickets. Ponting, who was Australia's assistant coach for the tournament, believed that England, playing their fourth World Cup final, will emerge victorious. "I think England will win," Ponting told a media channel. "I said before the tournament started that I thought they'd be exceptionally hard to beat. I had them as the favourites coming in, nothing changes now." The two-time World Cup-winning captain also praised Australia's Trans Tasman rivals New Zealand, who will make their second successive appearance in a World Cup final. He, however, believed that England, with the quality of talent they possess, stand as firm favourites, an ICC report on Saturday said. "New Zealand have done amazingly well to get into the final and well done to them. Two consecutive World Cup finals is an awesome achievement for that group, and they'll have some experiences to take out of that last final, whereas none of the England players have played in a final before," he said.
"That being said, I think there's just a bit too much class in this England side for them not to win." Ponting, who scored a match-winning 140 not out in the final of the 2003 edition against India at The Wanderers, rued his team's failure in crunch moments in this edition. "Unusually for Australian teams in World Cups, we played our worst cricket in the most critical moments. I said right at the start of the tournament you have to play your best cricket at the back end, and you have to stand up in the big moments," he said. "We won all the big moments in the first half of the tournament and we've lost most of the big moments in the last couple of games." Australia had been a dominant force through much of the group stage, losing only to India in their first eight matches and becoming the first team to qualify for the semi-finals. However, a 10-run defeat in their last round-robin game, against South Africa, gave them a second-place finish, after they had seemed set to top the points table. To make matters worse, they lost Usman Khawaja, who became the second player, after Shaun Marsh, to be ruled out of the remainder of the tournament due to injury. Ponting emphasised that Australia still had the right combinations, but failed to produce clinical performances when it mattered the most. "Tactically, I think we got things right," he said. "Personnel-wise, we picked the best team that we could for every game. Unfortunately, we've come up short for the last couple of games."
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Dire Straits Live at the BBC 1978 1 0 8 00:46:04 4m217, 4m218
Aretha Franklin Live at the Fillmore West 1971 1 0 10 00:48:11 1m8, 1m10
Van Morrison Live at the Grand Opera House Belfast 1984 1 0 11 00:52:05 1m173, 1m174
Rammstein Live aus Berlin 1999 1 0 15 01:18:32 2m173, 2m174
Guns N' Roses Live Era '87-'93 1999 2 0 22 02:13:11 6m85, 6m86, 6m87
Black Sabbath Live Evil 1982 1 0 14 01:19:59 6m227, 6m228
Herbert Grönemeyer Live In Bochum 2015 2 0 23 01:47:15 10m112, 10m113
David Gilmour Live in Gdansk 2008 2 2 22 02:29:12 7m181, 7m182, 7m183, 11m33, 11m34
Regina Spektor Live in London 2010 1 1 22 01:14:24 9m29, 9m30, 11m39
Pink Floyd Live in Montreux 1971 1971 2 0 6 01:51:46 4m5, 4m6, 4m7
Blackfield Live in New York City 2009 1 1 18 01:19:19 10m6, 11m4
Amon Düül II Live in Tokyo 1996 1 0 14 01:08:34 2m21, 2m22
Eagle-Eye Cherry Living in the Present Future 2001 1 0 12 00:45:38 1m35, 1m36
Ladysmith Black Mambazo Long Walk to Freedom 2006 1 0 13 00:54:50 5m161, 5m162
Ulrich Schnauss A Long Way to Fall 2013 1 0 10 01:01:21 9m277, 9m278
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HTS Theological Studies
versión On-line ISSN 2072-8050
versión impresa ISSN 0259-9422
Herv. teol. stud. vol.71 no.3 Pretoria 2015
http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/HTS.V71I3.2972
Ancient Israelite and African proverbs as advice, reproach, warning, encouragement and explanation
David T. Adamo
Department of Biblical and Ancient Studies, University of South Africa, South Africa
With few exceptions, the majority of biblical scholars (Euroamericans and Africans) concentrate on comparing ancient Israelite proverbs with the so-called ancient Near Eastern proverbs. Despite the importance of proverbs in Sub-Saharan Africa it is doubly unfortunate that the majority of African biblical scholars did not think it wise to compare proverbs from ancient Israel with Sub-Saharan African proverbs. It is also a double tragedy that young people in Sub-Saharan Africa are ignorant of proverbs because they have refused to learn them because they think them archaic. Proverbs in both ancient Israel and in Africa are similar in function and classification. Thus, they serve as advice, reproach, warning, encouragement and further explanation of some facts. They have great value and importance, such as giving a sense of identity, community, culture, respect for authority and elders, sacredness of everything under the sun and a sense of hospitality and others.
Bi oro ba sonu owe ni a fi nwa. [Proverbs are horse-footed to solve a problem, when the truth is elusive, it is proverbs that we use to discover it].
The above Yoruba proverb is evidence of the importance of Yoruba proverbs. Just as wisdom is important in Yoruba tradition, so also it is important in ancient Israel. Scholars have spent so much time discussing wisdom in ancient Israel and comparing it with wisdom in the so-called ancient Near East as a whole - the Mesopotamian, Egyptian and Canaanite wisdom (Bartholomew & O'Dowd 2011:32-46; Clifford 1998:23-40; Currid 1997; Day, Gordon & Williamson 1997; Nardoni 2004; Von Rad 1970). Amongst the Mesopotamian wisdom material similarities with biblical wisdom are found in the Instruction of Shuruppak (considered to be the Oldest and most widely known Mesopotamian instruction) and the Counsel of Wisdom. Similarities with the Egyptian wisdom literature include Instruction of Amenemope, Instruction of Ptahhotep, and the Tale of the Eloquent Peasant. Amongst the Canaanite wisdom material similarities with the Ahiqar, (the most important non-biblical Canaanite wisdom text) are well known. Clifford claims that the reason for this comparison is to demonstrate that biblical wisdom literature is truly international. It is found in the great empires that surrounded the nation of ancient Israel as well as the geographically closer cities in the Levant. According to him, 'no category of biblical literature is more completely attested outside the Bible than the wisdom literature' (Clifford 1998:40).
What appears to be most unfortunate is that the above Western biblical scholars of Old Testament wisdom did not think it wise to compare Old Testament wisdom with the Sub-Saharan African wisdom, especially African proverbs.1 The closest context to this is the comparison with the Northern part of Africa, namely Egyptian wisdom, which unfortunately is considered by most Western scholars as not part of Africa, but Ancient Near East or Europe.
Recently, however, a few African biblical scholars have begun to change the course of things as far as comparing biblical wisdom with Mesopotamian, Egyptian and Canaanite wisdom, by also comparing biblical wisdom, mostly proverbs, with the Sub-Saharan African proverbs. The following scholars have undertaken some interesting work on comparisons of biblical wisdom and proverbs with Sub-Saharan African proverbs, though not with Yoruba proverbs specifically.
Madipoane Masenya (ngwana' Mphahlele) wrote a masters dissertation, 'In the School of Wisdom: An Interpretation of Some Old Testament Proverbs in a Northern Sotho Context' (Masenya 1989); 'Challenging Poverty through Proverbs: an African Transformational Hermeneutics' (Masenya 2006:393-404); 'Wisdom and Wisdom Converge: Selected Old Testament and Northern Sotho Proverbs' (Masenya 2001:133-146). Lehion Peter Kimilike wrote 'Proverbial Folklore to Understand the Holistic Poverty Eradication Framework in the Book of Proverbs' (Kimilike 2006a:405-17); 'The Poor Are Not Us: An Exploration into the Transforming possibilities of Old Testament and African Proverbs on Poverty' (Kimilike 2006b:418-428). Willie van Heerden (2006:429-440) wrote 'It's on the Old Mat that One Weaves the New One: The Dialogue between African Proverbs and Biblical Texts'. Relating to this subject, K.J.N. Owan (2004:151-176) wrote 'African Proverbial Wisdom and Biblical Proverbial Wisdom: Bedfellows and More'.
Though the biblical wisdom literature may be difficult to understand and, thus, strange to us, the concern of the wisdom materials, especially the proverbs, is a modern concern and applies to everyone (Machado 2003:1-6). The main themes in the book of Proverbs are:
poverty and wealth
righteousness and the limitation of human minds
God's sovereignty
Although this portion of the canonical Bible, which was classified as wisdom, was disputed before being accepted into the Christian canon, it does not reduce the importance and value of the book of Proverbs. This article is concerned with the book of Proverbs and the comparison with Yoruba Proverbs in order to find the similarities and the implications for Christianity in Africa. In other words, this article specifically compares the functions of wisdom in the book of Proverbs in both ancient Israel and Yoruba Proverbs using some selected proverbial sayings in the book of Proverbs and in Yoruba tradition. This article examines how proverbs in both cultures serve as advice, reproach, warning, encouragement and explanation of certain facts.
It is clearly understood that comparing ancient biblical literatures with other literatures in other cultures is a difficult task, because without good discipline or good method, there will be parallels everywhere. In comparing ancient biblical literatures with African (oral) literature especially that of the Yoruba people of Nigeria, some important facts must be kept in mind. The purpose of this comparison is not to prove that one is superior to the other or to say that one is true and the other is not. Rather it is to help the reader understand both literature and the cultures. It is also important to know that it is more productive to compare genres and wholes than just individual items and odd details.2 It will give the reader a general sense of location. Thus, to understand biblical literature in the light of African culture it is important to compare the biblical literature with ancient African oral literature (Clifford 1998:24-25).3
Definition of proverbs
Even though proverbs are phenomena that human beings are most familiar with, they still lack a universally acceptable definition (Olumuyiwa 2012:106-120). It has been shown that various attempts to define proverbs have resulted into a universally unacceptable, ambiguous definition so that one can identify every sentence of a proverb (Mieder 1989:13-27). The result of this is that it is easier to find fault in every definition any one gives, than propose what seems to be an infallible one (Fasiku 2006:50-63). R.C. Trench (2003:1-9) noted that most attempts at defining proverbs merely identify the ornaments of good proverbs, and not the essential marks of all good proverbs. The fact is that to actually define 'a phenomenon requires identifying necessary and essential qualities, which define a proverb' (Fasiku 2006:50).
Despite the lack of a universally acceptable definition proverbs are a universal phenomenon that can be recognised. What differs from one culture to another is the meaning given to each proverb in each culture. A proverb of a community or nation is indeed ethnography of the people that needs to be systematised because it gives a penetrating picture of the people's way of life. Their meanings are situational or context-dependent, to an essential degree (Kola 1987:57).
A proverb is an important aspect of human communication and has been a prominent linguistic feature in virtually all languages such as Yoruba, Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Spanish, French, English, German, Dutch and all African languages because it pertains to human communication. The universal nature of proverbs is incontrovertible, and it is important to note that the meaning is culturally relative because the historical circumstances surrounding the origin of proverbs differ as a result of different cultural experiences that actually generated the proverbs (Fayemi 2009:1-18). The meaning and nature of proverbs have long agitated the minds of scholars in various intellectual disciplines such as Anthropology, Sociology, Linguistics, Philosophy, Psychology, Religion and others (Awolalu 1979; Idowu 1960; Parrinder 1951a, 1951b).
Many attempts have also been made to arrive at a consensus of a definition of this word, but this has not been possible. What most scholars of proverbs would only agree upon in determining what sentence qualifies as a proverb is that a proverb can be identified on the basis of a good dose of common sense, experience, wisdom and truth, according to Wolfgang Mieder (1985:1-12).
Speake and Simpson (1990:2) think that a proverb is a traditional saying which offers advice or presents a moral in a short and pithy manner. According to Fayemi, two things should be noted in this definition. Firstly, a proverb is a concise expression that contains more content meaning that can be expected from its pithy structure. Secondly, a proverb is a relic of ageless tradition (2009:2). Olatunji (1984:167) seems to corroborate this view when he says that a proverb is an inheritance from elders who might have experienced various things.
Various scholars agree with the pithy nature of proverbs. Mieder (1985:118) believes that '[a] proverb is a short generically known sentence that expresses common, traditional, didactic views in a metaphorical and freed from, which is easily remembered and repeated' (Mieder 1985:118). In other words, proverbs are metaphorically fixed in structure for repeated use and remembrance.
According to B.J. Whiting (1932), a proverb is
[a] short saying of philosophical nature, of great antiquity, the product of the masses rather than of the classes, constantly applicable and appealing because it bears a semblance of the universal truth. (p. 27)
Oladele Balogun (2006) seems to hold the same opinion, when he says:
Proverbs are cultural relics preserved amid countless destructions by reason of brevity, laconic and in-depth meaning. Proverbs, which are pithy sayings, are popular devices usually used to state metaphorically, certain general truths about life. (pp. 86-97)
Taiwo Oladele (1976) also defines proverbs:
Proverbs deal with all aspects of life. They are used to emphasize the words of the wise and are the stock in trade of old people who use them to convey the precise moral lessons, warnings and advice, since they make a greater impact on the mind than ordinary words. (p. 32)
The above quotation from Oladele means that a proverb is a linguistic metaphorical expression of truth which cuts across all strata of human life. It also means that a proverb is a linguistic instrument exclusively employed by the elders in the communication of thought and truth about any given state of experience (Fayemi 2009:3).
The judicious use of proverbs is usually regarded as a sign of wit (Oladele 1976:32). According to M.K. Dzobo (1992:89-100) a proverb is a 'metaphorical expression reflective of a people's cultural experiences and which establish certain truths and vital conclusions filtered from life's experience'. Michael D. Coogan (2009:374) defines proverbs as 'a short saying that pithily expresses insight into experience'. Andrew Arterbury, W.H. Bellinger and Derek Dodson (2014:115) define proverbs as 'a compact, memorable, applicable teaching about life'.
One important fact that must be noted in disagreement with some of the above definitions is that proverbs offer more than moral lessons, warnings, advice and truth. Proverbs offer such truth which extends to epistemological, metaphysical, aesthetical, legal, scientific and anthropological facts. Proverbs are not mere relics. Again, although many proverbs are short sentences, Yoruba proverbs are sometimes exceptional.
For example, 'Owo omode ko to pepe, t'agbalagba o wo keregbe. Ise ti ewe be agba ki oma se ko mo; gbogbo wa ni anise a jon be rara' [Just as a child's hand does not readily reach the top of the mantelpiece, so also the elders' fist does not enter the gourd's neck].
Another example is 'Anikan dajo, o o seun; anikan dajo o o seeyan. Nigbati o o gbo t'enu enikeji, emi l'o dajo se? [Listen to the two parties before adjudicating in a dispute] (Delano 1973:85).
Of all the above definitions, I prefer Delano's, Sotunde's and Adedimeji's definition. Adedimeji (2009:43) defines proverbs as 'wise sayings that address the hearts of the discourse in any given context truthfully and objectively'. Delano also defines it as 'self-evident truths' that are communicated in a brief and condensed form (Delano 1973:77). Sotunde (2009:30) regards it 'as a short familiar sentence expressing a supposed truth or moral lesson which often requires an explanation beyond the literal meaning of the words used'. They are simple and to the point.
Despite the loss of consensus amongst scholars concerning the definition of proverbs, Ademola Kazeem Fayemi's (2009) suggestion of essential features of Proverbs is also acceptable to me:
1. Proverbs have their origin in oral tradition. They existed before written culture.
2. Proverbs are passed down from generation to generation and sometimes their specific meanings do change.
3. Proverbs are metaphorical, and it is through proper understanding that their metaphorical nature is unravelled.
4. Proverbs are neither cliches, nor sententious maxims, but are relics of cultural experiences.
5. Proverbs are not apriori determined. Rather, they are based on human observations and experiences with the things of nature such as human beings, animals, nature itself and the spirit world.
6. Proverbs are universal and particular in nature. Similar situations and similar objects have unquestionably made men think, act and express themselves alike.
7. Proverbs establish truths of life, which could be universal or relative.
8. There is no occurrence in human affairs to which some proverbs may not be applied.
9. Proverbs are hetero-situational by nature (pp. 6-7).
Sources of Yoruba and Israelite proverbs
It is very difficult indeed to categorically identify the sources of Yoruba proverbs. As a result of this it is said categorically that the sources of Yoruba proverbs are unknown (Olumuyiwa 2012:106-120). Proverbs are the product of human observations of what happens in the environment, and that is why Yoruba 'proverbs could be deductive, speculative, affirmative, empirical, mythical and superstitious' (Olumuyiwa 2012:106-120). It has also been suggested that the sources of Yoruba Proverbs are Yoruba religion, poetry, songs and history (itan). For example Ifa divination is a complex system of divination which involves recital of Yoruba poetry containing stories and proverbs bearing on the divination. These histories, religions, stories and proverbs were passed down from generation to generation in oral forms. Other sources of Yoruba proverbs are elders in towns and villages. Amongst the Yorubas, elders are the wisest in the community and they are the custodians of proverbs. This is why Lawal, Ajayi and Raji emphasise that 'Among the Yoruba, proverbs taste sweetest in the mouths of very old people' (1997:637). This does not mean that young people do not use proverbs in their speeche. However, they have to seek permission from elders who are present saying, 'I bow to you elders'; and the elders will answer 'May you live long to use more proverbs' (Lawal et al. 1997:637). Another suggested origin of Yoruba proverbs is the occasion of settling disputes and quarrels (Zartman 2011:120-121). This is why until today amongst the Yorubas, it is the person who is very knowledgeable in words and proverbs who can settle quarrels adequately (Lawal et al. 1997:637). It is very clear that Yoruba proverbs have socio-cultural origins according to the historical, religious experiences of the Yoruba people. Proverbs are formed with the worship of Ifa and Orishas (gods) in songs, beating drums with proverbial sayings, as they settle disputes, as they make merry or drink palm wine (native drink from palm trees), as they tell family or local histories and other social cultural events.
It is difficult to know the actual sources or the social location of the book of Proverbs because there is little data about the Palestinian society that wrote and read the book of Proverbs. Several sources of the book of Proverbs have been suggested:
1. The ancient Near Eastern wisdom materials, especially Egypt and Mesopotamia.
2. Instructions and Proverbs originated in the tribal society, villages and families.
3. It was also alleged that they originated in the schools for the upper class or in the royal court.
4. Though they might have been collected by scribes, the materials in the book of Proverbs arose as oral sayings of simple folk, farmers, artisans, slaves and housewives (Clifford 1998:48).
It may be true that the royal court was the dominant institution writing in ancient Israel. According to Clifford (1998:49), it is unlikely that the scribes and the family in Israel are the origin of the materials in the book of Proverbs. According to Clifford (1998:49), 'A scribal origin of some sort cannot be denied'. As it is in the African (Yoruba) situation this writer believes that the Proverbs were formerly oral sayings of elders and wise people in ancient Israel. The origin cannot be from the scribes or royal court, or wisdom school or wisdom movement in Israel (Arterbury et al. 2014:113), although they might later have found their ways to the royal court when scribes committed them to written form.
The nature of the book of Proverbs
The book of Proverbs like the Psalms is an anthology of anthologies (Clifford 1998:42; Coogan 2009:375). According to Clifford (1998:42), it is an anthology of collections and appendixes collected and composed from the earliest time of the monarchy (1000 BCE) to the end of the sixth century BCE. The book of Proverbs contains several types of genres with the most common being aphorism and instruction. This is the most 'widely attested genre of wisdom Literature' (Coogan 2009:374). In fact, the book of Proverbs is distinct amongst the collection of books called wisdom literature because the book as a whole contains proverbs (Kaminsky, Lohr & Reasoner 2014:186).
The literary structure and purpose is an interesting and impressive one when compared with the ancient Near Eastern wisdom literature. In fact, the binding together into one book with so many different genres (that is, instructions, sayings, riddles and poems) on so large a scale, is extraordinarily impressive. The book opens with an elaborate title and statement of the author, the purpose and the benefit to the readers. The title is which is translated 'proverbs'. The book also names the person to whose authorship it is attributed, Solomon, despite the fact that all the biblical wisdom literature, except Job, does not name the author. The purpose of the book is presented through the accumulation of synonyms of wisdom instead of differentiating them: learning (1:2-3), understanding wisdom literature (1:2, 6), teaching (1:4), wisdom and instruction and the fear of the Lord. This book is thoroughly religious. The gods are the creators of the order in the world, about which the literature is concerned. Despite the string of loosely connected proverbs, there is a theme and progression. The basic division is, firstly, chapter 1-9 and, secondly, chapter 10-29.
Proverbs operates with many assumptions and concepts. Firstly, it assumes the existence of a world created by God with 'certain order or with inherent dynamism' (Clifford 1998:50). Secondly, it assumes a threefold dimension of things, sapiential, the ethical and the religious.
Apart from the assumptions above shared with the entire ancient Near Eastern wisdom literature, Clifford (1998:51) points out that there are four operative concepts in the book that can be singled out:4
1. 'Its psychology of the human person as a knower and a doer'
2. 'Its use of types, usually antithetically paired, to describe behaviour and its consequences'
3. 'Its personification of wisdom as a woman'
4. 'Its dominant metaphor of finding a wife, founding a household'.
The book of Proverbs is not without some controversies and debates amongst scholars. In a closer examination of the book of Proverbs, one finds that the different sections of the book come from different periods. Argument also exists as to the context in which proverbial literature, in chapters 10-29, was produced and transmitted. The reason is that very little is known about ancient Israelite educational practices, although Proverbs 10:1 and 25:1 give the idea that the collecting and copying of proverbial literature was under the royal auspices. However, this does not tell us that the persons who coined these sayings are known. Most of the sayings in the book of Proverbs are in the same category of the wider ancient Near Eastern context where Israel lived. This is why Israelite proverbs are similar to the proverbs in the ancient Near East in some respects.5
Another important scholarly argument about Proverbs concerns how to describe the figure of Lady Wisdom in the introduction, especially in chapter 8. The question asks, is Lady Wisdom simply a personification or literary trope? Or is Wisdom here more concrete and substantial? Some scholars see Wisdom as functioning as an attribute or extension of God (Kaminsky et al. 2014:187). In chapter 8, there is an argument that Wisdom is a goddess (Kaminsky et al. 2014:167). I believe that Wisdom is personified in chapter 8. Wisdom first appeared in Proverbs 1:20 as a person crying out on the street and in the gate. Lady wisdom preaches repentance from folly and a return to Wisdom. Lady Wisdom cries out that Wisdom is available and that people need to submit to instruction. In 8:17 Wisdom says, 'I love those who love me', and that those who listen will prosper. From the above, it seems as if this cannot be anything but a personification of Wisdom.
The Yoruba people of Nigeria
As this article is on the comparison of ancient Israelite and Yoruba proverbs and the identity of the ancient Israelites, it is also important to discuss the identity of the Yorubas who are less known. This will enable readers to have a bird's eye view of the people called the Yorubas of Nigeria. In fact, the status of the Yorubas of Nigeria and Africa influenced the author's choice to compare Yoruba with Israelite Proverbs.
There is no agreement amongst scholars concerning the origin of the Yoruba people of Nigeria. Several suggestions have been put forward. Egyptian (Lucas 1970:381-382), Atlantic (Frobenius 1968:345), Hebrew (Williams 1930) and independent (Olubunmi 2011:20) origin have been suggested.6
The Yorubas are the inhabitants of Lagos, Oyo, Ondo, Kwara and parts of the Kogi states in Nigeria. They also live in parts of the Republic of Benin, and Togo. Amongst the Yoruba people, names are important. For example, to know someone's name is to gain insight into that person's being or character. That is the reason why the naming of a child is very important and celebrated because of the strong belief that the meaning of the name of a child may determine his character and his destiny.
The Yorubas are a strong homogenous group and 'many Yorubas are better educated than the other two major tribes (Ibos and Hausas) in Nigeria' (Ayandele 2004:121). Their levels of education and high migration rate have caused many of them to be well-placed in significant formal and sometimes informal positions all over the world. With regard to their social and cultural values, the Yorubas have undertaken more academic work than any other specific African tribe. They are described as 'the most outstanding people of "Black Africa" with respect to their myths' (Lange 2004:39).
The Yorubas are amongst the richest in Africa considering the preservation of the oral history of their past (Lange 2004:39). Yoruba unique sculptures like the Ife Bronze head and their genetic uniqueness in producing the highest dizygotic twinning rate in the whole world (4.4% of all maternities) are but a few amongst many reasons that are bringing the Yoruba race into global recognition (Leroy et al. 2010).
Furthermore, Yoruba history is the most researched and the most documented history compared to any other tribe in Sub-Saharan Africa. Yoruba ruling elites have established institutions and worked out ways through which their history is preserved (Akintoye 2004:3). These gestures, initiated by many Yoruba elites, have helped to keep good records about the writing of their contemporary history. Their proverbs are more documented than any other race in Africa. In fact, historians and archaeologists worldwide are unanimous that the Yoruba are the most urban black people of all time (Olubunmi 2011:5).
Proverbs as advice in Israelite and Yoruba traditions
It seems to me that the function of proverbs in the Old Testament and in Africa (Yoruba tradition) is to advise, encourage, reproach, and elucidate important facts, the main purpose of which is to understand life and make it easy for living. These are also intended for the purpose of having good relationships with other people and God. This will be made clearer in my discussion of proverbs in the book of Proverbs and in the Yoruba traditions.
Proverbs as advice in the book of Proverbs
Although the passages below from the book of Proverbs mention children, the application is to all people in Israel. They are advice to all people firstly to desist from doing evil. They should refuse to follow evil people because the consequences may not be palatable. This is certainly the advice to keep away from sin. The above includes the keeping of the law and the commandment of Yahweh. According to the Deuteronomic law, if the law of Yahweh is faithfully kept, there will be good order, peace and tranquillity. The society will also prosper. This is what the proverbs below are saying.7
My son, hear the instruction of thy father,
and forsake not the law of thy mother:
For they shall be an ornament of grace unto
Thy head and chains about thy neck (Pr 1:9)8
My son, if sinners entice thee consent thou not. If they say,
Come with us, let us lay wait for blood,
Let us lurk privily for the innocent without cause: (Pr 1:10-11).
My son, walk not thou in the way with them;
Refrain thy foot from their path: (Pr 1:15).
My son, forget not my law;
but let thine heart keep my commandments (Pr 3:1).
Below also is the advice in the book of Proverbs for those who are quick to anger because anger is of great consequence. It destroys. Such a person is foolish. Envy is outrageous and destroys also. It is, therefore, good to be slow to anger and deal with envy very wisely:
Wrath is cruel, and anger is outrageous;
but who is able to stand before envy (Pr 27:14).
A wrathful man stirreth up strife:
but he that is slow to anger appeaseth strife (Pr 15:18).
He that is slow to wrath is of great understanding:
but he that is hasty of spirit exalted folly (Pr 14:29).
He that is soon angry dealeth foolishly: and a man of wicked
devices is hated (Pr 14:17).
Below is advice to the wicked ones that the way of the wicked shall not prosper and that there is no rest for the wicked. It means that what awaits the wicked is darkness and they shall suddenly stumble:
For they sleep not, except they have done mischief;
and their sleep is taken away, unless they cause some to fail.
(Pr 4:16)
The way of the wicked is as darkness,
they know not at what they stumble. (Pr 4:19)
Below also is the advice for the hardworking person because the future is bright for such a person. It is also advice for the lazy person to learn to be hard working:
The hand of the diligent shall bear rule but the slothful shall not bear rule (Pr 12:24).
In all labour there is profit: but the talk of the lips tendeth only to penury (Pr 14:23).
Proverbs as advice in Yoruba tradition
Advice against hasty decisions:
Aringbere ni yio mu oye dele, asaretete ko ba oye je. [He who walks slowly (to act intelligently) will bring a title home; he who runs (to act recklessly) misses the chance of enjoying the title].
This is advice that making a hasty decision will not accomplish anything. One should think clearly before a decision is made, even if it takes time.
Fi ija fun olorun ja fi owo leran. [Leave all the fight for God and watch].
This is recognition that God exists who fights for people and, therefore, one should not attempt to take revenge.
Ogbon ologbon ki je ki a pe agba ni were. [Other people's wisdom does not allow us to call an elder a fool].
This is advice that we should take advice from elderly people. We should respect elderly people's advice because of their experiences.
Orisa ti ngbe ole ko si, nitori apa eni ni gbe 'ni. [There are no gods who support an unaccomplished man in his laziness; a man's greatest support is his own arm].
This is advice that one should not depend on other people's help but work hard on one's own. Man should work hard to attain his objectives.
Ibinu ko se nkan, suru ni baba iwa. [Anger does not accomplish anything; patience is the chief virtue].
Advice for a man who is easily annoyed should easily curb his temper, because he may get into trouble if he is not patient in circumstances that demand patience.
Bi owe bi owe ni a nlu ilu ogidigbo, ologbon ni njo o, omoran ni sin mo o. [The ogidigbo talking drum is sounded in proverbs, only the wise can dance it, and only the experienced can understand it].
This is advice that one should watch events carefully before making decisions because all the facts may not be apparent.
Proverbs as reproach in Israelite and Yoruba traditions
Proverbs as reproach in the book of Proverbs
'Righteousness exalted a nation: but sin is a reproach to any people' (Pr 14:34).9
'Righteousness is not only moralistic and ethical, it is also doing what is the right thing' in any given circumstance. It includes both relationship to one's self and others, including social responsibility and personal ethics (Lyu 2012:5-8; Sandoval 2006:1-4). A righteous nation then is a nation which orders its affairs with wisdom by taking care of the needs of its people (Tate 1971:49). Therefore, a nation which refuses to do this is a reproach and disgrace to God and his people, because their energies have been misdirected and their purpose is not achieved.
'When the wicked cometh, then cometh also contempt, and with ignominy reproach' (Pr 18:3). This proverb is speaking about the results of wickedness and dishonour. The reproach is a lack of honour, social status and respect amongst people. The wicked person himself is an insult to himself and to the entire nation.
'He that wasted his father, and chaseth away his mother, is a son that causeth shame, and bringeth reproach' (Pr 19:26). Certainly, a son whose aged parent depended on him and who is able to maltreat his aged parent without legal punishment is the focus in verse 26. Such a son causes shame and reproach upon himself and others. He also demonstrates unacceptable behaviour in his rejection of responsibility for parents, even outright eviction of the parent. This is also a contemporary problem in the world:
If thou sayest, Behold, we knew it not; doth not he that pondereth the heart consider it? And he that keepeth thy soul, doth not he know it? And shall not he render to every man according to his works? (Pr 24:12)
This speaks specifically of a person who has failed in his duty to his fellow brothers in distress because he says he knew nothing about his brother's predicament. However, God who knows the heart of men, knows that such an excuse does not hold water (Fritsch 1955:919).
'Lest he that heareth it put thee to shame, and thine infamy turn not away' (Pr 25: 10). One should not come to hasty conclusions about what one sees or hears because one may be wrong and look foolish in the eyes of the people who hear one's words. It may also result to the stigma of disloyalty or the inability to keep confidential information. A person who talks too much is, therefore, a reproach.
'The rod and reproof give wisdom, but a child left to himself brings shame to his mother' (Pr 29:15). Lack of discipline of a child brings shame and reproach to parents and society. Mere words are, therefore, not enough for a child's discipline. Frank Larosa (2011:1) maintained that the purpose of proverbs is not only to teach wisdom, but to give instruction in discipline and good conduct and doing what is right, just and fair.
Proverbs as reproach in Yoruba tradition
A ngba oromo die l'owo iku, o ni a o je ki on lo atan lo je. [We are saving a chick from death, and it complains that it is not allowed to go to the rubbish heap to pick up rubbish. (Public rubbish heaps are usually in the bush near the village; and may often be found there)].
This is a rebuke to someone who grumbles because he is not allowed to do certain things which those who prevent him know to be dangerous for the person.
Afaso-gbejo ntan ara re je. [He who tries to catch rain-water with a sieve is deceiving himself].
This is the mocking reproof to a person who is trying to do something which is obviously beyond his power or is aspiring to a position to which he can never attain.
Aja ki iroro ko so ojule meji. [A dog cannot be so fierce as to keep watch over two gates at once].
This is a rebuke against people who want to interfere in the affairs of others which do not concern them. It is a polite way of saying mind your business.
Bi omode ni aso to baba re ko le ni akisa to o. [If a child has as many clothes as his father, he cannot have as many rags as him. A young man should not look down on his elders but should have regard for their greater experience and wisdom].
Eniti o gbin ogorun ebu ti o pe nigba ntan ara re je: igba ti o ba je ogorun otito tan, a tun je ogorun iro. [He who plants 100 yam seeds and calls them two hundred is deceiving himself; when he has eaten the 100 real ones he has planted, he will then eat the 100 lies. It is of no advantage to consider ourselves better than we are or to give a false impression of ourselves].
Proverbs as an encouragement or admonition in Israelite and Yoruba traditions
Proverbs as encouragement or admonition in the book of Proverbs
'For the LORD giveth wisdom: out of his mouth cometh knowledge and understanding' (Pr 2:6). Chapter 2:5-8 contains an encouragement or admonition to a person who is searching for wisdom and understanding that such person will not be disappointed. The truth is that the quest for wisdom and understanding will end with the fear of Yahweh who is the beginning of wisdom. Wisdom is the gift of Yahweh and he is the source of knowledge and understanding:
Trust in the LORD with all thine heart: and lean not unto thine understanding (Pr 3:5).
Every word of God is pure: he is a shield unto them that put their trust in him (Pr 30:5).
The fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom, and the knowledge of the Holy is understanding. (Pr 9:10)
The theme of trust in Yahweh is contained in 3:5; 9:10 and 30:5. Trust must be put in Yahweh and not one's own insight. Then Yahweh will make the way straight by removing obstacles and prevent deviation into dangerous places. Trust in Yahweh is a necessary qualification or prerequisite for obtaining true wisdom.
In total there are nine admonitions from parents to the son:
1:18-19; 2:1-22; 3:1-12, 21-35; 4:1-9, 10-27; 5:1-23; 6:20-35; 7:1-27.
Proverbs as encouragement or admonition in Yoruba tradition
Owe lesin oro, Bi oro ba so nu, owe la a fii wa a. [Proverbs are horse-footed to solve a problem, when the truth is elusive, it is proverbs that we use to discover it. It means that great respect is given to anyone who can use proverbs frequently and appropriately].
Aja ti o pa ikun l'oni le pa oya lola, nitorina ki a ma pa aja. [The dog which kills a squirrel today may kill a grass cutter tomorrow, so we must not be angry and kill the dog. It means that he who has succeeded in a small way today should be encouraged; possibly he will achieve greater things in the future].
Pipe ni yio pe akololo yio pe baba. [However long it will be, the stammerer will call baba (father). No matter how long something takes, with patience there will be success].
Ki iburuburu ko ma ku eni kan mo 'ni; eni ti yio ku li a o mo. [Things are never so bad that there remains nobody at our side; but we do not know who will remain. No matter how bad there is always someone supporting us, though we may not know who that person is. This is a comment to encourage someone having so many problems and difficulties that someone will turn up at some time to help].
Proverbs as warning in Israelite and Yoruba tradition
Proverbs as warning in the book of Proverbs
My son, attend unto my wisdom, and bow thine ear to my understanding: ... For the lips of a strange woman drop as a honeycomb, and her mouth is smoother than oil. But her end is bitter as wormwood, sharp as a two-edged sword. (Pr 5:1, 3-4)
This is warning against adultery which leads to bitterness. This is also a warning against being persuaded by a loose or strange woman who is extremely seductive with her sweet speech. The end result of yielding to her seductive appeal is bitter as wormwood and as a sharp as a two-edged sword. The sweetness of her lips turns to a bitter taste. The person who is persuaded by her needs not expect any mercy. Following her way leads to death.
My son keep my words, and lay up my commandments with thee. Keep my commandment and live: and my law as the apple of thine eye (Pr 7:1-2). Let not thine heart decline to her ways, go not astray in her paths (Pr 7:25).
This is the warning against disobedience to parental advice. Such advice is authoritative and mandatory. This is also an admonition for children to listen and obey the teaching of the father and walk in the way of wisdom (3:1-4):
These six things doth the LORD hate; yea, seven are an abomination unto him:
A proud look, a lying tongue, and hands that shed innocent blood. A heart that deviseth wicked imaginations, feet that be swift in running to mischief. A false witness that speaketh lies, and he that soweth discord among brethren. (Waltke 2004a: 240-242; Pr 6:16-19)
'Do not be wise in your own eyes' (Pr 3:5). This verse reminds us how easy it is to think we are wise when we are acting like fools and how quickly we think that we know what a proverb means. The verse is essentially saying that it is better for the wise to be humble and know that they always need more wisdom (Bartholomew & O'Dowd 2011:95).
Proverbs as warning in Yoruba tradition
Agada ko mo ori alagbede. [The sword does not recognise the head of the smith (who made it)].
This is a warning to a person who is trying to get on the wrong side of another person or law because the law or the wrong side will catch up with the person.
Agboju le ogun fi ara re fun osi ta. [He who pins his hope on an inheritance gives himself up to be afflicted with poverty. This is a warning against relying on inheritance or help from other people].
Agba ti o gbin ebu ika ori omo re ni yio hule. [When an elder plants the seed of cruelty, it will sprout on the head of his children. This is a warning that what a person sows will be reaped by his children or other relatives].
Alaso ala ki lo si iso elepo. [One who is clad with white linen does not go to the stall of a palm oil seller. This is a warning that if one has a good name it is unwise to walk with bad company because it will tarnish one's name].
Bi omode fe sise agba, ojo a bi ko ni je. [If a young child wants to behave like an elderly man, the date of his birth will not allow it. A warning that however clever a young man may be, he cannot do things as an elder would do them because he lacks experience].
Proverbs as explanation in Israelite and Yoruba traditions
Proverbs as explanation in the book of Proverbs
Where no oxen are, the crib is clean: 'But much increase is by the strength of the ox' (14:4). This is to give a powerful explanation of the value of oxen for a farmer's production of crops.
'The poor is hated even of his own neighbour: but the rich hath many friends' (14:20). A closer examination of this verse 20, with 18, 19, 22, and 24 will indicate that it gives examples of what happens to persons of different character and status. In verse 20 the poor man is disliked by his own neighbour but a rich man has many friends. This verse is explaining the reality of life in a society even though that is not how it ought to be.
'A fool takes no pleasure in understanding, only in expressing his opinion' (Pr 18:2). A foolish person is only interested in pouring out his own opinion instead of trying to grasp real understanding of what other people say. 'The hard work of thinking through the issues is of little interest for such a man' (Tate 1971:58).
Proverbs as explanation in Yoruba tradition
A ki ije okele l'ori okele, a ki ifi ina sori orule sun. [No one eats after he has had enough; no one would leave fire on the roof to go to bed. This is an explanation that when there is a tense situation, it is better to deal with it at once rather than pretend it does not exist].
A ki ni eni ni idi osan ki a mu igan. [One does not eat sour fruit when one's servant is nearby to collect good fruit. It means that if one has an agent to watch over one's interests in any matter, it is his business to see that one does not suffer].
A ni ki a je ekuru tan ninu awo a tun ngbon owo re sawo. [We are told to finish up the ekuru on the plate and we are now, again, shaking the (crumbs on the) hand on to the plate. This is an explanation when elders want to settle a misunderstanding between two people and then one of the parties, or some third person, brings in new complaints to complicate the issue still further].
Abata takete bi enipe ko ba odo tan. [The marsh stands aloof as if it were not related to the river.]
This is a comment about someone who ought to be interested in a matter but prefers to ignore it, or refuses to take his share of the responsibility.
Afomo ko ni egbo, gbogbo igi ni iba tan. [The parasite has no roots, all trees are its relations. This is a comment about someone who joins himself with another person because of the wealth and the position of that person].
Agba ki wa loja ki ori omo titun wo. [An elder cannot be present in the market and let the head of a young baby twist to one side].
This is a comment that it is the responsibility of elders in all situations to make sure that misunderstandings which may lead to unpleasantness are explained and removed.
The importance of proverbs in ancient Israel and Yoruba traditions
Despite the fact that the location of the continent of Africa is separate from the position of Israel, both share the same worldview with 'an optimistic simplistic outlook of life' (Masenya 2001:134-146). Van Leeuwen (1990:122) believes that proverbs exhibit 'a carved one in that a cultural and personal exhortation is grounded in the reality of the created world with its inbuilt normativity.' In both cultures proverbs are used to deal with situations of everyday life. As is in ancient Israel, in Africa it continues to wield a great influence in the life of ordinary and important people, particularly amongst the Yoruba people of Nigeria. It becomes the vehicle by which members of the community deal with various situations in life (Masenya 2006:393-404). In Africa life is an indivisible whole with no compartmentalisation of a belief in the order of life which has been set by God and the ancestors which everyone must follow, or else something unpalatable may be the consequence (Masenya 2006:397). Both worlds were created and controlled by a deity, God. A discussion of Old Testament and Yoruba proverbs support this similarity in culture and tradition. When compared, the functions of proverbs from both places cannot be overestimated. From both places they function as:
comment and further elucidation of facts and encouragement for a good life
the importance of proverbs for African Christianity.
Proverbs are deeply rooted in culture and everyone who lives in an African village knows about proverbs and is a living carrier of proverbs. These proverbs are interwoven with local languages and in a way they constitute sublanguage of their own (Mokitimi & Mbiti 1997). In Irunda village where I grew up, elders hardly speak without including a proverb or citing a proverbial phrase. To the people of Irunda village, the language of proverbs is a way of seeing the world, a way of speaking with other people, a way of feeling the atmosphere in a society where they live. One is not surprised that many preachers in Nigeria spice their sermons with proverbs which arouse great emotion and make people feel at home.
Proverbs employ symbols and, in fact, they are in themselves symbols of communication with short sentences, sometimes carved on wood, stone or other materials, sung, danced, and acted. Yoruba proverbs as well as the proverbs in ancient Israel are catalysts of knowledge, wisdom, philosophy, ethics and morals. They provoke further reflection and call for deeper thinking. Proverbs call attention to dangers especially in human relationships. Others appeal to emotion rather than just reflection, that is, to feel, laugh, cry, be happy, angry or sad, love or hate, appreciate, admire, be jealous, accepted or rejected, fear and despair. Proverbs are well represented in all these areas of life.
The book of Proverbs in its prologue (1:2-6) mentions and appreciates the many benefits of wisdom-proverbs:
1. Proverbs will enable one to gain wisdom and understanding (Pr 1:2).
2. They will enable one to gain a disciplined and just life (1:3).
3. They will enable the immature to become mature (1:4).
4. They will help the wise to become wiser (1:5).
5. They will teach one how to interpret the sayings of the wise (1:6).
Machado (2003:1-6) explains that proverbs are popular because of their benefits to humanity, especially the universality of their application for every occasion, for different types of personalities, including priests, prophets, pastors and sages.
This article has discussed and confirmed that both proverbs in ancient Israel and Yoruba traditions are mainly for advice, encouragement, discipline or reproach, warning and explanations. Despite the problems in comparing two different cultures (location, different people and traditions, amongst others), the author of this article has attempted to compare proverbs in ancient Israel and Yoruba traditions. This is because the problems do not cloud their similarities. These similarities will enable African biblical scholars to use the Old Testament to understand African culture and African culture to understand the Old Testament.
Proverbs in both cultures are a mark of a rich heritage. Amongst the Yoruba people of Nigeria, proverbs are markers of culture because they tell us, 'in brief and intense terms about so much the history and psychology of the peoples and communities from which they emanate' (Soneye 2009:80-86). Proverbs have inseparable links to culture and language. It is also evident that they are markers of people's identity because they are 'the shortest forms of traditional expression that call attention to themselves as formal artistic entities' (Abrahams 1972:117-127; cf. Soneye 2003).
Further implications are that by using proverbs, Christianity is at home amongst the Yoruba people of Nigeria, as proverbs in both cultures appeal to our emotions, and make us think more deeply and help our understanding of ourselves through advice, encouragement, reproach, warning, and explanation or elucidation. This is certainly evident in the comparison of both proverbs in the book of Proverbs and Yoruba Proverbs. Other important benefits of proverbs include a 'sense of the community', a sense of good human relations, a sense of sacredness of life, a sense of hospitality, a sense of sacredness of everything and religion, and a sense of respect for authority and elders who are in possession of wisdom by the virtue of their experiences. All of these benefits cannot be discussed in this article, and will require a separate article for proper academic treatment.
The author declares that he has no financial or personal relationships which may have inappropriately influenced him in writing this article.
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Correspondence:
David Adamo
Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies, Kogi State University
Anyigba, Nigeria
adamodt@yahoo.com
Received: 30 Mar. 2015
Accepted: 19 July 2015
Published: 16 Nov. 2015
Prof. David Tuesday Adamo is a professor of Biblical and Religious Studies. He was also a former deputy Vice Chancellor of Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeia.
1 Whybray (1995), has undertaken a survey of various approaches to the study of the book of Proverbs but does not include any African authors. Waltke wrote two massive volumes on the book of Proverbs often referred to as 'definitive work' and 'a life time achievement' (2004a, 2004b). Longman III also wrote another voluminous book, Proverbs (2006). Kidner also penned what is called 'an excellent commentary' on Proverbs, Proverbs (2009). Raymond C. van Leeuwen wrote an article 'Proverbs', in The New Interpreter's Bible (1997). Unfortunately, none of these eminent scholars of Wisdom literature thought about a comparison of Sub-Saharan Proverbs and Israelite Proverbs.
2 Genres refers to literature and culture together as a whole.
3 Clifford (1998:24-25), believes that this type of comparison will help the reader understand both cultures.
4 See also Perdue (1989) and Murphy (1998) for more of these assumptions and the general nature of Proverbs.
5 In the introduction this article has listed these similarities which made some people to think that Israel borrowed their proverbs from these countries around them.
6 As the purpose of this article is not to discuss the origin of the Yorubas, one cannot dwell so much on the origin but settle more on the identity of the Yorubas.
7 Collins's disagreement (2004:502) does not seem to make sense to me because it is difficult to separate the law or Torah from wisdom. The question is not simply a similarity but sometimes can be used interchangeably, that Torah is wisdom and wisdom is Torah as far as the Old Testament is concerned. The fact is that Israelitic law is not completely different from the laws of ancient Near Eastern law. No one can deny the resemblance that Israelitic law is Yahwisized.
8 All Bible quotations are from the King James Version.
9 Although the quotations are not in a foreign language, they are deliberately in italics to distinguish them from the commentary and for uniformity with Yoruba proverbs.
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Posco continues to be cautious on India's greenfield steel plant
Having tripped on land and captive mines last time, Posco will tread cautiously when it comes to setting up a greenfield steel plant in India.
Posco officials had visited Andhra Pradesh to explore the possibility of setting up an integrated steel plant but it was more of a recce. “The government wanted Posco to consider investing in a joint venture with RINL (Rashtriya Ispat Nigam) and we just went to check out. We have not decided on the specifics. Building a greenfield steel mill in India is not easy,” said G H Bang, managing director, Posco Maharashtra.
Exploratory talks with state-owned RINL had, in fact, started last year when a delegation led by the South Korean ambassador was at the plant site but Posco is yet to firm up plans. What's possibly coming in the way is its past experience with regard to setting up an integrated steel plant in India.
Posco signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) in 2005 to set up a 12 million steel plant for setting up a 12 million tonne steel plant near Paradip with an investment of Rs 52,000 crore what was pegged to be India’s largest-single foreign direct investment (FDI). But the project never took off largely due to a struggle against land acquisition as also uncertainty over captive iron ore mines. It’s not that Posco doesn’t have a presence in India. Bang reminded Posco had invested Rs 8,000 crore in a two million tonne unit. It has a downstream unit in Maharashtra.
ArcelorMittal and Nippon are acquiring Essar instead of setting up a greenfield project, Bang pointed out.
Ironically, ArcelorMittal too tried setting up a greenfield plant around the same time as Posco, in Odisha first, then Jharkhand and finally Karnataka. However, none of the greenfield projects have so far materialised though Arcelor is believed to be making attempts to revive the Karnataka project.
Both Posco and ArcelorMittal had signed MoUs for integrated steel plants at a time when signing agreements for setting up mega steel plants had become regular. Projects announced at that point exceeded a capacity of 100 million tonnes, but hardly any materialised with land woes and captive mines turning out to be the biggest stumbling blocks.
Jayanta Roy, senior vice-president, ICRA said, the hurdles in setting up greenfield plants in India was one of the primary reasons why there was a tug of war for the steel companies that were mandated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) for debt resolution under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC).
"These were ready capacities with all clearances in place. A strategic strong player would be able to turn around the plant," he explained.
ArcelorMittal has been fighting a pitched battle for almost two years now to complete the transaction for acquiring Essar. But then it had struggled much longer to set up greenfield plants in India.
In 2005, it signed an MoU with Jharkhand for a 12 million tonne plant and in 2006 for a similar size in Odisha. Later it signed for a smaller plant in Karnataka as well. But none of the plants made any progress and in 2013, the world's largest steelmaker pulled the plug on Odisha.
The scenario for the greenfield projects hasn't changed since then. In the next five years, India is poised to add a capacity of around 20 million tonnes of which only one is a greenfield project of three million tonnes from NMDC.
