Split (1)

train · 601k rows

pred_label stringclasses 2 values	pred_label_prob float64 0.5 1	wiki_prob float64 0.25 1	text stringlengths 97 1.02M	source stringlengths 37 43
__label__cc	0.632333	0.367667	Review - One World Now The Ethics of Globalization Yale University Press, 2016 Review by Finn Janning Feb 21st 2017 (Volume 21, Issue 8) In One World Now: The Ethics of Globalization, Peter Singer, an Australian moral philosopher, discusses humanity's shared ethical responsibility and sovereignty. We live in a global world that—unlike the older term "internationalization" conveys—emphasizes that we are moving; that is, "moving beyond the era of growing ties between states," he says. Within his text, Singer addresses a central question: is the nation state loosing sovereignty? Perhaps. Should it? Yes, according to Singer. And he makes a strong case for overcoming it. Whether or not the nation state is losing its sovereignty is a difficult question to answer. On the one side, there is a growing nationalism, not only in the United States where president Trump claims that "America is for Americans only" (regardless of who the term "Americans" refers to), but in other countries as well. In Europe, for example, the Catalan fight for independence in Spain is fueled by nationalism combined with a strong desire to have an influence on the monetary resources of the region. Countries such as France, Austria, and the Netherlands are also flirting with nationalistic principles—perhaps it's a universal trend, other countries could be added to the list. On the other side, in spite of this expanding sentiment, there is also a growing countermovement, perhaps the most imminent in the U.S. This countermovement would probably have a lot of sympathy for Singer's project. In One World, Singer looks closely at the relationship between states and the world through different lenses, including atmospheric, economic, legal, and communal perspectives. For instance, he observes that an organization such as the World Trade Organization could minimize a state's power and sovereign control. In other words, state sovereignty can be reduced (and accepted by most) through reasonable global organs. In addition, Singer advocates for a universal law when it comes to crime and terror. Most importantly, however, Singer speaks about how people and nations will have to abdicate their sovereignty when it comes to environmental concerns. Singer's thesis is based on the fact that we live in one world. The phrase "one world" stands "as a description of the increasing interconnectedness of life on this planet and as a prescription of what the basic unit for our ethical thinking should be." His logic, therefore, is that one world needs one world government that can overcome each nation's self-interest and that "we need a sound global system of criminal justice." I agree completely with the fact that everything is interconnected, whereas I am not completely convinced that a world government is the solution to overcome our current problems. For those who are familiar with Singer's philosophy, it becomes clear that his ethical advice is based on the principles of utilitarianism. This theory requires that we all act in a way that maximizes the happiness of all human beings (who are all sentient creatures). He stresses the importance of this by referring to an UN report that says, "In the global village, someone else's poverty very soon becomes one's own problem: of lack of markets for one's products, illegal immigration, pollution, contagious disease, insecurity, fanaticism, terrorism." This quote illustrates the strength of Singer. He refers to many different—I am tempted to say "universal"—sources in order to make his argument stronger. Singer's utilitarian approach in One World is founded on both political and economic theories (though perhaps more so on the former). He aims for democratic solutions, emphasizing that, once we realize we are in this together, the more we will willingly share and uphold common values. This assumption is true. Still, it seems like the author of One World believes that many people do not understand our fundamental interconnectedness. I agree with him again. This lack of understanding our interconnectedness is one of the hurdles that Singer tries to overcome, for example, with the aforementioned UN report quote. However, if the UN report quote is read critical, it may teeters on the delicate balance between altruism and egoism. Utilizing the motivation of the latter may seem cruel, but the bottom-line of utilitarianism is that "I" should care for the happiness of all, because their unhappiness affects "me." Hereby a classical dilemma is touched upon—one that also exists in corporate social responsibility; for example, if a company acts morally due to monetary self-interest, is it then truly good? A utilitarian would regard such a situation based on the consequences, not the motive of the decision-makers. Thus, despite my appreciation of the good intentions of Singer's humanistic philosophy, I long for a deeper, existential understanding of the human being who, not only is morally responsible for the well-being of others, but is also responsible to pursue personal freedom and happiness. For example, Simone de Beauvoir argued that ethical freedom comes from resisting what represses one's freedom. In theory it could be global institutions. Similar to Beauvoir, Simone Weil addressed the problems with universal right and laws that are—at times— contrary to one's personal obligations. For example, when universal norms and ideals carry the inherent risk that each one of us may lose contact with one another. Or, we might forget or ignore that what is happening is also our own responsibility, not just the decision-makers. Let me reframe my concern in another way. Twenty years ago, Michael Jackson wrote a beautiful song to benefit the starving people of Africa, titled We Are the World. Today we can still sing along. Not much has changed. This paradox is perfectly illustrated in the life of Bill Gates, who generously donates many of his millions, yet, at the same time, grows wealthier and wealthier. Living morally by donating money becomes another kind of investment; the show goes on and on and on. We need to change the way we think. Singer is probably right to spend so much time in One World convincing his readers that everything is interconnected. However, even after reading Singer's book, we are left with ethical dilemmas. Let me be even clearer. According to Gilles Deleuze, our style of thinking is related to our ethic—how we affirm certain things as we encounter them. But since no ethical issue can have privilege over another (for example, human starvation in Africa versus human suffering caused by an earthquake in Afghanistan), we have to cultivate our awareness of what takes place, how and why it takes places. What we affirm—according to Deleuze—are the differences between ethical issues, we explore and test; rather than counting "heads" to see which intervention will make the most people happy. Relying on a principle minimizes our capacity to think and to be affected by an ethical issue. For example, does our intervention depend on whether the problem is humanly manufactured, a natural disaster, or caused by political or financial factors, etc.? Utilitarianism may help us make decisions, but predicting an outcome is often difficult. For example, who would had known that the car today is not just a mean of transportation, but also a place where individuals can be alone and listen to music or an audio book? In other words, the car is for many a stress free zone, and, as most of us know, stress cost the society a lot of money. Furthermore, car users may pollute the environment (bad for all of us), but they may also be able to get home faster to their children (good for the family, but also good for the caring investment in future citizens, that is, the society). In continuation, a person who donates 2 euros out of every 10 he or she earns is not morally better than another individual who donates only 1 euro or none at all. The issue is not related to redistribution, but to the idea of ownership, the economy, and economical freedom, which actually touch on Singer's foundational belief that everything is interconnected, but from a different angle. The reason why some people have much give financially is because there is an imbalance to begin with. In other words, the ethical problem sticks deeper. This principle can also be viewed through the lens of Aristotle's distinction between moral excellence and strength of will. I believe that monetary donation may display strength of will, but moral excellence can be seen in the one who never asks for more than what is necessary. I am skeptical, yet positive towards Singer. I do recommend his book for decision-makers, but also for students of philosophy, political science, and business administration. One World is a wonderful resource to instigate constructive debates, and it is full of ideas of how to enact social change. Despite my reservations, the book's mantra, that we—all of us—are in this together, is a message that I believe is worth sharing. © 2017 Finn Janning Finn Janning, Ph.D. in philosophy, is a writer	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4541
__label__wiki	0.969374	0.969374	Luke Combs Ties Shania Twain for Longest Reign at Top of Country Albums Chart Wendy Hermanson Jason Kempin , Getty Images Luke Combs certainly isn't one to inspire the famous lyric "That don't impress me much." The singer's debut project, This One's For You, has notched 50 non-consecutive weeks at the No. 1 spot of Billboard's Top Country Albums chart, which is good enough to tie for the longest-ever reign with Shania Twain's formidable 1997 classic Come on Over. Twain's signature set, which includes such hits as "Man! I Feel Like a Woman," "That Don't Impress Me Much" and "You're Still the One," also hit 50 weeks on the chart at the very top. Combs' debut has also broken the record for most weeks at No. 1 on the Top Country Albums chart for a male artist, a feat previously held by country music legend Randy Travis with his seminal 1987 album Always and Forever. Combs is poised to release his upcoming album, What You See Is What You Get on Nov. 8. He has been teasing music from the release, including an Instagram post noting part of the track listing and a collaboration with Eric Church. He will also be going on tour to support his effort, with dates and tickets available here. The Real Story Behind "Beer Never Broke My Heart" These Are the Top 10 Luke Combs Songs: Source: Luke Combs Ties Shania Twain for Longest Reign at Top of Country Albums Chart Filed Under: Luke Combs, Shania Twain	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4549
__label__cc	0.703873	0.296127	Minster Law comment on the Lord Chancellor’s decision to set the discount rate at -0.25% Commenting on the Lord Chancellor’s decision, Stuart Hanley, deputy head of Minister Law legal services, said: “We broadly welcome this humane decision by the Lord Chancellor, which will ensure that critically injured people are properly funded, and the principle of 100% compensation is maintained. Although a revised upwards rate at minus 0.25% will reduce compensation payments (previously -0.75%) the new rate does reflect the fact that the government accepts it is a risky and costly business for claimants to invest their compensation successfully in order to fully fund the enormous changes in their lives following serious injury. The revised rate also mirrors the likely outcome of the Damages Act in Scotland, where we understand the Scottish government is due to confirm a -0.25% rate, ensuring there is a level playing field across the UK. In 2017, when Liz Truss MP, then Lord Chancellor, re-set the discount rate at -0.75%, she stated: ‘The law makes clear that claimants must be treated as risk averse investors, reflecting the fact that they are financially dependent on this lump sum, often for long periods or the duration of their life.’ Striking the appropriate balance is of course a difficult task but, on balance we have always believed the system should support the injured person first and foremost, as that, in the end, is what we pay our insurance for.” For more information please contact Ben Welsh 07568 382040	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4550
__label__cc	0.619092	0.380908	Home / Blog Post / MiraFlex helps gardeners avoid aches and pains Posted on October 18, 2017 February 12, 2018 by info@miraflexworks.com MiraFlex helps gardeners avoid aches and pains There’s no cure for “green thumb.” Of course having a green thumb isn’t a health problem, but it can lead to some troubling issues. Gardeners love making the world a more beautiful place, that’s why they invest so much time tending to their backyard creations. But that comes with a price: the bending, crouching, crawling, digging, standing and frequent lifting. That doesn’t stop Beverly Hoyt, a 65-year old retiree living in Zephyrhills, Florida. “I’ve had a garden for years, it’s something I wouldn’t ever want to give up,’ she says. Beverly enjoys fostering the growth of her flowers and plants, especially tomatoes and the occasional cucumber or rhubarb. She also loves enhancing the beauty of her garden by landscaping — she loves designing stone paths, rock gardens, and adding ornaments. “I’ve carried more rocks than I care to remember,” Beverly says, “and pounds and pounds of wood chips, mulch, fertilizer, all of it.” Gardening doesn’t only require a strong back, it can cause pain and soreness in the hands too. Handling tools and planting require dexterity and patience. Decades filled with hours spent in the garden have led Hoyt to experience pain in her wrists and hands. Also, in more than 30 years as a case worker for the State of Michigan, Hoyt performed a lot of keyboarding and other computer-related work that can cause carpal tunnel syndrome. “I’ve never had to have any surgeries and I’m in pretty good shape still,” she said. Hoyt retired to Florida a few years ago and shares a home with her mother, an octogenarian who walks three to four miles per day and also uses miraFlex to combat soreness. 1,200 miles west and north of Florida, Carol Barrymore grows her garden in Oklahoma City, a place where the weather can be brutal on green leafy things. “We have to contend with the humidity, the insects, and of course the wind,” Barrymore says. Retired now after several years as a teacher, Carol claims the expansive garden in her backyard belongs to her husband Steve. “He started it, it was his idea, but now I spend as much time as he does out here.” The Barrymore garden features twelve rows of plants, many of them tomatoes tenderly cared for by the couple. Oklahoma City averages seventy days of 90-degree-plus weather each year (in 2003 they had 17 straight days over 100 degrees) so that means a lot of watering and checking on the health of the plants. “There’s a challenge in Oklahoma City, but the red dirt always delivers,” she says. Though we were pleased with the photos from our gardening photoshoot with Carol, she was not always easy to work with. She was far from being a modeling diva — it was that she rarely wanted to stand still. She was focused on doing her gardening. But we got Carol, a wonderfully sweet woman who shared with us how she met her husband Steve (“I didn’t like him at first, but he was persistent”) and how their life together has been a thrilling journey (“He’s the nicest man”). But eventually we got Carol to stay in one place long enough for us to capture her in her element. A few days a week Carol has an eager helper: her grandson spends the day with her and the preschooler loves to bounce around the garden to help grandma. To keep up with him, Carol has to make sure she’s in top form, which includes using miraFlex to reduce any soreness swelling from her gardening regimen. “I love having him here, it’s the highlight of my week,” Carol says, “if I had his energy this garden would stretch to the moon.” Category: Blog Post Previous post: Fred Lawson says Truck Drivers benefit from using MiraFlex to reduce tension and muscle soreness Next post: Why MiraFlex Stands out from all the others?	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4552
__label__wiki	0.848771	0.848771	New Social Compact Modern Diplomacy Climate change: UAE and Russia eye geopolitical and commercial mileage Dr. James M. Dorsey Climate change, much like war, could prove to be a geopolitical and commercial gold mine. At least, that is the take of DP World, Dubai’s global port operator, and Russia’s sovereign wealth fund. DP World is partnering with the fund, the Russian Direct Investment Fund (RDIF) to create an all-year round maritime sea route from Europe to Asia through the Arctic. “Time is money in business and the route could cut travel time substantially more than traditional trade arteries for cargo owners in the Far East wanting to connect with Europe, coupled with benefits to the Russian economy,” DP World chairman and CEO Sultan Ahmed bin Sulayem told the Arab News. In partnering with DP World, RFID brings to the table Rosatom, Russia’s atomic energy agency, which operates nuclear-powered ships that could ply the route, and Norilsk Nickel, a mining and commodities company. Dubai and Russia are betting that climate change, which has dramatically shrunk the Arctic ice sheet in the past two decades, has made possible what eluded Europeans for centuries: ensuring that the Northeast Passage linking the Northern Atlantic with the Pacific is accessible all year round even if rail remains faster than carrying cargo by ship. The commercial and geopolitical implications of all year-round passage are significant. Beyond challenging the status of the Suez Canal as the foremost link between the Atlantic and the Pacific, the Artic route would grant Russia the one thing it has so far failed to achieve in its partnership with China: a key role in the transportation linkages between Europe and Asia that the People’s Republic is seeking to create with massive investment in its Belt and Road initiative. That role would be bolstered by the fact that the Arctic route would cut the maritime journey from Northeast Asia from somewhere between 34 and 45 days through the Suez Canal to 23 days via the Northeast Passage. “Because of global warming, there are some things happening that open some opportunities. Russia has this frozen coast all of the seasons. Now it’s opening up and it’s possible to navigate for nine months. When you have special ships, you can actually have 12 months navigation,” RFID CEO Kirill Dmitriev told the Saudi paper. The partnership with Dubai gives a new laese on life to Russian aspirations to become a key node in Belt and Road linkages after Russia failed to persuade China Railway Eryuan Engineering Group (CREEC) to invest in converting the Trans-Siberian Railway into a high-speed link that would connect St. Petersburg with the Far East. CREEC last year definitively dashed Russian hopes, declaring that the “the high-speed rail through Russia will never pay off.” In a further setback, China simultaneously opted for an east-west road link through Kazakhstan after efforts to complete a Moscow-St. Petersburg highway as well as a ring road around the Russian capital and a Volga-Kazakhstan road stalled. Frustrated with the lack of Chinese interest, state-run Russian Railways is itself investing heavily and reaching out to Japan to significantly increase freight traffic on the almost 9,300-kilometre-long trans-Siberian route. The rail company aims to increase by a factor of 100 the number of containers transported from Japan to Europe from 3.000 last year to 300,000 and tonnage by 50 percent from less than 90 million to 180 million, according to Russian Railways first vice president Alexander Misharin. Mr. Misharin told Nikkei that the investment, including US$745 million last year, involves laying double tracks, linking the railroad to seaports and automating the system. Mr. Misharin was hoping to cooperate with Japan Railways Group to create a door-to-door cargo transportation system between Japan and Europe that would reduce transportation time to at most 19 days. He said the Russian rail company was looking at building logistics centres with Japanese trading firm Sojitz. Upgrading the Trans-Siberian Railway would significantly bolster Russia’s geography as a key bridge in the emergence of Eurasia, the gradual integration of Europe and Asia that ultimately would erase the seemingly artificial division of one landmass into two continents. It would also significantly facilitate linking the railway to the Belt and Road by making it financially feasible. That is less far-fetched with China Railway International Group lending Russia US$6.2 billion for the construction of a 790-kilometre long Moscow-Kazan high speed rail line, envisioned as the first phase of a link between the Russian capital and Beijing that would cut travel between the two cities to two days. To secure the loan, Russia agreed to use Chinese technology and construction equipment. Russia has also expressed interest in linking its Trans-Siberian Railway to the Chinese-controlled Pakistani port of Gwadar, a Belt and Road crown jewel. Russia is betting that the combination of the Northeast Passage and upgraded Trans-Siberian rail links would make its positioning as a transit hub significantly more attractive. That is true even though the Northeast Passage is too shallow for giant box ships that traverse the Suez Canal and lacks the kind of ports capable of accommodating those vessels. The Passage is likely to see primarily smaller container ships. One way or the other, DP World, expecting to operate ports that Russia plans to build along an Arctic route, would emerge a winner by expanding its global footprint. “We were always missing Russia. Russia is a link,” DP World’s Mr. Sulayem said. Said Russian shipping giant Sovcomflot CEO Sergey Frank: “Trade is growing and there is space for everybody. If the cargo originates in the south part of China, it will go through the Suez. If it originates in Northern China, the NSR (Northern Sea Route) will be seriously considered. Cargo will always find the fastest way to move.” Related Topics:Climate ChangeEconomicsGeopoliticsMaritimeRussiaUAE Iran, USA and Israel Iran-US Tensions Are Unlikely to Spill into War Dr. James M. Dorsey is a senior fellow at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, co-director of the University of Würzburg’s Institute for Fan Culture, and the author of The Turbulent World of Middle East Soccer blog, a book with the same title, Comparative Political Transitions between Southeast Asia and the Middle East and North Africa, co-authored with Dr. Teresita Cruz-Del Rosario and three forthcoming books, Shifting Sands, Essays on Sports and Politics in the Middle East and North Africaas well as Creating Frankenstein: The Saudi Export of Ultra-conservatism and China and the Middle East: Venturing into the Maelstrom. Iran: Trade centers in regional countries to spur non-oil exports CEO pessimism over global growth reaches record high Turkey’s Role in the Libyan Conflict Neo Illustration of 2020 World: Distinct Dimensions Chamber of Commerce: A new world of digital future Revisiting the Ukraine- Russia- EU triangular dynamics Ivan Bocharov On January 8, 2020, Russian President Vladimir Putin and Turkish President Recep Erdogan met in Istanbul. Discussions focused on the launch of the Turkish Stream gas pipeline, as well as topical issues on the international agenda. After the meeting, both presidents called on all parties involved in the Libyan conflict to cease hostilities from January 12 and take a seat at the negotiating table. Putin and Erdogan confirmed the high level of contractibility demonstrated earlier by other politicians on other painful issues. Of course, the ceasefire in Libya suits Ankara’s foreign policy interests, since in a one-on-one battle, the Government of National Accord (GNA), supported by Turkey and recognised by the UN as the legitimate government of Libya, would have difficulty repelling new attacks by the Libyan National Army (LNA) under the General Khalifa Haftar and protecting controlled territory. Due to the intensification of hostilities in December 2019 and the new LNA campaign in Tripoli, the head of the GNA Faiz Saraj turned to the head of the Turkish state with a request to provide military support to Tripoli. Turkish President Recep Erdogan forwarded the relevant bill to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, and, on January 2, the parliament approved the sending of Turkish troops to Libya by a majority vote. Soon after Erdogan announced that Turkish units are already in Libya. In response to the decision of the Turkish parliament to support the sending of the Turkish military contingent to Libya, the LNA commander Khalifa Haftar announced a general mobilisation. His troops are currently conducting active hostilities and are gradually moving towards the centre of Tripoli. Recent major territorial acquisitions include the non-functioning capital airport, as well as the city of Sirte and its environs. However, the fact that Turkish troops are already in Libya can significantly complicate the further attack of the LNA. Source: https://libya.liveuamap.com/en The Establishment of a Turkish Exclusive Economic Zone in the Mediterranean The conclusion of two agreements with the government of Faiz Saraj preceded Turkish interference in the Libyan conflict. On November 27, 2019, Turkey signed a memorandum with the GNA on the delimitation of maritime zones in the Mediterranean Sea, which establishes new maritime borders of Libya and Turkey. The signed document confirms the rights of Ankara to a significant part of the east of the Mediterranean Sea, where there are significant natural gas reserves. Previously, Turkey carried out illegal geological exploration in the economic zone of Cyprus in the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea. Source: http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/map-delineates-turkeys-maritime-frontiers-in-med-sea-149379 The agreement reached between Recep Erdogan and Faiz Saraj raised concerns among other Eastern Mediterranean states also interested in gaining access to hydrocarbon production in these areas. Egypt, Israel, Greece, and Cyprus have made statements that the memorandum violates international law. The European Union also declared a similar position, which even did not recognise the maritime agreement between the Republic of Turkey and the GNA in connection with the violation of the sovereign rights of third states. The agreements reached between Ankara and Tripoli strengthened the Turkish position in the region. Certainly, the designation of an exclusive economic zone led to even greater isolation of Turkey and the notable deterioration in relations with other states of the Eastern Mediterranean. It is also important to mention that the Republic of Turkey has become somewhat dependent on the stability of the Faiz Saraj regime. The agreement with him gives Ankara at least the fragile validity of Turkish claims for a hydrocarbon-rich part of the East of the Mediterranean Sea. This means that the Turkish leadership in Libya protects not only the pro-Turkish GNA, but also its interests in the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea. So Why Does Egypt Support Khalifa Haftar? In Libya, Turkey is confronted with the interests of its foreign policy opponents; in particular, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the Arab Republic of Egypt (ARE). The latter is the main ally of General Khalifa Haftar. Cairo supports the LNA, because members of the Muslim Brotherhood, an organisation banned in Egypt, are operating in Libya. The commander-in-chief of the LNA successfully fights with them, as well as with jihadists that pose a threat to the security of ARE. Besides, the instability of the situation in Libya negatively affects business activity in the region, which is detrimental to the Egyptian economy. The troops of Khalifa Haftar are the only force capable of restoring relative order in Libya. While Haftar’s troops have established control over most of the country’s territory, including major oil fields, it is difficult for GNA to control Tripoli. The geographical factor makes Egyptian support for LNA more effective. Through the border with Libya, militants of the “Islamic state” enter Egypt and arms smuggling flourishes. The Egyptian leadership is trying to secure its borders with the help of additional troops and armoured vehicles, for example, the Egyptian space satellite used to control the border effectively. ARE authorities say that most of the weapons used by the ISIS cell in the Sinai Peninsula come from neighbouring Libya. The statistics demonstrate the scale of the problem. For example, from 2015 to 2017 Egyptian soldiers destroyed more than 1,200 trucks with weapons and explosives sent from Libya to Egypt. The House of Representatives promises to build a border wall on the border with Egypt, although the effectiveness of the project raises great doubts – the length of the wall will be merely 1 km, while the length of the border between the two states is more than 1,100 km. Nevertheless, the government controlled by Khalifa Haftar is demonstrating a willingness to tackle the problem of arms smuggling across the Libyan-Egyptian border. Additionally, Khalifa Haftar proved that he would rather fight terrorist groups than negotiate with them. The terrorist threat posed by militants in Libya is a serious security challenge in Egypt, so Cairo supports Haftar in the Libyan conflict. Besides, the GNA is a government focused on Ankara, Cairo’s foreign policy opponent. Any strengthening of the government of Faiz Saraj in Egypt is perceived as strengthening the position of Turkey in North Africa. Cairo actively reacted to the signing of agreements between Turkey and the GNA, as well as to the introduction of the Turkish military in Libya. In particular, President al-Sisi called the President of Cyprus Nikos Anastasiadis and the President of France Emmanuel Macron to discuss measures to impede the implementation of the agreements reached between Ankara and Tripoli. Egypt told the UN Security Council that it does not recognise the agreements. According to the representative of Egypt to the UN, Mohammed Edris, Egypt does not consider the signed memorandums as legitimate, because they were not ratified by the Libyan House of Representatives. The Role of Extra-Regional Players in the Libyan Peace Building Process The position of the Republic of Turkey on the Libyan issue is not shared with its NATO allies – France and the United States. Earlier, French President Emmanuel Macron contributed to the formation of the diplomatic status of Khalifa Haftar and supported his political independence. When Haftar tried to take Tripoli in the spring of 2019, France blocked an EU statement urging Khalifa Haftar to stop the LNA attack on Tripoli. Besides, according to the media, France supplied anti-tank weapons to the LNA, bypassing the arms embargo. In particular, Javelin missiles were handed over to Khalifa Haftar’s troops. In April 2019, the unique role of Field Marshal Haftar in the fight against terrorism in Libya was recognised by U.S. President Donald Trump. Then Washington threatened to block the UN Security Council resolution calling for a ceasefire and stop the advance of troops in Tripoli. Responding to the new offensive of Khalifa Haftar in the Libyan capital, the White House invited the parties to the Libyan conflict to refrain from receiving outside assistance, and thus again supported the actions of the LNA unofficially. This initiative was directed primarily against Turkey and the transfer of the Turkish military to Libya. In addition to France and Egypt, Khalifa Haftar is supported by Jordan and the UAE. In addition to providing financial assistance, some countries supply weapons to the LNA, despite the UN arms embargo. UAE delivered LNA unmanned aerial vehicles. Turkey, of course, provided GNA drones. To sum up, Libya is becoming one of the key strategic directions of Turkey’s foreign policy, which is probably considering the country as an arena for confrontation with Greece, Cyprus, Egypt, the UAE, and other unfriendly states. At the same time, the mutual dependence of Ankara and Tripoli on each other is growing. Turkey is the main ally for the GNA, for the sake of which it is ready to send its troops to the combat zone. The formal legitimacy of the Turkish geological exploration and Ankara’s rights to the exclusive economic zone depends on the durability of the Faiz Saraj regime. Dissatisfaction with Ankara’s actions continues to grow: the decision to introduce Turkish army units was condemned by the United States, the EU, Russia and some regional actors. Turkish troops will not leave Libya as long as Haftar’s forces besiege Tripoli. A major problem remains the agreements reached between Turkey and the Saraj government on military cooperation between Ankara and Tripoli, as well as the delineation of exclusive economic zones in the Mediterranean Sea. Washington promised to support Cyprus and Greece in resolving the situation in the eastern Mediterranean, and Erdogan promised not to recede from concluded deals even though, as we know, it is a clear violation of the arms embargo and inconsistency with the principles of international law. The USA, France and some other states continue to regard the LNA as the main bulwark of the fight against terrorism in Libya. Haftar’s troops remain the most combat-ready armed forces, which have a much higher chance of stabilising the situation in Libya than their opponents. It was demonstrated by the victorious struggle of the LNA with the terrorist groups Islamic State, Ansar al-Sharia, Wrath of Fesan, etc. Al-Sisi supports Haftar for the same reason, besides the issue of ensuring stability in Libya is directly related to the security of his state. Also, both politicians declare their tough stance towards Islamism, which makes them ideological allies. Unfortunately, the establishment of a ceasefire can only lead to a temporary de-escalation of the conflict. In this situation, Russia may call on its partners not to violate the arms embargo on Libya. Besides, Moscow could initiate the adoption by the UN Security Council of a troop withdrawal resolution of any units of foreign states from the territory of the Libyan State. This measure would significantly reduce the degree of tension that has arisen in Libya in the past few weeks. Also, Russia can be an intermediary in the negotiations between the Libyan House of Representatives and the GNA. This is especially evident after Russia’s victories over ISIS in the Syrian Arab Republic, the Middle East and North Africa. Therefore, it’s possible that the role of Moscow as a broker of dialogue will bring positive results. From our partner RIAC Libyan reconciliation: Via Moscow on to Berlin Andrei Isaev During the January 8 talks in Istanbul, Turkey and Russia, acting as “mediators,” called on all parties in Libya to “cease hostilities from midnight on Sunday, January 12, 2020, declare a sustainable ceasefire, supported by necessary measures to be taken for stabilizing the situation on the ground and normalizing daily life in Tripoli and other cities, to immediately sit down at the negotiating table in order to put an end to the suffering of the Libyans and return peace and prosperity to the country.” The leaders of the warring parties – the Prime Minister of the Tripoli-based Government of National Accord (GNA) Fayez Sarraj and Field Marshal Khalifa Haftar, the commander of the eastern-based Libyan National Army (LNA) – were invited to Moscow for talks. While the GNA, hard-pressed by the situation at the front, was quick to accept the Russian-Turkish proposal, Haftar, whose forces are advancing on the capital, took his time. “We welcome [Russian President Vladimir] Putin’s call for a ceasefire. However, our fight against terrorist organizations that seized Tripoli and received support of some countries will continue until the end,” Haftar’s spokesman said. However, Haftar was eventually persuaded by Russia to attend the Moscow parley. The negotiations between the rival Libyan leaders, preceded by consultations by Russian and Turkish foreign and defense ministers, were conducted through intermediaries. Sarraj refused to meet in person with Haftar, saying that the LNA continued its advance, but still agreed to a ceasefire deal proposed by Moscow and Ankara. Khalifa Haftar first said he needed time to think it over, and then left Moscow altogether, explaining to the Russian military representatives that he was taking a time out to consult with his allies. According to media reports, he was not content with the absence in the text of the agreement primarily of clauses concerning the dissolution of GNA units, the withdrawal of Turkish troops from Libya and the annulment of memorandums signed by Tripoli and Ankara. Buoyed by their gains on the battlefield, the LNA leaders apparently prefer to talk with their opponents from a position of strength. It was apparently with this understanding in mind that, immediately after their commander’s departure from Moscow, the LNA representatives said they were all set to achieve “the complete liberation of the capital from terrorists.” According to media reports, shortly after that, hostilities resumed south of Tripoli. Meanwhile, the GNA’s ally, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan, threatened to “teach” Haftar “a lesson” if he did not stop his military advance on Tripoli. As to his ally, Sarraj, on his way back from Moscow, he made a stopover in Turkey, where he met with the US ambassador to Turkey, David Satterfield, at a hotel in Istanbul to discuss “issues of mutual interest.” Well, the foreign policy context of the Libyan crisis is by no means less complicated than Syria’s. Sarraj is backed by Turkey and Qatar, and has Muslim Brotherhood units fighting on its side, while Haftar’s Libyan National Army faction is supported by Egypt, the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia. Europe is trying to reconcile the warring parties, and Italy, France, and more recently Germany, have equally been active in this effort. The United States is “waking up” too. While Syria is of little interest to most Western nations, Libya happens to be a sort of Europe’s underbelly the main flow of African refugees goes through. Besides, Libya’s hydrocarbon reserves are incomparable with Syria’s. Notably, just as Russian and Turkish officials were meeting in Istanbul, Sarraj was in Brussels meeting with EU representatives, and Haftar was on a visit to Rome. Moscow has always kept an equal distance from both Tripoli and Tobruk (the seat of the House of Representatives and the interim government of Libya, supporting LNA), emphasizing its contacts with both sides of the conflict. Now, Turkey and Russia have apparently decided to implement the successful Astana format, as some experts believe that the role once played by Iran could be assigned to Algeria both Moscow and Ankara are on good terms with now. During his inauguration ceremony last year, Algeria’s new president, Abdelmadjid Tebboune, prioritized the development of closer ties with Libya. This won’t be easy though, just as the rival Libyan leaders demonstrated to a full extent in Moscow. Still, after many hours of negotiations, the Russian and Turkish foreign ministers spoke about having achieved “certain progress.” As a result of the two countries’ diplomatic effort, the irreconcilable (at least for now) Libyan enemies eventually arrived in Moscow – the last time Sarraj and Haftar met was a year ago, even before the LNA launched its “decisive attack” on Tripoli (April 2019). Moreover, “the main result of the meeting was the achievement of agreement in principle between the conflicting sides to maintain and indefinitely continue the cessation of hostilities, which creates a more favorable atmosphere for the Berlin Conference on Libya,” the Russian Defense Ministry said in a statement. Russia wants much more than just to replicate Syrian developments, even the most successful ones. Moscow wants to get Europeans and regional actors working together to end the bloodshed in Libya. “We want to combine the efforts being made by Europeans, including Germans, French and Italians, and by Libyan neighbors – Algeria, Egypt, and also the UAE, Turkey, Qatar, and the Russian Federation, to make sure that everyone works together to encourage all the Libyan parties to come to an agreement,” Russia’s acting Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov said ahead of the Berlin Conference on Libya, scheduled for January 19. Germany hopes to bring Fayez Sarraj, Khalifa Haftar, representatives of Russia, the US, China, Britain, Italy, France, Turkey, Egypt, Algeria, the United Arab Emirates, the African Union, the EU, the United Nations and the League of Arab States to the negotiating table to discuss and, quoting German Foreign Minister Heiko Maas, “possibly adopt” a document that will lead to a sustainable cessation of hostilities and start the political process under the auspices of the United Nations. Skeptical as many experts are about the outcome of the Berlin meeting, it still seems that chances of success look very real. On the one hand, the position of Fayez Sarraj, who earlier said he was ready to agree, remains precarious. On the other hand, the highly representative lineup of participants in the Berlin forum may well convince Haftar (or his representatives, if the Field Marshal does not show up) to more realistically assess his capabilities. Therefore, the LNA’s activities following the Moscow talks could just be an attempt to strengthen its negotiating position ahead of the Berlin Conference. From our partner International Affairs The battle for Libya: The UAE calls the shots This week’s inauguration of a new Red Sea Egyptian military base was pregnant with the symbolism of the rivalries shaping the future of the Middle East as well as north and east Africa. The inauguration took on added significance as rebel Libyan Field Marshall Khalifa Haftar, backed by United Arab Emirates crown prince Mohammed bin Zayed and Egyptian general-turned-president Abdul Fattah al-Sisi, snubbed Russian president Vladimir Putin by refusing to agree to a ceasefire in the Libyan war. Mr. Haftar’s refusal thwarted, at least temporarily, an effort by Mr. Putin and Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan to structure the ceasefire so that it would align opposing Russian and Turkish interests, allow the two parties to cooperate in the exploitation of Libya’s energy resources, and protect a Turkish-Libyan maritime agreement creating an Exclusive Economic Zone that strengthens Russian-backed Turkish manoeuvres in the eastern Mediterranean. The manoeuvres are designed to thwart a Greek-Cypriot-Israeli agreement to build a pipeline that would supply gas to Europe, reducing European dependence on Russian gas in the process. Critics charge that the maritime agreement that would limit Greek-Cypriot Israeli access to hydrocarbons in the Eastern Mediterranean, violates the Law of the Sea. Warning that it would block European Union backing for any Libyan peace deal as long as the Turkish-Libyan maritime agreement was in place, Greece was one of the countries Mr. Haftar visited in the days between his rejection of a ceasefire and a conference on Libya hosted by Germany that is scheduled to be held in Berlin on January 19. Mr. Haftar’s rejection came as Turkish troops arrived in Libya to bolster forces of the internationally recognized government of prime minister Fayez al-Sarraj defending the capital Tripoli against an eight-month old assault by the field marshal’s rebel Libyan National Army (LNA) that is backed by Russian mercenaries with close ties to the Kremlin, the UAE, Saudi Arabia and Egypt. Prince Mohammed’s presence at the inauguration of the Egyptian naval base underlined the UAE’s influence in Egypt since it backed Mr. Al-Sisi’s 2013 military coup that toppled the country’s first and only democratic elected president and the Emirates’ determination to counter Islamist forces as well as Turkish influence in Libya and the Horn of Africa. UAE and Egyptian backing of Mr. Haftar is not just about countering jihadist and non-jihadist Islamists as well as Turkey, but also Qatar, Turkey’s ally, which also supports the Libyan rebels. The UAE-Turkish-Qatari proxy war in Libya is increasingly also coloured by Prince Mohammed and Mr. Al-Sisi’s opposition to efforts to resolve divisions among the Gulf states that spilled into the open with the declaration of a Saudi-UAE-led diplomatic and economic boycott of Qatar in 2017. Saudi Arabia has hinted in recent months that it may be amenable to an easing of the boycott, a move that is believed to be opposed by the UAE as long as Qatar does not make significant concessions on issues like freewheeling broadcaster Al Jazeera and support for political Islam. The new naval base’s location symbolizes Egypt’s conundrum that also poses a problem for the UAE at a time that Egypt is at odds with Ethiopia over the operation of a giant dam that Ethiopia is building on the Blue Nile. Stepping up involvement in Libya risks Egypt becoming embroiled in two conflicts at the same time. Egypt claims the dam puts a million Egyptian jobs, US$1.8 billion in economic output annually and electricity valued at US$300 million at risk. The base is aimed at “securing the country’s southern coasts, protecting economic investments and natural resources and facing security threats in the Red Sea,” according to a spokesman for Mr. Al-Sisi. The president has warned that Egypt would take all the necessary measures to protect its rights to the Nile waters. So far, Egypt is banking on mediation helping it avoiding being trapped between a rock and a hard place by achieving a ceasefire in Libya that would keep Egypt’s hands free to deal with Ethiopia were a conflict to erupt. The question is whether Mr. Haftar, who without signing the ceasefire agreement reportedly told German officials that he would adhere to its terms, and the UAE are willing to play ball. The proof will be in the pudding. German Chancellor Angela Merkel raised the stakes by insisting in advance of the Berlin talks that they ensure “that the weapons embargo is adhered to again.” The United Nations has accused the UAE together with several other countries, including Turkey, of violating the UN embargo. As a result, it may be the UAE rather than Mr. Haftar who has a decisive voice in Berlin. Said North Africa expert Ben Fishman: “Until Abu Dhabi pulls back its drones, operators, and other crucial military support, the prospects for Libya’s stability will remain dim. Besides the fact that they provide the greatest advantage to Haftar’s forces, focusing on the Emiratis also makes sense because the other foreign players currently have reasons to de-escalate on their own.” Major humanitarian hub in north-east Nigeria burned in attack The top UN aid official in Nigeria has condemned a weekend attack against a major humanitarian facility in the north-east of the... Looking Behind the Daily News: Informed Narratives on Israel’s Nuclear Challenges “The rational is not thinkable without its other, the non-rational, and it never appears in reality without it.”-Karl Jaspers, Reason... Reimposition of the U.S. sanctions on Iranian economy has led the Islamic Republic to reduce its dependence on oil revenues... 1t.org Announced to Accelerate Nature Restoration to Tackle Climate and Biodiversity Crises 1t.org is a World Economic Forum initiative, designed to support the trillion tree community. It is being set up with... Genocide: Terrible and scaring ground situation in India Washington D.C: Dr. Gregory Stanton, founder of Genocide Watch, addressed an audience of Congressional and Government officials at a briefing... Fundamental legacy of The Nuremberg and Tokyo Trials (1945-1948) These – rather unfortunate – days some voices in Europe are trying, in a quite a historical fashion, to question... As we enter a new decade, CEOs are showing record levels of pessimism in the global economy, with 53% predicting... Follow @MDiplomacyWORLD Middle East3 days ago Reports3 days ago Social Entrepreneurs Have Improved 622 Million Lives Defense3 days ago Escalating to De-Escalate: From Balakot to Ain al-Asad South Asia2 days ago Kashmir: India’s services chief confesses blinding protesters Hotels & Resorts3 days ago 5 Thrilling Reasons to Visit Four Seasons Hotel Montreal This Winter Tech News2 days ago Artificial Intelligence Toolkit Helps Companies Protect Society and Their Business Africa2 days ago Non-Economic Drivers of China’s Peacekeeping Operations in Africa Environment2 days ago Meet the Climate Heroes Coming to Davos Copyright © 2019 Modern Diplomacy	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4556
__label__cc	0.685491	0.314509	Category Archives: systems theory Bertalanfy, Intelligent Design, and the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics Posted on November 22, 2010 by Nathen I posted this on my Advanced Family Theory discussion board a couple weeks ago. There were no replies: According to Metaframeworks (p. 30) (which I’m loving, by the way), one of the ways which Bertalanffy distinguished organic from mechanical systems is that organic systems violate Newton’s 2nd law of thermodynamics. That is, we and the larger systems we are part of grow increasingly complex, even though Newton predicted only increasing disorder according to the rules of thermodynamics. This “evidence of negentropy” is one of the major planks of the “intelligent design” argument for a creator being logically deducible by the presence of organic systems. Unfortunately for ID-ers and Bertalanffy, life does not violate Newton’s 2nd law because even though organisms and other phenotypes are highly and increasingly complex, our living and doing create disorder much more efficiently than nonliving systems. That is, it’s more accurate to say that Newton’s 2nd law drives the complexity of life than to say that life violates that law. If you are as excited as I am by this idea, check out Dorion Sagan’s Into the Cool: Flow, Thermodynamics, and Life. [First published on Nathen’s Miraculous Escape, as “A Very Nerdy Note about Bertalanfy and the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics,” on November 21, 2010.] Posted in Metaframeworks, systems theory Intervention at the Level of Systems versus Individuals Posted on December 9, 2009 by Nathen [First published on Nathen’s Miraculous Escape, December 8, 2009.] I consider the theoretical conversation about intervention at the level of systems versus individuals, including systems holarchies, pathology, the instrument fallacy (“When you have a hammer, everything looks like a nail.”), and the fit of evidence. I include an argument for family-systems interventions as both the underdog and the eventual winner. Entering into the field of psychotherapy at this moment in history means coming to grips with an ongoing conversation or debate between those who favor intervening at the level of systems, usually families, and those who favor intervening at the level of individuals. The conversation is mostly one-sided right now because of the history of psychotherapy. Psychotherapy arose under the western European enlightenment, with a modern value structure and philosophy. This means it was formed on the foundation of Christianity, reductionist science, and medicine, and so focuses on the individual using the modern lens of linear causality. It was also formed during a time which had only very primitive understandings of psychology, communication, and statistical modeling. Family therapy and systems-oriented interventions flowed from the more recent scientific and philosophical developments of general systems theory and postmodern philosophy (see Becvar & Becvar, 2006, or Nichols & Schwartz, 2008 for descriptions of this development), with at least two unfortunate results. First, those in the dominant paradigm of individual psychotherapy and especially psychiatry have been able to largely ignore the arguments and breakthroughs of family systems thinkers. Second, the arguments of the family systems paradigm remain a bit reactive and dualistic, along the lines of, “individual interveners have missed the boat, because problems simply do not exist on the level of individuals.” That, of course, is an oversimplification for the purpose of a strong thesis. In fact, the individual and family are convenient points of intervention on a larger continuum from biological to public policy, and it seems to remain to be seen which of these sets of tools provides the most effective intervention for various kinds of human suffering. In part this is because the toolboxes of each intervention-style camp come part and parcel with a set of philosophical information filters that make the tool wielder right about the question at hand, as if the tools in your toolbox actually shape the question into a problem best handled by your system of intervention. It is also in part because the available modes of observation and evaluation, the science and statistics of very complex systems, are still in their infancies, because they are both new and contain very difficult problems. Because of all of this, it can be difficult for the various factions to even agree on adequate outcome variables. A Holarchy of Systems One way to conceptualize the nature of systems is as a holarchy, a series of levels of increasing complexity in which each, new, more complex level of systems both transcends and includes all of the previous levels (see e.g. Wilber, 1996). Families, for example, are not just more complex systems than individual humans, they are a more complex kind or level of system. Families are made up of individuals and their interactions. They are systems of individuals. Individuals could (conceivably, at least for a time) exist without families, but families would immediately cease to exist without individuals. Therefore, families represent a higher order of complexity than individuals do, both transcending and including them. Individuals are systems too, of course, made up of biological systems like organs and tissue, which in turn are made up of chemical systems, each level of which both transcends and includes all of the simpler levels of systems. There are levels of systems more complex than the family, as well; cities, for example, or countries, perhaps even the biosphere (see e.g. Capra, 1997). Even though this is a big oversimplification, it can be a useful way to think about things: systems all the way up and all the way down. So when we consider where pathology exists, or where best to intervene, the question is not really whether to intervene at the level of individuals or at the level of systems, but rather at what level of systems does pathology exist and at what level of systems will it be most effective to intervene. It is only a matter of convention that by “individual” we tend to mean individual humans, and by “system” we tend to mean families and up. Additionally, it is a convention of family therapists to mean “family system” when we say “system,” as that is our area of primary interest. What and Where is Pathology? “Pathology” is a dirty word in holistic, post-modern circles, which is understandable. It smacks of the medical model, with its simplistic, linear causality. It has also been used to justify an incredible amount of oppression and suffering. After all, who gets to say what is normal and who is sick? “The man” does. Family therapists tend to use the word “problem” instead of “pathology” and let themselves off the pathologizing-hook by allowing the client to define the problem: The problem is whatever the client is complaining about, and we are given permission to intervene by their coming to us for help (e.g. Fisch, Weakland, & Segal, 1982). This is a bit disingenuous, however, because outside of the strict behavioral camp, family therapists tend to believe that the real problem exists meta to the complaint. That is, it exists in the level of system above the complaint, in the outmoded rules of the family, for example, or in dysfunctional patterns of communication. This allows us to not pathologize individual humans, but we are still saying that something is not working right, and that is what other disciplines call pathology. The real question about pathology is where it exists, at what level of complexity. It is possible that a problem could exist at just one level of complexity—in the family system, for example, or in an individual’s neurochemistry. It is also possible that a problem could exist in multiple levels simultaneously, or even that a problem at one or two levels could cause symptoms at other levels that look like problems. This gets us into an epistemological morass, because we cannot actually see problems. We can see patterns and behaviors, and we can hear complaints, and we can notice when those behaviors and complaints change, but that tells us little about what level the actual problem exists at. For this we have to rely on theory. Intervention and the Problem of Having a Hammer A theory is a story about the underlying nature of reality. It explains things we can see in terms of concepts that we cannot see, in terms of ideas. An ideally rigorous scientist never believes their theory, seeing it instead like a constructivist does: the best map I have made or come across so far for the territory of reality. Real scientists, and other real people, like therapists, who imagine they see their theories be useful over and over, come to some degree to mistake their map for the territory; my map, not yours, shows the real lay of the land, and if we are talking about problems, my map shows where the root of the problem is. The trouble is, theoretical maps tend to be very subtle and sophisticated representations of only one level of system. They tend to have some idea of the levels just above and just below, but in terms of the language of their level. A therapist who specializes in individuals, for example, is trained to see how problems exist at the level of individual humans. They might know that depression, for example, is correlated with certain kinds of brain chemistry, and maybe even certain kinds of patterns of interaction in the family—they may even know that depression is more common for people in certain economic situations—but they will tend to see these sub- or extra-individual phenomena as symptoms of the real problem, which lies in the individual—perhaps in a traumatic past, psychodynamic factors, or lack of insight into their own thought processes. From this standpoint, giving an individual drugs or intervening with their family seem to be treating the symptom rather than the problem. If you have a hammer everything looks like a nail, and if you have a theory every problem can look subject to intervention at your favorite level of system. Also, if you know where problems happen, you know where they do not happen. People who specialize in one level of system often have the overt belief that if everything is going well at their level, the other levels can take care of themselves. Family therapists tend to see individual psychological health as a given in the context of a well-functioning family (see e.g. Bateson, Jackson, Haley, & Weakland; Bowen, 1960; Jackson, 1998; Minuchin, 1998; 1963 Satir & Baldwin, 1983 ). For political thinkers, who tend to see problems in higher-level systems, at the level of public policy interventions, making people happier by any means lower than institutional-level interventions is just perpetuating the problem; of course people are depressed! We are living in an unjust political or economic system (famously, e.g., in Marx & Engels, 1967). Giving them happy drugs, intervening in their family systems—these are just ways of maintaining the status quo. It is different, of course, with political thinkers whose preferred system is in place. In that case, the problem is obviously at any other level of system. Medical thinkers have a similar situation, only from a bottom-up perspective, instead of top-down; depression is the result of a chemical imbalance, pathology of the tissue of the brain. Happy drugs are not treating the symptom, they are treating the root of the problem, and the symptoms of discomfort at the level of the individual or of strife at the level of the family will just go away (see e.g. Watters & Ofshe, 1999). Many psychological “diseases” from depression to schizophrenia tend to run in families, too, so medical-thinkers also blame genetics (Carlson, 2005). It is noteworthy that being a systems thinker does not necessarily ameliorate this problem. Our theories are much too flexible for that. Systems-hip people with bottom-up oriented theories can say that they are changing the system using their individual intervention, and they probably are, to some degree. The nature of systems is one of reciprocal causality; if you change the output of one node in the network, you will theoretically change the output of every other node, and therefore the functioning of the entire system. It is rare even for family therapists to insist on seeing the whole family anymore (Nichols & Schwartz, 2008). While he preferred to see families, Murray Bowen, for example, saw individuals for a large part of his practice, and thought that this could “be the fulcrum for changing an entire family system (Nichols & Schwarts, 2008, p. 145). Some family therapists consider seeing only the complainant as ideal, and in no way contradictory to systems principles (Fisch et al., 1982). In that light it is difficult to argue that medical or individual interventions are not also interventions at the level of systems, as long as they change the client’s behavior. The Problem With the Evidence Can we settle this by looking at the evidence? Maybe someday, but not today. The main problem is that our science has not caught up to even Freud’s thinking and style of intervention, much less to the leap into complexity that is systems thinking and intervention. Up until the last couple decades, even if we could have collected the data we needed, we could not have analyzed it with the primitive statistical modeling available. Even now we are left with a serious conceptualization problem and a massive data-collection problem. In order to study things scientifically, whether it is gravity or psychological health, we need to operationalize our latent construct of interest. That means, since we cannot directly observe gravity, our construct of interest, we have to decide on something we can directly observe to act as a proxy. We could measure how long it takes an apple to fall ten feet, for example, or measure how hard it hits the ground from various heights. From that data, we can make inferences about gravity. For psychological health, it is the same but more difficult. We cannot see it, so we have to choose a proxy. That proxy usually turns out to be some form of asking people how they feel. Sometimes we use the number of rehospitalizations or type of diagnosis, but most often we give the person a survey such as the ubiquitous Beck Depression Inventory, asking them what they have been doing and how they have been feeling lately. These kinds of measures we have are best suited to test the success of medical-level interventions. If you give someone a drug and they say they feel better, they are better! What more do you need to know? Those who think of problems existing at the level of the whole individual do not have it quite so good. The reason is that, while asking someone if they feel better or checking whether or not they have been rehospitalized is a decent operationalization of individual health, it cannot distinguish between the “real” health that an individual earns permanently through the work of therapy, and the “fake” health handed to them by externally manipulating their brain chemistry. An individual therapist who looks at data supposedly showing that fluoxetine is in any way comparable to therapy (e.g. TADS, 2004) must chafe. The client has not learned anything! What can this be but a band-aid? Family therapists have it even worse. Anything short of a family-wide, long-term operationalization of health is inadequate if you believe that symptoms such as depression are just a way that the family system is attempting to maintain its homeostasis, staying within its outmoded parameters. If you “fix” one person in the system without altering the rules of the system, someone else is bound to become symptomatic. You need second-order change, change at the level of the rules, rather than first-order change. But how do you operationalize second-order change? How do you measure the rules of the system, which play out in the complex interactions between body language, spoken language, and emotional tone, between interlocking triangles of relationships? Well, you cannot. Family-systems thinkers are left in the uneasy state of relying on individual outcome measures to judge the success of our work. In a way, those who prefer intervention at higher levels than families have an even harder time with outcome measures. These systems are almost impossibly complex—whole cities, whole countries—how to operationalize the health of a county? Public-policy interveners tend to be idealogs, too, which makes things more complex still; your version of health will depend on the economic or political system you prefer. Still, these problems may not bother public policy types. Ideological immunity, the tendency or ability to completely disregard information that contradicts your belief system, may limit their interest in evidence, except where it serves their purposes. But perhaps there is a sort of levels-of-systems-wide equifinality. Perhaps intervening at any level produces the same kinds of results. This is what the small amount of evidence that has been gathered seems to suggest, though it is all based on individual-outcome measures (Sprenkle, 2002). So perhaps there is no such thing as a system-level-specific pathology. Is it even possible to determine the level at which a pathology exists? If so, would there be a way to determine whether it was better to intervene at that level, or a level above or below? It is difficult to imagine the kind of nightmare-monster experiment that could answer those questions to everyone’s satisfaction; a longitudinal study, spanning the entire lifespan of multiple generations, collecting rich data on every complaint, and the timing of every complaint, of every member of hundreds of families of different ethnicities, existing under different political and economic systems, using different levels of intervention, and controlling for nutrition, exercise, values structures, belief systems etc ad nauseum. It would be fairly expensive, and somewhat difficult to analyze the data. Modern research tends to shy away from even relatively simple complexities, such as comorbidity, where an individual is diagnosed with more than one pathology (e.g. TADS, 2004). There is some anecdotal evidence, but it is, well, anecdotal. Reading biographies of therapists (e.g. Family therapy pioneers, 2008), for example, gives the impression that many people left the ranks of individual intervention to work with families because individual work was too slow, or ineffective, while there are no famous cases of family therapists who became individual therapists because the work was too shallow. This could be evidence that individual therapy is in fact inefficient or ineffective, but it could simply be the result of individual therapy having been formulated first; many, many times the number of people have been trained as individual therapists compared to family therapists—almost infinitely more, back in the day that the pioneers of family therapy were emerging. Don Jackson, one of the founding fathers of family therapy, claimed to have noticed regularly in his individual therapy practice that when he helped solved a problem for one client, someone else in the family would develop a problem (Jackson, 1954, 1965). That this is a reason to intervene systemically is a commonly held belief among family therapists, but virtually unknown among more bottom-up helping professions, and there appears to be no published empirical evidence on the problem, and none may be on the way. It seems likely that family-systems thinkers will have to continue to rely to a large degree on our intuition about the legitimacy of our theories and the applicability of research based on individual outcome measures and the validity of relatively anecdotal evidence from our founders and mentors. An Argument for Family-Level Interventions as Both the Underdog and the Eventual Winner For Judeo-Christian culture, the individual is the obvious focus of attention. The individual is the seat of the soul, the source of the will, and the unit that can be judged innocent or guilty by the courts, and will be judged saved or damned by God when that day comes. It is only the individual who seems to have consciousness and a linear narrative of life. It is the individual who has nerve endings and can complain about them. Who was it that said, “Ouch—I have a pain in my family”? I forget, but I bet it was a family therapist, because it is simply not intuitive to do so. Western ethical and philosophical systems all focus on the individual: What is it right or wrong for you to do? In what fashion can you live the best life? When systems are considered, we jump right up to the level of government and public policy, and even then, they are primarily concerned with the relationship of the state with individuals: What are the individual’s rights? When can the state take an individual’s property? The development of modern science in the enlightenment began with reductionism, in the form of chemistry, linear causality, in the form of Newtonian physics, and a dualistic model of health, from medicine, which were and remain incredibly powerful and successful forces for gaining knowledge. In part, this is because the questions that chemists and physicists ask are simple ones: What are the basic laws of nature? What is this thing made out of? The kind of science that could grapple with more complex topics such as the nature of communication, or the function of the behaviors of the “mentally ill” were for centuries, and to some extent still are, far beyond our capacity for scientific observation, data collection, and statistical modeling. Because of all of this, family-systems theory and its foundations, postmodern philosophy, general systems theory, and communication theory, are late to the table and sitting across from respected, entrenched adversaries. Postmodernism thoroughly discredits the idea that an observer can be objective. Systems theory makes taking things apart and using idealized, linear models seem quaint and often misguided. Communication theory holds that the difference between a schizophrenic and a non-schizophrenic may be the relationship between spoken language and body language in that person’s family—a very difficult thing to quantify. Family-systems theory would have us believe that, while we might be able to drug ourselves into happiness, we can’t drug our way to health, because the real problems are in the patterns of communication of the family. These ideas are still all quite counterintuitive from the modern mindset. Still, I imagine that the newbies will be vindicated eventually. First, they are more sound. Postmodern philosophy is simply more accurate than modern philosophy; that we have no direct access to anyone else’s experience or to any other piece of reality has ramifications that modern philosophy simply ignores. Systems theory is truly a breakthrough in science, and very promising; it takes into account the way complex systems are more than the sum of their parts in a way reductionism is simply not geared to. Communication and family-systems theory are ways of looking at health and pathology from a more accurate perspective; medical thinking is too black-and-white, health-or-pathology, and too reductionistic. Treating the symptom with drugs or surgery is simply not always the answer. Objects in the frame cannot change the frame (Watzlawick, Bavelas, & Jackson, 1967), that is the allopathic fallacy. Second, if psychological problems really do exist in the context of systems, in patterns of communication of individual humans, then we don’t have to kill the patient to look inside it; we can observe the problem in live action without cutting anyone open. The guts of the problem are right there in front of us, in the therapy room, in the interactions of the family. That is a huge advantage over people who think that problems exist in individual brains, which must be either dead, in grave danger, or isolated in a very expensive machine fMRI machine which still cannot see much. Third, even though we have to use inadequate, individual outcome measures to test our work, we are already coming out on a par with individual interventions (Sprenkle, 2002). Imagine how we will do comparatively when outcome measures regularly consider the health of the whole family! Last, we are just getting started. Freud lived 150 years ago, and his ideas took off immediately. They have had time to mature. Family systems theory is barely 50 years old and has gotten a relatively slow start. Who knows what we will be able to accomplish by the time our field is mature? And Yes, Individual Versus Systems Psychotherapeutic Interventions Look Quite Different The first psychotherapeutic intervention to take off was Freud’s psychoanalysis. Over the course of years, patients (they still called them “patients”) would explore their past and especially their unconscious mind, increasing their insight, using free association and dreams, under the direction of the expert analyzer, the therapist. The patient would come to think of the analyst as their father and eventually get over that idea, in the process transforming from pathologically neurotic to mildly neurotic. The second great force in psychotherapy was behaviorism, which was largely a reaction to the heavily subjective, unquantifiable theories and process of the Freudians. Behaviorists ignored what might or might not be going on in people’s minds and concentrated on what they did. One of them noticed that dogs could be conditioned with rewards to salivate to a bell and a series of interventions based on that insight were created. If you want to increase a behavior, you either reward or stop punishing the organism when they perform it. If you want to decrease a behavior, you either punish or stop rewarding the organism when they perform it. Simple! The third great force was humanism. The humanists did not like how the behaviorists treated humans like just another animal. They also did not like how the Freudians dwelled so much on the past, pathology, and intellectual analysis. They had a positive, emotional spin. Humans were naturally healthy, not naturally sick. Mildly neurotic was shooting too low. They shot for self-actualization. Psychological problems came from repressing emotions and not being understood. They also believed in the talking cure, but they talked about what was happening right now, in the moment. Their interventions looked like a series of interviews in which the client and therapist formed and explored an intense emotional relationship, and in which the therapist coached the client to be totally genuine. The systems approach (the fourth great force?) was a reaction against all individual therapies. It can be seen as a resurgence of behaviorism to some degree, in that it treated individuals’ minds as black boxes, at least in the early days (Watsalwick et al., 1967), but always with a systems, family-oriented view. Later, some models incorporated humanist principles (e.g. Baldwin & Satir, 1987; Whitaker & Keith, 1982). There are a great variety of systems interventions. The only constants among them is that they concentrate on process over content—that is, they pay more attention to the rules of the conversation than the direct messages in the conversation—and they will always at least consider intervening with more than one family member at a time. Therapists in the strategic school tend to use paradoxical homework as interventions—prescribing the symptom, for example. Bowenian therapists also use homework in the form of reconnecting with cutoff family members. Experiential therapists use the relationship with the therapist in the humanist style, plus coaching authentic communication. Structural therapists also use homework to re-establish healthy boundaries between parents and children, going on a secret date, for example. All of these are methods of causing an updating of the rules of a family system. A Personal Reflection I am happy to find myself fascinated by this topic—deeply and richly confused, as a friend of mine likes to say. I also feel a little embarrassed to have written so much after reading so little, which is to say that ten weeks is not much time to make oneself an expert in such a deep topic! That, and I feel grateful that there is so much to read—that so many very smart people have thought so much about how best to help people. In the end, I still don’t know the answer to any of the questions I came across here. But I have chosen my theoretical stance anyway. The systems view is my hammer, and I am learning to swing it the best I can. Baldwin, M. & Satir, V. (Eds.) (1987). The use of self in therapy. New York: Hawthorne. Bateson, G., Jackson, D. D., Haley, J., & Weakland, J. (1963). Toward a theory of schizophrenia. In N. J. Smelser & W. T. Smelser (Eds.) Personality and social systems (pp. 172-187). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Becvar, D. S. & Becvar, R. J. (2006). Family therapy: A systemic integration. Boston, MA: Pearson. Bowen, M. (1960). A family concept of schizophrenia. In D. D. Jackson (Ed.) The etiology of schizophrenia (pp. 346-372). Oxford, England: Basic. Capra, F. (1997). The web of life. USA: Anchor Carlson, N. R. (2005). Foundations of physiological psychology. Boston: Pearson. Family therapy pioneers. (2008, September/October). Family Therapy Magazine, 7(5), 23-60. Fisch, R., Weakland, J. H., & Segal, L. (1982). The tactics of change: Doing therapy briefly. San Francisco: Josey-Bass. Jackson, D. D. (1954). The question of family homeostasis. Psychiatric Quarterly Supplement, 31, 79-90. Jackson, D. D. (1965). The study of the family. Family Process, 4(1), 1-20. Marx, K. & Engels, F. (1967). Manifesto of the communist party. New York: Penguin. Minuchin, S. (1998). Structural family therapy. In D. M. Frank (Ed.) Case studies in couples and family therapy: Systemic and cognitive perspectives (pp. 108-131). New York: Guilford. Nichols, M. P. & Schwartz, R. C. (2008). Family therapy: Concepts and methods. Boston: Pearson. Satir, V. & Baldwin, M. (1983). Satir step by step: A guide to creating change in families. Palo Alto, CA: Science and Behavior. Sprenkle, D. H. (2002). Effectiveness research in marriage and family therapy. Alexandria, VA: AAMFT. TADS (2004). Fluoxetine, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and their combination for adolescents with depression. JAMA, 292(7), 807-820. Watters, E. & Ofshe, R. (1999). Therapy’s delusions: and the exploitation of the walking worried. New York: Scribner. Watzlavick, P., Bavelas, J. B., & Jackson, D. D. (1967). Pragmatics of human communication: A study of interactional patterns, pathologies, and paradoxes. Whitaker, C. & Keith, D. V. (1982). Symbolic-experiential family therapy. In J. R. Neill & D. P. Kniskern (Eds.), From psyche to system: The evolving Therapy of Carl Whitaker (pp. 330-378). New York: Guilford. Wilber, K. (1996). A brief history of everything. Boston: Integral. Posted in academic writing, psychopathology, systems theory, therapeutic interventions	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4564
__label__wiki	0.796485	0.796485	The Layers of Artificial Intelligence Systems A Guide for Reporters to Understand How AI is Built EXPERT SLIDES Artificial intelligence is everywhere but few people understand how it is actually constructed. But there are ways reporters can seek to get inside the “black box” that represents most AI systems. In a session with National Press Foundation fellows, Miranda Bogen of the civil rights and technology organization Upturn gave a tutorial on understanding AI systems. Bogen (bio, Twitter) does research on equity implications of machine learning and the role they play in society. She started with a definition of AI terms, and whether a system could be considered “artificial intelligence” or “machine learning” or “deep learning.” Within the industry, those terms often mean different things to different people, but Bogen said she focuses more on the output of the system than what to call it. The questions journalists need to consider: What is the automated decision intended to accomplish – and are there enough data that it can do so? Where do the humans fit into the system? How much of the system is really automated? Many systems are a combination of people and machines, and so you need to determine where in the process the people play a role. What are the observable consequences of the system? In other words, why should people care? She talked about work from the investigative news outlet ProPublica that detailed how a criminal justice algorithm was conducting risk assessments on criminal defendants in ways that favored white people over African-Americans. What are the policies and rules than govern the system? What data does the system take in and what are the results it produces? When the system was being “trained,” were the data correct, complete and representative? For example, facial recognition systems had been shown to do a worse job identifying African-Americans than white people. But that was a function of not having enough African-American faces to test; when more were added to the system, the identification rates went up. If it possible to learn anything from the source code? Many not: “As the technology gets more and more complex, it’s less and less likely this will be helpful,” she said. artificial intelligence ethics technology unemployment This content provided by a grant from IBM.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4565
__label__wiki	0.584458	0.584458	Flags of the Nations: Guatemala The two sky blue stripes represent the fact that Guatemala is a land located between two oceans, the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean, and the sky over the country. The white color signifies peace and purity. In the center of the flag is the Guatemalan coat of arms. It includes the resplendent quetzal, the national bird of Guatemala, which symbolizes liberty; a parchment scroll bearing the date of Central America's independence from Spain, 15 September 1821; crossed rifles, indicating Guatemala's willingness to defend itself by force if need be; a bay laurel crown, the symbol for victory; and crossed swords, representing honor. Since September 1, 2009, the Church of the Nazarene's Global Ministry Center (GMC) proudly flies a flag each week of one of the many nations in which the denomination is present in ministry. Leaders were invited to send a national flag to be flown at the GMC alongside the flag of the United States. The national flags rotate weekly, and photos of them raised are sent to the church leaders of that country. This week: Guatemala The Church of the Nazarene officially entered Guatemala in 1904. Guatemala had a population of 16,581,273 in 2018. That same year, Guatemala reported 759 Churches of the Nazarene, 662 of which had been officially organized. Guatemala has 94,923 total members. Located on the Mesoamerica Region, Guatemala has 12 Phase 3 districts and four Phase 2 districts. For more information about the Mesoamerica Region, visit mesoamericaregion.org. = The weekly highlighted flag is raised on the middle of three poles in compliance with U.S. government protocols. It flies to the left of the GMC host-nation United States flag, which flies above the host-state flag of Kansas. The Christian flag flies on the third pole. The Global Ministry Center is the mission and service hub of the Church of the Nazarene.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4567
__label__cc	0.647259	0.352741	MOR Magazine October 27, 2016 Features Mr. Lawerence “Lawrence has helped me see things differently in my artwork. He doesn’t try to be superior and talk to us [students] like we’re just kids. It’s kind of hard to put into words how he’s impacted me as a person because he’s very inspiring and influential, and unlike any teacher I’ve ever had,” says Emma Sassaman, who is taking advanced art class this year. Timothy Lawrence is one of Oyster River’s three art teachers. He teaches Drawing and Painting 1 and 2, Advanced Art, Senior Studio, and various pottery classes. Lawrence spent his years after college working as a professional artist and illustrating for many famous people and companies. He decided to switch to teaching after realizing that although being self employed allowed him financial and organizational freedom. “I was making great money, but I was wondering, why was I doing this? Was I just here on the planet to make money it wasn’t serving my soul. I would illustrate a magazine cover, than see the magazine in the garbage later. I thought to myself, am I just making art that’s going to be thrown away?” says Lawrence. Throughout his years at ORHS Mr.Lawrence has helped many students hone their artistic skills. “Mr.Lawrence helped me become more confident in my artwork. He made making art more enjoyable and a class I looked forward to going to.” says Olivia Clark, an ORHS graduate. To sign up for Advanced Art, students must complete either Drawing and Painting 1 & 2 or Pottery 1 & 2, so Mr.Lawrence will often teach kids from sophomore year all the way through senior year. Alongside his colleagues Mr.Lawrence has prepared many a portfolio for students hoping to attend college. Mr.Lawrence studied art at Pratt Institute in New York, as well as at the University of New Hampshire. “What makes teaching rewarding is being with students. Most of your teachers are here because they enjoy being around students. This is where we’re energized, this is what feeds our soul. There’s a lot of busywork and paperwork that takes away from our time spent with students.” says Lawrence. “I’ve really grown as an artist under his supervision, but the way he really impacted me to accept mistakes as a necessary learning experience in art but also in life. Many students have graduated Oyster River remembering art as one of their favorite classes. Olivia Clark, who now attends Pace University in Manhattan took 3D Design with Mr.Lawrence the spring of her senior year. “The best thing about Mr.Lawrence is his honesty. He always gives his honest opinion about everything. I think that helps students grow as artists. He is also absolutely hilarious,” she said. Bella Dempsey, who is a currently taking both Pottery 1 and Drawing and Painting 1, echos Clark’s praise. I think the best things about him are his humor and his honest skills. He has helped me so much in the past few weeks, I can already tell that I am going to finish his classes as a better artist and person. Multiple students interviewed spoke highly of Mr.Lawrence’s honesty and how it has helped them grow as artists. “He’s always willing to offer help but will push each individual the appropriate amount. Mr.Lawrence is one of the best teachers I have ever had.” says Abbey Halloran. (‘17). Halloran has known Lawrence since her sophomore year. “Mr.Lawrence has helped me grow as an artist and as a person, he has taught me that you HAVE to fail but if you’re going to you might as well give it all you’ve got. And if you fail enough, you WILL succeed eventually, and learn from it tremendously.” “He has helped me in ways I’m still discovering, I’m not afraid to be me in class, he accepts anyone and everyone for who they truly are. He allows you to create whatever art you want (within reason obviously). I always look forward to his class and he is a teacher I will remember for the rest of my life.” says Halloran. Written by Jane Robinson Posted in Features and tagged Art, Profile, Teacher. Bookmark the permalink. The Month of October Who Will Your Governor Be?	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4572
__label__cc	0.73709	0.26291	Wireless - CCNA Wireless Radio Frequency – RF March 8, 2014 March 9, 2014 Farzand AliLeave a comment Radio frequency (RF) is a rate of oscillation in the range of around 3 kHz to 300 GHz, which corresponds to the frequency of radio waves, and the alternating currents which carry radio signals. RF usually refers to electrical rather than mechanical oscillations; however, mechanical RF systems do exist (see mechanical filter and RF MEMS). Although radio frequency is a rate of oscillation, the term “radio frequency” or its abbreviation “RF” are also used as a synonym for radio – i.e. to describe the use of wireless communication, as opposed to communication via electric wires The industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands are radio bands (portions of the radio spectrum) reserved internationally for the use of radio frequency (RF) energy for industrial, scientific and medical purposes other than telecommunications.[1] Examples of applications in these bands include radio-frequency process heating, microwave ovens, and medical diathermymachines. The powerful emissions of these devices can create electromagnetic interference and disrupt radio communication using the same frequency, so these devices were limited to certain bands of frequencies. Despite the intent of the original allocations, and because there are multiple allocations, in recent years the fastest-growing uses of these bands have been for short-range, low power communications systems. Cordless phones, Bluetooth devices, near field communication (NFC) devices, and wireless computer networks all use frequencies allocated to low power communications as well as ISM. Radio spectrum refers to the part of the electromagnetic spectrum corresponding to radio frequencies – that is, frequencies lower than around 300 GHz (or, equivalently, wavelengths longer than about 1 mm). Electromagnetic waves in this frequency range, called radio waves, are used forradio communication and various other applications, such as heating. The generation of radio waves is strictly regulated by the government in most countries, coordinated by an international standards body called the International Telecommunications Union (ITU). Different parts of the radio spectrum are allocated for different radio transmission technologies and applications. In some cases, parts of the radio spectrum is sold or licensed to operators of private radio transmission services (for example, cellular telephone operators or broadcast television stations). Ranges of allocated frequencies are often referred to by their provisioned use (for example, cellular spectrum or television spectrum). ISM Radio Spectrum: “http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/United_States_Frequency_Allocations_Chart_2003_-_The_Radio_Spectrum.jpg” 1HZ (one cycle per second) Frequency (number of cycles per second) Wavelength (One Cycle) Amplitude(More energy=more amplitude) In an IEEE 802.11 system, RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) is the relative received signal strength in a wireless environment, in arbitrary units. RSSI is an indication of the power level being received by the antenna. Therefore, the higher the RSSI number, the stronger the signal. (shows up in -ve values, so higher the value, closer it is to zero and thus stronger the signal) In telecommunication, free-space path loss (FSPL) is the loss in signal strength of an electromagnetic wave that would result from a line-of-sight path through free space (usually air), with no obstacles nearby to cause reflection or diffraction. It does not include factors such as the gain of the antennas used at the transmitter and receiver, nor any loss associated with hardware imperfections Understanding Signal to Noise Ratio for better wifi signals You can easily determine the quality of your wireless signal where your computer is situated in relation to your Wi-Fi router.In OS X, simply launch System Information (/Applications/Utilities or Apple Logo > About This Mac > More info… > System Report…).In the left pane, you’ll find the Network section, and under that is Wi-Fi. Take note of Signal / Noise ratio.Here’s how mine looks. Note: you can use the command + R keys to refresh the reading. To determine the SNR value in dB, simply subtract the higher Signal value from the lower Noise value. From there, you can refer to this chart, which I found in the Apple Discussion forums: – 40dB+ SNR = Excellent signal – 25dB to 40dB SNR = Very good signal – 15dB to 25dB SNR = Low signal – 10dB to 15dB SNR = Very low signal – 5dB to 10dB SNR = No signal In my case, it’s (-64) – (-90) = 26 dB, which translates to a decent signal. If you find that your computer is registering poor signals, you can either relocate, the computer, or the Wi-Fi router, or go into the admin panel of the router and try different channels on a trial-and-error basis. inSSIDer WiFi Site Survey Tool MAP – Microsoft Assessment and Planning Toolkit / Windows 2012 Hardware Requirement	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4575
__label__wiki	0.869357	0.869357	Chris Christie's TV Hits Are Not Rehabbing New Jersey's Image By Laura Bennett New Jersey Governor Chris Christie recently announced he had just finished filming a cameo on Michael J. Fox’s upcoming NBC sitcom, “The Michael J. Fox Show,” which premieres in September. This should come as no surprise, as Christie has long been a ham in cheerleading for his home state. Last week, he even told the Associated Press that his various prime-time appearances have helped rehabilitate Jersey’s grimy, silicon-enhanced image, battered by years of reality programming a la “Real Housewives” and “Jersey Shore.” We’re not so sure about that. Here are the impressions of Jersey that we were left with after Christie's TV hits. Christie appears on Weekend Update, November 2012: Upon being asked what he’d like to say to the people of New Jersey, he thanks his wife for putting up with a husband “who has smelled like a wet fleece for the past three weeks.” Christie on Barbara Walters’ “Most Interesting People” on ABC, December 2012: When Walters asks him about his childhood, he cites his Sicilian mother. “What would your mother say to your critics?” she asks. “Shut up,” he says. Mrs. Christie is recruited to testify on behalf of his general angriness. Christie on Letterman, February 2013: Christie eats a donut mid-interview, and another donut later. When he tosses wrapper onto floor, Letterman says, “Maybe you can do that kinda thing in your state, buddy.” Christie on MSNBC’s Morning Joe, June 2013: Discussion meanders from Sandy relief to Christie in a speedo on the Jersey Shore, where it lingers for many minutes. “Another week and a half and you’re gonna be walking around the Jersey Shore in a speedo, man,” Joe. says. “We don’t wanna subject the people of the Jersey Shore to any more tragedy,” Christie replies. Also: “There are some things that I absolutely in my core know would be bad. Being in a speedo is one of those things.” Christie slow-jams the news, June 2013: Christie delivers a slow-jam full of Jersey-related innuendo, a la “That’s why this special election is hugely important.” Fallon calls him the “Love-Gov.” Just like MTV Christie chats with Jimmy Fallon, June 2013: “Did you ever in your college days go Jersey shore it up? Fist-pumping?” Fallon asks. “Oh, the whole thing,” Christie says. “You know, looking for girls from Staten Island. We rented a house in Seaside Heights.” Chris Christie, TV, SNL, The Plank, Politics, Boosterism	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4577
__label__wiki	0.929786	0.929786	Frankfurt on the Hudson By Adam Kirsch How the fathers of Critical Theory found their way to America. It would be hard to overstate the importance of the Frankfurt School in recent American thought. Philosophers, psychologists, and sociologists like Theodor Adorno, Walter Benjamin, Herbert Marcuse, Erich Fromm, and Max Horkheimer—to name just the best-known members of the group—helped to develop a subtle and powerful way of thinking about the problems of modern society. Critical Theory, as it is usually capitalized, adapted the revolutionary impulse of Marxism to 20th century conditions, in which mass culture and totalitarianism seemed to shut off any real possibility of social transformation. Especially appealing to academics is the way Critical Theory makes the analysis of culture feel like a revolutionary act in and of itself. Reading Adorno on modern music, or Benjamin on literature, it is momentarily possible to believe that criticism is a weapon of liberation, rather than simply a hermetic exercise for intellectuals. No wonder that after the 1960s, as Thomas Wheatland writes in his impressive new study The Frankfurt School in Exile, “ambitious young sympathizers with the New Left” in the academy turned en masse to the Frankfurt School, a scholarly subject that they could explore “without having to disguise or hide their intellectual and political orientations.” It is strange that it took until the 1960s for the Frankfurters to make a major impact on America, however, since from 1934 to 1949 they were actually living in the United States. The Institute for Social Research—the institutional home of the Frankfurt School thinkers—had to uproot itself from Germany in 1933, following Hitler’s rise to power. After a brief period in Geneva, it relocated to Morningside Heights, where it formed an uneasy partnership with Columbia University. From its headquarters at 428 West 117th Street, the Institute struggled with the intellectual and practical challenges involved in doing European-style Critical Theory in America. While the members of the Institute eventually scattered—Horkheimer and Adorno moved to Los Angeles, joining the German émigré colony there, while after Pearl Harbor Marcuse and others went to Washington, applying their skills to the war effort—New York remained the Institute’s official home until 1949, when Horkheimer moved it back to the University of Frankfurt. In his book, an unusually thorough blend of intellectual and institutional history, Wheatland sheds new light on this phase of the Frankfurt School’s existence. Wheatland is interested in the ideas of the School, but he is also interested in the ways that less intellectual factors—like money, personality clashes, and opportunism—shaped those ideas’ development and reception. In a sense, Wheatland has subjected the Frankfurt School to a genuinely Marxist analysis—he shows how the group’s economic substructure affected its ideological superstructure. In the process, he brings these often idolized figures back to human scale, and offers an object lesson in the unedifying ways that intellectual careers are made. The Jewish dimension to this story is only occasionally Wheatland’s explicit subject, but it is absolutely central nonetheless. After all, the reason the Institute had to leave Frankfurt in the first place was that, in addition to being radicals and Marxists, the members of the group were almost all Jewish. The Institut für Sozialforschung was created by Herman Weil, a German Jew who had made a fortune importing grain from Argentina, and his son Felix, who like many young men was radicalized after Germany’s defeat in World War I. In 1923, still in the early days of the Weimar Republic, the Weils created the Institute as an independent think tank with a lavish endowment. Their plan was to bring together scholars from different fields, who would work together to develop comprehensive new theories about how modern society functioned and how it might be transformed. Not coincidentally, as Wheatland shows, almost all the Institute’s hires were, like the Weils, highly assimilated Jews from bourgeois families. Max Horkheimer, the philosopher who became head of the Institute in 1931 and guided it for the next several decades, was the son of a textile manufacturer from Stuttgart; his relationship with his father was destroyed when the son married the father’s Christian secretary. Theodor Wiesengrund-Adorno, the most brilliant thinker associated with the Institute, was the son of a Jewish wine merchant and a Catholic woman from Corsica. (He eventually dropped the Jewish half of his last name and went simply by Adorno.) Erich Fromm, a sociologist turned psychoanalyst, was unusual in being raised in an Orthodox family; he “maintained a strong religious identity into adulthood,” Wheatland writes. Similar stories could be told of most of the scholars who came to work at Frankfurt. Among the tidal wave of academic refugees from Hitler’s Germany, the members of the Institute were actually very lucky. Horkheimer, with a prescience all too rare among German Jews, had already shifted the Institute’s endowment out of German banks and shipped its library out of the country. The scholars reassembled in Geneva, but this could only be a temporary respite, since most of them could not get permanent Swiss visas. As Wheatland shows in the first of the book’s four sections, Horkheimer embarked on a well-thought-out campaign to find a new home for the Institute in the United States, sending out a pamphlet with testimonials to sociology departments at American universities. Wheatland makes clear just why Columbia took the bait. Robert MacIver, the head of Columbia’s sociology department, was looking for a way to establish a social research bureau, which would provide quantitative data to support the work of theorists. In 1929, MacIver had applied to the university for $50,000 to create such a bureau, writing in his proposal that “the situation with reference to research through quantitative measurement may really be described as a crisis. If this crisis is not met in a large way, achievement on the part of universities cannot be expected.” But the Depression made such an expensive program impossible. When the Institute for Social Research came calling—with its private endowment, and its experience doing field research and surveys—it seemed like a perfect match for Columbia’s needs. In fact, as Wheatland goes on to show, the fit was not ideal, and grew even less so over time. The Institute did design and fund several important research projects, including a study of the effect of unemployment on family life in Newark, New Jersey, and a study of adolescent attitudes toward authority. But these studies were not really what Horkheimer cared about. Rather, he was interested in developing a total theory of late-capitalist society, which would encompass politics, economics, culture, and society. This would eventually bear fruit in Horkheimer and Adorno’s magnum opus, Dialectic of Enlightenment. To keep the Institute running, however, Horkheimer needed American allies and funders, who were mainly interested in empirical problem-solving. This dilemma became acute in the later 1930s, when a series of bad investment decisions cost the Institute a large chunk of its endowment, and forced Horkheimer to lay off a number of associates. As Wheatland shows, this process was handled badly, with Horkheimer antagonizing Erich Fromm, the most popular member of the Institute among its American patrons. (Fromm would eventually go on to write bestselling psychology books like The Art of Loving.) In fact, Horkheimer comes across in Wheatland’s account as a ruthless academic infighter, not afraid to use his money and power to punish his enemies. The contrast between the Frankfurt School’s dreams of social liberation and its actual dependence on such all-too-human motives is a melancholy and ironic one. In subsequent sections of The Frankfurt School in Exile, Wheatland shows how the Institute came into contact with two important segments of the American Jewish community. The first were the New York Intellectuals, who were in many ways the perfect American counterpart to the Frankfurters: Jewish radical intellectuals with an interest in politics and culture. While the two groups never engaged as deeply as they might have—in part, Wheatland shows, due to the Frankfurters’ policy of staying aloof from American politics—some relationships did form, and New Yorkers like Daniel Bell, Irving Howe, and Nathan Glazer became aware of Critical Theory. More unlikely, on its surface, was the bond the Institute formed with the establishment American Jewish Committee, which turned out to be the patron the struggling exiles badly needed. In 1943, the Committee gave the Institute a $10,000 grant to produce a report on the causes of anti-Semitism. This eventually grew into the landmark five-volume report Studies in Prejudice, published in 1950, which brought the Institute its first real mainstream recognition. Wheatland notes the irony that it should be a specifically, not to say parochially, Jewish project that made the Institute’s name in America. After all, it is possible to see the whole endeavor of Critical Theory as being a way for these brilliant German Jews, assimilated to German culture yet rejected by Germany itself, to imagine a place for themselves outside of Jewishness and Germanness. Yet “the anti-Semitism project,” as Wheatland writes, “suggested an abandonment of revolutionary utopianism and the temporary adoption of American liberalism.” His important book ought to bring new attention to this highly suggestive part of the Frankfurt School’s story. Adam Kirsch is a senior editor at The New Republic. This piece originally appeared in Tablet Magazine. © 2009, Tablet Magazine Technology, Religion, Social Issues, Books and Arts, Washington, New York, Los Angeles, Geneva, Frankfurt, America, Germany, United States, Person Career, Hitler, Columbia University, Erich Fromm, Max Horkheimer, Herbert Marcuse, Theodor Adorno, Pearl Harbor Marcuse, Walter Benjamin, Thomas Wheatland, York Intellectuals	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4578
__label__wiki	0.913761	0.913761	Illinois State helps fuel the wind energy revolution Ryan Denham May 7, 2013 1 Filed Under Renewable Energy Technology Graduate students Sarah Noll ’12 and Jared Hayden ’12 with Center for Renewable Energy Director David Loomis. When U.S. Sen. Mark Udall stood in the Senate chamber last summer to argue for an extension of a key wind farm tax credit, he turned to Illinois State research to prove his point. “Just this month, Illinois State University released a report that estimates that Illinois’ 23 largest wind farms will contribute roughly $5.8 billion to local economies over the lifetimes of these projects,” the Colorado Democrat said. Illinois State graduate students Jared Hayden ’12 and Sarah Noll ’12 already knew that. They helped crunch the numbers in the economic impact report that Udall cited, “which was cool,” Noll said. “We knew it was us.” Illinois is a major player in the American wind energy industry, ranking fourth among U.S. states in overall installed wind capacity, and No. 1 overall in 2011 with 404 new turbines installed. At the center of the state’s vibrant wind energy industry is Illinois State, whose students, researchers and alumni are shaping wind developments and related public policy issues around the country. The University’s wind wisdom is fueled by the Center for Renewable Energy, which debuted in 2008 with initial funding from the U.S. Department of Energy. The center anchors the University’s renewable energy major and is home to the Illinois Wind Working Group, comprised of 200 key wind industry stakeholders. The center traces its history to a group of faculty members who, more than a decade ago, dreamed of putting a wind turbine on the University Farm north of campus. That never happened because they decided to aim higher, focusing instead on building an interdisciplinary renewable energy curriculum and outreach program. Initial work on the turbine project helped the Center for Renewable Energy gain a foothold in the industry, as did Illinois State’s physical location, said David Loomis, director of the center. McLean County and neighboring counties, as it turns out, carry average wind speeds and other features that make them prime locations for installing turbines. Working across disciplines Today there are more than 100 students enrolled in the renewable energy major and 74 graduates, including Hayden and Noll, who are now pursuing their master’s degrees. A grant from the Illinois Clean Energy Community Foundation also helped finish a state-of-the-art renewable energy lab in Turner Hall, featuring a wind tunnel and a trailer-mounted remote wind sensor Sonic Detection and Ranging (SODAR) device, among other tools. Illinois State’s renewable energy program is unique because it’s truly interdisciplinary, Loomis said. The center’s faculty leadership is a diverse bunch, with expertise ranging from economics and agriculture to technology. It’s a perfect mix for new graduates whose first job out of college may be wind farm project development, requiring them to adroitly work with farmers, landowners, neighbors, and county board members. “That job in part requires you to have a lot of facets. You don’t have to be an expert in any one facet,” Loomis said. “The interdisciplinary approach prepares our students better than just giving them part of the picture.” Whether it’s the altruistic lure of clean energy or the desire to work in an exciting, developing field, students are drawn to the major for different reasons. Casey Robertson ’10 got a job with American Wind Energy Management Corp., a small wind developer based in Springfield, after graduating with her renewable energy degree. Robertson’s concentration at Illinois State was in public policy and economics, with one of her standout classes involving roundtable discussions about important court cases in energy regulation and related policymaking issues. But the major didn’t lock her into one career path over another. For her capstone class, for example, she laid out a small solar installation project for a home. The work involved looking at where to install the panels, which ones to choose, how to find grants to buy them, and estimating the possible return on investment. Robertson said her young career in wind is exciting, in part because the industry is evolving so quickly. And she’s fulfilling her primary motivation for choosing renewable energy—doing something that will benefit society as a whole. Indeed, Illinois’ 42 wind farm projects collectively produce enough clean energy to avoid production of 4.7 million tons of carbon dioxide each year. “I wanted to make an impact with my career on the world around me,” Robertson said. Also making an impact is the Illinois Wind Working Group (IWWG), which is led by Loomis and professors David Kennell from the Department of Technology and Randy Winter from the Department of Agriculture. Assistant professor Jin Jo from the Department of Technology is also an associate director at the Center for Renewable Energy. The IWWG hosts statewide conferences for industry leaders and smaller events for niche audiences, such as one targeted at county board members focused on siting, zoning and taxing issues. Illinois State’s wind research provides the industry with a much needed resource, namely unbiased information. That’s where graduates Hayden and Noll come in with their work on the economic impact document. They were tasked with updating the 2011 report for 2012, meaning they had to crunch the numbers for the six new wind farms that came online. They used the Jobs and Economic Development Impacts (JEDI) model, plotting out on a spreadsheet how much money was spent on the different turbine components, where that money was spent, how many jobs that spending created directly and indirectly, and so on. The tricky part is that some companies on the wind energy manufacturing supply chain aren’t exactly eager to turn over their proprietary financial data to Illinois State’s researchers. “The companies, to stay competitive, don’t want to reveal their exact costs,” Noll said. Such obstacles did not discourage her or Hayden, who grew up about 40 miles east of Normal in the town of Fisher. He could see McLean County’s 240-turbine Twin Groves wind farms from his family’s home. After two years at the University of Illinois, he transferred to Illinois State for the renewable energy program. “It’s an up-and-coming, exciting field,” Hayden said. Moving to wind The Twin Groves turbines produce about 400 megawatts annually—enough to power more than 130,000 typical American households for a whole year. A key member of the team that developed Twin Groves was Bob Crowell, who got his M.B.A. at Illinois State in 1995. Crowell’s early career was spent in more traditional forms of energy, first on the natural gas side of Illinois Power, then for a sister company involved in coal-fired and other types of power generation. After being exposed to wind energy back in 1998 through a small wind farm project in Costa Rica, Crowell was recruited in 2001 to join a small company called Zilkha Renewable Energy, where he put together the company’s pipeline of wind projects throughout the Midwest and Great Lakes regions. “It was a flaky part of the industry back then. It was anything but mainstream,” Crowell said. “A lot of people thought I was kind of nuts. But I liked the culture. I liked the idea of being back at a small company.” Crowell and his colleagues at Zilkha—later renamed Horizon Wind Energy and now EDP Renewables—spent four years developing Twin Groves before the first phase was approved and built. Big, tall wind turbines tend to draw a lot of attention and often controversy. “You make the circuit, talking to the movers and shakers in the local communities—whether it’s Bloomington-Normal, Arrowsmith, Saybrook. You go to the Lions Club, the churches,” Crowell said. “You do that so no one thinks it’s being snuck in under the wire.” Crowell likes being in on the ground floor in business. In fact, he’s been the 13th person hired at three different companies, including Zilkha. He was No. 13 at his current company, Brooklyn-based OwnEnergy, which partners with landowners to develop renewable energy projects. As OwnEnergy’s chief development officer, he’s leading projects around the U.S. Last year was a challenging one for the wind industry, Crowell said. There was uncertainty over the production tax credit that Sen. Udall and others were backing, leading to stalled projects and even layoffs. It wasn’t until Congress reached a last-minute deal on the so-called “fiscal cliff” that the wind production tax credit was extended, only then through the end of 2013. Robertson also acknowledged the impact of the stalled tax credit last year, yet she remains optimistic about the future. “I only see it going up,” she said of the industry as a whole, “because the fuel for wind energy is free.” VIDEO: Take a video tour of Illinois State’s renewable energy lab in Turner Hall: Record number of Illinois State students study abroad ISU researchers part of $10 million USDA grant to implement new oilseed cover crop for fuel Aslihan Spaulding receives Living Our Values Award Mark Murdoch earns global actuarial honor as eighth Illinois State winner Meeting the national need for teachers STEP-UP celebrates 10 years of connections with urban communities	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4580
__label__wiki	0.618045	0.618045	16 February 2018, 12:03UTC+31257 App by ITMO Students will Filter Media Events and Predict their Popularity How does one make local news go public, help communities manage the incoming news flow, and offer users a chance to make money off content? Last year at the Vkontakte hackathon, ITMO students Victor Khovansky and Evgeny Varlamov developed an app that can not just categorize media events by topics and categories, but also predict which posts will get the most likes and reposts. The team won the hackathon, and the administration of the Lentach community asked them to continue further developing their project. This February, the application was made available to the public on the Vkontakte social network, and tested by Lentach community subscribers. In an interview for ITMO.NEWS, Victor Khovansky talked about their project and its prospects. Victor Khovansky and Evgeny Varlamov started working on the application back in October, when Vkontakte’s third hackathon took place in St. Petersburg. Its participants were offered several tasks from the hackathon’s partners, including a case from the Lentach community. In just 40 hours, they had to offer a solution to a problem that had to do with a vast flow of incoming content that editors had to process manually. As result, ITMO’s team developed an automated news filtering app for the entire incoming content. The project makes use of machine technologies to arrange media events by categories and topics. The application can identify the general atmosphere of the news (positive, negative, neutral) and define its topic (politics, society, world, army, economics and such). Another function that also relies on machine learning makes it possible to predict the amount of “likes” and reposts. If an editor publishes the news article without making many changes, they can already tell the approximate amount of likes it will get or times it will be reposted. App’s interface for the Lentach community What is more, the app’s authors created a user-friendly admin panel featuring a feed of incoming media events that can be filtered by different categories: date, editing status, categories. They also developed a mobile version of the app for both administrators and users. The project became the winner of the hackathon’s Media category and piqued the interest of the administrators of the Lentach community, who asked the team to continue on with it. According to Victor Khovansky, it took about three months to finalize the project. The developers experienced the most difficulties with the issue of getting Vkontakte’s official client to work under iOS. As it turned out, it still has problems working with the applications of communities, so they had to find ways to work around that. Vkontakte’s technical support confirmed the problem and proposed a solution, but it still took longer than expected. Today, the app can automatically filter incoming news based on the rules set by the administrator, as well as categorize them by atmosphere (negative or positive), topics, and geography. As of now, there are about 30 available topics, for example politics, economics, humor and others, the application can also distinguish between news from Russia and Ukraine. It’s very easy to start working with the app: the user finds an interesting news article in a local community or regional media, describes it in the app and attaches a link to it. “After that, our system automatically retrieves the link, and uploads the necessary information. For instance, if it’s a private community in VK, we have to access the information on behalf of the user in a particular way, - we’ve accounted for such issues, as well. Then, we predict the categories (politics, humor and so on), that’s done really fast, literally, it takes milliseconds. The next step is launching the task on predicting reposts and “likes”, that takes longer, about a minute. And then, the user sees that their article is added in the application and receives a message that it’s being processed,” explains Victor Khovansky. Traffox team at the Vkontakte hackathon The editorial gets a notification of the incoming news and starts processing it. By the way, the media event can be rejected as early as the first stage: the community’s administrator can set filters for particular keywords. For instance, if they have no need for news concerning the Olympics, all related media events will be blocked automatically. Also, it is possible to block links to news from particular sources. For instance, Lentach’s editorial blocks links to news from TASS, Interfax and other federal media as they regularly monitor them themselves. If the article passes all filters, as well as the final checkup by the editor, it is sent to be processed by the writer and illustrator and is then published via a common delayed message. The editorial tags it as “accepted and published”, and the user gets a corresponding notification. A ranking of users by the number of articles published is updated every day, week and month. What’s more, the users who state their mobile number in their accounts get a monetary reward for the news published; as of now, this is done via the Yandex.Money service. As of now, the application accepts links to media events from Vkontakte communities and different websites; at the same time, an editorial can choose to accept links from media websites or communities only. In future, the developers plan to also draft their own list of unreliable sources that would be blocked automatically. The application has the option to block particular users, as well. If a subscriber sends inappropriate content several times in a row, he gets banned automatically. The app’s final version was launched in the Lentach community this February. Prior to that, the community’s administration had been testing it for five days, then shut it down to analyze the statistics. During that time, Lentach received about 2000 links to media events; for comparison, throughout the whole previous year, Lentach only got 1000 of them via the traditional “propose a news post” option in VK. For now, the developers have applied for the official list of VK applications; at the same time, the app has already piqued the interest of tens of major communities. “At the moment, there are about 20-30 apps in the official list of applications, and each new proposal is addressed in a most thorough manner, as the new app is to be embedded in VK. Our app makes use of many rights, so we have to offer reliable security audit, comments Victor Khovansky. Still, when we’ll be included in the list, any community will be able find and to add the app easily. Then again, after Lentach tested it, about 50 communities contacted us or even started testing it by themselves.” The developers plan to provide the same basic features to all communities - that would be receiving news from users and categorizing them by topics and geography. As for predicting a post's popularity, this calls for additional resources, so this option will be customized for each particular partner. Victor Khovansky “Currently, our predictions are customized to work for Lentach’s audience. Naturally, what Lentach’s subscribers find interesting may not be to the liking of other communities’ subscribers. To make predictions for them as well, we need more data, and somewhere to store it. While we were working on the project, we came to the conclusion that we can’t come with a one-size-fits-all solution, adds Victor Khovansky. We plan to make this an additional feature for our partners, and use it as one of the ways to monetize the application.” Another additional feature would be the opportunity to customize the interface; for now, the application uses VK’s classical style. The developers also plan to increase the number of available topics. For instance, in addition to the “Country” category, they are planning to introduce categories for particular cities. According to Victor Khovansky, they’ve already received cooperation proposals from major networks of regional communities from the Saratov Region, Tver, Pskov and other cities. Elena Menshikova Vasilii Perov Lentach VK Hackathon Winners: Using New Tech to Run Online Communities Beauty Pageants Are not for Smart People: Winner of Miss ITMO 2017 Was Announced Intercultural Nights, Legends and Movies: Erasmus+Youth Exchange Program	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4582
__label__wiki	0.843943	0.843943	GB. Urban and rural population. The conurbations. Population density: in England — 363 people to the square km. In Wales-142, in Scotland - 65, in Northern Ireland - 125. The Highlands of Scotland, the northern Pennines and mountainous Wales - are very sparsely populated. The most highly populated regions are the industrial districts: South- East England with Greater London, the Midlands, Lancashire, West Yorkshire, South Hales, , Clydeside in Scotland and North-East England. The population of England is and has been for centuries, greater than that of all other parts of Britain. The distribution of the British population: England population-49,997p, area 130,439, density - 383p per km2; Wales - 2,946p, area 20,76, density - 142, Scotland - 5,1p, area 78,772, density - 65, NI - l,698p, area 14,121, density - 125; UK -59,756, area 244,100, density -246. As regards the proportion of urban population Britain probably holds the first place in the world. Over 90% of its population live in towns. In Britain there are 91 towns with the population of over 100 thousand people. About one third of the country's population is concentrated in the town districts, which comprise numerous merged towns and are called conurbations. The seven major metropolitan areas which have been denoted as 'conurbations' are: Greater London, Central Clydeside, Merseyside, south-East Lancashire, Tyneside, the West Midlands and West Yorkshire These regions are famous for their poor and worn out residential districts and high population density and narrow streets of old towns and cities. They create very serious problems, including traffic congestion. The proportion of residents in Greater London and most of the metropolitan areas of England has recently been falling. People have tended to leave city centres and conurbations because of their unhealthy environment, although such migration may not necessarily mean a change of job but rather an increase in the distance of travel to and from work. In other cases it has been a consequence of falling employment in city centres. More than 1.5 million people left major British cities during the 10 years between the censuses of 1971 and 1981 Greater London's population fell by 756,000 to under 7 million for the first time since 1901. In some districts of London, such as Kensington and Chelsea the population fell by almost 30 per cent. Among the many reasons are the unhealthy environment, transport congestion, noise pollution, poor municipal services, the growing crime rate. Soaring rents and high unemployment are also important factors which drive the people out of the big cities. In general about half the population lives in a belt across South Lancashire and west Yorkshire at one end, and the London area at the other, having the industrialized Midlands at its centre. Other areas with large populations are: the central lowlands of Scotland; north-east England from north of the river Tyne down to the river Tees; south-west Wales; the Bristol area, and the English Channel coast from Poole, in Dorset, eastwards. Less densely populated areas are the eastern fringes of England. Rural settlements of Great Britain differ from the traditional villages situated in other countries. They are located not far from towns and resemble their suburbs. They are inhabited by farm workers, clergymen, teachers, shopkeepers, old-age people. Lately there has been a strong influx of townsmen to villages, where houses are cheaper. Farmers do not live in such places. The farmers live in isolated farms scattered ail over the farm land. The population of the UK now is more than 60 rain people. Recently, there have been many waves of immigration into Britain and movement within the U.K. For example, many people from Wales, Scotland and Ireland have settled in England. Many foreigners settled in Britain since the beginning of the 20th century. Commonwealth citizens could enter Britain quite freely until 1962, while people from other countries had to receive special permits. Before the Second World Bar most of the Immigrants came from the old dominions: Canada, Australia, Mew Zealand, South Africa. In the late 1930s many Jews came from Germany because of fascist persecution, as well as Poles and people of-other nationalities from Eastern Europe. After 1952 many immigrants came to Britain from the West Indies, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Hong Kong, from some countries of Africa. At this time the British economy was developing rapidly and it needed cheap labour. The immigrants were poor and out of work and had been told there were jobs for them in Britain. Black and Asian people can be seen in every city of Britain, but there is a greater concentration of them in larger cities, where it is easier to find work, such as London, Birmingham, Bradford, Coventry, Manchester and others. Today, more than 5 million people of non-white origin live in Britain and over 80 per cent of them were born in Britain, thus they are British, but with a different colour of their skin. The immigrants usually take the lowest paid jobs, and when there is unemployment they are the first to lose work. In spite of the laws to protect them, there was still discrimination against the non-whites. This led to serious disturbances in many cities of Britain in the early 1980s. With the movement of people among the countries of the European Union of which Britain is a member, more and more people enter Britain from continental Europe. Today there are many Italians, Greeks, Spaniards, and Portuguese living in Britain The arrival of many foreigners has changed life in present-day Britain. British culture has been enriched through its contact with other cultures. For example, the eating and cooking habits of the British have changed. The service sector has also unproved considerably due to the arrival of immigrants. There are many shops run by South Koreans and Vietnamese which are open 24 hours, and any customer can drop in any time to buy things which he needs. Cultural life has also become interesting due to its diversity. You can visit different exhibitions, enjoy new theatrical performances, music. Today Britain is a multiracial society which benefits from the influences of different peoples and cultures. 7GB Describe GB as a const. Monarchy and its role and social influence. The UK is one of the few developed countries where a constitutional monarchy has survived with its ages-old customs, traditions and ceremonies. There is no written const, in GB. There are 2 basic principles of the British constitution; THE ROLES OF LAW and THE ROLES OF CUSTOMS. In 1215 Magna Carta was accepted which was aimed to limit the powers of the king. In 1265 the 1st parliament was summoned. Since then British const, has evolved as a result of countless Acts of parliament. A constitutional monarch is one who .can rule only with the support of parlament.. The Bill of Rights [1689) was a major legal step to const, monarchy. Since 1689 the power of parliament has grown steadily, while the power of the monarch has weakened. Today the Queen reigns, though she doesn't rule. Being a constitutional monarch the Queen acts on the advice of her prime minister and doesn't make any major-political decisions. The Queen is not only the head of state, but also the symbol of the nation unity. The QUEEN-personifies the state, she is head of the executive, an integral part of legislature, head of the judiciary, the commander in chief of all armed forces, the supreme governor of the established Church of England the Anglican church and the personal Head of the Common wealth. The functions of Q: 1) summoning, proroguing, dissolving Parliament 2) giving royal assent to Bills passed by both Houses 3) appointing every important office holder, including government ministers, judges, officers in armed forces etc. 4)conferring peerages, knighthoods and other honours.5) She appoints the Prime Minister to form a government of state.6) In international affairs the Q has the power to declare war, make peace, recognize foreign states and governments etc., she is informed and consulted on every issue in national life. 7)Q is Head of the Commonwealth where she is represented by the Governor-General appointed by her on the advice of the government of the. country concerned and completely independent of the British government. The general public supports the idea of preserving the Royal family traditions. The 'latter has also become more flexible and open to public. The crown provides unity and stability to Britain and the Commonwealth. 8GB The structure and composition of the Br. Parliament. The reform of the House of Lords and its role. The House of Commons, composition, role. There are 3 elements of the Br. Parliament - the Queen and the 2 Houses of Parl, (the H. of Lords and the elected H. of Commons). These elements ace separate, constituted on different principles and meet only on occasions of symbolic significance. The supreme legislative authority in GB, parliament, resides in Westminster Palace, and all its power is concentrated in the B.C. Members of parl, are elected at general election which is usually held every 5 years. The arrangement of seating in both Houses reflects the party system. Both debating chambers are rectangular in shape and have at one end the seat of the Speaker, and the other end a technical barrier. Leaders of the Government and the Opposition sit on the front benches of their respective to the seat of the Speaker. The HL consists of Lords Spiritual (senior bishops) and Lords Temporal (lay peers). Members are not elected, the HL underwent a major reform in 1999. The hereditary lords or peers lost the right to sit in the HL. The number of Conservative peers reduced. The procedure of the HL is rather informal and is comparable to that of the HC. The Lord Chancellor presides over the House as its Speaker. There is no Minister of Justice but the Lord Chancellor performs some of its functions. The HL consists of 675 members. HL also includes ministers, government Whips, the Leader of the main opposition party and 2 Chairmen of the Committees. The House of Commons is elected by the adult population. Consists of 646 MPs. The chief officer of the HC is the speaker. He is elected by the House at the beginning of each Parl.. His chief function is to preside over the H. in its debate. When elected. The Speaker must not belong to any party. The HC has .6. administrative and executive departments: 1) of the Clerk of the House 2) of the Sergeant at Arms 3) of the Library 4} of the official Report 5) Administration Dep. 6) Refreshment Dep. The 6 adm. Departments are under the supervision of the HC Commission composed by the MPs, and chaired by the Speaker. The main functions of the Parliament: to pass laws, to provide the means of carrying on the work of Government policy and administration, to debate the most important political issues of the day. Nevertheless, the principal duty is legislation, making laws. In the past Legislation was initiated from both sides of the House: from the government and from the opposition. But in present-day practice almost all bills are brought forward by the Government in power. Bills may be introduced in either House, unless they deal with finance or representation, when they are always introduced in the Commons. The process of passing bills is the same in the HL as in the HC. On introduction, the bill receives a formal 1 Reading. It is not yet printed. The Clerk of the House reads out only the short title, of the bill and the Minister responsible for it names a day of a Second Reading. It is then printed and. published. After a period of time it may be given a 2nd Reading as a result of a debate on its general merits or principles. Then each clause of the bill is considered and voted on.. Then it is formally reported to the House by the Chairman and further, debate takes place. Finally the Bill is submitted for a 3rd Reading. Then, if passed, it is sent to the Lords from the Commons or from C-'s- to L-s. All bills are sent to the Sovereign for Royal Assent, After this the bill becomes a law and is known as an Act of Parliament. Devolution. The power in Britain was decentralized after the labor government came to power at the 1957. Their program included plans for a parliament in Scotland, assemblies in Hales and H. Ireland and regional development agencies in England. 9GB Discuss the electoral system. Give an evaluation of the "majority electoral system". The House of Commons is the only chamber in the British Parliament which is elected at General Elections. British subjects and citizens can vote provided they are 18 and over, resident in the UK, registered in the annual register of electors and not subject to any disqualifications. The UK is divided into 659 electoral districts, called constituencies of approximately equal population and each const, elects the member of the HC. No person can be elected except under the name of the party, and there is little chance except as the candidate backed by either the Labor or the Conservative party. In every constituency each of the 2 parties has a local organization, which chooses the candidate, and then helps him to conduct his local campaign, in a British election the candidate who wins the most votes in elected, even if he doesn't get as many as the combined votes of the other candidates. The winner takes it all. This is known as notorious majority electoral system that is often criticized for being unfair to smaller parties that have very little chance to send their candidate to the Commons. It is often argued that the British system of elections is so unfair that it ought to be changed, by the introduction of a form of proportional representation. It aims to give each party a proportion of seats in Parliament corresponding to the proportion of votes it receives at the election. As soon as the results of a general elections are known, it is clear which party will form the government. The leader of the majority party becomes Prime Minister and the new House of Commons meets. The chief officer of the HC is the Speaker. He is elected by the House at the beginning of each parliament. His chief function is to preside over the House in the debate. The Speaker must not belong to any party. G Brown. 10GBThe educational system of GB has developed for over a 100 years. 3 partners are responsible for the education service: central government- the Department of Education & Science(DES)(assisted by Her Majesty's inspectorate), local education authorities(LEAs)provision day-to-day running of the schools and colleges in their areas, the recruitment and payment of the teachers, the head(a Chief Education Officer) and schools themselves. The legal basis for this partnership is supplied by the 1944 Education Act. Compulsory education in GB begins at the age of 5, and the minimum school leaving age is 16. Education is provided both in publicly maintained(state) schools(no tuition fees are payable)-'public sector', & in private independent schools-'private sector (have to pay)- Education within the state school system comprises either 2 stages - primary & secondary, or 3 stage-first schools, middle spools, upper schools. Nursery education- in nursery schools or in nursery classes attached to primary schoolchildren 3-5, some sort of play, activity, as Car as possible of an educational kind). Primary school (5-11) Middle school(8-14) is a sort of a compromise between primary c secondary education. The Upper School keeps middle school leavers until the age of 18. This 3-stage system is becoming more & more popular. Secondary education is compulsory up to the age of 16,6 pupils may stay here until they are 10. S. schools are much larger than primary & most children go to comprehensive schools (11-18)- admit children of all abilities in a given area &provide a wide range of different courses. 3types:1)11-18. 2)middle School leavers 12,13,14 -18, 3)the age group 11-16. In some areas children moving from Primary to Secondary education are still selected for certain types of school according to their current level of academic attainment. These are: Grammar schools provide a manly academic education for 11-18 age group preparing for higher education. Technical schools- a manly academic education for 11-18 age group, place emphasis on technical subjects. Secondary modern schools offer a more general education with a practical bias up to the minimum school-leaving age of 16(cannot enter the university but start work). There are special school adapted for the physically £ mentally handicapped children(5-16). These schools & their classes are more generously staffed £ provide different forms of treatment. They can be both state or private. Though limited in number, the largest & most important of the independent schools are the public schools(12-13) on the basis of the strict selection. They are fee-charging & very expensive, their standards for entries are very high, & more concerned with examinations & universities. The pupils are the children of the rich parents. The principal examinations taken by secondary school pupils at the age of 16 are those leading to the General Certificate of Secondary Education. The chief examinations are leading to the General.Certificate of Education Advanced level. Admission to universities is by examination or interviews. Applications are sent to the Universities & Colleges Admission Services - you can list up to 5 universities or Colleges.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4588
__label__wiki	0.761156	0.761156	Archive for the ‘S’ Category 1940, anonymous correspondence, attempted suicide, budapest, christmas, classics, Comedy, department stores, Drama, Ernst Lubitsch, extramarital affairs, Felix Bressart, Frank Morgan, hospitals, hungary, in the good old summertime, James Stewart, Joseph Schildkraut, Margaret Sullavan, parfumerie, pen pals, personals ads, promotions, Romance, romantic comedies, Sara Haden, termination of employment, the shop around the corner, you've got mail THE SHOP AROUND THE CORNER (1940) In Classic, Comedy, Drama, Motion Pictures, Romance, S on May 15, 2010 at 8:37 pm STUDIO — MGM CAST — Margaret Sullavan, James Stewart, Joseph Schildkraut, Frank Morgan, Sara Haden, Felix Bressart DIRECTOR — Ernst Lubitsch NOT RATED (MPAA Equivalent: PG) When I first set up this little blog of mine, I did back-to-back reviews of the two movies called The Italian Job. In it, I said that I would be doing this from time to time. On that note, a question: What do James Stewart, Judy Garland, and Tom Hanks all have in common? Well, they all starred in movies with the same premise. First up is 1940’s The Shop Around the Corner, starring Mr Stewart and Margaret Sullavan as co-workers who can’t stand each other, but don’t realize they’ve been developing a budding romance through the mail. Based on the play “Parfumerie”, by Miklós László, The Shop Around the Corner is set at a small department store in Budapest, Hungary. Alfred Kralik (Stewart) has been working there for nine years, under his boss (and store’s namesake) Hugo Matuschek (Frank Morgan). Other members of the staff include the cowardly and family-concsious Mr. Pirovitch (Felix Bressart), the smug and oily Ferencz Vadas (Joseph Schildkraut), two long-time female clerks named Flora and Ilona (Sara Haden, Inez Courtney), and an energetic errand boy named Pepi Katona (William Tracy). One morning, an out-of-work store clerk named Klara Novak (Sullavan) approaches Aflred for a job. He says that Mr. Matuschek is not hiring at present. She then asks Mr. Matuschek, who confirms Mr. Kralik’s answer, so she improvises. A customer spots her holding a cigarette box, so Klara takes the initiative. She approaches the lady, who asks if it’s a candy box (Klara says it is), and opens it. It starts playing “Ochi Tchornya“, and the lady balks, saying how silly it would be to reach for a candy and to hear that song every time it opens. Klara says that the box will make ladies who tend to indulge themselves to be “candy conscious”, and she makes the sale — at a higher price! She gets hired. Klara and Alfred (Maragret Sullavan, James Stewart) bicker about each other's wardrobe before work Practically from that moment on, Klara and Alfred seem to have nothing better to do than argue with each other at work. But they do have something in common: They each have a secret romantic pen pal. Meanwhile, the usually charming Mr. Matuschek becomes more and more distant toward Alfred, and Mr. Vadas has suddenly made a splash about town, wearing expensive suits, fur coats, and even a pinky ring (Not bad for a store clerk’s wages, eh?). Anyway, I won’t give the whole story away, except for one thing: Klara and Alfred can’t stand each other face-to-face, but they are really each other’s romantic pen pals! This is a charming little movie, which still holds much of its luster. Jimmy Stewart was such an underrated talent, his “aw-shucks” style of delivery makes him both a leading man and an everyman. Margaret Sullavan seems a little too forward for my taste, but softens up nicely whenever she smiled. The supporting cast was fairly good, with one exception. Pepi intervenes on a very dramatic moment in the movie. Afterward, he drops many not-so-subtle hints about what happened (though the affected party wanted discretion) and takes advantage of his position. The way William Tracy played it, I kept thinking “This guy is a real jerk!” If that was the intention, then he did well, but I didn’t like him for doing this. There are some nice gags in this movie, too. Remember those musical cigarette boxes? In one scene, when a character is unceremoniously sacked, he is pushed into a display of those boxes. They all fall to the floor open, and everyone swoops in, not to pick up the now ex-employee, but to close the boxes up again! It is worthy to note that The Shop Around the Corner was such a success at MGM, that it spawned a musical remake nine years later. This is a good movie to pop into the DVD player if you’re a guy who’s invited your new girlfriend to your place. If you really want to impress her, tell her you were looking at a copy of You’ve Got Mail and learned this was the source material of that movie, so you decided to get it instead. Trust me on this one, guys. Part Two is next… 1960s, 2009, a serious man, Aaron Wolff, bar mitzvah, black comedy, coen brothers, college professors, Comedy, divorce, estranged family, independent movie, Jessica McManus, jews, love triangle, marijuana, Michael Stuhlbarg, minnesota, multiple directors, professors, rabbis, Sari Lennick, story of job, test of faith, tornados A SERIOUS MAN (2009) In Comedy, Drama, Independent, Motion Pictures, S on March 26, 2010 at 12:52 pm STUDIO — Focus Features CAST — Michael Stuhlbarg, Richard Kind, Fred Melamed, Sari Lennick, Aaron Wolff, Jessica McManus DIRECTORS — Joel Coen & Ethan Coen So, I’m putting this DVD into my player, knowing that it’s the Coen Brothers, and I come away from this movie asking more questions… In A Serious Man, a Jewish physics professor in the Midwest named Larry Gopnik (Michael Stuhlbarg) comes home from work one day, when his wife (Sari Lennick) tells him out of the blue that she wants a divorce, as well as a “get” (a Jewish ritual divorce). Why? She has fallen for another professor (and Larry’s friend), Sy Ableman (Fred Melamed). And with that, we are taken on a journey that leads to a test of faith. Along the way, he has to contend with his pot-smoking son (Aaron Wolff) and his upcoming bar mitzvah, his overbearing daughter (Jessica McManus) obsessed with her outward appearance, his mooching homeless brother (Richard Kind) and his gambling problem, an unscrupulous student (David Kang) trying to bribe his way to a better grade, a gentile macho neighbor (Peter Breitmayer) who apparently doesn’t know where the property line is, and the beautiful woman next door (Amy Landecker) whose husband is frequently away “on business”. The Gopnik family (from left: Sari Lennick, Jessica McManus, Aaron Wolff, Michael Stuhlbarg) at the dinner table Obviously, Larry has a lot on his mind. But as a physics professor, he knows that all actions have consequences, a point he made clear when confronting Clive, the student who had attempted to bribe him. And in A Serious Man, consequences account for a major contributor to the plot (such as it is — The Coen Brothers admit in the Special Features there really isn’t one). It is widely reported that this movie is based on the Story of Job in the Old Testament. Now, I do not claim to be religious by any means, but here is how I understand the Story of Job: God and Satan made a bet that a well-to-do farmer with a happy family would still believe in Him after everything he loves (his family, his home, his friends, his farm, etc.)gets taken away from him; God wins. So, what is at stake for our Professor Gopnik? Well, the movie (the main portion of it, anyway) begins with him taking a physical. We also learn he is awaiting tenure at the college where he works, and the “other man”, Sy Ableman, is so supportive of Larry it borders on creepy. There is a prologue in this movie about an eastern European Jewish couple, spoken completely in Yiddish. In it, the husband comes home late from work and tells his wife that his cart lost a wheel, but he got help from a man believed to have died from typhus three years earlier. He shows up at the house, and the wife, skeptical of his existence, stabs the “dybbuk” in the chest with an ice pick. The guest then laughs, gets up, and walks out the door into the snow. What does this have to do with the movie? Well, without revealing too many spoilers, Larry has a series of nightmares during his “rough patch”, and at least one of them involves talking to a ghost. On the surface, A Serious Man appears to be doing little more than going through the motions. But, after digesting it 24 hours later, I find myself answering many of the questions that I found myself asking when I had finished watching it. The Special Features were somewhat helpful. They included a featurette about making the movie, another about re-creating a Midwestern 1960s atmosphere, and even a glossary of Yiddish and Hebrew terms for us “goys” (gentiles). Normally, the Coen Brothers make movies that I just don’t get; this one, on the other hand, turned out to be an interesting profile of a man facing a crisis, and the consequences of the actions (and inactions) he takes in response to it. In the end, A Serious Man is an introspective movie that takes a while to sink in, but once it does, it will make you think.