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Careers education: Going above and beyond
Written by: Sian Gresswell | Published: 26 September 2018
Experiences: Students from Nottingham Academy are exposed to a range of careers education and inspiration activities, including this visit to nearby Nottingham College (image: supplied)
The Greenwood Academies Trust has implemented a programme of careers education and inspiration that goes above and beyond the statutory requirements. Sian Gresswell explains
When the new leadership at Greenwood Academies Trust came on board they recognised that raising aspirations and broadening horizons was vital to our young people.
We have high levels of Pupil Premium and economic challenges in several of our communities so it is crucial for us to make sure our pupils have access to great role models and that we support them into employment, Apprenticeships or give them a path into university.
We didn’t just want to concentrate on areas of challenge though. The leadership, under Wayne Norrie and his team, wanted to raise the profile of careers and employability across the trust as a whole. They created a role to support this across all academies in the trust and it really appealed to me.
My remit was to create a programme of delivery with a careers lead in each school, from early years to sixth form, so that we could be sure we were doing the best by our students.
We want our young people to have information about the workplace and to meet inspirational people in a wide variety of roles. We want to raise their aspirations, challenge stereotypes, we want them to have information about the routes available to them and, crucially, to have the career management skills they need to succeed in the workplace and in their lives. With 17,500 students across the schools, that’s quite a challenge.
Aside from managing this programme and supporting each of the career leads, a part of my role is to create key partnerships with organisations and explore the different funding organisations that exist around careers and employability to make sure we can access all the opportunities that are available for our young people.
We have a statutory obligation to deliver the Gatsby Benchmarks, which were adopted by the government in its Careers Strategy (December 2017), but our aim is to go beyond that. We also think it is important to start this really early on and so we begin at primary level and focus on giving access to a great range of role models that will help broaden horizons and challenge stereotypes.
The eight Gatsby Benchmarks, as featured in the Good Career Guidance report (2013) are:
A stable careers programme.
Learning from career and labour market information.
Addressing the needs of each pupil.
Linking curriculum learning to careers.
Encounters with employers and employees.
Experiences of workplaces.
Encounters with further and higher education.
Personal guidance.
And our own key aims are to:
Follow the statutory guidance.
Challenge stereotypes.
Raise aspirations.
Broaden horizons.
Make people aware of the pathways available to them.
Increase self-confidence, positivity and key employability skills.
Improve financial awareness.
Not every academy is the same
We have a strategy that every school in the trust works to but the specifics of how to deliver the objectives is up to our schools. Each school is different and we understand this. We support them by putting them in touch with different businesses and organisations that can help and by letting them know about the different programmes that exist. We are not a trust that wants to make every school fit the same mould, we want our schools to have ownership over what they do. This approach does take longer, but it is more sustainable and it is unique to each school, so people have really bought into it.
Two of the things that we do insist on is that we have a careers lead and that they go through a programme of training. As a trust, we have been part of a pilot for an employability leadership programme with Teach First at secondary level, and by the end of next academic year all our secondary schools will have a trained careers lead.
The programme of training helps to give them a one, three and five-year strategy for how they will implement the Gatsby Benchmarks for all of their students in a sustainable programme. The careers leads receive an accreditation but are also strongly encouraged to work towards an external accreditation because of the impact this could have on their careers. Several of our schools now have the Teach First award and we treat it as a quality assurance measure. This year, the key stage 2 version of the award was achieved by Hazel Leys Academy in Corby, only the third primary school in the country to achieve it.
Apprenticeships, business insight, alumni
We know that some of our students might not want to go to university so we make sure that they have information about Apprenticeships. Frida Nzaba is one of our alumni and she has shared her experiences with us so we can inspire more young women to follow their dreams. She did a business and engineering A level at Nottingham Academy and went on to do a degree level Apprenticeship at Rolls Royce.
She was the first female to achieve degree level in mechanical engineering at Rolls Royce and she’s now an ambassador for them, and a STEM ambassador in Nottinghamshire. She shared her story with Nottingham Girls Academy and the impact was great – hearing from a former student really resonates with them.
We listen to the children to make sure we are giving them access to people who work in the areas that they are interested in. For example, more than 20 per cent of our students said they were interested in a career in sports, so we got the secondary schools in our trust together and invited people from a range of different sports roles so that the students could see the range of jobs available.
Real-life and using businesses for support
We partner with DHL and Capital One, both of whom are large employers in one of our areas. Using them means that we are able to offer insight into different roles within each organisation and we can use the expertise of their staff to help inform our young people. To make sure we are representing all routes, we ask for people who went in as an apprentice as well as via the university route.
In Corby, which is a bit of a cold spot in terms of social mobility, we worked with local businesses during British Industry Week, inviting them in to share their career stories. RS Components is a big local employer in the area and they brought in a virtual reality truck that allowed young people to try different pieces of equipment and think about the careers of the future.
While at primary level it is about raising aspirations, at secondary it is important to wrap everything together with a face-to-face interview to help young people discover where they need to go with the information and hopes that they have.
We make sure we have that in place at key transition points, from year 8 through to leavers in year 13, where we become more targeted with the information and guidance we give them.
Skills for employability and lifelong success
Our Your Character Counts initiative was launched last year and it forms a fundamental part of our careers strategy. We want all our students to have career management skills because we realise it is not just about knowing what you want to do – it is actually crucial to have the right skills to navigate a rapidly changing world. Confidence, independent research skills, team-work and collaboration are all vital.
Key research done on careers and employability education found that if young people have four memorable and meaningful interactions with employers before leaving school then they’re five times more likely to be successful in getting a job. We aim for this as a bare minimum, and doing so has had a huge impact.
Since we started this work, we have seen the impact on our students and it has engaged them with the local business community in a great way. Ultimately our job is to teach, inspire and help young people get the best start in life. To us that means giving them a head-start on what comes after school. Life can be a challenge and we want students to have the skills and information they need to meet that challenge head on.
Sian Gresswell is education advisor for careers and employability at the Greenwood Academies Trust.
Good Career Guidance, The Gatsby Foundation, 2013 (including the Gatsby Benchmarks): http://bit.ly/2DioDF9
Careers Strategy: Making the most of everyone’s skills and talents, Department for Education, December 2017: http://bit.ly/2FzfDr4
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Title: Bertelsmann
Subject: Penguin Random House, Arvato Digital Services, BMG Rights Management, Bertelsmann Music Group, Thames (production company)
Collection: Bertelsmann, Companies Based in North Rhine-Westphalia, Companies Established in 1835, Gütersloh, Holding Companies of Germany, Media Companies of Germany, Pan-European Media Companies, Societates Europaeae
Bertelsmann SE & Co. KGaA
The current Bertelsmann headquarters in Gütersloh, Germany
SE & Co. KGaA
Carl Bertelsmann
Gütersloh, Germany
Thomas Rabe (Chairman & CEO)
Broadcasting, publishing, cable, book clubs, music labels, radio, film-/TV-production
€16.7 billion (2014)
www.bertelsmann.com
Bertelsmann SE & Co. KGaA is a German multinational mass media corporation founded in 1835, based in Gütersloh, Germany. The company operates in 50 countries and employs in excess of 112,000 people (as of December 31, 2014). In 2014 the company reported a €16.7 billion consolidated revenue and an operating EBIT of €1.77 billion.[1] Its principal divisions are Penguin Random House, RTL Group, Gruner + Jahr, Arvato, Be Printers and BMG.
Bertelsmann is a privately held Kommanditgesellschaft auf Aktien (KGaA; partnership limited by shares). 80.9 percent of the capital shares in Bertelsmann SE & Co. KGaA are held indirectly by foundations (Bertelsmann Stiftung, Reinhard Mohn Stiftung, BVG-Stiftung), and 19.1 percent are held indirectly by the Mohn family.[2]
1835 to 2000 1.1
2010 to present 1.3
Ownership 3
Notes and references 5
The C. Bertelsmann Verlag was founded as a publishing house and print shop in July 1835 by Carl Bertelsmann. At first Bertelsmann concentrated on Christian songs and books. In 1851, led by Carl Bertelsmann's son Heinrich, the company began publishing novels. During the following years Bertelsmann expanded steadily. By 1939 the publishing house employed 401 people. During World War II, Bertelsmann was the biggest single producer of Nazi propaganda. Its owner, Reinhard Mohn, is said to have belonged to a group that donated money to the Nazi squadron SS.[3] At the end of World War II, the publishing house was closed for some time because of illegal paper-trading. During the Nazi period, it published books by Nazi authors such as Will Vesper (who did the commemorative speech at the 1933 book burning) and Hans Grimm. It had also published pro-war books for Hitler Youth members and other key Nazis [4] In 1947, the company was re-founded by Reinhard Mohn, fifth generation of the Bertelsmann family. In 2002 a commission appointed by the company itself found that it had co-operated closely with the Nazis during the war, and had also used Jewish prisoners in the form of slave labor.[5]
A 1986 bust of Reinhard Mohn, on display in Stadtmuseum Gütersloh
In the 1950s, Bertelsmann expanded with the bookclub Bertelsmann Leserring (Book Club) and entered the music market with the founding of the LP label Ariola Records in 1958. In 1964 Bertelsmann entered the movie market with the purchase of the Ufa Filmproduktionsgesellschaft. It sold Ufa's cinema chain in the 1970s. In 1969, Bertelsmann bought into the Gruner und Jahr publishing house (newspapers, magazines) and took majority ownership in 1973.
Since the 1980s, Bertelsmann has expanded internationally: in 1979 it bought the American Arista label, in 1980 Bantam Books, in 1986 the label RCA Victor and the publishing house Doubleday. It has distributed Windham Hill Records since 1989. In 1992 it acquired 50% of Windham Hill Records and in 1996 it took full control. During this period the activities in the music market were bundled into the label BMG.
In 1993, Reinhard Mohn as owner of Bertelsmann moved 68.8% of his Bertelsmann AG stock over to the Bertelsmann Foundation. As of 2006, the Mohn family still owns 74.9 of Bertelsmann's capital, in addition of the Bertelsmann foundation.
From 1995 to 2000 Bertelsmann had a major Internet service provider (and associated content) joint venture with AOL that operated throughout Europe.
In 1995 the Ufa Film- und Fernseh-GmbH merged with CLT, Luxembourg. The result was known as RTL Group, the biggest private radio and TV broadcaster in Europe.
In 1998 Thomas Middelhoff became CEO of Bertelsmann. He bought the Random House publishing house and concentrated the group's worldwide book publishing operations under this label.
In 1999, Bertelsmann launched bol.com, the internet book retailer.
The Bertelsmann Building in New York City, Bertelsmann's North American headquarters
In 2000, Bookspan was created as a joint-venture between Time Warner and Bertelsmann until 2007 when Bertelsmann took over complete ownership.
In February 2001, Groupe Bruxelles Lambert, headed by Albert Frère, purchased 25% of Bertelsmann AG. André Desmarais, President and Chief Executive Officer, Power Corporation of Canada, was named to the board. In July 2002, the CEO Thomas Middelhoff left the company because of disagreements concerning the company's strategy, in particular relating to his plans to float the company's share on the stockmarkets.
In 2002 Bertelsmann admitted that they lied about their involvement with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party, which included making profits from slave labour and publishing propaganda. The revelations came to light during their takeover of US book publisher Random House in 1998; Bertelsmann used a revised account of their Nazi past to smooth the deal.[6]
In 2003, the new CEO Gunter Thielen expanded the music branch BMG with the buying of Zomba Records.
In 2004, BMG set up a joint-venture with Sony Music to create Sony BMG, reducing the Big Five of music companies to the Big Four. BMG Music Publishing, the world's third largest music publisher, remained wholly owned by Bertelsmann at the time, but was sold to Universal Music Publishing in 2006.
Also in 2004, the London Borough of Camden, England, brought anti-social behaviour orders (ASBOs) against Sony Music UK and BMG Entertainment for alleged fly posting. Illegal fly posting by the two companies is thought to save them £8 million a year in advertising costs in Camden and cost the Borough £250,000 to clean up. Failing to comply with an ASBO can result in a jail sentence of up to 5 years.
In July 2006 Bertelsmann AG purchased back 25% of own company from Groupe Bruxelles Lambert.
As of September 1, 2007, Bertelsmann agreed to pay music publishers $130 million to settle a copyright infringement lawsuit brought on by its deal with Napster.[7]
On January 1, 2008, Hartmut Ostrowski became the new Chairman and CEO of Bertelsmann, replacing Gunter Thielen.[8]
On April 23, 2008, the company announced that it planned to publish a one-volume encyclopedia in September using content from the German-language WorldHeritage. The volume is sold since September 15, 2008 and includes abbreviated entries for the 50,000 most commonly used search terms of the prior two years.[9]
On October 1, 2008 Bertelsmann completed the sale of its 50% stake in Sony BMG to Sony Corporation of America. Sony has since renamed its now wholly owned music business to Sony Music Entertainment. These two divestitures marked the end of the Bertelsmann Music Group division and the selected assets that Bertelsmann decided to retain from these sell-offs will be the basis of a forthcoming BMG branded division, BMG Rights Management, which will focus on building, managing and marketing artist rights.
On October 3, 2009, Reinhard Mohn died at age 88.
On October 10, 2011, it was announced that Thomas Rabe would be elevated from CFO to CEO, succeeding Hartmut Ostrowski from January 1, 2012.[10]
On August 20, 2012, Bertelsmann changed its legal form from "Bertelsmann AG" to "Bertelsmann SE & Co. KGaA", a partnership limited by shares (KGaA). KGaA is a proven legal form for businesses owned by families or foundations that is widely used in Germany.
In October 2012, Bertelsmann entered into talks with rival conglomerate Pearson plc, over the possibility of combining their respective publishing companies, Random House and Penguin Group. The houses are considered two of the "Big Six" publishing companies.[11]
In October 2014, Gruner + Jahr was fully taken over by its owner Bertelsmann.[12]
Bertelsmann is currently organized into the following six divisions:
Corporate: Comprising the companies corporate center functions and corporate investments, such as the VC arm BDMI, the BMG music business and the Direct Group business area surrounding bookstores and e-commerce activities
RTL Group, Europe's biggest broadcaster of radio and television, which is also the parent to the FremantleMedia movie and TV production enterprise, the largest of its kind outside Hollywood
Gruner + Jahr, one of the biggest magazine publishing houses in Europe, owning approximately 500 media activities, magazines and digital offerings in over 30 countries.
Penguin Random House, the world's largest general interest trade book publishing company
Arvato, an international media and communications service provider
Be Printers, an international group of companies offering printing solutions and communications services
BMG Rights Management replaced the music publishing and recorded music business, concentrating on music rights management. Together with its five major divisions Bertelsmann holds assets in more than 200 companies and enterprises worldwide. Direct Group was disbanded as a separate corporate entity in June 2011, its businesses subsequently being transferred to the Corporate Investments division in Bertelsmann's Gütersloh corporate headquarters.
Bertelsmann is not publicly listed and is majority owned (77.4%) by the Mohn family, which in turn privately owns the remaining 22.6%.[13] Albert Frère, a Belgian industrialist, owned 25% of Bertelsmann until 2006.
Media concentration
^ Carter Dougherty (October 4, 2009). "Reinhard Mohn, 88, Dies; Built Bertelsmann Into a Giant". The New York Times.
^ http://www.forbes.coms/eamonnfingleton/2014/06/22/hidden-agenda-germanys-reluctance-to-admit-nazi-atrocities-bodes-ill-for-american-press-freedom/
^ "Reinhard Mohn, German media magnate, died on October 3rd, aged 88". The Economist. 15 October 2009
^ BMG settles Napster infringement case
^ The Book Standard is closed
^ "WorldHeritage to go book-based in Germany", Agence France-Presse, April 23, 2008
^ Edgecliffe, Andrew. (2012-10-26) Penguin and Random House in deal talks. FT.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
^ Shareholder Structure
Bertelsmann Official Website
Mediagroup
RTL Germany
(+Austria & Switzerland)
RTL II[gl 1]
Super RTL[gl 2]
RTL Nitro
104.6 RTL
Radio Hamburg[gl 3]
BigFM[gl 4]
89.0 RTL
Antenne Thüringen (15%)
Radio Ton (2%)
Rock Antenne[gl 5]
Sachsen Funkpaket (31/9%)
Oldie 95 (4.78%)
Radio Top 40 (15%)
RTL Z
RTL Lounge
RTL Telekids
RTL Lounge Radio
M6 Group
(48.6%) (France)
Téva
Série Club[gl 6]
TF6[gl 6]
M6 Boutique & Co
M6 Music
M6 Music Black
M6 Music Club
RTL9[gl 7]
RTL L'Equipe[gl 8]
RTL-TVI
Plug RTL[gl 9]
Radio Contact[gl 9]
Bel RTL[gl 9]
RTL Luxembourg
RTL Radio Lëtzebuerg
RTL Croatia
RTL Televizija
Hungary RTL TV
Film+
Film+2
Sorozat+
Prizma TV
Atresmedia (Spain)
Melodia FM
FremantleMedia
Blue Circle
Blu Productions -->
Retort
Phoenix Film
Buzzr
Gruner + Jahr
Sächsische Zeitung (60%)
Der Spiegel (25%)
Prisma Press
VSD
Motor Press Stuttgart
Aerokurier
News (56%)
arvato
arvato Digital Services
arvato services
Verlagsgruppe Random House (Goldmann)
^ joint venture with Tele München Fernseh, Heinrich Bauer Verlag and Burda.
^ joint venture with The Walt Disney Company.
^ joint venture with Axel Springer, Heinrich Bauer Verlag, Lühmanndruck Harburger Zeitungsgesellschaft and Morgenpost Verlag.
^ joint venture with Rheinland-Pfälzische Rundfunk.
^ joint venture with Amperwelle Studio München Programmanbietergesellschaft, Axel Springer AG, Hubert Burda Media, Studio Gong, Mediengesellschaft der bayerischen Tageszeitungen für Kabelkommunikation, Medienpool and Radio Bavaria Rundfunkprogrammgesellschaft
^ a b joint venture with TF1 Group.
^ joint venture with AB Groupe.
^ joint venture with L'Équipe.
^ a b c joint venture with TVI, LEMAIRE ELECTRONICS and Rossel.
WorldHeritage articles in need of updating from April 2015
Commons category without a link on Wikidata
Companies based in North Rhine-Westphalia
Companies established in 1835
Media companies of Germany
Pan-European media companies
Holding companies of Germany
Societates Europaeae
Luxembourg, Germany, Bertelsmann, Portugal, France
Bertelsmann, Random House, Pearson PLC, Del Rey Books, Penguin Books
Bertelsmann, Music, Dvd, Software, RTL Group
Bertelsmann, Copyright, Backstreet Boys, Evanescence, The Rolling Stones
Bertelsmann Music Group
Sony, Bertelsmann, Sony Music Entertainment, New York City, Avril Lavigne
Thames (production company)
RTL Group, Bertelsmann, London, England, Television
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Title: 78th Academy Awards
Subject: List of Academy Award winners and nominees for Best Foreign Language Film, List of South African submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, 79th Academy Awards, List of Tajik submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, 80th Academy Awards
Collection: 2005 Film Awards, Academy Awards Ceremonies
Kodak Theatre
Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Chris Connelly
Cynthia Garrett
Vanessa Minnillo[1]
Gil Cates
Most awards
Brokeback Mountain, Crash, King Kong and Memoirs of a Geisha (3)
Most nominations
TV in the United States
3 hours, 33 minutes[2]
38.64 million
22.91% (Nielsen ratings)
< 77th Academy Awards 79th >
The 78th Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) took place March 5, 2006, at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles. The ceremony was scheduled one week later than usual to avoid conflicting with the 2006 Winter Olympics.[3] During the ceremony, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented Academy Awards of (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories honoring films released in 2005. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Louis J. Horvitz.[4][5] Actor Jon Stewart hosted the show for the first time.[6] Two weeks earlier in a ceremony at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills, California held on February 18, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Rachel McAdams.[7]
Crash won three awards including Academy Award for Best Picture.[8][9] Other winners included Brokeback Mountain, King Kong, and Memoirs of a Geisha also with three awards apiece, and Capote, The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, The Constant Gardener, Hustle and Flow, March of the Penguins, The Moon and the Son: An Imagined Conversation, A Note of Triumph: The Golden Age of Norman Corwin, Six Shooter, Syriana, Tsotsi, Walk the Line, and Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit with one each. The telecast garnered nearly 39 million viewers in the United States.
Winners and nominees 1
Awards 1.1
Academy Honorary Award 1.2
Multiple nominations and awards 1.3
Presenters and performers 2
Presenters 2.1
Performers 2.2
Ceremony information 3
Box office performance of nominated films 3.1
Critical reviews 3.2
Ratings and reception 3.3
In Memoriam 4
The nominees were announced on January 31, 2006, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in the Academy's Beverly Hills headquarters by Sid Ganis, president of the Academy, and actress Mira Sorvino.[10] Brokeback Mountain led all nominees with eight nominations; Crash, Good Night, and Good Luck, and Memoirs of a Geisha tied for second with six nominations each.[11] All five Best Picture nominees received corresponding Best Director nominations (the fourth occurrence in Oscar history since the Best Picture nominees roster was limited to five films).[12]
The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 5, 2006.[13]
Crash – Paul Haggis, Cathy Schulman
Brokeback Mountain – James Schamus, Diana Ossana
Capote – William Vince, Michael Ohoven
Good Night, and Good Luck – Grant Heslov
Munich – Steven Spielberg, Kathleen Kennedy, Barry Mendel
Ang Lee – Brokeback Mountain
Good Night, and Good Luck
Winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface.[21]
Nick Park, Best Animated Feature co-winner
Paul Haggis, Best Original Screenplay co-winner
Rachel Weisz, Best Supporting Actress winner
George Clooney, Best Supporting Actor winner
Reese Witherspoon, Best Actress winner
Philip Seymour Hoffman, Best Actor winner
Ang Lee, Best Director winner
[20]" became the second rap song to win Best Original Song and the first such song to be performed at an Oscars ceremony.It's Hard out Here for a Pimp "[19] for the second most Oscar nominations of any individual.Alfred Newman tied with the late John Williams With his latest nominations for Best Original Score, composer [18]
Paul Haggis – Crash
Bennett Miller – Capote
Steven Spielberg – Munich
Philip Seymour Hoffman – Capote as Truman Capote
Terrence Howard – Hustle & Flow as DJay
Heath Ledger – Brokeback Mountain as Ennis Del Mar
Joaquin Phoenix – Walk the Line as Johnny Cash
David Strathairn – Good Night, and Good Luck as Edward R. Murrow
Reese Witherspoon – Walk the Line as June Carter Cash
Judi Dench – Mrs Henderson Presents as Laura Henderson
Felicity Huffman – Transamerica as Sabrina Osbourne
Keira Knightley – Pride & Prejudice as Elizabeth Bennet
Charlize Theron – North Country as Josey Aimes
Syriana as Bob Barnes
Matt Dillon – Crash as Officer John Ryan
Paul Giamatti – Cinderella Man as Joe Gould
Jake Gyllenhaal – Brokeback Mountain as Jack Twist
William Hurt – A History of Violence as Richie Cusack
Rachel Weisz – The Constant Gardener as Tessa Quayle
Amy Adams – Junebug as Ashley Johnsten
Catherine Keener – Capote as Nelle Harper Lee
Frances McDormand – North Country as Glory Dodge
Michelle Williams – Brokeback Mountain as Alma Beers
Crash – Paul Haggis and Robert Moresco
Grant Heslov
Match Point – Woody Allen
The Squid and the Whale – Noah Baumbach
Syriana – Stephen Gaghan
Brokeback Mountain – Larry McMurtry and Diana Ossana from "Brokeback Mountain" by Annie Proulx
Capote – Dan Futterman from Capote by Gerald Clarke
The Constant Gardener – Jeffrey Caine from The Constant Gardener by John le Carré
A History of Violence – Josh Olson from A History of Violence by John Wagner and Vince Locke
George Jonas
Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit - Nick Park and Steve Box
Howl's Moving Castle - Hayao Miyazaki
Corpse Bride - Mike Johnson, Tim Burton
Tsotsi (South Africa) in Afrikaans – Gavin Hood
The Beast in the Heart (Italy) in Italian – Cristina Comencini
Joyeux Noël (France) in French – Christian Carion
Paradise Now (Palestine) in Arabic – Hany Abu-Assad[a]
Sophie Scholl - The Final Days (Germany) in German – Marc Rothemund
March of the Penguins – Luc Jacquet and Yves Darondeau
Darwin's Nightmare – Hubert Sauper
Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room – Alex Gibney and Jason Kliot
Murderball – Henry-Alex Rubin and Dana Adam Shapiro
Street Fight – Marshall Curry
A Note of Triumph: The Golden Age of Norman Corwin – Corinne Marrinan and Eric Simonson
The Death of Kevin Carter: Casualty of the Bang Bang Club – Dan Krauss
God Sleeps in Rwanda – Kimberlee Acquaro and Stacy Sherman
The Mushroom Club – Steven Okazaki
Six Shooter – Martin McDonagh
Ausreißer (The Runaway) – Ulrike Grote
Cashback – Sean Ellis and Lene Bausager
The Last Farm – Rúnar Rúnarsson and Thor S. Sigurjónsson
Our Time is Up - Rob Pearlstein and Pia Clemente
The Moon and the Son: An Imagined Conversation – John Canemaker and Peggy Stern
Badgered – Sharon Colman
The Mysterious Geographic Explorations of Jasper Morello – Anthony Lucas
9 – Shane Acker
One Man Band – Andrew Jimenez and Mark Andrews
Brokeback Mountain – Gustavo Santaolalla
The Constant Gardener – Alberto Iglesias
Memoirs of a Geisha – John Williams
Munich – John Williams
Pride & Prejudice – Dario Marianelli
"It's Hard Out Here for a Pimp" from Hustle & Flow – Music and Lyric by Jordan Houston, Cedric Coleman and Paul Beauregard
"In the Deep" from Crash – Music by Kathleen "Bird" York and Michael Becker; Lyric by Kathleen "Bird" York
"Travelin' Thru" from Transamerica – Music and Lyric by Dolly Parton
Best Sound Mixing
King Kong – Mike Hopkins and Ethan Van der Ryn
Memoirs of a Geisha – Wylie Stateman
War of the Worlds – Richard King
King Kong – Christopher Boyes, Michael Semanick, Michael Hedges and Hammond Peek
The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe – Terry Porter, Dean A. Zupancic and Tony Johnson
Memoirs of a Geisha – Kevin O'Connell, Greg P. Russell, Rick Kline and John Pritchett
Walk the Line – Paul Massey, Doug Hemphill and Peter Kurland
War of the Worlds – Andy Nelson, Anna Behlmer and Ron Judkins
Memoirs of a Geisha – Art Direction: John Myhre; Set Decoration: Gretchen Rau
Good Night, and Good Luck – Art Direction: Jim Bissell; Set Decoration: Jan Pascale
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire – Art Direction: Stuart Craig; Set Decoration: Stephenie McMillan
King Kong – Art Direction: Grant Major; Set Decoration: Dan Hennah and Simon Bright
Pride & Prejudice – Art Direction: Sarah Greenwood; Set Decoration: Katie Spencer
Memoirs of a Geisha – Dion Beebe
Batman Begins – Wally Pfister
Brokeback Mountain – Rodrigo Prieto
Good Night, and Good Luck – Robert Elswit
The New World – Emmanuel Lubezki
The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe – Howard Berger and Tami Lane
Cinderella Man – David Leroy Anderson and Lance Anderson
Star Wars: Episode III - Revenge of the Sith – Dave Elsey and Nikki Gooley
Memoirs of a Geisha – Colleen Atwood
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory – Gabriella Pescucci
Mrs. Henderson Presents – Sandy Powell
Pride & Prejudice – Jacqueline Durran
Walk the Line – Arianne Phillips
Crash – Hughes Winborne
Cinderella Man – Mike Hill and Dan Hanley
The Constant Gardener – Claire Simpson
Munich – Michael Kahn
Walk the Line – Michael McCusker
King Kong – Joe Letteri, Brian Van’t Hul, Christian Rivers and Richard Taylor
The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe – Dean Wright, Bill Westenhofer, Jim Berney and Scott Farrar
War of the Worlds – Dennis Muren, Pablo Helman, Randal M. Dutra and Daniel Sudick
Academy Honorary Award
Robert Altman[22]
Multiple nominations and awards
The following 19 films received multiple nominations:
Memoirs of a Geisha
5 Capote
4 King Kong
3 Cinderella Man
2 A History of Violence
Hustle & Flow
Mrs Henderson Presents
The following four films each received multiple awards:
Presenters and performers
The following individuals presented awards or performed musical numbers.[23]
Kane, TomTom Kane Announcer for the 78th annual Academy Awards
Kidman, NicoleNicole Kidman Presenter of the award for Best Supporting Actor
Stiller, BenBen Stiller Presenter of the award for Best Visual Effects
Witherspoon, ReeseReese Witherspoon Presenter of the award for Best Animated Feature
Watts, NaomiNaomi Watts Introducer of the performance of Best Song nominee "Travelin' Thru"
Wilson, LukeLuke Wilson
Owen Wilson Presenters of the award for Best Live Action Short Film
Chicken LittleChicken Little
Abby Mallard Presenters of the award for Best Animated Short Film
Aniston, JenniferJennifer Aniston Presenter of the award for Best Costume Design
Crowe, RussellRussell Crowe Presenter of the biographical films montage
Carell, SteveSteve Carell
Will Ferrell Presenters of the award for Best Makeup
McAdams, RachelRachel McAdams Presenter of the segment of the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement and Gordon E. Sawyer Award
Freeman, MorganMorgan Freeman Presenter of the award for Best Supporting Actress
Bacall, LaurenLauren Bacall Presenter of the film noir montage
Howard, TerrenceTerrence Howard Presenter of the award for Best Documentary Short Subject
Theron, CharlizeCharlize Theron Presented the Academy Award for Documentary Feature
Lopez, JenniferJennifer Lopez Introducer of the performance of Best Song nominee "In the Deep"
Bullock, SandraSandra Bullock
Keanu Reeves Presenters of the award for Best Art Direction
Jackson, Samuel L.Samuel L. Jackson Presenter of the political films montage
Ganis, SidSid Ganis Special presentation regarding activities funded by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
Hayek, SalmaSalma Hayek Introducer of the special instrumental solo performance to the tune of Best Original Score nominees
Presenter of the award for Best Original Score
Gyllenhaal, JakeJake Gyllenhaal Presenter of the epic films montage
Alba, JessicaJessica Alba
Eric Bana Presenters of the award for Best Sound Mixing
Streep, MerylMeryl Streep
Lily Tomlin Presenters of the Academy Honorary Award to Robert Altman
Ludacris,Ludacris Introducer of the performance of Best Song nominee "It's Hard out Here for a Pimp"
Latifah, QueenQueen Latifah Presenter of the award for Best Original Song
Garner, JenniferJennifer Garner Presenter of the award for Best Sound Editing
Clooney, GeorgeGeorge Clooney Presenter of the In Memoriam tribute
Smith, WillWill Smith Presenter of the award for Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
Zhang, ZiyiZiyi Zhang Presenter of the award for Best Film Editing
Swank, HilaryHilary Swank Presenter of the award for Best Actor
Travolta, JohnJohn Travolta Presenter of the award for Best Cinematography
Foxx, JamieJamie Foxx Presenter of the award for Best Actress
Hoffman, DustinDustin Hoffman Presenter of the award for Best Adapted Screenplay
Thurman, UmaUma Thurman Presenter of the award for Best Original Screenplay
Hanks, TomTom Hanks Presented of the award for Best Director
Nicholson, JackJack Nicholson Presenter of the award for Best Picture
Conti, BillBill Conti Musical arranger
Conductor Orchestral
Parton, DollyDolly Parton Performer "Travelin' Thru" from Transamerica
York, KathleenKathleen York Performers "In the Deep" from Crash
Perlman, ItzhakItzhak Perlman Performer Performed musical selections for Best Original Score nominees
Three 6 Mafia,Three 6 Mafia
Taraji P. Henson Performers "It's Hard Out Here for a Pimp" from Hustle and Flow
Ceremony information
Jon Stewart hosted the 78th Academy Awards.
Despite the negative reception from the preceding year's ceremony, the Academy hired Gilbert Cates to oversee production of the awards gala.[4] However, in an article published in The New York Times, it was revealed that 2005 host Chris Rock would not return to host the show.[24] According to a statement released by his publicist, "He didn't want to do it in perpetuity, He'd like to do it again down the road."[25] Many media outlets also speculated that several AMPAS members felt uncomfortable with Rock's disparaging comments about Colin Farrell, Jude Law, and Tobey Maguire.[26][27] Initially, Cates sought actor and veteran Oscar host Billy Crystal to host the ceremony again. However, Crystal declined the offer citing his commitment to his one-man comedy show 700 Sundays.[28][29]
In January 2006, Cates announced that actor, comedian, and talk show host Jon Stewart, who had previously hosted two consecutive Grammy Awards ceremonies in 2001 and 2002, was chosen as host of the 2006 telecast.[30] Cates explained the decision to hire him saying, "My wife and I watch him every night. Jon is the epitome of a perfect host — smart, engaging, irreverent and funny."[31] In a statement, Stewart expressed that he was honored to be selected to emcee the program jokingly adding, "Although, as an avid watcher of the Oscars, I can't help but be a little disappointed with the choice. It appears to be another sad attempt to smoke out Billy Crystal."[32]
Several other people and companies participated in the production of the ceremony. Halle Berry appeared in an opening comedic sketch.[35] Actor Tom Hanks participated in a pre-taped comedic sketch lampooning Oscar speeches.[36] Stephen Colbert narrated two different mock attack ads lampooning both the intense campaigning and lobbying during Oscar season put forth by film studios and political advertising during elections.[37] Violinist Itzhak Perlman performed excerpts from the five nominees for Best Original Score.[38]
Box office performance of nominated films
For first time since 1996, the field of major nominees favored independent, low-budget films over blockbusters.[39][40] The combined gross of the five Best Picture nominees when the Oscars were announced was $186 million with an average gross of $37.3 million per film.[41] Crash was the highest earner among the Best Picture nominees with $53.4 million in domestic box office receipts. The film was followed by Brokeback Mountain ($51.7 million), Munich ($40.8 million), Good Night and Good Luck ($25.2 million), and finally Capote ($15.4 million).[41]
Of the top 50 grossing movies of the year, 35 nominations went to 13 films on the list. Only Walk the Line (19th), Cinderella Man (41st), Wallace and Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit (45th), and Crash (48th) were nominated for Best Picture, Best Animated Feature, or any of the directing, acting, or screenwriting.[42] The other top 50 box office hits that earned nominations were Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (1st), Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2nd), The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe (3rd), War of the Worlds (4th), King Kong (5th), Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (7th), Batman Begins (8th), March of the Penguins, (26th), and Memoirs of a Geisha (47th).[42]
Critical reviews
The show received a mixed reception from media publications. Some media outlets were more critical of the show. Television critic Rob Owen of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette lamented that Stewart was more "amusing than funny". He added, "Many of his jokes fell flat with the stars in the Kodak Theatre, and his tendency to bow down before celebrities quickly grew tiresome."[43] Tom Shales from The Washington Post bemoaned, "It's hard to believe that professional entertainers could have put together a show less entertaining than this year's Oscars, hosted with a smug humorlessness by comic Jon Stewart, a sad and pale shadow of great hosts gone by." He also derided the "piles and piles and miles and miles of clips from films present and past" writing that it "squandered the visual luster" of the ceremony.[44] Associated Press television critic Frazier Moore complained, "Stewart, usually a very funny guy, displayed a lack of beginner's luck as first-time host...His usually impeccable blend of puckishness and self-effacement fell flat in the service of Oscar." He also criticized the decision to play music over the winner's acceptance speeches calling it "distracting and obnoxious."[45]
The majority of other media outlets received the broadcast more positively. St. Louis Post-Dispatch television critic Gail Pennington praised Stewart's performance as host writing that he "did the Oscars proud Sunday night, turning in a four-star hosting performance that unfortunately made the rest of the show seem sluggish by comparison."[46] Film critic Roger Ebert lauded Stewart remarking that his opening monologue was "on target, topical and funny," and added, "He was as relaxed, amusing and at home as Johnny Carson."[47] Columnist Ray Richmond of The Hollywood Reporter gave high marks for Stewart commenting, "He seemed at times nervous and self-conscious, but on the whole, Stewart delivered with just the right balance of reverence and smugness."[48]
Ratings and reception
The American telecast on ABC drew in an average of 38.94 million people over its length, which was a % decrease from the previous year's ceremony.[49] The show also earned lower Nielsen ratings compared to the previous ceremony with 22.91% of households watching over a 35.58 share.[50] In addition, it garnered a lower 18–49 demo rating with a 12.55 rating over a 35.37 share among viewers in that demographic.[50]
In July 2006, the ceremony presentation received nine nominations at the 58th Primetime Emmys.[51] The following month, the ceremony won four of those nominations for Outstanding Art Direction (Roy Christopher and Jeff Richman), Outstanding Directing for a Variety, Music, or Comedy Program (Louis J. Horvitz), Outstanding Main Title Design (Renato Grgic, Alen Petkovic, Kristijan Petrovic, and Jon Teschner), and Outstanding Sound Mixing For A Variety, Music, or Animation Series or Special (Patrick Baltzell, Robert Douglass, Edward J. Greene, Jamie Santos, and Tom Vicari).[52][53]
The annual In Memoriam tribute was presented by actor Now, Voyager composed by Max Steiner.[54]
Robert Newmeyer
Dan O'Herlihy
Vincent Schiavelli
Moira Shearer
Fayard Nicholas
Stu Linder
Sandra Dee
John Fiedler
Joel Hirschhorn
Robert Knudson
Moustapha Akkad
Chris Penn
Onna White
Debra Hill
Simone Simon
Robert Schiffer
Brock Peters
Ernest Lehman
John Box
Ismail Merchant
12th Screen Actors Guild Awards
26th Golden Raspberry Awards
59th British Academy Film Awards
60th Tony Awards
63rd Golden Globe Awards
List of submissions to the 78th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
a^ : Best Foreign Language Film nominee Paradise Now was initially nominated as a submission from Palestine.[55] However, following protests from pro-Israeli groups in the United States, the Academy decided to designate it as a submission from the Palestinian Authority, a move that was decried by the film's director Hany Abu-Assad.[56][57] During the awards ceremony, the film was eventually announced by presenter Will Smith as a submission from the Palestinian Territories.[58]
^ "Oscar Watch: Thesps added to kudocast".
^ Rich, Joshua (March 10, 2006). "Go Figure".
^ Feiwell, Jill (December 16, 2004). "Olympics delay Oscars". Variety (PMC). Retrieved April 24, 2014.
^ a b Archerd, Army (November 16, 2005). "Cates taking the Oscar lead". Variety (PMC). Retrieved April 29, 2014.
^ "Oscar Watch: Horvitz to helm kudocast". Variety (PMC). December 13, 2005. Retrieved June 24, 2014.
^ "Jon Stewart to host 2006 Academy Awards".
^ "Past Scientific & Technical Awards Ceremonies".
^ Vancheri, Barbara (March 6, 2006). Crash' fatal to 'Brokeback' in best picture race"'".
^ MacDonald, Moira (March 6, 2006). Crash" landing! Drama comes out of nowhere on Oscar night""". The Seattle Times (The Seattle Times Company). Retrieved June 24, 2014.
^ Marcus, Lawrence (January 29, 2006). "Oscar Watch: Sorvino to help unveil noms". Variety (PMC). Retrieved April 25, 2014.
^ Arnold, William (January 31, 2006). "No surprise here: 'Brokeback' leads Oscar hopefuls".
^ Karger, Dave (February 3, 2006). Mountain' Tops"'". Entertainment Weekly (Time Warner). Retrieved 26 June 2014.
^ "Nominees & Winners for the 78th Academy Awards". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved April 1, 2014.
^ Kargetr, Dace (March 10, 2006). "The Big Night". Entertainment Weekly (Time Warner). Retrieved June 26, 2014.
^ Lundergaard, Erik (March 6, 2006). "Oscar misfire: ‘Crash’ and burn".
^ Crash' Upsets 'Brokeback' At Oscars"'". CBS News (CBS Corporation). March 5, 2006. Retrieved June 24, 2014.
^ Osborne 2008, p. 370
^ "Academy Awards 2006 trivia". BBC News (BBC). March 3, 2006. Retrieved April 17, 2014.
^ Bradford, Marlee (January 31, 2006). "Williams Ties Record for Oscar Nominations".
^ Robertson, Jessica (March 6, 2006). "Three 6 Mafia Take Home Oscar".
^ "The 78th Academy Awards (2006) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved 2011-11-20.
^ Rainer, Peter (March 5, 2006). "Mr. Altman's unflinching eye".
^ "78th Academy Awards Presenters and Performers". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. AMPAS. Archived from the original on January 7, 2007. Retrieved March 27, 2014.
^ Waxman, Sharon (December 9, 2005). "Chris Rock Will Not Return as Oscar Host".
^ Mitovich, Matt Webb (December 9, 2005). "2006 Oscars Won't Rock".
^ "Chris Rock won't host next Academy Awards".
^ Fernandez, Maria Elena (December 10, 2005). "Rock not asked back as Oscar host". Los Angeles Times (Tribune Company). Retrieved April 29, 2014.
^ "Crystal feels badly about Oscar". Variety (PMC). December 21, 2005. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
^ Steinberg, Jacques (February 20, 2006). "A First-Time Oscar Host in Search of That Fine Line". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). Retrieved June 25, 2014.
^ Vancheri, Barbara (January 6, 2006). "Jon Stewart Will Host 78th Annual Academy Awards". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (Crain Communications). Retrieved June 24, 2014.
^ Breznican, Anthony (January 5, 2006). "Stewart will host the Oscars". Variety (PMC). Retrieved June 25, 2014.
^ "And the Oscar job goes to ... Jon Stewart". NBC News (NBC Universal). January 5, 2006. Retrieved July 6, 2013.
^ "Bill Conti named musical director for 78th Academy Awards". USA Today (Gannett Company). December 29, 2014. Retrieved April 29, 2014.
^ Brown, Maressa (January 15, 2006). "Oscar Watch: Acad trailer coming to theaters". Variety (PMC). Retrieved April 29, 2014.
^ Kaufman, Gil (March 6, 2006). "Oscar Host Jon Stewart Gives Mad Props to Three 6 Mafia, Fears Russell Crowe Beat-Down".
^ Stack, Tim (March 10, 2006). "Oscar Stop Watch". Entertainment Weekly (PMC). Time Warner. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
^ Goodman, Tim (March 6, 2006). "The Oscars may be one of our few national rituals. Good or bad, we're on the couch, watching".
^ McNamara, Mary (March 6, 2006). "Backstage, where the stars align". Los Angeles Times (Tribune Company). Retrieved June 23, 2014.
^ Bates, Jim (February 1, 2006). "Movies at their best, but has anyone seen them?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 25, 2014.
^ Smith, Meil (February 7, 2007). "Oscar watch: And the cash goes to...".
^ a b "2006 Academy Award Nominations and Winner for Best Picture".
^ a b "2005 Domestic Grosses (as of January 30, 2006)". Box Office Mojo (Amazon.com). Retrieved March 5, 2014.
^ Owen, Rob (March 6, 2006). "Tuned In: Oscar opens with class, but ends up a B-movie". Pittsburgh-Post Gazette (Crain Communications). Retrieved April 30, 2014.
^ Shales, Tom (March 6, 2006). "Memo to Jon Stewart: Keep Yout 'Daily' Job".
^ Moore, Frazier (March 6, 2006). "Jon Stewart was disappointing host of bland Oscarcast".
^ "Oscar host Jon Stewart is worth the wait".
^ Ebert, Roger (March 5, 2006). Crash'-ing a joyous Oscar party"'".
^ Richmond, Ray (March 6, 2006). "78th Academy Awards".
^ Levin, Gary (March 7, 2006). "Low ratings crash party". USA Today (Gannett Company). Retrieved March 27, 2014.
^ a b "Academy Awards ratings" (PDF).
^ "Primetime Emmy Award database".
^ "The complete list of winners". Los Angeles Times (Tribune Company). August 28, 2006. Retrieved April 5, 2014.
^ "Complete list of 2006 Emmy winners".
^ Burlingame, John (March 6, 2006). "Santaolalla scores, Three 6 Mafia raps up at Academy Awards". The Film Music Society. Retrieved May 25, 2014.
^ Gray, Tim (February 14, 2006). "Acad denies ‘Now’ rumors". Variety (PMC). Retrieved June 25, 2014.
^ Gray, Tim (March 1, 2006). "Oscar tune impugned". Variety (PMC). Retrieved June 26, 2014.
^ Agassi, Tirah (February 26, 2006). "Middle East tensions hang over Palestinian nominee for an Oscar / 'Paradise Now' traces lives of two men who are suicide bombers".
^ Zayid, Maysoon (December 16, 2013). Omar' and the Oscars"'".
Osborne, Robert (2008). 80 Years of the Oscar: The Complete History of the Academy Awards. New York, United States:
Academy Awards Official website
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Official website
Oscar's Channel at YouTube (run by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences)
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Video Highlights
Oscars 2006 BBC News
Academy Awards coverage CNN
Oscars 2006 - The Academy Awards The New York Times
2005 Academy Awards Winners and History Filmsite
Academy Awards, USA: 2006 Internet Movie Database
The 78th Annual Academy Awards at the Internet Movie Database
Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS)
Oscar season
History of film
Supporting Actor
Supporting Actress
Animated Feature
Documentary Short Subject
Best Original Musical
Special Achievement Academy Award
Academy Scientific and Technical Award
Gordon E. Sawyer Award
Student Academy Award
Retired awards
Dance Direction
Director of a Comedy Picture
Engineering Effects
Short Subject, Two-reel
Short Subject, Color
Short Subject, Novelty
Title Writing
Unique and Artistic Quality of Production
Academy Juvenile Award
See also: Governors Awards
Academy Awards ceremonies
2005 film awards
Memoirs of a Geisha (film)
John Williams, Geisha, Steven Spielberg, Kyoto, Rob Marshall
Dreamgirls (film), An Inconvenient Truth, Jennifer Hudson, Ennio Morricone, Babel (film)
Ratatouille (film), No Country for Old Men (film), There Will Be Blood, Coen brothers, Jon Stewart
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Aaron Manby
Title: Aaron Manby
Subject: Aaron Manby (ironmaster), History of Staffordshire, Steamship, 1822 in science, General purpose technology
Collection: 1821 Ships, History of Staffordshire, Steamships of the United Kingdom
Name: Aaron Manby
Builder: Horseley Iron Works, Staffordshire, UK
Completed: April 1822
In service: 1822–1855
Fate: Scrapped, 1855
Tons burthen: 120 bm
Length: 106 ft (32 m)
Beam:
17 ft (5.2 m)
23 ft (7.0 m) with paddlewheels
Installed power: Oscillating cylinder steam engine, 30 hp (22 kW)
Propulsion: Two side wheels, 12 ft (3.7 m) diameter, 2 ft 6 in (0.76 m) wide
Speed: 8 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph)
Aaron Manby was a landmark vessel in the science of shipbuilding as the first iron steamship to go to sea. She was built by Aaron Manby (1776–1850) at the Horseley Ironworks. She made the voyage to Paris in June 1822 under Captain (later Admiral) Charles Napier, with Aaron's son Charles on board as engineer. Aaron Manby was then used by the "Compagnie des bateaux a vapeur en fer" to operate its service between Paris and Havre.
Vessel History 1
Vessel History
Launched in 1821, Aaron Manby was the first steamship to be built of iron. She was the brainchild of the eccentric but far-seeing naval officer Captain (later Admiral) Charles Napier, who had conceived the idea of a fleet of steamships for service on the River Seine. The ship was named after the master of the Horseley Ironworks, Tipton, Staffordshire, where she was pre-fabricated to a design jointly formulated by Captain Napier, Aaron Manby and his son Charles Manby. She was then shipped in pieces to Rotherhithe on the Thames and assembled there. Of 116 tons burthen, the ship was 120 feet (36.6 m) long. Her flat-bottomed hull was made of 1⁄4-inch-thick (6.4 mm) iron plate fastened to angle-iron ribs. There was one deck, of wood, and a bowsprit. The ship's distinctive profile boasted a single 47-foot-high (14 m) funnel. The engine was of the oscillating type, designed and patented (British Patent No 4558 of 1821) by Aaron Manby. The paddlewheels: were 12 feet (3.7 m) in diameter but only 2.5 feet (76 cm) wide, because the vessel's maximum beam was limited to 23 feet (7.0 m) for service on the Seine. Defying the prevailing wisdom of the day, the iron-hulled vessel not only floated but made 9 knots (10 mph, 17 km/h) and drew one foot (30 cm) less water than any other steamboat then operating.[1][2]
After trials in May 1822, Aaron Manby crossed the English Channel to Le Havre under Napier’s command on June 10, at an average speed of 8 knots (9 mph, 14 km/h), carrying passengers and freighted with a cargo of linseed and iron castings. The ship proceeded up the Seine to Paris, where she caused a great stir and where she was based for the next decade. This has been claimed (incorrectly) as the first passage from Britain to France by steam ship. There had been shorter crossings by wooden steamers, but Napier's was the first direct steam crossing from London to Paris and the first seagoing voyage by an iron ship anywhere. After some further channel voyages the ship was used for pleasure trips up and down the Seine. On the failure of Napier’s enterprise through bankruptcy in 1827 (after he had financed the building of five similar iron steamships) she was sold to a French consortium ("Compagnie des bateaux a vapeur en fer") who operated her on the River Loire until she was broken up in 1855. The use of iron plates for the hull, in place of wood, was widely copied in shipbuilding during the following decades. Napier had conceived the ship as a first step towards an iron warship, and in this sense Aaron Manby could be considered a direct ancestor of the Royal Navy's first iron frigate, HMS Warrior, built the year of Napier's death.
Vulcan, first iron vessel, a horse-drawn barge, maiden voyage May 1819.
Charlotte Dundas, first commercial steam propelled vessel, maiden voyage 1802.
^ Dumpleton 2002:18f
^ Kemp 1979:1
Peter Kemp (ed), The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea (Oxford University Press, 1976, corr. edition 1979) ISBN 0-19-211553-7
Bernard Dumpleton, The Story of the Paddle Steamer (Antony Rowe Ltd, Eastbourne, 1973, 2002)
Aaron Manby, Builder of the First Iron Steamship, Newcomen Transactions, Vol.29, 1953-5, page 77.
Articles lacking in-text citations from May 2009
All articles lacking in-text citations
History of Staffordshire
Steamships of the United Kingdom
Japan, South Korea, China, Boat building, Naval architecture
Aaron Manby (ironmaster)
Isle of Wight, Horseley Ironworks, Aaron Manby, Engine Arm Aqueduct, Institution of Civil Engineers
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Title: Aurora borealis
Subject: Shetland, The Maple Leaf Forever, Ulysses (spacecraft), Kristian Birkeland, List of geophysicists, 94 Aurora, Barrhead, Alberta, Meanings of minor planet names: 5501–6000, Governor General's Northern Medal
"Aurora Borealis" and "Aurora Australis" redirect here. For other uses, see Aurora Borealis (disambiguation) and Aurora Australis (disambiguation).
An aurora (plural: aurorae or auroras; from the Latin word aurora, "sunrise" or the Roman goddess of dawn) is a natural light display in the sky particularly in the high latitude (Arctic and Antarctic) regions, caused by the collision of energetic charged particles with atoms in the high altitude atmosphere (thermosphere). The charged particles originate in the magnetosphere and solar wind and, on Earth, are directed by the Earth's magnetic field into the atmosphere. Most aurorae occur in a band known as the auroral zone,[1][2] which is typically 3° to 6° in latitudinal extent and at all local times or longitudes. The auroral zone is typically 10° to 20° from the magnetic pole defined by the axis of the Earth's magnetic dipole. During a geomagnetic storm, the auroral zone expands to lower latitudes.
Aurorae are classified as diffuse or discrete. The diffuse aurora is a featureless glow in the sky that may not be visible to the naked eye, even on a dark night. It defines the extent of the auroral zone. The discrete aurorae are sharply defined features within the diffuse aurora that vary in brightness from just barely visible to the naked eye, to bright enough to read a newspaper by at night. Discrete aurorae are usually seen in only the night sky, because they are not as bright as the sunlit sky. Aurorae occasionally occur poleward of the auroral zone as diffuse patches[3] or arcs (polar cap arcs[4]), which are generally invisible to the naked eye.
In northern latitudes, the effect is known as the aurora borealis (or the northern lights), named after the Roman goddess of dawn, Aurora, and the Greek name for the north wind, Boreas, by Pierre Gassendi in 1621.[5] Auroras seen near the magnetic pole may be high overhead, but from farther away, they illuminate the northern horizon as a greenish glow or sometimes a faint red, as if the Sun were rising from an unusual direction. Discrete aurorae often display magnetic field lines or curtain-like structures, and can change within seconds or glow unchanging for hours, most often in fluorescent green. The aurora borealis most often occurs near the equinoctes. The northern lights have had a number of names throughout history. The Cree call this phenomenon the "Dance of the Spirits". In Medieval Europe, the auroras were commonly believed to be a sign from God.[6]
Its southern counterpart, the aurora australis (or the southern lights), has features that are almost identical to the aurora borealis and changes simultaneously with changes in the northern auroral zone.[7] It is visible from high southern latitudes in Antarctica, South America, New Zealand, and Australia. Aurorae occur on other planets. Similar to the Earth's aurora, they are visible close to the planet's magnetic poles. Modern style guides recommend that the names of meteorological phenomena, such as aurora borealis, be uncapitalized.[8]
1 History of aurora theories
2 Auroral mechanism
3 Forms and magnetism
4 Solar wind and the magnetosphere
5 Frequency of occurrence
6 Auroral events of historical significance
7 Origin
8 Sources and types
9 Sounds associated with auroras
11 On other planets
12 In traditional and popular culture
File:Aurora Australis.ogv
Video of the aurora australis taken by the crew of Expedition 28 on board the International Space Station, its sequence of shots was taken September 17, 2011 from 17:22:27 to 17:45:12 GMT, on an ascending pass from south of Madagascar to just north of Australia over the Indian Ocean
File:Aurora Australis over Indian Ocean.ogv
Video of the aurora australis taken by the crew of Expedition 28 on board the International Space Station, its sequence of shots was taken September 7, 2011 from 17:38:03 to 17:49:15 GMT, from the French Southern and Antarctic Lands in the South Indian Ocean to southern Australia
File:Aurora Australis south of Australia.ogv
Video of the aurora australis taken by the crew of Expedition 28 on board the International Space Station, its sequence of shots was taken September 11, 2011 from 13:45:06 to 14:01:51 GMT, from a descending pass near eastern Australia, rounding about to an ascending pass to the east of New Zealand
History of aurora theories
Multiple superstitions and obsolete theories explaining the aurora have surfaced over the centuries.
Seneca speaks diffusely on auroras in the first book of his Naturales Quaestiones, drawing mainly from Aristotle; he classifies them ("putei" or wells when they are circular and "rim a large hole in the sky", "pithaei" when they look like casks, "chasmata" from the same root of the English chasm, "pogoniae" when they are bearded, "cyparissae" when they look like cypresses), describes their manifold colors and asks himself whether they are above or below the clouds. He recalls that under Tiberius, an aurora formed above Ostia, so intense and so red that a cohort of the army, stationed nearby for fireman duty, galloped to the city.
Walter William Bryant wrote in his book Kepler (1920) that Tycho Brahe "seems to have been something of a homœopathist, for he recommends sulphur to cure infectious diseases “brought on by the sulphurous vapours of the Aurora Borealis."[9]
Benjamin Franklin theorized that the "mystery of the Northern Lights" was caused by a concentration of electrical charges in the polar regions intensified by the snow and other moisture.[10]
Auroral electrons come from beams emitted by the Sun. This was claimed around 1900 by Kristian Birkeland, whose experiments in a vacuum chamber with electron beams and magnetized spheres (miniature models of Earth or "terrellas") showed that such electrons would be guided toward the polar regions. Problems with this model included absence of aurora at the poles themselves, self-dispersal of such beams by their negative charge, and more recently, lack of any observational evidence in space.
The aurora is the overflow of the radiation belt ("leaky bucket theory"). This was first disproved around 1962 by James Van Allen and co-workers, who showed that the high rate of energy dissipation by the aurora would quickly drain the radiation belt. Soon afterward, it became clear that most of the energy in trapped particles resided in positive ions, while auroral particles were almost always electrons, of relatively low energy.
The aurora is produced by solar wind particles guided by Earth's field lines to the top of the atmosphere. This holds true for the cusp aurora, but outside the cusp, the solar wind has no direct access. In addition, the main energy in the solar wind resides in positive ions; electrons only have about 0.5 eV (electron volt), and while in the cusp this may be raised to 50–100 eV, that still falls short of auroral energies.
Auroral mechanism
Auroras result from emissions of photons in the Earth's upper atmosphere, above 80 km (50 mi), from ionized nitrogen atoms regaining an electron, and oxygen and nitrogen atoms returning from an excited state to ground state.[11] They are ionized or excited by the collision of solar wind and magnetospheric particles being funneled down and accelerated along the Earth's magnetic field lines; excitation energy is lost by the emission of a photon, or by collision with another atom or molecule:
oxygen emissions
green or brownish-red, depending on the amount of energy absorbed.
nitrogen emissions
blue or red; blue if the atom regains an electron after it has been ionized, red if returning to ground state from an excited state.
Oxygen is unusual in terms of its return to ground state: it can take three quarters of a second to emit green light and up to two minutes to emit red. Collisions with other atoms or molecules absorb the excitation energy and prevent emission. Because the very top of the atmosphere has a higher percentage of oxygen and is sparsely distributed such collisions are rare enough to allow time for oxygen to emit red. Collisions become more frequent progressing down into the atmosphere, so that red emissions do not have time to happen, and eventually even green light emissions are prevented.
This is why there is a color differential with altitude; at high altitude oxygen red dominates, then oxygen green and nitrogen blue/red, then finally nitrogen blue/red when collisions prevent oxygen from emitting anything. Green is the most common of all auroras. Behind it is pink, a mixture of light green and red, followed by pure red, yellow (a mixture of red and green), and lastly, pure blue.
Auroras are associated with the solar wind, a flow of ions continuously flowing outward from the Sun. The Earth's magnetic field traps these particles, many of which travel toward the poles where they are accelerated toward Earth. Collisions between these ions and atmospheric atoms and molecules cause energy releases in the form of auroras appearing in large circles around the poles. Auroras are more frequent and brighter during the intense phase of the solar cycle when coronal mass ejections increase the intensity of the solar wind.[12]
Forms and magnetism
File:Aurora Timelapse.ogv
Typically the aurora appears either as a diffuse glow or as "curtains" that approximately extend in the east-west direction. At some times, they form "quiet arcs"; at others ("active aurora"), they evolve and change constantly. Each curtain consists of many parallel rays, each lined up with the local direction of the magnetic field lines, suggesting that auroras are shaped by Earth's magnetic field. Indeed, satellites show that electrons are guided by magnetic field lines, spiraling around them while moving toward Earth.
The similarity to curtains is often enhanced by folds called "striations". When the field line guiding a bright auroral patch leads to a point directly above the observer, the aurora may appear as a "corona" of diverging rays, an effect of perspective.
Although it was first mentioned by Ancient Greek explorer/geographer Pytheas, Hiorter and Celsius first described in 1741 evidence for magnetic control, namely, large magnetic fluctuations occurred whenever the aurora was observed overhead. This indicates (it was later realized) that large electric currents were associated with the aurora, flowing in the region where auroral light originated. Kristian Birkeland (1908)[13] deduced that the currents flowed in the east-west directions along the auroral arc, and such currents, flowing from the dayside toward (approximately) midnight were later named "auroral electrojets" (see also Birkeland currents).
Still more evidence for a magnetic connection are the statistics of auroral observations. Elias Loomis (1860) and later in more detail Hermann Fritz (1881)[14] and S. Tromholt (1882)[15] established that the aurora appeared mainly in the "auroral zone", a ring-shaped region with a radius of approximately 2500 km around Earth's magnetic pole. It was hardly ever seen near the geographic pole, which is about 2000 km away from the magnetic pole. The instantaneous distribution of auroras ("auroral oval"[1][2]) is slightly different, centered about 3–5 degrees nightward of the magnetic pole, so that auroral arcs reach furthest toward the equator about an hour before midnight. The aurora can be seen best at this time, called magnetic midnight, which occurs when an observer, the magnetic pole in question and the Sun are in alignment.
In the late 1900s, astrophysicist Joan Feynman deduced that auroras are a product of the interaction between the Earth's magnetosphere and the magnetic field of the solar wind. Her work resulted from data collected by the Explorer 33 spacecraft.[16]
On 26 February 2008, THEMIS probes were able to determine, for the first time, the triggering event for the onset of magnetospheric substorms.[17] Two of the five probes, positioned approximately one third the distance to the moon, measured events suggesting a magnetic reconnection event 96 seconds prior to auroral intensification.[18] Dr. Vassilis Angelopoulos of the University of California, Los Angeles, the principal investigator for the THEMIS mission, claimed, "Our data show clearly and for the first time that magnetic reconnection is the trigger."[19]
Solar wind and the magnetosphere
The Earth is constantly immersed in the solar wind, a rarefied flow of hot plasma (gas of free electrons and positive ions) emitted by the Sun in all directions, a result of the two-million-degree heat of the Sun's outermost layer, the corona. The solar wind usually reaches Earth with a velocity around 400 km/s, density around 5 ions/cm3 and magnetic field intensity around 2–5 nT (nanoteslas; Earth's surface field is typically 30,000–50,000 nT). These are typical values. During magnetic storms, in particular, flows can be several times faster; the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) may also be much stronger.
The IMF originates on the Sun, related to the field of sunspots, and its field lines (lines of force) are dragged out by the solar wind. That alone would tend to line them up in the Sun-Earth direction, but the rotation of the Sun skews them (at Earth) by about 45 degrees, so that field lines passing Earth may actually start near the western edge ("limb") of the visible Sun.[20]
Earth's magnetosphere is formed by the impact of the solar wind on the Earth's magnetic field. It forms an obstacle to the solar wind, diverting it, at an average distance of about 70,000 km (11 Earth radii or Re),[21] forming a bow shock 12,000 km to 15,000 km (1.9 to 2.4 Re) further upstream. The width of the magnetosphere abreast of Earth, is typically 190,000 km (30 Re), and on the night side a long "magnetotail" of stretched field lines extends to great distances (> 200 Re).
The magnetosphere is full of trapped plasma as the solar wind passes the Earth. The flow of plasma into the magnetosphere increases with increases in solar wind density and speed, with increase in the southward component of the IMF and with increases in turbulence in the solar wind flow.[22] The flow pattern of magnetospheric plasma is from the magnetotail toward the Earth, around the Earth and back into the solar wind through the magnetopause on the day-side. In addition to moving perpendicular to the Earth's magnetic field, some magnetospheric plasma travel down along the Earth's magnetic field lines and lose energy to the atmosphere in the auroral zones. Magnetospheric electrons accelerated downward by field-aligned electric fields cause the bright aurora features. The un-accelerated electrons and ions cause the dim glow of the diffuse aurora.
Frequency of occurrence
These NOAA maps of North America and Eurasia show the local midnight equatorward boundary of the aurora at different levels of geomagnetic activity; a Kp=3 corresponds to low levels of geomagnetic activity, while Kp=9 represents high levels
Auroras are occasionally seen in temperate latitudes, when a magnetic storm temporarily enlarges the auroral oval. Large magnetic storms are most common during the peak of the eleven-year sunspot cycle or during the three years after that peak.[23][24] Within the auroral zone the likelihood of an aurora occurring depends mostly on the slant of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) lines (the slant is known as Bz), however, being greater with southward slants.
Geomagnetic storms that ignite auroras actually happen more often during the months around the equinoctes. It is not well understood why geomagnetic storms are tied to Earth's seasons while polar activity is not. But it is known that during spring and autumn, the interplanetary magnetic field and that of Earth link up. At the magnetopause, Earth's magnetic field points north. When Bz becomes large and negative (i.e., the IMF tilts south), it can partially cancel Earth's magnetic field at the point of contact. South-pointing Bzs open a door through which energy from the solar wind reaches Earth's inner magnetosphere.
The peaking of Bz during this time is a result of geometry. The IMF comes from the Sun and is carried outward with the solar wind. The rotation of the Sun causes the IMF to have a spiral shape called the Parker spiral. The southward (and northward) excursions of Bz are greatest during April and October, when Earth's magnetic dipole axis is most closely aligned with the Parker spiral.
Bz is not the only influence on geomagnetic activity, however, the Sun's rotation axis is tilted 8 degrees with respect to the plane of Earth's orbit. The solar wind blows more rapidly from the Sun's poles than from its equator, thus the average speed of particles buffeting Earth's magnetosphere waxes and wanes every six months. The solar wind speed is greatest – by about 50 km/s, on average – around 5 September and 5 March when Earth lies at its highest heliographic latitude.
Still, neither Bz nor the solar wind can fully explain the seasonal behavior of geomagnetic storms. Those factors together contribute only about one-third of the observed semiannual variations.
Auroral events of historical significance
The auroras that resulted from the "great geomagnetic storm" on both 28 August and 2 September 1859 are thought the most spectacular in recent recorded history. In a paper to the Royal Society on 21 November 1861, Scottish physicist Balfour Stewart described both auroral events as documented by a self-recording magnetograph at the Kew Observatory and established the connection between the 2 September 1859 auroral storm and the Carrington-Hodgson flare event when he observed that, "It is not impossible to suppose that in this case our luminary was taken in the act."[25][26] The second auroral event, which occurred on 2 September 1859 as a result of the exceptionally intense Carrington-Hodgson white light solar flare on 1 September 1859, produced auroras so widespread and extraordinarily brilliant that they were seen and reported in published scientific measurements, ship logs, and newspapers throughout the United States, Europe, Japan, and Australia. It was reported by the New York Times[27][28][29] that in Boston on Friday 2 September 1859 the aurora was "so brilliant that at about one o'clock ordinary print could be read by the light".[28][30][31] One o'clock EST time on Friday 2 September, would have been 6:00 GMT and the self-recording magnetograph at the Kew Observatory was recording the geomagnetic storm, which was then one hour old, at its full intensity. Between 1859 and 1862, Elias Loomis published a series of nine papers on the Great Auroral Exhibition of 1859 in the American Journal of Science where he collected world-wide reports of the auroral event.
The aurora is thought to have been produced by one of the most intense coronal mass ejections in history, very near the maximum intensity that the Sun is thought capable of producing. It is also notable for the fact that it is the first time where the phenomena of auroral activity and electricity were unambiguously linked. This insight was made possible not only due to scientific magnetometer measurements of the era, but also as a result of a significant portion of the 125,000 miles (201,000 km) of telegraph lines then in service being significantly disrupted for many hours throughout the storm. Some telegraph lines, however, seem to have been of the appropriate length and orientation to produce a sufficient geomagnetically induced current from the electromagnetic field to allow for continued communication with the telegraph operator power supplies switched off. The following conversation occurred between two operators of the American Telegraph Line between Boston and Portland, Maine, on the night of 2 September 1859 and reported in the Boston Traveler:
Boston operator (to Portland operator): "Please cut off your battery [power source] entirely for fifteen minutes."
Portland operator: "Will do so. It is now disconnected."
Boston: "Mine is disconnected, and we are working with the auroral current. How do you receive my writing?"
Portland: "Better than with our batteries on. – Current comes and goes gradually."
Boston: "My current is very strong at times, and we can work better without the batteries, as the aurora seems to neutralize and augment our batteries alternately, making current too strong at times for our relay magnets. Suppose we work without batteries while we are affected by this trouble."
Portland: "Very well. Shall I go ahead with business?"
Boston: "Yes. Go ahead."
The conversation was carried on for around two hours using no battery power at all and working solely with the current induced by the aurora, and it was said that this was the first time on record that more than a word or two was transmitted in such manner.[30] Such events led to the general conclusion that
The effect of the aurorae on the electric telegraph is generally to increase or diminish the electric current generated in working the wires. Sometimes it entirely neutralizes them, so that, in effect, no fluid is discoverable in them. The aurora borealis seems to be composed of a mass of electric matter, resembling in every respect, that generated by the electric galvanic battery. The currents from it change coming on the wires, and then disappear: the mass of the aurora rolls from the horizon to the zenith.[32]
The ultimate energy source of the aurora is the solar wind flowing past the Earth. The magnetosphere and solar wind consist of plasma (ionized gas), which conducts electricity. It is well known (since Michael Faraday's work around 1830) that when an electrical conductor is placed within a magnetic field while relative motion occurs in a direction that the conductor cuts across (or is cut by), rather than along, the lines of the magnetic field, an electric current is said to be induced into that conductor and electrons flow within it. The amount of current flow is dependent upon a) the rate of relative motion, b) the strength of the magnetic field, c) the number of conductors ganged together and d) the distance between the conductor and the magnetic field, while the direction of flow is dependent upon the direction of relative motion. Dynamos make use of this basic process ("the dynamo effect"), any and all conductors, solid or otherwise are so affected including plasmas or other fluids.
In particular the solar wind and the magnetosphere are two electrically conducting fluids with such relative motion and should be able (in principle) to generate electric currents by "dynamo action", in the process also extracting energy from the flow of the solar wind. The process is hampered by the fact that plasmas conduct easily along magnetic field lines, but not so easily perpendicular to them. So it is important that a temporary magnetic connection be established between the field lines of the solar wind and those of the magnetosphere, by a process known as magnetic reconnection. It happens most easily with a southward slant of interplanetary field lines, because then field lines north of Earth approximately match the direction of field lines near the north magnetic pole (namely, into Earth), and similarly near the south magnetic pole. Indeed, active auroras (and related "substorms") are much more likely at such times. Electric currents originating in such way apparently give auroral electrons their energy. The magnetospheric plasma has an abundance of electrons: some are magnetically trapped, some reside in the magnetotail, and some exist in the upward extension of the ionosphere, which may extend (with diminishing density) some 25,000 km around Earth.
Bright auroras are generally associated with Birkeland currents (Schield et al., 1969;[33] Zmuda and Armstrong, 1973[34]) which flow down into the ionosphere on one side of the pole and out on the other. In between, some of the current connects directly through the ionospheric E layer (125 km); the rest ("region 2") detours, leaving again through field lines closer to the equator and closing through the "partial ring current" carried by magnetically trapped plasma. The ionosphere is an ohmic conductor, so such currents require a driving voltage, which some dynamo mechanism can supply. Electric field probes in orbit above the polar cap suggest voltages of the order of 40,000 volts, rising up to more than 200,000 volts during intense magnetic storms.
Ionospheric resistance has a complex nature, and leads to a secondary Hall current flow. By a strange twist of physics, the magnetic disturbance on the ground due to the main current almost cancels out, so most of the observed effect of auroras is due to a secondary current, the auroral electrojet. An auroral electrojet index (measured in nanotesla) is regularly derived from ground data and serves as a general measure of auroral activity.
Ohmic resistance is not the only obstacle to current flow in this circuit, however, the convergence of magnetic field lines near Earth creates a "mirror effect" that turns back most of the down-flowing electrons (where currents flow upward), inhibiting current-carrying capacity. To overcome this, part of the available voltage appears along the field line ("parallel to the field"), helping electrons overcome that obstacle by widening the bundle of trajectories reaching Earth; a similar "parallel potential" is used in "tandem mirror" plasma containment devices. A feature of such voltage is that it is concentrated near Earth (potential proportional to field intensity; Persson, 1963[35]), and indeed, as deduced by Evans (1974) and confirmed by satellites, most auroral acceleration occurs below 10,000 km. Another indicator of parallel electric fields along field lines are beams of upward flowing O+ ions observed on auroral field lines.
Some O+ ions ("conics") also seem accelerated in different ways by plasma processes associated with the aurora. These ions are accelerated by plasma waves, in directions mainly perpendicular to the field lines. They therefore start at their own "mirror points" and can travel only upward. As they do so, the "mirror effect" transforms their directions of motion, from perpendicular to the line to lying on a cone around it, which gradually narrows down.
In addition, the aurora and associated currents produce a strong radio emission around 150 kHz known as auroral kilometric radiation (AKR, discovered in 1972). Ionospheric absorption makes AKR observable from space only.
These "parallel potentials" accelerate electrons to auroral energies and seem to be a major source of aurora. Other mechanisms have also been proposed, in particular, Alfvén waves, wave modes involving the magnetic field first noted by Hannes Alfvén (1942), which have been observed in the lab and in space. The question is whether these waves might just be a different way of looking at the above process, however, because this approach does not point out a different energy source, and many plasma bulk phenomena can also be described in terms of Alfvén waves.
has related news: Aurora Borealis caused by electrical space tornadoes
Other processes are also involved in the aurora, and much remains to be learned. Auroral electrons created by large geomagnetic storms often seem to have energies below 1 keV, and are stopped higher up, near 200 km. Such low energies excite mainly the red line of oxygen, so that often such auroras are red. On the other hand, positive ions also reach the ionosphere at such time, with energies of 20–30 keV, suggesting they might be an "overflow" along magnetic field lines of the copious "ring current" ions accelerated at such times, by processes different from the ones described above.
Sources and types
This article appears to contain unverifiable speculation and unjustified claims. Information must be verifiable and based on reliable published sources. Please remove unverified speculation from the article.
Understanding is very incomplete. There are three possible main sources:
Dynamo action with the solar wind flowing past Earth, possibly producing quiet auroral arcs ("directly driven" process). The circuit of the accelerating currents and their connection to the solar wind are uncertain.
Dynamo action involving plasma squeezed toward Earth by sudden convulsions of the magnetotail ("magnetic substorms"). Substorms tend to occur after prolonged spells (hours) during which the interplanetary magnetic field has an appreciable southward component, leading to a high rate of interconnection between its field lines and those of Earth. As a result the solar wind moves magnetic flux (tubes of magnetic field lines, moving together with their resident plasma) from the day side of Earth to the magnetotail, widening the obstacle it presents to the solar wind flow and causing it to be squeezed harder. Ultimately the tail plasma is torn ("magnetic reconnection"); some blobs ("plasmoids") are squeezed tailward and are carried away with the solar wind; others are squeezed toward Earth where their motion feeds large outbursts of aurora, mainly around midnight ("unloading process"). Geomagnetic storms have similar effects, but with greater vigor. The big difference is the addition of many particles to the plasma trapped around Earth, enhancing the "ring current" it carries. The resulting modification of Earth's field makes auroras visible at middle latitudes, on field lines much closer to the equator.
Satellite images of the aurora from above show a "ring of fire" along the auroral oval (see above), often widest at midnight. That is the "diffuse aurora", not distinct enough to see with the eye. It does not seem associated with acceleration by electric currents (although currents and their arcs may be embedded in it) but appears to be due to electrons that leak out of the magnetotail.
Any magnetic trapping is leaky—there always exists a bundle of directions ("loss cone") around the guiding magnetic field lines where particles are not trapped but escape. In the radiation belts of Earth, once particles on such trajectories are gone, new ones only replace them very slowly, leaving such directions nearly "empty". In the magnetotail, however, particle trajectories seem to constantly reshuffle, probably when the particles cross the very weak field near the equator. As a result, the flow of electrons in all directions is nearly the same ("isotropic"), and that assures a steady supply of leaking electrons.
The energization of such electrons comes from magnetotail processes. The leakage of negative electrons does not leave the tail positively charged, because each leaked electron lost to the atmosphere is quickly replaced by a low energy electron drawn upward from the ionosphere. Such replacement of "hot" electrons by "cold" ones is in complete accord with the 2nd law of thermodynamics.
Other types of auroras have been observed from space, e.g. "poleward arcs" stretching sunward across the polar cap, the related "theta aurora", and "dayside arcs" near noon. These are relatively infrequent and poorly understood. There are other interesting effects such as flickering aurora, "black aurora" and subvisual red arcs. In addition to all these, a weak glow (often deep red) has been observed around the two polar cusps, the "funnels" of field lines separating the ones that close on the day side of Earth from lines swept into the tail. The cusps allow a small amount of solar wind to reach the top of the atmosphere, producing an auroral glow.
Sounds associated with auroras
Folktales and travelers' tales say that the aurora can generate noise such as claps, crackles, and static sounds, usually faint and brief.[36] For a long time scientists were dubious, since sound has been hard to document, and auroral displays themselves are too high in the sky for them to be heard on the ground.[37] However, researchers from Aalto University in Finland published a study in 2012 saying that they recorded "clapping" sounds correlated to the visual presence of the aurora borealis, and that these sounds were produced approximately 230 feet (70 m) above ground.[38] They suggested that these sounds come from the solar particles associated with creating the aurora.[39] The University of Alaska notes that aurora noise is so rare that hearing it is a "once in a lifetime experience", possible only during times of maximum aurora activity, on windless nights away from other noise sources.[40]
Images of auroras are significantly more common today due to the rise of use of digital cameras that have high enough sensitivities.[41] Film and digital exposure to auroral displays is fraught with difficulties, particularly if faithfulness of reproduction is an objective. Due to the different spectral energy present, and changing dynamically throughout the exposure, the results are somewhat unpredictable. Different layers of the film emulsion respond differently to lower light levels, and choice of film can be very important. Longer exposures aggregate the rapidly changing energy and often blanket the dynamic attribute of a display. Higher sensitivity creates issues with graininess.
David Malin pioneered multiple exposure using multiple filters for astronomical photography, recombining the images in the laboratory to recreate the visual display more accurately.[42] For scientific research, proxies are often used, such as ultra-violet, and re-coloured to simulate the appearance to humans. Predictive techniques are also used, to indicate the extent of the display, a highly useful tool for aurora hunters.[43] Terrestrial features often find their way into aurora images, making them more accessible and more likely to be published by major websites.[44] It is possible to take excellent images with standard film (using ISO ratings between 100 and 400) and a single-lens reflex camera with full aperture, a fast lens (f1.4 50 mm, for example), and exposures between 10 and 30 seconds, depending on the aurora's display strength.[45]
Early work on the imaging of the auroras was done in 1949 by the University of Saskatchewan using the SCR-270 radar.
Aurora borealis from the International Space Station
Aurora during a geomagnetic storm that was most likely caused by a coronal mass ejection from the Sun on 24 May 2010. Taken from the ISS
Diffuse aurora observed by DE-1 satellite from low Earth orbit
On other planets
Both Jupiter and Saturn have magnetic fields much stronger than Earth's (Jupiter's equatorial field strength is 4.3 gauss, compared to 0.3 gauss for Earth), and both have large radiation belts. Auroras have been observed on both, most clearly with the Hubble Space Telescope. Uranus and Neptune have also been observed to have auroras.[46]
The auroras on the gas giants seem, like Earth's, to be powered by the solar wind. In addition, however, Jupiter's moons, especially Io, are powerful sources of auroras on Jupiter. These arise from electric currents along field lines ("field aligned currents"), generated by a dynamo mechanism due to the relative motion between the rotating planet and the moving moon. Io, which has active volcanism and an ionosphere, is a particularly strong source, and its currents also generate radio emissions, studied since 1955. Auroras also have been observed on the surfaces of Io, Europa, and Ganymede, using the Hubble Space Telescope. These auroras have also been observed on Venus and Mars. Because Venus has no intrinsic (planetary) magnetic field, Venusian auroras appear as bright and diffuse patches of varying shape and intensity, sometimes distributed across the full planetary disc. Venusian auroras are produced by the impact of electrons originating from the solar wind and precipitating in the night-side atmosphere. An aurora was also detected on Mars, on 14 August 2004, by the SPICAM instrument aboard Mars Express. The aurora was located at Terra Cimmeria, in the region of 177° East, 52° South. The total size of the emission region was about 30 km across, and possibly about 8 km high. By analyzing a map of crustal magnetic anomalies compiled with data from Mars Global Surveyor, scientists observed that the region of the emissions corresponded to an area where the strongest magnetic field is localized. This correlation indicates that the origin of the light emission was a flux of electrons moving along the crust magnetic lines and exciting the upper atmosphere of Mars.[46][47]
In traditional and popular culture
In Bulfinch's Mythology from 1855 by Thomas Bulfinch there is the claim that in Norse mythology:
The Valkyrior are warlike virgins, mounted upon horses and armed with helmets and spears. /.../ When they ride forth on their errand, their armour sheds a strange flickering light, which flashes up over the northern skies, making what Men call the "aurora borealis", or "Northern Lights".[48]
While a striking notion, there is not a vast body of evidence in the Old Norse literature supporting this assertion. Although auroral activity is common over Scandinavia and Iceland today, it is possible that the Magnetic North Pole was considerably farther away from this region during the centuries before the documentation of Norse mythology, thus explaining the lack of references.[49]
The first Old Norse account of norðrljós is found in the Norwegian chronicle Konungs Skuggsjá from AD 1230. The chronicler has heard about this phenomenon from compatriots returning from Greenland, and he gives three possible explanations: that the ocean was surrounded by vast fires, that the sun flares could reach around the world to its night side, or that glaciers could store energy so that they eventually became fluorescent.[50]
In ancient Roman mythology, Aurora is the goddess of the dawn, renewing herself every morning to fly across the sky, announcing the arrival of the sun. The persona of Aurora the goddess has been incorporated in the writings of Shakespeare, Lord Tennyson, and Thoreau.
In the traditions of Aboriginal Australians, the Aurora Australis is commonly associated with fire. For example, the Gunditjmara people of western Victoria called aurorae "Puae buae", meaning "ashes", while the Gunai people of eastern Victoria perceived aurorae as bushfires in the spirit world. When the Dieri people of South Australia said that an auroral display was "Kootchee", an evil spirit creating a large fire. Similarly, the Ngarrindjeri people of South Australia referred to aurorae seen over Kangaroo Island as the campfires of spirits in the ‘Land of the Dead’. Aboriginal people in southwest Queensland believed the aurorae to be the fires of the "Oola Pikka", ghostly spirits who spoke to the people through aurorae. Sacred law forbade anyone except male elders from watching or interpreting the messages of ancestors they believed were transmitted through aurorae.[51]
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Jordan Bridge
Title: Jordan Bridge
Subject: Hampton Roads, Toll bridges in Virginia, Transportation in Hampton Roads, Virginia State Route 239, Lesner Bridge
South Norfolk Jordan Bridge
The new South Norfolk Jordan Bridge
Vehicles, pedestrians
Southern Branch Elizabeth River
Chesapeake, Portsmouth
Other name(s)
Jordan Bridge, Norfolk-Portsmouth Bridge
United Bridge Partners
The Jordan Bridge, officially named the South Norfolk Jordan Bridge, is a tolled highway fixed bridge which carries State Route 337 over the Southern Branch Elizabeth River from the City of Portsmouth into the City of Chesapeake in South Hampton Roads, Virginia. The new crossing is an all-electronic toll facility that eliminated bridge lifts and height and weight restrictions and restored a vital river crossing for the Hampton Roads region.
Originally opened in 1928, it was privately built by an organization led by South Norfolk businessmen Wallace and Carl Jordan. It was later renamed the Jordan Bridge, principally to honor long-standing manager Carl M. Jordan. The oldest drawbridge in Virginia, the 80-year-old bridge had reached the end of its useful life by 2008. Faced with diminishing returns on millions of dollars in needed maintenance and unknown reliability, it was permanently closed on November 8, 2008.
A replacement bridge, built with 100% private funds, and paid for by tolls, was approved by Chesapeake City Council on January 27, 2009. The new South Norfolk Jordan Bridge was originally scheduled to be completed by July 2010,[1] but was finally completed and opened for use on October 27, 2012.[2][3] It is owned and operated by United Bridge Partners, a business consortium consisting of two construction companies, the Figg Group and Lane Construction, and a private infrastructure investment firm.[4]
Early history 1
Incidents: collisions with ships, mechanical failure 2
Modern use 3
Permanent closing: November 2008 4
Regional transportation funding shortages 5
New bridge 6
Originally known as the Norfolk-Portsmouth Bridge, the bridge was planned and financing organized by South Norfolk businessman Carl M. Jordan, who operated Jordan Brothers Lumber Co. with his brother Wallace. The Jordan brothers brought lumber from the Great Dismal Swamp to their lumber mill in South Norfolk, and had come to believe that the existing Norfolk County Ferry Service was not dependable enough for the needs of their business, or others in the community.
It was a Waddell & Harrington-type vertical-lift drawbridge and was designed by Harrington, Howard, & Ash (engineers) of Kansas City, Missouri. It was completed at a cost of $1.25 million, and opened on August 24, 1928, as a toll bridge with a ceremony attended by Virginia's Governor Harry F. Byrd.
Many years later, the bridge was renamed for Carl Jordan, who had also served as general manager and executive vice president of the South Norfolk Bridge Commission, Inc., a non-profit corporation organized in 1944 to manage the bridge. Ownership of the bridge was transferred to the City of Chesapeake after the Bridge Commission's indebtedness was finally satisfied in 1977.
Incidents: collisions with ships, mechanical failure
The Southern Branch Elizabeth River is heavily used by ocean-going vessels to reach industrial facilities and a shipyard upstream from the Jordan Bridge. Traffic bound for the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway also passes through this point.
The Jordan Bridge was struck by ships several times. On June 2, 1939, an oil tanker struck it, and the east tower and lift span collapsed into the river, injuring two bridge employees, and closing it for more than 6 months. Another major collision of a ship occurred on June 13, 1943. The most recent collision with a ship was in January, 2004.
In more recent years, there were periodic problems with the lift mechanism in addition to occasional collisions. When stuck in the "down" position, navigation for ocean-going vessels was severely inhibited, leading to concerns by shipping companies, ship operators and the U.S. Navy, whose shipyard is just downstream from the span. The equipment was mechanically obsolete, and repair parts were often unavailable.
Modern use
In recent years, the bridge was heavily traveled during morning and afternoon rush hours by motor vehicle traffic. A substantial portion of those were shipyard workers from the Norfolk Naval Shipyard. Navy personnel assigned to the ships docked there also commute from homes in the eastern portion of South Hampton Roads, which includes the cities of Norfolk and Virginia Beach and a large portion of the City of Chesapeake.
The Jordan Bridge had also served effectively as an alternate route when other key river crossings in the area were congested or closed, most notably after Hurricane Isabel in October 2003 when the Midtown Tunnel connecting Portsmouth and Norfolk was flooded. Tolls on the Jordan Bridge were temporarily suspended, and daily traffic increased by 20,000 vehicles.
As the bridge and its approaches have only one lane in each direction, traffic backups and delays often occurred in more recent years. The Jordan Bridge was the oldest drawbridge in Virginia. Formerly operated by the City of Chesapeake's Department of Public Works, it had a restricted weight limit of 3 tons. Daily toll revenue was approximately $5,000. The toll (collected on the Chesapeake side) for both direction was 50 cents for motorcycles, 75 cents for two axle vehicles, $1.00 for three axles and $1.25 for four axles. There were no facilities for electronic toll collection.
Permanent closing: November 2008
City of Chesapeake officials have stated that replacing the bridge is not being considered. Cost estimates linger in the $200 million range, too much for a bridge that carries about 7,500 vehicles daily and far fewer on weekends. However, a replacement bridge has been considered as part of some long-range regional transportation plans. The Hampton Roads Metropolitan Planning Organization has studied the impact of building a new bridge in this location as part of a limited-access highway connecting Interstate 464 in Chesapeake to Interstate 264 (near Frederick Blvd.) and the Martin Luther King, Jr. Freeway in Portsmouth.[5]
The toll was last increased on July 1, 2003 to finance several immediate repairs and improvements and launch an evidently ineffective ten-year restoration program to extend the life of the Bridge.[6]
On August 19, 2008, Chesapeake's City Manager William Harrell announced his recommendation that the bridge be permanently closed by the end of the year. The alternative would be an expenditure of $4 million in repairs to the bridge's aging deck and beams within the next year, and an additional $13 million in repairs within the next 10 years.[7]
On October 14, 2008, Chesapeake City Council unanimously decided to shut down the bridge, effective November 8. City officials said the cost to permanently remove the bridge will be $2.3 million. Harrell said "the city cannot handle all of the transportation demands before us."[8] The local Hampton Roads Transit (HRT) express commuter bus service from the South Norfolk neighborhood of Chesapeake to downtown Portsmouth and Norfolk Naval Shipyard after the closure of the bridge, but discontinued it in January 2009 due to very low ridership.[9]
Regional transportation funding shortages
According to city officials, there were no funding sources identified to replace other bridges, and many other pressing needs, including replacement of the 70-year-old Gilmerton Bridge on Military Highway and the Steel Bridge on U.S. Route 17.
In the early 21st century, the Hampton Roads region of Virginia has faced increasing transportation challenges as it has become largely urbanized, with additional traffic needs, and as infrastructure originally built with toll revenues has aged without a source of funding to repair them or build replacements.
The Jordan Bridge and the now-closed Kings Highway Bridge in neighboring Suffolk, each built in the 1920s, are considered locally prime examples of this situation. The cost of the new Jordan Bridge will be recovered through collection of tolls, using the E-ZPass system and driver invoicing.
Leaders in Virginia are currently actively discussing unfunded transportation needs, particularly in the Northern Virginia and Hampton Roads regions. In Hampton Roads, the possibility of collecting new tolls on certain major facilities (other than the Jordan Bridge) which are currently not tolled is a source of major funding under active consideration as of 2008.
The Hampton Roads Transportation Authority (HRTA) was created in July 2007 after enabling legislation was passed in the Virginia General Assembly and the required number of localities approved.[10] However, replacements for the Kings Highway and Jordan bridges are not among the proposed HRTA projects. Further stymieing efforts to raise funds, the Virginia Supreme Court ruled that most of the taxing provisions of the HRTA legislation were unconstitutional.[11]
A special session of the Virginia General Assembly convened in June 2008 failed to generate any major solutions.
New bridge
In 2008, an unsolicited proposal was received to build a replacement bridge with 100% private funds. The proposal was approved by Chesapeake City Council on January 27, 2009. The private bridge developers are Figg Bridge Developers, the company responsible for rebuilding the I-35W bridge over the Mississippi River in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in eleven months following its disastrous collapse in August 2007. Figg Bridge Developers teamed with Britton Hill Partners to provide the necessary financing at no risk to any of the local or state governmental agencies. The project will involve the transfer of outright land to a developer for the construction of a major public thoroughfare.
The new bridge has a $4.25 toll in each direction (unless an E-ZPass is used) and a free pdestrian walkway. Plans presented by the developers also indicate the design facilitates an expansion to four lanes, should same be desired at a future date. The new South Norfolk Jordan Bridge was completed and opened on October 17, 2012.[12]
A prefabricated concrete truss fell while being put in place during construction at the Jordan Bridge on June 21, 2012.[13]
^ "Chesapeake approves plan to replace Jordan Bridge". Virginian-Pilot. January 28, 2009.
^ South Norfolk Jordan Bridge officially under construction, South Norfolk Jordan Bridge, December 16, 2010 [3]
^ "United Bridge Partners". aimlp.com. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
^ Pickard, Andy (June 2008). "Elizabeth River Crossings Study" (PDF). Hampton Roads Metropolitan Planning Organization.
^ "Jordan Bridge toll increase becomes effective July 1st" (Press release).
^ Saewitz, Mike (2008-08-20). "Close the Jordan Bridge, says Chesapeake city manager".
^ Saewitz, Mike (2008-08-19). "Report: Jordan Bridge should be closed if not repaired soon".
^ Saewitz, Mike (2009-01-23). "Jordan Bridge bus shutting down due to lack of ridership". .
^ Holden, Tom (2007-06-15). "Isle of Wight vote gives regional roads authority taxing power".
^ Holden, Tom; Warren Fiske (2008-03-01). "Regional transportation authorities ruled unconstitutional".
^ "Building a bridge, a private venture", Virginian-Pilot, May 14, 2012
^ "Engineers Assess Jordan Bridge Following Mishap".
MagazineLookoutCrossing the Jordan: an article with a lot of the bridge's history in Christopher Newport University's
South Norfolk Jordan Bridge official website
Crossings of the Southern Branch of the Elizabeth River
Downtown Tunnel
Gilmerton Bridge
Transportation in the Hampton Roads Region
Highways & Interchanges
Western Freeway
Chesapeake Expressway
Military Highway
Virginia Beach Boulevard
Bowers Hill Interchange
Pinners Point Interchange
U.S. Routes
Berkley Bridge
Campostella Bridge
Coleman Bridge
High Rise Bridge
Lesner Bridge
West Norfolk Bridge
Great Bridge Bridge
Midtown Tunnel
Bridge-Tunnels
Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel
Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel
Monitor-Merrimac Memorial Bridge-Tunnel
Vehicle Ferry
Jamestown-Scotland Ferry
Norfolk International Airport
Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport
Hampton Roads Transit: Bus Service
The Tide (light rail)
Elizabeth River Ferry
Williamsburg Area Transport
Suffolk Regional Transit
Intercity Rail
Amtrak Northeast Regional: Newport News station
Norfolk station
Williamsburg station
Major Projects:
Road Projects:
Elizabeth River Tunnels Project
Patriots Crossing
HRBT Expansion
Southeastern Parkway
US 460 Bypass
Light Rail Studies:
Naval Station Norfolk Light Rail Extension
Virginia Beach Light Rail Extension
VDOT District Five Cities:
Accomack County
Isle of Wight County
Matthews County
Suffolk'
Locales in Bold denotes independent city responsible for their own roads
WorldHeritage articles in need of updating from July 2014
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Intracoastal Waterway
Toll bridges in Virginia
Bridges completed in 1928
Vertical lift bridges
Bridges in Chesapeake, Virginia
Road bridges in Virginia
1928 establishments in Virginia
Virginia, Hampton Roads, Norfolk, Virginia, Virginia Beach, Virginia, Suffolk, Virginia
Hampton Roads, Virginia, Chesapeake, Virginia, Hampton, Virginia, Virginia Beach, Virginia
Suffolk, Virginia
Hampton Roads, Virginia, Chesapeake, Virginia, Hampton, Virginia, Newport News, Virginia
Boulevard Bridge, Chesapeake Bay Bridge–Tunnel, Governor Harry W. Nice Memorial Bridge, Jordan Bridge, Powhite Parkway Bridge
Transportation in Hampton Roads
Hampton Roads, Public Transport, James City County, Virginia, Newport News, Virginia, Tide Light Rail
Virginia State Route 239
Portsmouth, Virginia, Virginia State Route 337, Virginia, Interstate 264 (Virginia), U.S. Route 17 in Virginia
Virginia, Virginia Beach, Virginia, Chesapeake Bay, U.S. Route 60 in Virginia, Lynnhaven River
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China’s Growing Influence on Greek Economy
The Mediterranean country of Greece is placing a serious emphasis on foreign investors–especially from China. In this video, NewHour economics correspondent, Paul Solman, reports on the intricate details of the economic bond that the two countries have forged.
For years, China’s main influence on the Greek economy has been in restaurants and small businesses. Now, in an effort to boost its slumping economy, Greece is enticing Chinese investors to take stock in its train lines and ports. And the Asian country is listening.
Two months ago, the massive Chinese shipping company, COSCO, took control of a lease for a major container dock at the Port of Pireaus. Greece has several major ports that line the Mediterranean Sea.
“The Port of Piraeus, which is a traditional port in the Mediterranean, but it was a declining one, now will become the basic hub for all Chinese produce to come to the European Union,” said Greek Prime Minister George Papandreou.
Dr. Richard Weitz
Factoid-china
The Chinese Approach: Go
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Printed from http://tektonics.org/pwsaints.php
On Prayer with the Saints
Our root source for this essay is the booklet Prayer and the Departed Saints by David Ford, a defender of the position of the Orthodox Church concerning prayer, and appeal to the deceased in heaven. The Orthodox position offers the following points:
Those who die in faith have eternal life that is conscious, and they remember all that has happened on earth.
The Church is a living body composed of those now in Christ, whether dead or alive.
Therefore, asking those deceased to pray on our behalf is no different than asking your living Christian neighbor down the street to pray for you as well. Ford stresses that under an Orthodox paradigm we ask those passed on to pray on our behalf -- we do not pray to them to help us themselves.
With point 1 few would disagree, other than the occassional adherent to the doctrine of soul sleep. Point 2 is not disagreeable either.
The crux of the matter is point 3. Ford's first defense is to note evidence that the departed are still involved in affairs on earth. He points to the example of Elijah and Moses at the Transfiguration, and then to an example of the martyr Ignatius (d. 110 AD) who appeared to other believers after his death.
In neither case, however, does the example show a parallel to the Orthodox teaching and neither encourages requesting intercessory prayer from the deceased. (Another example is given from modern times of a saint who reportedly has appeared "many times" to his flock.) Thus Ford offers no positive example of the Orthodox practice in either Scripture or history.
In a note he does appeal to the example of Judas Maccabeus, who offered a sin offering on behalf of deceased soldiers -- oddly enough this is the same passage used by Mormons to justify baptism for the dead. Thus our answer here is the same: This is no more an example of action on behalf of the dead than the scapegoat ceremony which paid for the sins of all the people over the past year, even people who had died in the last year.
Of course most would immediately think of Scriptural citations against summoning the dead (Lev. 19:31) and the example of Saul calling for Samuel (1 Sam. 28). Ford replies that "nothing in the Scriptures that would prohibit Christians from expressing love for and maintaining a sense of fellowship with those who have died. And what better way do we have to express our love than to pray for them?"
As expressed this does not seem objectionable (and Ford cautiously adds that if such persons as we pray for are actually in hell, one cannot pray for them to be removed from hell). However, Ford does not explain how these prohibitions react against the process of asking the deceased to pray for us (and one may note that one must speak in one's prayers "to" these people in order to communicate to them. One may certainly expresses love and maintain a sense of fellowship with those now gone, but it seems unlikely under these prohibitions that what Ford describes would be an approved method of doing this.