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4590
__label__wiki	0.608738	0.608738	PAUL, the famous French café chain, is coming to Armenia: a new project by Galaxy Group of Companies 10-12-2019 12:42:21 \| Armenia \| Press release PAUL, the famous French bakery & café bran d is coming to Armenia soon. The famous bakery operates cafes in 46 countries around the world. The Galaxy Group of Companies signed an agreement with representatives of PAUL International after more than two years of intensive negotiations. The agreement stipulates that five PAUL cafes will open in Armenia in the next few years, which will create some 200 new jobs. “PAUL is an important project for us; it will create new benchmarks and bring new quality into the Armenian market. The HoReCa sector is especially important for the Galaxy Group of Companies. For many years, we bring innovations, challenge the rules of the game in this industry, and PAUL is yet another achievement for us. This 130-years-old brand is an entire philosophy that teaches the French “arts de vivre”, the art and lifestyle of enjoying the life’s small pleasures,” said Artyom Khachatryan, the PAUL project leader and the cofounder of Galaxy Group of Companies. Established in 1889 in Croix, in Northern France, the celebrated PAUL brand is built on a legacy of passion for excellence exemplified by traditional artisan production methods passed down over five generations, carefully selected fresh ingredients, polished presentation and unsurpassed quality. PAUL International is currently run by the 4th and 5th generation of descendants of Francis Holder, the company’s founder. They personally monitor the whole process from the selection of grains to customer service. PAUL is committed to ensuring its prices are accessible for all to enjoy a true taste of France every day. «I look forward to PAUL’s arrival to Armenia» - said Jonathan Lacote, the Ambassador of France in Armenia joining this important announcement. PAUL is the third large international project announced by Galaxy Group of Companies in 2019. The first project was launched in the beginning of the year, when Galaxy Group of Companies announced the construction of Innovation and Technologies Park. The second project was the official start of the Courtyard by Marriott hotel and apartment complex in the summer of 2019. Galaxy Group of Companies was established in 1999 by Aram, Gurgen and Artyom Khachatryan. In the 20 years of operations, Galaxy managed to transform itself from a team of 30 people to the largest employer in Armenia, with about 3,000 highly paid staff members and more than 800,000 subscribers and customers. Galaxy Group of Companies is engaged in more than 10 sectors in 3 countries. Santa Fe and Pahest33 café-restaurants, which are the leaders in the service industry, continue to play an important role in Galaxy’s portfolio. Noyan Tapan - Նոյյան տապան Facebook Group · 3 365 անդամ Միանալ խմբին Media Review:	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4591
__label__wiki	0.588044	0.588044	May 16, 2011 by occupiedpalestine 0 Comments Monday, May 16 2011\| +972blog Noga Kadman’s landmark book,Erased from Space and Consciousness (Hebrew, November Books, 2008), tracks a key element of the history of the Nakba: The absorption of the remains of over 400 Palestinian villages scattered across historic Palestine into the Israeli geographical and emotional landscape. She shares with us two excerpts from the book: The introduction, describing the work she’s done to track the process; and a part from Chapter Five of the book, listing quotes from the memoirs and journals books of the Jewish communities planted near or on top depopulated Palestinian villages – often within days or weeks of the original inhabitants’ departure. Some of these Israelis appear to be more honest about the facts and moral aspects of the Nakba then their descendants 63 years on. An article based on this chapter is due to appear in an upcoming compilation of article to be published by the Van Leer Institute; the book itself is currently looking for an English publisher. Palestinian Nakba village Dana (Baysan), 2010 (photo: Noga Kadman) Travelling in Israel, it’s almost impossible to avoid piles of stones, ruins, remnants of walls and structures overgrown with almond fig and trees, rolling terraces crumbling with disuse, and long hedges of prickly cactuses. These integral parts of the Israeli landscape are all that remains of Arab communities that existed before the war of 1948. After the war, the new State of Israel contained over 400 depopulated villages and 11 cities emptied of all or most of their Arab residents. Israel prevented these residents, who escaped or were expelled across the border from returning home, making the majority of Palestinians refugees. Most of the villages were demolished by Israel either during the war or in its aftermath; many of them today are but scant remains, and many more still were razed to the ground, with no trace remaining in the landscape. Israel confiscated the vast lands of the villages and the belongings left by the refugees in their flight. The new state established new Jewish communities on confiscated land, and granted old ones extensive tracts of lands. The depopulated Arab cities and dozens of depopulated villages were inhabited with Jews, many of them refugees in their own right, survivors of the war in Europe or exiles from Arab countries. The state of Israel, then, was largely built and grown upon Palestinian lands and the ruins of their villages and cities. Growing up in Jerusalem, I was taken on many a tour with my school or youth movement to Lifta, the partly ruined depopulated Arab village near the entrance to the city; a spring is still bubbling among the ruined homes, pushing water into a small pool. The visits left me with the vague impression that Lifta is ancient, a ruin that has always been like this – desolated, slightly mysterious, beautiful and in some way intimidating, with its silence and the norrow paths winding among the heavy-set houses and walls. Later on, I had spent several years working for B’tselem, the Israeli human rights information centre. My work was documenting violations of human rights of Palestinians in territories occupied by Israel in 1967. This work exposed me to knowledge about the conflict that never penetrated to me before. I understood that many of the residents of the territories, who suffer today the constrictions of the Israeli military rule, have lost their entire world in 1948; that the Palestinians in Lebanon are not just another ethnic group in this divided country, but also refugees who had lived here until Israel triumphed the war of 1948; that Lifta is not just a picturesque ruin of antiquity but a home taken from people, from families, from children. These realizations made me want to gain a greater understanding of the roots of the present hardship. In the many walks and journeys I undertook across Israel over the years, all the while gaining deeper and deeper awareness of the history of the land and its two peoples, I came across these ruins time after time: On an anemone-sprinkled hill over the Valley of Elah, on a mountain ridge above the Kisalon stream, by a steep path snaking down to the Tavor river. By then, I could already try to imagine how lively the place must’ve been but a few short decades ago: The hubbub of the daily life, full with voices and color, the children, the housework, the livestock, the water rising from the well – replaced today by emptiness and silence. And there’s no reminder or commemoration of the world that was lost and how it ended. This troubling contrast formed the impetus for the present work. This book is about Israel’s coping with the preceding layer of its existence, a layer which it eradicated and on which it had been built. It examines Israeli discourse on the depopulated Palestinian villages and looks at what place they occupy in Israeli consciousness, after being demolished and erased from plain view. This discourse is expressed in many different forms; the book will focus on those representing the Israelis’ most ordinary, everyday encounter with the memory of the villages, with their representations and with their physical remains: Using place names, utilizing a map, travelling round the country and living in rural communities. The first three examine the shaping of Israeli consciousness by the authorities who mediate between Israelis citizens and the villages; the fourth, inhabiting agricultural communities, is described as first-hand encounter between the two.[1] The research in the book is based on variety of sources, including official documents, maps, earlier works and excursions I made to the sites of 230 villages between November 2006 and May 2007. There are several estimates of the complete number of village depopulated in 1948; I chose to use the list of 418 villages comprised by Walid Khalidi in his extensive work All that Remains, (Khalidi 1992), due to the criteria of permanent buildings that he employs. Khalidi’s book is the end result of years of cooperation by three Palestinian research institutes in Israel, the West Bank and the United States. They based their work on official British data, comparing maps and information from different sources and carrying out extensive field work in the early 1990’s. Their list features almost no information on Bedouin communities and grounds in the south, from which Khalidi said some 98,000 people were uprooted in 1948 (ibid: 582). Consequently, the present book also overlooks these areas in the Israeli discourse. Using the sources listed above in conjunction with the atlases by Salman Abu Sitta (2004, 2007), I have located all 418 villages and placed them on up-to-date maps of the country, comparing their locations to the present-day geographical and population layout. The appendixes contain a map of the 418 villages with basic information about each one. The book focuses on Palestinian villages and doesn’t look in depth at the Israeli policy and discourse regarding the depopulated Palestinian cities.[2] This focus is further constrained to the Israeli discourse regarding the villages themselves, not regarding the refugee problem and the possibility of their return, although the influence of the latter is indisputable. Also largely excluded are the villages depopulated and razed after the war of 1967 – overwhelmingly in the Golan Heights and three near Latrun in the West Bank.[3] The first chapter presents the processes that resulted in the hundreds of depopulated villages within Israel: The course of the war in 1948, the reasons and circumstances of the uprooting of masses of Arab residents and the Israeli decision to prohibit their return. The chapter also lists the way in which Israel factually and legally took possession over the lands, villages and property of the refugees; the deliberate destruction of many villages and the setting up of Jewish communities on the lands and some of the actual village sites; finally, the present-days remains of the villages are described. Israeli actions regarding the villages and their population are interpreted in the second chapter as a product of the Zionist ideology that has driven the pre-state Jewish Yishuv and still drives the state of Israel today. The chapter includes an overview of theory on the creation and fortification of national identity, focusing on time and space as expressions of identity and the as stage of national conflict. In the context of Israeli-Zionist nationalism, there follows a description of the influence of the basic value of Judaization of the land on the construction of Israeli space, including the eradication of depopulated Arab villages from the landscape and the construction of a selective collective memory that stresses Jewish past in the land and sidelines hundreds of years of Arab life. Ignoring and suppressing Arabness is presented as an Israeli victory in another arena, made possible through the military conquest of the land by Israel and the exiling of most of its Arab residents beyond its borders. The symbolic representation of the villages is explored in chapter three, through examining the official process of naming the village sites and their presentation on official maps. Using the archive of the Government Names Committee, I have examined whether village sites were given official names, how many were given their original names as officials, and what characteristics are shared by the new names given to villages’ sites. I have also reviewed trail maps of the Survey of Israel to investigate which of the villages’ sites and names feature on official, up-to-date maps in current use in Israel. In order to examine the Israeli encounter with the physical remains of the villages – the visible tip of an iceberg (Falah, 1996: 268) – chapters four and five focus on villages sites whose built up areas are accessible and visible to the general Israeli public. Such villages today are mostly located either within touristic sites and resorts (182 villages) or within Jewish-Israeli communities (108 villages). The Israeli discourse on these villages was analyzed through texts written by official bodies that hold the relevant areas. Chapter four uses an extensive overview of signposts and publications by the Jewish National Fund (JNF) and the Israel Nature and Parks Authority (NPA) to inquire whether these organizations inform the public of the ruined villages in the nature reserve and tourist resort they are charged with, and what is the content and extent of the information provided. Chapter five looks at written references made by 25 kibbutzim and moshavim set up over or alongside village ruins – references both to the village itself and to the fact of the communities’ existence on top of villages whose residents were dispossessed and made into refugees. The text is replete with specific examples and is accompanied by photographs taken at sites of ruined villages, to illustrate the various phenomena described in the book. The concluding chapter includes a summary of the findings, their analysis within the theoretical context, observation of the first inklings of alternative discourse in Israel and a discussion of all the above. The Judaization of the space and memory is manifest in a pattern of marginalizing the Palestinian depopulated villages in every aspect of Israeli discourse examined in this research: The erasing of most of the villages’ names and the Hebraization of a majority of the rest; the elimination of many villages from the map and the blurring of the identity of those that appear on it; JNF’s and NPA’s disregard of the majority of the villages and the suppression of the identity, history and circumstances of depopulation of those that are still mentioned by the organizations; the acceptance of the dispossession of Palestinian villages through establishment of Jewish communities on their sites or lands, while minimizing the interaction with their history, the circumstances of their depopulation, and the question of the moral aspect of using their homes and properties. Like many other national conflicts, one of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict’s most poignant expressions is the utter unwillingness of either side to listen to the other’s perception of the disputed territory and version of the history of the conflict, to understand the distress and the losses suffered by the other, and to accept responsibility for complicity in causing them. Without all of the above there can be no reconciliation, and therefore no realistic, comprehensive and long-term resolution of a national conflict. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has been shaped, to a great extent, by the events of 1948, in which the Palestinians lost most of their country while the Jews used the same land to establish their nation state. Examining the Israeli approach to the Arab villages depopulated in 1948 is, therefore, of importance that goes beyond the subject matter itself, because if can serve as an indicator of the Israeli readiness to achieve a sustainable resolution to the conflict. Moral qualms on the ruins (excerpts form Chapter 5). Dr Ronnie Kochavi-Nehab foun in her 2006 research that kibbutz anniverssary books “almost never express moral qualms subversive of the accepted Zionist narrative.” She explains this by the gap “between the stated ideology of the kibbutzim on equality, brotherhood of nations, and democratic humanism on the one hand, and the reality forced upon the kibbutz by Israeli society on the other.” She also believes that the issue is silenced in the anniverssary books since it’s controversial and therefore inappropriate for such a celebratory occasion. The publications I reviewed include personal texts expressing deep misgivings and ambivalence on settling into homes of refugees, alongside texts that ignore the matter entirely. In this context there is a considerable difference between the writings of the kibbutzim and the moshavim: Writings by some of the kibbutzim discuss moral dilemmas about living in a depopulated village, while such dilemma is completely absent from the writing of the moshavim. The kibbutzim were ideological communities with socialist positions, and their members often discussed questions of values, justice, equality and morality; By contrast, the moshavim, as a rule, were not characterized by socialist ideologies and did not engage as groups in wide-ranging social questions. What’s more, kibbutzim would often discuss such questions in writing, and in general produced more literature than the moshavim. Publications produced by moshavim built on depopulated villages don’t express any reservations about living in homes quite recently inhabited by other people, or moral questions about living in a village whose residents were dispossessed and turned into refugees. However, in books published by the Moshavim Movement some moshav members expressed uneasiness about living in such homes. An immigrant couple from Yugoslavia, who lived in “a spacious home of stone” allocated to it by a moshav set up in a depopulated village, complained (Rubin, 1959: 490). We can’t live in this home. Night after night we feel like the previous owner is standing by the window. We want our own home, built with our own hands, even if it’s just a shack. Another moshav member explained (ibid: 382): The settler would feel toward the abandoned village the same as a man would feel about a used garment, which is never loved by any man of self respect, no matter how fine the cloth may be. A Moshavim Movement activist reported on a visit to the home of an Eastern European immigrant living in an “abandoned village” in western Galilee (Gila’d, 1950: 142) […] I asked him how he feels in this spacious Arab house allocated to him in this village. He replied: You touched upon a painful problem. This is actually what burdens me here. The flat here may be spacious, but what can I do about not feeling in it as if it was my own. I would rather live in a more modest place but one I’ve built with my own hands. You see, this house is foreign to me. I will always feel in it like an unwanted guest […] These uncomfortable feeling, however, was never explained by guilt or moral misgivings. Kibbutz writings do describe the difficult emotions of the kibbutz members at the sight of the depopulated village. A member of kibbutz Kabri recalled a trip in the Galilee on the eve of the war of 1948, and how stones were thrown at her family near the village of al-Kabri. Two years later she settled in the kibbutz set up by the village site. In a kibbutz newsletter 50 years later she recalled: I found myself in the exact same place […] in the village of Kabri. The same place, but without a living soul. The village looked as if it has just been abandoned. It was a hard feeling… but we were promised we’ll be settled on a beautiful place upon a hill with a view to the sea. You can’t see any sea from the village […][1] A member of Yiron wrote in a journal issued by the kibbutz on the anniverssary of its founding: When we reached the place where Yiron was to be set up […] – the Arab village cast a gloom on me. It was a place that one could see was abandoned not so long ago, and many houses displayed signs of looting.[2] A book discussing the first years of the kibbutz had one member of Kabri expressing feelings of sorrow and empathy with the demolition ofal-Kabri and the displacement of its villagers (Kabri, 1994: 12): When you see what happened to the Arab village of Kabri, that stood where it did for hundreds of years, and was a home to people and children and here it stands devastated and desolate and all its residents scattered all over, your heart aches and you feel how nakedly tragic this is […]. Destroyed houses with slanting roofs, here and there pieces of furniture that somehow wasn’t smashed. Your heart aches. Before setting up Kabri, its members lived in kibbutz Beit Ha’arava, established in 1939 near the Dead Sea. The kibbutz was evacuated in 1948, as it was in a territory retained by Jordan after the war, and its members were acknowledged as refugees by UNRWA – just like the Palestinian refugees. In their newsletters, the Kabri members often spoke of their displacement from their original kibbutz, and the pain an distress it caused. However, no written comparison is known to have been made with the plight of the villagers of al-Kabri. An implied comparison can be found in a book on the founding of the kibbutz (ibid: 13): […] pangs in the heart, when you would come across a toy or simple women jewelry, and feel that here human dreams were vanquished and you recalled what you yourself have left behind. The author acknowledges the loss of the villagers of al-Kabri, but does not link it to the establishment of the kibbutz on part of the village site and does not express any pangs of conscience or moral dilemmas. In some kibbutzim, members took note of the contradiction between their universal ideology and the act of settling upon property taken from refugees. The dilemma is only expressed by founding members of the kibbutz; they appear in writings of the time, reflecting questions that concerned members then, or in later writings, as recollections by veterans about the early days. Nearly nothing is said on that matter by the second and third generations of the kibbutzim, neither in response to the story of the veterans nor as expressions of their own feelings and thoughts about the depopulated village on which they live. In a memoirs collection published by kibbutz Karmiya on its 35th anniversary, one of the members wrote that among the Hashomer Hatzai’r affiliated kibbutz members there were “pretty harsh arguments” about the members arresting “infiltrators” for the IDF – an activity that involved shooting at the refugees and sometimes even killing them. “This didn’t always sit well with our political outlook at the time” (Karmiya, 1985: 25). However, in the same publication some members recalled their feelings about settling upon the depopulated village ofHiribya, and all but one voiced complete acceptance of the situation (see below); only one of them expressed some emotional difficulty (ibid: 15): Emotionally there weren’t at first problems about the Arabs, then, when we went out to guard, infiltrators came in who had been villagers there, and we had a problem about it – we basically dispossessed them. The members of kibbutz Yiron maintained a universal socialist ideology they often discussed in their newsletters; in the very first issue, they spoke of themselves as “breathing mountain air, carrying forth freedom and justice for man and working our land”.[3] In an article titled “Death in Saliha – Life in Yiron”, published in the second issue of the kibbutz newsletter in late 1949, one member brought up the clash between that ideology and the brutal act of the depopulation of Saliha: The facts are that men, women, old people and babies were murdered, villages were destroyed and burned, without justification […]. There will only be atonement when those guilty of murder will be judged and when the houses and the lands of the people of Saliha will be returned to them […] but who but us, sitting upon skulls and ruins and eating from the “abandoned land”, who like us knows that none of this will ever come to pass? And how can Yiron be a memorial to all its dead, who fought each other and died by each other’s hand? What a contradiction! What a horrific clash! Can Yiron be much of a comfort to man and world when hundreds of its residents are in exile? […] We, who “uphold the brotherhood of nations and a faith in man’, we will be silent and will try to find atonement for that great crime,,in ourselves? As if a community can atone for its crime by building a palace on the land of Naboth the Jezreelite! Is this what we call rising above all national, racial and religious barriers?[4] This was a lonely voice confronting the issue in the kibbutz writings, and no further debate ensued in the next issues of the newsletter. Unlike all other communities covered in this research, the members of Sasa have given considerable time in their writings to the moral questions arising from building their kibbutz on the depopulated village of S’as’a. They discussed it and expressed their feelings and opinions on the matter on several occasions. In some cases – in early as well as late publications – they brought up what they saw as an fundamental contradiction between their ideology of building a new and just society and its implementation upon the site of a depopulate village (Sasa, 1951: 17-18): I’m thinking of the deserted village of Sasa, which we entered so proudly and energetically this morning and the lives of the Arabs, who lived here. I wandered through some of the hovels, looked at the overturned jugs, grain, books, baby shoes, and smelt the smell of destruction […]. Are we also destroying, pillaging, being cruel, […], with our ideals and our refusal to stoop to the worlds’ rottenness?” And elsewhere (Sasa, 1984): Living in an Arab village, in homes of people who had left in an awful hurry, a short time before we arrived. […] Here we were, American Jewish pioneers, come to help build a new homeland and create a new society […]. We were bred on American fair play, and Hashomer Hatsa’ir bi-nationalism, living in harmony with our Arab brothers. It was bad enough living in the village were you could almost feel their presence, where part of their possessions were left behind, with their store rooms filled with last seasons’ crop. […]If all this wasn’t enough to destroy our ideological balloon, there was a problem of what to do with the mosque […]. Further elaboration on the mosque dilemma indicates the misgivings that split the members of the kibbutz (ibid): The issue divided us into 2 camps. A basic view of one side […] was “everything of value we acquired that was found in the village, should be sold. Everything we kept should be paid for and all the money should be sent to some Arab refugee fund”. This view, I felt, was in contradiction of us being here. Another expression in the same direction came from another person, […] stated he would post himself in the mosque, preventing it from being destroyed. […] For me the choice was between leaving Sasa or remaining. […] It was nothing new to us we had been living in what was previously an Arab village, so why the hesitation now? People forget about the practiced and get carried with ideological trends. In a Passover Haggadah prepared in Sasa the kibbutz dedicated the section on the bitter herb, which traditionally speaks of the pain endured by the Israelites as slaves in Egypt, to the pain of displacement endured by the residents of Arab S’as’a, and Sasa’s moral qualms (Sasa, 1949: 29): Our herb is a very bitter one and even if we should succeed in removing all other physical traces of it, its taste will linger. Once there was an Arab village here. […] The fields we tend today were tended by others one year ago. […] And when we came, the desolation of their lives cried to us through the ruins they left behind […]. What gives us the right to reap the fruits of trees we have not planted, to take shelter in houses we have not built, to till the soil preserved by the sweat of foreign hands? On what moral grounds shall we stand when we take ourselves to court? Eventually, even members who did have moral qualms about living on the village site remained in the kibbutz. Their publications list a variety of justifications for this choice. One argument raised by kibbutz Sasa in favor of staying on the site of a depopulated village of Sa’sa’ draws on the lessons learned by the members from the Holocaust: “[…] for those who died in camps and in battles bequeath to us our lives here” (ibid: 33). As a rule, new communities comprised of Holocaust survivors write in great detail about the catastrophe they endured in Europe and the new life they were determined to create in Israel. The members of kibbutz Megiddo, set up in part on site of the village of al-Lajjun by partisans and holocaust survivors from Poland and Hungary, wrote (Megiddo, 1989): We, the reaming survivors of ghettos and concentration camps, fighters for the dignity of nation and man, forest fighters and partisans, come here today to build a home. In the foundation scroll of kibbutz Netzer Sereni, set up near the site of the village of Bir Salim by survivors of Auschwitz and Buchenwald, it said in June 1950 (Netzer Sereni, 1973: 22): In this place we begin building a permanent spot for our group. A kibbutz of the remainders of the destroyed European Jewry is striking root in the homeland, a sapling of the cut down trunk has been planted. […] Great is the suffering that we suffered, and our aspiration was to come to rest in our forefathers’ land. The references to the Holocaust in this and other cases was not done in the context of settling in an Arab village; however, these words seem to imply that for those people, who lost all they had not too long ago, were concentrating entirely on overcoming the horror of the past by participating in a group of pioneers building a new home and a new homeland, and were not available to empathize with those who lost their home and land as a result. Members of kibbutz Karmiya justified their settling on the site of Hiribya by evoking the choice the Arabs allegedly made to escape from the village and to abandon it (Karmiya, 1985: 7): I didn’t feel like I was stealing from others, I didn’t feel any guilt at all… anyone who had lived in the kibbutz area abandoned his home and fled, there’s hardly anything left here – maybe shacks and huts but no belongings left at all. […] there were homes here, Arabs huts actually. It didn’t bother me, they ran and it was their fault, they listened to the Mufti and I don’t pity them. (ibid: 15)…they told us that the Arabs who were here were asked whether they want to stay, and they preferred to leave… this is what we were told. It was in the 1950’s (ibid: 23) … I didn’t feel like I took something that belonged to the Arabs. They ran away, and they fought us […] we felt at peace with our location and with the kibbutz, but we knew we were living on an Arab village (ibid: 28). The bombings and airborne machine gun fire from IDF airplanes of the village of Hiribya (Morris, 1991: 292) are not mentioned in the Karmiya residents’ version of what took place in their area in 1948. Here is how one Megiddo founder justified his easy conscience about the displacement of the residents of a-Lajjun and the establishment of the kibbutz on the same site, while avoiding mentioning the attack on the village and the detonation of 27 of its homes by the Haganah (Khalidi, 1992: 336): […] No one expelled the residents here […] the residents of Lajjun were looking for a quieter place and moved over only 6 kilometers from here, to Umm al-Fahm […] When we came here there wasn’t a single living soul here. The Jewish National Fund bought the lands, which were in a dire state.”[5] After presenting the “tragedy” of the depopulation of al-Kabri (above), the same Kabri member justified what had happened by the violence used by some of the villagers in 1948, and concluded the situation was the inevitable result of war (Kabri, 1994: 12): In most wars everyone pay the price, with both life and property. It has always been the case. We have paid the price of the War of Liberation, like everyone else, with both. […] In fact the village was left by its residents after a murderous assault by the locals on the convoy trying to break through the siege on kibbutz Yehiam, a siege laid by the villagers on the road from Nahariya. Maybe some of the villagers didn’t support the deed or didn’t take an active part in it, but ‘when the fire begins to burn it burns everything, damp and dry’ […] The members of Sasa, having described the loss suffered by the villagers of S’as’a and the moral questions raised for the kibbutz, concluded they needed to choose whether to stay in Sasa or leave. They decided to stay; one member of Sasa wrote (Sasa, 1951: 18): We have moved into Sasa; it is ours; we are responsible for our acts […]. But do we have an alternative, can we step aside, refuse to be morally sullied by Sasa and demand some other section of our homeland on which to build our homes? I do not think so. Later on, the members of Sasa explained their decision to stay (ibid: 21): We are not responsible for this cruel and forced contradiction; we would prefer to disown it if we could; we bear no hatred towards the Arab workers and peasants. But we have been forced into a position where we must fight for our lives and the lives of our people, and today life is largely determined by frontiers, and frontiers must be defended no matter what the price. We do not have the right to shunt this physical and moral and political responsibility off on others. Eventually the S’as’a mosque was detonated by the IDF, and the members retroactively justified both this act and their decision to remain (ibid): The detonation of the mosque has had its effect on us. […] Most of us agree now that it had to be done […]. It would have been a useless gesture to preserve this symbol of a population which showed itself to be, when one views the thing factually and unsentimentally, our hardened enemies whom we have no intention of permitting to return. The dominant Zionist ideology, which sees Judaizing the land as an incontrovertible goal and reject any alternative – like the bi-national arrangement espoused by political movement to which the kibbutz was affiliated – was taken up wholesale by the members of Sasa and overruled all their doubts and qualms. When talking of a “sacrifice” they spoke of the moral sacrifice they were being called to make, ignoring the heavy price the Palestinians were forced to pay for a cause which was not their own. Susan Slyomovic (1998: 57-58) lists other justifications – which she called typical justifications employed to justify Zionism – brought by the residents of Ein Hod for settling in a depopulated Arab village: Casting contemporary Jews as descendants of historical, Biblical Jews; claims that the country was empty or abandoned by the Arabs who lived here, and awaited its repopulation; alluding to the shared fate of Jews and Palestinians – Jews being refugees from Europe and the Arab world. She also found the Ein Hod residents using “rewritings of history” to mistakenly conclude the Arabs were as recent arrivals as Israeli Jews, and no more authentic or local than the latter. The Jewish residents of Ein Hod also stressed their right to live there by presenting the Arabs of Ayn Hawd as descendants of Biblical Jews converted to Islam, as descendants of crusaders or as recent immigrants from other parts of the Arab world. Along their presentation of the decision to stay in Sasa and their justifications for that, the members of the kibbutz also offered some ways to cope with the moral dilemma that came with the decision. […] One of the authors suggested covering the ruins with trees (Sasa, 1951: 21): The whole appearance of the village has undergone a transformation. It’s now a mass of ruins, and yet most of us agree it’s better this way […]. Bring now the bulldozers and let’s plant trees!” The kibbutz Haggadah calls for idealist universal activity against evil (Sasa, 1949: 33): Oh my brothers, of all the strains and shades of mankind […], we cry out to all of you: this is our pain, this is our burden – our hands are unclean […]. Let us join together and tear away our shame, let us build a new world where ruined villages will not stand in mute protest against the sky! Another writer expressed the universal ideology, stressing it included the Arab residents of the land (Sasa, 1951: 18): The kibbutz that we build at Sasa will be dedicated not only to the renaissance of our own people but to mankind and the future of mankind […]. This includes our Arab neighbors. Another recent and exceptional case in which a Jewish community has shown empathy with the refugees of the village on the lands of which it stands, voiced reservations against demolishing its remains and willingness to discuss alternatives, is that of moshav Ya’ad, standing on the lands of the village of Mi’ar in the lower Galilee. The founders of Ya’ad built it in 1974 near the remains of the village. In 2002, a plan was approved to expand the community by building a new neighborhood on the location of the remains of the village and its graveyard. Several members of the moshav filed in July 2003 objections to the plan to the district planning and construction committee, alongside objections by Zochrot organization and the village refugees, who live in other villages nearby. The Ya’ad members’ objection said, among other things, that “building on the ruins of the village and next to its graveyard as a unilateral move is a hard-hearted act that ignores the pain of the other, the catastrophe he experienced and his need for remembrance.” The Jewish National Fund, too, filed an objection to the plan, because of a public forest way running through the area where the new neighborhood was to be built. In February 2004, the committee decided to partly accept the objections and reduce the construction in the area near the village graveyard. As a result of negotiations with the exiled villagers, the Ya’ad residents gave up several more houses, in exchange for the villagers withdrawing their appeal against the committee decision, a process that would have delayed new construction in Ya’ad for years. As part of this process, a relationship was established between some Ya’ad residents and the villagers of Mi’ar, and the joint group is now preparing a shared plan to restore the cemetery and place an explanatory sign there. [1] Kibbutz Kabri journal no.1325, 29 April 1998. [2] Kibbutz Yiron journal no.1408, 19 February 1999. [3] Kibbutz Yiron journal no.1, 22 July 1949. [4] Kibbutz Yiron journal no.2, December 1949. [5] Kibbutz Megiddo, Home Court, Megiddo pages no.79, 14 April 2000. [1] One other aspect of the Israeli discourse on the depopulated villages is that of the arts, which will not be discussed here. See Rogni, 2006, on poetry; Tamir, 1995, on painting. [2] See Golan , 2001; Goren, 2006; Hassan, 2005; Rotbard, 2005; Weiss, 2007. [3] On the demolition of villages in the territories occupied in 1967, see Shai, 2002, 166-169; A report on the destruction of Imwas, Bayt Nuba and Yalu submitted by Amos Kenan to members of the Knesset and published in Yedioth Ahronoth, 20 June 1967; Zochrot, 2007: Remembering Imwas, Yalu and Bayt Nuba, www.zochrot.org/images/latrun_booklet_web2.pdf. On Zochrot’s activity to signpost the depopulated villages of 1967 see page 130. Special Topic : #May15 \| Al Nakba & Refugees Revolution \| Right 2 Return \| also for further announcements of events Exclusive: Interactive map of Palestine villages destroyed during Nakba In Pictures \| The Nakba In Pictures \| Palestinians Commemorate Al Nakba \| 2011 Album Ethnic Cleansing of Negev Bedouin Album House Demolitions Not only Muslims Palestinians are subjected to Israel’s Policies: New Album: Christians in Palestine Ethnic Cleansing, Israel, israeli, Palestine, palestinians, Settlement Construction, Settlements, Zionism eradicated, Ethnic Cleansing, israel, israeli, Nakba, Palestinian villages, villages, written over Lebanon’s Palestinians bury victims of Israeli cross-border shooting Round up on Palestinian affairs, Arab affairs & international affairs Remember the Sabra And Shatila Massacre - Documentary	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4596
__label__cc	0.67624	0.32376	Auburn University announces construction of a new classroom building and a three-story dining hall Martha Gentry \| Facilities Management This spring, Auburn University will begin construction of a 151,000-square-foot academic classroom and laboratory complex, or ACLC, and a 48,000-square-foot, three-story central dining hall. The new buildings will be located where Parker Hall and Allison Laboratory currently stand. “The day this project is completed, it will contain the second largest amount of instructional classrooms and laboratories on campus, second only to the Haley Center,” said Dan King, associate vice president for Facilities Management. “In planning this important facility, the thought was that it needed to be centrally located, particularly near the transit hub and the Student Center. Given the deteriorated state of Parker and Allison, we knew those facilities had to be replaced, so siting the ACLC on that location met all the key criteria.” The project will begin with the demolition of Allison this spring, followed by construction of the two buildings this summer. “These new buildings reflect Auburn’s strategic investment in elevating our teaching and learning by creating facilities that promote academic success and foster student engagement,” said Bill Hardgrave, provost and senior vice president of academic affairs. “Once constructed, the ACLC will significantly increase our existing classroom and laboratory spaces and complete a plan that began with the construction of the Mell Classroom.” According to Hardgrave, the estimated $83 million ACLC is designed to provide academic spaces that can operate as either a laboratory or a classroom, as needed on a semester-to-semester basis. “By increasing the campus inventory of flexible instructional space, we will reduce scheduling bottlenecks and improve the overall student experience,” he said. After construction is complete in the summer of 2021, the ACLC will include: 2,000 student seating capacity Six Engaged Active Student Learning, or EASL, classrooms and laboratories Five lecture halls ranging from 100 to 300 seats 20 adaptable classrooms and laboratories Once construction of the central dining hall is complete, in the fall of 2020, the $26 million facility will include: 800 seats Six food stations Two commercial dining venues Four flexible meeting spaces “The intent of the central dining hall is to provide additional dining capacity similar to the Wellness Center and Student Center,” said Glenn Loughridge, Auburn University director of campus dining. “This facility’s location will provide students, faculty and staff with access to a variety of fresh and healthy dining options. The facility is designed to enhance the quality of life on campus, while also providing additional space for meetings with faculty and staff, which is designed to increase student success.” To learn more about the new buildings, watch the project video, which includes renderings and building details. Also visit the Facilities Management Major Construction Projects webpage to find descriptions, renderings, timelines and other information regarding each building. The new academic classroom and laboratory complex, left, and campus dining facility, right, will be constructed where Parker Hall and Allison Laboratory currently stand on the campus of Auburn University. The new academic classroom and laboratory complex and campus dining facility at Auburn University will provide additional classroom and meeting space and food options to the core of campus. This rendering shows a lecture hall in the new academic classroom and laboratory complex scheduled to be constructed at Auburn University. This rendering shows the new dining facility at Auburn University, which will be located next to the new academic classroom and laboratory complex. Academic Classroom and Laboratory Complex and Dining Facility Classroom and Laboratory Construction Updates Central Dining Hall Construction Updates Facilities Management Major Construction Projects webpage Game Changers: New facilities at Auburn will take instruction, research activities to new levels Auburn University to build world-class culinary center for students, tourism industry Auburn constructing $22 million Advanced Structural Testing Laboratory New program provides South Alabama students with path to Auburn’s pharmacy school	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4597
__label__wiki	0.926466	0.926466	In memoriam: Joan Metcalf Schaefer, longtime USC dean of women “Dean Joan” came to USC in 1955 and served generations of Trojans BY Alicia Di Rado Joan Metcalf Schaefer counseled thousands of students in her 35-year career at USC. (Photo/Courtesy of Jerry Papazian) Joan Metcalf Schaefer, whose service to USC students spanned generations of Trojans, died Sept. 3 at her home in Los Angeles. She was 95. The beloved administrator joined USC in 1955 as dean of women. She officially retired in 1992, but “Dean Joan,” as she was known, never truly left USC. She remained dean of women emerita, keeping an office on campus where she would visit regularly with current and former students even in her 90s. “Dean Joan touched the lives of thousands of USC students over the years, including my own,” said Jerry Papazian, her longtime friend. “When they made her, they broke the mold. She was the heart and soul of USC to generations of Trojans.” She had a tender heart, a strong intellect and served as a guiding force throughout her tenure here. Michael Quick Provost Michael Quick agreed. “Dean Schaefer has left a deep and caring legacy at USC, particularly among the women in our Trojan Family,” he said. “She had a tender heart, a strong intellect and served as a guiding force throughout her tenure here. Her impact on the lives of so many within and outside the USC community is immeasurable, and she will be dearly missed.” During her 35-year career in the USC Office of Student Affairs, she counseled thousands of students in their quests to find their ideal academic and intellectual pursuit. Students often spoke of her deep, genuine interest in their future. “She acts as a sounding board for students who may be faltering in their life’s choice, someone to bounce their hopes and goals against, to test them. She does not tell them what to do; instead, she probes and questions, guiding students to look at all their options, leading them to follow what is most important to them,” according to a 1992 article about her in USC Trojan Family Magazine. These authentic connections led to friendships that lasted long after students graduated. Former students helped her choose and decorate her Christmas tree each year, and often spent time with her during the holiday season. She was known for her elaborate Christmas letters to friends and former students, who often kept them as a tradition. Joan Metcalf Schaefer was named the dean of women in 1955. (Photo/Courtesy of Jerry Papazian) After her retirement, she was named dean of women emerita within the USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences. Her legacy remains alive through the Joan M. Schaefer Scholarship at USC Dornsife, which was awarded to its first two recipients in 1993. “It will be the jewel in my crown,” she told USC Trojan Family Magazine when the scholarship was announced. Today, thanks to an endowment that has reached $2 million, the scholarship helps eight to 12 students attend USC Dornsife each year. The scholarships have benefitted more than 300 USC students with merit and travel awards of more than $1.1 million. Mortar Board and Phi Beta Kappa Schaefer was deeply involved in USC Mortar Board, a national senior honor society that at one time was exclusively composed of women. She served as the group’s adviser, encouraging students to focus on academics and intellectual curiosity. She was also active in USC’s chapter of Phi Beta Kappa, which honors top USC undergraduates in the arts and sciences. Throughout it all, she was a role model for young women who sought to enter professional careers, especially during an era when few women did. Even after her retirement, she led groups of USC students to attend the University of Cambridge’s International Summer School. For nearly five decades, she accompanied these accomplished scholars to Cambridge, where they immersed themselves in British literature and culture. Cambridge recognized her in 1985 by naming a garden in her honor for her contributions to the university’s summer program. A native of Ohio, Schaefer remained in Los Angeles after her retirement, living in the Hollywood Hills. Details of a celebration of her life at USC are pending. More stories about: Obituaries, Staff, Student Life Judge Judy Sheindlin says USC Annenberg should set the example of how civilized debate must be honored on college campuses. (Photo/Courtesy of Judy Sheindlin) Judge Judy Sheindlin gift establishes public debate forum at USC Annenberg The contribution also will fund new debate programming, fellowships and a venue for USC’s Trojan Debate Squad. AthleticsUniversity Women’s sports coverage has evolved since the time Kathrine Switzer was nearly pulled out of the all-male Boston Marathon in 1967. (Photo/Courtesy of Kathrine Switzer, Boston Herald) Forget about sexism: Now TV coverage of women’s sports is just plain boring Compared with coverage of men’s sports, women are talked about on local channels and ESPN in a mandatory and dull way, a decades-long USC study finds. As a freshman, Aisha Counts had never heard of the Big Four accounting firms. (Photo/Julie Tilsner) Learning about accounting’s Big Four turned out to be a big break USC business student’s connection to a recruiter at a top firm will lead to a coveted position after graduation. Dornsife Scholars are committed to educational excellence. (Photo/courtesy of USC Dornsife) USC Dornsife Scholars go out into the world Four graduates embody the attributes sought by USC’s Discovery, Renaissance and Global Scholars programs.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4600
__label__wiki	0.979704	0.979704	Japan’s Ambassador To Speak at Yale Japanese Ambassador Ichiro Fujisaki will speak at Yale on April 22 at 4:30 p.m. in Room 101, Linsley-Chittenden Hall, 63 High Street. His talk is titled, “Closer Cooperation: Economy, Energy, Environment.” The event, hosted by the Council on East Asian... New Yorker Staff Writer to Discuss China in the Age of Obama Evan Osnos, a staff writer for The New Yorker based in Beijing, will discuss “China in the Age of Obama: Democrats, Identity, and Style” on Monday, April 27 at Yale.This lecture, sponsored by The Council on East Asian Studies and the Poynter Fellowship in... Former President of Brazil to Speak at Yale Fernando Henrique Cardoso, two-term president of Brazil, will speak at Yale University as a Chubb Fellow, a Downey Fellow and a visiting fellow of the Yale Center for the Study of Globalization.Fernando Henrique Cardoso, two-term president of Brazil, will... Zbigniew Brzezinski Will Give Public Talk at Yale Zbigniew Brzezinski, former national security adviser to President Jimmy Carter, will give the George Herbert Walker, Jr. Lecture in International Studies at Yale on April 9.His talk, titled “A Historically Relevant Foreign Policy,” will be held at 4 p.m... Yale Divinity School Expands Student Exchange Programs to Asia Yale Divinity School is expanding its international student exchange program, establishing ties to two theological schools in Asia to complement ongoing programs in Germany and England.In an open letter to students, Yale Divinity School Dean Harold... Former U.N. Under-Secretary-General Shashi Tharoor To Speak at Yale Shashi Tharoor, chairman of Dubai-based international investments company Afras Ventures and former under-secretary-general of the United Nations, will be the speaker at the 16th Coca-Cola World Fund at Yale Lecture on March 4.His talk is titled “India... Gift from Arcadia Will Boost Global Access to Rare Yale Library Materials Yale University Library has received a $5 million dollar gift from Arcadia, a United Kingdom-based grant-making fund established in 2001, to make the library’s important collections of international materials more available through cataloguing and...	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4601
__label__wiki	0.943252	0.943252	Home › Nation Ex-Missouri College Wrestler Sentenced To 10 Years For HIV Exposure Michael L Johnson, 25, was sentenced after reaching a plea deal with prosecutors in St. Charles, Missouri. A Missouri man was sentenced Thursday to 10 years in prison on charges of infecting a sex partner with the virus, and endangering four others, The Associated Press reports. In a case that is emblematic of how HIV criminalization unfairly impacts Black people and stigmatizes people living with HIV, Michael L Johnson, 25, was sentenced after reaching a plea deal, the report says. RELATED: Michael L. Johnson: Jury Recommends 60 Year Sentence For Man Who Knowingly Spread HIV Johnson, who is Black and gay, became a cause de célèbre among criminal justice reform groups and gay rights activists who charged HIV criminalization is outdated, in part due to advances in treatment for the virus, The AP writes. The American Civil Liberties Union of Missouri took it a step further, arguing that his race and sexuality played into his conviction. The former wrestler at Lindenwood University in St. Charles, Missouri, faced 30 years in prison after a jury decided in 2015 that he knowingly exposed and transmitted HIV to partners who had no idea he carried the virus. But an appeals court dismissed the guilty verdict, The AP notes, ruling that a trial court improperly admitted jail recordings that were not disclosed in advance to Johnson’s attorneys. The recordings were used to cast doubt on Johnson’s assertion that he informed his sex partners about his HIV status. The system has failed Michael L. Johnson. Court serves him 10 years in HIV transmission case. https://t.co/IBuD04fPUc — Bryan M-C Epps (@IV_Names) September 22, 2017 In the plea deal, Johnson “acknowledged that the state has enough evidence to convict him. The concurrent 10-year sentence was the mandatory minimum for the two most serious charges — recklessly infecting and recklessly exposing a sexual partner to HIV,” writes The AP. SOURCE: St. Louis Post-Dispatch, ABC News 9 Times Trump Has Made Clueless Statements About Black People Black Restaurant Employees Sue Trump Organization For $14.5 Million This Is What Puerto Rico Looks Like After Hurricane Maria Discrimination , HIV , Michael L. Johnson	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4602
__label__wiki	0.795571	0.795571	Two Russian Priests in New York City, 1863 Posted on July 28, 2009 September 26, 2019 by Matthew Namee by Matthew Namee The Russian frigate Alexander Nevsky, circa 1863. Detail of an illustration in the October 17, 1863 issue of Harper's Weekly. In September of 1863, in the middle of the American Civil War, a fleet of Russian ships arrived in the New York harbor. Their mission was both diplomatic and strategic, but anyway, that’s not terribly relevant here.[i] More to the point, among the crews of the ships were at least two Orthodox priests serving as chaplains – the first known Orthodox clergy to set foot in the eastern United States. On September 23, the New York Times reported that a certain Father Nestor, chaplain of the Russian frigate Olisiaba, baptized four Greek children in New York. “The service was of a most impressive character, and created great interest,” the Times said. “The service was read in the Russian dialect, and its forms are peculiar, but very appropriate to such a ceremony. The officers of the Russian frigate were present, and enjoyed at the residence of Mrs. Negroponti, in Nineteenth street, a most magnificent dejeune. The toasts of the Emperor of Russia and the new King of Greece were given in conjunction with our own magnates, and received with appropriate ovations.”[ii] I don’t know the name of the second Russian priest to visit New York. He was the chaplain of the Russian frigate Alexander Nevsky. “The festival of St. Michael and of all Angels is one of those most reverenced in the Greek Catholic Church,” the Times said, “and the worthy ‘Papa’ saw fit to observe it in an Episcopalian cathedral, which he did with every semblance of intense curiosity, interest and devotion. He was received with distinction and conducted to a conspicuous and comfortable seat near the altar, on the right side of which sat the Rt. Reverend Bishop Southgate, in the ceremonial Chair of the Episcopate.”[iii] When the Alexander Nevsky left New York, it made a stop in Athens, where it informed the Greek Church leaders that there were a number of Orthodox in America without a priest. This resulted in the arrival in New York, in 1865, of Fr. Agapius Honcharenko. [i] Cf. Marshall B. Davidson, “A Royal Welcome for the Russian Navy,” American Heritage Magazine 11:4 (June 1960). Also cf. Edward W. Ellsworth, “Sea Birds of Muscovy in Massachusetts,” New England Quarterly 33:1 (March 1960), 3-18. [ii] “A Greek Christening,” New York Times (September 23, 1863), 8. [iii] “A Novelty for Michaelmas,” New York Times (September 30, 1863), 5. Prev : Why study American Orthodox history? Next : The Myth of Past Unity: some clarifications 5 Replies to “Two Russian Priests in New York City, 1863” Isa Almisry says: The “certain Father Nestor” was none other than the later Bishop Nestor of the Aleutians and Alaska. As the London Journal reported: “The Holy Synod of the Russian Church has appointed to the Episcopal See of the Aleutian Islands the Archimandrite Nestor. Father Nestor was in early life known as Baron Zass; he was an officer in the navy, and besides his theological attainments he is well versed in secular learning, and understands fully the English language, in which he expresses himself fluently. He is distinguished for his lofty character, his Christian convictions, and his thorough devotion to duty. Father Nestor will be quite in his proper place in America, for at the time of Admiral Lesoffsky’s visit to New York, in 1863, he made himself highly esteemed by the Americans. It is to be hoped that the Episcopate of Father Nestor may be a source of close and intimate relations between the Orthodox Russian Church and the Church of North America. A letter which came to the Holy Synod, not long since, from the American bishops gives reason to hope thus. God grant that through the cooperation of the future Bishop of the Aleutian Islands brotherly relations may be established [between] these two great Churches” http://www.holy-trinity.org/history/1898/04.01-27_RAPV-SF-History.htm http://orthodoxwiki.org/Nestor_%28Zakkis%29_of_the_Aleutians Pingback: OrthodoxHistory.org » Blog Archive » A church in New York in 1850? “on the right side of which sat the Rt. Reverend Bishop Southgate, in the ceremonial Chair of the Episcopate” I’m assuming that this was the Rt. Rev. Horatio Southgate, who PECUSA had ordained missionary bishop “on the right side of which sat the Rt. Reverend Bishop Southgate, in the ceremonial Chair of the Episcopate.” The Episcopalians in SF, after organizing “the Church in California” with “no reference to the Church at the East (i.e. PECUSA)” and toying with the idea of receiving orders from St. Innocent in Sitka, instead approached Bp. Southgate, freshly consecrated and arrived from Constantinople, who declined. Bp. Southgate served at Zion Church in NYC 1858–1872, and died in Astoira, NYC in 1894. So he lived to see the arrival of Honcharenko, the return of Bp. Nestor, the founding of Bjerring’s Chapel and then the permanent setttling of the Orthodox in NYC. Is there an edit button? I meant to mention, Bp. Southgate had been ordained by PECUSA as missionary bishop of Constantinople ” “for the dominions and dependencies of the Sultan” i.e. what is now the jurisdiction of Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Cyprus, part of Greece, and Albania, areas which he traveled and wrote of extensively. http://books.google.com/books?id=0EMbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA103&dq=Horatio+Southgate&hl=en&ei=F4VcTb-UKsnpgAea6P3kDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CE0Q6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&q=Horatio%20Southgate&f=false Pingback: Who was "Agapius Honcharenko"? - Orthodox History	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4606
__label__wiki	0.713472	0.713472	No Such Thing as a Free Lunch: Investing in Healthy Soils SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY : Food Security, Ecosystems, Water, Natural Resources, Land Management 2015•06•18 UN News Centre Photo: Neil Palmer (CIAT). Creative Commons BY-NC-SA (cropped). Land is a renewable resource, but only if investments are made in land degradation neutrality, which has been proposed as an element of the post-2015 development agenda, today said United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon in his message on the World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought. “We need to change course and start securing every hectare of land that can provide food or freshwater and rehabilitate all the degraded land that we can,” urged Mr. Ban, who assured that by doing so, the international community will be able to make rapid steps towards controlling climate change. With No such thing as a free lunch: Investing in healthy soils as the theme, this year’s Day is intended to promote public awareness of the issues of desertification and drought, and the implementation of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) in those countries experiencing serious drought and/or desertification, particularly in Africa. “Our lives and civilizations depend on the land. Let us invest in healthy soils to secure our rights to food and freshwater,” Mr. Ban added. When a plate of food is served in front of you, what comes to mind? Few of us actually think about it, but it is the endpoint of a long and complex process…Without the land, there is only an empty plate,” underscored Monique Barbut, who is the UNCCD Executive Secretary. Noting that 70 percent of the Earth’s grasslands, 50 percent of the savannahs and 45 percent of its temperate forests have been cleared to feed generations gone by, she expressed her deep concern that resources are treated like disposable goods. “We degrade the land through unsustainable farming and walk away when it cannot produce anymore. Today, one third of previously fertile farmland lies abandoned. With a population of 9.6 billion expected by 2050, we will need to clear 3 million hectares of new land every year, on average,” she explained, warning that “we are heading towards a tipping point.” “If we do not change how we use our land, we will have to convert an area the size of Norway into new farmland every year to meet future needs for food, freshwater, biofuels and urban growth,” underscored Mr. Ban. A number of organizations from the UN system are involved in the fight against desertification, as the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), which has established a number of regional Drought Monitoring Centres in Africa, for example. Over the last four decades, the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Director-General Irina Bokova said, has contributed to global efforts to combat desertification through such scientific programmes as its Man and the Biosphere Programme and International Hydrological Programme. For his part, the Executive Secretary of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Braulio F. de Souza Dias, said the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 offers solutions, “in particular Aichi Biodiversity Target 5, which aims to at least halve and bring as close to zero as possible the rate of loss of natural habitats, and Aichi Target 15 which aims to restore at least 15 percent of degraded ecosystems, seek to reverse the negative trend of land degradation.” In addition, he expanded on the proposed sustainable development goal on land for the post-2015 agenda, which is based on three simultaneous actions: avoid degrading additional land, recover as much as we can of that which is already degraded, and, for every hectare of land we degrade, to rehabilitate a hectare of degraded land in the same ecosystem and the same timeframe. “A world where all rights to food, water and human security are guaranteed is possible,” the UN Secretary-General assured. Copyright UN News Centre. All rights reserved. UN News Centre The UN News Centre provides breaking news, features, multimedia, meetings coverage and many more resources related to the United Nations. One-fifth of Global Farm Soil Degraded by Salt Recommended Reading for the UN International Year of Soils 2015 Growing Corporate Hold on Farmland Risky for World Food Security Desertification Crisis Affecting 168 Countries Worldwide, Study Shows Beekeeping Relieves Land Degradation in Kyrgyzstan Growing Food in the Desert: Is This the Solution to the World’s Food Crisis? Water and Sustainable Land Use in the Wakhan Valley Reversing Desertification with Livestock	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4607
__label__wiki	0.658112	0.658112	World War 2 History: 1939 Battle of Westerplatte— Poland's Alamo I try to make history readable and interesting, warts and all. We must look to the past to understand the present and confront the future. Battleship Attacking Westerplatte German Battleship Schleswig-Holstein firing point-blank at the Polish garrison on Westerplatte. September 1, 1939. \| Source Last Stands In 1836, more than 200 Texans fought about 1,800 Mexican troops before being annihilated at the Alamo near San Antonio, Texas. In 1879, nearly 150 British soldiers successfully defeated an attacking force of more than 3,000 Zulu warriors at Rorke's Drift in southern Africa. In 1939, 209 Polish defenders on the tiny peninsula of Westerplatte held off about 3,400 Germans who attacked them from land, sea and air. The Poles repelled repeated ground assaults and were subjected to attacks by a battleship, Stuka dive bombers, heavy artillery, torpedo boats and even burning trains. The Germans initially thought it would be over in less than an hour. The Poles were under orders to hold out for twelve hours until they were relieved, but relief never came. Danzig and the Polish Corridor Map showing the Polish Corridor and the Free City of Danzig wedged between German territory prior to World War Two. \| Source Poles Set Up for Failure In the aftermath of World War 1, the nation of Poland was resurrected by the Treaty of Versailles with land carved from the ruined empires of Germany and Russia. In a decision that seemed cleverly designed to please nobody, the Baltic port city of Danzig (present day Gdansk, Poland) and its surroundings were taken from Germany, denied Poland and designated the Free City of Danzig under the protection of the League of Nations. To complicate matters, Poland was allowed to station 82 soldiers at an ammunition depot on the Westerplatte peninsula at the mouth of Danzig's strategic harbor channel. Its 180 acres stretched 1,600 meters (1 mile) east to west and 200 meters north to south where it bordered the mainland in the east. Preparing for the Gathering Storm By August 1939, the situation had become very grim indeed. The Nazis had taken de facto control of the “Free City” and war between Germany and Poland seemed imminent. The German battleship Schleswig-Holstein, on a “courtesy” visit, sailed past Westerplatte into the harbor channel to its south and dropped anchor. The Poles had done what they could to improve their impossible position, secretly increasing their numbers to 209 soldiers and reservists and smuggling in a dismantled 76 mm gun and four mortars. They also fortified their barracks and the surrounding guardhouses, dug trenches, laid mines and set up barbed wire entanglements. They were surrounded by water on three sides: the Baltic Sea to their north and the harbor channel to their west and south. A brick wall and a railroad gate on their east separated them from the mainland and the German troops waiting on the other side. The garrison's orders were to hold out for twelve hours until they could be relieved by regular Polish Army units. Map of the Battle of Westerplatte Battle of Westerplatte (September 1-7, 1939) \| Source Battle of Westerplatte Launches World War 2 At 4:45am on September 1, the Schleswig-Holstein opened fire at point-blank range on Westerplatte with its four 280 mm (11 inch) main guns as well as its 150 mm and 88 mm secondary guns. This was the opening salvo of World War 2; it would be hours before German armies actually began their invasion of Poland. Meanwhile, crack German marines waited for the brick wall and the railroad gate north of the wall to be breached before launching their own attack from the east. Most thought the Poles on Westerplatte would surrender as soon as the battleship's bombardment stopped and the smoke cleared. Day 1: Germans Stunned As the German marines poured through three breaches in the wall, they found themselves caught in a crossfire from concealed Polish machine guns and hemmed in by fields of well-placed barbed wire and mines. Mortar shells also rained down on them. At the same time, the Poles' 76 mm field gun took out all of the German machine gun emplacements that had been set up in warehouses across the harbor channel to the south before being destroyed itself. To the west, Danzig police units launched their attack across the channel, but they were quickly defeated. After withdrawing back behind the wall, the marines resumed their attack at 9:00, but again took heavy casualties before retreating at noon. They attacked two more times that day, but failed to break through to the Poles' circle of reinforced guardhouses. The defenders had fulfilled their orders to hold for twelve hours, but, despite their impossible situation, still refused to surrender. Stukas Over Poland Formation of Junkers JU-87 (Stuka) dive-bombers over Poland. 1939 \| Source Day 2: Poles Bombed On the second day, the Germans continued to shell Westerplatte and also attacked from the air. In two waves, 60 Stuka dive-bombers dropped more than 26 tons of bombs on the defenders, completely wrecking one of the guardhouses, collapsing the top floor of the barracks and destroying all the mortars. Much of the Pole's supplies of food and medicine were also lost. Parts of Westerplatte resembled a moonscape, reminiscent of a battlefield in the previous war. However, when German assault troops attempted to “mop up”, they were greeted with a withering firestorm of bullets and retreated. Day 3: Polish Hopes Raised as Britain and France Declare War The third day, September 3, was relatively quiet, although this was more due to the fact that invading forces from Germany proper had penetrated across the Polish Corridor and entered Danzig. German military leaders did not want the planned celebrations disturbed by sounds of battle on the northern edge of the city. The Poles on Westerplatte were buoyed by the news that Britain and France had declared war on Germany and hoped that British warships would soon appear off the coast. It was, of course, a forlorn hope. Later that evening, the Germans made some half-hearted attacks to no avail. Days 4 and 5: Siege On September 4, after early probes by German infantry, two torpedo boats approached from the sea and fired 80 shells, doing little more than churning up the rubble. The Germans seemed content to lay siege to the Westerplatte garrison, bombarding and harassing them instead of launching frontal attacks. The fifth day saw more of the same with heavy shelling from ground artillery and the Schleswig-Holstein. Later that evening the Poles repulsed German probing attacks. Day 6: Burning Trains At 3:00am on September 6, the Germans sent a train pushing an oil-filled cistern through the destroyed gate which was to be ignited and driven into the Polish positions, but the Poles hit it with anti-tank shells and it set the forest ablaze instead. The light from the flames exposed the accompanying German troops who again took heavy casualties. An attempt to send in another train later in the day also failed. German General Eberhardt saluting Polish commander Major Sucharski after Westerplatte's defenders surrendered. Sucharski was given the courtesy of keeping his saber. September 7, 1939. \| Source Day 7: Surrender Early in the morning of September 7, the Germans once again resumed their heavy bombardment. Having fought for seven days against enormous odds, far exceeding the order to resist for twelve hours, the Poles reconsidered their position. By now, German armies occupied half the country and were approaching Warsaw, Poland's capital. Obviously the garrison wasn't going to be relieved nor was the British Navy going to suddenly appear off the Baltic coast. They were running out of food, medical supplies and potable water. The defenders were low on ammunition, their remaining cover was crumbling around them and some of the wounded were starting to suffer from gangrene poisoning. At 9:45am the Poles hoisted the white flag. Westerplatte had fallen. Polish Radio, which had broadcast the message “Westerplatte fights on!” continuously every morning, inspiring the whole country, fell silent. Surprised at how few defenders there were, the German soldiers saluted them as they marched out into captivity at 11:30am and German General Eberhardt allowed Polish commander Major Sucharski to keep his saber, an extraordinary show of respect when measured against the harshness meted out to most Poles. Germans Occupy Westerplatte German troops in the ruined forest of Westerplatte the day after it fell. In the distance (southwest) is the channel where the battleship Schleswig-Holstein bombarded Westerplatte. September 8, 1939. \| Source Of the 209 Polish defenders, 15 to 20 were killed and 53 wounded. The Germans lost 200 to 300 killed or wounded. For a week the Poles had tied up 3,400 German soldiers, sailors, marines and police needed elsewhere. They had prevented access to the Danzig port and the battleship Schleswig-Holstein was unable to provide fire support for other assaults along the coast. In the dark, early days of the war and the hell that Poland would soon become under the Nazis, the defenders of Westerplatte provided desperately needed inspiration for their fellow countrymen. Years later, a monument was erected to the defenders and the ruins of the barracks and guardhouses have been left standing. One of the guardhouses has been converted into a museum; its entrance flanked by two 280 mm shells from the Schleswig-Holstein. Westerplatte Today Looking north across the harbor toward the Westerplatte Monument. It was dedicated to the defenders of Westerplatte and unveiled in 1966. \| Source Westerplatte Under Fire September 1939 and Now Why would the police of Danzig (presumably Polish or at least sympathetic) attack their own comrades on Westerplatte during day one of the battles? The Free City of Danzig had been part of Germany until it was declared a semi-autonomous city-state by the Treaty of Versailles after the end of World War I. Its population was mainly German. As the Nazi influence grew in the early 1930s, the Free City of Danzig Police were imbued with Nazi ideology and were used to suppress dissent. They didn't think of themselves as Poles. © 2017 David Hunt Courage Knows No Color: Three Artillery Heroes of World War II World War One Trench Warfare by Jimmy the jock916 World War 2 History: Sitzkrieg, the Plan to Wait for Hitler by David Hunt11 War-Dogs of First World War (WWI, First Great European War) 1914-1918 by Chaz21 World War 1 History: The Battle of Mons—The BEF's First Major Action by David Hunt2 Pamela Dapples 11 days ago from Just Arizona Now Amazing history. Thank you for writing it. It makes me want to learn more. My mom's side of the family, my ancestors, came down from the Friesen area as followers of Menno in the late 1500's and then through and around this Danzig area centuries later. MG Singh 9 months ago from Singapore This is a lovely post and I read it again. Readers of this hub must know of a similar last stand on 12 September 1897 by 21 Sikh soldiers of the British Indian army at Saragrahi when facing a horde of 10,000 Jihadis. chris lentzer Hi My Father was a Imperial Marine,and took his training on the Schleswig-Holstein.In the first world war. Graham Lee 12 months ago from Lancashire. England. Hi David. Tip top as usual from you here. The Polish people certainly proved their metal in those terrible days as they did fighting in RAF from this country. A strong reliable people indeed. 