Ford further justifies the doctrine by arguing that "sanctification is a process which never ends." The cites he offers, however (1 Cor. 18, 2 Cor. 3:18) do not specifically state that the process of sanctification continues after death. The former he notes uses the term in Greek, "we who are being saved," but Paul is speaking here and in 2 Cor. to people who are still alive on earth. The idea that sanctification continues after death can be neither refuted nor supported by these texts.
Ford then argues that our prayers for the departed also help us, for it "keeps their remembrance alive in us, helping our hearts to stay warm and full of love towards them. It gives us a way to experience a sense of their presence, since prayer is far more than simply the making of requests." [12]
With the latter phrase we agree (see here); yet the point about keeping remembrance alive is expanded by noting that prayer on behalf of the departed allows us to have "living examples of Christian faith for us to emulate." (It is in this context that the Orthodox also venerate Mary.)
In this respect one might compare the Orthodox practice of using icons, which sees a distinction between veneration and worship. However, one need not pursue the Orthodox doctrine to emulate or respect the dead or to sense their "presence" in the way that seems to be implied (i.e., not actually, but in our memories). That may be done by keeping records and stories alive of those who have passed on. Ford's reasoning is a non-reason in context.
Ford also distances the Orthodox church from the Catholic idea of Purgatory.
What may be said in conclusion? Ford never really explains how Orthodox doctrine gets around OT prohibitions on seeking contact with the dead. Perhaps it could be argued that we are not seeking "contact" two ways, but such hair-splitting is an unwise procedure where silence and lack of direct example is our only counsel.
We conclude that there is neither direct support for the prayer doctrine of the Orthodox, in either Scripture or history, nor clear precedent against it, although prohibitions against dealings with the dead loom in the forefront. In that light our conclusion is that such prayer, for those who are prudent, is something best left aside.
Update: A reader helpfully passed me this from Lactantius, an early church writer: "it is manifest that those who either make prayers to the dead, or venerate the earth, or make over their souls to unclean spirits, do not act as becomes men, and that they will suffer punishment for their impiety and guilt, who, rebelling against God, the Father of the human race, have undertaken inexpiable rites, and violated every sacred law." (The Divine Institutes, 2:18) They also noted that Tertullian writes of "Paradise, the place of heavenly bliss appointed to receive the spirits of the saints, severed from the knowledge of this world" (The Apology, 47). The implication seems to be that deceased believers wouldn't be able to receive our prayers.
And now an update. A reader with an interest in Orthodoxy offered some comments on the above; here they are, with our thoughts.
In Orthodox thought, back then Heaven was not opened up yet: everyone was in Sheol, which is just the place of the dead. So everyone there is dead. But in the New Testament, when Jesus is rebuking the Sadducees for not believing in the Resurrection, He says, "You are wrong, because you know neither the Scriptures nor the power of God. For in the resurrection they neither marry nor are given in marriage, but are like angels in heaven. And as for the resurrection of the dead, have you not read what was said to you by God: 'I am the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob'? He is not God of the dead, but of the living." (Matthew 22:29-32) If God is the God of the living, and not the dead, then those in Heaven would be living, since this is not the place of the dead but of those experiencing eternal life.
The explanation here seems ingenious, but is, I must say, a rather forced argument based on the assumption that when the OT spoke of the "dead" it excluded certain persons who would now be called the "living". In this case, one must note that at the time YHWH spoke at the burning bush, Abraham, Isaac and Jacob would be among those "living" and not dead; yet we see no evidence that the law, some years later, gave exceptions to talk to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob or any other faithful person.
Our reader next questions the use of Lactantius, as offered by another reader. I cannot speak for the first reader and what his defense would be, so I will offer no response myself, leaving it to the prior reader, if desired, to offer a response.
I think the quote you gave from The Divine Institutions is also not being read in context. Here's more text to put around it.
"In the third place, because the spirits which preside over the religious rites themselves, being condemned and cast off by God, wallow(3) over the earth, who not only are unable to afford any advantage to their worshippers, since the power of all things is in the hands of one alone, but even destroy them with deadly attractions and errors; since this is their daily business, to involve men in darkness, that the true God may not be sought by them. Therefore they are not to be worshipped, because they lie under the sentence of God. For it is a very great crime to devote(4) one's self to the power of those whom, if you follow righteousness, you are able to excel in power, and to drive out and put to flight by adjuration of the divine name. But if it appears that these religious rites are vain in so many ways as I have shown, it is manifest that those who either make prayers to the dead,(5) or venerate the earth, or make over(6) their souls to unclean spirits, do not act as becomes men, and that they will suffer punishment for their impiety and guilt, who, rebelling against God, the Father of the human race, have undertaken inexpiable rites, and violated every sacred law."
So this could be seen as talking about the saints, too, but let's see what this guy really means by prayers to the dead by looking earlier in the chapter:
"I have shown that the religious rites of the gods are vain in a threefold manner: In the first place, because those images which are worshipped are representations of men who are deadand that is a wrong and inconsistent thing, that the image of a man should be worshipped by the image of God, for that which worships is lower and weaker than that which is worshipped:"
The full thing can be found here: http://www.synaxis.org/ecf/volume07/ECF00004.htm
Anyway, this deals with idolatry, in my opinion. Now the Orthodox and Catholic Churches do use statues and icons, but they do not worship the saints in the same way they worship God. Also, he's dealing with the religious rites of the "gods", so he could be dealing with Pagan beliefs.
The other quote I've looked at in context, too, but there is a part of it I don't understand.
"And if we threaten Gehenna, which is a reservoir of secret fire under the earth for purposes of punishment, we have in the same way derision heaped on us. For so, too, they have their Pyriphlegethon, a river of flame in the regions of the dead. And if we speak of Paradise,70 the place of heavenly bliss appointed to receive the spirits of the saints, severed from the knowledge of this world by that fiery zone as by a sort of enclosure, the Elysian plains have taken possession of their faith."
Does this fiery zone mean Hell, and if it does, what does it mean? Heaven is surrounded by Hell?
And now we return to where I feel I can comment:
Anyway, I do think there's evidence from the Bible that the saints hear us, and are aware of us, and pray for us.
"And when he had taken the scroll, the four living creatures and the twenty-four elders fell down before the Lamb, each holding a harp, and golden bowls full of incense, which are the prayers of the saints." (Revelation 5:8)
Which saints pray this? If it is the saints in Heaven, what could they be praying for in Heaven? There's nothing but things that occur on earth that they would need to pray for, so they intercede. But if this is the prayer of the saints on earth, then the saints in Heaven offer up the earthly prayers, again making intercession for them. It appears to me that the saints then still are aware of the earth, because they are connected to it by prayer.
I should say first that I certainly have no beef with the idea that people in heaven are aware of, and pray for, people here; however, this doesn't open the road in the other direction as Orthodox doctrine requires. Nor does Rev. 5:8 help even if the prayers are from saints on earth, because there is nothing to tell us what the content of the prayers are, or to or with whom they are directed.
Also, the early church did have ideas of praying with the saints. First, Clement of Alexandria-
"So is he always pure for prayer. He also prays in the society of angels, as being already of angelic rank, and he is never out of their holy keeping; and though he pray alone, he has the choir of the saints121 standing with him." Miscellanies 7:12, AD 208
This text is counter-Gnostic, and he speaks of the true Christian as the true Gnostic, so if you read more of this book, this is why Gnostics seemed to be praised and all.
http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-02/anf02-69.htm#P9579_2691008
And once again, this does not validate the very specific Orthodoix practice of prayer with these saints. Clement speaks of the saints as an invisible force behind the living believer -- not of us asking the deceased to pray on our behalf. Indeed, it suggests that this is unnecessary, for they already pray on our behalf without being asked.
I find other quotes offered no more specific or helpful in this regard, but shall provide them:
From Cyprian of Carthage - "We earnestly exhort as much as we can, dearest brother, for the sake of the mutual love by which we are joined one to another, that since we are instructed by the providence of the Lord, who warns us, and are admonished by the wholesome counsels of divine mercy, that the day of our contest and struggle is already approaching, we should not cease to be instant with all the people in fastings, in watchings, in prayers. Let us be urgent, with constant groanings and frequent prayers. For these are our heavenly arms, which make us to stand fast and bravely to persevere. These are the spiritual defences and divine weapons which defend us. Let us remember one another in concord and unanimity. Let us on both sides always pray for one another. Let us relieve burdens and afflictions by mutual love, that if any one of us, by the swiftness of divine condescension, shall go hence the first, our love may continue in the presence of the Lord, and our prayers for our brethren and sisters not cease in the presence of the Father's mercy. I bid you, dearest brother, ever heartly farewell." Letters/Epistles 56:5, AD 253
Origen - "Yet there is a certain helpful charm in a place of prayer being the spot in which believers meet together. Also it may well be that the assemblies of believers also are attended by angelic powers, by the powers of our Lord and Savior himself, and indeed by the spirits of saints, including those already fallen asleep, certainly of those still in life, though just how is not easy to say." Origen on Prayer XX, AD 233
And again: In neither case is a need to seen to ask the departed to pray for us -- for it is assumed that they already do, or are thought to.
Our reader closes: "So I think the early church accepted that the saints pray for us, and the Bible shows this as well, and to me it is apparent that the early church believed that the living and the dead prayed together." This, however, gives no justification for the very crucial distinctine laid out by Ford: asking those deceased to pray on our behalf. Rather, it would suggest that the body of Christ is a continguous organism, which workd together; but we no more need to ask the saints to pray for us than we need to tell our heart to beat or our lungs to breathe.
And now, the reader who previously offered feedback has some more on our recent comments.
As you explained in your response, none of the quotes are even relevant to the issue at hand....
...I want to emphasize a point: To ask a deceased person to pray for you is to pray to that person. You can't ask somebody something without directing communication to that person. Why do Orthodox (and Catholics) so often refer to asking the dead to pray for them, trying to avoid any reference to praying to those deceased people? Probably because they know that praying to the dead is problematic, even if they don't want to admit it. You may be interested in reading some examples of Eastern Orthodox prayers to the dead, which involve more than just asking people to pray for you:
http://www.ocf.org/OrthodoxPage/prayers/prayers.html
http://www.ocf.org/OrthodoxPage/prayers/panagia.html
They aren't just asking Mary to pray for them.
In your article, you cited two of my passages from the fathers, one from Tertullian and the other from Lactantius. There's much more that can be cited, and I'll be including some examples later.
But let me comment on Tertullian and Lactantius first.On whether Tertullian thought that Heaven was surrounded by Hell: How does asking such a question refute my use of the passage? Tertullian held a complex view of the afterlife that doesn't completely align with any of the mainstream views today. If Tertullian was mistaken about Paradise being surrounded by a fiery region, that can be taken up with Tertullian. Disputing it doesn't refute my citation of the passage. I do think that the passage I cited can be interpreted in other ways, but asking whether Tertullian viewed Heaven as being surrounded by Hell doesn't make the case. Later in this letter, I'm going to give further context from Tertullian supporting my conclusion that he didn't believe in praying to the deceased.
Lactantius discusses idolatry in the larger context and is addressing pagans. How do such facts refute my use of the passage? When the early Christians criticize pagans for aborting their children or committing fornication, do we conclude that things like abortion and fornication are sinful only if you're a non-Christian? Should we think that it's acceptable for Christians to engage in such behavior? The argument adds qualifications to Lactantius' comments that Lactantius himself doesn't include. The most natural reading of the passage is that praying to the dead is sinful, without the arbitrary qualifications.
I want to give some further context regarding the fathers' view of praying to the dead. As with all historical questions, different pieces of evidence carry different weight. But I think that the overall balance of the evidence is strongly against praying to the deceased. Even if some of these passages from the fathers could possibly be interpreted in other ways, not all of them have a reasonable alternate interpretation, and the general thrust of the data is clear.
First, I want to briefly address Revelation 5:8. Early patristic commentators on Revelation 5:8 refer to the prayers as being offered to God, not to the elders. We see this in Irenaeus (Against Heresies, 4:17:6-4:18:1), Origen (Against Celsus, 8:17), and Methodius (The Banquet of the Ten Virgins, 5:8). If other beings are involved in the transmission of our prayers, but aren't the recipients of those prayers, how does that situation support the Eastern Orthodox practice of having dead people as an object of prayer? It doesn't.
Athenagoras suggests that prayers shouldn't be addressed to created beings:
"Because the multitude, who cannot distinguish between matter and God, or see how great is the interval which lies between them, pray to idols made of matter, are we therefore, who do distinguish and separate the uncreated and the created, that which is and that which is not, that which is apprehended by the understanding and that which is perceived by the senses, and who give the fitting name to each of them,-are we to come and worship images?...For if they differ in no respect from the lowest brutes (since it is evident that the Deity must differ from the things of earth and those that are derived from matter), they are not gods. How, then, I ask, can we approach them as suppliants, when their origin resembles that of cattle, and they themselves have the form of brutes, and are ugly to behold?" (A Plea for the Christians, 15, 20)
Irenaeus wrote:
"Nor does she [the church] perform anything by means of angelic invocations, or by incantations, or by any other wicked curious art; but, directing her prayers to the Lord, who made all things, in a pure, sincere, and straightforward spirit, and calling upon the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, she has been accustomed to work miracles for the advantage of mankind, and not to lead them into error....The altar, then, is in heaven (for towards that place are our prayers and oblations directed)" (Against Heresies, 2:32:5, 4:18:6)
Clement of Alexandria defines prayer as communication with God. He refers to Christians "passing over the whole world" in order to commune with God alone in prayer. He describes it as a form of worship to God. Apparently, he had no concept of praying to the dead:
"But if, by nature needing nothing, He delights to be honoured, it is not without reason that we honour God in prayer; and thus the best and holiest sacrifice with righteousness we bring, presenting it as an offering to the most righteous Word, by whom we receive knowledge, giving glory by Him for what we have learned....For the sacrifice of the Church is the word breathing as incense from holy souls, the sacrifice and the whole mind being at the same time unveiled to God. Now the very ancient altar in Delos they celebrated as holy; which alone, being undefiled by slaughter and death, they say Pythagoras approached. And will they not believe us when we say that the righteous soul is the truly sacred altar, and that incense arising from it is holy prayer?...Prayer is, then, to speak more boldly, converse with God. Though whispering, consequently, and not opening the lips, we speak in silence, yet we cry inwardly. For God hears continually all the inward converse. So also we raise the head and lift the hands to heaven, and set the feet in motion at the closing utterance of the prayer, following the eagerness of the spirit directed towards the intellectual essence; and endeavouring to abstract the body from the earth, along with the discourse, raising the soul aloft, winged with longing for better things, we compel it to advance to the region of holiness, magnanimously despising the chain of the flesh. For we know right well, that the Gnostic [believer] willingly passes over the whole world, as the Jews certainly did over Egypt, showing clearly, above all, that he will be as near as possible to God." (The Stromata, 7:6-7)
Tertullian takes The Lord's Prayer to be representative of all prayer. The object of all prayer, then, is God:
"God alone could teach how he wished Himself prayed to. The religious rite of prayer therefore, ordained by Himself, and animated, even at the moment when it was issuing out of the Divine mouth, by His own Spirit, ascends, by its own prerogative, into heaven, commending to the Father what the Son has taught." (On Prayer, 9)
Notice that Tertullian refers to "the religious rite of prayer", meaning that he's referring to all prayers, not just some. All prayers are "commended to the Father", following the pattern of The Lord's Prayer, according to Tertullian.
He explains that prayer is a sacrifice to God, which would exclude praying to anybody else:
"We are the true adorers and the true priests, who, praying in spirit, sacrifice, in spirit, prayer,-a victim proper and acceptable to God, which assuredly He has required, which He has looked forward to for Himself! This victim, devoted from the whole heart, fed on faith, tended by truth, entire in innocence, pure in chastity, garlanded with love, we ought to escort with the pomp of good works, amid psalms and hymns, unto God's altar, to obtain for us all things from God." (On Prayer, 28)
Hippolytus comments:
"And in them [the Psalms] we have 'prayer,' viz., supplication offered to God for anything requisite" (On the Psalms, 8, http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-05/anf05-17.htm#P3322_1045069 )
Origen comments that Christians pray only to God:
"For every prayer, and supplication, and intercession, and thanksgiving, is to be sent up to the Supreme God through the High Priest, who is above all the angels, the living Word and God. And to the Word Himself shall we also pray and make intercessions, and offer thanksgivings and supplications to Him, if we have the capacity of distinguishing between the proper use and abuse of prayer. For to invoke angels without having obtained a knowledge of their nature greater than is possessed by men, would be contrary to reason. But, conformably to our hypothesis, let this knowledge of them, which is something wonderful and mysterious, be obtained. Then this knowledge, making known to us their nature, and the offices to which they are severally appointed, will not permit us to pray with confidence to any other than to the Supreme God, who is sufficient for all things, and that through our Saviour the Son of God, who is the Word, and Wisdom, and Truth, and everything else which the writings of God's prophets and the apostles of Jesus entitle Him....And being persuaded that the sun himself, and moon, and stars pray to the Supreme God through His only-begotten Son, we judge it improper to pray to those beings who themselves offer up prayers to God, seeing even they themselves would prefer that we should send up our requests to the God to whom they pray, rather than send them downwards to themselves, or apportion our power of prayer beetween God and them....Celsus forgets that he is addressing Christians, who pray to God alone through Jesus" (Against Celsus, 5:4-5, 5:11, 8:37)
Cyprian wrote a treatise on The Lord's Prayer, a treatise that addresses prayer in general, even though it focuses on that one prayer in the gospels. He describes prayer as something done "in God's sight", something directed to God, not to people:
"Let us consider that we are standing in God's sight. We must please the divine eyes both with the habit of body and with the measure of voice. For as it is characteristic of a shameless man to be noisy with his cries, so, on the other hand, it is fitting to the modest man to pray with moderated petitions." (On the Lord's Prayer, 4)
Later in the treatise, he explains that The Lord's Prayer addresses "all our prayer", which implies that we're to pray only to God, since The Lord's Prayer is addressed only to God:
"What wonder is it, beloved brethren, if such is the prayer which God taught, seeing that He condensed in His teaching all our prayer in one saving sentence? This had already been before foretold by Isaiah the prophet, when, being filled with the Holy Spirit, he spoke of the majesty and loving-kindness of God, 'consummating and shortening His word,' He says, 'in righteousness, because a shortened word will the Lord make in the whole earth.'" (On the Lord's Prayer, 28)
In other words, Cyprian considers The Lord's Prayer to be an outline for all prayer, which necessarily excludes praying to anybody but God.
Later, Cyprian tells us that we pray to "nothing but the Lord", to "God alone":
"Moreover, when we stand praying, beloved brethren, we ought to be watchful and earnest with our whole heart, intent on our prayers. Let all carnal and worldly thoughts pass away, nor let the soul at that time think on anything but the object only of its prayer. For this reason also the priest, by way of preface before his prayer, prepares the minds of the brethren by saying, 'Lift up your hearts,' that so upon the people's response, 'We lift them up unto the Lord,' he may be reminded that he himself ought to think of nothing but the Lord. Let the breast be closed against the adversary, and be open to God alone" (On the Lord's Prayer, 31)
Throughout the treatise, Cyprian instructs the reader how to pray to God, and he repeatedly says that he's addressing all of our prayers in this treatise, yet he says nothing of praying to Mary, praying to Joseph, praying to Jude, or praying to anybody else other than God. Rather, he describes prayer as an act of worship and reverence to God, something addressed to God alone. An angel might bring our prayers to God, as we see in the book of Revelation, for example, but the prayer is to be addressed only to God. That's the Protestant view of prayer, it's the Biblical view, and it's the view of the earliest church fathers.
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An Embarrassment of Riches
It may not be a Grand Slam, but the Pan Pacific Open in Tokyo sure has the ability to attract some real talent in the women's game. With seven of the top ten in the draw and the lowest seed ranked just at twenty, from the start there was the potential for some big-time clashes even in the early rounds.
And the ladies did not disappoint.
Bad Gastein champion Julia Goerges and former world #1 Dinara Safina, both unseeded, met in the first round, as did Maria Jose Martinez Sanchez and Maria Kirilenko, ranked twenty-fourth and twenty-sixth respectively. And it wasn't just a matter of an unjust draw forcing out some stars early -- just shy of her fortieth birthday, Kimiko Date Krumm ousted Maria Sharapova while teen qualifier Coco Vandeweghe dealt Aravane Rezai another early blow. So now with the quarterfinal matches set in Tokyo, the eight women left certainly deserve to be there.
Top seeded Caroline Wozniacki, who secured her spot in the year-end Doha Championships with her win over Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova, has only dropped seven games on her way to the quarters. There she'll meet Aggie Radwanska, who beat a tough-as-nails Andrea Petkovic in the third round.
Wimbledon and U.S. Open runner-up Vera Zvonareva rebounded nicely from her heart-breaking loss in New York with a solid win over Sara Errani and followed it up by bagelling Roberta Vinci in the second set to reach the final eight. Her next opponent Elena Dementieva, just back in the top ten, survived four breaks of serve in her first two matches, but was impressive getting past world #22 Flavia Pennetta.
The bigger surprises have been in the other quarters, though. While French Open champion Francesca Schiavone and Victoria Azarenka, who exited in Flushing Meadows far too early, have both advanced with little drama, but they both have dates with some unexpected contenders.
Vandeweghe, a former junior champion in New York, battled through the qualifying rounds in Japan -- her first appearance in an overseas tournament's main draw -- and defeated Goerges in under an hour for the right to meet Vika tomorrow. And Kaia Kanepi, who made the quarters at both the All England Club and the U.S. Open, notched her second straight win over Jelena Jankovic -- that after already defeating thirteenth seed Shahar Peer and America's one-time darling Melanie Oudin. She hasn't beaten Schiavone since 2006, but I wouldn't be shocked if she got the upset.
With so much talent in the field at the Pan Pacific, it's no wonder that only the strongest survived. It's a shame anyone has to lose, especially after all the work they've put in to get this far, but such is life on the pro Tour.
But isn't it so much better to watch the best compete?
Labels: Agnieszka Radwanska, Caroline Wozniacki, Coco Vandeweghe, Elena Dementieva, Francesca Schiavone, Kaia Kanepi, Tokyo, Vera Zvonareva, Victoria Azarenka
AirdrieTennis said...
That's what tennis is about, tough matches everywhere in the draw. It's nice to see the women's game getting more competitive again.
Return of the Man
The National Heroes
Separated at Birth -- U.S. Open Edition
The Grandest of Slams
Over the Radar?
Blackjack!
One to Go...
And Then There Were Four...
The Match No One Cares About, and Why You Should
Time-Out: U.S. Open Reassessment
Keeping Focus Amid the Storm
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» Sustainability » Sustainability in the grid » Quality, efficiency and security
Role and responsibility
Sustainability in the grid
Supporting the energy transition
Quality, efficiency and security
Responsible business practices
Performance and reporting
Planning, continual monitoring and protection of infrastructure: these are some of our activities to ensure maximum quality, efficiency and resilience of the electricity service
The Electricity System Security Plan, prepared annually by Terna and approved by the Ministry for Economic Development, is a four-year programme that sets out initiatives to prevent and reduce the consequences of malfunctions on the electricity grid.
invested for security in 2018
invested for security from 2019-2022
The Plan breaks down into eight grid operation areas, regarding the planning, supervision, regulation and protection, restart and monitoring of the electricity system, as well as an area dedicated to safe and optimal management of renewable energy sources.
The Plan also defines initiatives to protect the physical integrity of the grid, including surveillance and protection activities regarding the most critical electricity substations and actions to protect the IT security of infrastructure against attempts at forced entry, unauthorised access and possible cyber-attacks.
These areas of intervention are confirmed in the 2019 Security Plan, in which the activities carried out in 2018 and those planned for the period 2019-2022 are described. The key drivers for the 2019 Security Plan are:
Security and adequacy of the system
Digital transformation and system innovation
A system that is secure and fit for purpose, with the continued installation of reactive power compensation equipment in order to manage the system safely and new work on installing STATCOM devices and stabilising resistors to control the grid’s stability, improve voltage quality and reduce grid oscillations.
Resilience, in the form of Defence Towers using Terna’s existing infrastructure to gather and transmit environmental data to support the grid’s physical resilience and the control system.
Digital transformation and system innovation to meet new requirements for:
a new SCADA control system capable of managing a system with a high level of distributed generation penetration
a reengineering of the new Control, Defence and Monitoring System with innovative modules for grid control and analysis
observable distributed generation to acquire key electrical data, improve the management of real-time, forecasting and ex-post applications and monitor the development and spread of electric mobility in order to analysis its impact on the electricity system
the new IoT Security project in order to adopt adequate Cybersecurity solutions at all levels of the organisation, as indicated in the new corporate IoT model, putting in place tools designed to monitor and guarantee security, governance and compliance with the applicable legislation
What does resilience in an electricity system mean
In accordance with MED directives, starting with the 2018 Security Plan, this document contains a specific section on the "Work plan for increasing grid resilience nationwide" (the Resilience Plan), especially in relation to the measures to be implemented in areas affected by wet snow. This section includes:
a list of grid development, expansion and upgrade initiatives designed to increase the grid’s mesh (included in the Development Plan)
a list of extraordinary maintenance/renewal works (including scheduled interventions after an accurate assessment of the state of power lines)
a list of mitigation initiatives
The Resilience Plan for snow/ice presented in the 2019 Security Plan envisages investment of approximately €410 million over the five-year period from 2019 to 2023. This reconfirms the need to make the electricity system increasingly more resilient and capable of coping with extreme weather events, given that almost all the electricity transmission infrastructure is directly exposed to the immediate impact of atmospheric agents. On 18 December 2018, ARERA issued resolution 668/2018/R/eel, setting out a mechanism designed to incentivise distributors to take steps to boost resilience. The regulator is continuing to look into the possibility of extending such a mechanism to include Terna, which will be the subject of a later resolution.
Asset management is the set of systematic and coordinated activities and procedures that enables Terna to operate and maintain its assets in the best and most sustainable way, optimising the Group’s return on investment and demonstrating its ability to create value.
The Asset Management system entails a structured approach based on best practices for managing assets throughout their lifecycle, taking into account the related cost cycles and associated risks. It plays an essential role in the efficient management of assets. In this regard, the Asset Management system combines management of both financial and engineering aspects and includes management of all the phases that make up the lifecycle of infrastructure: design, construction, commissioning, operation, maintenance, repair/replacement and, finally, decommissioning.
Terna’s main benchmark is the international standard, ISO 55001:2014 “Asset Management”, which specifies the requirements for an optimal asset management system. In 2018, Terna became the first Italian company to obtain the related certification.
To achieve its asset management objectives, Terna prepares an Asset Management Plan (AMP) specifying the activities to be carried out in order to maintain and renew its electricity grid infrastructure.
In this instance it is important to underline two specific areas that are the real pillars for the stability and security of the entire system.
Information security and cyber security
Maintenance of electricity grid infrastructure is essential in order to guarantee quality of service, with the aim of ensuring that grid reliability meets the very highest standards. The tools used to support maintenance activities are subject to continuous innovation, as regards identification of the most suitable interventions (MBI-Monitoring and Business Intelligence, a tool used to support decision-making), the scheduling and execution of operations (WFM – Work Force Management) and the adoption of modern aerial inspection techniques for the electricity grid. Implementation of the plan to progressively assume responsibility for operation and maintenance (O&M) of the electricity substations owned by Rete Srl (following acquisition of RFI’s assets) proceeded in 2018. By the end of the year, responsibility for 239 of the 354 substations acquired had been transferred.
26,000 checks
at stations with various voltage levels in 2018
of grid inspected on-site in 2018
of grid checked based on instrument methodologies in 2018
of power lines where plant cutting was done to ensure the lines operate correctly and safely
are inspected on average more than once a year
We work continually to improve our ability to identify and optimise interventions on the grid; we use the best possible techniques to conduct checks based on innovative instruments and processes.
Renewal Programme
The Renewal Programme is based on an analytical method that, starting from consistent, objective technical criteria, identifies and evaluates extraordinary maintenance works (“renewal”), assessing the state of repair and technical status of components in relation to the conditions under which they operate and giving priority to components and plant that play a key role in operation of the grid.
The Programme includes work to be carried out on specific components, limiting interventions to parts of the infrastructure that effectively require attention in order to continue operating efficiently over as long a period of time as possible.
Extraordinary maintenance
Renewal work (the replacement of components and entire systems) was carried out in 2018 at a cost of approximately €300 million in order to prolong the useful lives of power lines and substations. In terms of power lines, 1,100 km of conductors, 1,400 km of ground wires and 400 pylons were replaced; in terms of substations, 10 static machines, 70 circuit breakers, 120 disconnectors, 289 current transformers and 130 voltage transformers were replaced. Protection and control systems for approximately 200 HV bays were also replaced.
Thanks to the “live technique”, we can carry out maintenance checks without disconnecting service lines, and in this way avoid disruptions. Using this technique, we carried out 3,400 checks and maintenance interventions during 2018.
The cyber risk scenario is increasingly complex and intricate. In addition to the traditional threats that affect every ICT project, there has been a sharp rise in the number of threats relating to the current digital transformation process at highly innovative companies and the increase in interconnections between the various operators. The entry into force of new European regulations, above all the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Network & Information Security (NIS) directive means companies are having to rethink some of their information and cyber security processes, in order to ensure full compliance. For some time, Terna has used an Information Security Governance Model, based on policies and procedures combined with a coordinated Information Risk Management (“IRM”) operating programme. This is coordinated by the Group's CISO (Chief Information Security Officer). The Model takes into account all the risk factors (organisational, technical and technological, physical, environmental and cyber, etc.) to which the Group's ICT ecosystem is exposed, including compliance with data protection legislation and efforts to combat cyber-crime, with the aim of countering their impact (disruption to computer networks or services critical to the operation of the electricity system and/or resulting in potential damage to the National Transmission Grid (NTG); loss of confidentiality; and the theft or alteration of sensitive, strategic and confidential data held by Terna relating to the electricity market and/or third parties). Finally, via the operational safeguards put in place by the Security and Service department’s cyber security unit, Terna promptly identifies and contains security incidents, thereby minimising information loss and facilitating restoration of the services involved.
Activities in 2018
An extensive awareness-raising campaign on cyber security issues, aimed at senior managers, middle managers and roles with particular responsibilities, as well as newly recruited staff, has been completed. Terna also took part in a special competition (red team versus blue team type) under the patronage of ENTSO-E and SANS, in which over 100 European TSOs and DSOs took part. Terna performed well during the competition to rank among the top five.
Strengthening of the Information Security Framework
The Information Security Framework and, above all, the set of countermeasures that Terna puts in place to combat cyber risk was updated in line with the latest version of the NIST standard, adopting additional security measures relating to critical areas such as GDPR, IoT and SCADA/ICS systems. During 2018, Terna began the process of assessing and testing solutions for transferring cyber risk to third parties, entering into insurance policies to cover the risks posed by ransomware, phishing and the theft of personal data for which Terna is the data owner or manager. The process was completed once the Company had obtained cover and the policy will be extended to cover additional risks in the three-year period 2019-2021.
Consolidation of the capabilities of the Cyber Security Operations & Data Protection Centre
The process of strengthening and refining corrective actions and new initiatives designed to prevent cyber risk continued within the Security and Service department. Terna’s Computer Emergency Readiness Team (CERT) redesigned its Real Time Security Monitoring, Incident Handling, Threat Intelligence and Security Content Engineering & Threat Hunting processes on a 24h/365d basis. Info Sharing with public bodies, other essential service providers and the CERT’s Threat Intelligence partners was further developed as regards tailored intelligence. The Cyber Security Engineering centre was used to set up important working groups aimed at reducing the cyber risk associated with the Industrial Automation and Control Systems (IACS) that support Terna’s core business. These new departments complement and integrate with the Cyber Security Assessment department, which carried out periodic assessments of the vulnerabilities in Terna’s IT systems and checks on the related recovery plans.
Consolidation of GDPR compliance
An audit of GDPR compliance was completed, with the adoption and initial implementation of numerous initiatives necessary in order to ensure full compliance and the rollout of a data protection model across the Group. This included training and internal communication initiatives, including specific workshops for senior management and online courses and training pills for all staff, with the aim of creating a Group-wide privacy and data protection culture.
The Identity and Access Management (IAM) process regarding the management of access authorisations to critical IT resources has been strengthened. This has involved the implementation of first use case monitoring (identity governance) in order to extend visibility (and governance) for applications supporting Terna’s operational activities and financial reporting.
Monitoring and cyber defence capabilities
During the year, the extension and update of security monitoring services for systems and networks of platforms incorporated within Information Security and Event Management (ISEM) system continued. With regard to the detection of cyber threats, a technological solution based on machine learning and artificial intelligence using non-formal logic was adopted. There was also continuous analysis and threat hunting using Indicators of Compromise (IOC) reports, especially those deriving from public bodies (e.g. the Italian Computer Emergency Response Team, the National Anti-Cyber Crime Centre for the Protection of Critical Infrastructure, etc.) and the entry into operation of an advanced anti-malware solution for all workstations, involving monitoring, analysis and continuous recording of all executable and non-executable file activities, regardless of whether they are already known to be malware. Work on the protection of SCADA systems using a whitelisting solution and on the logical segregation of networks is continuing.
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STM announces new bus priority measures on Notre-Dame Est corridor
The Notre-Dame Est corridor, which includes a section of René-Lévesque Boulevard, will open as of Monday, July 9, 2018.
Montréal, July 3, 2018 – The Société de transport de Montréal (STM) is announcing the implementation of bus priority measures on the Notre-Dame Est corridor, including a section of René-Lévesque Boulevard, as of Monday, July 9, 2018. These measures affect the Ville-Marie and Mercier–Hochelaga-Maisonneuve boroughs.
The reserved lanes will be operational weekdays, westbound only. The reserved lane on Notre-Dame Est between Georges-V and Beaurivage will be in operation from 6:30 to 9 a.m., while the lane on René-Lévesque, between Papineau and Berri, will be in operation from 6:30 to 9:30 a.m. and from 3:30 to 6:30 p.m.
“The implementation of these priority measures clearly illustrates the synergy between the different Montréal partners and the concerted effort to develop public transit. More specifically, Notre-Dame Est is a strategically important corridor carrying thousands of road users into the city centre each day, our customers included,” says Mr. Philippe Schnobb, Chairman of the STM Board of Directors.
Since 2017, priority traffic lights have gradually been installed on the Notre-Dame Est corridor and others will be over the coming months to complete all bus priority measures.
These bus priority measures will benefit approximately 10,000 daily trips on part or all of the following bus lines: 22 Notre-Dame, 86 Pointe-aux-Trembles, 150 René-Lévesque, 189 Notre-Dame, 410 Express Notre-Dame, 430 Express Pointe-aux-Trembles and 487 Express Bout-de-l’Île.
Bus priority measures are installations on the road system that ensure priority is given to public transit, thereby improving the reliability and on-time delivery of service. Such measures, that include reserved lanes and bus priority traffic lights, cut down travel times by about 10%. This work was made possible thanks to funding from the Ministry of Transport, Sustainable Mobility and Transportation Electrification.
Isabelle A. Tremblay
Société de transport de Montréal (STM)
medias@stm.info
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Cappelli connections on 2 sides of river
Mark Maroney
mmaroney@sungazette.com
“The world is full of conspiracy theorists.”
That’s what Steven W. Cappelli, 54, told the Sun-Gazette recently.
Cappelli, a former city mayor, state representative and South Williamsport native, was hired Aug. 13 as South Williamsport borough manager at an annual salary of $70,000.
Cappelli will have an assistant, as borough council appointed Maria Maddy, borough treasurer and an 11-year borough employee, to be assistant borough manager and treasurer at an annual salary of $50,000. Her salary prior to that was $40,000.
While he is employed by South Williamsport as borough manager, Cappelli said he also plans to keep his executive-level position with Henry Dunn Inc., an insurance company, one of two firms that provide insurance to the city of Williamsport.
Meanwhile, the former borough manager, Michael D. Miller, vacated that position on Aug. 1 when he became the executive director of the Williamsport Municipal Water and Sanitary Authority. As borough manager, Miller was paid $69,000 annually and did not have an assistant. He was hired to be borough manager when his father, William R. Miller Jr., was borough mayor.
Cappelli, chairman of the water authority, voted on June 20 with the rest of the authority board to hire Miller to succeed Wendy Walter, who was interim executive director, at an annual salary of $130,000.
Miller had been an aide to Cappelli when Cappelli was a state representative more than a decade ago. Miller said he was interviewed by an authority committee that included board members Eiderson Dean, Cindi Perry, Andree Phillips and Thomas Marnon, who at the time was chairman of the water authority.
Cappelli indicated he plans to remain on the water authority as its chairman. In an interview with the Sun-Gazette, he reflected on how he believes his experience in politics and an engineering degree could benefit the authority and borough.
“I don’t want to be on it (the authority board), but with the challenges ahead, I believe I can help the board and the staff with the problems, collectively, on both sides of the river,” he said.
Political experience
Cappelli served as city mayor from 1996 to 2000 and in the state House of Representatives from 2001 to 2009.
“My experience with the city, election to the state House and executive-level management lend itself here (the borough),” Cappelli said. “I will be a full-time manager, but can be anticipated to be out of the office sometimes.”
Those political ties and promises to visit Harrisburg to help the borough was a reason J. Bernard Schelb, borough council president, said Cappelli was selected over two other finalists for manager.
“Steve knows where to go for the funds,” Schelb said.
Cappelli applied for the job after seeing an advertisement in the Sun-Gazette in early July. The ad ran from from July 6 to 9.
Miller said he did not take part in council’s interviews for the borough manager. He was interested in the full-time executive director at the authority and remained clear other than rewriting or tweaking the advertisement authorized by John Decker, council’s personnel committee chairman.
Cappelli hinted he had some support ahead of time.
“There were people in the borough who thought I could be of assistance,” Cappelli said. Later, he clarified those were his family and friends. He declined to specify any one individual.
“I simply entertained a request to consider assisting the borough and went through the process as prescribed by law,” he said.
Nevertheless, close ties exist between the borough government and authority, according to one anonymous source familiar with members of the authority staff who are married to individuals on South Williamsport Borough Council.
‘A tight circle’
The source described “a tight circle” of relationships among people involved in the authority and borough government.
The borough and the authority share the same solicitor, Joseph Orso.
Asked about the “tight circle,” Orso acknowledged there might be people who are related to each other or who know each other. That’s because the borough is a small community, and the authority has about 100 employees, a number of whom live in the borough.
Cappelli also had support in borough government, including his brother-in-law, Councilman David Geise.
While Geise abstained from the Aug. 13 vote for manager, he was said to have been one of Cappelli’s supporters.
‘A positive’
“We thought this was a positive in the borough in our eyes,” said Schelb, who was a zoning officer for the city while Cappelli was mayor. He dismissed that connection, adding, “I worked under several mayors.”
Cappelli’s connections to city government continue. He counts Mayor Gabriel J. Campana among his friends and political allies.
Each are supportive of each other, having a mutual understanding of what it takes to be city mayor.
For instance, in 2017, as Campana searched for ways to find revenue for the city coffers, the mayor suggested the city get a “valuation on the water and sanitary authority assets,” and seize them because, he said, they belonged to the city.
“I think it’s the mayor’s prerogative to create ways to bring in revenue and offset burdensome tax hikes,” Cappelli said at the time of the proposal.
Appointment power
The city mayor is responsible for nominating authority board members, with advice and consent of City Council. Campana took it a step further recently when he supported Cappelli in becoming chairman of the authority board.
The authority held a special meeting on May 15 following the release of a letter penned by Campana to the authority’s board.
That meeting was heated from the start.
Campana’s letter indicated he was upset about a situation in which he perceived an attempt by the authority leadership to control who sat on the board.
The letter indicated Marnon, then chairman of the water authority, and Johnny Meyer, then chairman of the sanitary authority, approached the mayor in his office and asked him to appoint two former board members to fill expired terms.
Campana also claimed Marnon and Meyer asked him not to renominate three board members to subsequent terms, Cappelli being among them. The other two were George Bierman and Perry.
Cappelli’s emotion over this letter was visible during the meeting when he slammed his fist on the table around which the board sat and accused Marnon and Meyer of going privately to the mayor without the board’s consent to seek a “super majority” vote.
The board voted 6-4 to name Cappelli as water authority chairman. Dean was elected as chairman of the sanitary authority, of which Cappelli had been chairman.
Marnon and Meyer remain on the board.
Cappelli said he is humbled by the opportunity to work for the borough as its manager and acknowledges his friends for their support.
“I have a fondness for South Williamsport,” he said.
He assured he isn’t using the job as a stepping stone for a position that might come open in Williamsport if the city electorate votes Nov. 6 to change the form of government from a strong mayor-council to a council-manager.
“Absolutely not,” Cappelli said. “I am here to try and help this borough for as long as it challenges me and for as long as it needs my help. I am not interested in any other elected or appointed position.”
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All Good Presents...
The Wood Brothers
Priscilla Renea
815 V St. NW
Doors 7:00 PM
"It’s the freest album we’ve done, the most independent album we’ve done, and was the most fun we’ve ever had making a record,” says Oliver Wood. “And most importantly, this is the most purely Wood Brothers’ album we’ve ever made.”
Indeed, The Wood Brothers’ sixth outing, ‘One Drop of Truth,’ dives headfirst into a deep wellspring of sounds, styles and influences. Whereas their previous outings have often followed a conceptual and sonic through-line, here the long-standing trio featuring brothers Oliver and Chris Wood along with Jano Rix treat each song as if it were its own short film. The plaintive, country-folk of the album’s opening track “River Takes The Town” gives way to the The Band-esque Americana soul of “Happiness Jones.” The wistful ballad “Strange As It Seems” floats on a cloud of stream of consciousness, standing in stark contrast to “Sky High”—a Saturday night barnburner built upon stinging slide guitar funk. “Seasick Emotions” is rife with turmoil, yet “Sparking Wine” is jaunty and carefree. The end result is undeniably The Wood Brothers’ most dynamic recording to date.
“Often, when you’re making an album in the traditional way, there will be a unifying concept, whether that be in the approach to the music stylistically or lyrically in terms over the overall narrative. And even though there are some themes that revealed themselves later, this one is all over the place,” explains Oliver Wood. “What I really love about this record is that each one of these songs has its own little world. There are diver-se sounds and vibes from one track to the next.”
Building off the success of their previous studio album, 2015’s ‘Paradise,’ which was dubbed “the warmest, most sublime and occasionally rowdiest Wood Brothers release yet,” by American Songwriter, the band found themselves at a fortuitous crossroads. Following a tour with Tedeschi Trucks Band, high profile festival dates and sold out headline shows, the band felt free from the cyclical album release, tour, write, record and do-it-all-over-again pressures of the traditional music business. With all three members living in Nashville affording easy access to each other and a wealth of local independent studios at their disposal, they started work in January of 2017 with a new approach.
“Instead of going into one studio and recording it all at the same time, we picked a couple studios, and started to experiment,” says Chris Wood. “Sometimes we’d just make demos of songs to see if we got anything we liked. There was no pressure, and that really freed us up. We just did one or two songs a day, put it aside, let the songs simmer, and then we’d have a fresh perspective on what was working or not working. You need time to go by to gain objectivity.”
The band extended this approach to the mixing process, sending tracks to four different mixing engineers, each selected based on what the song demanded. Scotty Hard (who’s worked extensively with Medeski Martin & Wood, among others) was recruited for the “edgier, funkier tunes,” “Sky High” and “Happiness Jones.” Mike Poole (who worked on The Wood Brothers album ‘The Muse’) mixed “Sparkling Wine” and “Strange As It Seems.” Their old friend Brandon Belle from Zac Brown’s studio Southern Ground took on “Laughin’ Or Crying.” The remainder of the album was mixed by Grammy Award-winning engineer Trina Shoemaker, especially sought after by The Wood Brothers for her work with Brandi Carlile.
While the songs on ‘One Drop of Truth’ achieve the goal of standing on their own, a few common themes did, inevitably, emerge. Water—whether in a teardrop, a storm, a river or a libation—was being used as a metaphor in the search for truth and happiness. Chris Wood’s “Seasick Emotion,” one of two songs he sings on the collection serves as a prime example: “All the blue sky is gone / How can I get out of bed / This hurricane in my head / I’m just a boat in a storm / How can I know where to go / When everything that I know / Is already lost in the wind.”
“That one was written last fall during a hurricane, while at the same time the election was coming up, and there was all this crazy energy in the world,” Chris reveals. “I definitely got swept away emotionally by everything that was going on.”
Album opener, “River Takes the Town,” takes on both figurative and literal meaning. It was completed just as a series of hurricanes were decimating parts of the U.S.: “It's been a few days since I heard any word from you / and I don't sleep easy, I don't sleep easy / and the rain keeps comin’, the rain keeps comin’ / nothin's ever for certain / 'til the levee breaks down / the water comes in and the river / the river takes the town.”
“I remember hearing a news story about a flood in Shreveport, and I wrote the line ‘I hope the levee in Shreveport does what it's supposed to do,’” explains Oliver. “I was writing literally, at first, about how scary it must be when people lose power and communication with those they love. But then the lyrics became a metaphor for something more interpersonal. And by the end of this summer, it seemed to take on new meaning yet again.”
Though emotional struggle is a recurring thread, so is the comforting truth of how much wisdom comes from the hard times. The song “Happiness Jones”, was based on a news article Oliver read about how our society is addicted to happiness, antidepressants, and the distorted “happy” reality social media can depict. As a result, people feel like it’s unnatural to be sad, yet. sadness can be a gift: “All of my wisdom came from all the toughest days / I never learned a thing bein’ happy / all of my sufferin’ came / I didn’t appreciate it / I never learned a thing being happy.”
While the majority of ‘One Drop of Truth’ was written and recorded as a group, the standout track “Strange As It Seems,” described by Chris as, “a classic Oliver song,” was an exception.
“I had recorded it a couple months before Chris and Jano added their parts, so I was excited to see what they would do with it. We talked a lot about it having a dreamlike quality to it. Chris has all these cool sound effects that he can make with the bowed bass, and then Jano played the melodica and the piano on it, and they added exactly the atmosphere that it needed,” explains Oliver. “Conceptually, I almost think of it like a Tim Burton movie, where you go to sleep, and you go into this dream world, to meet your lover, but you do so with purpose. You bring your wallet, you get dressed up, you’re going on a date. The idea being, that you rendezvous in the dream. One of my favorite things about any song is ambiguity, leaving it open to interpretation. Maybe the man and woman in this song are already married, and they’re on separate sides of the bed, and they’re disconnected, so they’re hoping to find a better version of a partner in their dreams. Or, maybe they are two lonely people, in separate places, finding each other in this dreamworld. But at the end of the song, the guy wakes up, and he goes down to the kitchen, and he’s with his wife and it’s a beautiful thing, and they dance in the light. So perhaps there’s also an element of hope, whether they’re lonely, or they’re disconnected, there’s still a connection there, sometimes you have to go to that other level to realize it.”
Fittingly titled, ‘One Drop of Truth,’ the latest entry in The Wood Brothers evolution finds three musicians being true to themselves. At a point in their career where most artists would be looking to strategically position themselves for even greater commercial success, they instead turned to artistic expression in service of the muse. In chaotic times when honesty is in short supply and ulterior motives seem to always be at play, The Wood Brothers put faith in themselves and ultimately their audience by writing and recording a collection of songs that is honest and pure. As they sing on the album’s title track: “Rather die hungry / than feasting on lies / Give me one drop of truth / I cannot deny.”
Priscilla Renea is an artist and songwriter born in Florida and based in Los Angeles. Priscilla is best known for penning hit records for pop artists including Kelly Clarkson’s 2018 Grammy Nominated single “Love So Soft,” Rihanna’s “California King Bed,” Kesha’s “Timber,” Fifth Harmony’s “Worth It,” and Miranda Lambert and Carrie Underwood’s “Something’ Bad.” Priscilla is now embarking on the next leg of her career - releasing her debut album Coloured. Coloured is a genre blending album that incorporates elements of pop, R&B, and country music with soulful undertones. She traveled back and forth between Nashville and Los Angeles to create Coloured, collaborating both with country’s top songwriters (Ashley Gorley, Kevin Kadish) and hip-hop’s top producers (Honorable C.N.O.T.E., Sauce, Theron Feemster). Coloured, which Renea describes as “a big gumbo of everything that’s happening in my life,” showcases her powerhouse voice and engaging story-telling on such classic urban-soul ballads as “Heavenly,” “If I Ever Loved You,” and “Let’s Build A House” (the latter two Renea co-wrote with Nashville A-lister Ashley Gorley), as well as rule-breaking country-inspired tunes like the autobiographical “Family Tree,” “Jonjo,” and “Gentle Hands.”
Who’s Going
The Native Tongue Fest - Celebrating 30 yrs of Hip Hop
Fri, July 19
Beyoncé vs Rihanna Summer Dance Party
Sat, July 20
Hot In Herre: 2000s Dance Party
G Jones (CANCELLED)
Mynx featuring Vodkatrina, Tezrah, and DJ CYD
The Wood Brothers with Priscilla Renea
Thursday, January 17 · Doors 7:00 PM at 9:30 Club
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Next > 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 < Previous page
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Saint Boniface, Murdered near Dokkum
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The Viking Age
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Modest Mussorgsky, Russian Composer
Modest Mussorgsky, Russian Composer >
Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky, one of the Russian composers known as the Five, was an innovator of Russian music. He strove to achieve a uniquely Russian musical identity, often in deliberate defiance of the established conventions of Western music. Many of his major works were inspired by Russian history, Russian folklore, and other nationalist themes, including the opera Boris Godunov, the orchestral tone poem Night on the Bald Mountain, and the piano suite Pictures at an Exhibition. For many years Mussorgsky's works were mainly known in versions revised or completed by other composers. Many of his most important compositions have recently come into their own in their original forms, and some of the original scores are now also available.
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky
Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky, one of the Russian composers known as the Five, was an innovator of Russian music. He strove to achieve a uniquely Russian musical identity, often in deliberate defiance of the established conventions of Western music. Many of his major works were inspired by Russian history, Russian folklore, and other nationalist themes, including the opera Boris Godunov, the orchestral tone poem Night on the Bald Mountain, and the piano suite Pictures at an Exhibition. For many years Mussorgsky's works were mainly known in versions revised or completed by other composers. Many of his most important compositions have recently come into their own in their original forms, and some of the original scores are now also available. More...
Related > Composers • Aries • March 21 • Music • Russia • People
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Nikolai Andreyevich Rimsky-Korsakov was a Russian composer, one of five Russian composers known as The Five, and was later a teacher of harmony and orchestration. Mainly known for his symphonic works, especially the popular symphonic suite Sheherazad...
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Joseph-Maurice Ravel was a, best known for his orchestral work, Boléro, and his famous 1922 orchestral arrangement of Modest Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition. He himself had described Boléro as "a piece for orchestra without music". Ravel's orc...
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Laura O'Neill, co-founder Van Leeuwan Ice Cream
Laura O'neill
A chance meeting in London would eventually lead Australian Laura O’Neill to Brooklyn, where she would become a co-founder of Van Leeuwen Artisan Ice Cream. Growing the business from two food trucks to shops on both coasts, Laura talks to us about the hectic life of an entrepreneur and “fitting it all in.”
You’re a fellow Australian! How long have you been in New York?
I’m originally from Melbourne and have been here for just over nine years.
You’re almost an official New Yorker.
I originally came here on a whim—I had no idea I would stay this long. I met Ben Van Leeuwen, who is one of my business partners, in London when he was studying abroad. He is American and I was in London visiting my brother. We ended up dating, and I moved to Brooklyn with him after I graduated university. We actually got married, although we’re currently separated. Right before I moved, he called me with the idea for the business. The initial idea was very loose, a different take on the ice-cream truck. I was totally onboard and it was great timing because I didn’t have any work lined up in New York.
Had you had any experience in food before?
I worked in event production in Melbourne. None of us have had any formal culinary training. My mom and my sister are vegan, and my dad is an amazing cook, so I had that interest and experience through them. I also think it’s different in Australia—we grow up with amazing fresh produce, bread and local markets.
Make time for the things you care about. You can’t just bury yourself in work.
The bread here is like a loaf of sugar.
There are a million ingredients you aren’t aware of. That was kind of our philosophy with the ice cream when we first started. We were so surprised when we started looking at what was already in the market; there were so many strange and unnatural ingredients. We were like, “Why can't it just be milk, cream, sugar and eggs?” We wanted to make really pure ice cream.
It still kind of feels like we’re in the beginning stages of the business, even though we’re almost a decade in.
How did the business get started?
Ben had actually driven ice-cream trucks before as a summer job when he was younger, sort of like Mister Softee. He was driving in New York one day and noticed that there wasn’t a really great, well-designed truck around. I was onboard when he told me the idea, and Ben’s brother Pete was also in. We wrote a short business plan together. Initially we thought we would be able to find a really good brand of ice cream to sell in our trucks, but it became clear really quickly that there wasn’t anything around that was going to meet our standards. We realized the ice cream we had in mind didn’t actually exist yet. We would get samples and they would be full of corn syrup, gum and all these stabilizers. We would have to make the product ourselves.
We ended up raising $80,000 from friends and family, and by taking out a line of credit. That allowed us to buy two trucks and have them fitted out, and get the first production run of ice cream done. We would go out and sell everyday and everything went straight back into the business.
Not having had any food production experience, how did the first batch of ice cream actually come about?
We started by looking to chefs that we respected. I remember looking at Thomas Keller’s recipes—they are all classic French cooking, lots of egg yolks and heavy cream.
To start, we wanted to perfect a few classic flavors: chocolate, strawberry, vanilla, mint chip. We didn’t want to do any crazy flavors just for the hell of it. We wanted to make the classics the best they could be. We researched: “Who makes the best chocolate. Where did it come from? Which chocolate has no preservatives in it?” We wanted everything that went into the ice cream to be as pure as it could be. For the pistachio flavor, we tried nuts from Iran and California until we learned that Sicilian pistachios are the best. We get our pistachio paste from Bronte in Sicily.
The three of us lived together at the time, and we had a small ice-cream maker that we would use to test recipes. Once we had the flavors and the recipes down, we found a factory upstate to make larger batches.
Our ice cream has always been 100% our recipes. We have now moved production to Greenpoint, which is why we can do so many different flavors now.
We’ve also introduced vegan ice cream. Those flavors came about the same way. A lot of vegan ice cream is based from coconut, almond or soy and then filled with a bunch of stuff to give it the right consistency. We knew there were fats that could do the same thing using plant-based products.
So the business started with the three of you driving the trucks around?
The first summer was crazy. It was the three of us working, although we did have a few friends who would help us out on the weekends. The hours were long, but when it's your own business you don’t really set boundaries for yourself. We did eventually learn that we needed to start hiring people, delegating and sharing the load, otherwise we wouldn't have been able to grow the business.
Were the trucks popular at first?
From the moment we first opened the truck window! We pulled up in Soho on the first day, and people gravitated towards it because the truck looked really great. Then they would try the product and really respond to it. Our ice cream doesn't make you feel bad because its ingredients are things your body knows how to deal with. We got written up in the New York Times that first summer, which was amazing.
That’s awesome! And now you have stores around New York and LA.
The first store was in Greenpoint, which opened in 2010. Opening the first store was incredible but also a little bit scary because once you open a store, that's it. You're open unless you close.... and if you close, you failed. With the truck we had more flexibility; they could be strictly seasonal, or not go out if the weather was bad. It’s been amazing to have a profitable store, and we quickly added coffee so we could have a year-round business.
Are the trucks still part of the business?
Yes. We have four trucks in New York and two of them in LA.
Everyone must ask you this, but what’s your favorite flavor?
We make a passion fruit sporadically that I really love. That one we're going to be doing in pints soon. Actually, we just redid our packaging and we're going to be rolling that out in a couple of months for grocery stores. Plus, we're adding tons of new flavors.
The three of you also run another business together, right?
Yes! It’s an Indonesian restaurant in Greenpoint called Selamat Pagi. We’ve had it for about four years now. It came about because there was a storefront section of our Greenpoint office and factory. We wanted to use that space. We all really love Indonesian food and have traveled to Bali a lot. The philosophy of the food echoes what we do with Van Leeuwen. Traditional dishes made well with local ingredients.
How do you feel about where you guys are now?
I feel like we’ve had like a fairly unconventional path. We are successful as a business, but it’s not like we have a ton of money behind us. We never had to take on a second round of investment, which is amazing because it means we have complete control over what we do.
The three of us still wear a bunch of different hats because we are still a small company. I feel really grateful because I like being my own boss. I have the freedom to do whatever I want within reason. It means I can make the time to do things outside of work. I’m in a band and it’s great to be able to go out of town to play shows, to have the freedom to do that.
I don’t know how you do all this! What’s your band called?
Laura and Greg. We have been playing for about two years. We recently played the Northside Festival, and are currently working on our new album. I guess it’s garage pop. I sing and then I play keyboard and then Greg plays guitar and sings.
It’s really important to balance your life. You can fit everything in. Try things now that you want to do, don’t wait. For me that has most recently been music. Make time for the things you care about. You can’t just bury yourself in work. I think it’s especially easy to do in New York, because time moves so quickly here.
New York is really hard to sum up. I feel as though I really see what I love about New York when I'm away from here. The energy is undeniable and suits a busy mind like mine. I think one day I'll wake up and be ready to leave, but it hasn't happened yet.
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Damian Hinds – 2018 Speech at the Confederation of School Trusts Conference
Below is the text of the speech made by Damian Hinds, the Secretary of State for Education, on 11 October 2018.
Good morning everyone. I am delighted to be able to join you for this historic conference – the official launch of the Confederation of School Trusts.
Together you have long been a strong and essential voice for the power of setting school leaders free when it comes to raising school standards.
As the Freedom and Autonomy for Schools National Association, for some years now you have worked alongside government to make sure more schools and school leaders have the freedom to make the best decisions on behalf of their pupils and their communities.
Under the leadership of Leora Cruddas, I know the next few years will be just as productive. And I know – new name aside – you will continue to be an important voice for the autonomy and for the benefit of multi-academy trusts.
Today, it is more clear than ever that your voice is needed.
Our country has a long and complex history when it comes to the status and structure of our schools.
If you just look at the last few decades we’ve had the introduction and then ending of grant maintained status followed by the City Technology Colleges – really the genesis of academies, then the first academies under Tony Blair, followed by their massive expansion under this government.
Slowly and surely, most have come to accept a fundamental point: it is heads and school leaders that should be in the driving seat for deciding what is best for their schools, accountable to their pupils and parents.
Today I want to re-make the case for freedom, for diversity, and for accountability in our school system.
For going forwards, not backwards, as we strive to achieve a world-class education for every child, whatever their background.
It’s worth, first of all, underlining just how far we’ve come on improving our schools these last eight years. Thanks to the hard work and dedication of our teachers and school leaders.
There are 163,000 more six-year-olds now on track to be fluent readers than in 2012.
A reformed curriculum and qualifications.
We have seen the attainment gap between disadvantaged pupils and their peers narrow across all stages of education.
But the job isn’t finished.
I want every child, in every classroom, in all parts of the country to have a world-class education.
No one left behind, whatever their background. That is what I will strive to achieve.
And I’ve said many times since I took this job that education is a people business. There are no and there can be no great schools without great teachers and great leaders…
As you know, in everything we’ve been doing to improve education these last few years, we have put a strong focus on handing power back to schools, back to school leaders – recognising that you are the ones best placed to make the right decisions for your pupils, your communities.
It’s when you give good people the power to make their own decisions that you unleash their creativity, allow them to drive improvements based on what they know works.
To this end we have opened hundreds of new Free Schools, drawing in talent and expertise from different groups and backgrounds, giving local communities and parents more freedom and choice, so every child can go to a good local school that suits their needs.
Take the Reach Academy, Feltham, a small school set up in an area of high deprivation by a group of teachers who felt that pupils don’t always flourish in larger educational settings.
The size of the school allows teachers to work closely with parents and pupils they have high expectations for what every child can achieve. And the results are impressive, Ofsted rated the school ‘outstanding’ in 2014, and the school was one of the top performing schools nationally for progress in 2017.
We have also helped many more schools become an academy and join a Multi Academy Trust.
The vision behind Multi Academy Trusts is a simple one. It’s about schools coming together to achieve more than they can on their own.
Whereas in the past schools could be trapped in poorly-performing Local Authorities that lacked the capacity to help them improve. Now there is real choice for schools – they’re not just prisoners of their geography they can join a Multi Academy Trust and get the support they need to improve.
And the support they need to innovate.
Take WISE Academies in the North East, which – since 2012 – has taken on nine sponsored academies all of which previously had significant performance concerns.
This trust has reduced teacher workload through more efficient lesson planning and the creation of shared learning resources they have introduced new ways of teaching such as maths mastery techniques brought over from Singapore.
What is the result? Every school that has been inspected since joining the trust has been judged as ‘good’ or ‘outstanding’.
Going back further, there are schools like King Solomon Academy, which opened as a new academy as part of the Ark network in 2007.
Serving a highly diverse community in one of the most economically disadvantaged wards in London, Ark King Solomon has twice been judged ‘outstanding’ by Ofsted. While the Academy’s Progress 8 scores in 2016 and 2017 were among the best in the country.
Are there examples of trusts where things have gone wrong and children have been let down? Yes.
Should we accept that? No, not for a moment. Rare as these cases are, I’ll be talking more about how we prevent them from happening again in a moment.
Each and every year there are new examples of leading Multi Academy Trusts turning around languishing schools and improving results.
And, in addition, we’re seeing trailblazing schools and school trusts seizing the chance to innovate. It should not surprise us that the majority of academy schools choose to become so.
But let’s step back a moment. What would happen if this was reversed? And we took power away from heads and school leaders?
At the end of key stage 4, pupils in secondary free schools have made more progress on average than pupils in other types of state-funded schools.
Today, in the Academy Programme, more than half a million children now study in a good or outstanding sponsored academy, which typically replaced underperforming schools. Of the schools taken out of local authority control and made into a sponsored academy, by the end of last year, 65 per cent of those which had been inspected saw their grades improve from inadequate to either good or outstanding.
The other great thing about our system today is that it addresses failure. In the past, schools that failed were allowed to stay under local authority control for far too long. The academies changed all that.
Consider Beaver Green Primary School in Ashford, Kent – a school judged Inadequate by Ofsted in 2013 and with a long history of underperformance. It became an academy in 2015 and last year the school was Ofsted-rated Good in all areas, with the Early Years Provision being rated as outstanding.
Or how about Newfield Secondary School in Sheffield – it was inadequate from 2006 until October 2010.
But when the school became an academy it really started to improve.
And it was inspected in March 2017 for the first time as an academy and was judged Good.
What I hope is clear from me is that my strategy is to trust you to get on with the job.
Let me give you an example. Take mobile phones.
We heard a couple of months ago how France would be banning mobile phones in schools.
Please be in no doubt what I think about mobile phones.
I firmly believe that kids in schools should not be on their phones. I strongly support schools that ban phones.
But when people asked me if I was going to follow the example of France and impose a national ban – I said no.
Because that’s autonomy in practice. Heads know best how to run their schools and achieve the objectives they want without any unintended consequences. And meanwhile we have given teachers the powers to confiscate phones if necessary, and also to investigate cyber bullying that goes on beyond the school gates.
There are other areas where I want to proactively stress schools’ autonomy.
One thing I’ve realised doing this job is that too often schools get told that my department or Ofsted expect them to follow the latest fads and fashions in the sector, no matter how time-consuming for teachers and how little evidence there is that they actually benefit the child…
I’m talking about things like excessive progress monitoring, annotated seating plans, triple marking, deep marking, DIRT marking, colour coded marking, you-name-it marking. All things that have added, quite unnecessarily, to teacher workload over the years.
That’s why I asked Professor Becky Allen to chair a workload advisory group, to understand why schools are drowning in data and make recommendations to change this. Their report will be published soon, and will set out actions to give schools greater flexibility in the choices they make about how data is used.
And that’s why Amanda Spielman, myself and others recently made a video stressing that schools are free to follow their own judgement when it comes to lesson plans, the data they collect, the marking policies. I say it again: you don’t need to do any of this for me, for DfE, for Ofsted.
So what next for our school system?
Earlier in the year I launched our latest round of applications to become a free school – specifically targeting areas where there is a real demand for good schools.
And yet again we’ve had a great deal of interest… I’m looking forward to launching the next wave soon.
And from Monday we will start receiving bids to open special and alternative provision free schools. We are also inviting applications from our best universities to open new maths schools.
In 2015, there were around 3,200 Academies and Free Schools in Multi Academy Trusts. We have now around 6,200 this year and I think that’s a trend which will continue. In the last 12 months, we have received 600 applications to convert to an academy.
At the same time there will still be diversity – this is one of the strengths of our education system.
Ultimately a good school is a good school – and that’s what we’re encouraging, whether academies and free schools, the maintained sector, comprehensives, grammar schools, faith schools and more.
We’re also encouraging more people from different professions and backgrounds to sign up to be governors and trustees.
We have already had some success in recruiting trustees from business and industry through our Academy Ambassadors programme to sit on boards.
And in June I issued a call to arms, urging individuals to sign up, and their employers to let them… At the same time the National Governance Association launched their Everyone on Board campaign.
And since then we’ve seen the number of people registering their interest to be a governor through our Inspiring Governance programme double – with over 200 signing up every month.
I also want to say a few words about accountability.
Of course, autonomy can never be absolute. Otherwise we’re talking about autocracy.
Clearly, accountability remains vital.
And, as I said earlier, children only have one chance at an education – they all deserve the best.
That’s why we have Ofsted, inspections and performance measures.
We now have a better assessment system for schools.
Whereas once we measured a school’s performance by its A-C pupils – now, through progress 8, everyone’s progress counts, everyone’s performance is measured.
This stops a disproportionate focus on the C/D borderline, to the detriment of others at both ends of the scale.
And it’s fairer to those schools with the challenging intakes. It properly captures the progress they actually make on behalf of their pupils – by taking into account where they started.
There’s still improvements we can make.
First and foremost, I don’t want our accountability system to stifle schools and drive workload – I want it to be supportive, helping schools that need it to improve, intervening only where there’s failure, and leaving the rest to get on with it.
To this end, I recently published a statement setting out key principles for how I see the accountability system working in the future, which we will be consulting on shortly. In the future, an Ofsted Inadequate judgement alone would lead to hard action to convert a Local Authority maintained school to an academy. And schools will no longer face those visits from Regional Schools Commissioners’ advisers that can feel a lot like inspections.
On those rare occasions when a school is failing – be in no doubt – we will intervene fast and take the serious action necessary. We will also offer support to schools that need it sooner – preventing failure before it happens.
What about MAT accountability?
Trusts clearly have an increasingly important role in our system and we need to make sure that our system of oversight and decision-making keeps up with this. Of course, as this audience is aware, we already hold MATs to account in many ways.
When it comes to finances, academies are in fact more transparent in their reporting than other schools, for example independent scrutiny of annual accounts.
It’s because we have this transparency we know all about it when there are failures – and we are well-placed to take swift action.
For example, recently strengthening the requirements in the Academies Financial Handbook on related party transactions and executive pay.
There’s more we can do however. I want you to have confidence that our assessments are transparent and fair. And I want to make sure that schools and parents can easily access vital information about a particular trust, and the performance of the system as a whole.
I have also been clear that I do not want to introduce anything that would create more workload for teachers, leaders, and governors.
It’s about getting the balance right between effective assessment – without imposing new burdens with little benefit.
That is why I am working with the sector to figure out how this will work.
In particular I want to hear proposals from MAT and school leaders; your views are crucial.
So during this term we will be getting out and talking to the sector, unions and, importantly, school leaders themselves. We are convening roundtables and meetings with trust chairs and CEOs across the country.
I know that CST are thinking about what a new model of MAT assessment might look like and will be sharing that with us, so as members I encourage you to contribute to that.
Freedom. Diversity. Accountability.
That is the school system I believe in.
And I think it’s the system you believe in too.
I have met many headteachers and many school trusts since taking on this job including those serving some of our most disadvantaged communities. And I know they are driven by a deep sense of mission and a moral desire to provide equality of opportunity to all pupils, wherever they are born and whatever their background.
To them, to you, I have a simple message: thank you.
Looking back on all the reforms we’ve made these last eight years – we’ve come a long way. In particular, narrowing the attainment gap between children from different backgrounds. And yet – that gap is still too wide.
Some places have seen dramatic gains, but others still need extra help.
We must keep going, spreading opportunity to the parts of the country where children are still let down by the depth and breadth of education available. Every child should be able to go to a great school.
I want us to move forwards, together, working with organisations like yours. Listening to you and, yes, being challenged by you.
Working together to offer every child a world-class education.
CategoriesUncategorized Tags2018, Damian Hinds, Speeches
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Nyaudo sets off plans for Vihiga rematch
The Don is hoping to guide the team to another win over Vihiga United in the third meeting this season, this time in the SportPesa Shield
Head coach Dunstan Nyaudo has a tough task to prepare the team for the clash against Vihiga United in the SportPesa Shield, which comes just seven days after the Sunday 15th July league game which Ulinzi Stars won 2 – 0.
The match will be staged at the Mumias Sports Complex once again and they coach admits it will be another very tricky affair but has assured of good planning and a few chances.
Third meeting
The third round clash in the knockout competition will be the third meeting in the history of the two sides with Vihiga having won the first ever meeting, at Afraha Stadium in April.
“It will be a tricky game for us because after winning this one they will want to stop us in the next, and honestly they are a good side; very technical and fast.
“I will definitely have to change a few things; every game comes with its strategy and having played them here and won, they will definitely have some strategy for us as well, so we have to change our tactics,” he said.
Good planning
The coach added that the Sunday win was a factor of good planning for the game and lauded the state of the pitch at the Mumias Sports Complex.
“With good planning it is always very easy to get your targets; we had planned well for this match and we knew what we wanted. We also took advantage of the good playing surface. It is not easy to get such a surface in Kenya,” he added.
The team resumes training on Tuesday 17th July to prepare for the SportPesa Shield game.
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Feast-day Texts Places Images
The eldest son of Brychan in the Brychan genealogies, his cult was an important one in Brycheiniog by the end of the twelfth century, as Gerald of Wales attests. Central to it was a relic, a torque or arm-ring, which was seen and described by Gerald, and is also mentioned, and imbued with various miraculous powers, in practically all the other sources: the genealogical accounts, two later medieval poems, and a tale collected from ‘the poor ignorant country people’ of Breconshire early in the eighteenth century. Several of the accounts describe or try to explain signs of damage on the torque, apparently a notable feature of the relic.
The principal focus of the cult seems to have been at Merthyr Cynog BRE. Other dedications are mostly in and near BRE, but there are inevitably uncertainties since Cynog was a recurrent name in early Wales, and other characters – including, for instance, David’s successor as bishop of St Davids – may also appear in place-names and dedications. Of the geographical outliers here, it might be suggested that the three PEM and CRM place-names (including a second, now lost, instance of Merthyr Cynog) may involve a different Cynog, perhaps the bishop, but this cannot be known for certain. Although isolated to the north, there is some context to suggest that the eponym of Llangynog MTG was identified with the son of Brychan, at least by the eighteenth century.
Knowledge of Cynog as Brychan’s son seems also to have reached Ireland and Cornwall, though nothing of substance is known, and most of the other names associated in Irish and Cornish traditions with Brychan’s wider family have little or nothing in common with those found in Welsh sources (Orme 2000: 29; Padel 2002: 319; EWGT 32–4, 133–4; Ó Riain 1985: 178–9; also the discussion in CynogDE).
LBS ii, 264–71; TWS 178–84; Parsons 2013: 68–72; WCD 212–13; also Bowen 1969: 107–8; Evans and Francis 1994–5; Jones 1972; Thomas 1994: 131–62.
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whatgs.com
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Athi-Patra Ruga wins Grand Prize at the 11th Edition of Rencontres de Bamako in Mali
WHATIFTHEWORLD is pleased to announce that Athi-Patra Ruga has been awarded the Seydou Keïta Prize (Grand Prize) of Les Rencontres de Bamako by the Malian Ministry of Culture. Ruga’s work is included in the Pan African Exhibition at the National Museum of Mali, as part of the Rencontres de Bamako/ biennale africaine de la photographie which will run until the 31 of January 2018.
The selected artists – as witness bearers and agents for change for Africa – have been invited to examine the transformations of the modern world and possible new developments for the continent. By means of the various projects chosen, this collective exhibition showcases the scope of possibilities and unprecedented freedom of the artists in depicting the world for us. The project is similar to what Achille Mbembe has called “the memory’s poetic output”: a work of reassembly in the present, producing meaning. Through their great diversity of approaches and visual languages, the 40 artists and collectives generate alternative narratives about Africa that build new bonds with the past, shed light on the present and open up perspectives for the future. After Bamako, the 11th Rencontres will be shown in the Netherlands in April 2018 in partnership with the Museum of World Cultures.
For more information on the awards click here and for more information on the biennale click here.
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HiRISE camera may uncover Mars 3
Published Apr 24, 2013 12:07am
By Mark Armao
By Desiree Guerrero 07/16/19 2:48am
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Alfred McEwen, a professor of planetary geology and principal investigator for HiRISE, stands in front of a model of the HiRISE camera. The camera may have revealed the location of a long-lost Soviet probe known as Mars 3.
The UA-operated HiRISE camera, which takes high-resolution images of Mars while orbiting the planet, may have revealed the location of a long-lost Soviet probe.
Aided by a group of Russian space enthusiasts, the HiRISE team has identified several features that may be hardware from Mars 3. Launched in 1971, the probe successfully landed on Mars before losing communication after about 15 seconds.
The HiRISE camera is attached to the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, which was launched in 2005.
The MRO is piloted by Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif. The camera takes images with a resolution of two gigapixels, which is 2 billion pixels per image. That kind of resolution is usually only available to the military, said Alfred McEwen, a professor of planetary geology and principal investigator for HiRISE.
The images produced by HiRISE are used to study the geology and meteorology of Mars and scout landing sites for prospective missions. Although more than 29,000 of the massive pictures of Mars have been taken so far, McEwen said that only 2 percent of the planet has been imaged.
The images are checked, processed and released to the public and scientific communities within about a month of being taken, said Ari Espinoza, outreach coordinator for HiRISE.
The camera also shoots existing operations on Mars, as well as the possible locations of lost missions.
“It’s fun. It’s like CSI,” McEwen said. “[We’re] figuring out what happened by taking spy images.”
In 2007, HiRISE targeted the area where Mars 3 was supposed to have landed.
“It seemed like a real long shot because it could have been a much wider area where it could have landed,” McEwen said.
A group of Russian space enthusiasts crowdsourced the images in the hopes of finding Mars 3.
They identified features they believe to be the parachute, heat shield and lander.
However, even with a highly sophisticated imaging device like HiRISE, identifying objects on the surface of Mars is largely guesswork.
“The problem with these images is that the lander, for instance, is about a meter across,” said Davin Flateau, a planetary sciences graduate student who coincidentally began his own search for Mars 3 shortly before the Russian findings were announced. “Unfortunately, there are a lot of rocks that are about a meter across that look a lot like this lander, so it’s very difficult to tell.”
If the features turn out to be Mars 3, it would solve a mystery that has persisted in Russian aeronautical history for more than 40 years. But no one can say for sure. McEwen said he is “51 percent convinced.”
Whether or not the HiRISE team can confirm that it found features of Mars 3, in October 2014, HiRISE will turn its detectors away from Mars and toward a comet that will make a close flyby, in order to study its composition. The camera will get one of the highest resolution images of a comet’s core ever taken.
Danny Pagano, a student validator for the project, said he’s excited to see the images of the comet, which might have formed alongside the early solar system more than 4 billion years ago.
“It’s like opening a tomb that nobody’s been in since it was sealed,” Pagano said.
HiRISE and the MRO have outlasted their expected lifetimes and at some point the hardware will fail. McEwen said he’s not looking forward to that day, but he is satisfied with the work that has been done so far.
“It’s always sad to see something you’ve worked on a long time go,” McEwen said. “But it’s all just bonus time now, and you can’t complain about it ending at any time.”
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Wollaston Bridge
The heritage listed Wollaston Bridge, constructed in 1890, is one of Warrnambool's most iconic landmarks.
The bridge is of aesthetic, architectural and historical significance – it is one the oldest cable suspension bridges in Victoria and one of the most striking.
Spanning the Merri River, the bridge was privately funded, which was unusual at the time, and served as the entrance to the Wollaston estate.
Thirty metres long, the timber bridge is suspended on steel cables and anchored by four steel-capped stone pillars.
The cables used were recycled from the Hawthorn cable car, a cable tram which operated in Melbourne.
A new structure was built in 1967 to cater for vehicles crossing the river, with the Wollaston Bridge now catering exclusively for pedestrians.
As well as being a magnificent structure in its own right, the Wollaston Bridge is an excellent vantage point to see native birds, fish and even platypuses in their natural environment.
This website is owned and run by Warrnambool City Council
PO Box 198, 25 Liebig Street, Warrnambool Victoria 3280
Phone: 1300 003 280 (local call) or (03) 5559 4800
All Content Copyright © Warrnambool City Council 2017
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Mascarita Sagrada Interview
By: Stephen Ashfield
After their successful shows in London in July, the Lucha Libre stars from Mexico will be making their return to the Roundhouse for five shows from December 6th to 9th including a matinee at 2pm on December 7th. Confirmed to appear are El Hijo del Santo, NWA World Heavyweight Champion Blue Demon Jr. Solar, Cassandro, Mystyco de Juárez, Silver King, Hijo del Solitario, Magno, Mascarita Sagrada, Octagoncito, Corazon de Barrio 'El Aventurero', Exotico 'La Chiqulla' Ruby Gardenia, El Lobo, Pequeño Pierrot, Athor, Anibal Jr.,
The music is in the hands of MC Greg McLaren 'El Caballero Ingles' and DJ Toy Selectah of the Mexican super group Control Machete.
Prices for shows at 7pm on December 6, 7, 8, 9 range from £20 to £60 with ringside seats £75. Group discounts are available with 20% off for groups of eight or more and 30% for groups of 16 or more. Tickets for the matinee range from £20 to £50 with ringside seats costing £60. Up to two children can get in half price if accompanied by a full paying adult. Tickets can be booked on 0844 482 8008 and more information at LuchaLibreLondon.com and Roundhouse.org.uk
One of the stars of the show on their first tour was former WWE and TNA star Mascarita Sagrada, here he talks about his career and what we can expect to see in London in December.
What first got you interested in professional wrestling and why did you decide that you wanted to be a wrestler not just a fan?
I never actually had much interest in wrestling as a profession; I wasn’t much of a fan to tell you the truth. I’ve always been honest about this, it all happened by accident. I used to box and practice martial arts, so I went to the gym to train and one day by accident there were people training wrestling and I liked it very much because it was very different from the martial arts I was practicing, mainly kung fu. Kung fu, like wrestling, became a hobby. Later on there was a call for mini wrestlers from CMLL and some friends encouraged me to try out. The rest, is history….
How did people react when they found out you wanted to be a pro wrestler?
My mother was the one who was opposed the most, she thought that since I was little everybody would just make fun of me, and she never wanted that for me. When she found out I was going to wrestle she cried, but when I explained to her why I was doing it she accepted it and wished me luck. As far as my friends, they were always very proud of me seeing me in the ring.
You were trained by Muralla Sangrienta I and Sr. Genaro Contreras, how did you find the experience?
As with any sport, you have to be disciplined and dedicated to it, even though it is very hard and dangerous to tell you the truth. I am able to maintain my level because I have never stopped training.
How excited are you about the forthcoming shows in the United Kingdom?
Without a question i'm excited about it. For me it’s another accomplishment in my career. After 18 years in the ring, I’m still capable of leaving the fans excited and satisfied about my matches. I hope the lovely people of London are part of this.
For readers who haven’t got that much experience of the Mexican wrestling scene, can you tell us a bit about the companies in Mexico and the style of wrestling?
I think that when fans from all over the world don’t know much about Mexican lucha libre, it’s not their fault, but because the Mexican companies have never been able to really promote or show the rest of the world what we are capable of doing, they only care about filling the arenas no matter what.
What can fans expect when they see you in London in December?
As far as we’re concerned, the minis, we always do our best and give our all so that fans go home satisfied.
How many masks do you have and again for those of my readers who aren't too familiar with Mexican wrestling, what is the importance of the mask to you?
I have approximately 15 masks that I’ve taken from opponents. In Mexico, your mask is your most prized possession and losing it the worst that could happen. I’ve never lost mine in 18 years. In Mexico the meaning of the mask is almost sacred, no pun intended. I am proud of mine and have always done my best to protect it.
What are your memories of the ‘All Worlds Collide’ event?
All that I can say is that I was extremely proud to have been invited to this event, and it was huge when it happened. The most amazing thing was seeing Konnan and Perro Aguayo fighting for the fans.
Do you think sometimes that there’s a fear that the comic side of your wrestling might overshadow the skills that you show in the ring?
Definitely not. We do our comic bits, but we never lose track of what’s important, which is the sport itself.
What was your experience in the Juniors Division in WWE like and did you agree with the title ‘The Juniors Division’ or did you find it a bit insulting?
When they called us it was very exciting and we were looking forward to it, but once we were there everything changed drastically. I don’t really care about the name, here in Mexico we’re called MINI SUPERSTARS.
It must have been a disappointment for you when they ended the division?
Truthfully, yes. It was a disappointment. WWE changed things in a way that what we did was not actually our work, but what the matchmaker told us to do. We received a letter from them telling us they were “expecting more from us”, but all we did was follow instructions. The person they assigned to us is the one who truly failed. Had we known what was going to happen, we would’ve disobeyed and done our own thing. In the end, things ended cordially and we were always grateful for the opportunity. Not speaking English hurt us.
How do you feel about that decision now that Hornswoggle has proved to be one of the most popular characters in the company?
Without any disrespect, I don’t know him and I never met him, I’ve heard good things about him and wish him the best, but I have no idea who he is. Let’s hope he is still as popular in 17 years, as we’ve been.
Who have been your toughest opponents?
Without any doubt, the most ruthless and challenging one will always be Espectrito
What companies do you wrestle for at present and what are your ambitions in the future?
I’ve been WITH WWF-WWE, WCW, TNA, AAA, CMLL, FMLL, Lucha VaVoom, many others. There is a possibility of coming back to Europe for a tour too.
You’ve appeared in several films, is acting something you’d like to do more in the future?
Yes. I’ve done many movies like La Revancha (with Atlantis and Octagon), Luchadores de las Estrellas (with Volador and Misterioso), Tierra de Lobos, My Giant (with Billy Crystal), and recently Feast 2 and 3. It’s a lot of work, but a lot of fun, I would love to keep doing movies.
You’ve also been in TNA and appeared at the ‘Victory Road’ PPV, what was it like being in TNA and how do you think the company compared to your time in WWE?
I honestly am very grateful to TNA for the opportunity, and they were wonderful, but nobody compares to WWE.
There’s been problems in recent years with other wrestlers using your name, especially Tsuki, can you tell our readers the problem this caused Tsuki in Minneapolis last year and how you feel about this behaviour?
They’re not really to blame for all the problems. They’re just trying to make a living. The responsible ones are the promoters who hire them. What I hate is that they try to take credit for all my achievements. That, I can’t forgive. They’re good wrestlers in fact, but they should make their own name for themselves, not usurp mine. With Tsuki, it is a more personal problem that I don’t want to talk about, but we have our history. In Minneapolis Mascara Sagrada was going to perform with him and realized he was gonna present himself as me, Mascarita, so he warned him to quit it and confiscated the uniform, since Mascara Sagrada owns the legal rights to my character and I’m the only person he’s ever authorized to be Mascarita Sagrada.
What is it about Bruce Lee that makes you such a fan of his?
Anybody that’s ever practiced martial arts understands this and admires him. He was the real deal, no special effects or lies, he was a perfect athlete and very disciplined and motivated.
Can you tell our readers more about the charitable work that you do, particularly with children?
I’ve always believed that if you receive, you have to give too and I’ve been very blessed in my life. The satisfaction of doing charity work is indescribable, especially when you go visit people that can’t go to the arenas because of an illness. It is an important part of me but I keep it private.
What was it like appearing in the music video of ‘Uruapan Breaks’ by Kinky?
I was very flattered by this invitation, especially because they are not from the wrestling world. It was a lot of fun to be a part of this and I was very excited when I saw the video for the first time. And the nice thing is that it did not end there and we all became friends, I still see them every now and then and have a good friendship with the producer/director of the video.
How can our readers find out more about yourself and your career?
I invite you all to visit my myspace page at myspace. com/mascaritasagrada and if you ever want to contact me directly or ask me a question, you can e-mail me at [elautenticomascarita@yahoo.com.mx]
Thank you for the interview, see you in London! I send all of you a sincere greeting from your always friend, MASCARITA SAGRADA.
Steven Ashfield
- Contact Stephen Ashfield -
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Tag Archives: Cody Johnson
Luke Combs Extends Headlining Tour With New Dates
Luke Combs is extending his headlining Beer Never Broke My Heart Tour with five new dates this fall and winter. New dates on the tour include stops in Los Angeles, San Diego, San Antonio, Louisville and Nashville. Special guests throughout the tour include Morgan Wallen, The Cadillac Three, Flatland Calvary and Jameson Rodgers. For the…… MORE
Listen to Cody Johnson’s New Motown-Inspired Single, “Nothin’ On You”
After scoring his most successful single on the country charts with “On My Way to You” (No. 11), Cody Johnson will ship “Nothin’ On You” to country radio on July 22. Penned by Barrett Baber and Trent Willmon, the new tune is featured on Cody’s 2019 album, Ain’t Nothin’ to It, which debuted at No.…… MORE
Blake Shelton’s Ole Red Nashville to Host 50+ Free Performances During CMA Fest, Including Scotty McCreery, Chris Young, Midland & More
Blake Shelton’s Ole Red Nashville is once again teaming with Spotify to host more than 50 artists during CMA Fest on June 6–9. Ole Red’s “Spotify House” will include an A-list group of performers throughout the week, including Midland, Old Dominion, Lauren Alaina, Hunter Hayes, Lil Nas X, Brantley Gilbert, Maddie & Tae, Scotty McCreery,…… MORE
Brooks & Dunn to Headline Free “CMT Crossroads” With Luke Combs, Brett Young, Midland, Jon Pardi & More
CMT Crossroads is crossing up its playbook for an event in downtown Nashville on June 4 that will feature headliner Brooks & Dunn teaming with a number of country artists. Instead of collaborating with a cross-genre artist—as is the norm on CMT Crossroads—Ronnie Dunn and Kix Brooks will join forces with a number of stars…… MORE
Photo Gallery: Blake Shelton Honored as Dan + Shay, Cole Swindell, Ashley McBryde & More Perform at CRS Lunch
A number of country stars in the Warner Music Nashville stable took the stage at Omni’s Broadway Ballroom for the WMN Lunch at Country Radio Seminar in Nashville on Feb. 13. Country Radio Seminar (CRS) is Nashville’s annual gathering of radio programmers, music executives, media and more. Performers at the inaugural event included Blake Shelton,…… MORE
Kacey Musgraves Sings “Neon Moon” on Brooks & Dunn’s New “Reboot” Album, Cody Johnson Tackles “Red Dirt Road”
Last week, Brooks & Dunn revealed they will release their new album, Reboot, on April 5. The album features an all-star cast of artists performing with country’s greatest duo, including Kacey Musgraves, Kane Brown, Thomas Rhett, Brett Young, Lanco, Ashley McBryde, Midland, Luke Combs, Brothers Osborne, Cody Johnson, Jon Pardi and Tyler Booth. While the…… MORE
Brooks & Dunn to Release New “Reboot” Album Featuring 12 Duets With Thomas Rhett, Kane Brown, Kacey Musgraves, Midland & More
Brooks & Dunn are back in the saddle with a new Reboot album that features an all-star cast of artists performing duets with country’s greatest duo. Artists taking part in the project include Kacey Musgraves, Kane Brown, Thomas Rhett, Brett Young, Lanco, Ashley McBryde, Midland, Luke Combs, Brothers Osborne, Cody Johnson, Jon Pardi and Tyler…… MORE
Texas Traditionalist Cody Johnson Has a New No. 1 Album . . . and Nothing But “Love & Respect for Florida Georgia Line & Sam Hunt”
After releasing six indie albums, Cody Johnson dropped his major-label debut, Ain’t Nothing To It, on Jan. 18. The Sebastopol, Texas, native is now busting out of the chute like one of the bucking bulls he used to ride. Cody’s new 15-song offering debuted at No. 1 on Billboard’s Top Country Albums chart, moving 35,000…… MORE
Houston Rodeo’s 2019 Lineup Features Tim McGraw, George Strait, Luke Bryan, Kacey Musgraves, Chris Stapleton & Many More
Running from February 25 to March 17—yes, 21 days—Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo is one of the largest rodeo and livestock exhibitions in the world. Rodeo Houston features a carnival, a bar-b-que contest, 10K race and some of the best live entertainment in the country. The event pulled in more than 2.4 million attendees during…… MORE
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About the Daniel Island News
Home / News / Berkeley County jail far exceeded capacity every day of 2018
Berkeley County jail far exceeded capacity every day of 2018
Wed, 02/13/2019 - 10:04am admin
Additional resources for jail is ‘high priority,’ states Councilman Josh Whitley
Heath Ellison
In the middle of Moncks Corner lies the Hill-Finklea Detention Center, the Berkeley County Sheriff’s Office’s jail. Rated for a capacity of 291 inmates, the facility has seen many expansions to increase the amount of offenders it can hold, but as Detention Center Director Randy Demory and Sheriff Duane Lewis have said on several occasions, the penitentiary remains part of the 17 percent of U.S. jails at or above capacity.
“In 2018, we averaged 424 [inmates] and that’s not including the average 39 a day we had over in Charleston [County Jail] for overflow,” said Demory.
That same year, the jail peaked at 502 inmates, 73 percent over capacity. On average, 87 percent of the inmates in the Hill-Finklea Detention Center were awaiting their general session court hearing in 2018. Their average stay in the jail was a massive 155 days, roughly five months.
“For the most part, the ones that are sitting here in jail are here a lot longer than that,” explained Demory. “That 155 days includes the people who are out on bond the whole time, but then get found guilty and then come back to jail, and two or three days later, we send them off to prison. They’re pulling the average down.”
This average is heavily exacerbated by the slow wait for an inmate’s trial to begin, and is the key factor that created a plurality of prisoners, added Demory.
Jail-wide, the average stay is 26 days. While that may not sound like much compared to the general sessions court number, it is a significant amount.
“The thing that accounts for jail overcrowding is the number of people coming into the jail and then how long they stay. It’s just a mathematical equation from there,” Demory clarified. “If we could reduce the average length of stay by three days, from 26 days down to 23 days, would reduce the number of inmates in jail on average by 15 inmates a day.”
The most effective solution for the issue is to expand, or build a larger facility, and put more money into the Berkeley County Courthouse to create more courtrooms and “streamline” the legal process. All options are very expensive, but Demory was hesitant to offer up an estimated amount.
Berkeley County Councilman Josh Whitley said that, although there is no specific time frame for when it will appear in front of council, expanding the detention center is a high priority and a capital plan is being devised by new County Supervisor Johnny Cribb.
“As chairman of the courthouse committee for council, it is certainly a priority of mine,” stated Whitley, a Daniel Island resident. “I anticipate the capital plan will be forthcoming in short order and then we will face the difficult task of identifying revenue sources to address it.”
But, even if the money is procured, it won’t be a quick fix.
“If the county decided today, ‘let’s build a new jail,’ then we’re four years away from being able to move into something,” said Demory.
Sending more inmates to the Charleston County jail is one way to treat the symptom, but it does not ameliorate the overall problem.
A larger detention facility would benefit Berkeley County inmates and staff in more ways than one, as Demory described the penitentiary’s kitchen, laundry, and booking and intake areas all as inadequate. Proper medical care is also missing from the Hill-Finklea Detention Center, he said.
“There’s no infirmary in the jail, here. There’s no place to put sick people,” added Demory. “We send a guy up to the hospital, he spends a week in the hospital or something and he comes back to the jail, we just toss him back in the cell. We don’t have any medical observation area to put people.”
The Sheriff’s Office has no other choice but to put more prisoners in each holding cell, leading to cramped, uncomfortable, and invasive living quarters. Demory believes that this creates more regular violence in his jail, and some instances would become less common with a larger facility. “Nobody likes to be compacted so closely,” Demory said. “They don’t have any private space, at all.”
Overcrowding has long been a problem for the Berkeley County Sheriff’s Office. According to the Third Annual Statistical Report, conducted in 2018, the jail’s rated capacity in 1991 was 88, while their inmate count was “around 120.” Three years later, a $4.1 million expansion gave the jail a capacity of 154 inmates.
A 2008 State Jail Inspection reported that the average inmate count for the facility was 431, even though it retained a capacity of 154. Over the next eight years, the number was raised to 291 thanks to a $10 million project to add three additional floors to the Hill-Finklea Detention Center.
Daniel Island Weather
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From the Rev. H. M. Turner: August 17, 1867
From the Rev. H. M. Turner
Christian Recorder: August 17, 1867
Mr. Editor:-- It has been a great while since I penned any thing for your paper, notwithstanding as much of interest has been going on in Georgia, as in any other state in the Union. I am confident, that the progress of our Church in this State has been marvelous; our revivals, camp meetings, quarterly meetings, &c., have all been attended with the greatest success imaginable. I have re-districted my large field of labor, by assigning to the ten elders under me, a subordinate district or precinct, which they have the full control of, subject only to my correction, and I find it works well. For all the deacons and preachers in their district or precinct are subject to the call of these elders when their services are wanted to carry on a protracted meeting. And thus things are moving on smoothly and progressively. And our barking dogs as I learned Superintendent Clinton of the Zion Church called us, at his conference in Augusta, are gathering in scores of members, and planting a number of new fields.
I am sorry to inform you, that things in civil life are assuming a similar shape, to those of last year; though they have not grown quite so ugly yet. Last year our people got along very well with the whites, until the crops were laid by then commenced a series of outrages, by the lower and more imbittered class of whites, upon the colored. But I partly excused it upon the ground, that the crops were cut short by the drought, and fears entertained of being unable to pay the freedmen. But this year God has blessed us with abundant rains, and crops were never better, and as soon as crops are again laid by, I hear of several outrages, which can be justified by no excuses under heaven, no one can say, I desire to get rid of the negro, because I shall not be able to pay him. But this year shall cast the die, the colored people are waiting to see the results of this years treatment, and if it corresponds with the last, not less than 100,000 colored people will leave the state. Though I pray God, such may not be the result, for the State of Georgia needs all the bone and muscle she has got, and more too, to develop her exhaustless resources.
Politically, things are hot, at the boiling point. The contest is bitter between the retrogressive and progressive parties. The opponents of reconstruction are doing all in their power to retard, if not to thwart the measure, while friends of it are actively engaged. But there is no doubt but what the State will go for fair reconstruction, if not radical Republican. Hon. Mr. Hill, one of the leaders of the opposition party, has written several very bitter articles, denouncing every body but him and his, which from their venom and malignant epithets did much harm among the common whites. He wrote some fifteen or sixteen articles which have been copied by most of the conservative papers, notwithstanding they were devoid of reason or consistency. The most they were noted for, were their sarcasms, tirades, &c. Hon. H. V. Johnson wrote one essay on the subject, and said more that was logical, terse and eloquent than Mr. Hill did in fifteen articles.
Mr. John T. Castin formerly of Washington, has of late became Rev. John T. Castin, is here doing great service to our church, and, in behalf of reconstruction, I have known him for years, but never dreamed he possessed such astounding ability as he has evinced in Georgia. While he is not so powerful in the pulpit, as on the political stump, he is nevertheless a power there, and one of the ablest temperance lecturers I ever heard.
Macon, Ga., July 31, 1867
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Lady Emily Octavia Stewart1
F, #95381, b. 1847, d. 7 July 1929
Last Edited=9 Apr 2011
Lady Emily Octavia Stewart was born in 1847. She was the daughter of Randolph Stewart, 9th Earl of Galloway and Lady Harriett Blanche Somerset.1,2 She married Hon. Francis Algernon James Chichester, son of Arthur Chichester, 1st Baron Templemore and Lady Augusta Paget, on 4 February 1875.1 She died on 7 July 1929.1
Her married name became Chichester.
Children of Lady Emily Octavia Stewart and Hon. Francis Algernon James Chichester
Evangeline Blanche Chichester1 b. 4 Feb 1876, d. 5 May 1959
Kathleen Mary Chichester2 b. 23 Mar 1877, d. 19 Jun 1966
Sheelah Maud Emily Chichester+2 b. 17 Feb 1878, d. 11 Mar 1953
Morna Sybil Chichester2 b. 24 Feb 1879, d. 13 Apr 1951
Margaret Rose Chichester2 b. 20 Jul 1880, d. 14 Oct 1966
Shane Randolph Chichester+1 b. 24 Feb 1883, d. 6 Apr 1969
Lady Henrietta Caroline Stewart1
F, #95382, b. 1850, d. 27 April 1930
Lady Henrietta Caroline Stewart was born in 1850. She was the daughter of Randolph Stewart, 9th Earl of Galloway and Lady Harriett Blanche Somerset.1 She married Algernon Turnor, son of Christopher Turnor and Lady Caroline Finch-Hatton, on 3 August 1880.1 She died on 27 April 1930.1
Her married name became Turnor.