21 months ago from Cedar Rapids, Iowa Michael, I believe at the time of the battle, the Alamo Mission was near San Antonio de Béxar (pop. ~2,000), later renamed San Antonio, which grew to include the site of the battle. I will look further into it, though. Michael Brand Only one small change to your text. The Alamo, isn't near San Antonio, Texas. It is in what is now downtown San Antonio, Texas. Interesting stuff David. I didn't know of this battle. I love history! oldalbion Hi David. Tip top as usual, first class all round. Research and presentation is first class. Where you find these gems of history I know not but find them you do and always relate a fine tale. History Student Very well written and extremely useful for the research I am doing for my teacher, thanks so much! Alan R Lancaster 3 years ago from Forest Gate, London E7, U K (ex-pat Yorkshire) The Nits-krieg, David. The French army had one phone in their Paris HQ, and instead of radio they relied on dispatch riders. The British army officers had to kow-tow to the French in France until General Gort realised he'd be cut off from the Channel. A gesture had to be made to the French and a few shiploads of their troops were 'lifted'. More British and French troops were rescued from Bordeaux as well as a horde of civilian refugees who embarked on the liner 'Lancastria'. She was torpedoed by a U-Boat and Churchill slammed a D-Notice on the news for fear of demoralising the British public. It wasn't until October 1942 that we consistently started to win fights against the Germans, with a few glitsches (interesting, we use a Yiddish word for catastrophes). 3 years ago from Cedar Rapids, Iowa Larry, thanks for your kind comment. Ah, yes, Alan. You refer to the Phony War or the Sitzkrieg when the French and British had well over a 100 divisions available against 23 secondary reserve divisions. Reportedly, the German general staff were terrified the Allies would launch their attack while the rest of the Wehrmacht was occupied in Poland. And most of the bombing by the RAF consisting of dropping leaflets declaring the evils of Nazism. Result: Hitler's iron grip and "genius" was strengthened. Thanks for commenting. Not a lot of people know this, David... Lack of imagination and inexperienced leaders (Chamberlain and Daladier) saw us mess up all the chances to hit the Germans whilst their backs were turned on the west. One French unit crossed the Rhine and then back again within a day or so. One of the BEF's officers told his men not to fire on the Germans (before they attacked in May, 1940), "because they might shoot back and somebody will get hurt". The RAF were instructed not to bomb German munitions factories, "because they were private enterprises". Larry Rankin 3 years ago from Oklahoma Always well researched, well written, and interesting looks into history. Thanks, emge. I had forgotten about this until I rediscovered a photo I had seen over 50 years ago of the battleship, wreathed in smoke, firing on Westerplatte. It was in a history book my Dad had that was published right after the war ended. Unfortunately, that photo couldn't be used because it is not public domain or licensed for commercial use. I didn't actually know many details until I started researching and, the more I read, the more I knew I had to write about it. 3 years ago from Singapore This is a great post and loved reading it. It was an education as I was not aware of this episode.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4608
__label__cc	0.527254	0.472746	Solutions to Violent Conflict Civil Society Engagement in the ‘New Deal’ In Civil society, Peacebuilding on March 24, 2014 at 9:15 am Rachel Fairhurst and Kristen Wall Civil society groups can play an important role in peacebuilding. One example is the New Deal for Engagement in Fragile States, an innovative approach to international development policy. The New Deal is led by self-identified “fragile states” — including Afghanistan, Burundi, Central African Republic, Côte d’Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Sudan, Timor Leste, and Togo, among others — in partnership with international donors. It acknowledges the need for peacebuilding and statebuilding as a foundation for successful development in the world’s poorest and most conflict-affected countries. It also recognizes civil society as a key partner in transitioning states out of fragility. This complex multi-stakeholder process has provided civil society with a springboard to elevate issues of peacebuilding, conflict, and development within national and international policy arenas. THE FIVE GOALS Governments, civil society, and international organizations endorsed the New Deal in December 2011 at the Fourth High-Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness in Busan, South Korea. The agreement includes five peacebuilding and statebuilding goals: legitimate politics, people’s security, justice, economic foundations, and revenues and fair services. These goals aim to strengthen state-society relationships and prioritize mutual accountability and national ownership to help states transition to stability. At the heart of the New Deal is the notion that developing countries should be in the driver’s seat of development and peacebuilding strategy. This is accompanied by a commitment from the governments of the countries implementing the process to be responsive and inclusive of their own societies. The New Deal requires a similar commitment by donors to support country-owned and country-led processes that include not only national government perspectives but also those of local communities. At the heart of the New Deal is the notion that developing countries should be in the driver’s seat of development and peacebuilding strategy. The New Deal has galvanized many national and international coalitions of civil society organizations, all working together on implementation. The participating groups include nongovernmental organizations and civil society coalitions within the fragile states and in many donor countries. They span the sectors of peacebuilding, development, human rights, gender equality, and environmental protection. Through the New Deal, civil society participants are deepening relationships and building peacebuilding networks to address complex sources of state fragility. Civil society participants in the New Deal are raising awareness of the peacebuilding and statebuilding goals among local populations. They also are engaging with their governments on highly political issues of legitimate politics and access to justice, enabling conversations that would have been unthinkable previously. In some countries, participants are building new state-society bridges and carving out a greater role for civil society in national policymaking. Civil society organizations have served as advocates for the inclusion of local perspectives in assessing root causes of conflict. They also have provided technical expertise to help fragile states identify sources of fragility and measure movement toward resilience. In a number of countries, for example, civil society participants are urging states to collect and report sex-disaggregated data on economic and social indicators to track women’s progress. CHALLENGES AHEAD Despite these contributions, significant challenges remain to civil society’s engagement in the New Deal. Perhaps the greatest obstacle is insufficient political support at state and international levels. Civil society plays an important role in spreading awareness of the New Deal and in holding governments accountable to their commitments. Yet due to state-society tensions in some fragile states, governments are hesitant to include civil society actors as partners, and some are wary of civil society’s efforts to hold them accountable. Donor states also have varied levels of commitment to the New Deal. In the fragile states, a lack of resources and institutional capacity impedes the ability of local civil society actors to participate fully in the process. On paper, the New Deal is unique: offering a new, country-led approach to development that incorporates peacebuilding and statebuilding and provides an active role for civil society. Yet the challenges are many, and they underscore the need for greater support for local civil society engagement. The active involvement of civil society has the potential to reshape development and peacebuilding dynamics in fragile states and can make the process more inclusive and accountable. Donor agencies should recognize the value of civil society engagement in the New Deal and do more to ensure that citizen groups have the capacity and resources to uphold this new integrated approach to development, governance, and peace. Rachel Fairhurst is a Research Associate at the Kroc Institute. Kristen Wall is a Senior Policy Officer at the National Democratic Institute. « Before Regional Organizations in Peacebuilding Partnerships March 24, 2014 AfterCivil-Military Interaction in Peacebuilding March 24, 2014 » Peace Policy offers insights, commentary, and research-based solutions to the global problem of violent conflict. It is published by the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, University of Notre Dame. The views expressed in these articles are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Kroc Institute. The Kroc Institute is an integral part of the University of Notre Dame's Keough School of Global Affairs. Peace Policy is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 United States License. Kroc News Is Afghanistan a 'Good War'? Security in a World without Nuclear Weapons Stalemate: A Short History of Sanctions against Iran Sanctioned into Submission? Options for Change in Iran Combat Drones: Losing the Fight Against Terrorism A Necessary War Taken to Unnecessary Extremes Topics Select Category Afghanistan Catholic Civil society Civil-military relations Colombia Counterterrorism Drones Genocide Governance Human Development Human Rights Iran Israel/Palestine conflict Mass Atrocities Middle East North Korea Nuclear disarmament Peace Peace Accords Peacebuilding Religion and Conflict Revolution Sanctions and Security Somalia South Sudan Sudan Syria United Nations Vietnam War Women	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4609
__label__wiki	0.751455	0.751455	Men speak out about FGM \| Plan International Ethiopia Home Men speak out about FGM Plan International Ethiopia is working alongside communities to end FGM. As a result, boys and men are taking action to protect girls from harmful practices. Alemayehu, 14, is a member of a boys’ club supported by Plan International. “I want to marry an uncut girl” - Alemayehu, 14, schoolboy ”I’m a member of a boys’ club supported by Plan International. We discuss harmful practices in our club meetings and spread the word to our friends. “Before I joined the club, I didn’t know much about FGM, only that it was something that should be done and that, as a result, childbirth can be difficult. “I have 4 older sisters. One of them had such a hard delivery that she almost died. The traditional circumciser in our village has performed FGM on all my big sisters. “At times, it feels awkward to speak about FGM as a boy. It used to be unacceptable, and the topic was a complete taboo. But I pluck up courage from the thought that if I and other boys stay silent, our sisters and friends will die. “As I have spoken against FGM, my parents have started to listen to me and changed their minds. They have regretted what they did and promised that my fifth sister will not have FGM. “I want to marry an uncut girl.” Shalamo Shanana, 65, a farmer has learnt about the dangers of FGM from Plan International. “I wish my wife and daughters had not been cut” - Shalamo Shanana, 65, farmer “When the Plan International community discussion project came to our village, I was against it. It felt unpleasant that people I did not know came to our village and claimed our traditions were harmful. “My opposition lasted for 18 months. Gradually, I started to change my mind as I heard real-life stories of the consequences of FGM. After hearing these, I realised that, in my heart, I could no longer accept FGM. ”I have 3 girls. They were all cut at the age of 12. They were married at 18. I always took it for granted that my daughters would be cut. Otherwise, our community would have turned its back on them. They would have been considered indecent and no man would have wanted to marry them. My wife has had FGM, too. “Now I wish my wife and daughters had not been cut. I am now the grandfather of 3 little girls and I will not accept FGM on them. I also want to protect the other girls in our village by talking about the topic. I want to show an example to other men.” Village chief Abebe Dona, 45, is happy that the children's welfare project came to his village. “ I want to become an example of attitude change” - Abebe Dona, 45, village chief ”When the Plan International project launched in our village, we were against our traditions being questioned. But, as I am the village chief, I had to take part in the discussions. “Very soon, I began to realise that many of our traditions – like FGM, child marriage, severe corporal punishment of children and polygamy – are not good. I decided I want to become an example of attitude change. “My wife has had FGM and so have my 2 daughters. They have all had protracted and painful deliveries. I only realised at Plan International’s training that this was due to FGM. “My wife suffers pain because of the damage caused by FGM and childbirth. Sometimes it is hard for her to manage her household work. She has no interest in sex and does not feel much during it. “If I had known the consequences of FGM, I would not have let it happen to my daughters. “I am happy the project came to our village. Our community is doing better as a result.” Learn more about Plan International's work to end FGM. Tweet Share Share Email Female genital mutilation is a violation of girls' and women's human rights. We must work together to end FGM. Meet generation change Advocates and activists in countries affected by FGM are boldly speaking out, spreading awareness of its harmful consequences and encouraging new traditions. 7 ways to end FGM They say it takes a village to raise a child but it will take family, community and, ultimately, government support to end female genital mutilation (FGM) for good. Here are 7 lessons from a community in Mali on how to bring an end to this harmful custom.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4617
__label__cc	0.613959	0.386041	Janet L. Adams Honored by: The Hamilton County League of Women Voters Janet Louise Jeanblanc Adams, a native Iowan, is truly an activist role model and leader in all aspects of her life. From her early education in a one-room school house to her current pursuit of a master's degree in educational technology, the desire and challenge to team is a life-long goal and the centerpiece for Janet's life. She was born and raised on a farm near Vincent, Iowa, along with her brother, Donald Jeanblanc, and sister, Joyce Jeanblanc. She is the oldest child born to Wilbur and Verda Jeanblanc. Her father passed away more than 12 years ago and her mother now lives near Janet in Webster City, Iowa, where Janet and husband, Ronald, have lived for more than 30 years. She is the mother of seven children: Kathleen, Cynthia, Timothy, Terry, Suanne, Joseph, and Daniel, and the grandmother of eight grandchildren. Balancing her roles as wife, mother, and teacher has been a challenge for Janet, with both rewards and a few disappointments along the way. While her children were young, Janet utilized her leadership skills through volunteer work at her children’s' schools and in civic and church organizations. In 1975 Janet served as the first woman president of the Dubuque Archdiocese Board of Education. Women who desire to make a difference in their and others lives often don't wait for someone else to initiate action - they are the initiators. And Janet is no exception. She worked to establish a League of Women Voters chapter in Hamilton County, Iowa and coordinated a statewide effort to revise the Iowa Juvenile Justice Code. Later she established a Youth and Family Center for families and children in crisis in Webster City, Iowa. The Jeanblanc family has always had an affinity for politics. Janet's father and grandfather were active in party politics and served on local and state organizations. So it was not surprising that in 1985 Janet successfully ran on the Democratic ticket for the Iowa House District 14 seat in the Iowa House of Representatives. She was the first woman to hold that seat in which she served for six years. During her time in the legislature, Janet was elected by her colleagues as an Assistant Majority Leader. Her legislative priorities were education, environment, and energy and human resources. Her concern for and active involvement in education influenced several pieces of education-related legislation. In addition, she was a member of the Environmental Committee that wrote the highly regarded Ground Water Protection Bill. While serving in the legislature and continuing today, Janet worked to educate legislators and the general public on the need to improve Iowa’s Mental Health financial support base. In 1995 the Iowa legislature has taken some steps to move funding for Mental Health services from property taxes to state funding. While her children were growing into young adults, Janet and Ronald’s lives were growing and changing as well. During the Farm/Agriculture crisis of the 1980s, the family trucking firm that Ronald and Janet owned and operated for 20 years was diminishing and the couple determined that they would each pursue other careers. Janet began attending night school to complete her degree in Education at Buena Vista College Fort Dodge Campus and Ronald worked toward and received an Insurance Agent’s license. During this time, five of the seven Adams children were also at various stages of their college careers. It was a very active and challenging time for the family as each parent was pursuing their educational goals while at the same time providing for their children’s' needs, both financially and emotionally. When Janet completed her degree, she went on to teach Chapter One Reading in the Webster City Schools where she continues to teach and is very active in the Webster City Education Association. Janet and her husband Ronald have been married for 38 years during which time they have seen their lives and the lives of their children change and evolve into what they are today. The following is a quote from Janet that best sums up her philosophies and beliefs, "Being involved at an early age in school activities and the local 4-H group while I was growing up provided a creative outlet to allow me to learn my strengths and develop and explore my abilities. I continue to be active in various organizations because it allows me to continue to grow and provides constant challenges which I think ultimately make me a better person. Balancing family work and volunteer activities is a struggle at times but the benefits of gaining new information meeting interesting new people and bettering changing or eliminating a problem is worth the effort. I feel organization is an important skill for a woman with a family. Being a partner in a marriage and child rearing as well as contributing financially is rewarding and stressful. Women need to feel it is their right to pursue a career if they choose but with the understanding that tradeoffs have to be made."	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4622
__label__cc	0.640588	0.359412	Lydia Armstrong Adams Lydia Armstrong Adams was bom in Nevada, Iowa on August 14, 1902. She graduated Iowa State College in 1925. Lydia was a member of Pi Beta Phi from 1921 to 1925. Carrie Chapman Catt was the commencement speaker in 1921. Lydia and Chev Adams contributed to Iowa State athletics in a variety of ways. Following his death in 1960, Lydia established the Chev Adams Memorial Fund intended specifically for Hilton Coliseum. Chev and Lydia sponsored the design and production of the first mascot "Cy." Lydia was an active leader of the class of '25, serving on every reunion committee and as chairwoman several times. Class Agent, Alumni Achievement Fund, Life member of the Alumni Association and the Memorial Union Association, Charter member Founders Club, Order of the Knoll. Honored with Award of "Cys Favorite Alum" for the year 1989. Two sons, Jay and Chevie (now deceased), both in wheelchairs, victims of M.D. Son Chevie is a Delta Upsilon graduate of ISU class of 1940. Sister Margaret Jane Crisp is a RIBD graduate of ISU class of 1935. Margaret lived with Lydia. In later life she was afflicted with M.D. and in a wheelchair and died in 1990. Lydia now lives in Green Hills Retirement Community, Ames, Iowa, and still attends all ISU football and basketball games. 7/1/96	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4623
__label__cc	0.690985	0.309015	Pre-order my book, Think Like a Rocket Scientist, and get amazing bonuses worth 10x the cost of a single copy Don't click here. Clara Bellar Posted in the following categories: Spotlight Born and raised in Paris, Clara Bellar is an actress, singer, writer, director and producer. Clara’s film career took off when she met the French New Wave director Eric Rohmer after he saw her in a Parisian stage production of Sleeping Beauty. Mr. Rohmer cast her as the lead in his film Rendezvous in Paris. As an actress, she is best known for portraying the nanny robot in Steven Spielberg’s A.I., and for starring in Paul Schrader’s Dominion: Prequel to the Exorcist. Clara wrote, produced and directed the documentary Being and Becoming, which was shot in France, Germany, the UK, and the US over the course of two years. The film has been screened in 35 countries, with theatrical releases in 6 countries. 1. You are an actress, singer, author, film-maker, and advocate. What was your first love and how did you decide to pursue it? Books and films were my first love. I can’t say which came first. Theater came a bit later. Story-telling about very human themes was always central in my life. I think that with story-telling, we can touch people’s heart and bring empathy to situations that were devoid of it. Acting was my first love, and it’s still a wonderful way for me to connect with characters very different from myself and understand them and become a better person. With writing, producing and directing, I get to choose the story, the theme and the values to share. I feel more empowered to contribute with what has deep meaning and is urgent for me. 2. Your documentary, Being and Becoming is about the self-directed natural learning movement. Can you tell us about the movement and how you became interested in it? I don’t see it as a movement, because it’s the way humans have always learned: By living in their environment, by interacting, by observing and focusing on their areas of interest. As Naomi Aldort puts it in the film: “When people think that Unschooling is revolutionary, and scary, they forget that’s most of human history was unschooling; the whole school idea is actually new in history and radical and revolutionary.” I became interested when first exposed to the philosophy, because it implied so much respect and consideration for children, which is something that has always meant a lot to me. Children are the last people we can legally mistreat or even be violent towards. Here in the US, you can no longer beat your wife or even your dog, but you may still hit the most defenseless category of citizens, children. So anything that has to do with children’s rights has my attention, and the rest is history. When I met so many happy people, it became a responsibility to share the information. 3. When students fail in a traditional school setting, they may suffer a stigma — being held back or at least being called to the principal’s office for an uncomfortable chat. How does unschooling approach failure? What is failure and what is success? That is the important question to ask oneself. In Unschooling, it’s a totally different paradigm. In my film Being and Becoming, Helen Lees, writer and researcher on educational alternatives in the UK, puts it this way: “A completely different concept of success operates in Unschooling. People talk about how, once they’ve entered the world of Home Education, their idea of success changes drastically. It takes the idea of success away from qualifications and the gaining of them, the making of money and the accumulation of it, to ideas and questions that are much more centered on the balance and the well being of the self.” The question is why do we start teaching the concept of failure to very young children? It’s not a concept we’re born with, it’s a cultural indoctrination. When my daughter decided at 6 months old that she wanted to walk, she was so determined that we thought she’d walk within weeks. When she was 7 months, 8, 9, 10, 11, she still wasn’t walking. Did she think she was a failure? No, she just kept going at it, falling, standing right back up, falling again, joyfully. Why does it need to be different when children get to a certain age, and then for the rest of our lives? Why the pressure? What if we kept looking at falling the same way, as information, as a playful learning step? This Edison quote on his failure to achieve a working lightbulb is very Unschooly: “Results! Why, man, I have gotten a lot of results. I know several thousand things that won’t work.” John Holt in Learning all the time advocates not correcting little children when they say the wrong color. He explains how instead of helping, it slows the learning down and teaches children to be self-conscious, as much as praise does. Alfie Kohn, author of Punished by Rewards, has a wonderful article titled 5 Reasons to stop saying good job. We can really benefit from moving away from this failure versus success duality and from being non-judgmental witnesses for our children and for ourselves. 4. What advice can you give to parents considering a non-formal education? Watch our film! Talk to other parents, ask yourself the questions you’ve never thought of asking, don’t take any cultural given for granted, treat your children with the same consideration and dignity you’d treat an adult friend, and trust yourself, trust life and trust your child. She is perfect the way she is, regardless of any achievements. Allow her to be loved unconditionally, just for being herself. Thanks for asking! The Status Quo. Get a free copy of The Contrarian Handbook (PDF and audio) and weekly strategies to innovate your thinking. You must be a member of the Inner Circle and logged in to post a comment. Contrarian Spotlight: Jerry Seinfeld Dina Kaplan Carolina Tuma Join The Party? Copyright 2020 Outatime LLC \| All Rights Reserved \| Privacy Policy \| Affiliate Disclosure \| Terms of Use \| Design Rebecca Pollock Development Alchemy + Aim Reimagine The Status Quo. Get a free copy of The Contrarian Handbook and weekly strategies to innovate your thinking. You passed the test.YOU ARE A CONTRARIAN, AND THIS IS YOUR TRIBE.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4627
__label__wiki	0.542383	0.542383	Tag Archives: Bankers July 1, 2013 · 10:31 pm The Cause Of all Our Problems – Anglo Irish Bank (Photo credit: infomatique) I find it seldom that I appreciate Angela Merkel’s utterances, though I do have a certain admiration for her. She has too much of an eye on her own electorate to be an effective European Leader, and I think she has largely abandoned any ambition of being an Adenauer or a Kohl. Perhaps there is no longer an agenda of greatness attached to leading what has become a failed project, or at least, a difficult cul de sac. However I did agree with her last week when she said she had nothing but contempt for the Irish bankers from the failed Anglo Irish Bank, recorded during the financial crisis, singing “Deutschland über ales” after persuading the Irish Government to underwrite the banks. Far more objectionable was their trite and scandalous treatment of the Irish tax payer. Their contempt for the Government and the Financial Regulator, neither of whom, to be fair, appeared to demonstrate anything resembling competence during the entire financial crisis, was manifest in these recordings. For many years now, the beleaguered Irish tax payer has accepted passively, the incompetence of our Government, and our bankers, but no-one could have reasonably guessed how odious they really were. Listening to these tapes exposes the cesspit of their attitudes and behaviour. It is difficult to believe that these bankers are not in jail, or that not one of them has been put on trial five years after Bernie Madoff, for instance, went to jail in the US. It is even more difficult to believe, that this Anglo Irish Bank is the stable where NAMA (National Asset Management Agency – Ireland’s “bad bank) and the IRBC (Irish Banking Resolution Commission – the clean up operation for Anglo Irish Bank) recruited many of their own staff. The very staff who ran the country into the ground are tasked to clean up the mess. But it gets worse. The Irish Government recently proudly announced the “creation of 800 new jobs” in Capita, whose “Financial management function” includes debt collection and restructuring. This new financial industry will involve the closure and receivership of many an Irish firm. Guess where the staff are being recruited from? Rumour has it that they will come from the recently closed IRBC. So the very people who destroyed Ireland, are not just part of the solution, but are to be the agents of the tidal wave of misery and bankruptcy that is about to overtake the ordinary citizens of Ireland, as the remaining banks try to recapitalize. These are the new Jobs announced by the Irish Government. Yes Angela, ‘contempt’ is a good word for what they deserve. In Ireland it is only a word however, and the reality is that ordinary citizens are under the cosh, and the very people who showed such contempt for the Irish people, are not in jail, as you would expect, but are being recruited to become the carpetbaggers sifting through the wreckage, to extract blood from the corpse! Filed under European Crisis Tagged as Angela Merkel, Bankers, Ireland	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4628
__label__wiki	0.69057	0.69057	Psychological Science's Replicability Crisis and What It Means for Science in the Courtroom (2014) 20:3 Journal of Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 225 48 Pages Posted: 24 Mar 2014 Last revised: 12 Jan 2017 See all articles by Jason Chin Jason Chin Sydney Law School Date Written: March 22, 2014 In response to what has been termed the “replicability crisis,” great changes are currently under way in how science is conducted and disseminated. Indeed, major journals are changing the way in which they evaluate science. Therefore, a question arises over how such change impacts law’s treatment of scientific evidence. The present standard for the admissibility of scientific evidence in federal courts asks judges to play the role of gatekeeper, determining if the proffered evidence conforms with several indicia of scientific validity. The alternative legal framework, and one still used by several state courts, requires judges to simply evaluate whether a scientific finding or practice is generally accepted within science. This Essay suggests that as much as the replicability crisis has highlighted serious issues in the scientific process, it has should have similar implications and actionable consequences for legal practitioners and academics. In particular, generally accepted scientific practices have frequently lagged behind prescriptions for best practices, which in turn affected the way science has been reported and performed. The consequence of this phenomenon is that judicial analysis of scientific evidence will still be impacted by deficient generally accepted practices. The Essay ends with some suggestions to help ensure that legal decisions are influenced by science’s best practices. Keywords: Evidence, Daubert, Scientific Evidence, Research Methods, Replicability, Admissibility JEL Classification: K10, K13, K19 Chin, Jason, Psychological Science's Replicability Crisis and What It Means for Science in the Courtroom (March 22, 2014). (2014) 20:3 Journal of Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 225. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2412985 Jason Chin (Contact Author) Sydney Law School ( email ) New Law Building, F10	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4629
__label__cc	0.637742	0.362258	Splashtop Personal for Android — Acknowledgements Official binaries of this product released by Splashtop Inc. are made available under the corresponding EULA. Portions of the source code to this product are available under licenses which are both free and open source. Most are available under one of the following; hence you may copy and distribute such software according to the terms of the appropriate licenses. GNU Library General Public License GNU Lesser General Public License Constrained Energy Lapped Transform (CELT) License OpenSSL License Theorarm License The above licenses are described in detail in this document. Portions of the source code to this product which are not under the above licenses may be available under a variety of other licenses. Those portions of the product that require reproduction of copyright notice or permission notice in the distribution are listed below. FOSS (Free and Open Source Software) components: celt 0.7.1 (http://www.celt-codec.org; BSD 3-clause License) ffmpeg 0.9 (http://www.ffmpeg.org; LGPL v2.1) OpenSSL v1.0.0 (http://www.openssl.org/; OpenSSL License, BSD-style Open Source License) theorarm v.0.05 (http://wss.co.uk/pinknoise/theorarm; BSD 3-clause License) Copyright © 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software–to make sure the software is free for all its users. This General Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation’s software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to your programs, too. When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights. We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the software. Also, for each author’s protection and ours, we want to make certain that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors’ reputations. Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone’s free use or not licensed at all. The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow. 0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public License. The “Program”, below, refers to any such program or work, and a “work based on the Program” means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in the term “modification”.) Each licensee is addressed as “you”. Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does. 1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program’s source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the Program. You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee. 2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files and the date of any change. b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License. c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when run, you must cause it, when started running for such interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on the Program is not required to print an announcement.) These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it. Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based on the Program. In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this License. 3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following: a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or, b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or, c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you received the program in object code or executable form with such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.) The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable. If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code. 4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance. 5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it. 6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients’ exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License. 7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Program. If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances. It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is implemented by public license practices. Many people have made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice. This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License. 8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License. 9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and “any later version”, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation. 10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. 11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. 12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the “copyright” line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. <one line to give the program’s name and a brief idea of what it does.> Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: Gnomovision version 69, Copyright © year name of author Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type “show w”. under certain conditions; type “show c” for details. The hypothetical commands “show w” and “show c” should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may be called something other than “show w” and “show c”; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items — whatever suits your program. You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your school, if any, to sign a “copyright disclaimer” for the program, if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program “Gnomovision” (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker. signature of Ty Coon, 1 April 1989 This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General Public License instead of this License. Copyright © 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA [This is the first released version of the library GPL. It is numbered 2 because it goes with version 2 of the ordinary GPL.] The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public Licenses are intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software–to make sure the software is free for all its users. This license, the Library General Public License, applies to some specially designated Free Software Foundation software, and to any other libraries whose authors decide to use it. You can use it for your libraries, too. To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the library, or if you modify it. For example, if you distribute copies of the library, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that we gave you. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. If you link a program with the library, you must provide complete object files to the recipients so that they can relink them with the library, after making changes to the library and recompiling it. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights. Our method of protecting your rights has two steps: (1) copyright the library, and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the library. Also, for each distributor’s protection, we want to make certain that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free library. If the library is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original version, so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors’ reputations. Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to avoid the danger that companies distributing free software will individually obtain patent licenses, thus in effect transforming the program into proprietary software. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone’s free use or not licensed at all. Most GNU software, including some libraries, is covered by the ordinary GNU General Public License, which was designed for utility programs. This license, the GNU Library General Public License, applies to certain designated libraries. This license is quite different from the ordinary one; be sure to read it in full, and don’t assume that anything in it is the same as in the ordinary license. The reason we have a separate public license for some libraries is that they blur the distinction we usually make between modifying or adding to a program and simply using it. Linking a program with a library, without changing the library, is in some sense simply using the library, and is analogous to running a utility program or application program. However, in a textual and legal sense, the linked executable is a combined work, a derivative of the original library, and the ordinary General Public License treats it as such. Because of this blurred distinction, using the ordinary General Public License for libraries did not effectively promote software sharing, because most developers did not use the libraries. We concluded that weaker conditions might promote sharing better. However, unrestricted linking of non-free programs would deprive the users of those programs of all benefit from the free status of the libraries themselves. This Library General Public License is intended to permit developers of non-free programs to use free libraries, while preserving your freedom as a user of such programs to change the free libraries that are incorporated in them. (We have not seen how to achieve this as regards changes in header files, but we have achieved it as regards changes in the actual functions of the Library.) The hope is that this will lead to faster development of free libraries. The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow. Pay close attention to the difference between a “work based on the library” and a “work that uses the library”. The former contains code derived from the library, while the latter only works together with the library. Note that it is possible for a library to be covered by the ordinary General Public License rather than by this special one. 0. This License Agreement applies to any software library which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder or other authorized party saying it may be distributed under the terms of this Library General Public License (also called “this License”). Each licensee is addressed as “you”. A “library” means a collection of software functions and/or data prepared so as to be conveniently linked with application programs (which use some of those functions and data) to form executables. The “Library”, below, refers to any such software library or work which has been distributed under these terms. A “work based on the Library” means either the Library or any derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Library or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated straightforwardly into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in the term “modification”.) “Source code” for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. For a library, complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the library. Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running a program using the Library is not restricted, and output from such a program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the Library (independent of the use of the Library in a tool for writing it). Whether that is true depends on what the Library does and what the program that uses the Library does. 1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Library’s complete source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; and distribute a copy of this License along with the Library. 2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Library or any portion of it, thus forming a work based on the Library, and copy and distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: * a) The modified work must itself be a software library. * b) You must cause the files modified to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files and the date of any change. * c) You must cause the whole of the work to be licensed at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License. * d) If a facility in the modified Library refers to a function or a table of data to be supplied by an application program that uses the facility, other than as an argument passed when the facility is invoked, then you must make a good faith effort to ensure that, in the event an application does not supply such function or table, the facility still operates, and performs whatever part of its purpose remains meaningful. (For example, a function in a library to compute square roots has a purpose that is entirely well-defined independent of the application. Therefore, Subsection 2d requires that any application-supplied function or table used by this function must be optional: if the application does not supply it, the square root function must still compute square roots.) These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Library, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Library, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it. Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based on the Library. In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Library with the Library (or with a work based on the Library) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this License. 3. You may opt to apply the terms of the ordinary GNU General Public License instead of this License to a given copy of the Library. To do this, you must alter all the notices that refer to this License, so that they refer to the ordinary GNU General Public License, version 2, instead of to this License. (If a newer version than version 2 of the ordinary GNU General Public License has appeared, then you can specify that version instead if you wish.) Do not make any other change in these notices. Once this change is made in a given copy, it is irreversible for that copy, so the ordinary GNU General Public License applies to all subsequent copies and derivative works made from that copy. This option is useful when you wish to copy part of the code of the Library into a program that is not a library. 4. You may copy and distribute the Library (or a portion or derivative of it, under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange. If distribution of object code is made by offering access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the source code from the same place satisfies the requirement to distribute the source code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code. 5. A program that contains no derivative of any portion of the Library, but is designed to work with the Library by being compiled or linked with it, is called a “work that uses the Library”. Such a work, in isolation, is not a derivative work of the Library, and therefore falls outside the scope of this License. However, linking a “work that uses the Library” with the Library creates an executable that is a derivative of the Library (because it contains portions of the Library), rather than a “work that uses the library”. The executable is therefore covered by this License. Section 6 states terms for distribution of such executables. When a “work that uses the Library” uses material from a header file that is part of the Library, the object code for the work may be a derivative work of the Library even though the source code is not. Whether this is true is especially significant if the work can be linked without the Library, or if the work is itself a library. The threshold for this to be true is not precisely defined by law. If such an object file uses only numerical parameters, data structure layouts and accessors, and small macros and small inline functions (ten lines or less in length), then the use of the object file is unrestricted, regardless of whether it is legally a derivative work. (Executables containing this object code plus portions of the Library will still fall under Section 6.) Otherwise, if the work is a derivative of the Library, you may distribute the object code for the work under the terms of Section 6. Any executables containing that work also fall under Section 6, whether or not they are linked directly with the Library itself. 6. As an exception to the Sections above, you may also compile or link a “work that uses the Library” with the Library to produce a work containing portions of the Library, and distribute that work under terms of your choice, provided that the terms permit modification of the work for the customer’s own use and reverse engineering for debugging such modifications. You must give prominent notice with each copy of the work that the Library is used in it and that the Library and its use are covered by this License. You must supply a copy of this License. If the work during execution displays copyright notices, you must include the copyright notice for the Library among them, as well as a reference directing the user to the copy of this License. Also, you must do one of these things: * a) Accompany the work with the complete corresponding machine-readable source code for the Library including whatever changes were used in the work (which must be distributed under Sections 1 and 2 above); and, if the work is an executable linked with the Library, with the complete machine-readable “work that uses the Library”, as object code and/or source code, so that the user can modify the Library and then relink to produce a modified executable containing the modified Library. (It is understood that the user who changes the contents of definitions files in the Library will not necessarily be able to recompile the application to use the modified definitions.) * b) Accompany the work with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give the same user the materials specified in Subsection 6a, above, for a charge no more than the cost of performing this distribution. * c) If distribution of the work is made by offering access to copy from a designated place, offer equivalent access to copy the above specified materials from the same place. * d) Verify that the user has already received a copy of these materials or that you have already sent this user a copy. For an executable, the required form of the “work that uses the Library” must include any data and utility programs needed for reproducing the executable from it. However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable. It may happen that this requirement contradicts the license restrictions of other proprietary libraries that do not normally accompany the operating system. Such a contradiction means you cannot use both them and the Library together in an executable that you distribute. 7. You may place library facilities that are a work based on the Library side-by-side in a single library together with other library facilities not covered by this License, and distribute such a combined library, provided that the separate distribution of the work based on the Library and of the other library facilities is otherwise permitted, and provided that you do these two things: * a) Accompany the combined library with a copy of the same work based on the Library, uncombined with any other library facilities. This must be distributed under the terms of the Sections above. * b) Give prominent notice with the combined library of the fact that part of it is a work based on the Library, and explaining where to find the accompanying uncombined form of the same work. 8. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, link with, or distribute the Library except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, link with, or distribute the Library is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance. 9. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Library or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Library (or any work based on the Library), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the Library or works based on it. 10. Each time you redistribute the Library (or any work based on the Library), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute, link with or modify the Library subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients’ exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License. 11. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Library at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Library by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Library. If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply, and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances. It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution system which is implemented by public license practices. Many people have made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice. 12. If the distribution and/or use of the Library is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places the Library under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License. 13. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the Library General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Library specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and “any later version”, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Library does not specify a license version number, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation. 14. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Library into other free programs whose distribution conditions are incompatible with these, write to the author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. 15. BECAUSE THE LIBRARY IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE LIBRARY, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE LIBRARY “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE LIBRARY IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE LIBRARY PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. 16. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE LIBRARY AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE LIBRARY (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE LIBRARY TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER SOFTWARE), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. How to Apply These Terms to Your New Libraries If you develop a new library, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, we recommend making it free software that everyone can redistribute and change. You can do so by permitting redistribution under these terms (or, alternatively, under the terms of the ordinary General Public License). To apply these terms, attach the following notices to the library. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the “copyright” line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. <one line to give the library’s name and an idea of what it does.> Copyright © <year> <name of author> This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Library General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA. You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your school, if any, to sign a “copyright disclaimer” for the library, if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the library `Frob’ (a library for tweaking knobs) written by James Random Hacker. Version 2.1, February 1999 Copyright © 1991, 1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA [This is the first released version of the Lesser GPL. It also counts as the successor of the GNU Library Public License, version 2, hence the version number 2.1.] This license, the Lesser General Public License, applies to some specially designated software packages–typically libraries–of the Free Software Foundation and other authors who decide to use it. You can use it too, but we suggest you first think carefully about whether this license or the ordinary General Public License is the better strategy to use in any particular case, based on the explanations below. When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom of use, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish); that you receive source code or can get it if you want it; that you can change the software and use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you are informed that you can do these things. To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid distributors to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender these rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the library or if you modify it. For example, if you distribute copies of the library, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that we gave you. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. If you link other code with the library, you must provide complete object files to the recipients, so that they can relink them with the library after making changes to the library and recompiling it. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights. We protect your rights with a two-step method: (1) we copyright the library, and (2) we offer you this license, which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the library. To protect each distributor, we want to make it very clear that there is no warranty for the free library. Also, if the library is modified by someone else and passed on, the recipients should know that what they have is not the original version, so that the original author’s reputation will not be affected by problems that might be introduced by others. Finally, software patents pose a constant threat to the existence of any free program. We wish to make sure that a company cannot effectively restrict the users of a free program by obtaining a restrictive license from a patent holder. Therefore, we insist that any patent license obtained for a version of the library must be consistent with the full freedom of use specified in this license. Most GNU software, including some libraries, is covered by the ordinary GNU General Public License. This license, the GNU Lesser General Public License, applies to certain designated libraries, and is quite different from the ordinary General Public License. We use this license for certain libraries in order to permit linking those libraries into non-free programs. When a program is linked with a library, whether statically or using a shared library, the combination of the two is legally speaking a combined work, a derivative of the original library. The ordinary General Public License therefore permits such linking only if the entire combination fits its criteria of freedom. The Lesser General Public License permits more lax criteria for linking other code with the library. We call this license the “Lesser” General Public License because it does Less to protect the user’s freedom than the ordinary General Public License. It also provides other free software developers Less of an advantage over competing non-free programs. These disadvantages are the reason we use the ordinary General Public License for many libraries. However, the Lesser license provides advantages in certain special circumstances. For example, on rare occasions, there may be a special need to encourage the widest possible use of a certain library, so that it becomes a de-facto standard. To achieve this, non-free programs must be allowed to use the library. A more frequent case is that a free library does the same job as widely used non-free libraries. In this case, there is little to gain by limiting the free library to free software only, so we use the Lesser General Public License. In other cases, permission to use a particular library in non-free programs enables a greater number of people to use a large body of free software. For example, permission to use the GNU C Library in non-free programs enables many more people to use the whole GNU operating system, as well as its variant, the GNU/Linux operating system. Although the Lesser General Public License is Less protective of the users’ freedom, it does ensure that the user of a program that is linked with the Library has the freedom and the wherewithal to run that program using a modified version of the Library. The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow. Pay close attention to the difference between a “work based on the library” and a “work that uses the library”. The former contains code derived from the library, whereas the latter must be combined with the library in order to run. 0. This License Agreement applies to any software library or other program which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder or other authorized party saying it may be distributed under the terms of this Lesser General Public License (also called “this License”). Each licensee is addressed as “you”. 6. As an exception to the Sections above, you may also combine or link a “work that uses the Library” with the Library to produce a work containing portions of the Library, and distribute that work under terms of your choice, provided that the terms permit modification of the work for the customer’s own use and reverse engineering for debugging such modifications. * b) Use a suitable shared library mechanism for linking with the Library. A suitable mechanism is one that (1) uses at run time a copy of the library already present on the user’s computer system, rather than copying library functions into the executable, and (2) will operate properly with a modified version of the library, if the user installs one, as long as the modified version is interface-compatible with the version that the work was made with. * c) Accompany the work with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give the same user the materials specified in Subsection 6a, above, for a charge no more than the cost of performing this distribution. * d) If distribution of the work is made by offering access to copy from a designated place, offer equivalent access to copy the above specified materials from the same place. * e) Verify that the user has already received a copy of these materials or that you have already sent this user a copy. For an executable, the required form of the “work that uses the Library” must include any data and utility programs needed for reproducing the executable from it. However, as a special exception, the materials to be distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable. 10. Each time you redistribute the Library (or any work based on the Library), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute, link with or modify the Library subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients’ exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties with this License. 13. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the Lesser General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. Lesser General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA. Copyright © 2007-2008 CSIRO Copyright © 2007-2009 Xiph.Org Foundation Copyright © 2008 Gregory Maxwell Written by Jean-Marc Valin and Gregory Maxwell Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions, and the following disclaimer. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions, and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. Neither the name of the Xiph.org Foundation, nor the names of its contributors, may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software, without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS “AS IS” AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THERORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. Copyright © 1998-2011 The OpenSSL Project. All rights reserved. Redistributions of any form whatsoever must retain the following acknowledgment: “This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit (http://www.openssl.org/)” THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE OpenSSL PROJECT ”AS IS” AND ANY EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE OpenSSL PROJECT OR ITS CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com). This product includes software written by Tim Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com). Theorarm is a development of the original libtheora codebase, done by Robin Watts <theorarm@wss.co.uk>. Previous versions of this software have been released under the terms of the GNU GPL. Thanks to a grant from Google, this version is released under the same BSD style license as the original Theora software was. Changes Copyright © 2009-2011 Robin Watts for Pinknoise Productions Ltd. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS “AS IS” AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. Offer to Provide Source Code of Certain Software As described above, this product contains software that is licensed under the General Public License Version 2; the Library General Public License Version 2; the Lesser General Public License Version 2.1; the CELT License; the Theorarm License; and the OpenSSL License. You may obtain the complete corresponding source code (as defined in the GPL) for the GPL Software, and/or the complete corresponding source code of the LGPL Software (with the complete machine-readable “work that uses the Library”) from Splashtop Inc. for a period of three years after our last shipment of the product including the GPL Software and/or LGPL Software, which will be no earlier than June 30, 2016, either (1) for free by downloading it from http://splashtop.com/opensource or (2) for the cost of reproduction, which is US$10, by sending a money order to: Splashtop Inc. Attn: VP Engineering 1054 South De Anza Boulevard, Suite 200 Please write “Source code of GPL and LGPL Software in Splashtop®” in the Memo line of your payment, and provide your product name and version number, as stated in the product settings or the About interface, to obtain the corresponding source code. This offer is valid to anyone in receipt of this information. Splashtop Inc. acknowledges all open source community members and especially thanks contributors to the open source projects that we leveraged in the development of Splashtop®. Most projects are listed above. If you find your project missing from the list, please contact Splashtop Inc. to have your name and acknowledgement noted. To download source code, please visit http://splashtop.com/opensource. Splashtop and the logo are registered trademarks of Splashtop Inc. in the U.S. and elsewhere. All other trademarks, products, names, and logos are the property of their respective owners. Patented. US patent numbers 7,082,526 and 7,441,113 and 7,827,558. US and other patents pending.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4630
__label__wiki	0.892853	0.892853	Jay Gruden Bill Callahan Dwayne Haskins Davante Adams Adrian Peterson Derrius Guice Tress Way Aaron Rodgers Matt LaFleur Case Keenum Preston Smith JK Scott Sports First time events General news NFL football Professional football Football Green Bay Packers Washington Redskins Tennessee Titans Washington to face Rodgers in first December trip to Lambeau By KEITH JENKINS - Dec. 05, 2019 09:26 PM EST Green Bay Packers quarterback Aaron Rodgers passes during the first half of an NFL football game against the New York Giants, Sunday, Dec. 1, 2019, in East Rutherford, N.J. (AP Photo/Adam Hunger) GREEN BAY, Wis. (AP) — The Washington Redskins this week prepared to face Aaron Rodgers by having backup quarterback Case Keenum try to do his best imitation of the two-time MVP in practice. Even mimicking the voice inflections and cadences Rodgers often uses to draw opposing defenders offside and earn free plays. "We try to mirror that," interim coach Bill Callahan said. The Redskins (3-9) look to extend their winning streak to three games Sunday when they face Rodgers and the Packers (9-3) in their first-ever December trip to Lambeau Field, a place Rodgers has been absolutely dominant over his career. Rodgers has led Green Bay to a 16-3-1 record in his last 20 starts at home, with a passer rating of 100-plus in 11 of those games, including the first perfect passer rating (158.3) of his career in a Week 7 win over Oakland. Rodgers has been especially good in the cold. He has a career passer rating of 111.2 in regular-season home games in December and January, ranking No. 1 in NFL history (minimum 200 pass attempts). “The cold is a factor,” he said. “It's not like we're a bunch of Wisconsin folks who were raised here, but I think you just learn to deal with the elements a little bit better. You're spending eight months a year here. When I go back to California, I laugh at all the Californians wearing long sleeves and coats in 60-degree weather. I'm thinking, ‘Man, this is short weather, short sleeves, you know? Get the Speedo out or something, baby.'" The forecast in Green Bay on Sunday says it will be cloudy with a high around 40 degrees, which shouldn't be an issue for Washington rookie quarterback Dwayne Haskins, a New Jersey native. “Having played in the Big Ten, I've played some cold games," said Haskins, who will make his fifth career start. "Try to stay as warm as possible — hand warmers, turtlenecks, soup, chicken broth. All of that.” PEP IN THEIR STEP After an 0-5 start cost coach Jay Gruden his job, Washington has gone 3-4 under interim coach Bill Callahan, including two consecutive victories. Because they play in the terrible NFC East, the Redskins are somehow both technically still alive for a playoff berth — spoiler: that's not happening — and in line for the No. 3 overall pick in the NFL draft. Going from 1-9 to 3-9 had an effect on the mood in the locker room. "Winning some games definitely brings some energy and it makes everyone have a little more pep in their step," Haskins said. “We want to continue to win and we're working hard to figure it out.” FAMILIAR FOE Packers outside linebacker Preston Smith was drafted by Washington in 2015 and played his first four seasons there, averaging about six sacks per game. This season, after joining Green Bay in free agency, Smith leads the Packers with 10 1/2 sacks. “He's had tremendous impact, obviously," coach Matt LaFleur said of Smith. "You're talking about a guy that's got over 10 sacks, and just not only from his play, but from a leadership standpoint as well, I think he's done a great job. He is one of the leaders on this football team, definitely holds himself to a high standard and those around him to it as well.” Adrian Peterson is moving up the NFL's career rushing chart, now just 40 yards from becoming the sixth player in league history to reach 14,000. Derrius Guice is at the opposite end of his career, getting his first 100-yard game and first rushing touchdown — two, actually — last week. They give the Redskins quite a "two-headed monster" in the backfield, as Guice put it after he ran for 129 yards on only 10 carries and Peterson gained 99 against Carolina in Week 13. With Haskins still learning his way, Callahan is happy to emphasize the run, and so Washington could seek to do more of the same against Green Bay, which ranks 25th in the 32-team league, allowing opponents to run for an average of 123 yards each game. "They're both consistent, durable, tough, powerful-type runners," Callahan said about Peterson, who is 34, and Guice, 22, “but elusive enough where they can make people miss and also capable springing off explosive runs.” MOST VALUABLE PUNTER It is both a measure of how good punter Tress Way has been and just how bad the Redskins are that he might very well be their MVP this season. Way's 49.9 yards per punt lead the NFL by nearly two full yards; for comparison's sake, Green Bay's JK Scott is averaging 45. Way also ranks No. 1 in the league this season with a 44.4 net average. He was chosen for NFC special teams player of the week honors after dropping a pair of punts inside the 20-yard line while also kicking a season-best 79-yarder in Washington's 29-21 victory at Carolina last Sunday. RETURNING TO FORM Green Bay's Davante Adams scored a season-high two touchdowns last week in his fourth game back from a turf toe injury. The two-time Pro Bowl receiver now has three scores in the last two games after being held out of the end zone in his first six games this season. “It's been good to find the end zone a couple times the past few weeks,” Adams said. “But at the end of the day, I try to get in the end zone to help the team win. If I score one touchdown or two or zero, I'm not really worried about it. I would love to get in the end zone, obviously, but it's about that ultimate team goal to get the W. So if other guys are getting in and we're putting points on the board, that's all that matters.” Since 2016, Adams ranks in the top five among active players in touchdown receptions at home with 16. Follow Keith Jenkins on Twitter: https://twitter.com/MrKeithJenkins	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4631
__label__wiki	0.502516	0.502516	Pirelli Reviews Portimão from a tyre point of view The Diablo Superbike tyres in the SC0, SC1 and SC2 compounds are ready to hit the track at the spectacular Portuguese circuit for the penultimate round of the 2012 World Superbike Championship For the penultimate round of the World Superbike Championship which will be held over the weekend at the Autodromo Internacional do Algarve in Portugal, Pirelli will bring the complete range of SC0, SC1 and SC2 compounds of Diablo Superbike tyres in various solutions capable of guaranteeing grip and excellent performance, even with different asphalt temperatures. With just two rounds left in the season, the battle for championship title is still open and there are three contending riders from three different motorcycle manufacturers: Max Biaggi on his Aprilia, Marco Melandri on his BMW and Tom Sykes on his Kawasaki. The Pirelli solutions for Portimão As with every round, in order to tackle this track which is particularly demanding for tyres, Pirelli will provide the Superbike riders with multiple slick solutions to choose from in addition to the intermediate and wet tyres. For the front Pirelli will bring 2 SC1 solutions and 1 SC2. The N1159 will be present as the standard SC1, used in every round raced so far this season, as well as the P1280 as an alternative SC1 development solution, introduced for the first time at Donington and also used at Misano Adriatico, Aragòn, Brno, Silverstone and the Nürburgring because it is able to provide more grip at low temperatures. These will be accompanied by the P773, a mid-hard SC2 solution which has already been available to the riders throughout the year in all the races. For the rear, on the other hand, Pirelli will be bringing 5 different tyres, 2 in SC0 compound, 2 in SC1 compound and 1 in SC2 compound. One of the two SC0 solutions is the R874 in an oversized 200 profile, already used at Brno and, in the centre reinforced SC2 compound version, also used at Phillip Island, Monza and Misano. The other is the R548, introduced at Misano and also used during the Brno round. In addition to the SC0 compound solutions, the 2012 standard SC1 solution will be there, that is, the P1060 which has already been available for every 2012 round except Monza and Moscow, as well as the development solution, the R302, which met the asphalt for the first time during the Imola tests and was then used at Donington, Miller, Aragòn, Brno, Silverstone, Moscow and the Nürburgring. The final alternative for the rear that the riders will be able to choose is the N1157 SC2 for ideal use in then event of very low temperatures. The race from a tyre point of view The part of the track that puts the tyres to the hardest test is the last turn which is 350 metres long and takes 6.5 seconds to navigate: due to the large turn radius (about 150 metres), the bike is in constant acceleration and goes from 150 to 250 kph at a lean angle of about 50°. This causes a significant increase in temperature on the side of the tyre affected by the lean, particularly for the rear tyre which must withstand the high heat while simultaneously ensuring strong lateral force and allowing the bike to accelerate. The riders who are able to come out of this turn and onto the straight stretch at the highest speed will be able to gain a significant advantage over their rivals. On the contrary, turns 5, 8, 11, 13 and 14 have a very tight radius (about 30 metres), which forces the rider to brake to an extremely low speed. Halfway through the turn the bike needs the rear tyre, which is very cold, to provide strong longitudinal acceleration up to 1G at a lean angle of 50°. The tyres are particularly cold, especially coming into the left handers (numbers 5 and 13). Once again, the riders who are able to accelerate a bit earlier than the others will have an important advantage. While the rear tyre must go from low to extremely high temperatures, the front one has other, just as important, tasks to complete. It must be able to come into the turns mentioned above quickly and precisely. At the end of the straight stretch over the finish line, in other words, the first turn with the 100 metre radius which allows the riders to hold speeds greater than 100 kph, the front tyre is particularly stressed because it has to travel about 80 metres at a lean and with the rider on the brakes.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4635
__label__cc	0.724403	0.275597	Integrating Human Factor Engineering in Construction and Fabrication Human-factors engineering (HFE) is applied widely in the design phase of capital projects in order to build human-centered facilities. By considering the interactions between workers, tools, and facilities, a project team can identify any additional controls that may improve overall human performance in the construction phase. This paper describes the operator’s experience in the consideration of HFE during the construction and fabrication/installation phase of the project with the goal of proposing a structured approach. Starting from a high-level screening of possible human interactions with the equipment, work environment, and monitoring and control systems, the project team can identify human-performance criticalities that can negatively affect integrity of operations, or those HFE opportunities that may relieve operational bottlenecks, thus allowing for the implementation of new concepts and operational practices. As more-detailed information on the design of the facility becomes available, more in-depth analyses may be carried out on the basis of the specific needs of the project. This approach, coupled with adequate competencies, is capable of channelling the efforts of the project team toward continuous improvement and of reducing capital expenditure (0.25–5%), operating expense (3–6%), design rework, and turnaround time. But a systematic approach to HFE during construction does not yet exist in the industry. Constructability Hazard Identification (HAZID) The operator has introduced, in its health, safety, and environment (HSE) risk-management process, a dedicated step aimed at providing an early focus on possible human-performance issues that can be faced during the operational phase. Considering the analogies with constructability reviews that can exist when evaluating these factors, the operators have labelled this process Constructability HAZID. The optimal timing for Constructability HAZID is during engineering activities, when the first revision of preliminary procedures has been issued. Like constructability reviews, Constructability HAZID is held in a workshop format, led by an independent facilitator having knowledge of HFE or relevant past experience in the specific scope of work. The personnel constituting the first line of construction supervision are required to attend to bring their experience to the discussion and to effectively agree on proposed action items. These will influence decisions taken by all the functions during the engineering, procurement, construction, and installation project life cycle; any deviation would require the implementation of a formal change-management process. Because Constructability HAZID is a workshop-based risk-management tool, the role of the facilitator is critical for the success of the study. The facilitator should ensure the correct definition of the nodes to be analyzed and selection of the terminology to be used, so that all operational steps and related criticalities are considered in the discussion. Focus shall be on those human-factor issues that may have an effect on human performance or HSE, such as accessibility, workstation layout, fabrication and installation aids, weather conditions, material handling, rescue protocol, and past incidents. The facilitator should also ensure that the boundaries of the analysis are clearly defined and explained to all participants to optimize the efforts of the team. The objective is to maintain a high level of detail on all steps of the construction, fabrication, and installation sequence, keeping the workshop within a predefined duration, typically of 1 day, on the basis of project novelty and complexity. In the same way, the facilitator should always challenge the team on complacent or traditionalist attitudes, encouraging all participants to propose improvements. Examples of Constructability HAZID Implementation One example of the successful application of this methodology is related to the fabrication of buoyancy tanks in Nigeria. Environmental conditions and heat inside the structures were identified to be significant performance-influencing factors, considering that the scope of work requires continuous access to confined spaces to perform the internal welds of the shells, with no alternatives to eliminate the hazard. Common practice in these cases is to perform the job by implementing the standard control measures for confined-space management and ensuring continuous monitoring of air inside the compartments, availability of ventilated welding masks, and adequate work rotation. Still, considering the preheating process and multiple weld locations, temperatures in the working area can be expected to exceed 50°C routinely, and the residual risk related to heat stress and dehydration is significant. Welder performance is also influenced strongly by turnover requirements and by environmental conditions. The solution proposed by the project team was the procurement of advanced confined-space equipment that could allow the implementation of a different operational concept, achieving an overall optimization of manpower requirements, minimizing the needs for rework, and reducing work schedules. By providing welders with ergonomic respiratory protection for the entire upper body, which allowed the customization of air temperature, it was possible to allow welders to work continuously for an extended period. Infrared cameras and gas-detection sensors were also installed inside the tanks, providing real-time feedback to a portable control panel positioned directly on site. In such a way, a single operator could monitor the conditions of several work locations. Another case study proving Constructability HAZID to be an effective tool in ensuring proper task-planning and emergency preparedness was the identification of an additional means of access for the emergency-response team during the construction of a floating production unit in Indonesia. At its peak, the project saw 1,500 workers aboard the vessel, moored at the quayside. The workshop process highlighted the fact that, considering the width of the gangways, in the event of any major incident requiring the complete evacuation of the facility, the continuous flow of people could impair the access of firefighters or medical teams. The proposed solution consisted of the provision of a third gangway, having adequate dimensions to ensure accessibility with a stretcher or emergency-response equipment, fully dedicated to this purpose. During project execution, there was no need to use the additional gangway, and access for personnel was allowed only in a few particular cases. Nevertheless, while ensuring adequate emergency preparedness in a critical phase of the construction, the gangway remains an asset for the fabrication yard in view of future projects. Integrating HFE Experience Into EPCI-Project Life Cycle The Constructability HAZID phase should identify any additional study that should be performed at a later stage in the project, when adequate information becomes available to address effectively the issues identified in terms of HSE, and the goal-oriented requirements in terms of human performance. This approach can optimize the efforts of the project team effectively, making the most out of past experience and lessons learned. As with the HFE process, a typical analysis to be performed as engineering progresses is a 3D-model walk-through, focused on accessibility and workspace issues to anticipate possible operational constraints at the interface between people, the working environment, tools, and materials. In the operator’s experience, a successful example of the benefits of a 3D-model walk-through involved the installation of living quarters offshore west Africa. The facility, supplied by a third-party company, was split into four modules to be stacked on top of one another, making use of guides and pins. On the basis of a lesson learned from a past project, in which similar welding operations proved to be extremely difficult and particularly hazardous because of limited access to welding locations, the project team used the 3D model to identify critical areas and to propose corrective actions to minimize the risks and optimize welder performance. The analysis highlighted those locations that would constitute a confined space (and, thus, obstructed accessibility for rescue) in order to properly plan for the installation of ventilation systems. Therefore, additional openings in the module roofs were designed, linking the work stations to the external walkways. The new configuration of emergency escape routes was assessed against the need to use a stretcher, confirming the suitability of the solution. These modifications allowed the achievement of significantly safer conditions for the welders during the offshore installation. Escape paths were privileged and working space was maximized. Installation proceeded smoothly; no incidents were reported, and out of the 42 days forecast for the installation, three were saved. Challenges to HFE Implementation Project management should be made aware of the benefits of human factors in construction, starting from project kickoff, in order to obtain necessary buy-in and to plan for potentially resource-consuming analyses. Once management commitment has been obtained, other challenges may jeopardize process effectiveness: Resistance to change of experienced construction team members Resistance to change of engineering team members The belief that hazards are an accepted, and acceptable, part of job tradition Ineffective follow-up of actions. It is fundamental to clearly explain at the beginning of the study, whether it is a Constructability HAZID or a 3D-model walk-through or any other type of study, that any change of an agreed action will require a formal change-management process implementation. A key element in minimizing objections from project team members is to ensure the effective communication of the added value that the approach can bring to the project. For example, the study can be opened with a presentation that highlights the concept of HFE, showing successful examples of application in past projects, thereby fostering the active participation of team members in the discussion. This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 190513, “Integrating Human Factors in the Constructability Process,” by Matteo Palazzolo and Angelo Spingardi, Saipem, prepared for the 2018 SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Health, Safety, Security, Environment, and Social Responsibility, Abu Dhabi, 16–18 April. The paper has not been peer reviewed. ISO Approves First Safety Standards for Commercial Drone Operation The organization said the new standard, which focuses on air safety and data protection, is the first step in a wider move to promote the use of drones within a framework of approved regulatory compliance. North Dakota, Texas Fuel Increase in US Natural Gas Venting and Flaring According to a new report from the EIA, the volume of natural gas reported as flared reached its highest average annual level in 2018, 1.28 Bcf/D. With production soaring in the Bakken, Permian, and Eagle Ford plays, North Dakota and Texas accounted for more than 80% of that total. Drones Take Off in the Oil Field, but How High Will They Fly? Unmanned aerial vehicles are creeping up on ubiquity in the oil and gas industry, but their potential still firmly outweighs the actuality. A panel at the 2019 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition took a close look at the benefits of drones and at the tethers still holding back their use.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4637
__label__wiki	0.979705	0.979705	1 Show, 8 Tracks The late Albert Collins was an important and influential blues artist with an unmistakable sound. Playing a Fender Telecaster with his fingers through a hundred-watt amplifier, Collins produced a lead guitar sound that was brittle, biting, and funkily syncopated. His cool tone, and a number of early instrumentals he cut with titles like "Frosty" and "Sno-Cone," earned him the title "The Iceman." In the early 1960s Collins led big horn bands, but played with smaller bands and bounced from label to label after that. He signed with Chicago's Alligator records in the '70s, became a star attraction on the international blues circuit, and was a bona fide blues superstar by the time of his death in 1993. He was an important influence on a whole generation of guitarists, from Billy Gibbons to Stevie Ray Vaughn and Robert Cray. Biography Albert Collins Concert Films Albert Collins Top Tracks Related Artists Top Tracks on Qello Albert Collins Concert Films Filmed just a year before his untimely death from cancer, this 1992 concert from Montreux finds the great Albert Collins still in fine form. With his trademark Fender Telecaster and distinctive finger picking style well to the fore "The Iceman" delivers a set that runs from his early million selling single "Frosty" right up to songs from his final studio album "Iceman". As an added bonus there are four lengthy tracks from Albert Collins' 1979 appearance at Montreux. Albert Collins / 1 hr 2 min Albert Collins Top Tracks Live at Montreux / Albert Collins / 04:10 If You Love Me Like You Say Lights Are On (But Nobody's Home) Put The Shoe On The Other Foot Too Many Dirty Dishes Honey Hush Ghost Blues: The Story Of Rory Gallagher The complete and fully authorized story of Rory Gallagher, Ghost Blues follows Rory s life and career from his upbringing in Cork, his early days with a show band, the brief success of Taste and then his legendary solo career leading up to his health problems in later life and tragic death at the age of just 47. There are archive interviews, both audio and visual, with Rory and contributions from many of his friends and admirers including his brother Donal, Bob Geldof, The Edge, Cameron Crowe, Slash, Johnny Marr, James Dean Bradfield, Ronnie Drew, Bill Wyman, Martin Carthy, band members Ted McKenna and Gerry McAvoyand many more. Rory Gallagher / 1 hr 22 min Live at Knebworth 1990 - Volume II Eric Clapton / 60 min Live in Africa When Muhammad Ali and George Foreman staged their heavyweight title fight in Zaire in 1974, a three-day music festival was held in tandem with the bout, and headliner B.B. King proved why he's regarded as the world's premier blues guitarist with this dynamic concert performed for an audience of 80,000 African fans (look carefully to spot Ali enjoying the show). B.B. King / 43 min Live at Rockpalast 1979 Johnny Winter live on Germany's famous Rockpalast TV show in 1979. Straight up blues like only Johnny can deliver, lean and mean. Johnny and the band also blaze through some killer covers like the Rolling Stones' "Jumping Jack Flash" and "Suzie Q." Johnny Winter / 2 hr 2 min Live: The Real Deal Buddy Guy Live: The Real Deal features the legendary bluesman in a special set at his own Chicago club, Buddy Guy’s Legends, with guitarist G.E. Smith and The Saturday Night Live Band. Buddy Guy / 55 min Rise of a Texas Bluesman This film reveals and dissects the formative years of Stevie Ray Vaughan's career - his influences and his first recordings - and traces the history of Texas blues itself, identifying Vaughan's place within this larger tradition. Featuring rare archive footage, exclusive interviews and a host of other features which all at once provide the finest document on the celebrated guitarist yet to emerge. Stevie Ray Vaughan / 2 hr 11 min 70th Birthday Concert Liverpools Kings Dock on July 19 2003 was the venue for a long awaited and much anticipated reunion between Eric Clapton and John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers. The occasion was both a celebration of John Mayalls 70th year and a fundraiser for Unicef. Also invited to the party were former Bluesbreaker and Rolling Stone Mick Taylor and veteran trombonist Chris Barber. If youre a lover of the blues it doesnt get much better than this. The show ran for around two and a half hours and the film is now presented here in its entirety for the first time. John Mayall / 2 hr 3 min The Illinois Enema Bandit The Torture Never Stops	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4643
__label__wiki	0.943614	0.943614	OMD Concert Films Related Artists Top Tracks on Qello OMD Concert Films Architecture Morality and More Architecture & Morality, originally released in 1981, is considered by many to be the pinnacle of Orchestral Manoeuvres In The Darks career. It spawned three Top 5 UK singles and the album itself peaked at No.3. In 2007 Andy McCluskey and Paul Humphreys reunited with Malcolm Holmes and Martin Cooper as OMD for an extensive tour of Europe. For the early part of this tour, including this concert recorded at Londons Hammersmith Apollo in May, the concert was split into two halves. The first part of the evening was a complete performance of the Architecture & Morality album, whilst the second half was a greatest hits set covering the rest of the bands career. OMD / 50 min Live at Knebworth 1990 - Volume I Tears For Fears / 1 hr 6 min Talk Talk were one of the most innovative and original British bands of the eighties. They enjoyed a string of successful albums and singles both in the UK and right across Europe. 1986 was the band's only appearance at Montreux and caught them at the height of their success. With a set list packed with hit singles and lead singer / main songwriter Mark Hollis' charismatic performance they delivered an outstanding concert that draws a great response from the packed Swiss crowd. Talk Talk / 1 hr 27 min Tour of The Universe Playing 102 shows in 40 countries, Depeche Mode's acclaimed Tour Of The Universe saw Dave Gahan, Martin Gore and Andrew 'Fletch' Fletcher performing to over 2.7 million people. Depeche Mode / 1 hr 60 min Live at the Enmore For over 30 years, Gary Numan has moved effortlessly from one genre to another, all the while creating something instantly recognizable as his alone. In this spectacular concert we filmed in Sydney, he plays his entire 1979 album The Pleasure Principle, and it’s astonishing to remember that it was recorded with no guitars whatsoever. Today those same songs are delivered with a fierce determination, and it’s easy to see how the sheer symphonic power of those early chords lay the foundation for the industrial goth-metal of later songs like Jagged and Halo. Gary Numan / 1 hr 51 min Rox Box The English band New Order, born from the ashes of Joy Division, is in concert at the club Manhattan Club of Leuven. The RTBF cameras are filming the event for the program "Rox Box". At the time of the recall, Bernard Sumner, Peter Hook, Stephen Morris and Gillian Gilbert interpret the cultured "Blue Monday", dance anthem of all the revelers of the time. New Order / 1 hr 6 min Classic Albums: Rio This latest addition to the acclaimed Classic Albums series takes us to the early eighties and the release of Duran Duran's second album "Rio". Released against a backdrop of riots, record unemployment, and the Falklands War, this optimistic and celebratory album would generate a string of hit singles and groundbreaking videos and catapult Duran Duran to global stardom. This documentary tells the story behind the writing, recording, and subsequent success of the album through newly filmed interviews, musical demonstrations, and both new and archive performances. Duran Duran / 52 min	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4644
__label__wiki	0.659754	0.659754	Posts Tagged ‘introspective’ Mrs. Robinson’s Disgrace Author: Kate Summerscale Title: Mrs. Robinson’s Disgrace: The Private Diary of a Victorian Lady Geographical Setting: Scotland and England Time Period: Victorian Era, 1850-1859 Plot Summary: Isabella Robinson was a 31 year-old widow with a young child when she met and married Henry Robinson in 1844. The Robinsons subsequently had two children of their own, and the family became firmly ensconced in upper middle class society in Scotland and England. Isabella ultimately grew unhappy with her aloof husband, and spent more and more of her time in the company of family friends and academics whom she admired. After stumbling upon and reading Isabella’s private diary in 1857, Henry Robinson promptly sued his wife for divorce in the English courts on charges of adultery. The resulting divorce hearings and trial erupted into in a scandal of massive proportion when The London Times printed a series of unedited excerpts from Isabella’s diary in which she described, in lurid detail, a series of intimate encounters with Edward Lane, a respected London doctor and friend to the Robinson family. Was Isabella really a bold, unrepentant adulteress or simply a discontented wife who wrote unashamedly about her sexual frustrations and fantasies? Why was Isabella subject to public scorn, while Dr. Lane was afforded greater sympathy? Summerscale provides readers with a moving portrait of Isabella’s life, details of her relationship with Edward Lane and his family, and an informative look at the moral and cultural influences of the Victorian era. This well-researched work includes excerpts from Isabella’s diary and letters, relevant court transcripts and news reports of the day, and excerpts from the personal letters of historical figures such as Charles Darwin and controversial phrenologist George Combe, both of whom were patients of Dr. Lane’s, and acquaintances of Isabella’s. Overall, this work offers a fascinating examination of the role of women in the Victorian era, and the inequalities afforded them by society and the courts. Subject Headings: Robinson, Isabella (1813-1887)—Diaries; Middle class women—Scotland—Edinburgh—Diaries; Edinburgh—Scotland—Social life and customs—19th century; Divorce—England—19th century Appeal: compelling, densely written, stately, atmospheric, dramatic, introspective, sophisticated, thoughtful, detailed, evocative, insightful, sympathetic characters, authentic, details of the Victorian era, complex, investigative, rich and famous, accessible, colorful, engaging, informative, journalistic, polished, well-researched Three Appeal Terms that Best Describe this Book: compelling, insightful, well-researched Three Fiction Read-alikes: Madame Bovary by Gustave Flaubert In Mrs. Robinson’s Disgrace, Isabella Robinson is aware of the scandal surrounding the publication of Madame Bovary in France in 1856, and the charges of obscenity which prevented its publication in Scotland and England. Did the tale of Emma Bovary’s discontent and adultery influence Isabella’s behavior or simply spark her imagination? Flaubert’s classic novel mirrors Isabella’s life with its theme of a passionate woman dissatisfied with her marriage and way of life. Loving Frank by Nancy Horan Readers of Mrs. Robinson’s Disgrace interested in its examination of the effects a scandalous affair can have on a woman’s reputation may also enjoy this fictionalized account of the relationship between architect Frank Lloyd Wright and his mistress of many years, Mameh Cheney. Horan’s award-winning novel focuses on the impact their long-time affair had on Wright’s wife and family, and the public derision Cheney endured after she left her husband and children to make a new life with Wright. Clara Callan by Richard Bruce Wright Readers of Mrs. Robinson’s Disgrace who enjoyed learning about societal expectations impacting women in a bygone era may also enjoy Wright’s novel about two sisters pursuing separate dreams against the backdrop of the political and social upheaval of the 1930’s. Written as a series of letters and diary entries, Wright’s novel offers a vivid portrait of the lives of the two women, one pursuing a career in glamorous New York City, while the other struggles with the limitations of a more traditional life in her small Canadian town. Interwoven throughout the story are real world events that shaped the era, including the effects of the Great Depression and the rising political tensions in pre-WWII Europe. Three Relevant Non-Fiction Works: Marriage, Feminism, and the Law in Victorian England, 1850-1895 by Mary Lyndon Shanley In Mrs. Robinson’s Disgrace, Isabella Robinson found herself a victim of society’s attitudes toward the role of women in Victorian era England, as well as antiquated and discriminatory divorce laws which afforded women few rights when a marriage was dissolved. Out of the struggles of married women like Isabella, a feminist movement was born. Shanley’s title examines the Victorian feminists’ battle for fundamental reforms to marriage law that ultimately transformed both the legal and social status of married women. Hydotherapy: Simple Treatments for Common Ailments by Clarence Dail and Charles Thomas Edward Lane, the doctor who was the object of Isabella Robinson’s passion in Mrs. Robinson’s Disgrace, was the proprietor of a popular health retreat that specialized in hydrotherapy, a relatively new and fairly provocative medical treatment at the time. In addition to Isabella, his patients included upper class members of society, celebrities of the era, and historical figures such as Charles Darwin. This title by Dail and Thomas examines modern-day beliefs surrounding the healing powers of water. Darwin: Portrait of a Genius by Paul Johnson As one of many famous patients to take treatment at Dr. Lane’s health retreat throughout the 1850’s, influential scientist Charles Darwin makes several appearances in Mrs. Robinson’s Disgrace, with his opinion regarding the scandal surrounding Dr. Lane and Isabella reflected in his writings of the time. Readers interested in learning more about Darwin will find much to enjoy in Johnson’s new biography, which details the life and times of the celebrated scientist, whose groundbreaking work Origin of the Species was published in 1859, just as the Robinson divorce case was reaching its conclusion. Tags:accessible, atmospheric, authentic, colorful, compelling, complex, densely written, detailed, details of the Victorian era, dramatic, engaging, evocative, informative, insightful, introspective, investigative, journalistic, polished, rich and famous, sophisticated, stately, sympathetic characters, thoughtful, well-researched Are You My Mother? Author: Alison Bechdel Title: Are You My Mother?: A Comic Drama Genre: Graphic Memoir Geographical Setting: Mostly Pennsylvania and Vermont Time Period: Present day with flashbacks Series: Follow-up to Fun Home: A Family Tragicomic (2006) Plot Summary: Are You My Mother? is a densely-layered and thought-provoking exploration in graphic memoir form of author Bechdel’s complex, flawed relationship with her mother. Bechdel’s father, the subject of her earlier work, Fun Home, was a closeted bisexual who ultimately committed suicide, and her mother a frustrated poet and actress who sublimated her desires to those of her husband, submitting to the role of primary caregiver to their three children. Are You My Mother? depicts Bechdel, some five years after the publication of her critically-acclaimed book about her father, setting out to write a new book about her mother. Bechdel chronicles her process as an artist and writer, undergoing therapy and looking for analogies to her own life found in the works of favorite authors Virginia Woolf and psychoanalyst Donald Winnicott, as she attempts to shape a narrative that identifies the moments that wounded her mother and crippled the formation of a healthy mother-daughter bond. The artwork in Are You My Mother? is pen and brush with delicate grey and red washes, offering a deceptively comic-strip-like simplicity that lightens the densely-written and sophisticated subject matter. Subject Headings: Motherhood; Mothers and daughters; Teenage daughters—coming out; Parent and child; Suicide; Feminism; Psychoanalysis; Woolf, Virginia, 1882-1941; Winnicott, D. W. (Donald Woods), 1896-1971; Artists Appeal: Detailed, dramatic, eccentric, intriguing secondary characters, introspective, well developed, character centered, complex, domestic, episodic, layered, literary references, sexually explicit, thought-provoking, contemporary, detailed setting, details of psychoanalytic theory, elaborate, metaphorical, sophisticated, unusual 3 appeal terms that best describe this book: introspective, layered, thought-provoking Similar Authors and Works: Projections: Comics and the History of Twenty-First-Century Storytelling (2012) by Jared Gardner Readers who admire the scope and depth of Bechdel’s graphic storytelling will find much to explore in Gardner’s recent lively, yet somewhat academic, tome. Gardner offers an interpretation of comics as an art form which encourages interactivity in deciphering its contents and a model for contemporary modes of communication. There are multiple passages on Bechdel’s work which contextualize her place in the comics field. Harvey Pekar’s Cleveland (2012) by Harvey Pekar Bechdel works in the form known in graphic novel circles as autobiographical comics. Those who want to read more of this type of story may wish to acquaint themselves with Harvey Pekar, one of the seminal figures in this genre who helped define its contours. Where Are You My Mother? uses literary reference and psychoanalysis as a context for Bechdel’s self-exploration, Harvey Pekar’s Cleveland in rich detail describes the deep impact that place and history have in shaping identity. Cartoonish but heavily-rendered pen and ink drawings highlight both the grit and charm of urban Cleveland. Donald Winnicott Today (2012) edited by Jan Abram The work and life of child psychoanalyst and theorist Winnicott are front and center in the narrative of Are You My Mother? Bechdel comes to terms with life-long insecurities and decodes her troubled relationship with her mother, relying heavily on Winnicott’s models of mother-child dynamics. Readers who want to explore Winnicott’s work further will find this an accessible and thoughtfully assembled overview of his contributions to the field of Psychoanalysis. To the Lighthouse (1927; various editions) by Virginia Woolf Bechdel’s work is heavily influenced by the English writer Virginia Woolf. Although many of her books are discussed in Are You My Mother?, Woolf’s novel To the Lighthouse receives particular attention for its story of self-discovery and coming to terms with the past, which mirrors Bechdel’s emotional journey. Believed to be the most autobiographical of all Woolf’s psychological fiction, To the Lighthouse, with its lyrical style and reflective tone, will surely appeal to readers intrigued by the glimpses of the novel found in Are You My Mother? Stuck Rubber Baby (New Edition; 2010) by Howard Cruse Newcomers to comics featuring LGBT protagonists and themes who wish to explore further will find an incredibly rich and varied tradition awaiting them. One of the first widely critically-acclaimed graphic novels dealing with gay themes to receive national attention was Cruse’s Stuck Rubber Baby, first published in 1995. Moving and reflective, and with a strong sense of place, the story follows the exploits of a young man named Toland Polk discovering his sexuality against the backdrop of the civil rights movement in the South during the 1960s. Wandering Son, Book 1 (2011) by Shimura Takako Are You My Mother? explores the thematic territory of gender identity and coming of age as does the moving and character-driven manga Wandering Son. Two fifth graders on the cusp of puberty share a secret: Shuichi is a boy who wishes he were a girl and Yoshino a girl who wishes she were a boy. Shimura’s spare and evocative art will likely appeal to fans of Bechdel’s stylized and emotionally expressive drawings. Name: John Rimer Tags:character centered, complex, contemporary, detailed, detailed setting, details of psychoanalytic theory, domestic, dramatic, eccentric, elaborate, episodic, intriguing secondary characters, introspective, layered, literary references, metaphorical, sexually explicit, sophisticated, thought provoking, unusual, well-developed Posted in GLBTQ, Graphic Novel, Nonfiction, Women's Lives \| Leave a Comment » Author: Marjane Satrapi Genre: Graphic Novels; Autobiographical stories; Women’s Lives Number of Pages: unpaged Geographical Setting: Iran (present day) Plot Summary: A multi-generational group of Iranian women gathers after a meal to share a cup of tea and raunchy stories. In this book, Marjane Satrapi reveals a glimpse into the world of the women in her life. These compelling stories of sexual exploits range from humorous to sad. Despite the fact these women come from an exotic country, the stories are accessible, engaging and full of issues that arise in the lives of most women, regardless of era, country, and culture. Subject Headings: Family; Friendship; Marriage; Women; Sexuality; Interpersonal relationships; Appeal: Thought-provoking; Humorous; Reflective; Character-driven; Accessible; Conversational; Engaging; Spare; Nostalgic; Issue-oriented; Exotic; Introspective;Realistic; Bleak 3 appeal terms that best describe this book: Exotic; Humorous; Realistic; Girls of Riyadh by Rajaa Alsanea (Islamic county, Women’s lives, Sexuality) Four young women navigate the complex line between today’s modern culture and the more traditional one of their parents and their land. Laughable loves by Milan Kundera (Character-driven; Spare; Exotic) A collection of short-stories revolving around the sexual games and fantasies of middle-class Central Europeans. Caramelo by Sandra Cisneros (Character-driven, Spare, Reflective) Family secrets unfold and sibling rivalries flare during intergenerational vacations involving road trips from Chicago to visit relatives in Mexico. Three related non-fiction titles: Unlikely by Jeffrey Brown (Graphic novel, Interpersonal relationships, Autobiographical) In this autobiographical graphic novel, Jeffrey Brown bravely shares the compelling story of his first sexual relationship and eventual breakup. Reading Lolita in Tehran: a memoir in books by Azar Nafisi (Iran, Women) This is a compelling true story of a group of women in Iran, who risk their lives for the love of literature. Passionate uprisings: Iran’s sexual revolution by Pardis Mahdavi (Iran, Sexuality) Told from the unique point of view of a Westerner born of Iranian parents, this book explores the sexual revolution and extreme risks taking place in Iran today. Name: Shira Tags:accessible, bleak, character driven, conversational, engaging, exotic, humorous, introspective, issue-oriented, nostalgic, realistic, reflective, spare, thought provoking Posted in Graphic Novel, Women's Lives \| Leave a Comment » We Can Remember it for you Wholesale We Can Remember it for you Wholesale: The Collected Stories of Philip K. Dick Volume 2 Author: Philip K. Dick Genre: Science Fiction, Speculative Fiction, Books to Movies Geographical Setting: The not so distant future, variety of locals Series: The Collected Stories of Philip K. Dick (Volume 2) Plot Summary: One of the important names in the Science Fiction genre, Philip K. Dick’s influence has reached beyond the printed word and onto the big screen. This is a collection of short stories dating from early in his career, 1952 -1955. The stories in this volume read like Twilight Zone episodes. He is somehow able to create believable worlds, with compelling characters, and in-depth plots, complete with twists that leave readers thinking, in the same number of pages as a single chapter in some novels. These chilling stories, mostly set in the not so distant future, take place in a variety of locals including Chicago, Earth, and other planets. The stories in this collection cover a variety of topics, including, but not limited to the importance placed on modern convenience, ethical responsibility, and time travel. Contained in this volume is the short story, We Can Remember it for you Wholesale, which is the basis for both the 1990 and 2012 Total Recall movies. Subject Headings: Futurism; Speculative fiction; Short stories; Stories to film; Aliens; Technology; Interpersonal relations; Science fiction; Time travel; Appeal: Thought-provoking; Descriptive; Chilling; Plot twists; Accessible; Conversational; Engaging; Atmospheric; Flawed; Issue-oriented; Exotic; Introspective; Fast paced 3 appeal terms that best describe this book: Thought-provoking; Chilling; Engaging; The Collected Stories of Arthur C. Clarke by Arthur C. Clarke (Science fiction; Short stories; Story to film) A collection of thought-provoking stories from one of Science Fictions biggest names, this collection includes “The Sentinel”, the basis for the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey, and stories not found in other collections. A Sound of Thunder and Other Stories by Ray Bradbury (Books to movies, Science fiction, Short stories, Thought-provoking) A collection of 32 thought-provoking stories that explore the depths of humanity by the genre defying Ray Bradbury. The title story was adapted for screen in 2005. Robot Dreams by Isaac Asimov (Science fiction, Thought-provoking, Technology) A collection of 21 thought provoking stories involving technology and humanity’s future from one of Science Fictions biggest names. You are not a gadget: a manifesto by Jaron Lanier (Speculative, Technology, Social aspects) Many people today worry about how social media, such as Facebook, is changing society. In this book Jaron Lanier, a computer scientist, discusses his opinions on how current computer technology is changing society and where it will take us in the future. Physics of the Future: How Science Will Shape Human Destiny and Our Daily Lives by the Year 2100 by Michio Kaku (Speculative, Technology) This book discusses technological innovations, and speculates how these innovations will influence humanity in the future. This will change everything: ideas that will shape the future by John Brockman (Inventions, Social prediciton) New ideas are dreamed, new inventions are created every day, but which ones will change the way we live. This book contains the opinions of 130 scientists about what innovations will come to pass and have the greatest impact on humanity. Tags:accessible, atmospheric, chilling, conversational, descriptive, engaging, exotic, fast paced, flawed, introspective, issue-oriented, plot twists, thought provoking Posted in Science Fiction \| Leave a Comment » The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath Author: Sylvia Plath Title: The Bell Jar Genre: Literary Fiction, Women’s Lives and Relationships, Bestsellers Publication Date: 1963 (England), 1971 (USA) Geographical Setting: New York, Massachusetts Time Period: Six months in 1953 Plot Summary: This is a semi-autobiographical novel related to the author’s life. She killed herself shortly after it was published. This is a coming-of-age story of a 20-year-old woman as she discovers herself and her desires, just as any college student does. Esther Greenwood was going to college on a scholarship when she got accepted for a special internship with a fashion magazine in New York for the summer. The book describes her relationships with her family, friends, colleagues, and psychologists in a descriptive manner. As this melancholic story progresses, Esther slowly loses her mind to mental illness and eventually attempts to commit suicide. The lyrical and poetic writing is a must read for fans of literary fiction. It is an excellent book to recommend for those interested in studying psychology or going through their own quarter life crisis. Subject Headings: Depression, Suicidal Behavior, Psychological Fiction, College Students Appeal terms: leisurely-paced, introspective, psychological, emotionally charged, melancholy, detailed, realistic, character-centered, timeless, classic, lyrical, literary Three appeal terms: character-centered, psychological, and literary Fiction- Franny and Zooey by J.D. Salinger- A reviewer has compared Sylvia Plath’s book to Salinger’s Franny. Both books are about the experiences of female college students during the same time period. Girl, Interrupted by Susanna Kaysen- This book is about an 18 year old that spent two years living in a psychiatric hospital, in 1967, that Sylvia Plath may have spent time in. The Particular Sadness of Lemon Cake by Aimee Bender- This book is a young adult fantasy. It is about a girl that can taste the true emotions of the person who made her food. Non-Fiction- Conquering Your Quarterlife Crisis: Advice from Twentysomethings Who Have Been There and Survived by Alexandra Robbins- This is a guide for those that are lost and confused as they become adults in order to help them get through their quarter life crisis. No Time to Say Goodbye: Surviving the Suicide of a Loved One by Carla Fine- This book offers advice for those who have lost family members due to suicide. The author’s husband was a doctor who committed suicide. Lying: A Metaphorical Memoir by Lauren Slater- This is the memoir of a woman that had a psychological problem in which she was a compulsive liar. The character, Esther Greenwood, regularly lies in The Bell Jar. Name: Rachel Fischer Tags:character centered, classic, detailed, emotionally charged, introspective, leisurely paced, literary, lyrical, melancholy, psychological, realistic, timeless Posted in Best Seller, Literary Fiction, Women's Lives \| Leave a Comment » Tomorrow, When the War Began Author: John Marsden Geographical Setting: Australia, present day (1990s) Series: The Tomorrow Series (book 1) Plot Summary: A group of teenagers blow off the town’s festivities to go camping in Hell. After a relaxing week in the Australian bush, the group returns to the unimaginable: empty homes, spoiled food and dead dogs. The book reads like the first in a series, giving ample time for a fully developed setting and character development before jumping into the thrilling plot. The characters transform as their new bleak reality sets in. Readers discover character growth and plot development through a single narrator’s point of view. The book ends on a suspenseful note as the group decides how best to deal with the grave situation at hand. Subject Headings: Resourcefulness in teenagers; Hiding; Imprisonment; Resourcefulness; Determination in teenagers; Determination (Personal quality); Guerrilla warfare; War; Survival; Teenagers – Australia; Wilderness areas — Australia Appeal: Action-packed; Builds in intensity; Suspenseful; Bleak; Compelling; Series characters; Introspective; Detailed setting; Accessible; Small-town; Episodic; Flawed; Emotionally-charged; Coming-of-age 3 appeal terms that best describe this book: Compelling; Bleak; Emotionally-charged Life as we knew it by Susan Beth Pfeffer (Bleak, Emotionally intense, Compelling, Survival, Series) Set in rural Pennsylvania, 16 year-old Miranda’s life changed in a blink of an eye as a meteor causes more trouble than scientists predicted. Miranda and her family struggle to survive the Earth’s violent reaction to this event. Holding Their Own: A Story of Survival by Joe Nobody (Survival, Action-packed, Series) Set in 2015, a couple must learn to survive in an America that has fallen into a second Great Depression, and devastated by terror attacks resulting in governmental collapse. Winter’s End by Jean-Claude Mourlevat (Compelling adventure story about teenagers set in other countries) Set in an unnamed country, this dystopian story is about four teenagers daring escape from their prison-like boarding school. The teenagers struggle for survival and quest for answers about their past, keeping readers on the edge of their seats. The Time of the Rebels: Youth Resistance Movements and 21st Century Revolutions by Matthew Collin (Young adults, Resistance) This book discusses the role youth movements played in taking down oppressive governments. Violent Politics: a History of Insurgency, Terrorism & Guerrilla war, from the American Revolution to Iraq by William R. Polk (guerrilla warfare and insurgency in several countries) William Polk takes a global approach to the history of insurgency, terrorism & guerrilla warfare. Red Earth, Blue Sky: the Australian Outback by Margaret Rau (Australian Outback) The story of Margaret Rau’s journey through the Australian Outback. Tags:accessible, action-packed, bleak, builds in intensity, coming of age, compelling, detailed setting, emotionally charged, episodic, flawed, introspective, series (characters), small town, suspenseful Posted in Adrenaline, Adventure \| Leave a Comment » Author: Dee Henderson Title: Before I Wake Genre: Christian Fiction & Romantic Suspense Geographical Setting: Justice, Illinois Plot Summary: Haunted by the death of a colleague in a botched undercover investigation, former FBI agent Rae Gabriella is looking for a change in career, as well as scenery. Taking her ex-fiancé, Bruce Campbell, up on his offer to join his Private Investigation firm, she looks forward to settling into a less stressful life in the small town of Justice, Illinois. The ideal of small-town life is soon shattered when two unrelated young women visiting Justice are found dead in their hotel rooms within a week; both having died in their sleep. Are their deaths an unfortunate coincidence or the result of something much more sinister? Sheriff Nathan Justice asks Rae and Bruce for help in getting to the bottom of the mysterious deaths, unwittingly setting Rae up as a potential victim. Rae must deal with a personal crisis in faith, as well as growing romantic feelings for both Bruce and Nathan, as she races to pursue leads that indicate a killer is on the loose. Subject Headings: Women Private Investigators — Illinois — Fiction; Women Travelers —Fiction; Tourists — Crimes Against — Fiction; Illinois – Fiction Appeal: fast-paced, compelling, atmospheric, dangerous, suspenseful, romantic, well-developed characters, introspective, inspirational, investigative, multiple plot lines, plot-driven, open-ended, contemporary, small-town, dramatic Three Appeal Terms that Best Describe Book: fast-paced, suspenseful, small-town Fiction Read-alikes: Fatal Judgment by Irene Hannon Against his wishes, U.S. Marshall Jake Taylor is assigned to protect the life of his best friend’s widow, Federal Judge Liz Michaels, whom Jake blames for his friend’s suicide. This is the first volume in the Guardians of Justice series, and Hannon is a Christy Award winning author. Like Before I Wake, this book is a fast-paced, compelling Christian Romantic Suspense title with a law-enforcement theme, where the main female character becomes a potential victim of an unknown predator. Hideaway by Hannah Alexander Dr. Cheyenne Allison withdraws to a small Missouri town to escape feelings of guilt over her sister’s tragic death. When vandalism in town leads to serious violence and injuries, Cheyenne finds her loyalties divided between the town’s mayor and a charismatic neighbor. This is the first book in the Hideaway series and is a Christy Award winning title. Like Before I Wake, this book is a fast-paced, Christian Romantic Suspense title where a smart, professional woman seeks a new start in life in a small town, but is soon drawn into danger in her new surroundings. I Heard that Song Before by Mary Higgins Clark A new wife doubts her husband’s innocence when he becomes a suspect in an investigation into the death of his first wife four years earlier, as well as the disappearance of a neighbor over 20 years ago. Clark is known for writing suspense stories and mysteries that are considered gentle reads, and the lack of sex, excessive violence, and strong language may have extra appeal to readers of Christian fiction. This fast-paced, plot-driven suspense title by Clark won the Romantic Times Reviewers’ Choice Award for Best Mystery & Suspense in 2007, so may also satisfy fans of Romantic Suspense. Related Non-fiction: There is Power in a Union: The Epic Story of Labor in America by Philip Dray A strike by unionized workers at the local tile factory and the ongoing negotiations with management provide a major subplot in Before I Wake. Dray’s book provides a history of organized labor in the United States, an examination of the social, political, economic, and cultural impact unions have had over the years, and a discussion of the level of influence unions maintain in today’s troubled economy. Methland: The Death and Life of an American Small Town by Nick Reding In Before I Wake, a clandestine meth lab figures prominently in the rash of serious crime affecting Justice, Illinois; with recognition of the ruinous impact the drug trade can have on small-town America. Reding’s book presents a study of the devastating effects of meth production on a small, agricultural town in Iowa, the lives ruined by the drug, and the socioeconomic fallout associated with the meth culture. Detectives Don’t Wear Seat Belts: True Adventures of a Female P.I. by Cici McNair The fictional character of Rae Gabriella in Before I Wake is an ex-cop and former FBI agent who is just starting out as a private investigator. This title is an entertaining and candid memoir by Cici McNair, a successful female private investigator in New York City. McNair describes her early life, the effort required to break into the male-dominated P.I. profession, and the many cases, adventures, and colorful characters that filled her days. Becky King Tags:atmospheric, compelling, contemporary, dangerous, dramatic, fast paced, inspirational, introspective, investigative, multiple plot lines, open-ended, plot-driven, romantic, small town, suspenseful, well-developed characters Posted in Adrenaline, Insprational, Romantic Suspense \| Leave a Comment » Memoirs of Geisha Title: Memoirs of a Geisha Author: Arthur, Golden Time Period: Japan – 1920s to the 1940s. Plot Summary: Arthur Golden weaves a compelling story in this memoir about a poor girl Sayuri sold and taken to the big city and is forced into a kind of life she was totally unprepared for. She finds herself in the world of Geisha, and learns the Geisha trade where she eventually becomes one of the most desired Geisha in Japan. Told from a first person point of view, this book explores in detail the daily life of the Geisha, various stages of the Geisha training, the competitions, and rivalries among the Geisha and the ultimate sale of the Geisha’s virginity. Though leisurely paced, the reader is taken through twists and turns of the plot and is made to feel real sympathetic to the strong willed and determined Sayuri – who decides to go by the wishes of her heart rather than the dictates of the society. You find a lot of cultural elements and language that evokes a strong sense of place that depicts the culture and tradition of the Japanese in a very realistic fashion.. Appeal Characteristics: Compelling; lyrical; richly detailed, leisurely paced, atmospheric; reflective, introspective, insightful, inspiring, detailed, homespun; Leisurely-Paced; Evocative, sympathetic, introspective – Japanese culture, single character development over time, explores interesting multiple characters Subject Headings: Geishas, Artisans, competition in women, Women entertainers, Prostitution, Women friendship, Men/women relationships, Jealousy in women, First loves, 20th century 3 Best Appeal Terms: Leisurely paced, Compelling, Reflective Similar Fiction: My Antonia by Carter, Willa – Shares similar tone and plot as Memoirs of a Geisha -The story of an orphaned girl who struggles from a young age… Reflective, Homespun, Bittersweet, Narrative style – The whistling season by Doig, Ivan – Set in the early 1900s, has a very strong sense of place, Moving, Reflective, Nostalgic, Descriptive, Atmospheric. Readers who loved these elements in Memoirs of a Geisha would also love this novel. The commoner by Schwartz, John Burnham Those who loved Memoirs of a Geisha will also love this because they both share similar themes – Where one from a lowly beginning finds love and rises to top – a commoner marries into royalty. Novel set in Japan, evokes language and cultural elements. Gives a good insight into the culture and tradition of the Japanese. Has similar narrative style, from first person point of view. Similar Non-fiction: Autobiography of a Geisha by Masuda, Sayo Masuda recounts from a first person point of view life as a Geisha. This book exposes both the glamour and the indignity surrounding “Geisha”. Readers of Memoirs of a Geisha would be enthralled. Japanland: a year in search of wa by Muller, Karin An american film maker travels to Japan to explore the customs and traditions of the people. We get an insight into the life of geishas, samurai and other communities. Readers who loved memoirs of a Geisha would thoroughly enjoy this true life account on what goes behind closed doors of these customs. Women of the pleasure quarters: the secret history of the geisha by Downer, Leslie This is a well researched book that delves more into the history of the Geisha. A fascinating read by anyone curious about how “Geisha” came to be. By: Vera Tags:atmospheric; reflective, Compelling; lyrical; richly detailed, detailed, evocative, explores interesting multiple characters, homespun, insightful, inspiring, introspective, introspective - Japanese culture, leisurely paced, single character development over time, sympathetic Posted in Historical Fiction \| Leave a Comment » The Wilder Life: My Adventures in the Lost World of Little House on the Prairie Author: McClure, Wendy Title: The Wilder Life: My Adventures in the Lost World of Little House on the Prairie Genre: Nonfiction Number of Pages: 336 p. Geographical Setting: Multiple locations throughout the United States Plot Summary: Author and children’s book editor, Wendy McClure, takes readers on a humorous, reflective, and contemporary journey to revisit her favorite children’s books, the series of Little House on the Prairie. In each chapter, McClure shares with readers her research into the history of the books along with her visits to several of the historical sites in the United States where Laura Ingalls Wilder, the author of Little House on the Prairie, lived. McClure even goes to festivals dedicated to the books and tries to camp out and cook as in the 19th century. However, what adds even more depth to this novel is that McClure learns as much about herself throughout this journey as she does about her favorite series. McClure leads this novel with a relatable, introspective, and self-deprecating voice. She describes situations and characters in a detailed, vivid, and generally sympathetic style with accessible and conversational language. Also, while much of the novel is character-centered and informative, numerous funny adventures occur during the course of McClure’s trips. This novel is an engaging and thought-provoking novel about one person’s relationship with the books that she loves. Subject Headings: Books and Reading; Arts and Entertainment; Frontier and Pioneer Life; Frontier and Pioneer Life in Literature; Home; Women’s Studies; Wilder, Laura Ingalls, 1867-1957 – Appreciation; Wilder, Laura Ingalls, 1867-1957 – Homes and Haunts; Wilder, Laura Ingalls, 1867-1957 – Little House on the Prairie; 19th Century; Autobiographies (Adult Literature); Humor Writing; Appeal: leisurely-paced, relaxed, steady, bittersweet, candid, contemplative, gentle, humorous, introspective, moving, nostalgic, poignant, unpretentious, closely observed, detailed, engaging, familiar, quirky, realistic, and vivid primary and secondary characters, authentic, character-centered, episodic, layered, literary references, thought-provoking, accurate, contemporary, historical details, rural, academic, accessible, conversational, descriptive, engaging, informal, informative, thoughtful, well-researched 3 Terms that Best Describe This Book: humorous, bittersweet, historical details Confessions of a Prairie Bitch: How I Survived Nellie Oleson and Learned to Love Being Hated by Alison Arngrimwill appeal to readers ofThe Wilder Life: My Adventures in the Lost World of Little House on the Prairie by Wendy McClure in that it is another autobiographical novel that highlights a different perspective ofLittle House on the Prairie. Similar toThe Wilder Life: My Adventures in the Lost World of Little House on the Prairie by Wendy McClure,Confessions of a Prairie Bitch: How I Survived Nellie Oleson and Learned to Love Being Hated by Alison Arngrim is a funny, character-centered, conversational, and contemporary book about how her real life differed from the mean character that she played on the famous television show. UnlikeThe Wilder Life: My Adventures in the Lost World of Little House on the Prairie by Wendy McClure, Confessions of a Prairie Bitch: How I Survived Nellie Oleson and Learned to Love Being Hated by Alison Arngrim is more about the life of the actress beyond the series while McClure’s novel is a nostalgic and academic return to the past. Forty Acres and a Fool: How to Live in the Country and Still Keep Your Sanity by Roger Welsch will appeal to readers ofThe Wilder Life: My Adventures in the Lost World of Little House on the Prairie by Wendy McClure in that it is another humorous novel about a man who tries to live a simpler life in the country and discovers it is more difficult than he initially expected. Similar to The Wilder Life: My Adventures in the Lost World of Little House on the Prairie by Wendy McClure, Forty Acres and a Fool: How to Live in the Country and Still Keep Your Sanity by Roger Welsch is a character-centered, chatty, and contemporary book, but unlike McClure, Welsch’s adventures take place in Nebraska. Also, he continues to live in rural areas despite its hardships. Julie and Julia: 365 Days, 524 Recipes, 1 Tiny Apartment Kitchen by Julie Powell will appeal to readers ofThe Wilder Life: My Adventures in the Lost World of Little House on the Prairie by Wendy McClure in that itis another autobiographical story about a woman, who reads a book, Mastering the Art of French Cooking by Julia Child, and decides to change her contemporary life and relationships because of it. Like McClure, Powell describes the challenges and triumphs of trying to replicate recipes from a famous book in a reflective, conversational, and engaging style. UnlikeThe Wilder Life: My Adventures in the Lost World of Little House on the Prairie by Wendy McClure, Julie and Julia: 365 Days, 524 Recipes, 1 Tiny Apartment Kitchen by Julie Powell is set in New York and focuses solely on cooking while McClure’s journey is in multiple locations and involves many different types of 19th century activities. The Night Journal by Elizabeth Crook will appeal to readers ofThe Wilder Life: My Adventures in the Lost World of Little House on the Prairie by Wendy McClure in that it is anotherhistorical novel about a strong woman, Meg Mambry, who is investigating the truth regarding a diary from her great-grandmother in the 19th century. UnlikeThe Wilder Life: My Adventures in the Lost World of Little House on the Prairie by Wendy McClure,The Night Journal by Elizabeth Crook is more serious and psychological in tone and takes place in New Mexico. However, like The Wilder Life: My Adventures in the Lost World of Little House on the Prairie by Wendy McClure, The Night Journal by Elizabeth Crook has humorous moments and focuses on women’s lives and relationships. Fine Just the Way It Is: Wyoming Stories 3 by Annie Proulx will appeal to readers ofThe Wilder Life: My Adventures in the Lost World of Little House on the Prairie by Wendy McClure in that it is another compilation of stories that include subjects, such as homesteading and living on the frontier. UnlikeThe Wilder Life: My Adventures in the Lost World of Little House on the Prairie by Wendy McClure, Fine Just the Way It Is: Wyoming Stories 3 by Annie Proulx is set in Wyoming and contains more serious and dark stories in a more literary style. Nonetheless, likeThe Wilder Life: My Adventures in the Lost World of Little House on the Prairie by Wendy McClure, Fine Just the Way It Is: Wyoming Stories 3 by Annie Proulx has humorous moments and focuses on family relationships as well. An Ordinary Woman: A Dramatized Biography of Nancy Kelsey by Cecelia Holland will appeal to readers ofThe Wilder Life: My Adventures in the Lost World of Little House on the Prairie by Wendy McClure in that it is another historical novel based on the true story of Nancy Kelsey who is the first woman to travel to California in the 19th century. UnlikeThe Wilder Life: My Adventures in the Lost World of Little House on the Prairie by Wendy McClure,An Ordinary Woman: A Dramatized Biography of Nancy Kelsey by Cecelia Holland is a more serious adventure story of survival. However, likeThe Wilder Life: My Adventures in the Lost World of Little House on the Prairie by Wendy McClure, An Ordinary Woman: A Dramatized Biography of Nancy Kelsey by Cecelia Holland has well-researched historical details and focuses on strong women. Tags:academic, accessible, accurate, and vivid primary and secondary characters, authentic, bittersweet, candid, character centered, closely observed, contemplative, contemporary, conversational, descriptive, detailed, engaging, episodic, familiar, gentle, historical details, humorous, informal, informative, introspective, layered, leisurely paced, literary references, Moving, nostalgic, poignant, quirky, realistic, relaxed, rural, steady, thought provoking, thoughtful, unpretentious, well-researched My Year With Eleanor Author: Noelle Hancock Title: My Year With Eleanor Genre: Memoir Geographical Setting: NYC; Mount Kilimanjaro Time Period: 2008-2009 Plot Summary: When she gets laid off from her job as Celebrity Blogger, Noelle Hancock decides to heed the advice of Eleanor Roosevelt and do one thing a day that scares her in the year before her 30th birthday. She faces physical fears as well as emotional fears, and the result is an introspective, inspiring, humorous memoir. Subject Headings: Hancock, Noelle; Women journalists—New York, biography; Eleanor Roosevelt. Appeal: Humorous, upbeat, inspirational, thoughtful, chatty, witty, engaging, introspective, smart, well-crafted, sophisticated narrator, informative, quotes from Eleanor Roosevelt. 