Algernon Turnor1
M, #95383, b. 14 November 1845, d. 11 December 1921
Consanguinity Index=0.0%
Algernon Turnor was born on 14 November 1845 at London, EnglandG.2 He was the son of Christopher Turnor and Lady Caroline Finch-Hatton.2 He married Lady Henrietta Caroline Stewart, daughter of Randolph Stewart, 9th Earl of Galloway and Lady Harriett Blanche Somerset, on 3 August 1880.1 He died on 11 December 1921 at age 76.1
He was educated at Eton College, Windsor, Berkshire, EnglandG.2 He graduated from Christ Church, Oxford University, Oxford, Oxfordshire, EnglandG, with a Master of Arts (M.A.)2 He was with the Treasury between 1867 and 1896.2 He was Private Secretary to the Prime Minister, Earl of Beaconsfield in 1874.2 He held the office of Justice of the Peace (J.P.)2 He was Financial Secretary of HM Post Office in 1880.2 He was appointed Companion, Order of the Bath (C.B.) in 1887.1
Child of Algernon Turnor
Major Herbert Broke Turnor+3 b. 22 Aug 1885, d. 21 Feb 1979
[S1605] J.N. Houterman, "re: Crosby Family," e-mail message to Darryl Roger Lundy, 6 February 2006. Hereinafter cited as "re: Crosby Family."
[S8] BP1999 volume 1, page 192. See link for full details for this source. Hereinafter cited as. [S8]
Elizabeth Ann Dixon1
F, #95384, d. 24 March 1871
Elizabeth Ann Dixon was the daughter of George Dixon.1 She married Hon. Francis Algernon James Chichester, son of Arthur Chichester, 1st Baron Templemore and Lady Augusta Paget, on 21 February 1855.1 She died on 24 March 1871.1
Children of Elizabeth Ann Dixon and Hon. Francis Algernon James Chichester
Francis Arthur Chichester1 b. 15 Apr 1859, d. 1860
Augusta Jane Chichester1 b. 15 Apr 1862, d. 12 May 1914
Romedio Graf von Thun und Hohenstein
Child of Romedio Graf von Thun und Hohenstein and Sophia Gräfin von Cassis-Faraone
Florentine Gräfin von Thun und Hohenstein+ b. 1 Jan 1963
Sophia Gräfin von Cassis-Faraone
F, #95386
Sophia Gräfin von Cassis-Faraone is the daughter of Leo August Johannes Friedrich Wilhelm Graf von Cassis-Faraone and Wilhelmina Florentine Fentener von Vlissingen.1
Child of Sophia Gräfin von Cassis-Faraone and Romedio Graf von Thun und Hohenstein
Lukas Romedio Alexander Alfred Antonius Stephan Maria Prinz von und zu Liechtenstein
M, #95387, b. 27 April 1990
Lukas Romedio Alexander Alfred Antonius Stephan Maria Prinz von und zu Liechtenstein was born on 27 April 1990 at Zürich, SwitzerlandG. He is the son of Stefan Carl Prinz von und zu Liechtenstein and Florentine Gräfin von Thun und Hohenstein.
Konrad Emanuel Prinz von und zu Liechtenstein
M, #95388, b. 15 February 1992
Konrad Emanuel Prinz von und zu Liechtenstein was born on 15 February 1992. He is the son of Stefan Carl Prinz von und zu Liechtenstein and Florentine Gräfin von Thun und Hohenstein.
Anna Maria Carolina Prinzessin von und zu Liechtenstein
Anna Maria Carolina Prinzessin von und zu Liechtenstein was born on 24 August 1994. She is the daughter of Stefan Carl Prinz von und zu Liechtenstein and Florentine Gräfin von Thun und Hohenstein.
Alajos Gróf Kálnoky von Köröspatak1
Alajos Gróf Kálnoky von Köröspatak married Sieglinde Freiin von Oer.
Children of Alajos Gróf Kálnoky von Köröspatak and Sieglinde Freiin von Oer
Ludmilla Grófnö Kálnoky von Köröspatak+1 b. 30 Apr 1964
Alexandra Grófnö Kálnoky von Köröspatak b. 9 Jun 1966
Ilona Grófnö Kálnoky von Köröspatak+ b. 9 Mar 1968
Maria Grófnö Kálnoky von Köröspatak+2 b. 16 Jul 1975
[S4360] Hans van den Berg, "re: Dutch Royal Family," e-mail message to Darryl Roger LUNDY (101053), 8 December 2009. Hereinafter cited as "re: Dutch Royal Family."
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Researchers at CERN break “The Speed of Light”
Scientists said on Thursday they recorded particles travelling faster than light - a finding that could overturn one of Einstein's fundamental laws of the universe. Antonio Ereditato, spokesman for the international group of researchers, saidthat measurements taken over three years showed neutrinos pumped from CERN near Geneva to Gran Sasso in Italy had arrived 60 nanoseconds quicker than light would have done.
“We have high confidence in our results. We have checked and rechecked for anything that could have distorted our measurements but we found nothing," he said. "We now want colleagues to check them independently.”
If confirmed, the discovery would undermine Albert Einstein's 1905 theory of special relativity, which says that the speed of light is a "cosmic constant" and that nothing in the universe can travel faster. That assertion, which has withstood over a century of testing, is one of the key elements of the so-called Standard Model of physics, which attempts to describe the way the universe and everything in it works. The totally unexpected finding emerged from research by a physicists working on an experiment dubbed OPERA run jointly by the CERN particle research center near Geneva and the Gran Sasso Laboratory in central Italy.
A total of 15,000 beams of neutrinos - tiny particles that pervade the cosmos - were fired over a period of three years from CERN towards Gran Sasso 730 (500 miles) km away, where they were picked up by giant detectors. Light would have covered the distance in around 2.4 thousandths of a second, but the neutrinos took 60 nanoseconds - or 60 billionths of a second - less than light beams would have taken.
“It is a tiny difference,” said Ereditato, who also works at Berne University in Switzerland, “but conceptually it is incredibly important. The finding is so startling that, for the moment, everybody should be very prudent.”
Ereditato declined to speculate on what it might mean if other physicists, who will be officially informed of the discovery at a meeting in CERN on Friday, found that OPERA's measurements were correct.
“I just don't want to think of the implications,” he said. “We are scientists and work with what we know.”
Much science-fiction literature is based on the idea that, if the light-speed barrier can be overcome, time travel might theoretically become possible. The existence of the neutrino, an elementary sub-atomic particle with a tiny amount of mass created in radioactive decay or in nuclear reactions such as those in the Sun, was first confirmed in 1934, but it still mystifies researchers.
It can pass through most matter undetected, even over long distances, and without being affected. Millions pass through the human body every day, scientists say. To reach Gran Sasso, the neutrinos pushed out from a special installation at CERN - also home to the Large Hadron Collider probing the origins of the universe - have to pass through water, air and rock.
The underground Italian laboratory, some 120 km (75 miles) to the south of Rome, is the largest of its type in the world for particle physics and cosmic research. Around 750 scientists from 22 different countries work there, attracted by the possibility of staging experiments in its three massive halls, protected from cosmic rays by some 1,400 metres (4,200 feet) of rock overhead.
What has happened at CERN?
Scientists say they have clocked neutrinos – tiny particles smaller than atoms – travelling at 300,006 kilometres per second, slightly faster than the speed of light.
Einstein's theory of special relativity says nothing can travel faster than the speed of light in a vacuum, because photons – light particles – have no mass. Proof that neutrinos, mysterious subatomic particles which have a tiny amount of mass, can travel faster would be inconsistent with Einstein's theory.
What are the knock-on effects?
Einstein's theory is critical to the Standard Model of physics that helps explain everything we know about how the universe works, from black holes to the big bang. If it is shown to be flawed, virtually everything in modern physics and the fundamental laws of nature would have to be rethought.
Have the results been proven?
The findings were such a shock that CERN's scientists spent months checking their data before making their announcement. But they have asked American and Japanese teams to confirm the results before they are declared an actual discovery. The data will also be put online overnight so that it can be scrutinised by experts across the world.
Does this mean E does not equal MC squared?
The theory of special relativity was used to spawn the theory that energy is equal to mass multiplied by the speed of light squared. It is premature to discount the most famous equation of all time, but the latest discovery suggests one key assumption it relies on – that nothing can accelerate faster than light – may not be wholly accurate.
April Fools Astronomy CERN Speed of Light
Weather for Kawee April 1, 2018 at 8:16 PM
Let me just check the date.....
Nat the Cat April 7, 2018 at 1:06 AM
This same article has been around since at least 2012 and the telegraph in the UK later printed one about how it all just a faulty wire. I'm thinking this was some nerds idea of an April Fool's joke, eh?
José Juan Díaz Caballero April 7, 2018 at 6:46 AM
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faster-than-light_neutrino_anomaly
Have you thought about how fast darkness travel? For light to push darkness out something must be going in front of the light? You cant turn darkness on but you can turn light on.? So light is a stronger force or energy form than darkness as darkness cant elimanate light but light elimanates darkness? Just some thoughts that flow throught my brain which l think is faster than light ?
Deal Ebanks April 18, 2018 at 1:37 PM
Oh no ...u on to sumting
MaxEffectUSA
Darkness is merely the absence of light such as cold is the absence of heat.
What i wonder is, does the light appears as fast as it disappears?
Christopher Franko April 1, 2018 at 9:54 PM
rubik April 1, 2018 at 10:53 PM
it was posted April, 2nd wasn't it? post just appears faster
Unknown April 3, 2018 at 4:50 AM
Physics-blogger April 1, 2018 at 10:53 PM
April fool.
Lightwave April 6, 2018 at 2:00 PM
Dark is faster than light. No matter how fast light travels, dark is already there.
Roy Font April 6, 2018 at 8:43 PM
Uh, no. Dark matter is already there until introduced with other matter such as light. The natural environment IS darkness. 65% of the universe is darkness , waiting, waiting, for an introduction, an infusion of light.
ronwass April 7, 2018 at 9:12 AM
Isn't that what he said?
No, that's not what was said -- one implies that 'dark' is faster moving. The other state's that isn't that it's moving more quickly, but already present. Why does it have to be faster than something it wasn't competing with in the first place? It's hard to beat something already waiting at the finish line. If we're considering this in the above context anyways.
Matt April 9, 2018 at 4:19 PM
If you have to explain it, you totally missed the joke.
Schrodinger's light...
Sarah-Kate Hicks April 14, 2018 at 6:42 PM
There are two kinds of darkness. One creates light and one bends it. Dark matter bends light and is pure density. Black hole. Antimatter creates light and is pure space. Aether.
Griffin April 2, 2018 at 2:47 AM
Phil Watts April 2, 2018 at 3:44 AM
If the photon is traveling at a light frequency - that is, a sine wave - it's speed would be faster than 'light' which is measured in a straight line.
Shawn Irwin April 3, 2018 at 6:04 AM
The sine wave motion is up-down, that is, 90 degrees from the direction of travel, so in essence, the photon is not traveling faster than the speed of light . . . . it is light. Good thinking though, there is a correlation as to the strength of the signal, but no change in speed in the direction of travel.
Hollyhood April 4, 2018 at 12:56 AM
I think what he was trying to say is that if you measure a particle traveling the length of the waveform itself it's longer than the length travelled on the x axis, so a particle following this waveform would go farther than X in the same amount of time making it faster than light.
Lucian Florescu April 6, 2018 at 6:53 AM
Phil Watts, the possessive pronoun is spelled without an apostrophe: its, as in its speed... Only the abbreviated verb to be is spelled with an apostrophe: it's (from it is).
Dusty April 8, 2018 at 5:08 AM
Really, Lucian?
or "it's" = it has (informally)
萬古傳神 April 18, 2018 at 9:31 PM
暗子,與光子同時存在,速度比光快,因為還沒有觀察儀器可以進行研究,他留下軌跡證明他的存在
Joe Marman October 10, 2018 at 9:28 PM
It is false. Later the team reported two flaws in their equipment set-up that had caused errors far outside their original confidence interval: a fiber optic cable attached improperly, which caused the apparently faster-than-light measurements, and a clock oscillator ticking too fast.[3] The errors were first confirmed by OPERA after a ScienceInsider report;[4] accounting for these two sources of error eliminated the faster-than-light results.[5]Reich (2012c)
Adam Chesin April 2, 2018 at 4:51 AM
it doesn’t break the laws of physics as long as they never travel slower than light
Travis Steffen April 2, 2018 at 7:56 AM
Not an April Fool's Joke?
Maggie Shayne April 2, 2018 at 4:23 PM
Deus est Homo April 2, 2018 at 9:34 PM
Tesla preditctid this !
Didn't he also invent the spellchecker?
Aleksandar Jovanovic April 2, 2018 at 9:43 PM
It's an old matter: 2011. Antonio Ereditato resigned after wrong speed measurements were found and proved
Ken April 2, 2018 at 11:13 PM
Note the keywords at the bottom of the article. One of them is "April Fools." I hope they take this down soon.
onlyinyourmind April 3, 2018 at 7:14 AM
have you checked the batteries ? - you never know......
John April 3, 2018 at 6:04 PM
Mar. 30, 2012 , 1:15 PM
ROME—Two leaders of the OPERA collaboration, which stunned the world in September when it announced data suggesting that neutrinos could travel faster than the speed of light, have stepped down. The resignation of Antonio Ereditato as spokesperson and Dario Autiero as physics coordinator of the study followed a vote of no confidence, held yesterday by leaders of the individual groups within the collaboration, according to a source at OPERA who asked not to be identified. The vote came several weeks after it was revealed that the hotly debated result was probably caused by a faulty cable connection. http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2012/03/leaders-faster-light-experiment-step-down
Joseph Maguire April 3, 2018 at 7:35 PM
It's an April Fools post, that said here's a question: If light gets trapped by black-holes and swallowed, wouldn't that mean that the force pulling them would be stronger than the speed at which it would normally go and in that regard that opposing force would be more pulling light or the absence of light at speeds faster than light?
Another question, whatever happened to the whole discussion on Tachyons and FTL communications? : https://www.nature.com/news/2008/080813/full/news.2008.1038.html
My apologies, I cannot edit the post above but I attempted to write:
"If light gets trapped by black-holes and swallowed, wouldn't that mean that the force pulling them would be stronger/faster than the speed at which light photons would normally go?"
Gabriel McBride April 4, 2018 at 9:16 AM
Yes, because it would be in an environment of negative energy, no friction, no resistance; all matter is essentially just light condensed by resonant vibrational frequencies to produce mass, so the light would become a fiber optic pathway in which matter protected within a magnetic field could theoretically use to travel faster than the speed of light, in the same manner that data packets are sent in fiber optic communications.
Javier Bonafont April 5, 2018 at 6:36 PM
I don't think the relationship of force has anything to do with it. Since black holes are the opposite of photons in being essentially infinite mass vs zero mass,and the black hole does not directly act on the photon, but on space-time, and the photon is merely continuing its path through a distorted space-time. its like if an ant is traveling on a piece of paper you could oppose it with your finger, making it a contest, or you could alternately bend the paper to make it go where you wanted, and the ant is none the wiser. Black holes do the latter.
Domenico April 7, 2018 at 1:53 AM
I think of a black hole as what happens when matter is so condensed it overlaps on itself (we've done the same at nano-Kelvin temperatures with a few particles - just replace the the extreme cold with intense pressure from gravity). Think of having so much mass concentrated so that its gravity causes it to fall in on the very space containing it - infinitely overlapping any additional matter it comes into proximity with.
Around this singularity are horizons where unusual phenomena occur: an event horizon and an inner horizon. These I consider "space quakes" due to the infinite folding of space around a point. Perhaps the reason light does not escape a black hole is simply because normal space (required to propagate light) ends at the singularity, and the zone where we see the change (the event horizon), which we associate with the "size" or dimension of the black hole, is just a phenomena - just the way it looks to us from the outside - disappearing at the edge of the singularity's influence on the surrounding space.
I probably should not have used the term "quakes" as they are things which propagate. Perhaps a better term is "warp".
Gregory May 7, 2018 at 8:35 PM
A black hole doesn't grab and pull light at all, so it's force is not 'stronger' than lights speed. A black hole simply bends space into an infinite loop. So light isn't pulled in by some force, but simply follows the bend in space, which happens to be infinite. In effect, you could probably almost say that when light crosses the event horizon, it ends up in an 'orbit' of sorts around the black hole, infinitely following the path of space that the black hole creates. Whether that path be a circle, or as the above suggests, folds.
Unknown April 3, 2018 at 7:53 PM
Everyone knows, there is a way around this speed barrier. It's called "The Flux Capasitor."
https://www.oreillyauto.com/flux-capacitor
The light was not travelling in a vacuum nut in the atmosphere. Did that slow the light down more than the neutrino?
Ben Baird April 4, 2018 at 1:02 AM
i knew it was possible speed of light is slow, it must be the sci-fy me that thinks different. LOL
Bomag April 4, 2018 at 6:10 AM
Ah, but remember El Barco!!
Don't forget, the Falcon will make .5 past light speed.
Sean April 7, 2018 at 9:35 AM
I've been reading too much legit science news lately, because I read this comment and the first thing I thought was, "wait a minute, that can't be right. When did Space-X announce this? What did I miss?"
James Da rince. April 5, 2018 at 8:15 AM
Ahh! Thats why i ended up at this date and not3018 ah well back to the future
RASPUTIN 1 April 5, 2018 at 9:44 AM
It is the Force that excited the X factor BS neutrino to out run the proton light particle for fear that if the proton light caught up with the BS neutrinos it would be revealed they weren't wearing any pants
ember stela April 5, 2018 at 12:33 PM
very mach,,,,
Tedward April 5, 2018 at 10:35 PM
Doesn't anyone bother to dig deeper and click the green links in the text?
Lisbonio Benefouche April 6, 2018 at 8:37 AM
They obviously did not refill their blinker fluids. Happens all the time.
billy.audio.dinamite April 7, 2018 at 12:20 AM
Particle beats lightning speed and threatens Einstein's theory
Particle hit the speed of light, considered by Einstein a "cosmic constant"
>>>> By access_time September 22, 2011
https://exame.abril.com.br/ciencia/particula-supera-velocidade-da-luz-e-ameaca-teoria-de-einstein/
Now bear with me on this:
The reason that the speed of light is not affected by the speed of it's carrier (compare to pitching a ball from a moving car) is because NOTHING is actually moving. That's right. It's because waves don't MOVE, they PROPAGATE through a medium. When you hear someone speak, it is not the same molecules excited by their lips that reaches your ears - and if they were approaching you in a speeding car, their pitch would shift, just like red and blue shift with moving light sources.
►Consider this experiment:
Tie a rope to a wall and snap a wave at the free end. You will see it travel down the rope toward the wall...but the rope is not moving toward the wall. You are observing a DISTURBANCE in amplitude that is PROPAGATING along the rope. You are watching moving crests, which are actually different parts of the rope in separate increments of time.
► SO what then is a photon? (remember it is treated to have "zero" mass). I believe that a photon is the particle representation (manifestation) of the energy of the disturbance in an electromagnetic wave - to the tune of E=mc². It's the "m" in the equation, where "E" is the energy of the photon by Plank's formula E=hv, where "v" is the frequency of light, and "h" is Plank's constant 6.626(10)^-34 Kg m²/s.
So the energy of a photon of green light (560THz or 5.6(10)^14 cycles/second) would be 3.711(10)^-19 Kg (m/s)²
The speed of light is 3(10)^8 m/s
c² is 9(10)^16 m/s
And the corresponding mass of that photon (m=E/c²) is 4.123(10)^-36 Kg
By comparison, the rest mass of an electron is 9.11(10)^-31 Kg
►So, although we consider the mass of a green light photon to be zero (perhaps because it it one half of one ten-thousandth the mass of an electron) it meaningfully related to the equivalent mass, by Einstein's and Plank's formulas, of the energy of a DISTURBANCE in the fabric of space which PROPAGATES at the speed of light.
►OK, so when I said "nothing" is moving, I wasn't entirely correct, because the ENERGY is "moving", by PROPAGATING. This is a very different concept than imagining a particle moving up and down sinusoidially as it travels forward. Please never think of it that way again ☺
Rat Matrix April 7, 2018 at 2:53 AM
Very astute observation, Domenico. And of course you are quite right.
Excellent math! Thanks for the equations!!
clearvoyant April 7, 2018 at 7:37 AM
Could the Neutrino represent a boundary condition for Gravity?
Mat Surtees April 7, 2018 at 2:18 PM
Name it floaty mcasteroid
Anne Deane Berman DIGIVATIONS April 7, 2018 at 11:24 PM
There is actually a summer kids camp which shares new scientific developments as fuel for world building and creative endeavors (original art, music, dance, writing. www.campdemigod.org a nonprofit children's overnight camp in Leavenworth, WA NASA award winning STEM+ARTS+MOVEMENT curriculum Camps look at the science behind Dr. Who, Harry Potter, etc. We discussed CERN a few summers ago.
Unknown April 8, 2018 at 12:15 AM
"Much science-fiction literature is based on the idea that, if the light-speed barrier can be overcome, time travel might theoretically become possible."
Just like we're now able to hear what people are going to say ... before they say it because we broke the sound barrier?
Todd Marshall April 8, 2018 at 12:24 AM
MyBidness 459 April 8, 2018 at 11:59 PM
Let's suppose a gun is travelling at the speed of light what will happen to it's bullet when the trigger is pressed? Remember the gun is already travelling at the speed of light this so called speed limit. BUT the bullet will have to travel even faster as the speed of the bullet exiting the barrel is travelling faster than the gun.
You have to account for time dilation and the increase in mass of the gun and bullet.
By time dilation theory, there would be no bullet ejected as the time needed to burn the powder would be near infinite.
By increased mass theory, the mass of both the gun and bullet would be near infinite and therefore the burning powder would never be able to create enough pressure to push the bullet from the cartridge, much less from the gun's barrel.
sara oliver April 9, 2018 at 3:17 PM
so what about quantum entanglement? is that not surely the fastest (being absolutely immediate) 'force'? '[It] has been shown to occur even when the measurements are performed more quickly than light could travel between the sites of measurement: there is no lightspeed or slower influence that can pass between the entangled particles.' 'Recent experiments have measured entangled particles within less than one hundredth of a percent of the travel time of light between them. According to the formalism of quantum theory, the effect of measurement happens instantly.'
Devon SeaMoor April 10, 2018 at 1:51 PM
Interesting co-incidence, although it may be an April Fool's joke, this article. Here's what I'm looking into now: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-LaIMTe6mkQ&t=13s
With later in the presentation an explanation of how the speed of light and force of gravity may be without limits. We need to keep in mind, that our mind in 3D conditions is a limited mind, without the ability to jump out of that box. It's as Albert Einstein said "We can't solve the problem that is created by the same mind with which we try to solve it" See what I mean?
Correction quote Einstein: "We can't solve the problem with the same mind with which we've created it" Slight difference of nuance.
Walt Bonczek April 14, 2018 at 2:44 PM
I doubt this is correct...many old posts from 2011 and 12 that are about the same thing...
Łukasz April 15, 2018 at 2:32 AM
hahaha give me back orbital atomic reshercher wher your science destruct my ideology : closed emdrive plane you shit at people go touch this dont kick
Peter Hovmand April 15, 2018 at 3:06 PM
hehe ...
neoplatonist@icloud.com April 17, 2018 at 12:33 PM
you fools, there is no such thing as a "speed of light", its a RATE OF INDUCTION and limit of transverse field phenomena.
More nonsense from the cult of Atomism
Law of conservation of energy. This law means that energy can neither be created nor destroyed; rather, it can only be transformed from one form to another. So...... when we die our energy goes somewhere.
Pedro Lucas April 30, 2018 at 12:14 PM
Bad journalism. This is old news, when you were in pre-school ! It was rebuked weeks later. Why do ppl keep believing what they read as actual an factual an keep talking and discussing...it amazes me, the naiveness...
The squared velocity of a particle is reciprocal to it's rest mass, Photons have mass, and electron Neutrino have less restmass and therefore they go faster.
GaryP747 July 17, 2018 at 1:02 PM
Broken wire is all they found! Einstein wins again!
I am not convinced yet, mostly due to the distance between cern and Sasso. I think it should be repeated using the moon - I am sure someone, NASA or ESA or another country would be willing to put a neutrino detector on the moon.
And also take into account the question of how do you make sure the instrument is actually detecting the neutrino stream from Earth, since neutrinos are so prevalent throughout the universe. Well, just a thought....
Lovi Gopwani July 31, 2018 at 7:05 PM
Science is just another religion.
Just as the maunder cycle is proving global warming/climate change believers wrong so is the above article
Funny you should mention. Maybe you should see the study cern did on global warming before you say that.
This is a universe of particles.Darkness is not absence of light,photons. Dark photons produces darkness emitted from dark star. Imagine a massive black hole giving off dark photons, they travel like miniscule black holes taking up energy from dark as they travel so they keep on escalating. Photons gives off energy,light and slows down eventually but this effect visible over very large distance. We recognize it as relativity as different photons slows at different rate. Escalating dark photons escapes our observation because they need darkness to be seen. How can we see dark in darkness?
Comment may be replied on page:Kitabulmaknoon
Alex August 18, 2018 at 1:26 AM
What about tangled particles? How do they fit in the question? They "communicate in some unknown way, much faster than light, as has been proven.
radzewicz September 13, 2018 at 10:21 AM
The article is wrong: Einstein merely said that nothing can travel "AT" the speed of light and faster than light particles have long been postulated, they even have a name for them: Tachyons. Faster than light travel is theoretically possible for this class of particles, though they also cannot travel exactly at the speed of light.
joe f September 29, 2018 at 11:14 PM
I don't get it. How can the speed of light light be a considered a cosmic constant if it is decreased in a medium such as water as everyone knows. Something goes faster by a few nanonseconds, what's the deal?
Jeremy Seligson October 23, 2018 at 8:34 PM
Maybe they just found a more accurate measurement of the speed of light.
I'm pretty dumb when comes to.things like this but light gives off heat on some level becouse of its frequency so even in darkness wouldn't there be some level of heat becouse of of vibration or frquency therefore giving off light on some level
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Steven Tyler Talks New Aerosmith Album
While promoting the new season of American Idol, Aerosmith's lead singer took a few minutes to talk about the band's new album.
Steven Tyler said the the new Aerosmith album is all written, but he hasn't had a chance to record any vocals for it. The group has been working with a producer named Jack Douglas who they also worked with on their Toys in the Attic and Rocks albums so if it sounds like their early work, don't be shocked.
Guitarist Joe Perry recently took to Twitter and said, "People have said when we play the rough tracks it sounds like it's from the 70's, but for me, it's too early to tell."
There is no title or release date set for it. The 11th season of American Idol is scheduled to premiere on January 18.
Filed Under: Aerosmith, american idol, Joe Perry, new album, Steven Tyler
Categories: Music, Music News, television
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Dio Guitarist Discusses Hologram Disagreements
Dio guitarist Craig Goldy has once again spoken up in defense of the world tour featuring a hologram of late singer Ronnie James Dio. He’s currently performing on the Dio Returns road trip, which brings the band leader back via digital projections while the living musicians play along.
Recently posted video clips (like the one below) triggered a series of negative comments, with some fans feeling that the effect was disappointing and others calling it “creepy.” Goldy – who previously admitted to struggling during early rehearsals, and who’s also insisted the hologram tour is a worthwhile endeavor – responded to a Facebook comment from a journalist calling on him to “put an end to this s--- show.”
“You've missed the whole point,” the guitarist wrote (via Blabbermouth). “It’s your way that disrespects Ronnie, and you think it’s what I’m doing that disrespects Ronnie.” He went on to say that he’d seen fans enjoying the emotional experience of the show in Warsaw on Dec. 9, and when he met some of them after the performance, their mutual affection for Dio and his music meant that “the hologram and the band became pointless. … It was no longer about anything other than what was in our hearts, and that transcended past any bulls--- like this.”
Goldy argued that those who’d seen only video clips had missed out on key elements of the experience. “When I got a chance to go out onto the floor and talk with the fans, they were sooooo happy and emotional, kind, appreciative, with only love in their hearts because they gave me a chance to face them, talk to them, and they could see and hear for themselves the love we shared together for Ronnie," he noted.
“One guy read my posts and came just to see if once he met me if I was full of s---, and he too was full of apprehension and disagreement about the hologram," Goldy continued. "But once he saw the whole concert and the heart of those onstage, the pumping PA equipment, and was able to look me in the eye and say, 'I came here to see if you were full of s---,' and instead ended up hugging me because he was so overwhelmed by the true spirit behind and within this thing. This is something that just simply cannot be translated over a computer screen on YouTube.”
Goldy accepted that some people would never be in favor of the hologram show, and revealed that he’d found himself at odds with “one of Ronnie’s most treasured friends.” “We had a mutual bond – our love for Ronnie – and our disagreements did not leave a single scratch on our friendship," he explained. "That is what hurts the most, because every fan to Ronnie were his friends and family, and if I can have a civilized conversation with the man Ronnie had the utmost respect and love for, who also dislikes the idea of the hologram, to me, that is a conversation that does not disrespect Ronnie. Ronnie loved us both, and we both had a special connection to him, but we were on opposite sides of this subject matter, and we simply talked it through without any words like ‘whore’ thrown around.”
In another attempt to explain his motives to those who disagreed with him, Goldy pointed out that “[many people understand the simplicity of this. It’s not anything other than a grand gesture with the lights from the same gifted man who was the lighting director on the Sacred Heart and Dream Evil tours [of the ‘80s], the images on the two screens on each side of the stage and only a handful of songs done with the hologram.” Other parts of the show are fronted by former Judas Priest and Iced Earth singer Tim "Ripper" Owens.
Next: Holograms in Rock – Our Writers Have Their Say
Source: Dio Guitarist Discusses Hologram Disagreements
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Academic Options
The 500th anniversary of Caterina de' Medici
Published: 11 April 2019 | Written by Redazione AEF
From site "firenzetoday"
Caterina de 'Medici was born in Florence on April 13, 1519, daughter of Lorenzo de' Medici Duke of Urbino and Caterina Maria Romula de 'Medici, and future queen of France. In her honor, the city is literally invaded by events, exhibitions, installations and performances not to be missed!
On April 13, in honor of the 500th anniversary of her birth, the small temporary exhibition "Homage to Catherine" will be inaugurated at Palazzo Medici Riccardi, to commemorate the bond she had with the family palace until her move to France in 1533 when, at just fourteen, she was given in marriage to Henry, Duke of Orleans. However, this is just one of the many events scheduled in Florence throughout 2019.
In September, once again at Palazzo Medici Riccardi, the evocative event of the farewell to the city, which Caterina organized in the Medici rooms in the company of Florentine ladies. While in October, coinciding with the wedding date of Caterina and Enrico - on the 28th of the month - the Institut Français will host the convention-tasting on the wedding banquet, in collaboration with Enoteca Pinchiorri. An intelligent and cultured woman, Caterina is curiously also remembered for her gluttony. In fact, she imported the best Tuscan cooks to Paris, giving way to "French cuisine".
Nevertheless, that's not all: for the entire year, the city will also be swarming with lectures and exhibitions at the Accademia delle Arti del Disegno and at the Opera di Santa Maria del Fiore.
Among the most famous “Florentine Madonna’s" in the world, that of Catherine is a controversial and undoubtedly fascinating figure. Crowned queen at just twenty-eight, after the premature death of Henry II, in 1559, she did not resign herself to the role of inconsolable widow. A woman with a fine intellect and skillful strategist, she actually ruled the kingdom for 15 years, during which time she served as tutor to the three sons who quickly succeeded to the throne.
AEF: History and People (4)
Italian Culture (12)
AEF Experience (14)
Florence: History and Curiosity (17)
Florentine Women (7)
Famous Travellers (1)
Catherine de Medici
Florence, walkable city
The San Miniato al Monte Millennial
Claudia Zamberia
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Jonas Chartock
@jonaschartock
Chartock
Chief Executive Officer, Leading Educators
During Jonas' tenure as its first chief executive officer, Leading Educators has become a key resource to school districts, charter networks, and policy makers in their efforts to maximize the leadership development and ultimate impact of highly effective teachers. He oversees the organization's operations, strategy, outreach, and growth. Jonas came to Leading Educators from the Charter Schools Institute of the State University of New York where he served as executive director of the nation's largest university-based charter school authorizer. Previously, he served as the founding president and chief executive officer of the Charter School Policy Institute (CSPI) in Austin, Texas, and as executive director of Teach For America in Houston, Texas. Jonas began his career as a teacher with Teach For America in the Compton Unified School District. He holds a BA from Cornell University, MA from Chapman University, EdM from Harvard University, and earned his EdD in educational leadership at the University of Texas at Austin. Jonas is an amateur musician and resides in New Orleans, LA, with his wife and daughter. He is a Fellow of the 19th class of the Pahara-Aspen Education Fellowship and a member of the Aspen Global Leadership Network.
Pahara - Aspen Education Fellowship
Class XIX
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Bulls Defeat Arkansas State 72-61 on Friday
posted by Jason Barringer - Nov 24, 2017
The USF Bulls (4-2) defeated Arkansas State (2-4) 72-61 on Friday afternoon at the Sun Dome.
Malik Martin had a career high 24 points on 9-of-11 shooting and grabbed 10 rebounds for his first career double-double. USF made five of eight shots in the final eight minutes, including seven of eight free throws in the final two minutes, to secure the win. The game was tied at 43-43 with just over 12 minutes to go before USF got some breathing room with a 7-0 run.
In addition to Martin's career game, the Bulls got 13 points and six rebuounds from Tulio Da Silva. Deven Simms led Arkansas State with 15 points off the bench.
USF returns to action on Sunday when they host Eastern Michigan. Tipoff from the Sun Dome is set for 4 PM on Sunday.
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Robert O’Neill – The Man Who Killed bin Laden to Speak in Abilene
Frank Pain
Robert O'Neill/Facebook
Where were you when you heard the news about the death of bin Laden? I was in Jamaica, at the time, and every TV at our resort was on the news watching President Obama's statement about the military operation resulting in the death of the world's most wanted figure.
Following that event, Seal Team Six became a household name and the story of legend. Then, late in 2014, Fox News aired a story that identified the man who fired the fatal shot - Robert O'Neill.
O'Neill, along with Major Ed Pulido and Ginger Ravella, will speak to an all-ages audience at the Taylor County Expo Center on Thursday, April 18th at 7:00pm. The event will benefit Junior Folds of Honor.
According to the press release...
This event is purposed to educate our youth along with the rest of us on the sacrifices that have been made to give us the freedoms cherish daily. [Taylor County Expo Center]
Pulido is a retired Army Major who is the Senior VP of the Folds of Honor Foundation, which is a Veteran’s charity which provides the spouses and children of the fallen and wounded educational scholarships.
Ravella is a Gold-Star Wife, author, and Director of the Speakers Bureau for Folds of Honor. Her late husband gave his life while serving in Operation Iraqi Freedom. Their story made headlines when his remains were stolen by the enemy which led to an incredible story of recovery which was unprecedented in the history of our military.
Tickets start as low as $10 and can be purchased at the Expo Center box office or online here.
More About the Event Can Be Found Here
Source: Robert O’Neill – The Man Who Killed bin Laden to Speak in Abilene
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By Orly Noy
|Published January 2, 2019
Israel's Nation-State Law also discriminates against Mizrahi Jews
Mizrahi academics and activists demand Israel’s High Court strike down the Jewish Nation-State Law, saying it erases their cultural legacy and perpetuates injustices against both them and Palestinian citizens of Israel.
The Kadoori, Hamias, and Ashram families sit near an improvised Shabbat dinner table set near their demolished houses in Givat Amal neighborhood, Tel Aviv, Israel, September 19, 2014. (Shiraz Grinbaum/Activestills.org)
Over 50 prominent Israeli Jews of Mizrahi origin filed a petition to the High Court of Justice on Tuesday demanding it strike down the Jewish Nation-State Law, saying it discriminates against both Palestinian citizens and Jewish Mizrahi citizens of Israel.
The color of racism: What many get wrong about race relations in Israel
By Lihi Yona | June 24, 2018
How one law exposes what Israel has always tried to hide
By Orly Noy | July 12, 2018
The Mizrahi communities destroyed by Israel
By Eitan Bronstein Aparicio | December 28, 2017
Between Ramle and Me: Reading Ta-Nehisi Coates in Hebrew
By Edo Konrad | January 15, 2018
According to the petition, the law, which demotes Arabic from an official language to one with “special status,” is “anti-Jewish” for excluding the history and culture of Jews from Arab and Muslim countries, “while strengthening the impression that Jewish-Arab culture is inferior…and anchoring the identity of the State of Israel as anti-Arab.”
The petition, which was written and submitted by Attorney Netta Amar-Shiff, also refers to a clause in the law that establishes Jewish settlement “as a national value.” According to the petitioners, every time Israel takes it upon itself to demographically “re-engineer” the land, it harms Mizrahim by pushing them into the country’s underserved geographical periphery. This process hinders their access to highly-valued land through admissions committees, which allow communities across the country to reject housing applicants based on their “social suitability.”
Among the signatories are renowned author Sami Michael, Professor Yehuda Shenhav, Professor Henriette Dahan-Kalev, Israeli Black Panther and social justice activist Reuven Abergil, among others. (Full disclosure: the writer is one of the signatories of the petition). According to the petitioners, Mizrahim were largely excluded from the law’s formulation, despite the fact that it would affect their community’s right to preserve its heritage, and that its blatant anti-Arab bias would adversely affect Jews from Arab countries.
Following Israel’s establishment, authorities did everything they could to suppress Arab identity and culture among immigrants from Arab and Muslim countries through a forced “melting pot” doctrine, leaving them both materially and culturally disenfranchised. More than six decades ago, Israeli diplomat and Arabic scholar Abba Eban said: “The goal must be to instill in them a Western spirit, and not let them drag us into an unnatural Orient. One of the biggest fears… is the danger that the large number of immigrants of Mizrahi origin will force Israel to compare how cultured we are to our neighbors.”
Mizrahim walk around the Mamila neighborhood in West Jerusalem, 1957. (GPO)
For 70 years, this worldview formed the basis for how Israel viewed Mizrahim. The political establishment demanded Mizrahi Jews renounce their Arab identity, while driving a wedge between them and their cultural histories. And yet, despite the establishment’s attempts at cultural erasure, expert opinions and affidavits attached to the petition show that many Mizrahim — including younger generations — continue to view Arabic as both culturally and linguistically relevant to their personal lives.
The expert opinions also seek to lay out the complex histories of Jews from Arab countries, in order to explain why the law, akin to a constitutional amendment, would be both harmful to the cultural legacy of Mizrahim and would continue to negatively affect them. According to Professor Elitzur Bar-Asher, a linguist and expert on the Hebrew language, the goal of the law is not to “strengthen Hebrew [at the expense of Arabic], but to lower its Arabic counterpart.”
In his expert opinion, Dr. Moshe Behar demonstrated how Arabic was an inseparable part the Jewish intellectual world in the Middle East during the Ottoman and British Mandate periods, respectively. According to Behar, Jewish intellectuals considered knowledge of Arabic as a necessity for all Jews in the region.
Cultural researcher Shira Ohayon described the influence of the Arabic language and its connection to the revival of the Hebrew language, poetry and Jewish liturgy, while cultural scholar and film director Eyal Sagui Bizawe noted how Jews living in Arab countries took an active part in the creation of Arab culture, and how that very culture became part of their own heritage.
The petition is an important, and perhaps revolutionary milestone in the Mizrahi struggle in Israel. Among the signatories are women and men, religious, secular and traditional, those who define themselves as Zionists and others who do not. The petitioners seek to anchor Mizrahi identity in its deepest sense by demanding our cultural and historical rights, while using all legal, academic, and moral tools to reject any attempt to isolate Mizrahi Jews from our natural environment — all for the benefit of Israel’s “melting pot” ideology.
A version of this article was first published in Hebrew on Local Call. Read it here.
admissions committees
Jewish Nation-State Law
Mizrahi Jews
Palestinian Citizens of Israel
Building a new Mizrahi political home in Israeli politics
itshak Gordine
As a Sephardic Jew, the only thing I want from the Arab countries is that they apologize for all the harm they have done to their Jews by calling them second-class citizens (dhimmis), stripping them and expelling them. As for Arabic music, I appreciate it 5 minutes when I eat a kebab.
so i take it that was a lie, about you being expelled from an arabic country.
(https://972mag.com/after-a-decade-evictions-set-to-return-in-sheikh-jarrah/138977/)
but itshak does highlight an inconsistently-covered topic about intrajewish resentments and rivalries.
Between 700,000 and one million Oriental Jews were dispossessed and expelled from Arab countries in the 1950s and 1960s. This is a fact. They have never been compensated or helped by any organization.
and lying about coming from ‘the orient’ helps how?
“They have never been compensated or helped by any organization.”
That’s an interesting admission, Itshak G. Halevy. Consider the implications. The Israeli state and its organizations never mustered any help during the Aliyah for Jews out of Egypt, Syria, Yemen….?* Hmmmm. Maybe you might draw the necessary conclusions and start to look at things from a leftist perspective for a change? And ask yourself on just what side your bread is really buttered? Rather than taking that about-to-be-indicted, used car salesman Netanyahu’s word for it?
* To place what you write in some kind of context, consider also this basic good sense from a non-partisan site. Push/pull, Halevy, push/pull:
“The reasons for the exodus included push factors, such as persecution, antisemitism, political instability,[15] poverty[15] and expulsion, together with pull factors, such as the desire to fulfill Zionist yearnings or find a better economic status and a secure home in Europe or the Americas. The history of the exodus has been politicized, given its proposed relevance to the historical narrative of the Arab–Israeli conflict.[16] When presenting the history, those who view the Jewish exodus as analogous to the 1948 Palestinian exodus generally emphasize the push factors and consider those who left as refugees, while those who do not, emphasize the pull factors and consider them willing immigrants.[17]“
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_and_Muslim_countries
More reality:
Yehouda Shenhav, of Iraqi Jewish heritage & professor of sociology and & anthropology at Tel Aviv University: “Any reasonable person, Zionist or non-Zionist, must acknowledge that the analogy drawn between Palestinians & Mizrahi [Arab] Jews is unfounded. Palestinian refugees did not want to leave Palestine….Those who left did not do so of their own volition. In contrast, Jews from Arab lands came to this country under the initiative of the State of Israel and Jewish organizations.” (Ha’aretz, 8 October 2004.)
Historian, Avi Shlaim, born into an affluent & influential Baghdad Jewish family. “We are not refugees, nobody expelled us from Iraq, nobody told us that we were unwanted. But we are the victims of the Israeli-Arab conflict.”
The late Yisrael Yeshayahu, speaker of the Knesset: “We are not refugees…. We had messianic aspirations.”
Shlomo Hillel, former minister & speaker of the Knesset: “I don’t regard the departure of Jews from Arab lands as that of refugees. They came here because they wanted to, as Zionists.”
During a Knesset hearing into the matter, Ran Cohen, Knesset member:”I am not a refugee….I came at the behest of Zionism, due to the pull that this land exerts, & due to the idea of redemption. Nobody is going to define me as a refugee.” (Ha’aretz, October 8, 2004)
While Palestinians were expelled from their homeland by Jewish militias & the IDF, they played no role whatsoever in the emigration of or any ill treatment & or loss of assets that Arab Jews may have experienced in their former homelands. The two cases are separate & distinct, i.e., apples & oranges.
Lies and leftist propaganda. My family is Jewish from Egypt. We were harassed, robbed, deprived of work and forced to leave. We have been traumatized. However, we took our destiny in hand and worked without the help of anyone. No UNWRA to help us.
“As for Arabic music, I appreciate it 5 minutes when I eat a kebab.”
Is that right? What music do you appreciate, Halevy, when you eat a Palestinian person’s land, livelihood and freedom? Wagner? On a long playing record…for fifty years (26,280,000 minutes)?
Reality:
THE JEWISH CHRONICLE ONLINE, May 24, 2012.
Audio of lecture: http://www.soas.ac.uk/religions/events/jordan-lectures-in-comparative-religion/14may2012-opening-lecture-how-islam-saved-the-jews.html
http://www.soas.ac.uk/religions-and-philosophies/events/jordan-lectures-in-comparative-religion/14may2012-opening-lecture-how-islam-saved-the-jews.html
https://www.soas.ac.uk/religions-and-philosophies/events/jordan-lectures-in-comparative-religion/14may2012-opening-lecture-how-islam-saved-the-jews.html
“So, what did the Muslims do for the Jews? – How Islam Saved the Jews.”
Professor David J. Wasserstein.
David J. Wasserstein is the Eugene Greener Jr. Professor of Jewish Studies at Vanderbilt University. This article is adapted from last week’s [May, 2012] Jordan Lectures in Comparative Religion at the School of Oriental and African Studies.
“Islam saved Jewry. This is an unpopular, discomforting claim in the modern world. But it is a historical truth. The argument for it is double. First, in 570 CE, when the Prophet Mohammad was born, the Jews and Judaism were on the way to oblivion. And second, the coming of Islam saved them, providing a new context in which they not only survived, but flourished, laying foundations for subsequent Jewish cultural prosperity – also in Christendom – through the medieval period into the modern world.”
Lecture by Professor David J Wasserstein.
“David J Wasserstein is the Eugene Greener Jr. Professor of Jewish Studies at Vanderbilt University. This article is adapted from last week’s [May, 2012] Jordan Lectures in Comparative Religion at the School of Oriental and African Studies.”
Bruce Gould
In my opinion people are missing the issue. The article opens with “Mizrahi academics and activists demand Israel’s High Court strike down the Jewish Nation-State Law, saying it erases their cultural legacy and perpetuates injustices against both them and Palestinian citizens of Israel.”
So why would a country want to alienate a substantial portion of its citizens – what sane politician would want this? To what end, what does Israel really gain from this? Sure, other countries might have a single official language but given the history of Israel what’s the upside? You’d have to conclude either that the Israeli government doesn’t care about social unity, or it actually believes that Israel is inhabited by first, second and third class citizens.
Tal.C
You’re under the impression that those left-wing academics and activists, including the lawyer who submitted the petition, represent the Israeli Mizrahi Jewish population in general. This couldn’t be further from the truth. Also the law doesn’t erase any cultural legacy or outlaws the Arabic language and it most definitely not class based or anything similar. Nothing is actually going to change and Arabic will continue to be used in road signs, government institutes, schools, etc. This is a symbolic move by a right wing government to cement the notion of Israel being a Jewish country, similar to many other countries with a single official language.
Tal C, it’s certainly “a symbolic move” but also very much a non-symbolic move, or the right wing would not be so passionate about it. There are no such things as purely “symbolic” moves in nation-state politics.
And your phrasing “to cement the notion of Israel being a Jewish country, similar to many other countries with a single official language” is also symbolism, of a meretricious Orwellian kind, for something else. It contains three misleading or contentious components: “Israel being a Jewish country,” “similar to many other countries,” and “with a single official language.”
All one would have to do is reverse categories and apply your blithe “nothing to worry about” language to Jews, and you would go into indignation overdrive.
In my view, what Bruce says deserves underlining all the more and could be re-purposed here: “You’d have to conclude either that Tal C. doesn’t care about social unity, or actually believes that Israel is inhabited by first, second and third class citizens.”
Lewis from Afula
Re: “Over 50 Prominent Israeli Jews of Mizrachi origin….”
Is this article supposed to be significant ?
There are at least 2 Million Israeli Jews with Mizrachi origin in existence. Yet this great initiative only got 50 people to sign to it. A typical 972 magazine non-story.
“In 2016, Israel’s chief Sephardic Rabbi Yitzhak Yosef declared publicly that non-Jews should not be permitted to live in Israel except as servants to Jews. In March 2018, the same chief rabbi compared black people with monkeys and later defended this racism as being supported by the Talmud.”
mizrahim get the light end of the racism stick – yemenite children affair notwithstanding. (& it is a ‘big stick’, colonial style)
The Yemenite children affair is another non-story. In the new state in 1950, Israel was like a 3rd World Country. Lots of people died in hospitals and no proper records were taken. This was particularly the case in the periphery of the country where most Yemenite immigrants lived.
@Lewis: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenite_Children_Affair
“In 2016 after having re-examined evidence given to a commission of inquiry in the late 1990s, Cabinet Minister Tzachi Hanegbi told Israeli TV: “They took the children and gave them away. I don’t know where.” The minister admitted that at least “hundreds” of children were taken without their parent’s consent, marking the first time such a public admission had been made by a government official.[25][26]”
But of course all the questionable things that happen in Israel are associated with the past.
acts of genocide are always a non-story to you.
The only genocide is the one that exists in your f*cked up progressive Leftist Excuse of a brain.
great epithets, keep up the good work
Don’t mention it, John.
I just point out the obvious.
Ah, Rabbi Yitzhak Yosef, apparently one of Halevy’s Heroes. (“Our great rabbis tell us….”) After all, what is the difference between “non-Jews should not be permitted to live in Israel except as servants to Jews” (Yosef) and “the foreigners can stay if they obey our laws and submit to our sovereignty” (Halevy)?
According to the channel I24 news, Israel could finally ask $ 250 billion to compensate the hundreds of thousands of Jews expelled from the Arab countries in the 50s and 60s (information released today).
finally, mizrahim won’t have to feel like second class citizens.