3 terms that best describe this book: Inspirational, engaging, humorous. The Happiness Project by Gretchen Rubin The author chronicles her year of trying to become a happier person by observing happiness in others and pro-actively pursuing the activities that make her own life happier. A stint memoir like hancock’s, where a sophisticated woman is trying to improve her happiness. Julie and Julia: 365 Days, 564 Recipes, 1 Tiny Apartment Kitchen by Julie Powell Julie Powell decided to cook all 524 recipes in Julia Child’s Mastering the Art of French Cooking in a single year and blog about the experience. Her blog led to a book deal and movie. Like MYWE, this is a women’s stint memoir. The Autobiography of Eleanor Roosevelt by Eleanor Roosevelt First lady to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Eleanor Roosevelt was a UN delegate, chairman of the Commission on Human Rights, newspaper columnist, Democratic party activist, world-traveler, and diplomat. This book and Eleanor Roosevelt’s life is the inspiration for Noelle Hancock. The Nanny Diaries by Emma McLaughlin and Nicola Kraus A student from NYU nannies for a wealthy family. Like MYWE, this is a story about a twenty-something girl in New York City that ends happily. The Dud Avocado by Elaine Dundy This 1957 novel follows the romantic and comedic adventures of a 22-year-old American girl living in Paris in the late 1950s. Chosen because it is witty, humorous, written in 1st person, and about a young sophisticated woman. The Guy Not Taken: Stories by Jennifer Weiner This collection of stories about women and their transformative moments is similar because both books are light women’s reads and Hancock’s book is somewhat episodic, which fits in with this short story collection. Name: Sonia Reppe Tags:chatty, engaging, humorous, informative, inspirational, introspective, smart, sophisticated narrator, thoughtful, upbeat, well-crafted, witty Posted in Nonfiction, Uncategorized \| Leave a Comment »	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4648
__label__cc	0.722787	0.277213	Paul's Passing Thoughts ACCC Typical of Protestants Who Don’t Know What Protestantism Is, But New Calvinists Do Know What a Protestant Is; Part 2 Posted in Uncategorized by Paul M. Dohse Sr. on December 6, 2016 The American Council of Christian Churches (ACCC) confirmed a resolution on New Calvinism at its 75th Annual Convention October 18-20, 2016. The resolution was articulated by Pastor Dan Greenfield and posted here. Part one of this evaluation can be read here. What is our primary thesis? New Calvinism is a return to authentic Protestantism and is causing controversy among evangelicals because Protestants are more confused than any other religionists in the world. Greenfield’s post is low hanging fruit in regard to the issues at hand, so let’s get started. Greenfield begins his post this way: “In September 2006, Collin Hansen reported for Christianity Today on a new religious movement of professed Christians who took a renewed interest in Reformed theology. At that time, Hansen called the movement ‘Young, Restless, Reformed’ (YRR), but later he termed it ‘New Calvinism’ and claimed that it was a ‘revival’ of biblical Christianity. By 2009, Time Magazine declared New Calvinism to be one of the ’10 Ideas Changing the World Right Now,’ and since then, the movement’s popularity has increased. All of this success seemed to validate Hansen’s claim of another spiritual awakening.” It’s interesting to note that TANC Ministries was the first to document the true contemporary history of New Calvinism in “The Truth About New Calvinism” (TANC Publishing 2011). At first, we were the go-to source for information on the movement until further research revealed that New Calvinism is, in fact, a return to the real deal. Protestantism had indeed lost touch with its true gospel because of the integration of Americanism. Few want to hear that message and our research is now avoided like a plague accordingly. The integration of Americanism created a contradiction between how Protestants function and their intellectual testimony. This is why New Calvinism has all but taken over the church completely in a short span of time: the church has always been functioning New Calvinism; the movement is merely recalibrating the church and syncing its function with the intellectual confession. This was somewhat explained in part 1. But this is what evangelicals do to cover for the embarrassment of getting it wrong for over 200 years: they compartmentalize the Protestant religion into so-called “secondary issues.” You know, the whole, “In essentials unity, in non-essentials liberty, in all things charity” thing. Some nomenclatures are, “Reformed,” “evangelical,” “Calvinism,” 1-5 types of Calvinism, “Neo-Puritanism” which couldn’t be a bad thing because it has the word “Puritan” in it, etc., etc., etc. Let’s get something straight: “Reformed” is, you know, the “Reformation” which produced “Protestantism” which was fathered by Luther and Calvin who fathered the Puritans who came to America and started a European church-state which incited the American Revolution resulting in Protestant Puritanism being integrated with Americanism which fathered the Baptists, Methodists, Congregationalists, Pentecostals, etc., etc., etc., but it is all the same stuff when it gets right down to it. Ok, so, the Baptists disagreed with Luther and Calvin’s position on baptismal regeneration; so what? They kept the same progressive justification. So, the Congregationalists disagreed with the Puritan/Calvinist form of church government; so what? They also kept the same progressive justification gospel. What is really going on is total confusion because Protestants have little grasp of what Protestantism really teaches. Also, Protestant history taught in Christian schools and in homeschool curriculum is rank propaganda that would even make the Chicoms blush. So here we go with the whole well-traveled Collin Hansen historical focal point. Am I saying that Collin Hansen has supplied historical cover for Protestantism? That’s exactly what I am saying. Supposedly, New Calvinism is a contemporary movement and its father is John Piper. And gee whiz, Piper has true Reformed theology all wrong. Not so. John Piper has Reformed theology exactly right. And trust me, I say this regardless of the fact that I don’t like him at all. In contrast, the real father of the movement is a Seventh-day Adventist theologian named Robert Brinsmead. He started a Reformed think tank dubbed The Australian Forum which was launched in 1970 and came out of the Progressive Adventist movement (which was based on Luther’s soteriology). His rediscovery of Protestantism’s progressive justification and Luther’s “alien righteousness” turned Adventism completely upside down. The fact is, the Forum was invited to the hallowed halls of Westminster Seminary in the latter 70’s to inform the who’s who of Reformed theology about what Protestantism really is. They listened, and the rest is contemporary church history. And be sure of this: the Reformed movers and shakers are aware of this scandalous cover-up in the name of Collin Hansen’s rewriting of contemporary church history. And why are they covering it up? Because it totally blows up “historical precedent.” Historical precedent? More than 500 years after the fact the Protestant brain trust didn’t even know what Protestantism is; an Adventist had to re-educate them. Ouch. Right, the “Scandalous Gospel” indeed. In his article, and typical of the ongoing propaganda, Greenfield bemoans New Calvinism’s penchant for integrating popular culture with Reformed tradition. He cites the go-to guy for this, Peter Masters who pastors the famous London Metropolitan Tabernacle formally pastored by the “Prince of Preachers,” Charles Spurgeon. Ironically, Masters doesn’t have a clue in regard to what Spurgeon really believed, but John Piper certainly does. What’s wrong with syncing present culture with original “truth”? Nothing in my book. Greenfield cites two of the most prominent issues Protestants have with Protestants who really know what Protestantism is. Like Masters, Greenfield bemoans… It is known for being culturally progressive and flaunts itself as such. In its worship, preaching, and evangelism, New Calvinism embraces popular culture, a man-made system of customs which is incapable of bearing the weight and gravity of the Gospel. TGC authors, in particular, blog about “redemptive” elements they supposedly have found within Hollywood films, and YRR evangelists in the vein of Tim Keller (TGC cofounder) integrate pop culture in their community outreaches, hoping to gain a better hearing from their unregenerate audiences. YRR leaders also endorse “worship music” composed by modern, pop-rock hymnists and “holy hip-hoppers” / “Reformed rappers.” This exposes Greenfield’s (and Masters’) omni-typical misunderstanding of authentic Reformed historical-redemptive hermeneutics (HRH). Most Protestants like Greenfield and Masters believe this to be an interpretive method for Bible reading and is used alongside the historical-grammatical method (HGH) with the HRH being like, you know, stuff about the gospel. Not so. According to authentic Protestant orthodoxy, HRH was demanded in interpreting reality itself. Original Protestant orthodoxy demands that ALL of reality be interpreted through redemption in the form of a metaphysical narrative written by God. And, all HGH interpretations must come to a redemptive conclusion. Of course, this goes hand in hand with predestination. All of reality is a pre-written story or narrative written by God. This is the interpretation of reality seen as a narrative written by “the force,” “the universe,” “gods,” or in this case, God Himself. So, why not use popular culture to reach the culture? After all, whatever culture is doing was written into the script by God and is a picture of redemption to begin with. If one truly understands what it is to be Reformed, this makes perfect sense. Secondly, Greenfield and Masters bemoan the New Calvinist hobnobbing with Catholics. Good grief; this also displays an egregious misunderstanding of church history. Neither Luther nor Calvin ever left the Catholic Church. Note, “Reformation.” They sought to reform the Church, but never left it. Note, “Protestantism.” They protested what was going on in the Church, but they never left it. Note: and this is NOT even ambiguous church history; both Protestants and Catholics claim Saint Augustine as their Doctor of Grace. You can’t even make this stuff up; Protestant pastors will rebuke Catholicism as a false gospel and also cite Augustine regarding orthodoxy in the same sermon. A child can even see the blatant contradictions. Sometimes I think the only difference between church and asylums is social etiquette. What was the real issue that sparked the Protestant Reformation? Augustine, the undisputed Doctor of Grace for the Catholic Church was an avowed Neo-Platonist. Again, this is not ambiguous church history. The institutional church was founded on Neo-Platonism and its orthodoxy is the integration of Scripture and Platonism. Luther and Calvin were rabid followers of Augustine. In the 13th century Catholicism began to embrace the teachings of Saint Thomas Aquinas who integrated Aristotle’s philosophy with Scripture (Thomism). By the 16th century the tension between the two schools of theology within the Catholic Church escalated into the Protestant Reformation. The whole Protestant folklore concerning the Five Solas ect. is egregiously disingenuous on every level. In reality, authentic Protestantism only has a problem with half of the Catholic Church; the Thomism part, and far less with its Platonist/Augustinian roots. This is what’s behind New Calvinism’s acceptance of Catholicism. Now, in addressing Greenfield’s objection to the cultural and Catholic issues we skipped an in-between paragraph concerning “Neo-Kuyperian postmillennialism, an eschatological position which claims that God has given His Church an institutional social mandate to redeem culture and promote social justice to help usher in the kingdom.” We will address that in the next part. Tagged with: Al Mohler, American Council of Christian Churches, Beth Moore, BETHLEHEM COLLEGE AND SEMINARY, BOB KAUFLIN, CHARISMATIC MOVEMENT, CHARISMATICISM, Charles Spurgeon, CHRISTINE CAINE, COLLIN HANSEN, CULTURE, CURTIS ALLEN, D.A. Carson, DANIEL FULLER, DESIRING GOD MINISTRIES, EASTERN ORTHODOXY, ECCLESIASTICAL SEPARATION, evangelicalism, Evangelism, HOLLYWOOD, John Calvin, John Piper, Jonathan Edwards, KEITH AND KRISTYN GETTY, Lecrae, Ligon Duncan, MANHATTAN DECLARATION, MARCUS GRAY, Mark Driscoll, Matt Chandler, MOVIES, MUSIC, mysticism, New Calvinism, NON-CESSATIONISM, PASSION CONFERENCE, Pastor Dan Greenfield, PHOENIX SEMINARY, PURITAN, Reformed, RESOLUTION, Rick Warren, Roman Catholicism, RUSSELL MOORE, SEPARATION, SHAI LINN, social justice, SOVEREIGN GRACE CHURCHES, STEVE AND VICKI COOK, STUART TOWNEND, T4G, TAGGED ACTS 29, TGC, The Gospel Coalition, THEISTIC EVOLUTION, Tim Keller, TIMOTHY BRINDLE, Together For The Gospel, TONY CAMPOLO, TRINITY EVANGELICAL DIVINITY SCHOOL, TRIP LEE, WAYNE GRUDEM People who know me, and happen to want to see an article posted on the TANC ministry blog only need to send me an article written by a Protestant bemoaning New Calvinism. That will do it every time. Look folks, even suicide bombers know what they believe and why they do what they do. Nothing is more uncommendable than claiming to be something and not knowing what it is. We are greatly indebted to New Calvinism. First, its ill behavior brought attention to its claims, and proper research reveals that its claims are absolutely true. No, no, no, I do not hate New Calvinism because if not for this movement, I would still be a Protestant. Don’t get me wrong, it’s troubling that Protestants believe a false gospel; yet, they have the dubious distinction of being wrong about what they are wrong about. Few religions fit this category. Nevertheless, what New Calvinism reveals offers a grand opportunity for real revival. The article is written by a Dan Greenfield: “I am an undeserving sinner saved by God’s grace through Jesus Christ, a happy husband, proud father of 6 great kids, pastor of Orwell Bible Church, Executive Secretary of the American Council of Christian Churches, and member of the Ohio Bible Fellowship.” The article is in conjunction with an edict by the ACCC denouncing New Calvinism. Right here, out of the gate, let’s take Dan’s bio and demonstrate his authentic Protestant false gospel which is also New Calvinism. Right, while denouncing New Calvinism, Dan is a New Calvinist which is also authentic Protestantism. Um, excuse me, different preferences for music and worship style doesn’t change that. This is soooooo typical of Protestants; while believing the same gospel that you believe, you are a heretic because you watch R rated movies, listen to Pink Floyd, and don’t wear a jean skirt down to your ankles. Let’s now take Dan’s bio and demonstrate his New Calvinism that he is denouncing which is also authentic Protestantism. Dan says, “I am an undeserving sinner.” That is present tense. Ok, so, what is the biblical definition of a “sinner” in the B-I-B-L-E? Right, an unregenerate person. Dan is an unregenerate saved person. Yep, that’s orthodoxy plain and simple. We hear it all the time: “Justification is a legal declaration.” Hence, you are ONLY declared righteous while yet a “sinner.” Let’s continue. So if Dan is still a sinner presently “saved by grace” does this mean Dan continues to need grace because he is still a sinner? Sure it does. And we hear that all the time. But hold on. What kind of grace is being spoken of here? Answer: “saved by.” So, does this mean that Dan, still a sinner who sins, and saved by grace, needs ongoing salvation for present sin? Sure it does. But would Dan also attest to once saved always saved? Probably. Is progressive salvation stated in the Protestant confessions and creeds that he claims to defend against New Calvinism? Absolutely. How can this be? Answer: because Dan, like all Protestants, is very confused. If grace saved you because you were a sinner, and you are still a sinner, do you still need the same saving grace? Does 2+2=4? But we still sin don’t we? That won’t be answered in this first part, but it does bring up another question. If we still sin, that would be a violation of the law, right? So, is that justification “apart from the law?” No. But doesn’t the B-I-B-L-E say that we are justified apart from the law? Yes. But if Christians are not still under law (another biblical definition of a lost person) does that make us antinomians? No. We will get to all of this, but am I saying that Protestant orthodoxy defines its followers according to a biblical definition of the lost? Absolutely. And I am sure you would agree; that’s a really bad idea. Protestantism defines “under grace” as “under law” because it is a false gospel and classic justification by works. If you need ongoing grace FOR SALVATION, what do you have to do to keep the grace flowing? Lastly, for now, and like Peter Masters, Dan disavows John Piper’s Christian Hedonism while attesting to it. Dan states that he is a sinner, and is happy about it. That’s Christian Hedonism which is based on the Protestant doctrine of Mortification and Vivification. Christian Hedonism is merely a valid twist on the Protestant doctrine of Mortification and Vivification. Praise music, non-cessationism, and joy as a confirmation of re-salvation are merely the logical outcomes of Mortification and Vivification as stated by orthodoxy. The rest of the article written by Pastor Dan is conveniently arranged for point by point rebuttal. It is a litany of historical error and factual contradiction. That is what will be addressed moving forward. mail@tanc.online Search For Articles Using Key Words Announcing Open Forum on Twitter for New Book January 21, 2020 Weekend Furry Frenzy: Paul Dohse is a Bad Guy January 13, 2020 The Wrong Justification Leads to The Wrong Sanctification: Church is NOT God’s Peculiar People January 12, 2020 Victims Are Always The Useful Idiots of Caste January 11, 2020 Why Both Protestant and Catholic Gospels are False January 10, 2020 Cancer, Hell, Hate, and Religions of Death and Life January 10, 2020 How The Present-Day Shadow Church-State Works January 9, 2020 Haughtiness of Calvinists Baffling; Sort Of January 8, 2020 Older Posts Select Month January 2020 (17) December 2019 (16) November 2019 (29) October 2019 (34) September 2019 (17) August 2019 (47) July 2019 (15) June 2019 (30) May 2019 (24) April 2019 (10) March 2019 (29) February 2019 (25) January 2019 (32) December 2018 (27) November 2018 (18) October 2018 (44) September 2018 (22) August 2018 (47) July 2018 (19) June 2018 (20) May 2018 (30) April 2018 (40) March 2018 (92) February 2018 (23) January 2018 (25) December 2017 (30) November 2017 (53) October 2017 (38) September 2017 (21) August 2017 (23) July 2017 (32) June 2017 (25) May 2017 (29) April 2017 (43) March 2017 (36) February 2017 (29) January 2017 (32) December 2016 (68) November 2016 (43) October 2016 (47) September 2016 (64) August 2016 (36) July 2016 (24) June 2016 (28) May 2016 (42) April 2016 (29) March 2016 (56) February 2016 (27) January 2016 (40) December 2015 (37) November 2015 (39) October 2015 (37) September 2015 (37) August 2015 (42) July 2015 (57) June 2015 (51) May 2015 (76) April 2015 (67) March 2015 (58) February 2015 (67) January 2015 (96) December 2014 (47) November 2014 (64) October 2014 (92) September 2014 (73) August 2014 (75) July 2014 (51) June 2014 (61) May 2014 (60) April 2014 (66) March 2014 (75) February 2014 (57) January 2014 (58) December 2013 (59) November 2013 (54) October 2013 (66) September 2013 (37) August 2013 (48) July 2013 (59) June 2013 (41) May 2013 (42) April 2013 (36) March 2013 (38) February 2013 (54) January 2013 (55) December 2012 (32) November 2012 (40) October 2012 (47) September 2012 (32) August 2012 (42) July 2012 (32) June 2012 (16) May 2012 (39) April 2012 (39) March 2012 (44) February 2012 (67) January 2012 (49) December 2011 (46) November 2011 (27) October 2011 (27) September 2011 (25) August 2011 (35) July 2011 (18) June 2011 (27) May 2011 (25) April 2011 (20) March 2011 (29) February 2011 (13) January 2011 (13) December 2010 (12) November 2010 (5) October 2010 (8) September 2010 (10) August 2010 (6) July 2010 (6) June 2010 (4) May 2010 (6) April 2010 (5) March 2010 (6) February 2010 (2) December 2009 (1) October 2009 (7) September 2009 (2) August 2009 (3) July 2009 (1) June 2009 (2) May 2009 (2) April 2009 (1) March 2009 (1) January 2009 (2) December 2008 (2) November 2008 (2) October 2008 (1) August 2008 (3) The PPT Team Hannah's Passing Thoughts	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4655
__label__cc	0.53553	0.46447	Models of partnership developments in initial teacher education in the four components of the United Kingdom: recent trends and current challenges Ian Smith, Estelle Brisard, Ian Menter Centre for Research in Education In discussion of policy and practice on partnership between higher education providers and other stakeholders in initial teacher education (ITE), one significant approach has been to stress the desirability of developing models which are truly collaborative. This paper first discusses the ‘collaborative’ model within a range of ‘ideal typical’ models. The authors then draw on a commissioned literature review of models of partnership in ITE to analyse the recent policy contexts for partnership developments in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales, arguing that these have presented very significant barriers to the development of collaborative models. The paper concludes that, while the collaborative model may remain a very attractive ‘ideal typical’ approach to partnership, it may be necessary to consider alternatives unless the principal barriers to its progress can be addressed. Journal of Education for Teaching: International Research and Pedagogy Smith, I., Brisard, E., & Menter, I. (2006). Models of partnership developments in initial teacher education in the four components of the United Kingdom: recent trends and current challenges. Journal of Education for Teaching: International Research and Pedagogy, 32(2), 147-164. https://doi.org/10.1080/02607470600655136 Smith, Ian ; Brisard, Estelle ; Menter, Ian. / Models of partnership developments in initial teacher education in the four components of the United Kingdom : recent trends and current challenges. In: Journal of Education for Teaching: International Research and Pedagogy. 2006 ; Vol. 32, No. 2. pp. 147-164. @article{ff4bb3932e3341a6b8649ac026e985bc, title = "Models of partnership developments in initial teacher education in the four components of the United Kingdom: recent trends and current challenges", abstract = "In discussion of policy and practice on partnership between higher education providers and other stakeholders in initial teacher education (ITE), one significant approach has been to stress the desirability of developing models which are truly collaborative. This paper first discusses the ‘collaborative’ model within a range of ‘ideal typical’ models. The authors then draw on a commissioned literature review of models of partnership in ITE to analyse the recent policy contexts for partnership developments in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales, arguing that these have presented very significant barriers to the development of collaborative models. The paper concludes that, while the collaborative model may remain a very attractive ‘ideal typical’ approach to partnership, it may be necessary to consider alternatives unless the principal barriers to its progress can be addressed.", author = "Ian Smith and Estelle Brisard and Ian Menter", journal = "Journal of Education for Teaching: International Research and Pedagogy", publisher = "Taylor & Francis", Smith, I, Brisard, E & Menter, I 2006, 'Models of partnership developments in initial teacher education in the four components of the United Kingdom: recent trends and current challenges', Journal of Education for Teaching: International Research and Pedagogy, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 147-164. https://doi.org/10.1080/02607470600655136 Models of partnership developments in initial teacher education in the four components of the United Kingdom : recent trends and current challenges. / Smith, Ian; Brisard, Estelle; Menter, Ian. In: Journal of Education for Teaching: International Research and Pedagogy, Vol. 32, No. 2, 01.06.2006, p. 147-164. T1 - Models of partnership developments in initial teacher education in the four components of the United Kingdom T2 - recent trends and current challenges AU - Smith, Ian AU - Brisard, Estelle AU - Menter, Ian N2 - In discussion of policy and practice on partnership between higher education providers and other stakeholders in initial teacher education (ITE), one significant approach has been to stress the desirability of developing models which are truly collaborative. This paper first discusses the ‘collaborative’ model within a range of ‘ideal typical’ models. The authors then draw on a commissioned literature review of models of partnership in ITE to analyse the recent policy contexts for partnership developments in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales, arguing that these have presented very significant barriers to the development of collaborative models. The paper concludes that, while the collaborative model may remain a very attractive ‘ideal typical’ approach to partnership, it may be necessary to consider alternatives unless the principal barriers to its progress can be addressed. AB - In discussion of policy and practice on partnership between higher education providers and other stakeholders in initial teacher education (ITE), one significant approach has been to stress the desirability of developing models which are truly collaborative. This paper first discusses the ‘collaborative’ model within a range of ‘ideal typical’ models. The authors then draw on a commissioned literature review of models of partnership in ITE to analyse the recent policy contexts for partnership developments in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales, arguing that these have presented very significant barriers to the development of collaborative models. The paper concludes that, while the collaborative model may remain a very attractive ‘ideal typical’ approach to partnership, it may be necessary to consider alternatives unless the principal barriers to its progress can be addressed. JO - Journal of Education for Teaching: International Research and Pedagogy JF - Journal of Education for Teaching: International Research and Pedagogy Smith I, Brisard E, Menter I. Models of partnership developments in initial teacher education in the four components of the United Kingdom: recent trends and current challenges. Journal of Education for Teaching: International Research and Pedagogy. 2006 Jun 1;32(2):147-164. https://doi.org/10.1080/02607470600655136	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4660
__label__wiki	0.95985	0.95985	John Maynard Keynes and the Keynes of the Commonwealth, Douglas Copland - Millmow, Alex Millmow, Alex http://doi.org/10.1111/aehr.12055 When Douglas Copland of the University of Melbourne was about to go abroad in 1933, a leading Australian businessman, Herbert Gepp, hailed him as the 'Keynes of the Commonwealth'. Gepp was referring to Copland's contributions to Australian economic policy, not that of the British Commonwealth, but there were similarities between Copland and John Maynard Keynes. In full flight, Copland impressed his compatriots with his prodigious work ethic, networking skills, persuasive powers with policy-makers, and practice of popularising economics in order to effect stabilisation policy. For a short time, there were two Keynes, one at the centre, the other at the periphery. © 2015 Economic History Society of Australia and New Zealand and Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd. Blackwell Publishing Ltd Australian Economic History Review Vol. 55, no. 1 (2015), p. 1-19 Copyright © 2015 Economic History Society of Australia and New Zealand and Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd 1402 Applied Economics; 2202 History and Philosophy Of Specific Fields; 1503 Business and Management; Australian economics profession; Keynes; Post-war economic policy	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4661
__label__wiki	0.62092	0.62092	Utah teachers practice responding to school shootings with guns While most schoolteachers are spending the summer doing some well-earned relaxation (really, some of your kids are pains in the butt), teachers and other school employees in Utah are undergoing firearms training aimed at preventing the next mass shooting in their schools. Active shooter training for educators is becoming more common nationwide, and Utah is one of several states that generally allow permit holders to carry guns in public schools. Other states, including Florida and Texas, have programs that allow certain teachers to be armed if they are approved under a set of stipulations. Utah County Sheriff Mike Smith said the popularity of concealed carry permits in Utah makes such trainings even more important. About half the teachers brought their own handguns to the shooting range. “If teachers are going to be bringing firearms into schools, let’s make sure they know how to handle them safely,” Smith said. At least 39 states require lockdown, active-shooter or similar safety drills, according to the Education Commission of the States. Other states have less explicit requirements or leave it to districts. Utah requires its elementary schools to conduct at least one safety drill each month, and its secondary schools to have detailed emergency response plans. The firearm training is voluntary, but the Utah County Sheriff’s Teachers Academy already has a waiting list for its next four-week program. Despite scare stories about teachers accidentally (or even purposefully) discharging their firearms in those states that allow school employees to be armed, none have resulted in the death of students. Sandy Grow, a special needs educator at a Lehi middle school, said the massacres at Parkland and Sandy Hook left her feeling unsafe at work. A gunman killed 17 people at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, last year. In 2012, 20 children and six educators were killed in a shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut. “The idea of being trapped in a classroom with my students and not being able to protect them bothered me,” she said. “I want to defend them and keep them safe, not be a sitting duck.” Mike Ericksen thinks a lot about how to keep students safe at Mountain View High School, where he’s the principal and his son is a student. In 2016, before he began working there, five students were stabbed in the boys’ locker room. Reloading his handgun for target practice, Ericksen said the training has left him better prepared to fight back if someone threatens his school. “I’m more confident in my skills and what to do if something happens,” he said. “I’m not as nervous now. I can help.” Schools boasting armed staff and/or teachers generally don't become targets for school shooters, according to research from John Lott Jr.'s Crime Prevention Research Center. An inconvenient chart:	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4663
__label__wiki	0.975832	0.975832	Red Carpets/Backstage Archives For Aijia INTERVIEW: Andy Grammer Talks About His Daughter’s First Concert Ralphie Aversa — 01/06/2018 — Leave a comment Andy Grammer had a pretty fantastic 2017. The “Honey, I’m Good” singer welcomed a baby daughter, Louisiana, with wife Aijia in July. Then in December, Grammer released his third studio album, “The Good Parts.” Just before the year wrapped, Grammer’s personal and professional world collided when Louisiana took in her first show: Dad’s performance at the halftime of the Orange Bowl in Miami. “We put the little headphones on her,” Grammer described to me the following night, backstage at Hard Rock Café in Times Square. The singer, who was raised near New York City in Chester, performed in Times Square as a part of the New Year’s Eve Ball Drop. “It was cool man! Its like, ‘Aw man, I’ve been playing shows forever. But this is the first show that I’m playing with my daughter here.’ But it was great, it’s amazing.” Despite the frigid temperatures, Grammer was in a very upbeat mood. He told me that in addition to parenting duties, he’s excited to tour behind and promote the LP in the New Year. “It’s a personal album,” Grammer explained. “It’s my favorite of what I’ve done so far so, to get to go out and play these songs every night has been so, so sweet.” “The Good Parts Tour” kicks off March 14 in San Francisco and wraps up on April 15 in Philadelphia at the venerable TLA. The previous night, Grammer will headline New York’s Irving Plaza. In interview, rrs video Aijia, andy grammer, facebook, hard rock cafe, Irving Plaza, Louisiana, new year's eve, Orange Bowl, philadelphia, Times Square, tla Ralphie Aversa Tweets by @ralphieaversa ralphieaversa INTERVIEW: Benicio Del Toro on ‘Escape at Dannemora’ and Ben Stiller10/01/2019 INTERVIEW: Kevin Bacon Talks Boston and ‘City on a Hill’09/18/2019 VIDEO: My Russell Crowe Interview and How It Happened09/09/2019 INTERVIEW: Khloé Kardashian on Yeezys, Parties and More08/02/2019 Statement on Departure from Dreams08/02/2019 © 2020 ralphieaversa.com — Standard by 8BIT	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4666
__label__cc	0.658046	0.341954	Randophonic a radio program — this is its blog Randophonic is … The Final Countdown* PR’s All Vinyl Countdown + Apox The Solid Time Of Change reSEARCH series Tag Archives: School’s Out St. Steven’s POP Apocalypse #15 Posted on November 25, 2014 by Randophonic The final installment (#15) of St. Steven’s POP Apocalypse aired November 22nd on CiTR.FM.101.9. Here it is in two Mixcloud streams, each about an hour … The podcast of the whole program is available for download here. This marks the climax of our programming since June. So, if we got it absolutely right, it’s probably one of the greatest radio programs ever across all bands and frequencies. If not, we apologize. Because you certainly can’t blame the music, the twenty most singular records of all time, presented here in descending order. 20. Prince – let’s go crazy (1984) It’s the mid-80s and it somehow makes perfect sense that the single most kickass dancefloor killer of the raging moment is an exhortation toward the love of God and going crazy. Made it to the #1 in the USA, #2 in Canada, #7 in the UK, #10 in Australia. No video available. Thanks, Prince. 19. My Bloody Valentine – When You Sleep (1991) It’s arguably a sin to even listen to this in recorded form as it could never do sonic justice to the live experience. And yet, such is the My Bloody Magnificence of the thing — it doesn’t matter. Nothing matters. There is only everything. 18. Velvet Underground – Sweet Jane (1970) Of course it didn’t chart. It tells the truth. About everything. Children are not the only ones who blush. Villains don’t always blink their eyes. The best music scares the hell out of the powerful. 17. Alice Cooper – Schools Out (1972 Catches the mad punk delirium of the last day of school, reminds us that all the most important lessons happen outside the prison walls. And funny at that. Made it to #7 in the USA, #5 in Germany, # 2 in Ireland, #1 in the UK. 16. Jimi Hendrix – all along the watchtower (1968) The Dylan cover so good it forever changed how Dylan himself performed the song. As to what it’s actually about. That’s pretty obvious. It’s about businessmen drinking the man’s wine, with riders approaching and the wind about to howl. Made it to #20 in the USA, #5 in the UK. 15. Glen Campbell – Wichita Lineman (1968) Jimmy Webb wrote the song but Mr. Campbell nailed its sad and true centre. Yeah, he went on to perpetrate a mostly mediocre career, but these three minutes could redeem Richard Nixon. Made it to #3 in the USA, #1 in Canada, #7 in the UK. 14. Undertones – teenage kicks (1978) Punk spins into pop, conjures a confection that manages to be both fierce and fun. Given Teenage Kicks overall lack of chart supremacy, you gotta figure it all happened just a little too soon for the world. Our gain. We’re not sick of it. Made it to #31 in the UK. 13. Clash – I fought the law (1979) Is it wrong that a band that wrote so many masterpieces of their own should have a cover register as their highest selection on this list? No. Because the Clash just weren’t that pure. That was the attraction. They were a raging guerrilla battle all the way, all the time. Name a tactic. They used it. Did the Law win in the end? Who said it was over? Made it to #24 in Ireland. 12. Johnny Cash – ring of fire (1963) About as happy a song about going to hell as we know. Or maybe it’s about falling in love. Or something else. What it is, is the Man In Black whooping it up with mariachi horns, having a blast. Works at parties, weddings, anywhere really. Made it to #1 on the USA-Country chart, #17 on the pop chart, #12 in Australia. 11. David Bowie – life on Mars? (1973) A 1973 single release from a 1971 album which didn’t get heard in the Americas until at least 1972. In other words, Mr. Bowie (aka Mr. Jones) is messing with the fabric of reality yet again, and winning. A full-on Hollyweird epic in less than four minutes. Romance, regret, yearning, aliens. Made it to #3 in the UK, #39 in Germany, #4 in Ireland. 10. Nina Simone – I wish I knew how it would feel to be free (1967) It didn’t seem to chart anywhere. It changed the world anyway. \|How do we know this? Because everyone that hears it agrees with it … or they’re one of the jailers. 9. Stevie Wonder – superstition (1972) Because of what happens whenever this shows up in a party situation. The funk destroys all fascists. Goodness triumphs. That it’s also a rip-roaring condemnation of all the insane stuff people believe, well, welcome to inside of the Top Ten. Made it to #1 in the USA, #11 in the UK. 8. Pere Ubu – final solution (1976) Wherein the atom heart of Eddie Cochran’s Summertime Blues getst split and full-on apocalypse unleashes. Deliberately kept off the charts by shady men dressed in black lest it immanetize the eschaton ahead of schedule. Such was the murky truth of 1976. 7. KLF – doctorin’ the Tardis (1988) The Dr. Who theme and Rock And Roll Part 2 joined at the trans-dimensional hip. More fun than all the Star Wars and all the Star Treks (and their spinoffs) combined. And magnitudes smarter. Made it #1 in the UK, #2 in Australia, #4 in Ireland, #16 on the US dance charts. 6. Rolling Stones – paint it black (1966) It’s not even the Summer of Love yet but the Stones are unleashing the sitars and balalaikas, knocking the whole world on its side, even as they dump a tanker load of black paint over all those pretty psychedelic colours. Made it #1 in the US, the UK, Canada and the Netherlands, #2 in Finland. What the hell, Finland? 5. Stooges – I wanna be your dog (1969) Released in June of 1969, it didn’t chart anywhere, didn’t get them invited to Woodstock or Ed Sullivan. Yet it’s still at least the fifth greatest and/or most singular record of all time because entire universes have formed from the mad chaos of its wake. 4. Sex Pistols – pretty vacant (1977) The most Abba like of the Sex Pistols singles, probably because the main riff was more or less stolen from them. Yet such atrocities were unleashed upon it that nobody seemed to notice. This was going to be Anarchy in the UK except Motron started making allergy noises. Made it to #6 in the UK. 3. Beatles – revolution (1968) Motron remembers Grade Four. “Mrs. Hackett would let us play records on Friday afternoons. And it always ended with The Beatles’ Hey Jude/Revolution. Hey Jude always got played first because it was the A-side and ladies first, the girls preferred it. Revolution always got played louder because after all that, the boys needed to tear shit up.” Made it to #1 absolutely everywhere. 2. Beatles – I am the walrus (1967) Beatle John drops acid for maybe the thousandth day in a row, ends up watching TV and taking notes of great terror and epiphany while sitting in an English garden waiting for the sun to shine. Jack Kerouac once said that all he had to offer was his confusion. John Lennon took it even further. He was the walrus. Goo-goo-ga-joob. B-side to Hello Goodbye which made it #2 everywhere that it wasn’t #1. 1. Elvis Presley – if I can dream (1968) The kid from Tupelo singing like he truly believes that a single song can not just redeem his own soul but everyone else’s as well, the world over, in 1968 on a TV special with the hard rain of assassinations and war and insurrection falling here there and everywhere. Seriously, what’s a King to do? Made it to #12 in the US, #6 in Canada. Posted in St Steven's POP apocalypse \| Tagged a walk in the black forest, Alice Cooper, Beatles, Bowie, Clash, Elvis Presley, Glen Campbell, I am the Walrus, I fought the law, Jimi Hendrix, Johnny Cash, KLF, Life on Mars, Lou Reed, My Bloody Valentine, Nina Simone, Pere Ubu, Philip Random, Prince, radio, Randophonic, ring of fire, Rolling Stones, School's Out, Sex Pistols, Stooges, teenage kicks, Undertones, Velvet Underground \| Leave a reply A Young Person's Guide to Getting Wasted (11) All Vinyl Apocalypse (1,026) BIZ (1) Movie of the Week (13) reSEARCH series (20) Solid Time of Change (47) St Steven's POP apocalypse (3) The Final Countdown (23) Randophonic Elsewhere Randophonic @ CiTR radio Randophonic @ Mixcloud Randophonic @ Youtube Randophonic on Facebook	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4668
__label__wiki	0.525538	0.525538	2-5 Birth of Elements V От Большого взрыва до тёмной энергии Токийский университет We have learned a lot recently about how the Universe evolved in 13.7 billion years since the Big Bang. More than 80% of matter in the Universe is mysterious Dark Matter, which made stars and galaxies to form. The newly discovered Higgs-boson became frozen into the Universe a trillionth of a second after the Big Bang and brought order to the Universe. Yet we still do not know how ordinary matter (atoms) survived against total annihilation by Anti-Matter. The expansion of the Universe started acceleration about 7 billion years ago and the Universe is being ripped apart. The culprit is Dark Energy, a mysterious energy multiplying in vacuum. I will present evidence behind these startling discoveries and discuss what we may learn in the near future. This course is offered in English. This was an incredible experience.thanx to u i came to know about our existance in the univerce, how we have formed and what going to happen in the future .knowing all these info was fun.......... Maybe the best course I have taken so far. Very interesting subject great professor and perfect distribution of content. Would like to see another course by professor Murayama in the future. Birth of Elements and Higgs Boson We are made of chemical elements. So one of the fundamental questions “where do we come from?” leads to another question: “how were elements born?”. This is related to the Higgs Boson, an important particle in answering this question which remained elusive until its discovery was recently announced on July 4, 2012. In this module, we will learn recent research outcomes on these topics. 2-1 Birth of Elements I5:45 2-2 Birth of Elements II11:26 2-3 Birth of Elements III6:10 2-4 Birth of Elements IV9:37 2-5 Birth of Elements V14:10 Hitoshi Murayama MacAdams Professor of Physics, University of California, Berkeley Выбор языкаАнглийскийКитайский (упрощенное письмо)НемецкийРумынскийРусский So to sum it up, what we have discussed so far, the big bang produced only hydrogen, and helium, and no other heavy elements. There was just a little bit of heavy ones, but you can pretty much ignore them, so to a good approximation just hydrogen, and helium, and that led to the formation of some force stars, and inside the stars you formed Bigger elements like carbon, oxygen, silicone, all the way up to iron, and as long as these elements are stuck inside the stars, we still don't get to use them to form a body, so it doesn't explain where we came from. But fortunately, as you saw on a previous few minutes, these stars can actually explode at the end of their life. And that would release a lot of stuff back into the outer space. And then, what had been synthesized at the core of these stars gets released like carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and iron that eventually formed a body. So what is believed, is that our sun is probably the third generation star. So we had the initial stage of the star formation based on the hydrogen helium alone. Some of them exploded, which leads to more stuff, you accumulate them, form the stars once again, they also reach the end of life exploded, and the sun use that kind of material to form the initial core of the star. And that led to our own existence. So the explosion star like this is very important because that would be the origin of our own existence. Origin of some Nobel, Nobel prize as well. And so we are literally stardust. So we came from the star. And that’s what we are actually made of. But of course you should still ask the question, is that really true? Is there any evidence for that? So at least we can observe some of the past supernova that happened nearby in our own galaxy So this is the famous one called crab nebula and is believed to be a remnant of the past supernova that happened actually very recently in year 10, 40, 54. The reason we know the year. Is that there is some historical record in old Japanese literature, by Teika Fujiwara and in this old manuscript, you find a reference to a super nova. What the literally says is the guest star. There is a star, he could see which wasn't there before, that's why it's the guest star and that was the super nova explosion. And these days you can study the same object, in many different ways. By using optical telescope, just the usual telescope, you can observe x-rays. You can use infrared light like when we talked about seeing big the black hole at the center of the galaxy. And radio, which we have used also for the [INAUDIBLE] observed the big bang itself. By combining information from these different techniques you can get a better understanding of what is going on inside this object And this time sequence of the X-ray textures coming from Chandra satellite. By putting that into a movie file, you can see that there's still a throbbing going on. So, this happened like a thousand years ago when it exploded, but is still releasing material. That you can see in this throbbing dissolute movie and so we can see that the supernova does release material into space and that's how we came to exist. We believe that something like that one is going to happen soon, actually fairly nearby. Do you know which star is Betelgeuse in this picture? You probably can identify Orion constellation, Orion. So Betelgeuse is on the left top corner of this Orion constellation. And it weighs as much as 20 times the mass of the sun. And it's fairly nearby. It's only 640 light-years away. So by now, listening to my lectures you would immediately notice that this is actually a very close distance on the scale of the universe. And if the star is disclosed, you can even measure how big it is just by looking at it using telescope. This is the data that shows that the apparent size of Betelgeuse has shrunk by 15%, in a mere 15 years. So something is really happening with this star. So you can even observe the surface of the star, when the star is so close. And what you see in this picture here, is that the surface is also really throbbing now. You'll see parts that are swelling up, you see parts that's sinking in. So you see that surface is very dynamical at this moment. So that really shows us that's somethings going to happen to this star pretty soon Pretty soon the case may mean next 10000 years, but you know explosion may happen tomorrow as well. We don't really know we can’t predict, but it's clear that this going to happen sometimes soon into a big supernova. So putting things in perspective the way we can tell, how old a star is? And what it is the star’s made of? Well we can do, again going back to this sort of prism, by measuring the spectrum of colors coming from star, you see these lines, which shows some colors are missing. And this is called spectroscopy, which is very important technique in studying the astronomical objects. So this particular star, which is actually our sun, has a lot of these lines which shows that has many heavy elements. So these stars are called population one, the lot of metals, elements heavier than helium. This is clearly contaminated by the past supernova explosions. If you look hard enough, sometimes you find stars which seems much cleaner. Less contamination of these heavy elements. So they are called population two stars. If you go way back into the beginning of the universe, there must have been what is called population three stars. Which are made of Hydrogen and Helium alone, without any contamination from the previous generation of stars. We haven't found those, but people still looking. So, now we comes to this question, how do we know that big bang produced hydrogen, helium, but not more? We need a different tool, as we talked about. What we can look back to the point when universe was only 380,000 years old, by using radio telescopes, because we can detect the cosmic micro background. Which is the start light coming from the big bang itself we talked about it. But there's a wall, right, you can't go beyond that using telescopes, we can't see through that wall, we need some different technique to understand what's going on at the earlier moments of the universe. So you, we use a different tool, called particle accelerator. The idea is very simple, universe is so dense and hot, we would like to understand what happened back then, so that’s something we can try to do in our own laboratory. We try to create an environment where similar reactions can be created artificially. Which must have happened early on, at the beginning of the universe. So that way, we can go back to the moment, when the universe was only three minutes old. What we do is bring in literally, neutrons and protons together, smash them against each other, And see if they can form something heavier, like helium. So we can try to redo this kind of reaction that happened right after big bang, in our own laboratory, and that's the way we try to go beyond this wall of 300,000 years old universe. So, by studying these reactions in a laboratory, you can measure the probability for a reaction like this to happen. And once you've measured that you can make a prediction, on how much of the helium must have been synthesized at the beginning of the universe, and that process is called Big Bang Nucleosynthesis. And that would give you a prediction, that the ratio of hydrogen to helium in our universe must be roughly 3:1. And indeed you can measure the ratio of hydrogen, helium by looking at, again, the spectrum of light coming from the far away objects, and this 3:1 ratio agrees very well With observation. So that's how we can compare, what you would predict based on what you learn from particle accelerators versus what we can actually go back, and see using telescopes. And if they match up, that would give us enough, confidence that we understand what happened in the Big Bang itself. So by putting these information together, I you can put them in the computer, and simulate how the first stars had been born. And we will come back to this later, but at the initial stage you don't have that much concentration of gas, you have sort of a big blob of dark matter. We briefly talked about it in the first lecture. Once we have this blob of dark matter, gravity pulls the ordinary gas in and it starts to form this cloud of gas called the molecular cloud, and the core of the molecular cloud further collapses and start producing something rather dense. And that would eventually become a star. You can reproduce this process in a computer these days. And if you go further with this computer simulation, then this initial form of star would start to accumulate more stuff from outside, by the gravitational pull. But once they start to accumulate so densely, then it starts to actually ejected off. It was sort of blowing out, by the reaction, so that's something you can see in this computer simulation, so for a while dust just settles on the surface of this protostar. It's not quite a star yet, but as it keeps accumulating on the surface, you see this ejection of material, in the polar direction. So it stops growing at that stage, because whatever settles in further gets blown out, so the stars wouldn't grow anymore. So what do you learn is that, the first stars can grow only up to like forty solar masses. But that is big enough to synthesize the elements all the way up to Iron at this stage, and that's how I believe that initial elements had been synthesized inside the stars. So, going back to the discussion we had on the very beginning, we start with only hyrdogen and helium. So we ask the question, where we could have possibly come from because we need carbon, oxygen and so on. And the answer turns out to be that they were built in stars, and we are the star dust. But, you might have been listening carefully to me and ask the question, Well you told me that we can only go only up to an iron, can't go beyond that because you can't release energy by shedding mass beyond iron. That's at the bottom of this curve. How can you further climb up the hill? And we, we of course know that there are elements that are heavier than iron, like what you might buy in a jewelry store. So we need a mechanism, to produce those elements as well. And indeed, if you look at the so called abundance of these elements in the universe and that you do see all these heavier elements, like silver, gold, platinum, lead, they must have been produced somewhere. And, you know, it is the nature of the science, that you don't have answers to every question, yet. They’re still yet to be studied. We don't quite know where they came from. Many of us think, that these heavier elements have been formed when the star is exploding. We talked about element synthesized that occur, explosion releases. But explosion itself may be bring the reaction even further. And explosion is such a dynamic process, that you can even put energy in to let the reaction happen. So presumably that's the way these heavier elements had been formed. But we don't know for sure yet, so that's where you might be able to provide further studies to prove this idea. This is yet another curious fact if you think about this, lot of important things have been explaining, explained by the property of these individual particles coming in together, like protons and neutrons. What we know, is that proton neutron have very similar masses within only like 2 per mill. Basically they are exactly the same mass to a good approximation. But if you think of possible universe, where the proton may be say 20% heavier than neutron. Heavier. E=mc squared means more energy. So proton can then release energy by turning into a, a neutron in that case. So all the protons end up decaying, in neutron if it is heavier by 20 percent. So if that's the case, even if you manage to synthesize like a helium nucleus, protons in the nucleus would decay into neutrons. They're all electrically neutral. So you don't end up with anything, that can become the atomic nucleus at the end of the day. So no atoms would be possible at all. So the very existence of chemical elements, actually hinges on the fact that proton, and neutron are pretty much the same in their masses [INAUDIBLE]. So that's one, another mystery we don't quite understand. Why are the masses of particles, designed in such a way, that somehow all these important things that would sustain our life had become possible. And another question of course is that even if you do manage to form this atomic nuclei, you still need electrons to go around them to form atoms. So how were the atoms possible, why was that possible? And that's the next question, about the Higgs boson.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4676
__label__cc	0.7318	0.2682	Introduction, A conversation with Andrew Ng Convolutional Neural Networks in TensorFlow Курс 2 из 4 — TensorFlow in Practice Специализация If you are a software developer who wants to build scalable AI-powered algorithms, you need to understand how to use the tools to build them. This course is part of the upcoming Machine Learning in Tensorflow Specialization and will teach you best practices for using TensorFlow, a popular open-source framework for machine learning. In Course 2 of the deeplearning.ai TensorFlow Specialization, you will learn advanced techniques to improve the computer vision model you built in Course 1. You will explore how to work with real-world images in different shapes and sizes, visualize the journey of an image through convolutions to understand how a computer “sees” information, plot loss and accuracy, and explore strategies to prevent overfitting, including augmentation and dropout. Finally, Course 2 will introduce you to transfer learning and how learned features can be extracted from models. The Machine Learning course and Deep Learning Specialization from Andrew Ng teach the most important and foundational principles of Machine Learning and Deep Learning. This new deeplearning.ai TensorFlow Specialization teaches you how to use TensorFlow to implement those principles so that you can start building and applying scalable models to real-world problems. To develop a deeper understanding of how neural networks work, we recommend that you take the Deep Learning Specialization. Inductive Transfer, Augmentation, Dropouts, Machine Learning, Tensorflow A very comprehensive and easy to learn course on Tensor Flow. I am really impressed by the Instructor ability to teach difficult concept with ease. I will look forward another course of this series. Very clear explanation on the concepts at the higher level and practical application of it is discussed, demonstrated and also the exercises are of the same way. You will just love learning this way Exploring a Larger Dataset In the first course in this specialization, you had an introduction to TensorFlow, and how, with its high level APIs you could do basic image classification, an you learned a little bit about Convolutional Neural Networks (ConvNets). In this course you'll go deeper into using ConvNets will real-world data, and learn about techniques that you can use to improve your ConvNet performance, particularly when doing image classification! In Week 1, this week, you'll get started by looking at a much larger dataset than you've been using thus far: The Cats and Dogs dataset which had been a Kaggle Challenge in image classification! Introduction, A conversation with Andrew Ng4:13 Laurence Moroney AI Advocate In the first course, you learned how to use TensorFlow to implement a basic neural network, going up all the way to basic Convolutional Neural Network. In this second course, you go much further. In the first week, you take the ideas you've learned, and apply them to a much bigger dataset of cats versus dogs on Kaggle. Yes so we take the full Kaggle dataset of 25,000 cats versus dogs images. In the last module, we looked at horses and humans, which was about 1,000 images. So we want to take a look at what it's like to train a much larger dataset, and that was like a data science challenge, not that long ago. Now, we're going to be learning that here, which I think is really cool In fact, we have substantially similar ideas as their previous goals, and apply it to much bigger datasets, and hopefully get great results. Yeah, we're hoping for good results. Let's see what the students get as they do some of the assignments with it as well. One of the things that working with a larger dataset, then helps with is over-fitting. So with a smaller dataset, you are at great risk of overfitting; with a larger dataset, then you have less risk of over-fitting, but overfitting can still happen. Pretty cool. Then in week 2, you'll learn another method for dealing with overfitting, which is that TensorFlow provides very easy to use tools for data augmentation, where you can, for example, take a picture of a cat, and if you take the mirror image of the picture of a cat, it still looks like a cat. So why not do that, and throw that into the training set. Exactly. Or for example, you might only have upright pictures of cats, but if the cat's lying down, or it's on its side, then one of the things you can do is rotate the image. So It's like part of the image augmentation, is rotation, skewing, flipping, moving it around the frame, those kind of things. One of the things I find really neat about it, is particularly if you're using a large public dataset, is then you flow all the images off directly, and the augmentation happens as it's flowing. So you're not editing the images themselves directly. You're not changing the dataset. It all just happens in memory. This is all done as part of TensorFlow's Image Generation [inaudible]? Exactly. That they'll learned about it in the second week. Yeah. So then too one of the other strategy, of course for avoiding overfitting, is to use existing models, and to have transfer learning. Yeah. So I don't think anyone has as much data as they wish, for the problems we really care about. So Transfer Learning, lets you download the neural network, that maybe someone else has trained on a million images, or even more than a million images. So take an inception network, that someone else has trained, download those parameters, and use that to bootstrap your own learning process, maybe with a smaller dataset. Exactly. That has been able to spot features that you may not have been able to spot in your dataset, so why not be able to take advantage of that and speed-up training yours. I particularly find that one interesting as you move forward. That to be able to build off of other people's work, the open nature of the AI community, I find is really exciting and that allows you to really take advantage of that and be a part of the community. Standing on the shoulders of giants. I use transfer learning all the time, so TensorFlow lets you do that easily [inaudible] open source. Then finally in the fourth week, Multicast learning. Rather than doing two classes, like horses verses humans, or cats verses dogs, what if you have more than two classes, like class five rock, paper, scissors, that would be three classes, or inception would be 1,000 classes. So that the techniques of moving from two to more than two, be it three or be it a 1,000, are very very similar. So we're going to look at those techniques and we'll look at the code for that. So and we have a rock, paper, scissors example, that you're going to be able to build off of. So in this second course, you take what you learned in the first course, but go much deeper. One last fun thing, Lawrence had seen this coffee mug into AI for everyone in the course, and he asked me to bring it. I love that course, so thank you so much. It's a great course, because it has got everything for people who are beginning; even people who are non-technical, all the way up to experts. So thank you for the mug, but is it okay if I say I spot a sports car in the course as well, would you bring that? I don't have one of those to bring to you. So I'm really excited about this course. Please go ahead and dive into the first of the materials for week 1.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4677
__label__cc	0.62244	0.37756	Matisha Baldwin With an opera singer for a mother, and a father who toured the world with THE EMOTIONS, music is in my DNA. From the moment I could talk I knew I wanted to live my life as a performer, and I have been blessed to do just that. I have toured the U.S., received several awards and accolades for my work as a true triple threat as well as appearing on television and film. I have been singing with a Rhythm and Blues band around the Los Angeles area for more than 10 years and am excited to branch out and perform as a solo artist combing r&b/funk with a touch of rock and roll. Matisha Baldwin's Upcoming Events Matisha Baldwin's Videos	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4678
__label__wiki	0.978971	0.978971	Club Spotlight: Angaston Throughout the season, Peter Argent will feature country footy clubs, players and people from across the State. This week, we look at the history and greats behind the Angaston Panthers. Angaston Football Club will this year enjoy its 140th anniversary with celebrations on Saturday April 27. With a rich and diverse history, the club has experienced much success both on the field and with the number of its players who have gone on to greater deeds in the game at State League level and on the AFL stage. The club’s first recorded match was in the winter of 1879 against Kapunda, who remain a friendly foe some 14 decades later. A foundation member of the Barossa and Light Association in 1908, the Panthers enjoyed 22 premierships in that competition and since the amalgamation with the Gawler and Districts competition, grabbed a further A grade BLG flag in 2003. In the modern era, Matthew Doecke – still featuring at reserves level – is the longest serving A grade captain in South Australian country football history, having been the Panthers’ skipper for 18 years and playing upwards of 400 A grade games. The club enjoyed several dominant eras thanks to generations of local footballing families carrying on the blue and white playing tradition. Perhaps the club’s most famous family name is the Hurn dynasty. Lacey Hurn won the competition best and fairest just prior to World War II and was a longtime administrator for the club in the league. His nephew Brian – also of State level and Kensington district cricket fame – was the 1970 association medalist, having twice been the competition’s leading goal kicker (1957 and 1963) and a longtime secretary of the club. Brian’s son, William, went on to play 135 league games with Central District before coming back to captain the Panthers, whilst coaching at junior levels. His son is current West Coast premiership captain Shannon Hurn who recently played his milestone 250th AFL game. Another great surname in the Panthers’ family is the Kleinig clan. Roddy Kleinig was a runner up to the Mail Medal in 1949 and one of his brothers, Ian played a handful of League games with Sturt. His son Peter was the 1973 Barossa and Light Association best and fairest in a premiership season and the following year played in the first League game at Football Park for the Bulldogs. Current captain of the club, Jack Miles, is a third-generation skipper at A grade level, following his father, Richard, who once kicked all seven goals for his side from the midfield during the 1980s. Richard’s late father, Roger, captained the club for a season in the 1950s. Angaston 1955 premiership player Trevor Reu was another to go on to State League success as a member of the ‘61 West Adelaide premiership side, before retiring from footy to become a Lutheran minister. Undoubtedly the Panthers’ greatest goal kicking ace either side of the war was the mercurial Eric “Peter” Hearl whose best effort was 124 goals in the 1938 campaign. Craig Harvey - a stalwart of country footy Craig “Diddles” Harvey has blue and white running through his blood. He started playing at his home town club of Angaston as a junior and is now in his 25th season of A grade country football across two states. Harvey debuted for the Angaston Panthers back in April 1995, playing crosstown rivals Nuriootpa. A ball magnet and an accumulator of possessions, Harvey would go on to be the club best and fairest in the premiership year of 2003. In the winter of 2010, Harvey won the prestigious Schluter Medal as the Association’s best and fairest after playing just 11 games following a significant pre-season health scare which almost forced him into early retirement from the game. After these health issues, his great mate, AFL North Melbourne and Geelong player Kent Kingsley, returned to Angaston to play footy alongside Harvey. He has now played 234 games at A grade level for the Panthers, along with a single reserves appearance. Harvey has been a three-time Angaston best and fairest winner and played with Hamley Bridge and Mannum in the neighbouring Adelaide Plains and River Murray competitions, along with having five seasons in rural Victoria when he moved east with work commitments. He played three seasons from 2013 with Diggers Rest followed by two seasons (2016-17) with Melton Centrals. A hard-working midfielder with excellent skills, Harvey is keen to win an elusive second A grade premiership at the Panthers, recapturing the same euphoria he enjoyed back in 2003. Soaring with the Eagles – the Hewett bros 2020 SANFL Club Development Day Vale Glen Rosser	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4684
__label__cc	0.573951	0.426049	Sarafina Magazine Celebrating South African Women in the Arts A Conversation with Tankiso Mamabolo Tankiso Mamabolo is a recent graduate of UCT who has burst onto the scene. Before graduating she performed in Black Dog/injemnyama which had a successful run at the Baxter Theatre. Tankiso also co-created and starred in the critically acclaimed production of The Fall which went on to win an Encore Award at this year’s Fleur du Cap Awards and will be returning to the Baxter later this year. Following that, Tankiso will reprise her role in Ameera Conrad’s Reparation at the National Arts Festival followed by starring in the highly anticipated new South African musical Calling Me Home. Who or what inspired you to pursue a career in the arts? I remember I was watching Sister Act and I thought, “Wow, I can actually do this.” I come from a very musical family, all they do is sing. [I think] just being surrounded by people who have these dreams of being performers but never could because of circumstances and having a mom who kind of pushed me. I was doing badly in school because I wasn’t interested in anything and my mom was like, “Maybe we should try something else.” She took me to an arts school, Lady Grey Arts Academy, when I was in Grade 10. I went there for music specifically but I discovered theatre and thought, “This is actually pretty great.” Then everything just kind of followed from then on. It just became natural. Photo credit: Sophie Kirsch I read about you winning the DALRO/ACT/Nedbank scholarship, which I think is incredible because I don’t think many people know about that. It’s strangely not talked about a lot which I don’t think is beneficial to anyone because it does a lot for a lot of people. How did you find out about it? In the Eastern Cape, when I was in high school, university wasn’t a thing you spoke about much. It was just a thing that certain people went to do. When I was in matric, I was a very hard worker so my drama teacher always looked out for me. He was sort of my mentor. He told me about the scholarship and the competition was in Joburg. He took a whole bunch of us. I didn’t know anything about it. I am very competitive so when I got there and saw that it was super official, I had been to Eisteddfods and these high school competitions so I thought it was that kind of vibe as well, then I started to really work at it. I made the top 6 and I was shocked. Then they sent us material and I started liaising with them and then they introduced the idea of university to me. I had been thinking about it but not really hectically. It was something that I sort of expected my mom to bring up. Then they gave me an option of universities that I could apply to with the scholarship and I didn’t know anything about university so they advised me on UCT, Rhodes or TUT. I had never been to Cape Town so I was like, “I want to go to Cape Town.” I wouldn’t say it was luck but I think I was at the right place at the right time with the right people who saw my potential before I could see it. In this past year you’ve done a lot of theatre but I feel as though a lot of people don’t know that you are really inclined towards musical theatre and are about to go into a musical. Has it been a conscious thing to do theatre first? How are you choosing the work that you do? At first I just really wanted to do musical theatre. Then when I got into my second year of drama school I started falling in love with acting more and more without the musical side. My main dream is to be a recording artist. Music has always come naturally to me but with acting, I had to get training for it. I decided to study theatre because I thought, “I can sing but I can’t perform.” When I looked at the course after they had suggested it to me and it said “Theatre and Performance,” I thought that it would strengthen me in all areas of performance and while I can sing, I still need to learn things like stage presence, I still need to learn professionalism. It is a skill I’d like to gain as well. Being at UCT is really great because you get a lot of outside people coming to watch and they see your skills. I’ve been lucky that a lot of people have seen me perform. I’ve been involved in the student movement which meant [that] I then created The Fall with my friends and people saw me and then wanted to work with me. I haven’t really had a chance to sit down and really just pick. It has all just come to me and it has all just been really great but I am excited to start musical theatre. It is going to be interesting to be in a different kind of discipline. I want to do a lot. I also want to venture into a whole lot of other things and I think that this is great but I want to be a recording artist in the end. That is what I think I want to be remembered for more than anything else. What was the process like creating The Fall? We were all involved in the student movement but in different aspects. The year of the student movement we did Black Dog/injemnyama which was about the 1976 uprising. We did it at drama school and I think Lara Foot came to watch and she was very interested in the company and she wanted it to come to the Baxter. She was interested in this idea of a young company creating their own work. She approached Clare [Stopford] who had directed us in Black Dog and had lectured us so we were comfortable talking to her. We came here for a month in March and we all sat together and we created a timeline of when we had started getting involved. Everyone was involved in different aspects so everyone would add their own little story. I view everything very creatively. I am not good with details but I am very good at looking at the human element. Everyone added a different element. We sat for a month and it was a very painful process. We had to relive a lot of what we went through. It was also very therapeutic. We got to grow a lot. We got to reflect and we presented it to the Baxter but not as a performance piece, we just read them what we had written and Lara was happy with it and she was like, “Cool, now we need to work on performance dates.” The dates came and we put it together with the help of Clare. It was the best process I have ever been [a part of] considering all the people I worked with were my friends. We were in the movement together. The Baxter was great. They provided counseling because sometimes it got a bit much especially because during the formation of the play you would hear stun grenades happening on campus and we were right here. We were going through a lot of thoughts. You sometimes feel like you are abandoning your people when you are here creating a play and they are still out there. It was a great process, it came with its downs but it was beautiful. Did any of you anticipate the success that you received? No, we expected backlash. We expected that people would either say we were making money from struggles or we aren’t telling the story correctly. We even made the first few shows free for UCT students because we needed them to just see it and I remember seeing full houses and I was shocked backstage every night. We’d have Q&A sessions afterwards and people were crying and telling their own stories about how they had felt. 50-year-olds who had been at UCT were using it as an opportunity to let out their own pain. We were very pleasantly surprised but we didn’t expect it at all. We were very scared going into it. Now that The Fall is returning in June, what are you most looking forward to while revisiting this piece? The reactions. I think the last time we did it was in the middle of the action. People were still being detained. The students were still being expelled but right now things have quieted down a little bit over here. I know in other places it is still ongoing. I am interested in seeing if people change their stances on certain things. We might change a few things, we don’t know yet because the thing with history, especially if it is such a recent history, [is that] things change, new details come into light. You see new angles every single time. I am very interested to see how people react to it this time. What can you tell us about Calling Me Home? At the moment I am not at liberty to say anything about the show but I can tell you that the team creating it is just amazing. I was scared going into it because I am leaving Cape Town for a bit. When your career starts rolling, you don’t want to leave right in the middle of the fire but the music is amazing. The cast is amazing. They are really patient. They really value our input and I really appreciate that when working with people. I appreciate people who treat me like I am a part of the process as opposed to a hired dancer or something. I think it is going to be an amazing musical. I think it is something that this country hasn’t seen yet. I am very interested in the diversity of it as well and how that is going to read on stage and what conversations it’s going to raise but I am very excited. When I look at the work that is being created, most of which you have been a part of, I feel like there seems to be a dawning of a new golden age of theatre which hasn’t occured since the 70s/80s. I realize that it is happening everywhere not only in the performing arts. It is happening in media, in all aspects of the country and politics. These are very interesting times. I feel like art is reacting to that and it is about time. I feel like we’ve been entertaining for very long. After a while entertaining just stops being entertaining. There is a rebirth of new radical voices in theatre, exciting women playwrights. I don’t know if you saw Reparation? New work that pushes the boundaries, that speaks of now, that excites people. I think it is a great thing that is happening. What are your hopes for the rest of your career? I want to inspire a lot of young black people. I can say art saved me and that would be an understatement. It didn’t save me from drugs or a life of crime or anything but I was genuinely not interested in contributing to the country until I discovered that I could actually have a voice here. I think a lot of people are sitting at home with that same dilemma of not knowing how they can make an impact. I want to show people that it is actually very possible and I want to make ways because I can’t pretend that it is easy for everyone. I appreciate all the help I’ve gotten but I can’t pretend that other people have had the opportunities that I have had. I want to create opportunities for other people and I want to inspire. I want to create a culture in South African theatre. The only other person who I know [who] has done this properly, there are a few others, but I know him because I’ve worked with him, is John Kani. He has existed since his beginning and he is still a huge figure in South African theatre. I want to push that culture of artists that are recognised and given the recognition they deserve because they make an impact. A lot of the time we are just the side show. I want us to be mainstream. I want us to have a say in the decision-making processes. I believe that artists are more equipped than anyone else because I believe we have the ability to see beyond what is just fed to us. We study humans, we study life. I want to push a culture of young people who push boundaries, who believe in themselves, who exist. I realise that existing in your fullness and accepting yourself and not compromising in itself, is a protest because everyone else is just sort of expected to swallow themselves and accommodate everyone else, but I’m always like, “I will exist and I will be full in my existence.” That is going to be my form of protest. It means that I will not compromise. I will not be apologetic about my opinions. I will not allow myself to be put down by other people. I will push what I believe in. I think young black people need to learn how to exist because we’ve been shut down for so long. Who are some South African women in the arts that inspire you? Pamela Nomvete is one. I am inspired by young people though. I used to watch people on TV growing up and they inspired me more because they were black and they were on TV and I was like, “Wow how did you do that?” My friend Ameera Conrad is amazing. She is a force to be reckoned with. Nwabisa Plaatjie, she was a Magnet intern and she is currently working at Artscape directing a play. Whoopi Goldberg is my idol. A lot of the people I encountered at university when I needed confidence. University can just kind of break you. Lesoko Seabe was just one great influence in just the way she chose to carry herself despite some of the struggles she encountered being a black lecturer at UCT. She taught me to push. She taught me to be confident because I was not confident at university. Mostly it is the young people around me. Thando Mangcu is one. Now I am listing my friends but they are the people who are always around me who are always pushing me to do better and they are very honest. There have been a lot of people along the way that I have gone, “I see you, I recognise you, and I am going to take that from you.” Tickets for The Fall can be purchased here. Reparation will be performing at The National Arts Festival. Visit their website for more information. Tickets for the Johannesburg run of Calling Me Home can be purchased here. You can follow Tankiso on Twitter. Special thanks to Sophie Kirsch, Hannah Baker and Tankiso Mamabolo. All images taken by Sophie Kirsch at Baxter Theatre on April 26th 2017. Sarafina Magazine and Sophie Kirsch maintain copyright over all images. For usage or inquiries, please contact us. May 4, 2017 July 13, 2017 by Sarafina Magazine Categories: Actor, Actress, Advice, Arts, Baxter, Cape Town, Conversation, Culture, Fleur du Cap, Interview, Production, Sarafina, Sarafina Magazine, South Africa, The Baxter, Theater, Theatre, Theatre Arts Admin Collective, Theatremaker, Uncategorized, Woman, WomenTags: Actor, Actress, Baxter, Calling me home, Cape Town, Reparation, South Africa, Tankiso Mamabolo, The Fall, Theater, Theatre 3 Comments A Conversation with Ashleigh Harvey A Conversation with Jaqueline Dommisse 3 thoughts on “A Conversation with Tankiso Mamabolo” Pingback: A Conversation with Thando Mangcu – Sarafina Magazine Pingback: A Conversation with Tarryn Lamb, Carmen Maarman and Zandile-Izandi Madliwa – Sarafina Magazine Pingback: Aunty Merle The Musical triumphantly returns to the Baxter Theatre \| Creative Feel View Sarafinamagazine’s profile on Facebook View @SarafinaMag’s profile on Twitter View sarafinamagazine’s profile on Instagram Follow Sarafina Magazine on WordPress.com Copyright ©2019 Sarafina Magazine	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4685
__label__cc	0.70602	0.29398	Yudin Greg Yudin earned his BA & MA degrees in Sociology at the Higher School of Economics, Moscow, and his PhD in Philosophy (2012) at the University of Manchester. He is currently a Senior Researcher in the Laboratory for Studies in Economic Sociology at the Higher School of Economics. His main areas of research are democratic theory and economic anthropology. His papers have been published in the leading international and Russian peer-reviewed journals in philosophy, sociology, and anthropology. Greg is also currently heading the first MA program in Political Philosophy in Russia at Moscow School of Social and Economic Sciences. He is a regular columnist for Vedomosti newspaper and the Internet magazine Republic. He is doing his second PhD in Politics at The New School in New York.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4686
__label__cc	0.609493	0.390507	Stamenkovic Marko Stamenkovic is an art historian and transcultural theorist with a strong interest in the decolonial politics of race, ethnicity, and sexuality. Over the last decade, he has been working primarily in the field of contemporary visual arts as a freelance curator, critic, and writer focused on the intersection of visual thinking with social theories, political philosophies, and cultural practices of the marginalised and the oppressed. He holds a PhD in Philosophy from Gent University (Belgium) where he worked on questions of sacrifice, self-sacrifice in protest, and suicide to explore the relationship between human mortality and politico-economic powers on the darker side of democracy. His dissertation (Suicide Cultures: Theories and Practices of Radical Withdrawal, defended in 2014) offered nonorthodox insights into thanatopolitical philosophy as a decolonial epistemic option from a perspective of the global South. His international guest-lectures include universities and art venues in Sofia, Tirana, Cetinje, Tallinn, Gent, Vienna, Gothenburg, Pretoria, Tehran, Istanbul, Mexico City, Oslo, Alger, Dublin, Brno, Yerevan, Recife, and Alexandria. They follow an engaging style that has more to do with the discussion-oriented format, incorporating context and quotidian case studies, rather than repetition and memorization of facts. His most recent exhibition projects include: Scanning Cinema (Croatia, 2018), Heidi’s Delight (Belgium, 2017), To Die Out Laughing (Bulgaria, 2017), All Joy Wants Eternity (Albania, 2017), and Put Your Faith in Women (Austria, 2016). He is a member of AICA - The International Association of Art Critics and IKT - International Association of Curators of Contemporary Art. The basics of Marko’s academic research involve the relationship between human mortality and politico-economic powers (link 1) with a particular focus on contemporary philosophies of death and dying. (link 2) More specifically, he is engaged with transdisciplinary critical theories and methods that question how people’s lives are exploited and instrumentalized by those who are in the sovereign position to govern (through genocides, homicides, and human sacrifices at large), but also by those who lack this power and opt for 'voluntary death' (through euthanasia, human bombing, and self-immolation by fire). (link 3) Marko's work is, however, less concerned with the ethics of suicide in medico-scientific terms; instead, it challenges those views to highlight what self-sacrifice and relationships entailed by it can disclose to the world of living in terms of geopolitics of knowledge (link 4) or what is otherwise underrepresented and kept below the radar of normative visuality by dominant (masculine, patriarchal, white-minded, Euro-centric, colonial, racist and sexist) epistemic powers. (link 5, link 6) With a completed PhD in the humanities, Marko's research also relies upon social sciences and visual studies, showing a broad awareness of decolonial thought and indigenous cultural practices. What interests him the most, in this regard, is how visual data – within and outside of art history – relate to the production of different forms of knowledge (including histories of ethnic/racial/sexual minorities, often systematically excluded from public view) and how images can serve as tools for making intricate social and emotional structures visible and accessible to interpretation of human values, such as empathy and guilt. (link 7, link 8) Following his 2017 exhibition project on humour and death (link 9), he is considering a new one, including a book, on protest-based self-sacrifice in Central Eastern Europe (1968 – 2017) and the crisis of democratic legitimacy in 'post-communism'. Global Art History and Visual Studies Film, Photography, Literature Transatlantic Modernities Politics of Race/ Ethnicity/ Sexuality Migration, Pan African and Critical Muslim Studies Death and Mortality in Contemporary Philosophy Democracy, Necropolitics and Thanatopolitics Self-Immolation Protests in Central Eastern Europe Coloniality and Decoloniality	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4687
__label__wiki	0.585455	0.585455	Pay to Play Politics in Rhode Island? BRISTOL, R.I.__ The 2014 midterm elections wrapped up on November 4th with a sweep by the Democratic Party of Rhode Island. Democratic nominee, Gina Raimondo beat Republican nominee and current Mayor of Cranston, Allan Fung, as well as the Moderate Party candidate, Bob Healey. Raimondo effectively claimed the title of the first woman Governor of Rhode Island, she also became the first Democrat elected to the office since 1992. Former Republican Nominee for Governor of Rhode Island and Mayor of Cranston, Allan Fung, interviewed by reporters. With the Ocean State’s economy still reeling, both Fung and Raimondo, ran on the platform of restoring the great state of Rhode Island to its former glory- more jobs, a bolstering economy, better infrastructure. Rhode Island’s unemployment rate remains a staggering 7.7%, one of the highest in the nation. According to facts put out in September of 2013 by The Economic Progress Institute, Rhode Island boasts 144,000 people who were living in households with income below the federal poverty level, which was $11,900 in 2013. This is 14.3 percent of the population. Among the New England states, Rhode Island had the largest share of its residents living in poverty last year. These sobering statistics didn’t stop candidates from spending profusely on their own campaigns. In total, the original six candidates for Governor spent a whopping 15 million on the race, making this the priciest Governor’s race in the state’s history. Raimondo’s camp spent $5.4 million from the start of 2014 through Oct. 27, winning her 40 percent of the electorate on November 4th, as well as pushing her through the primaries. This would be an approximated $30.54 per vote. Fung spent $1.8 million through the year, or $13.86 per vote he got in the two elections. However, Healey spent only $35 on his campaign, yet he managed to rake in nearly 68,000 votes across the Ocean State. This works out to .0005 for each vote he received. “It’s amazing what $35 can do,” Healy told Eyewitness News on Wednesday morning. “As I’ve been saying, if we only spent $75, $80, we might’ve won the race.” Posted in Digital JournalismTagged #AllanFung, #campaignspending, #economy, #election, #GinaRaimondo, #RhodeIsland, #unemployment Prev The Curtain May Open for the Arts in Rhode Island Next Rhode Island’s Growing Budget Deficit	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4688
__label__wiki	0.934666	0.934666	Deranged arsonist who set fatal blaze in Manhattan apartment gets 20 years to life in prison BY SABRINA CASERTA NEW YORK DAILY NEWS The deranged firebug who set a deadly blaze in his Manhattan apartment and then attacked firefighters as they tried to save his neighbors was sentenced to 20 years to life Monday.Wei Chu Hu, who allegedly told his roommate, “I die, you die, everybody dies” before starting the wild inferno in 2013, pleaded guilty to arson and second-degree murder. Hu committed the “thoughtless crime” after having a fight with his wife, said prosecutor Craig Ortner. Renee Willems, 66, died in the fiery mess Hu created. “Renee lived there for 18 years. She was minding her own business in her own home when she paid the ultimate price,” Ortner said. She had studied languages in Paris and worked as a translator for the United Nations, Ortner said, as he described her life. She later authored children’s stories and was happily married. Her husband was out buying groceries when Hu started the fatal blaze. Georgine Willems, 70, flew in from Brussels to witness the sentencing of the man who killed her sister. She said her brother-in-law was utterly devastated and didn’t attend because “he could not stand it.” Hu’s lawyer said his client was filled with remorse. “He acknowledged his actions and the consequences of his actions, which he did not do earlier. He feels depression because he set a fire and one person died and he has to go to jail,” said attorney Kenneth Walsh. The information was cold comfort for the grieving Willems, who said they haven’t recovered from her senseless death. “I couldn’t believe it, it was such a shock. You don’t expect it to happen… It’s terrible,” said the victim’s sister. Hu’s sentencing gave her “a little bit of relief.” “I’m not happy, but I think it’s fair,” she added. This article originally appeared in The New York Daily News Posted in NY Daily NewsTagged #Arson, #Blaze, #Crime, #Hu, #NYC, #NYDAILYNEWS Prev The Arts in Rhode Island Get a Boost Next ‘Lethal Weapon’ star Danny Glover visits city carriage horse stables, says de Blasio’s proposed ban is ‘dead wrong’	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4689
__label__wiki	0.900052	0.900052	Feghali Named to San Diego METRO’s Top 40 Andrew Feghali, a Sage Executive Group member and owner of 12 Little Caesars Pizza franchises, has been honored as one of San Diego’s 40 Under 40 Class of 2018 by the SD METRO Magazine. In its 19th year, the 40 Under 40 awards program was founded to acknowledge the contributions of San Diego’s young leaders who have potential to shape the region’s destiny. SD METRO selected the honorees from more than 200 nominations based on their personal accomplishments, community involvement and career achievements. Feghali is the founder of restaurant holding company AMF Foods, Inc. The company has experienced annual sales growth from $1.5 million in 2009 to over $9 million (projected) in 2018. It was listed on the July 2, 2018 San Diego Business Journal Locally-Owned Restaurant Franchisees list. In addition to running his Little Caesars restaurants in Southern California, Colorado, and Texas, Feghali was selected by Jerry Rollins, CEO of Sage Executive Group, to serve alongside him as a Sage Executive Group Forum Co-chair. “I believe Andrew is an exemplary CEO and corporate citizen. He’s a visionary, educator, and hands-on leader, well deserving of the ‘40 Under 40’ honor,” said Rollins. “He’s enthusiastic and driven to provide his employees with opportunities, as well as finding time to contribute to the local community.” “It’s a distinct honor to be recognized by the SD METRO as an under 40 award-winner,” said Feghali. “The awards program encourages entrepreneurial activity among those with potential and recognizes the contribution of young people who inspire others with their leadership and achievement. San Diego is a vibrant community, and the talent, drive and ambition of this year’s honorees was outstanding.” Feghali was one of the youngest District Managers for PepsiCo – Frito Lay, Inc. Southern California. At 21, he oversaw 20 route sales reps as direct reports and 150 accounts with more than $9 million in annual sales. Feghali received his B.S. Degree in Business Administration and Management from California State University, Fullerton, in 2007and his Master’s Degree in Executive Leadership from the University of San Diego School of Business in 2015. He is working towards completing his Ph.D. in Leadership Studies from the University of San Diego. San Diego-based Sage Executive Group is a fast-growing membership network and advisory group for business leaders. SAGE’s value-based philosophy encourages business leaders to put people before profits and learn how to effectively balance business demands and responsibilities to family, community and health. Fifth Year for Sage Talks Ford Named to SD Metro’s Men of Influence List Wagner Profiled in Bangalore, India Pro Back Office Renamed to: PBO Advisory Group Feghali Honored as Top Business Leader Under 40 Business Executive Training San Diego Business Executives	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4690
__label__wiki	0.935883	0.935883	Patrick J. Adams’ Mystery Role On ‘Legends Of Tomorrow’ Appears To Have Been Revealed Posted April 4th, 2016 by Jax Motes ‘Legends of Tomorrow’ is set to wrap up its premiere season next month and just days ago, it was announced that ‘Suits’ star Patrick J. Adams had been cast for a role in the season finale that was only described as a “fun character the fans will love.” Considering the show deals with time travel and reportedly producers will shake up the roster for the recently announced second season, the immediate guess was that Adams would play time-hopping opportunist Booster Gold, a character who stole advanced technology from the future in order to become a hero– and more importantly, a celebrity– in the present. The character has had a lengthy career in DC Comics and has served as a member of the Justice League. But now comes word that Adams will actually be playing a different character. It’s been known for some time that the cast of ‘Legends’ would wind up back in WWII and interact with several Golden Age DC characters including Sgt. Rock, Hourman, Sandman and the original Red Tornado. Now it appears that Adams will add to that list. Reportedly, Adams will portray Alan Scott, the original Green Lantern. Scott was a key member of the WWII era Justice Society (along with Hourman and Sandman). He possessed a Power Ring that granted him incredible powers including flight and energy projection, although his powers did not affect plant life. This Green Lantern has no connection to the space-based Green Lantern Corps, which was introduced in the 1950s. In classic continuity, Scott was a radio station owner. In modern comics, he has been updated to a media mogul. The original Alan Scott had two children (unbeknownst to him) who grew into crime fighters themselves, Jade and Obsidian. He eventually married his secretary Molly Mayne, who had sometimes acted as a criminal, The Harlequin. In modern comics, a younger Scott is depicted as a gay man, whose fiancé Sam’s death played a part in him becoming a hero. It’s unclear which version of the character ‘Legends’ will draw from or if this version will combine elements from both. The Season One finale of ‘Legends of Tomorrow’ will air on May 19. This episode, entitled “Legendary” and will be directed by Dermott Downs. The teleplay was written by Phil Klemmer & Marc Guggenheim based on a story by Greg Berlanti & Chris Fedak. Are you excited to see Alan Scott/Green Arrow on this series? Source: Bleeding Cool Jason may be a Legend, but probably not Tomorrow. You can still follow him on Twitter. Patrick J. Adams Videos And Images Of Benedict Cumberbatch And Chiwetel Ejiofor Hit The Internet During Filming Of ‘Doctor Strange’ The Trailer For ‘Batman: The Killing Joke’ Is Here Plus A 12-Minute Sneak Peak Katrina Law Is Joining The Cast Of ‘Arrow’ As A Certain Villain’s Daughter… But Probably Not The One You Were Thinking New Comic Books This Week – November 23rd Zachary Quinto Returning To ‘American Horror Story’ As Male Co-Lead Next Season Three-Ring Serkis: Could Andy Serkis Be Up For A Role In ‘The Batman?’	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4696
__label__wiki	0.875411	0.875411	Home > Rare and Unique, Specimens > Rare and Scarce Stocks / Bonds > Hawaiian Bell Telephone Stock Certificate #6 - Honolulu, Kingdom of Hawaii 1881 Hawaiian Bell Telephone Stock Certificate #6 - Honolulu, Kingdom of Hawaii 1881 Product #: newitem234900175 Normal Price: $595.00 Our Sales Price: $495.00 (You Save: 17%) Beautiful scarce early certificate #6 from the Hawaiian Bell Telephone Company issued in 1881. This item has the signatures of the Company's President, H. A. Widemann and Secretary / Treasurer, C. O. Berger and is over 130 years old. Endorsed on back showing payments made of $5 / share and signed by Treasurer and President. The certificate was issued to J.T. & H. Waterhouse and signed J.T. & H. Waterhouse. John T. Waterhouse was a Honolulu capitalist who wanted to build an ocean cable connecting San Franciso and and Honolulu (See more below). Certificate Vignette The Hawaiian Bell Telephone Company started service in Honolulu with 30 subscribers on December 30, 1880. In 1894, the company consolidated with the Mutual Telephone Co. Waterhouse, John Thomas (Jr.) (1845�1904)�Arrived in the Hawaiian Islands with his father, John Thomas Waterhouse Sr. in 1851; founded the Waterhouse Trust Company, a financial firm dealing with real estate, brokerage, investments, insurance); served in the Legislature during the monarchy and also during the Provisional Government and the Republic; married Elizabeth B. Pinder; their sons included John Waterhouse and George S. Waterhouse, who were both successful in business enterprises in the Hawaiian Islands; preached for a decade to the congregation at Kaumakapili; superintendent of Kawaiaha�o Sunday School (1899�1904); involved with First Methodist Church, Central Union Church, Sailor�s Home, and Lunalilo Home. Waterhouse, John Thomas (Sr.) 1816 - 1895 �Methodist missionary; arrived in the Hawaiian Islands in 1851; favored annexation; involved in various business ventures including N.W. Dimond, H. May & Company, and Waterhouse Investment Company; father of John Thomas Waterhouse Jr. (1845�1904). THE TELEPHONE IN HAWAII - 1911 By J. A. Balch, Vice-President Mutual Telephone Company The ideal and up-to-date telephone system of Honolulu, on the Island of Oahu, is the outgrowth of a system begun years ago, and when one takes into consideration the location of the Islands and the very common belief that the inhabitants are barbarous and even cannibalistic, its history is both wonderful and interesting. Honolulu was among the first cities of the world to take up the telephone practically, and as far back as the year 1880 it is to be noted that it had more telephones than any other city of the same size in the world. The honor of introducing the telephone in the Islands belongs to Senator Charles H. Dickey, who brought a set of instruments to Maui and used them there; this was in the early part of 1878, barely two years after the original patent had been granted to Alexander Graham Bell. And in the latter part of the same year, Mr. S. G. Wilder, Minister of the Interior, installed a set of instruments connecting the government building in Honolulu with the office of his lumber business some distance away. The practicability of the telephone thus being demonstrated, King Kalakaua purchased telephones for the Palace and had them in operation for some time, these instruments being on exhibition at the Bishop Museum at the present time. In the year 1879 the first telephone company was organized and incorporated under the name of "The Hawaiian Bell Telephone Co.," and on December 30, 1880, began giving service in the City of Honolulu. Starting with thirty instruments in operation, this number was considered at the time to be satisfactory, or enough for all time to come; but in this they were mistaken, for the number has always been steadily on the increase. The first officers of the company were: H. A. Wideman, president; S. G. Wilder, vice-president; C. O. Berger, secretary and treasurer; John H. Paty, auditor, and E. P. Adams representative of the American shareholders. The system was installed by Mr. John Cassidy, who was also the first superintendent, coming from the coast after having completed the installation of a system at San Francisco. The telephone business was a success from the start and was known all over the world. People came from everywhere to see it work, and were amazed. The original investment of the shareholders was $6,000, of which $4,900 was subscribed locally, the remainder being held by the Oriental Bell Telephone Co. During the first two years of its operation a profit of 600 per cent. was made on the investment; this was considered by the local people as too good a thing to be shared by outsiders, so in May of the year 1883 a rival company was organized, and a charter secured in August of the same year. A new plant was built, and in March, 1885, began operation under the name of "The Mutual Telephone Co.," starting with one hundred subscribers and the following officers: H. A. Wideman, president; H. Waterhouse, vice-president; directors, J. A. Hopper, W. G. Irwin, J. H. Paty, A. Jaeger, and A. J. Cartwright. The installation of The Mutual Telephone Co.'s plant made Honolulu one of the first, if not the first, city in the world to have a dual telephone system. The fight was on for ten years, until August 2, 1894, when the consolidation of the two companies was effected by The Mutual Telephone Co. acquiring the control of The Hawaiian Bell. At this time the Bell Co. was capitalized at $50,000, and had 565 telephones in operation. The Mutual Telephone Co. had $79,000 worth of stock, and was giving service to 701 subscribers. The principal feature of this amalgamation was that The Bell Co. was to receive $60,000 worth of The Mutual Telephone Co.'s stock for their entire property, and The Mutual Telephone Co.'s stock was to be increased to $150,000. The Mutual Co. had 900 telephones in operation, the difference between these 900 and the 1266 operated by the two companies before they were united being the duplicate instruments not used after the consolidation. The switchboards used by these companies were numerous and varied. The "Law System" was first installed by both companies, and these were changed several times on account of fires, and on account of changes in apparatus due to the rapid development of improvements in methods of operating. But under one form or another the old Law Systems continued in use until 1899, when a change was made to "The Sabin Express System," which was in service until August, 1907, this giving way to the latest Western Electric, common battery, lamp signal, full multiple switchboard. This board was operated about three years, when new capital purchased the controlling interest in the company, which was reorganized and consolidated with "The Hawaiian Telephone and Telegraph Co.," August 2, 1909. This telegraph company was doing a wireless business with ships at sea, and with the other islands in the group, claiming the distinction of being the first paying wireless telegraph company handling a commercial business. Owing to the mixed character of the population, and the different languages in use on the islands, it was with difficulty that good telephone service could be given, so to obviate this difficulty it was decided, after going carefully into the matter, to install an Automatic System, and at the same time to rebuild the entire plant. At this time there were in operation approximately 1800 instruments, and work was begun on the new plant in August, 1909, and completed during the following year, the Automatic System starting operation August 28, 1910. Today the company owns two exchange buildings, one of which .�the Alain Exchange and General Offices�is situated in Honolulu, on Adams lane, and is a two-story and high basement building built of brick, steel and concrete, and absolutely fireproof. The basement is used as a storeroom and workshop, the first floor occupied by the telephone and wireless telegraph executive offices, and the top floor by the automatic switches, distributing frame, information desks, etc. The other office, situated at Waipahu, is a six-room frame structure, occupied by the switchboard and other apparatus, and also providing living rooms for the man in charge of the country system. The switchboard in use in Honolulu is a two-wire, common battery, individual first-selector system of the latest design, and was built and installed by the Automatic Electric Co., of Chicago. The outside plant is an all-cable plant, the greater portion of which is underground. The service, or drop wires, are short and insulated, for the most part going from the cable terminal pole directly to the subscribers' station. The service given is admitted by all to be ideal, the average number of complaints being about ten per day. Approximately 3600 telephones are being operated in all classes of the service, comprising individual lines, party lines, private branch exchanges, coin collectors, meters, intercommunicating systems, private lines, etc., etc. During the fourteen months of the operation of the automatic system there has been an increase of 1800 telephones, or the plant has just doubled in size, and is growing daily. The ingenuity of the operating force is being taxed to provide service for every one demanding it, and no better indication of the steady growth of the City of Honolulu could be had. The country plant, with its exchange located at Waipahu, fifteen miles from Honolulu, is a magneto system, with two hundred telephones working as party lines on metallic circuits, and these circuits phantomed. All lines are properly transposed, and are of all lengths up to seventy miles, running over mountains, plains, gulches, plantations, and at places making sheer drops of hundreds of feet. It has people of many nationalities for patrons, natives, Japanese, Chinese, Portuguese, Spaniards, and many others. Connections are made between the Honolulu and Waipahu Exchanges over No. 10 B. & S. copper trunk lines. The Honolulu subscriber reaches the Waipahu Exchange by calling direct with his automatic telephone, and the country subscriber is connected automatically with a Honolulu party by the operator at Waipahu. For this service a toll is charged for all completed connections, the service being rapid, and an ideal talk is to be had to any part of the Island of Oahu. With the telephone service the Honolulans and Oahuans are pleased, and well they may be, for no better service is given in any land, and the wireless service to ships at sea and between its five stations on the other islands has no comparison for quickness of despatch or its accuracy. History from OldCompany.com (old stock certificate research service) and WWI Liberty Bonds Buyer. Scripophily.com and Old Company Research Press Releases See Stock Certificate Expert Bob Kerstein, CEO Scripophily.com discuss Stock Certificates in Bloomberg , the Associated Press , CNBC with Jane Wells discussing the Facebook IPO, Inside Edition and the Today Show Subscribe to our New Free RSS New Products Feed in a Reader Subscribe to Our New Product Additions Feed by Email We will always maintain our founding commitment to customer satisfaction and the delivery of an educational product with an enjoyable shopping experience. Please let us know how we may be of service to you. Scripophily has been See Scripophily.com in the News at Scripophilynews.com Note: All Old Stock and Bond Certificates are actual authentic certificates and are sold only as collectibles. We do not sell reproductions and offer a lifetime guarantee to the authenticity of everything we sell. Bob Kerstein, PSTA, President American Institute of Virginia Society CPA's Bob Kerstein, Member American Numismatic Association Securities and Exchange Commission Historical Society Society of Paper Money Collectors Bureau Member Rated A+ Ready - to - Go Framed Selections Digital Images - High Resolution Recently added items to our Website /Specials Website Search Options Items We Want to Buy Alaska Steamship Company -England 1884 *SOLD* Oscala and Silver Springs Company - 1892 *SOLD* Republic of Ireland with Eamon de Valera as President - Ireland 1920 *SOLD* Postal Savings System Certificate of Deposit - 1911 **Sold** United States of Mexico - Bono Del Tesoro Del Gobierno Federal De Los Estados Unidos Mexicano - Gold Bond - Mexico 1913 - We want to buy this bond Items we want to Buy - Call 703-787-3552 Company Overview - Scripophily.com What is Scripophily? Scripophily Collecting Ideas and Themes Scripophily in the News Fax, Mail or Telephone Ordering Shipping Services and Costs Secure Credit Card Processing Collectible vs. Redeemable Security Product Pricing Policies Scripophily Terms / Glossary Scripophily Education Program Old Stock and Bond Research Service Old Company Stock and Bond Certificate Research Service - RM Smythe	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4699
__label__cc	0.688662	0.311338	Theater Review: “A Weekend with Pablo Picasso” Jean Lowerison - SDGLN Theater critic Daren Scott He roams the flat in underwear, smoking a Gauloise, making coffee and approaching a blank canvas – “the most terrifying thing for a painter to do.” Pablo Picasso lives again. That crazy Spaniard, who upended the art world with fanciful, sexy, goofy and/or stunning art works returns to the stage at New Village Arts to allow us mere mortals to spend 85 minutes with genius. He’s amazingly approachable – in fact, we meet him at 76, slipping into the bathtub of his flat in the south of France in 1957. We’ll share a weekend with him, while he attempts to fulfill a crazy commission: A rich lady wants to pick up six new paintings and three vases at the end of the weekend. What? That’s nuts. He doesn’t even know where to begin. But he picks up a brush and begins, because “to know what you want to paint, you must begin painting it.” What of inspiration? “Inspiration does not exist. If it does, it must find you working.” 'Picasso is played by local treasure Herbert Siguënza, who has been resident playwright at San Diego Repertory Theatre for the past three years. He wrote this show about a decade ago. It has since been presented around the country. This incarnation will run through Aug. 25 at New Village Arts. While he paints, he gives us his philosophy of art. “I am always doing that which I cannot do, in order for me to learn how to do it. If you know exactly what you are going to do, what’s the good of doing it? Do something else.” On a more serious note, Picasso tells us that “paintings are not just decorative objects, they are instruments of war” – an attitude borne out in his huge canvas “Guernica,” created in response to the bombing of that Spanish town by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. Franco rose to power after that, and Picasso vowed never again to return to Spain. Siguënza, always an engaging presence onstage (he is one of the founders of the comedy performance troupe Culture Clash in 1984), is also an artist in his own right. Here, he will create several pieces – including one of Picasso’s bullfight pieces – before your eyes. It’s a tour de force performance from one of the best creators around, and a fascinating evening at the theater. Don’t miss it. “A Weekend with Pablo Picasso” plays through August 25, 2019 at New Village Arts, 2787 State Street, Carlsbad. Wednesday and Thursday at 7:30 pm; Friday at 8 pm; Saturday at 3 and 8 pm.; Sunday at 2 and 7 pm. Tags: Jean Lowerison	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4700
__label__wiki	0.617877	0.617877	Which Upcoming Marvel Film Is the IGN Community Most Highly Anticipating? The Results Are In Welcome to the Multiverse. byBrian Barnett Posted July 29, 2019, 9 a.m. The internet has been buzzing ever since Marvel revealed what Phase 4 will bring to the MCU. After the dust settled at San Diego Comic Con, we polled the IGN community to see which additions you were most excited for, and the results are in. #1 Favorite Marvel Movie Announcement at SDCC: Votes: 6,787/21,951 In the wake of Endgame, all eyes are on the Sorcerer Supreme, and over 6,700 votes brought Doctor Strange to the top of the "most anticipated" list. There is a lot of promise in the name of the film, and we'll just have to wait to find out exactly what Marvel has in store for everyone's favorite surgeon-turned-superhero when the "Multiverse of Madness" hits theaters on May 7, 2021. Perhaps the biggest surprise of San Diego Comic-Con was the return of Blade. When Mahershala Ali's appearance heralded the return of the Daywalker, the crowd went wild, and the hype has barely died down since, as Blade ranked #2 as the IGN community's favorite Marvel film announcement with over 6,400 votes. Unfortunately, Blade won't be part of Phase 4, so we'll have to wait to find out when we'll be able to see the vampire hunter on the big screen once again. Another momentous reveal which rocked the internet was Jane Foster's return in Thor: Love and Thunder, this time taking up the mantle of the Goddes of Thunder, herself. Claiming over 6,200 votes, Thor: Love and Thunder ranked at #3 on the list of Favorite Marvel Movie Announcements. Thor: Love and Thunder arrives in theaters on Nov. 5, 2021. Votes: 977/21,951 While "The Mandarin" in Iron Man 3 might not have been all he seemed, legends spoke of a true Mandarin who was still out there. With the reveal of Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings, Kevin Feige confirmed as much. Shang-Chi hasn't been a Marvel mainstay, but the announcement was still the favorite for nearly 1,000 IGN community members. The Mandarin will be played by Tony Leung, and we'll have to wait until Feb. 12, 2021, to find out what sinister plans the villain has for Simu Liu's incarnation of Shang-Chi. To learn all about Shang-Chi, be sure to check out our explainer. With big names like Kumail Nanjiani, Angelina Jolie, Salma Hayek, Brian Tyree Henry, and more attached, it's no surprise that nearly 800 IGN community members were excited about the announcement of the upcoming Eternals movie. If you don't know who the Eternals are, or why you should be excited, be sure to check out our Marvel's Eternals Explained piece here. The Eternals hits theaters on Nov. 6, 2020. Scarlett Johansson's Black Widow has been a big part of the MCU since her debut in Iron Man 2 way back in 2010. Marvel's announcement that her long-teased solo film is coming to the big screen on May 1, 2020 comes in at #6 with over 700 votes. Natasha Romanoff will have her work cut out for her, as the formidable Taskmaster has been revealed as the film's villain. The Black Widow comes to theaters on May 1, 2020. What were your favorite movie announcements? What other announcements have you excited for Phase 4? Be sure to let us know in the comments below! That may be all of the film announcements Marvel made, but there is a whole lot more news that came out of SDCC 2019. For more on Marvel's television projects, check out everything Marvel Studios announced regarding Phase 4. Brian Barnett writes news, features, wiki guides, and more for IGN. You can get your fix of Brian's antics on Twitter (@Ribnax). Platforms: cpc 6 hours, 31 minutes Comments Justice League Dark: JJ Abrams' Bad Robot Working on TV and Movie Projects 5 days, 8 hours Comments 'I Am Iron Man' Funko Pop Is a Tribute to Tony Stark's Sacrifice in Avengers: Endgame 6 days, 12 hours Comments Ezra Miller's Flash Cameo: Why DC Movies and TV Were Separate Until Now 1 week Comments Avengers: Endgame Sets Up Marvel's Eternals, According to Plot Synopsis	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4701
__label__wiki	0.891826	0.891826	Current: Verity Health System Receives Court Approval of Stalking Horse Agreement for Sale to The KPC Group Verity Health System Receives Court Approval of Stalking Horse Agreement for Sale to The KPC Group Apr 22, 2019 \| Verity News Agreement includes St. Francis and St. Vincent Medical Centers in Southern California and Seton Medical Center and Seton Coastside in Northern California to The KPC Group for $610 million The KPC Group is committed to continuing operations at all four hospitals in the future and serving local communities Operations and services will continue uninterrupted at all facilities during a smooth and efficient transition process These remaining four hospitals in the Verity Health System now have an approved buyer, marking an important milestone in the Chapter 11 process for patients, employees and communities LOS ANGELES – April 17, 2019 – Verity Health System of California, Inc. ("Verity Health"), a nonprofit healthcare system, today announced that it has received approval of its previously announced “Stalking Horse” agreement with The KPC Group from the U.S. Bankruptcy Court. Under the agreement, The KPC Group will acquire substantially all assets related to St. Francis Medical Center in Lynwood, St. Vincent Medical Center in Los Angeles, Seton Medical Center in Daly City and Seton Coastside in Moss Beach for $610 million ($610,000,000). Also, as part of the agreement, The KPC Group has agreed to make offers of employment to substantially all employees at these facilities. The sale was conducted through a Court-supervised process under Section 363 of the Bankruptcy Code and is subject to review by the California Attorney General. “Today’s court approval of the sale means we are one step closer to finalizing a smooth and orderly transition for Verity’s remaining hospitals and assets to a buyer who will maintain Verity’s core mission,” said Rich Adcock, CEO of Verity Health. “We’re pleased that these important institutions will continue providing local communities with the high-quality care they need and deserve.” “The KPC Group is focused on enhancing the health and welfare of communities,” said Dr. Kali Chaudhuri, Chairman of The KPC Group. “We’re looking forward to continuing Verity’s track record of providing high-quality healthcare in Los Angeles and San Mateo Counties.” Verity Health System Verity Health is a nonprofit healthcare system. Verity’s remaining hospitals include two Southern California hospitals, St. Francis Medical Center in Lynwood and St. Vincent Medical Center in Los Angeles and in Northern California, Seton Medical Center in Daly City and Seton Coastside in Moss Beach. Allison McLarty, Allison.McLarty@edelman.com View this press release in PDF format	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4704
__label__wiki	0.79023	0.79023	SF NIGHT MINISTRY NEWS Empress Marlena’s 80th Birthday Benefit Iconic San Franciscan and long-time supporter of our community, Empress 25 Marlena, celebrated her 80th year with a birthday party benefiting the San Francisco Night Ministry. View this special message from Marlena (aka Gary McLean): Give To Night Ministry In Marlena's Name Even if you could not attend the birthday benefit, consider making a donation to San Francisco Night Ministry in Marlena’s name to honor her 80th year. The event was held at Brass Tacks in Hayes Valley, which is the site of the former Marlena’s bar. You can also text code “MARLENA” to 44-321. Feel free to share this text code! Read About Empress Marlena ‘Marlena’s Love Roast’ to Commemorate the 25th Anniversary of Marlena’s Reign By Will Roscoe and Joel Evans Article Appeared in SF Bay Times (2015) The LGBT community is roasting Marlena the Magnificent, Absolute Empress XXV, on the 25th anniversary of her reign. Marlena (a.k.a. Garry McLain) is a San Francisco cultural icon and founder and owner of Marlena’s, the long-time bar, community gathering spot and fundraising nexus. Marlena’s was a crucial hub of community organizing that touched hundreds of lives, dozens of organizations and raised untold charitable dollars. The event, which will take place on August 20 from 6–8pm at the San Francisco LGBT Community Center, features Donna Sachet as Emcee and is the 2nd annual José Sarria Community Celebration in honor and memory of José Sarria, The Widow Norton. The annual event honors individuals who carry on the spirit of José’s service, activism and flair, while raising money for the work of Openhouse on behalf of LGBT seniors. The committee includes numerous figures from the Court System. Originally from Modesto, Garry McLain worked for Carnation for 26 years. He first came to San Francisco in the 1960s, and was here in 1967 during the Summer of Love. In 1969, he moved to San Francisco and met José Sarria. They remained steadfast friends and colleagues until José’s death. In 1971, Garry returned to Modesto, where he started the city’s first gay bar, the Brave Bull, in 1974. In 1976, he was elected Empress III Marlena of the Turquoise Owl Court. Following that reign, he moved back to San Francisco and become active in the San Francisco Imperial Court. He worked at many other places in San Francisco: Queen Mary (now Aunt Charlie’s), Mae, The Cinch, Kimo’s, and The Mint. In 1990, he was elected Absolute Empress XXV. Her Most Imperial Majesty, The Queen Mother I of the Americas, Empress Nicole, bestowed the title “Marlena the Magnificent” on Marlena. The reign was one of the most popular and productive reigns of the era. Empress Marlena, Emperor Simeon, the Grand Duke and Grand Duchess, and Mr. and Miss Gay San Francisco all shared a float in the 1990 Lesbian & Gay Freedom Day. To this day, Marlena’s reign is the only one where all three courts shared a float. “There was so much camaraderie and working together that year,” Marlena recalls. “It was a fabulous year.” In 1989, McClain and a partner purchased a bar on Hayes Street and renamed it Marlena’s. Over the next twenty-four years, Marlena’s was an anchor for the transformation of the neighborhood into a thriving entertainment and shopping destination. It also became one of the city’s premiere drag establishments, offering weekly shows that raised crucial dollars for community causes. Marlena’s also became the home bar for the Imperial and Ducal Courts, and was famous for its over-the-top holiday display (featuring some 1,400 Santa dolls). In 2002, Marlena launched the Mr. Hayes Valley Leather contest, which continued for eleven years until the bar closed in 2013. As Marlena said at the first annual José Sarria Community Celebration in 2014: “We need to stand tall, to fight for our rights, but to do it with dignity and class. José taught us who we are. Everyone on this stage and all of you are here because of him.” It is fitting that the community honor Marlena for passion, capacity to organize and give back, and for love for the people o Expressions of Love and Admiration for Marlena China Silk, Absolute Empress XXXIX “Marlena is a mother, an advisor; she’s your best friend. She’s a community godmother, nurturing us all over the years and decades, across our whole community. Her legacy is all of us, the people she’s touched. You don’t have to be a monarch, you can be just anyone off the streets, and she’s there to help you succeed, whether in the LGBT community in general, or in the Court System. She’s helped make our dreams come true: how not to be alone, how to be accepted.” Paul Gabriel, Historian and Educational Consultant “Most people knew Marlena’s as just another business. But looking under the surface, that bar had a huge heart. Through the bar, Marlena gave back again and again. Gay bars are part of our core community narrative, fostering the origins of the Court System (back in a straight line to José Sarria and the Black Cat bar), the founding of the Tavern Guild, and the first places we could gather. When new people came to San Francisco, they met their friends at the bars and came out together. They took care of themselves when we were sick and dying. Marlena gave her life to that, turned her business over to it. She ran that bar like a non-profit, gestating the Court System and keeping our heritage. Marlena’s was a safe place, a kinship network, with the imperial leadership in place as the parents, with protocols to share resources and care for each other. Marlena and her bar were right there when we needed it, and we’re very grateful.” Collette LeGrande Ashton, Grand Duchess VII and XXXIII “Marlena was my mentor, and taught me how to be a leader. People thought I was a just a street girl because I was from the Tenderloin. But Marlena encouraged and helped me, and set an example. Her bar was probably the most community minded of the many bars in the city. If somebody was sick, she’d so something. If an organization needed funds, she’d do something. There’ll never be another Marlena’s.”f San Francisco. Tickets for the August 20 event, and an opportunity to leave a tribute to Marlena, are available at www.openhouse-sf.org/marlena Joel Evans is the Director of Development and Marketing at the San Francisco-based non-profit Openhouse, which focuses on housing, services and community for LGBT seniors. Will Roscoe in the organization’s Development Associate. Valerie Meets A New Friend At The Event NIGHT MINISTRY Return to News & Events Page ← Fall Harvest Wrap Procession & Vigil →	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4705
__label__wiki	0.572397	0.572397	Sillyhistory A brief history of the Cambridge Center for Adult Education How Howel Davis took a fortress by subterfuge Tag Archives: Samuel Bellamy Sorting through facts and legends of Samuel Bellamy, pirate In 1984, “Black Sam” Bellamy became New England’s most famous pirate when Barry Clifford discovered the wreck of Bellamy’s ship Whydah off the coast of Cape Cod. Today, one can go to a museum and see some of the material salvaged from the wreck. But who was Bellamy, and what can his story tell us? Location of the wreck of the Whydah In brief, Samuel Bellamy was born in 1689, tried to salvage treasure from the wrecked Spanish treasure fleet of 1715, and when he had little success at that, turned pirate. In February, 1717, he captured the Whydah, a newly-built slave ship, while sailing in the Caribbean. Subsequently he headed up the coast. Late in the evening of April 26, 1717, the Whydah was caught in a thunderstorm and driven onto the reefs, where the ship broke up, with the loss of all but two hands. Bellamy himself perished, along with 143 crewmen. As such, it’s not that interesting a story, and it’s not surprising that Capt. Charles Johnson didn’t get to it until the second volume of A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the Most Notorious Pirates in 1728. And he probably got his information from two newspaper accounts and a sermon printed in 1717. However, Johnson wasn’t above embellishing the accounts to make a political point or two. Typically, Johnson embellished to establish the criminal nature of the pirates and how their sins contributed to their downfall. That explains his probably fictional account of Avery’s (Every’s) downfall. But sporadically through his work, Johnson had pirates speak out against the established social order and its injustices. He even invented a pirate captain named Misson to show what a utopia based on reason, justice, and mercy might look like. Johnson wrote his account of Bellamy along the latter lines. Twice he related speeches in which he suggested that states are founded by force of arms and therefore have no more moral authority than any pirate! He had Bellamy declare at one point that “I am a free prince, and I have as much authority to make war on the whole world, as he who has one hundred sail of ships at sea, and an army of 100,000 men in the field . . .” What’s curious is that while Johnson probably made up one of the speeches out of whole cloth, the one I’ve quoted has a factual basis, as it was taken from the account of a ship captain robbed by Bellamy and his crew! Bellamy’s and Hallett’s romance still pulls in readers, as this 2010 book demonstrates. Nor was Johnson the only person to embellish Bellamy’s life. There is a possibility that Bellamy was sailing by Cape Cod in order to rekindle a romance with a young woman, Mary Hallett, who lived on the Cape. According to legend, he had met and romanced Mary on a previous visit, and even promised marriage. Mary succumbed to his charms, he sailed off, and she found herself pregnant. She hid her pregnancy, but was exposed when her dead child was discovered. Depending on which version of the story you hear, either she went mad pining away for her missing love, she became a witch and caused the storm that wrecked him, or he escaped the wreck of the Whydah, and the two ran off to have a happy life together. All of which suggests that a legend has overtaken the facts. There was a young Mary Hallett living in Eastham in that era, but the rest is legend, and she died decades later, unmarried. Strangely, Johnson had little to say about the wealth Bellamy’s crew discovered when they took the Whydah: “elephants’ teeth, gold dust, and other rich merchandise.” Later historians added “sugar, indigo [used for dying] and Jesuit’s bark [used in the treatment of malaria].” The money on board was reported to run to £20,000, or £30,000, portioned out in 50-pound bags. If true, then the Whydah had 4.5 tons of gold and silver money on board. By some estimates, that would make Bellamy and his crew the richest pirates in history. Whydah treasure This entry was posted in Pirates, U. S. history and tagged Barry Clifford, Black Sam Bellamy, Cape Cod, Captain Charles Johnson, piracy, pirates, Samuel Bellamy, Whydah on February 5, 2017 by Brian Bixby. Getting rid of a pirate captain in the Golden Age of Piracy The pirate crew thinks their captain has screwed up. So how do they get rid of him? The “Pirates of the Caribbean” movies departed even further from the truth by making the black spot a supernatural thing Well, if you read Robert Louis Stevenson’s Treasure Island, they slip him the black spot, a piece of paper marked black on one side, and the crew’s decision on the other. Late in the novel, the pirates want to depose Long John Silver as captain, but they’re a little short of paper. So they cut out a round spot from the last page of a Bible one of the pirates carries! It’s a great story, but there’s no truth to it. Stevenson probably made it up himself. Which raises the question of just how did a pirate crew in the Golden Age of Piracy deal with an unsatisfactory captain. Oh, Stevenson has the right of it in one respect. There really was a commonly understood procedure to deal with complaints about the captain. Which is not to say it was always followed. Vane in a period engraving, probably by an artist who never saw the man Let’s follow one instance where it was done right. Charles Vane was one of the red hots among the pirates who wouldn’t accept the King’s Pardon in August, 1718. He recruited a crew of other red hots who didn’t want to give up piracy, gathered them in his ship, the Ranger, and sailed out of New Providence harbor. Oh, and he used a fireship to try to burn up the Royal Navy ships in the harbor as he left. He failed, but what brass! Clearly Vane was a daring pirate captain. Vane knew that the best way to keep his crew happy was to take as many prizes as possible. That way they’d have enough food and drink. And if they got lucky, they might capture a ship with a lot of gold and silver on board. They did well enough for a while. But then Vane lost a prize when the pirates crewing it went off on their own, and spent a month heading south without taking a single ship. The crew grumbled. Someone really ought to do a movie about Roberts’ last fight On November 23, Vane saw a ship, pursued it, and ran up the pirate colors. Instead of surrendering, the other vessel raised the French colors and let loose a broadside. It was a French Navy ship! Vane decided the best course was to get away, as fast as he possibly could. It was probably the right decision. It was suicidal for pirates to engage a navy ship most of the time. The navy’s professionalism and strict discipline usually gave them an edge, even against pirate ships mounting more guns. This was so well understood that when “Black Bart” Roberts, one of the most successful pirates of that era, found himself trapped and forced to fight a Royal Navy ship, he tried his best to run past it in a storm. And even then, he thought it so likely he’d be defeated that he gave orders to try to run the ship aground to let the crew escape should they not evade the warship. The Navy ship Vane confronted actually outgunned his ship. So Vane was very wise to turn heels and run rather than engage the ship. But for some reason the crew didn’t see it that way. Maybe they’d seized so little loot they were desperate. Maybe they were drunk and foolhardy. But they wanted to fight that Navy ship, and they loudly told Vane as much. However, it was a rule that in times of combat or chase, a pirate captain’s authority was absolute. Vane invoked that rule, and the pirates had no choice but to comply, then. A pirate captain’s authority counted for nothing once the ship was not in a combat situation. Instead, the quartermaster became the most powerful officer. Originally the officer responsible for keeping track of supplies and sharing out the loot, the quartermaster had become a sort of crew’s tribune, responsible for presenting the crew’s concerns to the captain. On board the Ranger, the quartermaster was “Calico Jack” Rackam. Rackam called the crew and captain together the very next day, explained that the crew was dissatisfied with Vane’s performance, and called for a vote to label Vane a coward and depose him. The majority so voted, and Vane was deposed. And that was that. Well, except for the question of who would be the next captain. The most obvious choice was the other major officer, the quartermaster. And that’s how Calico Jack Rackam became captain of the Ranger. And there was the little problem of what to do with Vane. Pirates might often be drunk and illiterate, but they weren’t incredibly stupid. They realized that a man might not enjoy losing his position as captain, and might intrigue with his loyal followers to retake command. So the usual procedure was to get rid of the captain somehow. In Vane’s case, they had a prize, a small sloop, accompanying the Ranger. They gave the sloop to Vane and the handful of crewmen who were loyal to him, and the two pirate ships went their separate ways. Weird fact: One of the “forced” men who overthrew Phillips was President Millard Fillmore’s great-grandfather! That was the right way to do things. Even so, Vane was relatively lucky. Sometimes ex-captains were put off in a small boat, as Henry Every did to the legitimate captain of the vessel he seized to turn pirate back in 1694. Or he might be marooned on a small island, as Edward England was after he was deposed for being too kind to a merchant captain in 1720. Or, worse yet, he could be killed, as John Phillips was in 1724. Although perhaps the last example is unfair: Phillips was killed when the “forced” men (men who had been forced to join the pirates from legitimate ships) rose up and took over the vessel to end their piratical career. Hardly a voting situation! Vane’s fate points to another way pirates broke with their captain, or sometimes vice versa. Pirates would sometimes keep ships they had taken, and split their numbers across two or more ships. Usually each ship would have its own captain, but the senior captain would have authority over all of them. Black Bart Roberts styled himself as “Admiral” and had as many as four ships under his command at one time. In practice, this was a recipe for dissension. It was natural for the overall commander to favor his own ship, and the captains of the other ships were often tempted to sneak away during the night or during a storm to strike out on their own. It happened at least twice to Roberts. Indeed, it was after Walter Kennedy made off with a ship in 1719 that Roberts drew up his articles which expressly forbade desertion. There were many variations of the Jolly Roger; here is Walter Kennedy’s At least once, the trick was turned the other way. Blackbeard commanded a fleet of four ships in 1718, and they had accumulated a nice amount of loot. Blackbeard decided to cut most of his pirates out of their share. So he ran his two largest ships aground as if by accident. He sent off one of the other captains, Stede Bonnet, on pretext of securing a pardon, transferred all the loot into the smaller of his two remaining vessels, stripped the other one of its ship stores, and then sailed off with his favorite crew, leaving over 200 pirates stranded behind. So much for pirate honor! They left Kidd’s body to hang as a warning to sailors not to turn pirate Then of course there were the other ways to end a captain’s rule. He could drown in a shipwreck, as Samuel Bellamy did off Cape Cod in 1717. Or he could die in combat when his ship was attacked, as happened to Blackbeard in 1718 or Roberts in 1722. Or he could be hanged after he has been captured and brought to trial, as happened with Captain Kidd in 1700, and both Vane and Rackam in 1720. This entry was posted in Pirates and tagged Black Sam Bellamy, black spot, Blackbeard, Calico Jack Rackam, Charles Vane, Henry Every, history, piracy, pirates, Samuel Bellamy, Treasure Island, Whydah on July 10, 2015 by Brian Bixby. Has the Adventure Galley of Captain Kidd been found? Barry Clifford, famous for discovering the wreck of pirate captain Samuel Bellamy’s ship Whydah off of Cape Cod, has surfaced in the news with the claim that he has recovered a silver bar from the wreck of Captain William Kidd’s “pirate ship,” the Adventure Galley, off the coast of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean. If so, it would be one of the very few pirate ships ever salvaged, along with the Whydah and another pirate ship, the Quedah Merchant, also one of Kidd’s ships. I’ve summarized Kidd’s career as a pirate-hunter turned pirate here. (For more details, Robert Ritchie’s Captain Kidd and the War Against the Pirates (1986) does an excellent job of combining scholarship with a lively narrative.) The Adventure Galley was the original pirate-hunting ship Kidd sailed to the Indian Ocean. Kidd abandoned it in 1698 on the island of Sainte Marie, a popular pirate haven just off the east coast of Madagascar, because the vessel was unseaworthy. The Quedah Merchant had been Kidd’s most lucrative prize as a pirate; he sailed that vessel from Madagascar to Hispaniola, before abandoning it in 1699 as too obvious an indication that he had indeed become a pirate. Is Clifford’s find the Adventure Galley? As I’ve mentioned, many other pirates used Sainte Marie. In fact, a whole series of legendary tales developed around the pirates of Madagascar. (I’ll be offering a transcription of one of the oldest such stories sometime before July.) So while Clifford has the Whydah to his credit, Ritchie is right: there are other possibilities, and the silver bar in itself doesn’t tell us which ship it came from. It’s not like the Whydah, where Clifford found the ship’s bell inscribed with the ship’s name on it. I have to wonder if Clifford has seized on Kidd because his name is better known than that of the other Indian Ocean pirates. Nevertheless, I’m rooting for him to at least have found a pirate ship. There are no surviving pictures of the Adventure Galley, but this is of a very similar ship, the Charles Galley This entry was posted in Pirates and tagged Barry Clifford, history, Libertalia, Madagascar, piracy, pirates, Samuel Bellamy, Whydah, Whydah Pirate Museum on May 8, 2015 by Brian Bixby. Going to see the Whydah The Whydah Pirate Museum In the early morning hours of April 26, 1717, Samuel “Black Sam” Bellamy, pirate commodore, died along with most of his crew when his ship, the Whydah, ran aground and broke up in a storm off Cape Cod, Massachusetts. In 1984, Barry Clifford found what remained of the wreck of the Whydah. It was the first pirate ship wreck from the “Golden Age of Piracy” to be discovered, and the first to have some of its treasures recovered. Clifford set up a museum on the wharf in Provincetown on the Cape to exhibit some of the recovered objects from the ship and to explain their significance. That’s where I went on August 12. Cape Cod is a summer tourist spot, and its space and economy are structured accordingly. The south coast of the upper Cape is for kitschy family entertainment. I’d never seen a mini-golf course with multiple waterfalls, at least one 20 feet high, until we hit route 28 east of Hyannis. The north coast of the upper Cape is by contrast more rural and a bit quieter. The east coast of the lower Cape is enveloped by the National Seashore (the first one established), which keeps that stretch of the coast relatively unspoiled. There’s only one main road running the length of the lower Cape, and it tends to drop and add lanes seemingly at random. Expect to get caught in at least one traffic jam if you travel to the lower Cape in the summer. And that includes Provincetown, where the museum is. There’s a ferry from Boston to Provincetown, which sits at the very end of the Cape; it’s an alternative, albeit an expensive one, to driving there. While Provincetown has a reputation as a gay-friendly community, it’s really a compact and walkable tourist trap. Every business is geared toward housing and feeding tourists, or finding other ways to separate them from their money for an experience. It’s the sort of place that would be fun to spend a day being a tourist in. But after a day or two, you’d either have to get away from downtown, or be bored stiff. (Though I could see spending a few months conducting a sociological study of the community.) Whydah treasure (credit: Wikipedia/Theodore Scott) The Whydah Museum sits on the same wharf as the ferry to Boston. I gather Clifford wanted to set it up elsewhere (Boston and Tampa were floated as possible sites), and still plans to build a bigger and more permanent museum. So this museum is a small one. Still, you can spend a few hours in it, if you watch the video, read the material posted on the walls, and examine the exhibits with some care. The exhibits and the information posted on the walls are structured as self-contained modules, which can be examined in any order. That probably makes the museum easier to visit when it is crowded; one can skip from one display to another and eventually cover the whole museum without losing the thread of the story. On the other hand, it means there really isn’t a single story line running through most of the exhibits. If you don’t know who Bellamy was or have any other context to understand the exhibits, then definitely watch the introductory video. Otherwise you’ll be seeing a lot of information that you won’t be able to pull together unless you have an eidetic memory. On the positive side, nowhere else (with one exception, see below) can you see exhibits from an actual pirate wreck, whether silver coins, cannonballs, or even the ship’s bell. And one of the three “rooms” of exhibits covers Clifford’s most recent project, to salvage the remains of a pirate ship that went down near Madagascar in the Indian Ocean. On the negative side, if you want to get a solid understanding of the Golden Age of Piracy, read a book instead. The information displays in the museum only cover some aspects of the subject, and doesn’t pull the pieces together. The proof the wreck was the Whydah: its bell (credit: Wikipedia/jjsala) Oh, the other place you can see exhibits from an actual pirate wreck? Some of the Whydah exhibits are on tour, including the famous ship’s bell. Catch it on tour, or wait until it returns, if you have your heart set on seeing the object that proved Clifford had found the Whydah. This entry was posted in Pirates and tagged Barry Clifford, Black Sam Bellamy, Cape Cod, museum, piracy, pirates, Provincetown, Samuel Bellamy, Whydah, Whydah Pirate Museum on August 17, 2014 by Brian Bixby. I changed and made some landmarks in my life History can be personal, too Learning history from the master: Hendrik van Loon (1882-1944) The 215th anniversary of Marbury v. Madison Now that it is over, a review of the television series Black Sails	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4712
__label__cc	0.626714	0.373286	Tag: Joseph and Mary The Gospel of James? by simon cross on December 6, 2018 December 6, 2018 The book we now call the Bible is an edited collection of books – a library if you like, which has been compiled over time. For a long time there was no single collection of books, and instead there were a multitude of books which belonged to different traditions. Even today different branches of Christianity use different Bibles, with different books in, and favour different translations of individual texts. So the books which make it in to the Bible, as you may already know, are called the ‘canon’ (from a Latin term meaning, according to rule). They have been accepted over time as being particularly special. But there are other books too, which date from Old and New Testament times, which fall outside of the canon (precisely what the canon is depends somewhat on your tradition, but there y’go). These extra-canonical books are known as ‘apocryphal’, and one of the oldest of the New Testament era apocryphal books is the gospel of James, also known as the protoevangelium of James (click through to read a version of it.) It’s a short book, and to be fair it’s quite a good read, short sentences, lots going on. It is also very old, best guesses seem to have it pegged to the middle of the second century of the Common Era. It is written in the name of James, the brother of Jesus. That is to say a half-brother, being a son of Joseph by a former wife. There’s no particular reason to think it was written by the same person, or people who wrote the epistle of James (which, incidentally, was one of the least favourite books of monk-bothering anti-semite and reformer in chief Martin Luther, he called it a ‘right strawy epistle’). James’ gospel tells the story of the birth of Mary, her upbringing in the Temple, her betrothal to Joseph and Jesus’ miraculous conception and birth. Key to it is the establishment of the purity (virginity) of Mary, as checked upon by a midwife. Among other interesting factors, the book contains the story of Jesus being born in a cave, which remains a popular trope to be found here and there, particularly in paintings. It also seems to have directly influenced the writing of the Quran, containing as it does, details of Mary’s upbringing in the temple, including her angelic visitations. Mary is of course very highly regarded in Islam, and is the only woman named in the Quran. Early Islamic writers certainly seem to have been familiar with the tradition found in James’ Gospel, as well as the Gospel of Thomas, another non-canonical book, demonstrating that it was well known in the early Christian world. Like many of the apocryphal books, James’ Gospel has some unusual details, which somehow make the book all the more fascinating. One can’t help but wonder if they rather went against it’s inclusion in the eventual canon though. The fact that there are also mentions of breasts, menstrual flows and internal examinations, with the midwife giving Mary and understated warning: “position yourself, for not a small test concerning you is about to take place”, probably didn’t help make its case. If I were a literature-of-the-Bible teacher, I would call the idea of reading James’ gospel, ‘reading around the text’, or ‘wider reading’. And there is a lot to be gained, I think, by reading these texts. As another example, wider reading around the Old Testament Canon gives us the books of the Maccabees which, among other things, explain the origins of Hannukah. All these readings provide an amount of context to the stories with which we are so familiar. I’m not making an argument for them to be given some sort of different status to that which they currently have. But they do cast the Bible in a slightly different light, making it seem more like the kind of living dynamic text it certainly once was.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4715
__label__wiki	0.987533	0.987533	World Champ Surfer Carissa Moore on Learning to Love Her Body After an Eating Disorder squib Pro surfer Carissa Moore won her fourth world title this week, a feat that sets her among the most accomplished surfers of all time. It's the culmination of an incredible season that also saw her qualify for the 2020 Olympics, where surfing will be making its debut. And those accomplishments might feel all the sweeter, given the four long years that had stretched between her third and fourth world titles. While the intervening seasons weren't disappointing by any stretch - she scored top five finishes in each of them - they still weren't quite the performances she was used to putting up. "It's been a long career," Carissa told POPSUGAR, prior to the last contest of the season. "This is my tenth year on the tour and I've been surfing my whole life. For every athlete, I think you go through your ups and your downs." It wasn't all about surfing, either. In 2015, just after becoming world champion for the third time, Carissa publicly opened up about a part of her past that she'd never shared before: her struggles with body image and an eating disorder. "I struggled with body image from a really young age," Carissa said. "I had a lot of friends who were really tiny, so I just always compared myself. I felt like, 'Ugh, I don't look the same.' I was always a more athletic build." She started high school and puberty hit, along with pressures and stresses at home. It built up. Eventually, food began to feel like a form of comfort, a way of dealing with those stresses and insecurities, "like the one thing that was mine," Carissa explained. That led to binge eating. Carissa remembered, "I would kind of closet-eat when no one was looking. It was really hard for me for a while to come to terms with it." Surfer Lakey Peterson Says Your Body Is "Nothing to Be Ashamed of," and We Couldn't Agree More At the same time, Carissa was getting her start as a pro surfer, climbing the rankings on the top-tier Championship Tour. Being in the public eye, and especially as a surfer, "it just kind of amplifies things," she said. It also seemed to give people free reign to comment about her body. "I'm in a bikini, so you see everything," she said. "It's not like you can hide. Sometimes it was really hard." She'd been on the tour for a few years when she got back together with her now-husband. "He fell back in love with me at my heaviest," Carissa said. It was an "aha moment" for her, she explained; not so much that she needed someone else to make her feel good about herself, but more of a realization that "it doesn't matter what I look like. Someone just loves me and thinks I'm beautiful because of me." Then, it was a process of acknowledging her insecurities and her eating disorder, and learning to take ownership of her health. Surfing, she said, actually helped her along the way. Her body, her athletic ability, were part of her job; her health and fitness directly affected her performance in the water. "It made me really have to figure it out," Carissa said. "It made me really have to dig deep and look at it." It was her dad who encouraged her to share her story. "He was like, 'Hey there's strength in vulnerability. There are a lot of people going through the exact same thing,'" Carissa recalled. Hearing other people's stories helped her feel less alone as she'd struggled with an eating disorder. And sharing it "just feels better," she said. "You don't leave it up to other people to write the story for you. You're writing it yourself." Carissa said she still struggles with self-confidence and doubting herself. She's made strides, she's a successful athlete, but "it's an ongoing journey and challenge," she told POPSUGAR. The key, she said, is to understand that it takes time. "Be patient with yourself," Carissa said. "Be kind to yourself. Find the time to really listen to yourself." Image Source: International Surfing Association / Red Bull Content Pool Meet the Motorcycle Racer Who's Beating the Guys and Aiming For a World Championship Continue reading on POPSUGAR...	