I. G. Halevy, post-Zionist! [*chortle*]
“Past Israeli governments had refrained from issuing declarations of this sort. First, there has been concern that any such proclamation will underscore what Israel has tried to repress and forget: the Palestinians’ demand for return. Second, there has been anxiety that such a declaration would encourage property claims submitted by Jews against Arab states and, in response, Palestinian counter-claims to lost property. Third, such declarations would require Israel to update its schoolbooks and history, and devise a new narrative by which the Mizrahi Jews journeyed to the country under duress, without being fueled by Zionist aspirations. That would be a post-Zionist narrative….
The unfounded, immoral analogy between Palestinian refugees and Mizrahi immigrants needlessly embroils members of these two groups in a dispute, degrades the dignity of many Mizrahi Jews, and harms prospects for genuine Jewish-Arab reconciliation.”
https://www.haaretz.com/1.5361803
But harming prospects for genuine Jewish-Arab reconciliation has always been your aim, Halevy, hasn’t it? Genuine reconciliation would be your worst nightmare. You’d have to share. And live a 21st Century not an 18th Century life. I mean, who wants to reconcile with the servants, the ‘foreigners,” the un-sovereign, the untermenschen? At best, you want them living outside the main house, out back in the servants’ quarters, and you’ll control the car keys and the gates to the “community.”
At this point, if I were a Palestinian Arab I’d adopt as my theme song: “I ain’t gonna work on Maggie’s farm no more.” Just change out the name “Maggie.”
You are in a dream. We Sephardic Jews are not ready to forgive the Arab States for all the harm they have done to us. We were persecuted, stolen, hunted. The State of Israel has become our shelter. We cherish it and serve it with all our soul and with all our heart. It is the object of our pride. You will certainly find in Israel some old ladies who look with pleasure some old and ridiculous Egyptian or Iraqi films or who listen to the often racist songs of Oum Kalsoum but the new generation does not care. We do not wish any contact with the Arabs of Eretz Israel. Personally, I am opposed to giving work permits to Arab workers, because that only serves to artificially survive the Ramallah entity led by an old denialist and to facilitate terrorism. We vote mainly for the right which knows how to defend our interests and protect the Israeli population. Eventually, the Arab population of Eretz Israel will have to either accept our sovereignty and our laws, or leave.
In fact, this is the case in all countries of the world: to respect the laws of the majority or to leave.
(1) “However, we took our destiny in hand and worked without the help of anyone. No UNWRA to help us.”
The self-delusion of this is evident. First you went to Switzerland, which took you in and aided you in a thousand ways direct and indirect. Switzerland! As far as I know, this was not Egyptian-occupied territory or anything like the stranglehold of the conditions the Palestinian refugees face under Israeli occupation to this day. Then you made aliyah. No one forced you. You came willingly. No, UNRWA did not help you but the various agencies and resources of the sovereign, non-occupied state of Isarel surely helped you. A lot. (Or do you want to revert to the post-Zionist narrative I mentioned?) And you were, neither in Switzerland nor in Israel, ever a refugee in Egyptian-occupied territory. So your post-exile Israeli apples do not compare to the post-exile Palestinian oranges. It is fakery to say so, fakery and self-delusion that ignores glaring things, such as the occupation.
(2) “We do not wish any contact with the Arabs of Eretz Israel. Personally, I am opposed to giving work permits to Arab workers, because that only serves to artificially survive the Ramallah entity….”
The self-righteous, angry, rejectionist victim role you inhabit is that of a Jewish jihadi. You and Lewis from Afula are Jewish jihadis no different from the Arab jihadis you disdain. (Do you think your equivalents on the other side are not as angry, as aggrieved, have not suffered as much?) Your extremism, anger, resentment and hate brook no compromise, no reconciliation, and are not the future, they foreclose a viable future. Of one thing I am sure—you and Lewis are not representatives of any livable future. You are agents of disaster.
vahid pooya
Gershom
In Tel-Aviv the chants and placards of the Right say’; “Arabs Out!”, “Kill the Arabs” as does the graffito in Jerusalem and the West Bank, they are rarely, if ever, ‘Kill Muslims’, Christians Out’.
I see, understand what these, Mizrahi, Jews are doing as fine and wonderful, there-by the good of Judaism, A, M or S. It would benefit israel if only it were Jewish. We cannot help but see what and who are anti-Semitic, who mean harm even destruction on Jew and Arab and who would protect and nurture.
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Orly Noy
I am a political activist, previously with the Coalition of Women for Peace and the Mizrahi Democratic Rainbow, and currently as an member of B’Tselem’s executive board and an activist with the Balad political party. I deal with the lines that intersect and define my identity as Mizrahi, a female leftist, a woman, a temporary migrant living inside a perpetual immigrant, and the constant dialogue between them. I translate poetry and prose from Farsi, and I dream of building, if not a whole bookcase, then at least a modest shelf of Persian books in Hebrew as a political act in the struggle against the marginalization of Mizrahi culture in Israeli discourse.
More from Orly Noy
In Morsi's death, Israel proves it prefers a non-democratic Middle East
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Evans Father Sentenced to 22 years for Infant Daughter’s Death
Jacob Laxen
An Evans man was sentenced to 22 years in prison on Monday for killing his infant daughter in 2016.
Edward Berdan, 33, had been convicted in January by a jury on one count of felony child abuse knowingly or recklessly causing death. The jury deliberated for about eight hours.
Weld District Judge Julie Hoskins handed out the sentencing Monday in a Greeley courtroom, according to a Weld County District Attorney's Office press release. He faced 16-48 years in prison for the crime.
Courtesy of Weld County District Attorney's Office
Berdan's wife had returned home on January 20, 2016 to find their three-month-old daughter Alexis unresponsive — she had been under Edward's care that day.
Alexis was taken to Medical Center of the Rockies before being flown to Children’s Hospital Colorado in Aurora. Doctors reported Alexis suffered from 10 broken ribs, a severe brain injury, bleeding in her brain and complex retinal hemorrhaging.
Alexis died from her injuries on Jan. 28, 2016 after eight days at Children’s Hospital Colorado.
“Alexis Berdan was one of the most vulnerable members of our society – she was three months old when she was killed by her biological father,” Weld Deputy District Attorney Arynn Clark said in the press release. “She suffered a tremendous cost involving betrayal, pain and death. Edward Berdan deserves no discount; the price must be paid in full.”
Categories: Best of Fort Collins, Colorado News, Fort Collins News, Local News, National News
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Click to copyhttps://apnews.com/319d8fc11d974ead87bb20cc055b49d9
Blizzards
Kristi Noem
Late-winter storm hits Midwest after paralyzing Colorado
By BLAKE NICHOLSON and NELSON LAMPEMarch 15, 2019
Mary Roncka and her husband Gene Roncka, right, accompanied by neighbor Kevin Mandina are evacuated as floodwaters rise Thursday, March 13, 2019, in Ashland, Neb. Evacuations forced by flooding have occurred in several eastern Nebraska communities, as western Nebraska residents struggled with blizzardlike conditions. (Brendan Sullivan/Omaha World-Herald via AP)
OMAHA, Neb. (AP) — A blizzard that paralyzed parts of Colorado and Wyoming barreled into the Midwest on Thursday, bringing whiteout conditions to western Nebraska and dumping heavy rain that prompted evacuations in communities farther east.
Emergency crews responded after a vehicle was swept off a road in Norfolk, Nebraska, and rising water along the Elkhorn River prompted evacuations in the city of 24,000 people. The missing individual had not been found by midday Thursday.
Evacuations also occurred in several other eastern Nebraska communities and at least one Iowa town. Cara Jamison and her neighbors had to leave their homes in Fremont, Nebraska, after water and ice chunks from a flooding Platte River blocked their street. She and her husband moved photo albums to the second floor of their home.
“Photos are the important things,” she said. “Furniture can be replaced.”
South Dakota Gov. Kristi Noem closed all state offices Thursday as the blizzard conditions moved in, and later in the day ordered the opening of the state’s Emergency Operations Center to handle the response to the blizzard and flooding. The state was preparing an emergency declaration, Noem said. The Red Cross opened shelters in Sioux Falls and Yankton.
Wind, blowing snow and snow-packed roadways also made travel treacherous in western Nebraska.
Heavy rain caused flooding in eastern parts of South Dakota and Nebraska, as well as in Iowa, where all or part of nine state parks were closed due to rising flood waters. Iowa Gov. Kim Reynolds signed an emergency disaster proclamation Thursday and activated the state emergency operations center.
Several cities in the region have been hit by rain this week, with records set Wednesday in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, and Sioux City, Iowa.
“We’ve got a lot of water, and it’s got to find a way to get out of here,” said Tracy West, mayor of Lennox, South Dakota.
The system was moving out of the central Plains on Thursday, but National Weather Service meteorologist Peter Rogers said flooding is likely to persist into the weekend in parts of South Dakota, Minnesota and Iowa, with deeply frozen ground preventing rain and snowmelt from soaking into the soil.
The massive late-winter storm hit Colorado on Wednesday, causing widespread power outages, forcing the cancellation of hundreds of flights and wreaking havoc on roadways. A wind gust clocked in at 97 mph (156 kph) in Colorado Springs.
Xcel Energy said it had restored power to some 360,000 customers in Colorado but that thousands remained without electricity Thursday. Some may have no power into the weekend.
In the Texas Panhandle, a utility worker was killed while working to restore power amid strong winds pushed in by the storm. And in New Mexico, 36 miners at a nuclear waste repository were trapped underground in an elevator for about three hours because of a power outage caused by the extreme weather. Outages also were reported from North Dakota to Nebraska.
The storm also contributed to the death of Daniel Groves, a Colorado State Patrol officer who was hit and killed by a car as he helped another driver who had slid off Interstate 76 near Denver.
About 50 National Guard soldiers and airmen used specialized vehicles with tank-like treads to rescue 75 people stranded in their cars during the storm. The total number of people rescued statewide is likely higher, as local law enforcement ran separate rescue efforts.
The Red Cross reported Thursday that 620 people had stayed in shelters overnight in Colorado and in Wyoming, where the state Transportation Department reported snow drifts on Interstate 80 that were as high as 10 feet (3 meters).
Jackie Ratcliff stayed in a hotel and on Thursday was waiting in Wellington, Colorado, for Interstate 25 to reopen so she could return to her home in Cheyenne, Wyoming. She had tried to make the trip Wednesday but the interstate was shut down due to a pileup — one she thinks she narrowly avoided.
“I’m feeling pretty lucky,” she said, despite her dog at home needing to be fed.
The window-rattling storm brought blizzards, floods and a tornado across more than 25 states Wednesday, stretching from the northern Rocky Mountains to Texas and beyond.
Five people were hurt and 150 dairy cows had to be euthanized when a tornado hit the small town of Dexter, New Mexico. A tornado also touched down Thursday in western Kentucky , damaging utility lines and trees. There were no immediate reports of injuries.
The culprit was a sudden and severe drop in ground-level air pressure in Colorado, the most pronounced dive since 1950 and something “that will go down in the history books,” said Greg Carbin, chief of forecast operations for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Weather Prediction Center.
It was caused by a combination of the jet stream and normal conditions in the wind shadow of the Rockies. Air rushed into the low-pressure area and then rose into the atmosphere, causing severe weather.
Meteorologists call the rapid change in pressure a “bomb cyclone” or “bombogenesis.”
Nicholson reported from Bismarck, North Dakota. Also contributing were Associated Press reporters Dan Elliott in Longmont, Colorado; David Pitt in Des Moines, Iowa; Bob Moen and Mead Gruver in Cheyenne, Wyoming; Gretchen Ehlke in Milwaukee; James Anderson and Thomas Peipert in Denver; Jeff Baenen in Minneapolis; Josh Funk in Omaha, Nebraska; Seth Borenstein in Washington; David Warren in Dallas; Kathleen Foody in Denver.
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You are here: Home > Senate passes Indigenous Languages bill with amendments addressing Inuit concerns
Senate passes Indigenous Languages bill with amendments addressing Inuit concerns
National News | June 14, 2019 by Justin Brake Attributed to: | 0 Comments
Justin Brake
The Senate has passed legislation that lawmakers say could help save many Indigenous languages on the brink of extinction and facilitate the language revitalization currently underway in many Indigenous Nations.
In a late evening sitting Thursday the Standing Senate Committee on Aboriginal Peoples delivered An Act Respecting Indigenous Languages with several amendments, some of the changes in response to concerns expressed by Inuit leaders.
Bill C-91 will see the government provide long-term, sustainable funding of Indigenous languages, establish an Office of the Commissioner of Indigenous languages, and facilitate collaboration between federal, provincial, territorial and Indigenous governments to deliver supports for Indigenous languages.
Among the Senate committee’s amendments are provisions to ensure “access to services and programs in Indigenous languages where there is sufficient demand and access,” Aboriginal Peoples committee Chair Senator Lillian Dyck said, citing concerns raised by Inuit witnesses during the committee’s pre-study of the bill.
“Specifically mentioned now are programs and services pertaining to education, health, and the administration of justice,” Dyck said Thursday evening, prior to the bill’s third reading.
“In addition, the committee passed an amendment that required the minister to review and report to Parliament on the availability and quality of federal government services provided in Inuktut in Canada.”
When Canadian Minister of Heritage and Multiculturalism Pablo Rodriguez tabled the proposed legislation in February, Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami (ITK) President Natan Obed attended the announcement but did not join First Nations and Metis leaders in celebrating the milestone.
Obed said at the time that Canada had “engaged in bad faith throughout this legislative initiative.”
He called the bill a “symbolic gesture” that doesn’t address Inuit rights to speak their language, or include provisions necessary to support its revitalization, maintenance, and promotion.
“The absence of any Inuit-specific content suggests this bill is yet another legislative initiative developed behind closed doors by a colonial system and then imposed on Inuit,” he said.
ITK President Natan Obed said Bill C-91 did not go far enough to protect and advance the Inuktut language. File photo.
A couple weeks after the Bill C-91 announcement, ITK said in a written submission to the Hose of Commons Standing Committee on Indigenous and Northern Affairs that the organization—which advocates for the rights of Inuit across the four regions spanning the Inuit Nunangat homeland—wanted serious amendments to the bill that reflect provisions that were previously invited by the Department of Canadian Heritage.
ITK submitted an Inuktut-specific annex document it hoped would be added to C-91.
Among its “substantive Inuktut-specific provisions” were ones “that recognize and build upon existing statutory protections for Inuktut,” ITK’s submission to the House committee reads.
“We do not accept that a federal government focused on reconciliation with indigenous peoples would contemplate providing weaker protections for Inuktut than those provided by territorial, provincial or Inuit governments.
“Despite being characterized as a reconciliation and co-development initiative, the absence of any Inuit-specific content suggests that Bill C-91 is yet another legislative initiative developed behind closed doors by a colonial system and then imposed on Inuit.”
Eighty-four percent of Inuit within the 51 communities spanning the Inuvialuit Settlement Region, Nunavut, Nunavik and Nunatsiavut report the ability to speak a dialect of Inuktut.
Inuktut has official language status in Nunavut and the Northwest Territories, and is an official language of the Nunatsiavut Government in Labrador.
Responding to the Senate’s amendments and passage of C-91, on Friday evening ITK said in a statement that while it welcomes some of the amendments it recommended, “it is regrettable that not all of the well-reasoned and thoughtful considerations put forward by Inuit were included” in the draft of the bill that the Senate passed.
“ITK encourages Parliamentarians in the House of Commons to include all Inuit recommendations in consideration of the Senate amendments in the final passage of Bill C-91.”
Senator Dennis Patterson, a former premier of the Northwest Territories, chastised the Trudeau government over its handling of the bill and its dealings with the Inuit.
“The government did pride itself on having worked hard to co-develop this legislation. But one of the three Aboriginal groups in Canada, the Inuit, were very clear to the committee that the process had fallen far short of fulfilling the government’s commitment to develop distinction-based legislation.”
Conservative Senator Dennis Patterson is “disappointed” the Trudeau government didn’t afford Senators more time to consider Bill C-91. File photo.
Patterson said the bill as originally drafted had “several significant flaws,” and that the Senate committee “did good work” to address them, “despite the time pressures.
“I have to say that, given the significance of this bill, I am disappointed that this government left it to the dying days of this Parliament and has had to rush it through.”
Senator Murray Sinclair, the bill’s Senate sponsor, said before third reading Thursday night that “the importance of language cannot be overstated.
“It is one of the issues that most young people growing up take for granted because they learn it almost from the time of birth, through song, through actions, and through listening to conversations between their parents.
“For Inuit, Metis and First Nations children, that has not been the case, largely because of the influence of Canadian society, residential schools, and other social impacts that they’ve experienced,” Sinclair continued.
“But now there is a revitalization of culture and language going on, and I think that this bill does a great deal to encourage that to continue.”
During a committee meeting last month, Mi’kmaw Senator Daniel Christmas asked Rodriguez about the status of ITK’s annex submission for C-91, which ITK proposed would apply to Inuit and Inuit Nunangat.
Rodriguez said ITK’s proposal was problematic because it defined a territory that isn’t legally recognized by Canada, Inuit Nunangat—which comprises all four Inuit regions—which would then be legislated in a bill.
“I don’t think an Indigenous languages bill is the right vehicle to start defining territories like the Nunangat,” he said, adding, “whatever applies to one group in the bill applies to everybody.
“So it’s very important to understand that if we agree on something for the Inuit, the same goes for all the First Nations and the Métis.”
Métis National Council President Clement Chartier told the House committee in February that for all of the past oppression and exclusion of Métis — from the Residential Schools settlement, comprehensive land claims processes, and from programs and services that were available to First Nations and Inuit — being included in the Indigenous Languages Act is significant.
“If we can’t enjoy our own languages and our own cultures, in the end, while rights are important, they become meaningless if you cease to be who you are as a people,” he said, explaining there are around 1,000 speakers of the Métis language, Michif, remaining.
“It’s starting to come back, but we certainly need assistance to enable us to go forward. We need to find ways and means to do that.”
Assembly of First Nations National Chief Perry Bellegarde told the same committee that, if passed, C-91 would “mark the first time that Canada has upheld Indigenous language rights as existing Aboriginal treaty rights as recognized in section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982.
“Five elements are needed for the inherent right to self-determination to be recognized not only within the nation state called Canada, but globally: your own languages, your own lands, your own laws, your own people and your own identifiable forms of government,” he said.
“Language is one of those five. It’s fundamental to our existence. This legislation commits the government to providing sufficient sustainable and long-term funding toward the revitalization of our languages.”
But there is a minority among First Nations peoples who believe the Trudeau government’s legislative changes through C-91—and other bills that could pass in the coming week, such as child welfare Bill C-92 and U.N. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Bill C-262—represent a back-door attempt to domesticate inherent rights that pre-date Canada.
“Canada is trying to pass legislation without our consent, and it’s contrary to our treaty relationship,” Association of Iroquois and Allied Indians Deputy Grand Chief Gord Peters told APTN during a rally and march in Toronto last month.
Peters said Canada doesn’t have a right to consult with the AFN on decisions that will impact the proper rights and title holders, who he says are the people and the distinct Nations themselves.
“Consent has to come from the people in the grassroots, our communities, and our people,” he said.
A demonstrator at a May 29 rally in Toronto holds a sign directed at Bill C-91 and the Trudeau government’s effort to legislate Indigenous language rights in Canadian law. File photo.
According to the government, the bill’s content was co-developed with Indigenous groups through more than 50 engagement sessions.
But Peters is not alone in his criticism of the proposed legislation.
In a article posted to her blog after the bill’s announcement in February, Mi’kmaw lawyer and author Pam Palmater called C-91 “bountiful in flowery wording and empty on substantive rights,” arguing the bill “appears to utilize the same federally-controlled legislative framework concept for rights definition, limitation and scoping.
“It is important to remember that legislation is not legally required for the federal government to provide services in Indigenous languages or to provide funding to First Nations for Indigenous languages,” Palmater wrote.
“One should always be weary of a government bearing gifts in the form of legislation, as it usually comes with federal control, provisions which limit First Nation rights, and can ultimately be amended or repealed at the will of government.”
On Thursday Palmater took to Twitter to urge Senators to reject Bill C-91 (and Bills C-92 and C-97), “and any other legislation that purports to impact First Nation rights.
“You have no legal or moral right to impose your governing will on First Nations anymore. Genocidal laws policies & practices must stop,” she said.
Three quarters of the approximately 90 Indigenous languages spoken in Canada are at risk of being lost.
In an effort to protect Indigenous language and the knowledge transmitted through language, the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls has called on Canada to “recognize Indigenous languages as official languages, with the same status, recognition, and protection provided to French and English.”
Bill C-91 will now be returned to the House of Commons, where Parliamentarians will either accept the Senate committee’s amendments and pass it into law, or return the bill to Senate for further consideration.
Editor’s note: This story was updated June 15 at 6:58 p.m. to include a response from ITK.
jbrake@aptn.ca
@justinbrakenews
Tags: AFN, Bill C-91, Child Welfare, child welfare bill, Featured, ITK
View all posts by Justin Brake →
Federal Indigenous child welfare reform bill one step closer to becoming law
Advocates in Montreal link deaths of homeless people to removal of downtown shelter
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[ July 18, 2019 ] You Simply Can’t See the Whole Picture From One Side Stepan Piligian
[ July 18, 2019 ] God’s Masterpieces Literary Corner
[ July 18, 2019 ] You have found your family. How can we find ours? Family Histories
China as Refuge for Armenian Genocide Survivors
June 27, 2016 at 2:17 pm Khatchig Mouradian Special Reports 14
From the Armenian Weekly 2016 Magazine
Dedicated to the 101st Anniversary of the Armenian Genocide
China as Refuge for Armenian Genocide Survivors [1]
In a letter to his brother Krikor,[2] who had arrived in Boston in 1914, Rev. Asadoor Z. Yeghoyan wrote from Kharpert, “Krikor you traveled all around the world, now you know by experience that the world is round, take care so you will not fall off it.”[3] The reverend’s words were not true, yet they were prophetic. At that point, Krikor had not traveled around the world—he had left the Ottoman Empire and crossed the Atlantic for the United States. However, Krikor returned to his home town shortly thereafter and was caught in the maelstrom of World War I. He survived the Armenian Genocide with the help of Kurds from Dersim and eventually arrived in the Caucasus. Yet conflict in the region kept pushing him eastward, until he reached China. In 1919, he finally arrived in the U.S. via Japan, with help from Diana Apkar, the honorary consul in Japan of the first Republic of Armenia. At that point, he had indeed traveled around the world. In this article, I present a brief history of the several thousand Armenians who, like Krikor, escaped the genocide and found safe haven in China.
The Armenian community in Manchuli (circa 1919) (Photo: Meltickian Collection)
Armenians in China (1880s-1950s)
Armenian boy, Setrak Antonyan, in Tientsin, China, 1936 (Photo: Meltickian Collection, SCU Fresno Armenian Studies Program Library)
Hundreds of Armenians journeyed eastward to China in the late 19th century in search of opportunity, anchoring themselves in major cities, as well as in Harbin, a town that rose to prominence with the construction of the Chinese Eastern Railway.
Initially, Armenian railroad workers and merchants formed the core of the community in Harbin. Their numbers were small—no more than a few dozen. A larger number of Armenians lived in Manzhouli (Manchuli), which had risen to prominence in the early 20th century also thanks to railway projects. A group photograph of the Armenian community in Manzhouli (circa 1919) depicting around 150 men, women, and children, complete with the Armenian tricolor, stands testament to the size of the Armenian community in the city.[4]
A few thousand Armenians, including Yeghoyan, arrived in the region escaping genocide in Ottoman Turkey and turmoil in the Caucasus. Often, those who followed this path hoped to get to the United States. American missionary Ernest Yarrow encountered some 200 Armenian refugees in Vladivostok in late 1918, most of whom “have friends in America and are hoping in some way or other to get there.”[5] Yet most stayed in East Asia for years, even decades, helping build communities that thrived, despite conflicts, war, and foreign occupation.
Many of these Armenians coupled their personal success with a dedication to community life, helping develop small but vibrant communities. Despite conflicts, war, and foreign occupation that beset the history of China in the first half of the 20th century, they built a church (Harbin), community centers (Harbin and Shanghai), and established relief organizations, choirs, language schools, and women’s groups. In the years following the Chinese revolution, Armenians fled the country (like most Christians in China) mainly in two directions: Soviet Armenia and the Americas.[6]
Garabed Meltickian was a survivor of the genocide who joined the stream of Armenian refugees traversing the Caucasus and Siberia all the way to China. Originally from Maden, Diyarbakir, Meltickian was conscripted into the Ottoman military in 1914 and dispatched to Erzincan. In 1915, he was among 120 Armenian soldiers who were handcuffed and taken away to be killed. He miraculously survived the carnage, was given shelter by Kurds, saved by advancing Russian troops, fought with Armenian forces in Kars, and after their withdrawal from the city, went to Tiflis, from there to Siberia, and finally settled in Manchuria.[7] Meltickian became a successful merchant in the city, and played an active role in the Armenian community’s life. He helped form a youth group and started a small Armenian library, arranging for the shipment of books from Hairenik publishing house in Boston, Mass.[8]
Soon, the first generation of Armenians born in the city started successful businesses in China. A son of survivors, Yervand Markarian was born in Harbin, where his father had settled after the war. The family moved to Tientsin,[9] China, in 1925.[10] Years later, reflecting upon his life’s trajectory, Markarian wrote:
I was a man born outside my ethnic fatherland which by the time of my birth had ceased to exist… As incongruous as it may seem, I was born in China, without having a drop of Chinese blood, where I later volunteered to serve in the French army but was not French, and ended up in the French Foreign Legion in Indochina (Vietnam), under rather strange circumstances. As a family man, I owned and managed restaurants in China, Brazil, and California—all of them Russian/Armenian and all of them called Kavkaz.[11]
Map of North China (1912)
Newspapers in China and the Genocide
Many in China were not oblivious to the fate of Ottoman Armenians as hundreds of survivors arrived in Harbin and other cities. Russian, English, Chinese, and Japanese language newspapers reported on the fate of the Ottoman Armenians. The North China Herald (published in Shanghai beginning in 1850), for example, ran dozens of reports on the Hamidian massacres, the Adana massacres, the Armenian Genocide, relief efforts to assist Armenian deportees and refugees in the Caucasus and in Syria, peace treaties and negotiation processes involving Armenian representatives, and the Armenian communities in Harbin and Shanghai as they established a church and a community center. A report titled “Massacres in Armenia. Horrible Atrocities” (4 December 1915), provided details furnished by Viscount Bryce about massacres in Bitlis and Mush and drownings in River Tigris. Another article, “Awful Massacres in Armenia. Wholesale Drowning at Trebizond” (16 October 1915) noted how in the House of Lords, Earl Cromer said Germany’s “moral responsibility [in Armenian massacres] was unquestionable.” The author called for “utmost publicity” in India and Egypt expressing belief that educated Muslims there would be equally outraged by the atrocities. The author went on to argue that the only way to rescue the survivors would be “an expression of opinion from the World, especially from neutrals.”
Program booklet cover of Vartanants Day event in Harbin (Feb. 24, 1944) (Photo: Meltickian Collection)
Interactions with Missionaries
The role of missionaries in providing relief and assistance to Armenians during and in the aftermath of the genocide is well-documented, with focus on humanitarian work in the Ottoman Empire and the Caucasus.[12] Yet missionaries assisted Armenians, including deportees who had escaped the genocide, also in faraway cities like Vladivostok and Harbin. One such missionary was Rev. Ernest A. Yarrow, who spent almost a year in Siberia and Manchuria beginning in late 1918, following a decade of service in Van (September 1904-October 1915) and the Caucasus (1916-1919), before another five years in the Caucasus with Near East Relief (1920-1925).
Three and a half year old Yervand Markarian in Harbin (Photo: Author’s autobiography, Kavkaz)
Working for the Red Cross in Vladivostok, Yarrow helped house refugees “among whom were about 200 Armenians who had come from the Caucasus, some of whom I knew personally.”[13] Now in East Asia, Yarrow once again embarked upon helping Armenians from the Ottoman Empire and the Caucasus. “Among those whom I knew were Aghavnee and Marina, who were teachers in our school [in Van] and whom I put in charge of the stores until they got permission to leave. I got them good outfits of clothing and left them quite happy,” he wrote.[14]
Yarrow employed several Armenians, and secured jobs for many others. Armenian refugees in Siberia and Manchuria remembered Yarrow fondly for his efforts. In his memoir, Krikor Yeghoyan wrote:
[W]e visited Vladivostok [from Harbin]…. The first wagon rolling in was the one with the Armenians. At this instant we noticed one gentleman and two nurses. The nurses came over; they asked us, “Are you Armenians?” in Armenian. We answered, “Yes.” Right away they asked us if there were any tradesmen amongst us. I said I was a carpenter. The man said, “Good.” He left the nurses here and brought me to a town to meet the General. On our way, I asked him how come he knew such good Armenian. He said he was a missionary in Van. He learned it there and his name was Yarrow. I became very interested in the man. I asked him this time if he ever went to Harpoot. “Yes, but only for conventions.” In that case I suppose you must know Rev. Yeghoyan [Krikor’s brother]. “Oh, yes,” he said, he was a powerful minister. I continued saying, I was his brother, that I was in America one time, and doing carpentering there. “Do you speak English?” “Yes, a little,” I said. “Oh, you are just the man we are looking for!” At last I met the General; Yarrow introduced me to him giving all the details of my life and adding that I had been in U.S.A. After this formal conversation, I was appointed as supervisor over all the refugees, and master carpenter with a salary of 400 rubles, also board and lodging.[15]
Not all refugees Yarrow helped in Vladivostok anchored themselves in Siberia and China. Arriving in Egypt in March 1919, Yarrow met with several of the Armenians he had helped in Vladivostok months earlier. They were at the Armenian refugee camp in Port Said that was comprised of several thousand Armenians rescued by a French battleship from Musa Dagh, and a few thousand Armenians from elsewhere. “You remember my writing from Siberia that I had housed and organized the support of about 200 Armenians in Vladivostok?” Yarrow asked in a letter to his friend. “I was amazed to find that 35 of these had reached Port Said and were in the camp. They had been sent by boat by the Red Cross to make their way back to Armenia!”[16]
The A & M Karagheusian rug factory was one of the hugely successful Armenian-owned businesses, which employed hundreds in China and the U.S. (Photo: Elise Kazanjian family archive)
For several decades, hundreds of genocide survivors called China home, helping build communities that celebrated heritage and culture across the globe from the Armenian homeland. The Chinese revolution displaced these Armenians once again, scattering them across the globe—to Soviet Armenia, North America, and Australia. Thousands of documents, photographs, artifacts, and mementos from these communities are scattered in archives and family collections across the world. This article, and the more extensive study it is based on, is an effort to shed light on this integral yet neglected part of Armenian Genocide and Diaspora studies.
[1] This article is part of a much more detailed research report on the history of the Armenian communities in China in the 19th and 20th centuries, which will be published in an edited volume. I would like to thank the Gulbenkian Foundation for granting me a research fellowship that made this work possible. I would like to express my gratitude to Razmik Panossian, George Aghjayan, Ara Sanjian, Mimi Malayan, Edward G. Sergoyan, Matthew Karanian, Marc Mamigonian, Liz Chater, Elise Kazanjian, Barlow Der Mugrdechian, Henri Arslanian, and Xi Yang, for pointing me to—or providing me with—documents and photographs that proved crucial for my research. I thank the staff of Shanghai Library, Bibliotheca Zi-Ka-Wei (The Xujiahui Library), Guangzhou Library, The Armenian Studies Program at the University of Fresno, Harvard College Library (special collections and government documents), The National Association for Armenian Studies and Research (NAASR), the Armenian Studies Program at the University of Michigan-Dearborn, the Hairenik Association, the National Library of Armenia, and the libraries at Haigazian University for their help during my research.
[2] Krikor Z. Yeghoyan’s unpublished memoir, The Story of My Life, was written in 1952. Victoria Dadekian prepared a condensed English translation in 1970, which I cite in this report. I would like to thank Mimi Malayan for bringing the memoir to my attention. It is available at: http://issuu.com/dianaapcar.org/docs/memoir__the_story_of_my_life__by_krikor_z._yeghoya/1.
[3] Yeghoyan, The Story of My Life, 4.
[4] “Armenian Community in the City of Manchuli, China circa 1919,” in Meltickian Collection, Armenians in China Album No. 2, 1916-1953.
[5] Letter from Yarrow to Rev. Dr. Earle H. Ballou (20 November 1918). ABC 16.9.7, vol. 25d, item 260 (Papers of the ABCFM, reel 717). Dr. Ballou worked for ABCFM in China from 1917 until WWII.
[6] A few families, for example, settled in Australia.
[7] H. Bsag (Hamazasb Bsagian), “Garabed Mldigian,” Asbarez Daily, 12 April 1963.
[8] Ibid. Meltickian passed away in 1937. His wife and daughter eventually settled in Fresno, Calif. The Meltickian Collection referenced in this article is donated to the University of Fresno’s Armenian Studies Program by his daughter, Virginia Meltickian.
[9] Several dozen Armenians called Tientsin home in the 1920s and 1930s. According to an Etchmiadzin document providing figures for 1933-1934, there were 70 Armenians living in the city. See National archives of Armenia. Fund of the higher spiritual council of St. Echmiadzin. № 4732 as cited in I.D. Minasyan, “Socio-Economic Activity of Armenians in China,” in B.H. Yerznkyan, ed., Theory and Practice of Institutional Reforms in Russia / Collection of scientific works (Moscow, CEMI Russian Academy of Sciences), Issue 22 (2011), 63.
[10] Yervand Markarian, Kavkaz: A Biography of Yervand Markarian (United States: 1996), 7.
[11] Ibid., 2.
[12] See, for example, Suzanne E. Moranian, “The Armenian Genocide and American Missionary Relief Efforts,” in Jay Winter, ed., America and the Armenian Genocide of 1915 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003); Peter Balakian, The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America’s Response (New York: Harper Collins, 2003); and Hans-Lukas Kieser, A Quest for Belonging: Anatolia beyond Empire and Nation (19th–21st centuries), (Istanbul: Isis, 2007).
[13] Letter from Yarrow to Rev. Dr. Earle H. Ballou (20 November 1918). ABC 16.9.7, vol. 25d, item 260 (Papers of the ABCFM, reel 717). Dr. Ballou worked for ABCFM in China from 1917 until WWII.
[15] Krikor Z. Yeghoyan, The Story of My Life, 28.
[16] Letter from Yarrow to Rev. Dr. Earle H. Ballou (14 March 1919). ABC 16.9.7, vol. 25d, item 264 (Papers of the ABCFM, reel 717).
Khatchig Mouradian
Khatchig Mouradian is a lecturer in Middle Eastern, South Asian, and African Studies (MESAAS) at Columbia University, where he also heads the Armenian studies program. Mouradian’s first book, The Armenian Genocide and Resistance in Ottoman Syria during WWI, is forthcoming. Mouradian is also the author of articles on genocide, mass violence, unarmed resistance, and approaches to teaching history; the co-editor of a forthcoming book on late-Ottoman history; and the editor of the peer-reviewed journal The Armenian Review. His most recent publications include: “The Very Limit of our Endurance: Unarmed Resistance in Ottoman Syria during WWI,” in End of the Ottomans: The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism (London: I.B Tauris, 2019); and “Internment and Destruction: Concentration Camps during the Armenian Genocide, 1915-1916,” Internment during the First World War: A Mass Global Phenomenon (London: Routledge Studies in First World War History, 2018). Previously, Mouradian has taught courses on imperialism, mass violence, concentration camps, urban space and conflict in the Middle East, the aftermaths of war and mass violence, and human rights at Worcester State University, Clark University, Stockton University, Rutgers University, and California State University – Fresno.
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William Daghlian says:
Very informative. Thank you.
N. Romashuk Hairabedian says:
Running for their life, our ancestors reached even to China, this is so interesting, God Bless Them.
Thank you for writing this article. As an American of Armenian descent with ties to China (including time lived in Harbin and Shanghai), I’m excited to know that the Chinese streets we now walk and shops we now visit could once have been filled with Armenian voices. If anyone has specific addresses or locations where Armenians may have lived, worked, or worshiped in China, please let me know. I’ll try to find, photograph, and post those photos when I next visit China.
Frank ness says:
Hi, My dad lived in Shanghai from about 1920 to 1949. I had always believed that he fled the Russian revolution from Siberia. His name was Anotole Gnedovski. maybe he was actually of Armenian descent I do not know. Were you in Shanghai prior to 1949?
Prof. Emeritus Krikor says:
Thank you very much for this fascinating article. Our “hairenagitsner” (fellow Armenians) have had to be very resourceful in order to survive all the evils which have befallen them through no fault of their own.
sebouh haig bogosian says:
was stationed in shinghia during the second world war and was friends of the Armenian bakery loved to go there and eat the fresh bread do not remember there names also was sent to nanking was station in a german school was station in a german school I shanghi haigalou and fochalou were the address that we gave the richshaw drivers
Matthew Karanian says:
Hi Sebouh, my father Henry Karanian was also stationed in Shanghai during WWII. Perhaps you remember him?
Greg Ovanessian says:
Hello Sebouh,
My parents lived in Shanghai until 1948. The bakeries you mentioned may be the Tchakalian Bakeries, owned by Victor and Paul Tchakalian who came to the US and lived in San Francisco.
Khatchig Mouradian says:
Sebouh, thank you for your comment! Can you please contact me at kmouradian@csufresno.edu?
Wonderful article! Thank you so much for sharing!
no matter where we are, UNITE AS ONE!
Peter Rott says:
@Greg Ovanessian, do you know if that Paul Tchakalian was married to a woman named Ashhan? My grandmother and father lived in the former French Concession (on rue Joffre) until after the war, and the Tchakalians were family friends, there and later in San Francisco (where I was born)…but I don’t know if it’s the same Paul Tchakalian. If you have any additional info, I’d be most appreciative! Cheers, Peter Rott (porkido@gmail.com)
KEN BEDROSIAN says:
Great article. Thank you. I am the grandson of Krikor Z Yeghoyan. He lived with our family here in Fowler until his passing in 1963. He was an amazing man and most importantly a wonderful grandfather.
You Simply Can’t See the Whole Picture From One Side
God’s Masterpieces
July 18, 2019 at 10:24 am 0
You have found your family. How can we find ours?
Air Traffic in Armenia Expanding, Low Fares Up in the Air
David Terzibashian on Terian Paintings Presented to Pashinyan, Sarkissian
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The Greek government decided on the roadmap until the end of its mandate
By Spiros Rapanakis/ Published on: 19/12/2018
The roadmap for the next steps of the Greek government was decided by the cabinet in today’s meeting. One day after the budget was approved for 2019 with 154 votes, the government of Alexis Tsipras rejects the scenarios of early elections, as the prime minister addressing his ministers spoke of a government planning until September, which is the constitutional end of its mandate.
With the decisions of the Cabinet opens the way for a series of measures to be announced, with the most important one being the hiring of more than 15,000 permanent teachers over the next three years, and the new law for the protection of the primary residence expected to be implemented in January. At the end of next month, the process of raising the minimum wage is also under way, while the debt-to-government arrangements are also in the making.
From the key issues of the next period will be the Prespes Agreement, as after the conclusion of the process in fYROMacedonia follows the ratification by the Greek Parliament. With New Democracy stating in all tones that it will vote against the agreement, with the Movement of Change adopting the same position, the government believes that the content of the amendments that will be adopted by fYROMacedonia will lift any reservations expressed.
The amendments refute the arguments of those opposing the Agreement, Athens argues
In particular, government sources comment that the amendment tabled yesterday by Albanian parliamentarians of fYROMacedonia that the agreement does not define or prejudge “ethnicity” but only “citizenship”, overthrows the argument of K. Mitsotakis. It is noted that the main point the opposition focuses on in that the Agreement “grants Macedonian Ethnicity”. Another amendment provide for a reference to “an expatriate community” and not to a “minority”, another one of the arguments put forward by both the leader of the ND and the president of KINAL.
Initiative for Tsipras – Zaev to be nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize
Meanwhile, her proposal that Alexis Tsipras and Zoran Zaev be nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 2019 is presenting today to the Greek Prime Minister, the Nobel laureate Wides Bouchamaoui. The Tunisian Nobel Peace Prize winner for 2015, SYRIZA’s MEP and the rector of FON University, Nano Ruzin, are in Athens and have a meeting with Alexis Tsipras, in order to advance this initiative, underlining how the implementation of the Prespes Agreement opens up a new page of peaceful coexistence and co-development in the Balkans./IBNA
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DiamondRock Hospitality - Get News & Ratings Daily
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DiamondRock Hospitality (NYSE:DRH) Upgraded by Zacks Investment Research to “Buy”
Zacks Investment Research upgraded shares of DiamondRock Hospitality (NYSE:DRH) from a hold rating to a buy rating in a report released on Wednesday morning, Zacks.com reports. The brokerage currently has $12.00 price objective on the real estate investment trust’s stock.
According to Zacks, “DiamondRock Hospitality Company is a self-advised real estate company that owns, acquires and invests in upper upscale and upscale hotel properties located primarily in North America. To a lesser extent, it may invest, on a selective basis, in premium limited-service and extended-stay hotel properties in urban locations. The Company has a strategic acquisition sourcing relationship with Marriott International. “
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Several other equities research analysts also recently weighed in on DRH. ValuEngine downgraded Zumiez from a hold rating to a sell rating in a report on Tuesday, July 2nd. Wells Fargo & Co raised Centurylink from a market perform rating to an outperform rating and increased their price objective for the company from $12.00 to $14.00 in a report on Wednesday, June 26th. Four analysts have rated the stock with a sell rating, five have assigned a hold rating and one has assigned a buy rating to the company’s stock. The stock presently has a consensus rating of Hold and a consensus target price of $10.19.
DRH stock opened at $10.17 on Wednesday. The firm has a market capitalization of $2.03 billion, a P/E ratio of 9.97, a P/E/G ratio of 1.95 and a beta of 1.39. DiamondRock Hospitality has a twelve month low of $8.69 and a twelve month high of $12.39. The company has a 50 day moving average price of $10.19. The company has a debt-to-equity ratio of 0.62, a current ratio of 1.54 and a quick ratio of 1.54.
DiamondRock Hospitality (NYSE:DRH) last posted its quarterly earnings data on Wednesday, May 8th. The real estate investment trust reported $0.04 earnings per share for the quarter, missing the Thomson Reuters’ consensus estimate of $0.18 by ($0.14). The firm had revenue of $202.38 million during the quarter, compared to analyst estimates of $194.62 million. DiamondRock Hospitality had a net margin of 10.44% and a return on equity of 4.90%. DiamondRock Hospitality’s revenue was up 11.5% compared to the same quarter last year. During the same period in the previous year, the company posted $0.17 earnings per share. On average, equities research analysts expect that DiamondRock Hospitality will post 1.03 EPS for the current fiscal year.
The business also recently declared a quarterly dividend, which was paid on Friday, July 12th. Investors of record on Friday, June 28th were issued a dividend of $0.125 per share. This represents a $0.50 annualized dividend and a dividend yield of 4.92%. The ex-dividend date was Thursday, June 27th. DiamondRock Hospitality’s dividend payout ratio is presently 49.02%.
In related news, Director Maureen L. Mcavey sold 8,000 shares of the stock in a transaction on Friday, June 28th. The stock was sold at an average price of $10.36, for a total transaction of $82,880.00. Following the completion of the sale, the director now directly owns 91,688 shares of the company’s stock, valued at $949,887.68. The sale was disclosed in a filing with the SEC, which is available through the SEC website. 0.90% of the stock is owned by company insiders.
Hedge funds and other institutional investors have recently modified their holdings of the stock. United Services Automobile Association lifted its holdings in shares of DiamondRock Hospitality by 1.9% during the fourth quarter. United Services Automobile Association now owns 718,253 shares of the real estate investment trust’s stock worth $6,522,000 after purchasing an additional 13,449 shares during the period. Pzena Investment Management LLC lifted its holdings in shares of DiamondRock Hospitality by 7.9% during the first quarter. Pzena Investment Management LLC now owns 1,277,729 shares of the real estate investment trust’s stock worth $13,838,000 after purchasing an additional 93,148 shares during the period. D. E. Shaw & Co. Inc. acquired a new stake in shares of DiamondRock Hospitality during the fourth quarter worth $4,224,000. First Trust Advisors LP lifted its holdings in shares of DiamondRock Hospitality by 172.9% during the first quarter. First Trust Advisors LP now owns 482,130 shares of the real estate investment trust’s stock worth $5,221,000 after purchasing an additional 305,470 shares during the period. Finally, Connor Clark & Lunn Investment Management Ltd. purchased a new position in DiamondRock Hospitality in the fourth quarter worth $99,000.
About DiamondRock Hospitality
DiamondRock Hospitality Company is a self-advised real estate investment trust (REIT) that is an owner of a leading portfolio of geographically diversified hotels concentrated in top gateway markets and destination resort locations. The Company owns 31 premium quality hotels with over 10,000 rooms. The Company has strategically positioned its hotels to be operated both under leading global brand families such as Hilton and Marriott as well as unique boutique hotels in the lifestyle segment.
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← Helter Skelter or, how I came to hate the dirty hippies
Wither Blip.tv? Another Lesson in Reclaiming →
Bugliosi’s Helter Skelter Bogus Conspiracy Theory?
Posted on November 15, 2013 by Reverend
“Truman Capote and Bobby Beausoleil at San Quentin ” by Peter Beard
As my last post made all too clear, this week in True Crime we’re talking about the 1976 TV movie Helter Skelter. Last night, as a follow-up to the discussion of the film, we discussed the interview between Truman Capote and Bobby Beausoleil published in 1973 as “Then it All Came Down.” Capote went to San Quentin in 1972 to talk with Beausoliel who was (and still is) serving life in prison for killing Gary Hinman—the first of the Manson murders. What’s fascianting to me about this conversation is that it suggests Vincent Bugliosi’s Helter Skelter scenario argued during the Manson trial, namely that the various murders were committed to spark a global race war, is overstated.
Instead, the Sharon Tate and LaBianca murders were actually attempts to free the charismatic and handsome Beausoleil from prison. In fact, Capote lays this theory out pretty clearly in the preface to the published interview:
It all began with the murder of Gary Hinman, a middle-aged professional musician who had befriended various members of the Manson brethren and who, unfortunately for him, lived alone in a small isolated house in Topanga Canyon, Los Angeles County. Hinman had been tied up and tortured for several days (among other indignities, one of his ears had been severed) before his throat had been mercifully and lastingly slashed. When Hinman’s body, bloated and abuzz with August flies, was discovered, police found bloody graffiti on the walls of his modest house (“Death to Pigs!”) graffiti similar to the sort soon to be found in the households of Miss Tate and Mr. and Mrs. LaBianca.
However, just a few days prior to the Tate-LaBianca slayings, Robert Beausoleil, caught driving a car that had been the property of the victim, was under arrest and in jail, accused of having murdered the helpless Mr. Hinman. It was then that Manson and his chums, in the hopes of freeing Beausoleil, conceived the notion of committing a series of homicides similar to the Hinman affair; if Beausoleil was still incarcerated at the time of these killings, then how could he be guilty of the Hinman atrocity? Or so the Manson brood reasoned. That is to say, it was out of devotion to “Bobby” Beausoleil that Tex Watson and those cutthroat young ladies, Susan Atkins, Patricia Krenwinkel, Leslie Van Hooten, sallied forth on their satanic errands.
So, after watching the TV movie which spends three hours articulating and celebrating the brilliance of Bugliosi’s elaborate conspiracy theory tying the Manson murders to the Beatles’s song “Helter Skelter,” Capote offers a very logical, condensed version in just two short prefatory paragraphs. Rather than buying into an overblown theory that The White Album was the basis of an impending global racial conflagration, Capote argues Manson and the family had come up with the bloodiest, most horrific way to get Beausoleil out of jail. Still twisted thinking, no doubt, but somehow more believable than the vision of Helter Skelter laid out during the trial. That said, I must admit Bugliosi’s elaborate theory is far more entertaining than Capote’s, and maybe that’s the point.
This entry was posted in True Crime and tagged Bobby Beausoliel, Helter Skelter, truecrime, Truman Capote, Vincent Bugliosi. Bookmark the permalink.
1 Response to Bugliosi’s Helter Skelter Bogus Conspiracy Theory?
Tyger says:
The Bugliosi tale always seemed like something written by a man with a preconceived opinion of the whole hippie subculture, a negative one. It has all the elements of what respectable society found frightening at the time: hippies with long hair living on communes, drugs, promiscuity, a “race war”. The police originally thought the murders were drug related, which makes a lot more sense than an ex con with aspirations to become a musician trying to start a race war through random murders ( which weren’t all that random- Manson had prior knowledge of the Tate house through its prior tenants).
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China’s Former Head of Internet Censorship Pleads Guilty to Taking $4.6 Million in Bribes
The former head of internet censorship in China, Lu Wei, pleaded guilty to accepting at least 32 million yuan ($4.6 million) in bribes at a trial Friday.
Lu, who oversaw a tightening of online censorship during his tenure at the Cyberspace Administration of China, was a fierce defender of China’s policy of internet control.
In 2016, he stepped down from his post, and officials announced he was being investigated for suspected disciplinary violations the following year.
According to a post from Ningbo Intermediate People’s Court’s official Weibo account Friday, Lu was charged with accepting bribes from 2002 until late 2017.
Prosecutors said that Lu used his influence and position at various government organisations, including the Cyberspace Administration of China and Xinhua News Agency, to help others in exchange for benefits.
At the end of the trial in Zhejiang province, Lu pleaded guilty and “repented in court”, it said.
The former China internet tsar was once named among the world’s 100 most influential people by Time magazine. He also met with several Silicon Valley executives, including Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg, who personally welcomed him to the company’s Silicon Valley headquarters in 2014.
Zuckerberg has made several attempts to woo China’s top brass, including President Xi Jinping, as the US social networking site, along with Twitter and Google, remains blocked by China’s “Great Firewall” of online censorship.
Lu is part of a growing group of Communist Party cadres that have been caught in President Xi Jinping’s anti-graft campaign, which critics say has served as a way to remove the president’s political enemies. More than one million officials have been punished so far during Xi’s six-year tenure.
Earlier this month, Meng Hongwei, former Interpol president and vice minister of China’s public security bureau, was accused of accepting bribes, after he disappeared on a visit to China from France, where his wife and children live.
Former security head Zhou Yongkang — who appointed Meng vice security minister in 2004 — was also accused of bribery, as well as abuse of power and leaking state secrets. In 2015, he was sentenced to life in prison.
In February, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection listed more than 20 allegations against Lu on its website, ranging from serious crimes to character flaws.
In an unusually detailed statement, the anti-graft agency accused Lu of “using power for personal gain” and “deceiving the central government” and slammed his “tyrannical” management style.
In addition to China’s online censorship apparatus, Lu held top positions at the Beijing Propaganda department and the Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China.
cyberspace administration of china
internet control
Lu Wei
Ningbo Intermediate People’s Court
President Xi Jinping
Zhejiang province
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Legislature, Governor Lurch Toward Budget, Tax Resolution
Posted by John Regan on Jul 3, 2013 8:19:00 AM
The Massachusetts Legislature and Governor Deval Patrick lurched toward final approval yesterday of a $34 billion state budget for the fiscal year that began Monday and a $500 tax package required to fund that budget.
The Fiscal Year 2014 spending blueprint includes several measures affecting the cost of health insurance – it eliminates the Fair-Share Assessment created under the 2006 state health reform, drops the requirement that employers collect and retain the Health Insurance Responsibility Disclosure (HIRD) form, and replaces the current $67.20 per employee contribution to the Medical Security Trust Fund with a $50 per employee contribution to fund subsidized health care.
The measure also appropriates $2 million for the Massachusetts Manufacturing Extension Partnership.
Governor Deval Patrick has 10 days to consider the budget, which passed Monday after largely party-line votes in the House of Representatives and Senate.
The governor yesterday rejected and sent back to the Legislature the $500 million transportation finance bill because he believes it does not include enough revenue to fix the commonwealth’s roads, bridges and public transit systems. The governor proposed that the finance package, which increases the state gasoline and cigarette taxes and imposes a levy on software services, also boost the gas tax at least three additional cents beginning in 2017 when the tolls on the western portion of the Massachusetts Turnpike are set to come down.
House Speaker Robert DeLeo and Senate President Therese Murray immediately declared the governor’s proposal dead on arrival. The Legislature is expected to vote on the bill with the changes proposed by Patrick after the July 4 holiday.
Associated Industries of Massachusetts has maintained throughout the debate that lawmakers should fund transportation improvements with transportation-specific sources of revenue rather than business taxes such as the one on computer software. The association nevertheless believes that the legislation passed by the House and Senate takes positive steps toward fixing the transportation system without crippling increases to the income tax or other broad-based levies.
“Last week, the Legislature passed a carefully calibrated revenue proposal that solves long-standing financial problems within the transportation system," Murray and DeLeo said in a statement.
"The administration’s proposal tying the question of tolls in Western Massachusetts - a plan not even mentioned in its original bill - to a 4 cents gas tax increase places too high a burden on the taxpayers of our state. This threatens working families and businesses still fighting to overcome the financial downturn. Therefore, we will ask our respective chambers to reject the administration’s proposal.”
Elimination of the Fair Share Assessment and the HIRD form were priorities of the AIM Health Policy Committee.
“We’re delighted that the Legislature included these items that will have an immediate benefit for employers struggling with the high cost of providing good health insurance coverage to their employees,” said William Grant, Chair of the Health Policy Committee and Chief Financial Officer at Cummings Properties in Woburn,
House Ways and Means Committee Chairman Rep. Brian Dempsey said lawmakers have been prudent about rebuilding the state’s reserves after the recession.
Dempsey said the spending plan would leave Massachusetts with more than $1.5 billion in its stabilization account at the end of fiscal 2013, making it one of just four states with more than $1 billion in its rainy day fund. He said the Legislature also approved the first increase in unrestricted local aid for cities and towns in five years, and made investments in early education and elder care to reduce waiting lists for pre-school and home care services.
Topics: Massachusetts state budget, Issues, Taxes, Transportation
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Vehicle - NASCAR, May 13, 2016
Donations from Dale Jr.’s Glove Sales Help Steer Research in the Right Direction
Dale Earnhardt Jr. is known for many things – including his driving gloves. When NASCAR’s most popular driver climbs behind the wheel of his No. 88 Nationwide Chevrolet SS, one of the things fans look for are his signature skeleton gloves. Last year, he found a way to turn those bony fingers into helping hands, with the launch of the Driven to Give Gloves program.
As part of an initiative by The Dale Jr. Foundation (TDJF), this year Dale Jr. is teaming up with Nationwide Children’s Hospital. During NASCAR’s 10-month season, he will change colors of the gloves four times, and each set of gloves will be auctioned off – after being worn while racing, of course.
The colors will each represent a different cause and “Patient Champion” from Nationwide Children’s Hospital, and the money raised from each auction will be used to fund clinical and research programs through the hospital – in addition to raising awareness. The four Patient Champions will appear in person at the Kentucky Speedway race in July.
“Nationwide’s commitment to our team and our Foundation is very gratifying and means a lot to everyone involved,” says Dale Jr. This year’s campaign kicks off in April, when Dale Jr. takes to the track wearing gloves accented in blue, which is often used to bring attention to Autism.
In May, the gloves go lavender in honor of pediatric cancer, and then turn to gold in July to raise awareness about hearing impairments. The final set of Dale Jr.’s familiar skeleton gloves, which he will don in November, will be gray as a nod to diabetes awareness.
Faces behind the gloves
One way this campaign raises awareness is by making it personal – which is done with the help of the Patient Champions. Each cause has a real person as its face, and each Patient Champion has received care from the hospital. All of them have been involved in other NASCAR and Nationwide events, and they’re all racing fans as well.
Here’s a closer look at the brave champions who are the driving forces behind this year’s auction:
Autism. Aiden VanWagner was diagnosed with autism at an early age, but today the 7-year-old has received comprehensive interventions and individualized treatments from Nationwide Children’s Hospital’s Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders. This allows him to enjoy school in a mainstream classroom.
Pediatric cancer. Four years ago, Grant Reed was diagnosed with a brain tumor in the back of his head near the brain stem called Medullablastoma. Although the tumor was removed, the then-11-year-old suffered severe complications. After being admitted to the hospital’s inpatient rehabilitation unit, he was able to regain control of his speech and physical movement. Today, at 15, he is a huge NASCAR fan.
Hearing impairment. For Tarissa Suchecki, Nationwide Children’s Hospital was the first home she ever knew. After being born more than two months premature, she spent the first seven months of her life in the hospital and among the complications of her premature birth was profound hearing loss. Today, the fourth grader has overcome many challenges and enjoys pageant competitions.
Diabetes. Although he was diagnosed with Type I diabetes three years ago, 11-year-old Dalton Miller continues to enjoy an active life. His work with the clinical team at the hospital has taught him how to monitor his food and beverages to manage his illness.
After driving with each set of gloves, Dale Jr. will sign the gloves at the end of each designated month and TDJF will auction them off on its official eBay store. Find out more about The Dale Jr. Foundation here.
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Army Veteran Turned Nationwide Consultant Discusses Career Transition [Video]
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12Mar 2019 12 Mar 2019
By Maurice “Mo” Barnes , Senior Contributor@Mo Barnes,| Breaking News
B.A.W.N-(Washington, D.C.) The federal government unsealed court documents in Boston this week that unveiled a startling tale of White privilege, elitism and bribery. It all hinged on admission to the top schools in the country and bribes for admission of children of the elite. According to the FBI, those indicted “Robbed students of their fair shot at a chance to attend some of the country’s top schools.”
The US Justice Department has indicted at least 50 people in a nationwide cheating scandal that saw payouts of up to $6 million to get their children into elite schools.
Among those indicted are actress Lori Loughlin, who played Aunt Becky on the ABC sitcom “Full House”, and her husband, fashion designer Mossimo Giannulli. ABC News reports that the couple “agreed to pay bribes totaling $500,000 in exchange for having their two daughters designated as recruits to the USC crew team — despite the fact that they did not participate in crew — thereby facilitating their admission to USC.”
D.O.J.COM
The 200-page D.O.J charging document included testimony from a cooperating witness, email records and secret recordings. According to federal prosecutors:
“Beginning in or about 2011, and continuing through the present, the defendants — principally individuals whose high-school-age children were applying to college — conspired with others to use bribery and other forms of fraud to facilitate their children’s admission to colleges and universities in the District of Massachusetts and elsewhere, including Yale University, Stanford University, the University of Texas, the University of Southern California, and the University of Southern California — Los Angeles.”
Also indicted was actress Felicity Huffman who prosecutors state, ” “made a purported charitable contribution of $15,000 … to participate in the college entrance exam cheating scheme on behalf of her eldest daughter.”
According to CNN, the alleged crimes committed by those indicted also include cheating on college admissions exams. Prosecutors allege that third parties took critical exams in place of the students. In addition, it is alleged that records and profiles of ineligible student-athletes were altered in the admissions scheme. The federal indictment is unprecedented, in the scope and breadth of the alleged crimes committed and also is a direct indictment on the college admission process when it comes to poor and disadvantaged students. (mb)
Maurice “Mo” Barnes is a Senior Contributor at Black America World News (BAWN). “Mo” is a Graduate of Morehouse College and a nationally renowned political scientist based in Atlanta. Mo is also an accomplished Blues musician and plays regularly. Mo has used his vast journalistic talent to write for Rolling Out Magazine and many other popular U.S. Media outlets. You can reach Mo Barnes at https://twitter.com/theblogrebel.
Published by One World Transatlantic Global Media
One World Transatlantic Global Media is an American media company based in Chicago, IL. The company was founded by Gregg L. Greer in 2000 the company produces Radio, TV, Magazines ect. Our ideas of "Civic Responsibility," is defined as the "responsibility of a citizen" (Dictionary.com). We encourage actions and attitudes associated with social participation. Our Actions of civic responsibility can be displayed in advocacy for various causes, such as economic, civil, environmental or quality of life issues. We hope to "Help the World Sing in Perfect Harmony." View all posts by One World Transatlantic Global Media
Tags: admissions, bribery, College, indictment, Justice Department, RICO, white privilege
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Boats Community
Gold Coast Water Police Vessels
The honouring of fallen officers is a very sensitive and private matter and as a result the Queensland Police Service has an internal naming convention policy. The decisions made regarding this policy is through the Water Police Inspector and the Executive Leadership Team.
When naming a vessel considerable consultation is required, with not only the family of the fallen officer the new vessels is being named after, but also the family of the existing named vessel if the name is being retired.
As a general rule, larger Class One vessels over 12 metres are named in honour of police officers murdered in the line of duty, and vessels under 12m are named after police officers who are killed in the line of duty.
Until 2013, the names of the officers came from the police Districts or Regions they worked in at the time of their passing, but as the Water Police is now a state-wide entity, names are allocated at the discretion of the Commissioner of Police.
DA SHEAN. This vessel is named in honour of Senior Constable David Andrew SHEAN who was tragically killed in a motorcycle incident while responding to a code 2 emergency at Eight Mile Plains on the 5th April 2001.
AL GREAVES. This vessel is named in honour of Anthony Lewis GREAVES who was tragically killed in a motorcycle incident while responding to an urgent medical escort at Woolloongabba on the 9th February 1991.
AP ANDERSON. This vessel is named in honour of Ashley Paul ANDERSON who was tragically killed in a motor vehicle incident while in the execution of his duty at Carrara on the 26th June 1987.
(Source: Queensland Police Service South Eastern Region Media Unit: Gold Coast, Queensland)
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Barenboim delivers urgent yet classical Beethoven with West-Eastern Divan Orchestra
Daniel Barenboim conducted the West-Eastern Divan Orchestra Sunday afternoon at Symphony Hall. File photo: Chris Christodoulou
When the West-Eastern Divan Orchestra, led by its co-founder Daniel Barenboim and presented by Celebrity Series of Boston, launched into the Adagio molto introduction to Beethoven’s Second Symphony Sunday afternoon at Symphony Hall, they made it feel as though this was the last symphony in the world.
Where did that sense of urgent attention, that determination to cherish every note, come from? Maybe it was a sense of occasion—giving a program of this composer’s Second and Third Symphonies in a world-famous hall with only one name inscribed on its proscenium: Beethoven.
Maybe it was an awareness that on the day in 1802 when Beethoven inked the double bar at the end of this piece, it really was his “last” symphony, not just the second in a set of nine. That same summer in Heiligenstadt, appalled by his deepening deafness, Beethoven wrote a now-famous letter confessing thoughts of suicide before declaring his resolve to go on.
Maybe it was the existential dilemma that gave birth to this orchestra of mostly Arab and Israeli musicians, founded in 1999 by Barenboim and the late Palestinian-American literary scholar Edward Said with an eye to fostering understanding among the peoples of the Middle East.
The ensemble’s logo is made of musical notation—two bass clefs and a quarter note—arranged to form the outline of a human ear. Statements by Barenboim and others make much of listening as a prelude to understanding. And indeed, the players on Sunday gave the impression of listening intently to each other, as if playing chamber music. No bit of counterpoint or commentary, however fleeting, went unnoticed in the orchestra’s lucid texture.
Even Barenboim seemed at times more listener than conductor, limiting himself to a few encouraging gestures or even dropping his arms entirely. At other times, however, his baton drove the music smartly ahead. He checked in visually with each section of the orchestra in turn, sometimes to cue an important phrase but often just to make contact.
Perhaps it was the “move on” ethos of this whole enterprise that inspired the prevailing brisk (but never rushed-sounding) tempos and the omission of both symphonies’ first-movement repeats. Whatever the reason, Barenboim didn’t wallow in Beethoven’s interesting details, but kept his eye on the distant horizon, pulling the narrative thread tight.
The Second Symphony’s Larghetto, in Barenboim’s version, was much more “etto” than “Largo,” gathering its attractive themes into one smooth flow even while noting the lush lyricism of one and the dancing charm of another.
While keeping the scherzo and finale ticking along right in time, the conductor made the most of Beethoven’s dynamic effects: the abrupt pause, the sudden dynamic “Boo!” and a long crescendo that just grows and grows until one thinks it can’t grow any more, and then grows some more.
If Barenboim’s brisk, attentive approach had the effect of elevating one of Beethoven’s lesser-known symphonies to star status, it had quite a different effect on the Third, rightly celebrated as a world-changing masterpiece. Scrubbed clean of two centuries of commentary, the “Eroica” came across as a striking new work from the Age of Haydn (which, in 1803, it still was).
Instead of looking for signs of Tchaikovsky or Mahler in Beethoven’s score, Barenboim sought the classical logic underlying its enormous expansion of symphonic form and expression. The digressions, outbursts, pauses and elaborations all spoke eloquently for themselves as the conductor kept his eye once again on the distant goal, and the work’s nearly-an-hour duration seemed to pass in a fraction of that.
Pouncing with the two big opening chords before the audience had finished clapping, Barenboim took Beethoven’s marking Allegro con brio literally and delivered a bright, upbeat first movement, enlivened by more of those expressive dynamics and well-gauged climaxes.
The funeral march, whose structure is so loose and episodic that it is often said to represent the disorientation of grief, here began simply, then unfolded as an epic, a heroic life remembered in a series of ever-changing tableaux. The lively yet poised scherzo avoided low comedy; even the horns of the trio were on their best behavior, playing their bounding tune with a nice gleam, but no whooping.
By now one could expect that Barenboim would find the narrative running through the finale’s variations, and he did. The many distinctive contributions by individuals and sections were summed up in the fugue variation, where each section gave its own color and spin to the theme as it entered. Barenboim pulled it all back effectively for the oboe’s tender interlude, then built to the boisterous coda by way of the longest, biggest crescendo of all.
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s 1819 poetry collection West-Eastern Divan paid tribute from a German poet to Arabic and Persian literature. On a Sunday afternoon nearly two centuries later, an orchestra born in the Middle East returned the compliment to a German composer—a virtuous circle, if there ever was one.
The next classical-music presentation of Celebrity Series of Boston is Renée Fleming, soprano, and Susan Graham, mezzo-soprano, 3 p.m. Sunday. celebrityseries.org; 617-482-6661.
One Response to “Barenboim delivers urgent yet classical Beethoven with West-Eastern Divan Orchestra”
Posted Jan 28, 2013 at 2:29 pm by James
A wonderful performance surpassing my expectations. Congratulations to these talented emissaries of peace.
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World Bank Chief Starts Long ...
Brazilian House Refuses to Expel ...
World Bank Chief Starts Long Brazil Visit Dropping by a Slum
by Newsroom December 15, 2005
World Bank President Paul Wolfowitz has arrived in Brazil, a country which he describes as an economic giant and major global player.
Wolfowitz says the visit – his first to Brazil since taking over the presidency of the Bank – will help him understand the richness and diversity of the Latin America region.
"In Brazil, I will be traveling to different parts of the country to see both Brazil’s achievements and the challenges that the country faces which are not dissimilar to those of other big countries in the region," Wolfowitz says
The Bank president will come face to face with one of Brazil’s major challenges within hours of stepping foot in the country – a visit to the favelas or urban slums of São Paulo.
"This underscores the challenge for Brazil and most Latin American countries. It’s the challenge of dealing with extreme poverty," Wolfowitz says.
"Something like 10 percent of the population of Latin America lives on less than a dollar a day – what we define as extreme poverty. "
Wolfowitz says about 25 percent of the population in the region lives on less than $2 a day.
"It does have, I think, the most severe inequality of any region in the world except for sub-Saharan Africa."
He says it’s extremely important to understand the dimensions of poverty in the region and to understand how the Bank can help countries deal with the issue.
Bank Support
During his six day visit, Wolfowitz will have the chance to see firsthand a key element in the Bank’s support to help Brazil tackle poverty through the country’s flagship social program, Bolsa Família.
The program, which celebrated its second anniversary in October, is one of the largest of its kind in the world. Supported by a Bank loan of US$ 572.2 million, the program aims to improve the living conditions for eight million poor families throughout Brazil. The government hopes to achieve universal coverage – helping some 11.2 million families – by 2006.
Wolfowitz will meet poor families who are supported by the scheme – which gives the families cash grants on the condition they send their children to school and health facilities.
"Brazil is one of the countries which has pioneered in this area and it’s something I think has potential application as far afield as Indonesia, which is experimenting with something along similar lines,"Wolfowitz says.
It’s just one of some 50 active Bank projects now in Brazil, worth US$ 4.2 billion.
Prior to his arrival Wolfowitz described Brazil as "one of the most important countries in the developing world."
"In fact, very importantly, it’s one of the countries we call the middle income countries that have increasingly developed the capacity to do a great deal for themselves, which is some respects, is a challenge for this institution to figure out what our place is, in a picture where our role is smaller but still important," he says.
"I really want to underscore the Bank’s commitment to Brazil and to all other middle income countries in Latin America, because there’s such a high number of the world’s poor people who live there. While there has been a lot of success in the last few decades, there’s a lot more to be done and I want to make sure this institution is doing everything it can to assist."
Trade Round
The president’s visit takes place as trade ministers from around the world meet in Hong Kong for the latest round of trade talks on the Doha development round.
It’s a point acknowledged by Wolfowitz, who says he’s keen to understand the country’s perspective on the trade issue and to see "what we can possibly do to help move forward the global trade agenda."
"And as a major exporter of industrial, technological products and agricultural products – from soybeans to aircraft – Brazil has taken on a leading role in representing other emerging economies in the global trade debate."
During his visit, Wolfowitz will meet in capital Brasília with President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, and Finance Minister Antonio Palocci to also hear about the steps the government has taken to maintain economic stability and growth, while focusing on social issues.
"It’s impressive to me in how many areas Brazil is mentioned as a leader – in area of climate change, HIV/AIDS, renewable energy, trade, community driven initiatives, education, health and infrastructure. These are all areas which I think are very important things for us to be learning what Brazil has done," Wolfowitz says.
The Bank president will also visit communities in the state of Ceará in Brazil’s Northeast, the poorest region in the country, where the Bank has been supporting several community-driven development initiatives. And in the Amazon area, Wolfowitz will go to various projects seeking a balance between environmental conservation and economic development.
Wolfowitz signaled climate change would be a key issue during this visit.
"Climate change is a key concern for the world this century. By its sheer size, its richness and the abundance of its natural resources, Brazil is a key player in that area. And, it’s also like other rapidly developing middle income countries, a big consumer of energy and so that I think will definitely be something to be talking about and learning about."
"Brazil is one of nine countries but the biggest country which hosts the extraordinary treasure of the Amazon, which is both a national treasure for Brazil, but also something that is an asset in many, many ways to the global community.
"And I think the whole world has an interest in helping Brazil manage those resources. I’m basically an optimist. I think it can be done in a way that both maximizes the contribution to development and manages the environment successfully. But it’s a big challenge."
The Amazon – called the last great wilderness on earth – has almost 40 percent of all the tropical rainforests left in the world, and is home to more than one third of all natural species on the globe.
The Bank has been helping Brazil manage the fine balance between development and preservation as trustee of the rain forest trust fund worth US$ 73 million, which supports the Pilot Program to Conserve the Brazilian Rainforest, with total funds of US$ 428 million.
The program has demarcated 45.5 million hectares of indigenous lands, and established more than 2.1 million hectares of community managed extractive reserves. It’s also sponsored more than 200 community projects which experiment with new ways to conserve the rain forest and use the natural resources in a sustainable way.
Wolfowitz will visit some of those community projects during his visit to the Amazon, including watching local people extract latex from rubber trees and producing products made from latex leather, such as purses and bags.
During his trip, the Bank president will also meet civil society representatives, groups of women, as well as the indigenous peoples, youth leaders and local authorities.
Wolfowitz made the following statement upon his arrival in Brazil.
"This is my first visit to Latin America as President of the World Bank and my first visit to Brazil. I am delighted to begin my immersion in the region by visiting Brazil, an economic giant, a major global and regional actor, and a country whose great richness and diversity are such an important part of the even greater richness and diversity of the Latin American region as a whole.
"Over the next few days, I will be traveling to different parts of the country to see for myself both Brazil’s achievements and its challenges. I will be meeting President Lula and Finance Minister Palocci this afternoon to hear more from them on the steps the Government has taken to maintain economic stability and growth, while focusing on social issues. I also want to hear their views of Brazil’s relationship with the World Bank Group and how we can strengthen that partnership.
"During my visit I hope to learn about the efforts Brazil is making to promote inclusive growth and reduce entrenched inequality. Throughout Latin America, there is an urgent need to create equality of opportunities for the poor, not only to improve their lives, but also to increase their ability to contribute to the economy and to society. Programs that directly target the poor such as Bolsa Família – which can serve as a model for other countries – are of special interest.
"Brazil is a major exporter of industrial, technological and agricultural products, ranging from soybeans to aircraft. This has given it a leading role as one of the most important emerging economies in the global trade debate.
"Sound management of natural resources and the environment have emerged as a key concern for the World Bank in the 21st century and Brazil – by its sheer size, richness and abundance of its natural resources- is a key player in promoting environmental sustainability in this area. Together, we have an opportunity to advance the energy and development dialogue as we seek innovative uses for emerging technologies.
"I will be visiting local communities in the Amazon, in the Tapajós and Santarém region, where a number of creative experiences are taking place in the area of community-driven development. This is a path to growth and prosperity that is friendly to the environment and inclusive of those who have historically been left behind, such as women, youth, and indigenous groups.
"Like other middle-income countries in Latin America, Brazil faces the challenge of enabling the poorest of its people to enjoy the opportunities that it success increasingly brings to the more fortunate of its people.
"With 25 percent of the population of Latin America still living in poverty, overcoming poverty remains a major challenge for Brazil and other middle-income countries, a challenge the World Bank Group is committed to working on."
World Bank – www.worldbank.org
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What To Do In The Lake District
British Heritage | @brit_heritage Jun 20, 2017 Print
Are you visiting the lake district soon? Then here's everthing you need to see and what you can't afford to miss
For all practical purposes, the fells and meres of England’s picturesque northwestern Lake District are the county of Cumbria. For centuries now, the Lakes have drawn hikers and nature lovers, writers and artists. Popularized in the late 18th century by Romantic poets and painters, this is the original “back to nature” landscape. Any time of year, the attractions and breathtaking scenery make a photogenic backdrop for exploring the region, now the Lake District National Park. Be prepared for crowds and traffic on spring and summer weekends, but there are always plenty of deserted open spaces.
Read more: Exploring the heart of England
Getting to the Lakes
Getting to the Lake District can be accomplished by train via a spur line that runs from Oxenholme to Windermere. That’s the end of the line. Getting around in the Lake District has to be done by road (or foot). Whether you’re driving from London or picking up a car in Manchester, it’s a drive north on the M6 through the historic county of Lancashire. Exit at Junction 38 and take the A591 to Windermere. If the timing is right, it’s only a mile or so detour to visit the Elizabethan manor house of Levens Hall and its star attraction - the oldest and most extensive topiary gardens in the world.
The market town of Windermere and adjacent Bowness, which tumbles downhill to the waterfront of Windermere, offer many options for accommodation, including several sprawling Victorian hotels with broad lawns and views over the lake. But do plan ahead - particularly in the busy summer.
On Windermere and Bowness
The largest lake in England, Windermere is the center of Lake District activity. And Bowness is at the center of the 11-milelong lake. The two communities have separate town centers, but have virtually grown together with the popularity of Lake District tourism.
Here at Dove Cottage in the village of Grasmere, the poet William Wordsworth wrote many of his most famous works. He is buried with his sister in the parish churchyard down the lane
The waterside Tourist Information Centre is always a good place to start for information on local events, brochures and maps. Take a cruise of the lake on the steamship Teal, or one of several other boats, or rent your own boat for the morning. Visit the World of Beatrix Potter, the Windermere Steamboat Museum or take a steam train ride on the Lakeside and Haverthwaite Railway. A few miles north, the Lake District Visitor Centre at Brockhole offers bike and boat hire, and lovely lakeside gardens.
Read more: Exploring Thomas Hardy country
Bowness and Windermere thrive on visitors, offering myriad options for dining and evening entertainment. You can mingle with travelers from across the country and the world at a local pub.
Tales of Wordsworth and Beatrix Potter
Today features an easy excursion into the world of the romantic Lakeland poets, most famously William Wordsworth, who popularized the Lakes as a place to get back to nature. That world became the landscape of Beatrix Potter and her imagination, who lived and wrote on her farm above Coniston Water. Even those who’ve never read the writers will love the day.
Follow the A591 north along the east shore of Windermere through Ambleside to Grasmere. Wordsworth lived here from 1799 to 1808, and wrote many of his most famous poems here.
On the edge of the village, Dove Cottage and garden are open daily. In the pretty stone village center, visit the parish church, where Wordsworth and his sister are buried in the churchyard. Do sample a piece of famous Grasmere gingerbread from the little shop next to the church. Serious fans may also want to visit Wordsworth’s later home at nearby Rydal Mount.
It’s a short ride west to Coniston Water, Hawkshead and Hill Top, Beatrix Potter’s 17th-century farmhouse in the village of Near Sawery. The National Trust maintains the house as she would have known it, and the gardens as Peter Rabbit knew them.
West of the Lakes from Ulverston to Cockermouth
Heading south along Windermere on the A592, there are several great visits at the southern end of the lake, including the Lakeland Motor Museum (see last issue’s “Take Ten”). Ulverston is the home of comic icon Stan Laurel, and the only museum in the world devoted to Laurel and Hardy (with a cinema that shows their movies continuously). Drive times are not demanding, but you’ll need to choose your stops along the way.
To the east in the Lake District National Park, the sweeping Cumbrian landscape takes on a gentler, more pastoral cast
You might continue further south to visit dramatic Furness Abbey, or cut west a few miles on the A5092. The A595 leads north between the Cumbrian peaks and the Irish Sea. This western edge of the Lake District is definitely a less traveled road, which is wonderful for sightseeing. Coastal farms and ocean vistas on your left and the desolate, majestic mountains on your right provide ample reward. Muncaster Castle or the Roman Baths at Ravenglass are possible stops along the way.
Plan an overnight stay in the northern market town of Cockermouth. There are a number of options, but the riverside Trout Hotel on the main street next to Wordsworth’s Birthplace makes a great choice. Time permitting, you might visit the poet’s house or Jennings’ Brewery.
Between the Mountains to Keswick and the East
If time is pressing, take the A66 down the side of Bassenthwaite Lake about 15 miles to Keswick. For a slower, scenic ride in the Cumbrian wilderness, follow the B5289 to Crummock Water and Buttermere, then over high Honiston Pass through Borrowdale to Keswick. The market town of Keswick is the northern base for climbing and hiking in the fells. The oddly interesting Cumberland Pencil Museum at the home of Derwent pencils, and reputedly the world’s largest pencil, makes a great, brief visit. On a plateau just above the town, the Neolithic henge of Castlerigg Stone Circle demonstrates that people have found this rugged countryside an inviting home for 5,000 years.
Read more: 24 hours in Bath
From Keswick, the A591 leads south along the shore of Thirlmere back to Ambleside and Windermere. Alternatively, continue on the A66 east to Penrith and the M6.
Leaving the Lakes Behind
Time permitting, you may be inspired to spend a day or three in the Lakes hillwalking, painting or writing poetry yourself. When it’s time to leave, the M6 leads north to historic Carlisle and on to Gretna Green and Scotland. Turn south to Blackpool, Liverpool, Manchester and Cheshire. Alternatively, follow the A66 through Appleby-in-Westmorland and the Eden Valley to County Durham and Yorkshire. Fascinating stories are everywhere!
Related: May/June 2017
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Believe it: It’s time to recognize the Toronto Raptors as East contenders
Chris Mannix
Yahoo Sports February 7, 2018
TORONTO – As we anointed Boston the Eastern Conference’s heir, wondered if Jabari Parker could make Milwaukee a threat and debated whether Washington was equipped to make another postseason run, we largely dismissed Toronto. And after watching the Raptors bully the Celtics in a 111-91 drubbing on Tuesday night, it’s time to get to the bottom of why.
Is it history? Toronto has made the playoffs four straight seasons, yet only advanced out of the first round twice. Last season the Raps were a veteran-laden, experienced bunch that added Serge Ibaka at the trade deadline and seemed ready to challenge Cleveland for the Eastern Conference crown. Instead, they folded in four games to the Cavaliers in the conference semis.
DeMar DeRozan passes the ball in front of the Celtics’ Marcus Morris during the second half Tuesday night. (AP)
Is it coaching? Is there any more maligned successful coach than Dwane Casey? Casey has won 56.3 percent of his games as the Raptors’ coach and is headed to Los Angeles next week to coach an All-Star team. Yet Casey’s play-calling is constantly scrutinized, his offenses in recent years have been deemed unimaginative, and he always seems one early playoff exit away from being shown the door.
Is it the stars? Make a list of the top backcourts in today’s NBA. Stop when you get to Kyle Lowry and DeMar DeRozan. They don’t have the sizzle of Stephen Curry and Klay Thompson, the speed and skill of John Wall and Bradley Beal, and can be overlooked in favor of Damian Lillard and C.J. McCollum. Lowry is an overachiever and DeRozan is a prolific scorer who can’t shoot the three.
Is it the bench? The Raps gutted the second unit last summer, elevating unknowns. Expecting Delon Wright and Fred VanVleet to lead a top-tier reserve unit was foolish. Pascal Siakam? Most couldn’t pick him out of a lineup.
Yet here we are, early February, and the Raptors are 37-16, a game back of Boston — and surging. Lowry and DeRozan are All-Stars, the bench is ranked in the top 10 in scoring and the coach has overhauled an isolation-heavy offense into a free-flowing system that has pushed Toronto into the top five in offensive efficiency.
You know what: It’s time to start talking more about Toronto.
What the Raptors did to Boston on Tuesday was downright mean. The Celtics were hot (winners of four straight), healthy (Kyrie Irving and Marcus Morris were back in the lineup) and had a win over Toronto earlier in the season in their pocket. And they got steamrolled. The Raptors built an eight-point first-quarter lead and never looked back.
“We looked slow, we looked like we weren’t ready to react to their speed or their physicality, and I think that was probably the case the whole night,” Celtics coach Brad Stevens said. “Credit them, they played great.”
Indeed, the stars showed up. Lowry, a close friend of Irving’s, dumped 23 points in 25 minutes on him in a matchup of All-Star playmakers, while DeRozan, who has layered a lethal midrange game with a 3-point shot and high-level playmaking, chipped in with 15-points and six assists. The bench did, too. Wright (14 points) and VanVleet (10) ran wild on Boston’s bench, turning the fourth quarter into garbage time.
Said Stevens: “Their bench has been killing everybody.” Added Irving: “They are the best second unit in the league, and they have confidence in themselves.”
And what about coaching? It was Casey who scuttled an isolation-heavy offense that ranked dead last in the league in assists last season in favor of one that has pushed the Raptors into the top half of the league in that category. It’s Casey who has molded Lowry and DeRozan into stars and has taken unheralded draft picks and off-the-street free agents and developed them into a dangerous second unit. And it was Casey, on Tuesday, ordering Ibaka to pick up All-Star Al Horford near midcourt, throwing a wrench in Boston’s effort to run the offense through Horford and giving him a look he admitted he had rarely seen before.
The Raptors are for real, and with Cleveland crumbling, it’s time to start looking at Toronto as at least a co-favorite to come out of the conference. The Raps weren’t taking any victory laps on Tuesday; when asked if Toronto sent a message, Lowry shrugged. “It’s one game,” Lowry said. “We did our job.” That’s true. The Raptors took care of business at home, where they are an NBA-best 22-4 this season. And they will get two more cracks at Boston before the end of the season. But they are one of the NBA’s hottest teams entering the All-Star break with a young supporting cast that gets better by the game.
Toronto didn’t feel like a contender at the start of the season. At the midway point, it’s clear that they are.
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'House of Cards' star Robin Wright discusses 'second chances' for Kevin Spacey
Ben Arnold
Robin Wright (Credit: Netflix)
Robin Wright has spoken about the possibility of ‘second chances’ for her House of Cards co-star Kevin Spacey.
In some of the actress’s first direct remarks about Spacey, following his ousting from the Netflix series in the wake of accusations of sexual harassment, she spoke about the possibility of his ‘reform’.
Asked if deserved a reprieve, she told Net-A-Porter: “I don’t know how to comment on that, I really don’t.
“I believe every human being has the ability to reform. Has the ability to reform.
“In that sense, second chances, or whatever you are going to call it – absolutely, I believe in that. It’s called growth.”
Wright had broached the situation before, in remarks to the Today show in the US.
“I think we were all surprised, of course, and ultimately saddened,” she said, speaking about when she found out about the allegations facing Spacey.
Asked whether she had been in touch with him, she added: “I don’t even know how to reach him.
“Kevin and I knew each other between ‘action’ and ‘cut,’ and in between setups where we would giggle. I didn’t know the man. I knew the incredible craftsman that he is.”
Spacey has been accused by a number of men of sexual harassment, the first in October of last year when Star Trek: Discovery actor Anthony Rapp claimed that Spacey assaulted him at a party when he was 14.
Many more then came forward, including crew-members from House of Cards, and former employees from Spacey’s tenure as creative director at the Old Vic theatre in London.
He was fired from House of Cards, which had already started filming its sixth series, and then cut out of the Ridley Scott movie All The Money In The World, his part re-shot by Christopher Plummer.
A planned movie about Gore Vidal for Netflix was also axed.
His most recent movie, Billionaire Boys Club, earned just $618 on its opening weekend in the US, the lowest of his career.
House of Cards is set to return for its final series in November.
Coleen calls Kim ‘an actress’ after Loose Women melt down
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#house-of-cards
#robin-wright
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Medicaid expansion is at the heart of the budget fight....
Transylvania Co. Indivisible
Rev. Dr. Barber
The Government Has No Plan for Reuniting the Immigrant Families It Is Tearing Apart
Posted by David Williams | Jun 20, 2018 | Immigration/Deportation, Mark Meadows, Our Elected Representatives, President Trump, Richard Burr, Thom Tillis
In the past two months, under the Trump Administration’s zero-tolerance policy, the government has taken some two thousand immigrant children away from their parents. Photograph by John Moore / Getty
By Jonathan Blitzer
A few days ago, Emily Kephart, a program coordinator at an immigrant-rights group called Kids in Need of Defense, set out to try to find a six-year-old Guatemalan girl who had been separated from her father after arriving in the United States, in May. The pair had been split up as a consequence of the Trump Administration’s zero-tolerance policy at the border, which calls for the criminal prosecution of all migrants, including asylum seekers, who cross the border without turning themselves in to officials at so-called ports of entry. Now the father was in an immigration-detention facility in Arizona, awaiting deportation. He had no idea where his child was. Kephart was put on the case after the father called his family, back in a small town outside of Huehuetenango City, in Guatemala’s western highlands, and his family, in turn, contacted a local nonprofit that works with Kids in Need of Defense.
Every undocumented immigrant who enters government custody is assigned what’s called an alien number. But the girl’s family didn’t know hers. Armed with only the girl’s name and birth date, Kephart dialed a 1-800 hotline set up by the Office of Refugee Resettlement (O.R.R.), the federal body in charge of handling unaccompanied immigrant children. This hotline, Kephart told me, is difficult to access for parents who are in a detention facility (hold times can last half an hour; it’s impossible to leave a call-back number) or who have been deported (international calls are expensive, and 1-800 numbers don’t often work from abroad).
“We hit a dead end,” Kephart said. “The person I spoke with just made a note in the file of the girl they thought it might be. But we didn’t get confirmation that we were talking about the same child. They were looking at the record of someone whose first name was spelled differently, and whose date of birth was a month off.”
In the past two months, the government has taken some two thousand immigrant children away from their parents. Under the zero-tolerance policy, border crossers are arrested and charged with a crime before being placed in immigration detention. If they came with their children, the children are turned over to O.R.R. and treated as though they travelled to the U.S. alone. No protocols have been put in place for keeping track of parents and children concurrently, for keeping parents and children in contact with each other while they are separated, or for eventually reuniting them. Immigration lawyers, public defenders, and advocates along the border have been trying to fill the void.
Kephart had one other lead. The family in Guatemala had the phone number of a children’s shelter run by O.R.R. where they thought that the girl might be. The number had come from a neighbor who had also been separated from a child in the U.S. When Kephart called that shelter, she was told that the girl wasn’t there but that someone with a similar name and date of birth might be at a facility nearby. Eventually, Kephart tracked down a case manager at the second facility. “I told her, ‘Look, I have this situation. I think you have a girl there,’ ” Kephart told me. “The case manager said, ‘Oh, my God, yes!’ The case manager had a kid whose parents she couldn’t find. She was trying to help, but she’d had nothing to go on.”
Although the zero-tolerance policy was officially announced last month, it has been in effect, in more limited form, since at least last summer. Several months ago, as cases of family separation started surfacing across the country, immigrant-rights groups began calling for the Department of Homeland Security (D.H.S.), which is in charge of immigration enforcement and border security, to create procedures for tracking families after they are split up. At the time, D.H.S. said that it would address the problem, but there is no evidence that it actually did so. Erik Hanshew, a federal public defender in El Paso, told me that the problems begin at the moment of arrest. “Our client gets arrested with his or her child out in the field. Sometimes they go together at the initial processing, sometimes they get separated right then and there for separate processing,” he said. “When we ask the Border Patrol agents at detention hearings a few days after physical arrest about the information they’ve obtained in their investigation, they tell us that the only thing they know is that the person arrested was with a kid. They don’t seem to know gender, age, or name.”
Jennifer Podkul, who is the policy director of Kids in Need of Defense, told me that advocates are trying to piece together information about the whereabouts of children based on the federal charging documents used in the parent’s immigration case. “You can try to figure out where and when the child was apprehended based on that,” she said. “But where the child is being held often has nothing to do with where she and her parent were arrested. The kids get moved around to different facilities.”
The federal departments involved in dealing with separated families have institutional agendas that diverge. Immigration and Customs Enforcement—the agency at the D.H.S. that handles immigrant parents—is designed to deport people as rapidly as it can, while O.R.R.—the office within the Department of Health and Human Services (H.H.S.) that assumes custody of the kids—is designed to release children to sponsor or foster families in the U.S. Lately, O.R.R. has been moving more slowly than usual, which has resulted in parents getting deported before their children’s cases are resolved. There’s next to no coördination between D.H.S. and H.H.S. “ice detainees are not allowed to receive calls, so any calls need to be individually arranged,” Michelle Brané, of the Women’s Refugee Commission, told me. “A phone call is not a fix for separation. It is a call, often with a very young child. A call is a Band-Aid.” A number of lawyers that I’ve spoken with described personally pressuring individual deportation officers to delay a parent’s deportation until she can be reunified with her child or, failing that, until children and parents can be deported at roughly the same time.
VIDEO FROM THE NEW YORKER
The Immigrants Deported to Death and Violence
Late last week, Kephart heard that the Guatemalan family had at last learned where the young girl was. A month after they’d been separated, though, it still wasn’t clear that the father had been informed in detention of his daughter’s location. “I hope that she’s spoken to her father,” Kephart told me. “But I haven’t gotten confirmation yet.” Even if father and daughter have spoken, getting reunited is far from assured. There is no formal process in place to insure that a family that’s been separated at the border gets deported back to their home country together. For now, just knowing the whereabouts of a child is a start. “I have a master’s degree, and I’m fluent in English,” Kephart said. “And it takes me days to figure one of these cases out.”
Jonathan Blitzer is a staff writer at The New Yorker.
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The Civil Rights movement of the 60's and 70's provided David with his introduction to the pacific resistance and social activism of the Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. Martin Luther King. Understandings and beliefs now long dormant and his commitment to those teachings guide his renewed activism with Transylvania Indivisible today. His determination to provide his son and grandson with a chance to live the American Dream drive his ongoing passion for change.
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NAACP’s Transylvania Together Podcast
The Opposite of Addiction, with Jim Hardy
Meals on Wheels of Brevard, NC, with Board Member Sasha Jones
The Community Side of Recidivism - Meet Peter McKinney
Meet Mark Burrows, Director of Transylvania County Planning and Community Development
Meet Nicola Karesh, a Writer, Poet, Community Activist and a Playful Spirit
Meet Kyle Tinsley, Graduate of Brevard High School and former leader of the Acceptance Club
Meet Bobby Jones of Cedar Mountain, NC. His grandfather was Solomon Jones of Solomon Jones Road, the road to Pretty Place.
Meet the founder of Transylvania Indivisible. David Williams.
How the Affordable Care Act (ACA) helped Cedar Mountain, NC get a new cafe
Meet Dal Davis, a student at Brevard College.
John Wiseman
kdavare
Kim Coram
Kimberly Jo Coram
Maureen Copelof
Susan Sunflower
Join us for a gathering tomorrow to support justice and equality at the gazebo on Main Street at 5 pm in Brevard
National School Walkout in Brevard and other happenings
Let's talk about curbside composting in Brevard
Do you want to start a co-op in Brevard? NAACP releases their newest podcast. Meet Sasha Jones!
Our pop-up coffeehouse is today. We are creating a place for peace, love, and unity in downtown Brevard. Please join us.
Fight the Tax Bill Rally! Asheville at Vance Monument - Monday at 5 pm
Pop-up coffeehouse December 10 downtown Brevard & Contact Senators about the tax bill.
Reach out and touch somebodies hand.
While we wait for Cody Henson to reschedule his Town Hall, meet his opponent. And take our 10-second survey, please.
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Albert Schweitzer, a life that inspires
If you ever wonder what your purpose in life might be, consider this…
It’s the birthday of Albert Schweitzer, born in Kaysersberg, in the province of Alsace-Lorraine (1875). He was a theologian, a musical prodigy, an author, and a philosopher, an expert on Bach, Goethe, and Kant. When he was 21, he made a plan: for the next nine years, he would devote himself to science, art, and religion. But once he turned 30, he would spend the rest of his life serving humanity. And so, on his 30th birthday, he decided to become a medical missionary to Africa.
Although Schweitzer had a good career as a professor of theology and a Bach scholar, he entered medical school when he was 30 years old. His wife, Hélène, trained as a nurse at the same time, so that she could help him with his work. On Good Friday, 1913, they set sail for French Equatorial Africa to set up a hospital in Lambaréné, Gabon. He designed the hospital, helped to build it, and paid for it himself out of money he had earned giving concerts. In the early days, the building was little more than a chicken coop, and it was hard work clearing the thick jungle. They had only just gotten started when World War I broke out, and the Schweitzers — who were German citizens — spent four months as prisoners of war. They were sent back to a French prison in 1917, and when the war ended, Schweitzer took up his old life — teaching, preaching, and giving organ recitals — until he could return to Africa again in 1925. After eight years, the jungle had taken over the grounds, so Schweitzer moved the hospital site a couple of miles away, on a better plot of land.
The hospital was rustic, even dirty, by Western standards. Most of the work was done by the light of kerosene lamps because there was no electricity except in the operating rooms. There were no phones and no radios. Patients were encouraged to bring in family members to cook and care for them. Schweitzer extended his reverence to animal and insect life as well; he was a vegetarian and wouldn’t even kill ants or mosquitoes. Animals were allowed to roam about freely, and a hippo once invaded the vegetable garden.
In 1952, Schweitzer was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. He used the prize money to expand his hospital, adding a treatment center and housing for lepers. His Nobel lecture, called “The Problem of Peace,” remains one of the best speeches ever given. In it, he said: “What really matters is that we should all of us realize that we are guilty of inhumanity. The horror of this realization should shake us out of our lethargy so that we can direct our hopes and our intentions to the coming of an era in which war will have no place.” He campaigned against nuclear weapons for the rest of his life.
At his 90th birthday celebration, he told co-workers at his Lambaréné hospital, “I belong to you until my dying breath.” He died eight months later, in the hospital he built, and he was buried next to his wife near the banks of the Ogooue River. Hospital workers and patients attended his funeral, and his grave was marked by a cross Schweitzer had carved himself. As it approaches its 100th birthday, the hospital that Schweitzer started in a chicken coop now treats more than 35,000 people a year.
This entry was posted in Emerging paradigm and tagged Albert Schweitzer. Bookmark the permalink.
3 responses to “Albert Schweitzer, a life that inspires”
Pingback: The Question As How To Serve… | We dream of things that never were and say: "Why not?"
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Archie Dean | January 15, 2013 at 3:57 am | Reply
Inspiring indeed, although it should not forgetten that one of the major problems in seeking to emulate Schweitzer in the modern era is that it has become near enough impossible for the vast bulk of people the world over to accumulate sufficient of their own surplus earnings to ever contemplate much aside from the ‘here and now’.
Such individual surplus – which if accumulated to a sufficient degree might later be used to finance changes in career or to pursue a personal risk taking venture or even just to support a character such as Schweitzer – are now being hoovered up at an ever increasing rate by rapacious tax hungry and entirely anti-social States.
So bad has the situation become, that these States – the U.S., the U.K., all of those in Western Europe, Canada and Australia to name but a few, are now in addition very well advanced into also laying claim to vast swathes of their productive “subjects” future economic surplus, never mind just the present.
So, would Schweitzer have been able to repeat today what he did in 1913 ? I doubt it very much indeed. It is no mere accident that there were so many more brilliant individualistic pioneers – in every single field of human endeavour – in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Circumstance then allowed. Today where it is does not actively forbid, it certainly discourages.
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May 2, 2019 Alumni RelationsPosted in News
The University of Pittsburgh at Greensburg has announced that Robert G. Gregerson will take over as president effective July 1. He succeeds Sharon P. Smith, who has been president since 2007.
Dr. Gregerson has held academic positions of authority and various appointments at large and medium-scale universities for three decades. As dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at Florida Gulf Coast, he focused on an advancement plan to support programs, faculty and students. At the same time, he was acting provost and vice president for academic affairs and later a senior adviser to the provost. At Armstrong State University, he has served as a biology professor and department head and dean of the College of Science and Technology. He has also taught at Lyon College in Batesville, Arkansas and was research geneticist with the University of Minnesota/U.S. Department of Agriculture.
After receiving his degree in biology from Wabash College, Dr. Gregerson went on to earn a doctoral degree in molecular genetics from the University of Georgia.
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