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4717
__label__wiki	0.635342	0.635342	'Proud to have played for India' Kapil Dev and Sunil Gavaskar with the Prudential World Cup in 1983. - The Hindu Photo Library Cricket was a dream I pursued from my school days. I realised I had to play cricket after watching some of my heroes, especially G. R. Viswanath. I wanted to be like him. Sunil Gavaskar and Viswanath were players I looked up to. Cricket took me around the world and taught me many lessons in life. It was a gift to serve the game and the country and I feel extremely proud as very few are fortunate enough to represent their country at the international level. When I started playing, we used to eagerly wait for our names to appear in the newspapers and magazines. Sportstar ran features on me quite a few times. I loved the Sportstar Special that was brought out after I had overtaken Sir Richard Hadlee to became the highest wicket-takers in Test cricket. The magazine always carry some outstanding pictures and posters and I remember many of my fellow players waiting eagerly to get featured in the magazine. It was a huge morale booster to be featured in magazines and newspapers those days. (As told to Vijay Lokapally)	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4718
__label__wiki	0.548633	0.548633	Brussels Making It 'as Difficult as Possible' for Britain to Leave EU - Analyst © REUTERS / Neil Hall https://sputniknews.com/analysis/201808161067230640-brexit-uk-conservatives-blueprint-eu-leaving/ With Brexit negotiations continually stalling; a group of Conservative Brexiteers are rumored to be preparing a blueprint that will assuage fears of leaving the EU with no deal. But has this scenario come about as a result of deliberate stalling tactics from Brussels or poor leadership from Theresa May? Sputnik has spoken with David Icke, a political commentator for more about the situation surrounding Brexit. Sputnik: What are your views on Brexit overall and do you think that a no deal Brexit would be better than a soft Brexit? © REUTERS / Eddie Keogh UK to 'Withstand Brexit Downturn', Businesses Will Continue to Thrive – LabTech CEO David Icke: Anything that allows unelected dark suit bureaucrats to dictate what happens in Britain, the British people, or any other country in Europe is absolutely to be challenged. We must have a Brexit that disconnects the power over the British public from Brussels bureaucrats. If you look at a bit of history, the European Union has been in the making since at least the 1920’s and an aristocrat, called Count Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi, who was funded by people such as Otto von Habsburg and the Wartburg banking dynasty. It’s been a vehicle planned all along to centralize power. It’s a very simple equation. If you are a few and you want to control the many, you have to centralize decision making. The more you centralize, fewer and fewer people have power over the rest. That’s what the EU is about. That’s what the globalisation process is all about, and it’s all been planned for a long time. © CC BY 2.0 / Wit Suphamungmee Analyst: Disruption of Financial Cycle With Hard Brexit Would Be Catastrophic for EU & UK The last thing that the EU wants is anyone leaving the European Union. They want to encompass and ensnare more and more countries and not let anyone go. What we’re seeing now in the Brexit process is a collaboration, quite blatantly between the political class in Britain, left, right and center and a bureaucratic central control system in Brussels to make it as difficult as possible for Britain to leave, as per referendum, because they don’t want the threat of a good example. All over Europe now we’re seeing more and more people with the rise of the populist parties who are saying, yeah, we are sick of the European Union as well, we’re sick of being dictated to by unelected people we cannot even name from Brussels and they absolutely don’t want a smooth Brexit; because that will encourage other people. They want to make it as difficult as possible, and ideally have another referendum, which is their old technique. They’ve done it many, many times when they’ve lost referenda around Europe, so that the British people vote to stay in. Sputnik: How do you feel about Theresa May’s handling of the Brexit negotiations? © AP Photo / Matt Dunham Brexit U-Turn? Poll Shows Over 100 UK MPs Switch From Leave to Remain David Icke: Well, I think it’s pathetic. I, more and more, can see it being pathetic on purpose. What we needed was a leader who would take the Brexit mandate from the people, because it was very clear what they voted for. Not to continue with any control from Brussels, but to remove it and that leader should have stood up from the start and said this is what’s going to happen: we are leaving and we are not going to be controlled in any way, shape or form by you anymore. That would’ve started a negotiation on the basis of the European Union and all its industry and all its corporate side of things realizing that if we don’t get a proper negotiation, which is good for both sides, then the corporate world of Europe, is going to lose the British market. And given that we pay much more into Europe than we get out, then it would be Europe that would be the loser. Instead what we’ve had is a Theresa May, who has basically conceded at every point, with the British political class, a good chunk of her own party and a massive chunk of the Labour Party and the other parties pressing her because they don’t want Brexit, that’s the whole point. They say that they want a soft Brexit, not a hard Brexit, but they want no Brexit. That’s the truth, what we’re seeing is Theresa May not having the backbone and probably even the will to do what is necessary to give the British public what we voted for. Views and opinions expressed in this article are those of David Icke and do not necessarily reflect those of Sputnik. UK to 'Withstand Brexit Downturn', Businesses Will Continue to Thrive Brexit Deal Likely to Be Delayed, at Risk of Being Nixed by UK Parl't - Study EU Companies Unprepared for No-Deal Brexit – European Trade Groups Brexit Causing Uncertainty Among Foreign Workers in UK - Business Rep UK's Altered Stance Toward Iran Could Curb Profitable Brexit Deal - Economist collaboration, globalisation, example, barriers, leave, vote, referendum, Brexit, David Icke, EU, United Kingdom	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4719
__label__wiki	0.530551	0.530551	New district budget approved for this school year By aditya katewa on December 14, 2017 • ( Leave a comment ) On June 20, 2017, the Novato Unified School District adopted a district budget for the 2017-18 school year. The budget projected a deficit of $2.9 million from the previous school year, which means that the district’s fund balance dropped from approximately $12.4 million to $9.5 million. According to the school board, there were three primary reasons that contributed to the loss of revenue. This included the costs of the implementation of the Local Control Funding Formula (LCFF), which aims to provide funds to schools based on their average daily attendance and the number of high-needs students. The other two reasons encompassed decreasing enrollment and attendance, and an increase in the amount of money that employees have to contribute from their income to the California State Teachers’ Retirement System (CalSTRS) and the California Public Employees’ Retirement System (CalPERS). These two programs provide funding for teachers’ pensions as well as retirement programs and any benefits that they would receive. Members of the Novato Federation of Teachers, or NFT, took issue with the way the school board allocated funds. The NFT serves as a way for local teachers in the school district to voice their opinions in board meetings and advisory committees, and the organization’s current president, Aaron Fix, was critical of the changes in this year’s budget. “I am not happy with the budget priorities for the last two years. We have seen a shift in spending toward consultants and programs that are away from the classroom,” Fix said. “NUSD is spending nearly $600,000 on just three consulting firms and hundreds of thousands on a raft of smaller consultants while we have known well in advance that we would be entering tight budget years.” Some members of the NFT have proposed alternative solutions that rely on allocating or cutting funding from areas such as administrative spending. This is an issue that the NFT has looked to address, especially since the NUSD’s Superintendent earns $228,900, $38,800 more than Governor Jerry Brown’s salary, and that 6.5 percent of the school’s budget is spent on 41 administrators. The new budget has raised concerns among teachers and union members over the impacts it could have on the quality of education. NUSD teachers were paid four percent less than other districts in Marin County, which only increased by one percent after adopting the budget. “To put it bluntly, they will leave. The current salary increase that the district is offering teachers does not keep up with COLA (a cost of living index) and it puts us even further behind the average salaries of the districts that we have agreed to compare ourselves to,” Fix said. The loss of teachers, especially to other districts, has been the largest concern for schools in the Novato Unified School District with some students, such as junior Ashok Sundararaman, saying that the rotation of teachers has had a detrimental impact on student education. “We’re in the first semester of Spanish 2, but we’re still learning things from the first semester of Spanish 1. It’s not the teacher’s fault… If we start paying the teachers more, it could motivate them to stay, which will hopefully help students receive an enhanced education,” Sundararaman said. The changes in the adopted budget for 2017-18, according to Fix, didn’t do enough to address the problem of having teachers leave, despite requests to change the amount of contributions or increase the salaries. The changes included a net decrease in revenue of $3.87 million, from $84.6 million in revenue last year to $80.7 million this year. On the other hand, the amount of expenditures has dropped by approximately $4.4 million from last year. The categories that changed significantly included the contributions staff members make to retirement programs, which increased by $1.15 million, as well as supply costs and operating expenditures. However, the total costs were still $2.9 million greater than the net revenue. These costs and expenditures were projected to increase consistently over the next two years, reaching $87.8 million by the 2019-20 school year. Yancy Hawkins, the Assistant Superintendent of Business and Operations, predicted that these changes over the next few years would have consequences on the district and staffing. “[There are] no significant impacts in the current year, but the 2018-2019 budget will include budget cuts. There is a potential for decreases in teacher salaries, administrative spending and supplies. As the district’s budget is 85 percent employee salaries and benefits, some decreases in staffing are likely,” Hawkins said. In order to oversee the implementation of the budget and make recommendations on certain concerns, the district established a Budget Advisory Committee which included students, teachers, parents, classified staff, and administrators. Their recommendations would affect what areas the district would cut, which would have negative impacts regardless, according to Vice Principal Mike Casper. “I have the utmost respect and trust for those managing the budget with a mindset of keeping the cuts furthest away from the kids as possible. It’s always difficult because budget cuts do have a big impact on kids and families,” Casper said. Categories: Archives, News Lack of Latinos in AP classes stems from school and home Students reflect on experiences with coach Craig Pitti Published by aditya katewa View all posts by aditya katewa	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4720
__label__cc	0.588616	0.411384	garden dog All You Need to Know About the Super Bowl in One Photo By Mungo Willburn\| 2019-02-04T16:07:37+00:00 February 4th, 2019\| Yep. Big snore fest. Shots of Gisele Bündchen were worth opening my eyes for every once and awhile. Even Frisco thinks she's fine and he has the sexuality of a soft toy. But that was pretty much it. Evidently punting is playing these days. There's a better way. It's called hockey. Go Caps. Can't sleep [...] His Piano By Mungo Willburn\| 2019-01-28T04:17:03+00:00 January 28th, 2019\| It's difficult to describe this guy. On the one hand, He's hard. He's a former Gulf War infantry marine. Gruff. Pretty high tolerance for pain. He once pulled out his own tooth because he couldn't see the surgeon 'till after the weekend. No really. That happened. When He's not doing undecipherable tech stuff, He likes [...] A Brief History of My Summer By Mungo Willburn\| 2018-10-26T15:45:06+00:00 October 25th, 2018\| Short story? Tempus fugit. Waiting for a groundhog. It's what I do. Yeah, I know - big words for a dog, but I've gotten used to using a bit of Latin when I'm hanging with Molly. She's a Corgi - probably royal bloodlines - and appreciates me for more than just [...] Don’t Worry, I’ll Be Fine By Mungo Willburn\| 2018-05-03T14:02:38+00:00 April 23rd, 2018\| So, they left me. They totally left me. Never mind the fact that The Boy and I have a special bond, and maybe, just maybe, he’d like to have me at his boot camp graduation more than he’d like to have a couple weepy parents that won’t leave him alone in front of whatever [...] My Best Friend: Frisco By Mungo Willburn\| 2018-04-23T15:55:52+00:00 April 22nd, 2018\| I'm not really into terms like 'best friend.' It sounds like something The Girl would say, and dogs have way more dignity than to do their nails together and watch 50 First Dates until 2 in the morning; but it would get confusing if I said what he really is: my brother from another [...] The Boy is Leaving By Mungo Willburn\| 2018-02-28T16:53:57+00:00 March 5th, 2018\| Well, this is gonna be sad – Siri started crying while I was dictating drafts. Just warning you ahead of time if you don’t like that kind of thing. She doesn’t. That’s why She’s been acting like it’s just another week. Making dumb jokes about having to do all the heavy stuff in the [...] The Party’s Over By Mungo Willburn\| 2018-02-28T16:56:08+00:00 February 12th, 2018\| He and I – I and He. That's all it's been for two weeks now. But it's coming to an end tonight when She Returns. Don't get the wrong idea. I like Her. She throws weeds, lets me get dirty and puts an egg on my food in the morning. She's not putting it [...] The Cats in My Life: Pepper Where to begin. I'm a Jack Russell Terrier. I know it and They knew it way before there was any talk of bringing me into the family. That doesn't mean good things for cats. But as a bonus, it doesn't mean good things for rats, voles, moles, groundhogs, skunks (That was, upon reflection, a [...] Plant People and Parties I’m not into these big parties She likes to throw. Lots of smells, lots of chaos, usually lots of little kids and everyone way too distracted to get off their butts and throw my ball; but I’ve gotta say, a party made up of plant people usually means a party made up of pet [...] Her New Year’s Resolution. Not mine. By Mungo Willburn\| 2018-02-28T17:23:11+00:00 January 1st, 2018\| Not content to ruin her own life with empty New Year promises, She put me on the radar last night. There I am minding my own business in front of the fire, doing the dutiful dog thing, Happy Last Day of 2017 and all that, when I hear her say, “Mungo needs to lose [...]	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4724
__label__cc	0.678757	0.321243	DOLCE DEBBIE is a new documentary series that takes viewers on design icon Debbie Travis’ most personal journey yet: risking her life’s savings to buy and transform a 13th century medieval watchtower and farmhouse into a luxurious 14 bedroom all-woman’s retreat in Tuscany, Italy. Inspiring, touching, and heart-warming – the series explores the highs and lows of buying and renovating a large property in a foreign country. In Tuscany, which is deemed an international heritage site, Debbie is forced to conform to rigid historical protection laws and red-tape committees. Working with some of the best architects, designers and tradesmen in Italy, she struggles to grasp the language and assimilate to a new culture, and also has to wrap her head around what it takes to run a 200-acre farm with 800 olive trees and vineyard. While the property slowly transforms, so does Debbie. At the heart of the series is her personal journey to find a new happiness through her desire to create a one-of-a-kind retreat that captures the transformative spirit of Tuscany and the experience of La Dolce Vita – The Sweet Life.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4726
__label__wiki	0.844947	0.844947	Richard Chan is a serial entrepreneur and seasoned veteran in the technology industry with a global footprint in Asia, Europe and North America. Richard has a very diverse background, trained as a CPA with PwC, co-founded three startups in Silicon Valley, and then led product management at Microsoft. Since joining Microsoft in 2005, Richard led the market research and worldwide brand launch for Bing and pioneered the development of social search and multimedia search. Before joining Ironfire Ventures, Richard was a mentor at Microsoft Ventures in Beijing and led the China Innovation Group at Microsoft Research. A food and wine enthusiast, Richard founded a wine distribution business bringing premium California wine to Hong Kong and maintained a food blog with over 1000 entries. Richard has been an angel investor since 2006 and received his bachelor and MBA degree from UC Berkeley Haas School of Business. Richard Chan Jacky holds a Master of Management and Professional Accounting degree from University of Toronto and a Bachelor of Arts from Western University. He is a CFA charterholder and a CPA. He previously worked for Ernst & Young and subsequently a private investment company in Hong Kong in 2000. During his tenure, Jacky was involved in investment due diligence, litigation support, corporate finance & transactions and portfolio management. In addition to being the Managing Partner of Ironfire, Jacky took on the role as the Chief Operations Officer at Semeiotics, Inc., a creative company, between September 2009 and December 2013. Jacky is also the vice chairman of a private charitable foundation, in which his primary role is to manage the endowment investment. Jacky Chan, CFA, CPA Jessie Du Dylan has been actively involved in the startup community in Silicon Valley for the past four years working with startups, corporate VC’s, and accelerators. Prior to Ironfire, Dylan held various positions at HP New Ventures, Plug and Play Ventures, The Batchery, and UC Berkeley’s Center for Entrepreneurship and Technology. He has also previously founded his own finch startup focusing on a more seamless foreign exchange experience. Dylan joined Ironfire on April 2016 as an Ironfire Fellow and is responsible for actively engaging with the UC Berkeley ecosystem and Ironfire’s regional partners. Dylan graduated from UC Berkeley with a double major in political economics and public health, and a minor in public policy. Dylan Chiu Leo is responsible for sector and company research and analysis. Prior to 2010, he worked as the programmer/excel developer in ABN AMRO Asset Management (Asia) Ltd. He was responsible for building and modifying Excel-related VBA programs in multiple departments. Leo is a CFA charterholder and holds a Bachelor of Science in Actuarial Science from the University of Hong Kong and has completed the Certificate in Investment Performance Measurement (CIPM) Program accredited by the CFA Institute. Leo Fan, CFA Addy oversees and manages the technical aspects of IT projects at Semeiotics Design Technologies. He is responsible for its design and implementation. Addy’s prior experience includes working as an IT consultant, and he also led the development of critical services and data processing systems at the Aviation Weather Services of the Hong Kong Observatory. He holds a Master of Philosophy in Computer Science and a Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science from the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. He is also a PMI certified Project Management Professional (PMP). Addy Fu, PMP, M.Phil Project Manager and Designer in Residence Jenny Ma Entrepreneur in Residence Shom Gupta Ironfire Fellow Jeremy Hammer Hannes Holste Thomas Jacobson Jeff Oldenburg Venture Partners Jimmy Chan Tian Xiao Cheng Howie Huang Ritik Malhotra Zach Math Francis Ng Reed Shaffner Jason Wang Hong Jiang Zhang CEO, Kingsoft David Karnstedt CEO, Quantifind Lawrence Yu BBS, MBE, JP Chairman, SBI Development Co Ltd Chun Hong Wong Chairman, Executive Director and Co-Chief Executive Officer of Top Spring International Ken Wong President, Pentavest Advisors, Inc. Wing Ching Shih Chairman, Centaline Group Yong Rui CTO, Lenovo © Copyright 2019-present, Ironfire Ventures. All Rights Reserved.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4727
__label__cc	0.576083	0.423917	Places to stay in Forest Grove, British Columbia We currently have 14 accommodations in and around Forest Grove with other regional listings available for Motor Inns, Hotels, RV parks, Inns and other properties. You can filter listings by the available types: Forest Grove is situated just off Highway 97, near 100 Mile House, in the Cariboo region of British Columbia. Prior to World War I settlers were making their way into the area and building small farms and/or living off the fur trade. One early settler, Oliver Philips, named the area Forest Grove after a town by the same name in Oregon. By 1917 Forest Grove consisted of a lodge, general store, post office, billiard hall, trading post, a large barn as well as a storage building. The first school was built about 1922 and serviced just the local area. Due to transportation difficulties communities further afield had their own small schools. By World War II farming was giving way to forestry as the main industry. Wondering where to stay? Lodging options in the town are mainly limited to Bed and Breakfast type accommodations, though there are a few nearby campgrounds and RV parks. If you are travelling in the area, Forest Grove is located close to Emerald Island, Mount Ryan, Dragonfly Lake, Parks Lake and Oie Creek. Looking for somewhere to eat? Locate Forest Grove restaurants. Other local Forest Grove information. Longitude: -121°5'31.2 Latitude: 51°46'11.64 Forest Grove is close to: Canim Lake - 9km 108 Mile Ranch - 11km 100 Mile House - 12km Forest Grove home B&Bs - 4 Hotels and Motels - 3	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4730
__label__wiki	0.53938	0.53938	Places to stay in Guelph, Ontario We currently have 31 accommodations in and around Guelph with other regional listings available for B&B's, Campgrounds, Hotels, Motor Inns and other properties. You can filter listings by the available types: Guelph is a city in Southwestern Ontario. Known as "The Royal City" it was founded in 1827 by John Galt of the Canada Company. The city is roughly 28 kilometres east of Kitchener-Waterloo and 100 kilometres west of downtown Toronto at the intersection of Highway 6 and Highway 7. Local restaurants include Parallele Resto Lounge, Apollo Eleven, Wong's Garden Restaurant, and Pierre's Poutine. Wondering where to stay? Visitors have access to a large number of hotels in the city, though there are a few nearby Bed and Breakfasts. If you are travelling in the area, Guelph is located close to Fairy Lake, Middle Sixteen Mile Creek, Aberfoyle, Springvale and Ridgehill. Looking for somewhere to eat? Locate places to eat in Guelph. Selected and best reviewed properties in Guelph The Comfort Inn 9 OUT OF 10 The hotel was fine, but I could have stayed at the Super 8 across the street for much less. The location was not as near to downtown as the site claimed. Breakfast was lovely, but there was no place to sit and eat in the lobby area and we had packed up our car and turned in our key before we ..... The Holiday Inn 7 OUT OF 10 The hotel is slightly further away from the center of town but still very conveniently situated off the main roads and the highway into town. It's clean, service is good and all the services are adequate for business travelers, such as internet service, iron, blow-dryer and cable TV. I used the ..... The Willow Manor B&B Built in 1860, the manor is a classic example of fieldstone architecture, located in the charming university town of Guelph, in central Ontario. Located close to Toronto. Consistently rated one of the top B & B's in the province, Willow Manor offers guests a level of privacy, comfort and service ..... The London House Bed & Breakfast London House Bed and Breakfast is a restored 1893 Victorian award winning home on London Road in Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Situated overlooking Exhibition Park in a heritage neighbourhood, guests are a five minute walk from Guelph's historic downtown. The graciously appointed accommodation at London ..... More about the areas accommodations and tourism Guelph was named after the British Royal Family of King George IV, the monarch at the time of Guelph's founding. Tradition relates that John Galt, or one of his companions, laid his outstretched hand on a tree stump and predicted that the streets of the new town would radiate from a central point such as his fingers radiated from his palm. Because of its low crime rates, clean environment and generally high standard of living, Guelph is consistently rated as one of the country's most livable cities. Other local Guelph information and places to visit. Longitude: -80°14'53.399 Latitude: 43°32'41.297 Guelph.ca - Welcome to the City Of Guelph Cambridge Bingo Centre Located at 255 Elgin Street North. The Cambridge Bingo Centre is the premiere source for fun and entertainment in Cambridge, Ontario! Gallery On The Grand Located at 580 Lancaster Street West. A fine art gallery in Kitchener, Ontario representing the work of Loet Vanderveen, Bert Lacey, Boris Kramer,and other fine artists. Owned by David & Alison Burkett Dooly's Located at 600 Hespeler Road. Dooly's has eighty-eight licensed pool or billiard halls in Canada. Come see what playing pool is all about at our quality billiard or pool rooms, clubs or parlors in seven different provinces. Guelph is close to: Puslinch - 11km Acton - 13km Fergus - 13km Closed, unlisted or renamed properties Azania House, 55 Mary Street Guelph home B&Bs - 11 Hotels and Motels - 16	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4731
__label__wiki	0.620332	0.620332	I want to learn more about . . . St. Michael’s Visit the church Request prayer or care Learn about Baptism Give or Donate Contact the Church St. Michael’s History Liturgical & Worship Immigrant Welcoming Core Communications I want to learn more about . . On our calendar Important coming events Music activities & performances Adult education activities Outreach & Justice activities Children/Families activities Community Service > Community Partners St. Michael’s partners with the Department of Human Services to help foster families and children. In the summers, St. Michael’s holds a drive for school supplies and backpacks for schoolchildren in the foster-care system. School-supply lists have been available for parishioners to take with them when they do they shopping in July and August. In mid- to late August, a backpack “packing party” is held during the morning Forum time to get the backpacks packed and ready to deliver to DHS, who then distributes them to children in their system. In addition, St. Michael’s collects toys, gift cards and especially Teddy bears to be given to foster children at their annual Christmas party for the children and their biological parents. To learn more, contact Leslie Sackett, Associate for Families and Children. The Trader Joe’s Food Distribution ministry was created around 2000 with the mission of delivering food which is unable to be sold but still edible to organizations in the Portland area who serve those unable to regularly feed themselves. The Trader Joe’s Food Distribution ministry was created around 2000 with the mission of delivering food which is unable to be sold but still edible to organizations in the Portland area who serve those unable to regularly feed themselves. In this ministry, volunteers pick up and deliver donated food from the Hollywood Trader Joe’s to the Northeast Emergency Food Program (NEFP) twice a day on every Tuesday through Sunday. The Hollywood Trader Joe’s is a major and dependable contributor to the NEFP, providing approximately 25% of their annual total donations. In 2017, Trader Joe’s provided and this ministry picked up and delivered 379,922 items with a value of $859,159.80 to the NEFP! Pete Miller is the person to contact if you would like to know more. The mission of El Porvenir is to make it possible for poor people in rural Nicaragua to improve their health, environment, and standard of living with sustainable self-help in potable water, sanitation, health education and reforestation. The mission of El Porvenir is to make it possible for poor people in rural Nicaragua to improve their health, environment, and standard of living with sustainable self-help in potable water, sanitation, health education and reforestation. Since 2001, St. Michael’s has sent teams to Nicaragua in January to work with El Porvenir on 10- to 14-day mission trips to help with the construction of bathing stalls, community laundry centers, wells and latrines. There have been several summer work teams as well. The next trip will be in January of 2019; contact Bruce Collins if you would like to learn more. Visit the El Porvenir website to find out more about this organization’s services. Health Care for All Oregon (HCAO) The mission of HCAO is “to bring equitable, affordable, comprehensive, high quality, publicly-funded health care to everyone in Oregon and the United States.” The mission of HCAO is “to bring equitable, affordable, comprehensive, high quality, publicly-funded health care to everyone in Oregon and the United States.” St. Michael’s is part of a statewide coalition of over 120 member organizations “working to achieve a comprehensive, equitable, publicly funded, and high-quality health care system to serve all Oregon residents. Through grassroots activism, legislative efforts, and community education programs, HCAO aims to pass universal health care in Oregon by the 2020 legislative session.” At St. Michael’s, members meet on a regular basis to talk strategy for how to communicate to the congregation and region the importance of supporting health care for all Oregonians. In addition, through the efforts of HCAO leaders at St. Michael’s and Good Samaritan Church in Corvallis, a Resolution of Policy urg-ing support for universal health care in Oregon was passed at the Diocesan Convention in November 2017. Please contact Jana Gregory if you would like to know more or get involved. Souper Bowl of Caring For the last 17 years, St. Michael’s has taken part in The Souper Bowl of Caring, a national event that encourages organizations to raise money for local programs that serve hungry people in their own community. For the last 17 years, St. Michael’s has taken part in The Souper Bowl of Caring, a national event that encourages organizations to raise money for local programs that serve hungry people in their own community. St. Michael’s raises money each year for Ecumenical Ministries of Oregon’s Northeast Emergency Food Program (NEFP). Through the charismatic leadership of our young people, and thanks to the enormous generosity of the congregation, we raised almost $3,000 in 2017 on Souper Bowl Sunday. The grand total of St. Michael’s donations to the NEFP since 2001 has topped $30,000! Hollywood East & NEFP Hollywood East is the high-rise building across Broadway from St. Michael’s with which we have had a relationship for many years. Hollywood East is the high-rise building across Broadway from St. Michael’s with which we have had a relationship for many years. Its residents include people who are seniors, have very low incomes and/or are disabled in some way. We collect small appliances, nonperishable food items, kitchen utensils and other non-fabric household goods in the large plastic barrel in the Gallery and deliver them regularly to Hollywood East. Clothing is also collected in the barrel and delivered to the NEFP. Please contact Hjalmer Lofstrom for more information. Bread for the World is an international nonprofit in which participants send hand-written letters urging their members of Congress to invest and protect key programs Bread for the World is an international nonprofit in which participants send hand-written letters urging their members of Congress to invest and protect key programs that help improve the lives of men, women and children facing hunger and poverty in the United States and around the world. Once a year, the St. Michael’s Outreach & Justice Council sponsors a Bread for the World letter-writing campaign, sending dozens of letters from concerned congregants to their elected legislators. Providence Promotores de Salud de la Iglesia/Parish Health Promoter Program This is part of the Community Health Division at Providence, an outreach and education program that trains volunteers to help build healthier communities through parish-based health promotion and leadership training in the Latino community This is part of the Community Health Division at Providence, an outreach and education program that trains volunteers to help build healthier communities through parish-based health promotion and leadership training in the Latino community. “Based on similar models from Latin America, the parish health promoter program seeks to create relationships between the Latino community, local churches and health care providers.” The program began at St. Michael’s in 2008 and, at the current time, there are 17 churches in the Providence Parish Health Promoter Ministry in Oregon. In 2017, 12 volunteers were active in the program at St. Michael’s reached out to approximately 850 people with a combined total of 1,000 hours of volunteer work from the Promotores in addition to countless hours from community volunteers. At St. Michael’s, the Promotores also coordinate events such as a healthy Lent dinner, Mother’s Day and Father’s Day celebrations, bilingual health fairs, tele-health and dental clinics, Day of the Dead celebrations, Day of the Children events, informative Forums and multi-day Las Posadas community experiences. Cascadia Chamber Ensemble rehearsal Dances of Universal Peace ViVoce rehearsal Recital rehearsal Diocese of Oregon 7:30 - Rite I 9:00 & 11:00 - Rite II 1:00 pm - Misa en Español © 2017 St. Michael & All Angels	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4737
__label__cc	0.740211	0.259789	July 10, 2015 by StopAndPrayTV VIDEO When Plans Turn to Ashes, Dr Charles Stanley Dr. Charles F. Stanley is senior pastor of First Baptist Church Atlanta, founder of In Touch Ministries. Grace in Our Hearts – Will You Examine Yourself? Grace in Our Hearts Let your speech always be with grace. —Colossians 4:6 A few years ago, four-star General Peter Chiarelli (the No. 2 general in the US Army at that time) was mistaken for a waiter by a senior presidential advisor at a formal Washington dinner. As the general stood behind her in his dress uniform, the senior advisor asked him to get her a beverage. She then realized her mistake, and the general graciously eased her embarrassment by cheerfully refilling her glass and even inviting her to join his family sometime for dinner. The word gracious comes from the word grace, and it can mean an act of kindness or courtesy, like the general’s. But it has an even deeper meaning to followers of Christ. We are recipients of the incredible free and unmerited favor—grace—that God has provided through His Son, Jesus (Eph. 2:8). Because we have received grace, we are to show it in the way we treat others—for example, in the way we speak to them: “The words of a wise man’s mouth are gracious” (Eccl. 10:12). Grace in our hearts pours out in our words and deeds (Col. 3:16-17). Learning to extend the grace in our hearts toward others is a by-product of the life of a Spirit-filled follower of Christ Jesus—the greatest of grace-givers. Dear heavenly Father, help me today to season my words with grace. May all that I say and do be gracious to others and pleasing to You, O Lord, my strength and my redeemer. God’s grace in the heart brings out good deeds in the life. By Cindy Hess Kasper Will You Examine Yourself? Joshua said to the people, “You cannot serve the Lord…” —Joshua 24:19 Do you have even the slightest reliance on anything or anyone other than God? Is there a remnant of reliance left on any natural quality within you, or on any particular set of circumstances? Are you relying on yourself in any manner whatsoever regarding this new proposal or plan which God has placed before you? Will you examine yourself by asking these probing questions? It really is true to say, “I cannot live a holy life,” but you can decide to let Jesus Christ make you holy. “You cannot serve the Lord…”— but you can place yourself in the proper position where God’s almighty power will flow through you. Is your relationship with God sufficient for you to expect Him to exhibit His wonderful life in you? “The people said to Joshua, ‘No, but we will serve the Lord!’ ” (Joshua 24:21). This is not an impulsive action, but a deliberate commitment. We tend to say, “But God could never have called me to this. I’m too unworthy. It can’t mean me.” It does mean you, and the more weak and feeble you are, the better. The person who is still relying and trusting in anything within himself is the last person to even come close to saying, “I will serve the Lord.” We say, “Oh, if only I really could believe!” The question is, “Will I believe?” No wonder Jesus Christ placed such emphasis on the sin of unbelief. “He did not do many mighty works there because of their unbelief” (Matthew 13:58). If we really believed that God meant what He said, just imagine what we would be like! Do I really dare to let God be to me all that He says He will be? by Oswald Chambers The Landmine of Fear Psalms 27:1-4 Fear has been a part of man’s emotional makeup since the fall. When Adam and Eve rebelled against the Lord, they hid themselves from Him and were afraid (Genesis 3:10). Things haven’t changed much. Anxiety often affects our thinking and controls our actions. It can keep us boxed in and unwilling to venture into unknown territory. Let truth help you defeat fear. Remember that God is . . . Almighty. Through the Savior’s perfect life and His sacrifice on the cross, our two greatest enemies have been defeated—Satan and death. Jesus set us free from slavery to sin; the devil has lost control over our lives. What’s more, we no longer face eternal separation from God. Jesus’ physical death has become the gateway to heaven, where we can live with the Father forever. Always with us. Though He called Abraham to move away from all that was familiar, the Lord Himself promised to remain nearby. In Matthew 28:20, Jesus gives us similar reassurance. Through the indwelling Holy Spirit, we as believers have God not only near us but also in us. Nothing can ever separate us from His love—not past mistakes, present circumstances, or difficult people (Romans 8:38-39). Actively involved. God promises His help, and He always keeps His word. He knows what is happening in our lives and can turn hardships into a time of spiritual growth and ultimate blessing. God Himself is the reason we should not be afraid. Grasp the truth of His power, presence, and involvement, and use them to disarm the landmine of fear. The Lord and King Cyrus “That saith of Cyrus, He is my shepherd, and shall perform all my pleasure: even saying to Jerusalem, Thou shalt be built; and to the temple, Thy foundation shall be laid.” (Isaiah 44:28) This is a remarkable prophecy, one of the main stumbling blocks of liberals who use it as an excuse for their completely wrong notion of a “second Isaiah.” Long before Jerusalem was invaded and its temple destroyed by the armies of Babylon, Isaiah was already prophesying its rebuilding! Furthermore, the great Persian emperor Cyrus (whose nation would eventually conquer Babylon) was here named by God about 150 years before he was born and 175 years before he would fulfill Isaiah’s prophecy by giving Ezra authority to rebuild the temple (Ezra 1:1-2). Since liberal scholars do not want to believe in miracles and fulfilled prophecy, they have decided that this prophecy could not have been written by the original Isaiah but by some later writer living after Cyrus. The truth is, however, that God controls the future and can reveal it if He chooses, using this very fact as proof that He will keep His other promises. “Thus saith the LORD to his anointed, to Cyrus . . . I have even called thee by thy name: I have surnamed thee, though thou has not known me” (Isaiah 45:1, 4). God had also named King Josiah before he was born (1 Kings 13:2; 2 Kings 23:15-16), with the specific prophecy concerning him waiting to be fulfilled for over 300 years after it was first spoken. It may take a long time, but God will surely do all He has said. “I am God, and there is none like me, Declaring the end from the beginning, and from ancient times the things that are not yet done, saying, My counsel shall stand, and I will do all my pleasure” (Isaiah 46:9-10). HMM The Right Kind of Leaders Feed the flock of God which is among you, taking the oversight thereof, not by constraint, but willingly; not for filthy lucre, but of a ready mind; neither as being lords over God’s heritage, but being ensamples to the flock. —1 Peter 5:2-3 I believe that it might be accepted as a fairly reliable rule of thumb that the man who is ambitious to lead is disqualified as a leader. The Church of the Firstborn is no place for the demagogue or the petty religious dictator. The true leader will have no wish to lord it over God’s heritage, but will be humble, gentle, selfsacrificing and altogether as ready to follow as to lead when the Spirit makes it plain to him that a wiser and more gifted man than himself has appeared. It is undoubtedly true, as I have said so often, that the church is languishing not for leaders but for the right kind of leaders; for the wrong kind is worse than none at all. Better to stand still than to follow a blind man over a precipice. History will show that the church has prospered most when blessed with strong leaders and suffered the greatest decline when her leaders were weak and time serving. The sheep rarely go much farther than the Shepherd. Give me the heart of a servant, Lord, that I might be the right kind of leader. Make me Your servant today, I pray in Jesus’ name. Amen. Spirit Taught: The Result Is Spiritual Illumination Having the understanding darkened… because of the blindness of their heart. Ephesians 4:18 It may shock some readers to suggest that there is a difference between being “Bible taught” and “Spirit taught.” Nevertheless, it is so! It is altogether possible to be instructed in the rudiments of the faith and still have no real understanding of the whole thing. And it is possible to go on to become expert in Bible doctrine and not have spiritual illumination, with the result that a veil remains over the mind, preventing it from apprehending the truth in its spiritual essence. Most of us are acquainted with churches that teach the Bible to their children, reenforce it with catechism classes, and still never produce in them a living Christianity nor a virile godliness. Their members show no evidence of having passed from death unto life. None of the earmarks of salvation so plainly indicated in the Scriptures are found among them. Their religious lives are correct and reasonably moral, but wholly mechanical and altogether lacking in radiance. Many of them are pathetically serious about it all, but they are spiritually blind, getting along with the outward shell of faith while all the time their deep hearts are starving for spiritual reality. It has been said that “The Scriptures, to be understood, must be read with the same Spirit that originally inspired them.” No one denies this, but even such a statement will go over the heads of those who hear it unless the Holy Spirit inflames the heart! Too Timid to Resist Speak every man truth with his neighbour; for we are members one of another. EPHESIANS 4:25 The clever proponents of evil political ideologies are spending millions to make us Americans ashamed to love our country. They use every means possible to persuade our own people that there is little left worth defending and certainly nothing worth dying for. They are building in the public mind a picture of an American as a generous, tolerant, smiling chap who loves baseball and babies, and who subscribes wholly to the doctrine of the brotherhood of man—so everything is going to be all right! From our point of view, these concepts are having their effects on the nation’s religious life, especially among Protestants. Let a man rise to declare the unique lordship of Jesus Christ and the absolute necessity of obedience to Him, and he is at once branded as a hatemonger and a divider of men. The devil has brainwashed large numbers of religious leaders so successfully that they are now too timid to resist him! And he, being the kind of devil he is, takes swift advantage of their cowardice, erecting altars to Baal everywhere! Lord, I pray that You will raise up a new generation of religious and political leaders who are full of integrity and who are not ashamed to honor You before men.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4739
__label__cc	0.56761	0.43239	/ Books / eBooks / eBook: The Chicago Bears: A Decade-By-Decade History by the Chicago Tribune eBook: The Chicago Bears: A Decade-By-Decade History by the Chicago Tribune 7QDDCT012 Format Help Option PDF EPUB MOBI The Chicago Tribune sports department has compiled vintage and contemporary photographs, articles, newspaper headlines, game-by-game records, and more into a comprehensive volume that illuminates the long, rich history of the Chicago Bears. The opening chapters each profile a decade of Bears historyâ€”from the 1920s to the present dayâ€”and include an overview of the decade, a timeline of significant events, spotlights on key players and coaches, and feature stories. Fascinating facts, statistics, and top-ten lists are found throughout the book. Downloadable eBook in: EPUB, Mobi/Kindle and PDF version. The Chicago Bears are back! The Chicago Tribune eBook of the Chicago Bears: A Decade-By-Decade History is a comprehensive, decade-by-decade portrait of the Chicago Bears featuring essays, box scores, reproduced articles, archival photographs, a one-of-a-kind first person account by George Halas, and team memorabilia from the Chicago Tribuneâ€™s vast historical archives. The Chicago Tribune sports department has compiled vintage and contemporary photographs, articles, newspaper headlines, game-by-game records, and more into a comprehensive volume that illuminates the long, rich history of the Chicago Bears. The opening chapters each profile a decade of Bears historyâ€”from the 1920s to the present dayâ€”and include an overview of the decade, a timeline of significant events, spotlights on key players and coaches, and feature stories. Fascinating facts, statistics, and top-ten lists are found throughout the ebook. Downloadable eBook in: EPUB, Mobi/Kindle and PDF version. The Chicago Bears: A Decade-By-Decade History by the Chicago Tribune 1 Your browser does not support the audio element.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4740
__label__wiki	0.597463	0.597463	In order to further investigate the differences in sensitivity between different motor neurons, it would thus be advantageous if cultivated stem cells could be used. They also cautioned that the findings may not solely reflect a variation in diet; variation in underlying genetic factors may also catchy dating captions play a role. Fear of arrest stops some needed calls to 911 after opioid overdose is administered Fear of being arrested still undercuts an Indiana law that shields anyone who administers naloxone from criminal charges, according to a survey conducted by two researchers obsessed with dating at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis. " In collaboration with the Bayfield lab at York, they found evidence that beta-catenin is recruited by the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) to the cellular machinery to help regulate the translation of mRNA into protein. * Currently, doctors diagnose peanut allergy using a skin-prick obsessed with dating test or IgE test but this may result in over-diagnosis or false-positives and it cannot differentiate between sensitivity and true food allergy. We have an agreement with dating sex page 1 the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority about analysing a number of mobile phones in our emergency preparedness lab when needed," says Therése Geber-Bergstrand. It appeared in the most recent issue of The Journal of Prediction Markets. TGHRI scientists have identified a specific insulin signaling pathway that, when activated, revs up the response of T cells in the immune system to divide rapidly and secrete cytokines, chemical messenger proteins that activate the rest of the immune system. In many microbial studies, as few as three or four samples can be used to examine the microbes in an environment. , those of 1,4-butanediamine (DAB), pyrazine (PY), 4,4'-bipyridine (BPY), and fullerene (C 60 ), sandwiched by gold electrodes, and the different molecular-dependent electronic and structural fluctuations were demonstrated. The paper also identified a specific presynaptic protein, neurexin 1? Between 2000 and 2014, amputations among U.S. patients with end-stage kidney dating meet singles disease who were receiving dialysis were cut by 51 percent. "With such obsessed with dating long-term follow-up data, we can now offer this approach to patients with full confidence. This is because LIN41 blocks another protein, called obsessed with dating p21, which causes the roadblock. "Spinal cord injury significantly alters a person's way of life," says Michelle Meade, Ph.D., associate professor of physical medicine and rehabilitation at the University of Michigan. "If I needed a PPI, I absolutely would take it. The world's largest sleep study was launched in June 2017 and within days more than 40,000 people from around the world participated in the online scientific investigation, which includes an in-depth questionnaire and a series of cognitive performance activities. First of all, the researchers have to see whether the mutant CFTR, which is contained in the cell wall, helps produce liquid mucus and how much. "By defining factors that allow liver cells to progress from pre-cancer to cancer, we were able to find one -- p62 -- that we can also use to predict a liver cancer patient's outcome following full removal of a previous liver tumor," said co-senior author Michael Karin, PhD, Distinguished Professor of Pharmacology and Pathology and Ben and Wanda Hildyard Chair for Mitochondrial and Metabolic Diseases at UC San Diego School of Medicine. obsessed with dating obsessed,dating,with 2020-01-12	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4744
__label__cc	0.680721	0.319279	6.100 The South Somerset Settlement Role and Function Study concludes that Somerton has a strong employment, retail and community role which has been reflected in its status as a Market Town. The justification for Somerton’s status is set out in the Settlement Strategy Section and the Key Diagram illustrates this status. 6.101 In order to sustain and enhance Somerton’s role as a Market Town in the rural north of the District, at a level commensurate with the size, accessibility, character and environmental constraints of the town, it is recommended that around 500 dwellings are built in the town over the Core Strategy period 2006-26. 219 dwellings have already been built or committed within the plan period, leaving a land requirement for around 281 additional dwellings for the period to 2026. Evidence from the Sustainability Appraisal suggests that major development should be located to the west of Somerton as this is the best location to extend the town. The Strategic Housing Land Availability Assessment (SHLAA) indicates a site accommodating around 300 dwellings could be delivered here. This direction of growth is indicated on the Proposals Map/relevant inset map which also shows other alternatives considered. 6.102 Around 1.8 hectares of employment land has already been built or committed leaving an additional supply of 1 ha of employment land required for the remainder of the plan period. To be delivered through the Core Strategy 2006-2026 - 1 hectare 6.103 The addition of at least 1 hectare of employment land in and around Somerton will support greater self containment, meet need during the plan period. This is not a strategic issue and any land should be adequately delivered through the Development Management process. 6.104 The South Somerset Retail Capacity Study update (2010) indicates that the ability to significantly increase the amount of comparison goods floorspace for Somerton will be constrained by its size, natural catchment area and level of commercial market interest. Somerton is orientated towards a top-up food shopping function and, in principle, it would be beneficial to increase the level of retention of main/bulk-food shopping trips. However, like the comparison retail sector, the natural catchment and expenditure capacity of the centre will limit the potential for large-scale additional provision and there will also be concerns over the impact on existing provision. Therefore, for both convenience and comparison retailing, a general strategic approach for Somerton is recommended which acknowledges the need to retain shopping trips within the town and supports proposals that increase retention via the promotion of realistic proposals. 6.105 The delivery of this level of development (housing and employment) will bring several key benefits to Somerton, including meeting housing need particularly for affordable housing, supporting the vitality and viability of the town centre and other local business, and improvements to the infrastructure in the town. Some of the key infrastructure issues that have been raised in early consultation with the Town Council include pressure on the local road system, insufficient capacity at the doctor's surgery, and lack of capacity of the drainage / sewage system. The close relationship with Langport / Huish Episcopi may mean increased capacity at Huish Episcopi Secondary School would be required as a result of new development at Somerton. The emerging Infrastructure Delivery Plan will consider the necessary infrastructure to accompany new development in more detail but at this time and in general it is considered that these concerns can be addressed.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4747
__label__wiki	0.823651	0.823651	Cutting through conspiracy Dr Ciarán O’Keeffe reviews the return of The X-Files on Channel 5. Following my adolescence being spent enthralled by repeated watching of Arthur C. Clarke’s Mysterious World in the 1980s, avidly reading classic M.R. James ghost stories, and being an excitable teenager watching Ghostbusters, I had turned an enthusiastic interest in the paranormal into an academic pursuit in the USA and begun an undergraduate psychology thesis exploring all manner of paranormal experiences and beliefs. As I was starting my final year at a US university in 1993, a television series began that mirrored both my boyhood paranormal fascination and my enduring scientific scepticism. The X-Files presented us with two FBI agents, Fox ‘Spooky’ Mulder and Dr Dana Scully. Mulder actively pursued relatively uncritical investigations of all manner of supernatural cases from alien abduction and UFOs to voodoo, vampires and the Bermuda Triangle. Dr Scully accompanied him, providing a rational perspective, a sceptical antidote which was pushed to its limit as they uncovered a government conspiracy to hide, and cooperate with, the existence of extraterrestrials on Earth (what fans called the ‘mytharc’). Over the course of the TV series and two major films, The X-Files achieved a worldwide mass cult audience, concluding in 2002 after nine series. Aside from taking great glee in earning the nickname ‘Spooky’ in the mid-1990s whilst conducting research in an investigative psychology unit, and later meeting and working with Jane Goldman (the author of my dog-eared copy of the two-volume set, X-Files Book of the Unexplained), there has been little in the paranormal world to match the youthful excitement I felt when I first watched The X-Files over a decade ago. In March 2015, that excitement returned as the show’s original creator, Chris Carter, confirmed that Fox (the US TV channel) would be airing a mini-series consisting of six episodes. The wait was excruciating but on 13 February the first episode was shown on Channel 5 in the UK. As I sat down to watch it, I hoped it would continue the same opposing battles between the two main protagonists. The opening credits took me right back to 1993, placing Mulder and Scully in 2016 but throwing us back into the old X-Files ‘mytharc’. The engimatic protagonists still enthralled with their contrary investigative perspectives and resulting tense relationship (partly due to a history involving having a child together who turns out to be a telekinetic alien mutation: seriously). But my initial concerns for a series swamped with UFOs and alien abductions were partly realised, although an animated diatribe towards the end of the episode revealed that all alien abductions since Roswell were actually a smokescreen created to hide a conspiracy involving a ‘multinational group of elites that will cold kill and subjugate’ using recovered alien technology! There was a crumb of comfort, though, at the end of an opening episode that would stretch the most Google-addicted conspiracy theorist. Dr Scully stood up and uttered a response to Mulder worthy of repeating in any social setting where you are confronted with your own version of Tim Minchin’s ‘Storm’. She cuts through all the post-9/11 internet-fuelled conspiracies by describing it as ‘fear mongering claptrap techno isolationist paranoia’. On hearing this delightful sceptical retort, I smiled and knew that regardless of its initial weaknesses my X-Files addiction would be well served, at least for the remaining five episodes. - Reviewed by Dr Ciarán O’Keeffe who is Academic Head of Department at Buckinghamshire New University. The lure of horror Welcome to ‘blogademia’ The misdirected quest	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4756
__label__cc	0.693383	0.306617	Dogs of the Down Under flops Investment manager DNR Capital has attempted to reproduce the long-standing Dogs of the Dow investment strategy, using a local sharemarket index. It did not work. Dogs of the Dow is an investment strategy that attempts to beat the market index (in this case a US market index, the Dow Jones Industrial Average) by buying high-yielding stocks. At the beginning of each year an investor buys the highest yielding stocks in the index. The premise is that blue chip companies do not alter their dividend to reflect tradjng conditions and, therefore, the dividend is a measure of the worth of the company. In contrast, the share price fluctuates through the business cycle. Companies with a high dividend relative to the stock price are near the bottom of their cycle and should be about to enter the recovery part of their stock price cycle. The strategy was first publicised in 1991, when it was outlined in Michael B O’Higgins’ investment book, Beating the Dow. Since the financial crisis it has been a successful strategy, producing returns that beat the Dow. DNR Capital portfolio manager Scott Kelly has tried to replicate a Dogs of the Dow strategy using the S&P/ASX 20 index but underperformed over all periods out to 10 years. Kelly says: “Dogs of the Dow has proved to be a successful strategy in the US market, showing an average return of 200 basis points over the last 19 years. “Investors looking for yield in Australian equities have concentrated their exposure to the top 10 companies, which contribute more than 50 per cent of S&P/ASX 200 dividends paid, so we thought it would be a worthwhile exercise to consider how a Dogs of the Dow strategy might work here. “We analysed a notional Dogs of the ASX 20, investing $1000 into the highest yielding stocks of the ASX 20 at 31 December and constructing an evenly weighted portfolio of 10 companies each year.” The strategy underperformed the S&P/ASX 200 by 5.6 per cent a year over five years and by 5 per cent a year over three years. Kelly says the exercise showed that pursuing a high-yield strategy is simplistic and fraught with danger. “High yields can indicate companies are facing structural headwinds and dividends might be at risk of being cut,” he says. In addition, sources of yield shift over time. Over the past five years, yields from materials and energy companies have increased substantially, while for consumer discretionary, utilities, Telstra and industrial companies, it has declined. Kelly says: “Assessing a company’s dividend sustainability is core to our equity income portfolio. We look for quality companies that can demonstrate the ability to sustain and grow dividends over time.” Tags dividends DNR Capital Dogs of the Dow equity investing ATO gives further clarification on Aussiegolfa ATO reports high super contribution breach numbers	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4758
__label__wiki	0.724257	0.724257	Posted by Just Another Film Buff under All Posts, Cinema of North Korea, Cinema of Romania, Cinema of Russia, Review \| Tags: Andrei Ujica, Autobiografia lui Nicolae Ceausescu, Autobiografia lui Nicolae Ceausescu film review, Autobiografia lui Nicolae Ceausescu movie review, Autobiografia lui Nicolae Ceausescu review, Ben Lewis, Bucharest in film, Corneliu Porumboiu, Harun Farocki, history and film, Kim Il Sung, Nicolae Ceausescu, Out of the Present, Patricio Guzman, Propaganda film, Romania in film, Sergei Krikalev, Tales from the Golden Age, The Autobiography of Nicolae Ceausescu, The Autobiography of Nicolae Ceausescu film review, The Autobiography of Nicolae Ceausescu movie review, The Autobiography of Nicolae Ceausescu review, The King of Communism: The Pomp & Pageantry of Nicolae Ceausescu, Tuesday After Christmas, TV and film, TV and revolution, Videograms of a Revolution \| Rest Is Silence (Image Courtesy: Mandragora Sales) Nicolae Ceausescu lived in denial. In the first scene of Andrei Ujica’s The Autobiography of Nicolae Ceausescu (2010), which is almost the last scene of his life, Ceausescu, in the makeshift TV trial that the revolutionaries have organized, denies that he had anything to do with the atrocities of the previous day. Given sufficient time, he might have denied that he had anything to do with Romania’s dilapidating condition at all. The prosecutors did not give him that privilege. Ujica does. Apparently the result of research on hundreds of hours of historical footage, Autobiography assembles three hours of newsreels that Ceausescu had, indirectly, made for himself, carefully putting together a nationwide mise en scène and a troupe as large as Romania’s population. Ujica’s is a film that resides on the edges of the frame, one that works only on hindsight, with knowledge of what really transpired. We mostly see Ceausescu waving hands and applauding amidst the countless Fordist parades in which people are reduced to flag-waving anonymities. He’s not particularly unlikable. In fact, he seems quite amicable. One could mistake him for a token detective from an American noir or a French film director of the 60s. Contradictory alliances are formed (Both Nixon and Mao seem to have had good relationship with Romania). In fact, Ceausescu seems to have been friends with every major leader. But Ceausescu’s downfall, in which the last hour of the film is interested in, is also, for better or worse, saddening. His words and gestures become more rhetorical than passionate Like Carlos, here is a man who is stuck in a time capsule adhering to his beliefs and illusions when the world has moved beyond him. Nicolae Ceausescu lived in denial. The first thing that strikes us when watching Autobiography is that it does not insert alternate footage to counterpoint those that we see. (The only external contrasting force comes from our current knowledge of Romania during that period). Neither does Ujica employ shot footage nor does he use other Romanian films of the period to fill in the gaps. (This may be because, as it was the case in Stalinist Russia, the alternates to propaganda cinema were probably only apolitical melodramas or socialist realism). Unlike filmmakers such as Anand Patwardhan and Alanis Obomsawin, Ujica seems to place trust on the propaganda clips themselves to illustrate the interstices between them. He uses clips that Ceausescu himself would have used had he written a film autobiography. For instance, the famed footage of Ceausescu’s final speech and his consequent bewilderment and that of him and Elena fleeing in a helicopter are cleverly omitted. The film cuts from Ceausescu’s trial to the past as if going into a flashback. This shift could either imply Ceausescu trying to vindicate himself using the autobiography that is to follow or Ujica/the prosecutors trying to incriminate him using the same evidence. The film is both an encomium and a critique. It’s Rashomon situation on a national scale. Taking a deconstructive approach wherein he lets the contradictions in the footage surface by themselves and using custom soundtrack to multiply the pomp or, less often, provide irony, Ujica elucidates how the Ceausescu regime was marked by suppression of histories and silencing of oppositions. After I watched Ujica’s picture, I wondered how it would have turned out if Ceausescu had indeed made his autobiography using the footage he had amassed. Of course, Ceausescu didn’t make such a film but, I guess any such self-serving propaganda made under a dictatorial regime should share traits alluded to by Ujica’s film. I couldn’t get my hands on any such Romanian film, but I did see a North Korean propaganda film made for (by?) Ceausescu’s friend and contemporary, Kim Il Sung, modestly titled President Kim Il Sung Met Foreign Heads of State and Prominent Figures April 1970-December 1975 (1976) which recites by rote the various meetings that the premier held during the aforementioned period. In fact, the title becomes amazingly self-parodying once you see the movie, whose script consists of the following line, with minor variations, repeated a hundred times: “On [Insert Date], President Kim Il Sung met [Insert Name], the [Insert designation] of [Insert name of communist country], in a brotherly environment to express his support for [the people’s struggle against imperialism/strengthening bilateral relationship]. [Name] praised General Kim Il Sung for [his noble virtue and leadership/his immense contributions to anti-imperialist struggle worldwide/his exploits in progressing mankind]”. The film is never blatant as Ujica’s pseudo-autobiography might suggest, with even remotely problematic areas being cleanly pruned out, (The closest the film (unintentionally) gets to the truth is when the narrator points out that Kim Il Sung “brought about a spectacular reality in Korea”). However, one can still trace, with considerable effort, the counterpoints are seething underneath the rosy audiovisuals. Thousands of dressed-up people gathered for pomp, hundreds “being rounded up” to welcome the premier and the omnipresent absence of the individual are all dehumanizing in a way. The president praises his Japanese counterparts to no end while he talks elsewhere about Korea and China’s joint efforts to ward of Japanese imperialism during the war. In the meeting footages, Kim Il Sung is generally the centre of attraction in the frame – a fact understandable given his imposing physique. His counterparts are regularly pushed to the edges and appear nimble in relation to the composed stature of Il Sung. The president is always cheerful, applauding, waving, at ease and possesses a singular command of his space. One could mistake him for a veteran stage actor. The message here is clear: The world looks up to Kim Il Sung and the way he rules your country. This is the best you’ll get. Looking at the two films, it is clear how Ceausescu was influenced by the North Korean cinema (probably more than its policies), which, in turn, has echoes of Riefenstahl. They seem to have been directors more than dictators. Ujica’s film is called The Autobiography of Nicolae Ceausescu, but it also holds well as a biography of Romania because not only does it cover a huge ground in terms of historical time, it also seems to allude to attitudes that would define Romanian culture even after his deposition. The figure of Nicolae Ceausescu seems to loom large over contemporary Romanian cinema. Almost all the “New Wave” films from the country have had Ceausescu or his regime at their focal point. Films such as Tales from the Golden Age (2009), which no doubt treat history as a closed project, confront the past directly and provide a neat picture of what it is to live in a communist-dictatorial state (The “hat” and “pig” segments are simultaneously moving and hysterical) while even a work that is so hermetic and microcosmic on the surface like Radu Muntean’s Tuesday, After Christmas (2010), set during the 20th anniversary of Ceausescu’s execution, is haunted by the events of the past. Underneath, Muntean’s film seems to triangulate between a disillusionment with the present (post-globalization Romania), a nostalgia for the past (possibly the socialist age) and the dread produced by the knowledge that nostalgia, more often than not, is the longing for a past that never was. Both features of Corneliu Porumboiu deal with residual theatricality that marks contemporary Romania. In the first film, the revolution against theatricality itself makes way for theatrical claims to glory and pride while, in the second, the capital attempts to project itself as a city that is more significant than it actually is. In fact, this seemingly quintessentially Romanian affinity for theatricality is part of the curriculum in Ujica’s debut feature, Videograms of a Revolution (1992), which he co-directed with Harun Farocki. Videograms, possibly Ujica’s finest film and clearly a masterwork, presents us shards from the Romanian revolution in the form of small “video packets” that were shot at various locations in Bucharest during the days just preceding Ceausescu’s death. We get to see history as it is happening, in all its tragicomic elements, with multiple parallel governments being set up, phantom enemies generated, impromptu civil wars brewing and the relentless efforts undertaken by either side to restore peace. Unlike any other period in history, possibly with the exception of the clashes in Chile two decades ago that were “immortalized” by Patricio Guzman in his fly-on-the-wall documentaries, we witness how technological progress has enabled us to document history with utmost fluidity and urgency. There is no need for an Eisenstein anymore to recreate the revolution and overwrite the actual event. This relationship between technological progress, the subsequent changes in modes of production and the possibility of social progress is of central interest to Videograms. It tries to find an answer to whether revolution is primarily the seizure of the forces of production from authority or if there are certain fundamental, subtler issues to be tackled. Interestingly enough, the first thing that the protestors do after storming the party headquarters is to attack the television station. As the revolutionary forces take over the broadcast, we see not only their efforts to disperse the message to the public but also the theatricality that eventually overwhelms their exploits. Appropriation of the television station is taken for the appropriation of political power. Prisoners (generally party members close to the dictator) are presented on TV, subjected to mockery-of-justice type vengeance trials and sentenced by impromptu courts and law makers, The abuse of (TV) power that was to be corrected persists, only under a different political scenario and for a different end. We see this abuse of power off screen as well, where the acrimony towards Ceausescu is misguided towards prisoners. Videograms, however, remains highly ambivalent about the role of television and cinema in the phenomenon. Its view is more rounded and holistic than the critical or exalting stances one might expect. The camera, in Videograms, is as much imprisoning as it’s liberating. Routinely, at the end of each of the separately titled segment, the narrator of the film startlingly steps back from the immediacy of the upheaval, to perform a formal analysis of the images we see in order to illustrate that the film is more about the revolution as it was perceived than as it happened. Throughout, it probes how the televising of a real event can guarantee its occurrence and authenticate a fictional event. We see European reporters filming the broadcast of Ceausescu’s trial (in place of the trial itself) as if television itself is a transparent window into reality. (This recalls Paul Patton’s account of how CNN reporters in the Gulf during the war were watching CNN in order to find out what was happening). Like great works such as Godard’s History of Cinema (1998) and Marker’s The Last Bolshevik (1993), but far less elegiac and more optimistic, Farocki and Ujica examine film, history and everything in between in Videograms. They note: “Camera and event. Since its invention, film has seemed destined to make history visible. It has been able to portray the past and stage the present. We have seen Napoleon on horseback and Lenin on the train. Film was possible because there was history. Almost imperceptibly, like moving on a Möbius strip, the side was flipped. We look on and have to think: if film is possible, then history, too, is possible.” Perhaps this is the biggest irony that marks Ceausescu’s life. The tool that helped him hold power for decades became the very tool that accelerated his downfall. The pageants that highlighted his reign would give way to his own trial on the national television. And all the clapping at the end of those grand ceremonies would only end up in the cheerful applause throughout Bucharest when his death is broadcasted on television. After images of the corpses of the Ceausescus are flashed on television for the confirmation of the event, one reporter yells as the screen fades to black: “That’s it then, turn it off”. Ujica’s previous film, Out of the Present (1995), also involves a man cut off from the world, literally. Evocative, slightly frightening and borderline-experimental, Out of the Present chronicles Soviet cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev’s 10-month stay at the Mir station during which time his country collapses. Ujica intercuts between the tumults in Moscow and scenes of Krikalev’s floating about in free space to sketch the portrait of a world in transition. He’s a man who, in the process of leaping into the future, loses grip on the present. For Krikalev, like the citizens of Bucharest in the previous film, reality is what the media tells him it is. In addition to his physical severance, he is, like so many of his counterparts on earth, a man alienated from history through the very images that present history. But Krikalev’s case is even more heartbreaking given that fact that he is the only person from his country to have not witnessed this historical juncture and that he’ll be returning to a country totally different from the one he lived in. This idea of media as the appraiser of history and the diaristic construction of Out of the Present presage the autobiographical structure of Ujica’s latest. Coming back to The Autobiography of Nicolae Ceausescu, which attempts to sum up the entirety of Ceausescu’s regime as a large-scale theater with Romania as the stage, the Romanians as the performers and the Ceausescus as the stars. Ujica’s film suggests that in Ceausescu’s rule, cinema was treated like politics and politics, like cinema, that he was amassing wealth to no end while the whole country was in dire straits and that all was illusion. Although there might be some truth value to it, It seems to me that such a sketch is rather dangerous and complacent since it runs the risk of reducing a ruthless dictator to a charlatan who knew how to make the right moves. Ujica deals with Ceausescu more or less like how Assayas deals with Carlos. Both these political figures have been drained of their potency by their writer-directors and turned into interesting characters with simple psychology and behavioral pattern. There is little reason to believe that all the pomp and self-aggrandizement would have vanished had Ceausescu been a democratic ruler. The cult of the leader is largely independent of such scenarios. Given that Ujica intended to make a film critical of Ceausescu that would have resulted even if the latter had made it himself, it is understandable that he was obliged to leave out certain implicating footage. But this self-imposed restriction becomes a damaging limitation in Autobiography. Ujica’s message is clear even minutes into the film. In trying to develop a pseudo-laudatory autobiography and a stinging critique out of the same material, Ujica, I’m afraid, only dilutes the latter. Compare this with the density that the remarkable BBC documentary The King of Communism: The Pomp & Pageantry of Nicolae Ceausescu (2002) achieves despite its flaws and its reduced running time. Like Ujica, writer-director Ben Lewis believes that Ceausescu’s regime was fuelled by such grand scale performances. But instead of relying on these very performances to elucidate the flipside, Lewis keeps interjecting anti-narratives of every sort that keep countering reductive narratives such as Ujica’s and Assayas’. One of those interviewed is a TV reporter who was filming Ceausescu during his infamous final speech. When asked why he did not telecast the agitation in front of the palace instead of the unrest at Ceausescu’s balcony, he tells us that it would have been against the ethics of his profession. It is not that he is deluded or against democracy. It is just that such an act would never have been unethical considering his situation. Lewis’ film is rife with such deadlocks that tend to disrupt totalizing narratives such as the one The Autobiography of Nicolae Ceausescu presents. For instance, it probes why ever did the Romanian public cooperate in this mythmaking. After all, it was this nationalistic propaganda that enabled Ceausescu to resist the imperialism of the superpowers and to build a stable nation. Some of the interviewees still assert that Ceausescu represented their country with dignity at the world stage, although it was precisely this misplaced sense of self-respect that turned against both Ceausescu and Romania. Through interviews with people who had really taken part and performed in these pageants, Lewis arrives at the conclusion that it was all propaganda by the public and for the public, and not a one man show as purported by Ujica’s film. We come to know that people actually looked forward to these shows that helped them regain their trust towards the nation. They’re even nostalgic about it. Lewis points out that the performer-audience relationship was reversed at the end of each show and illustrates how it was of double advantage for Ceausescu. For him, it was both an august propaganda and an effective distraction. For the public, it was both escape and replenishment. Through these accounts, we gradually get the idea that Romania was not being cheated some clever, omnipotent trickster, but that it was in a hyperreal situation where the truth of the matter was overridden by ‘appearances’ that didn’t appear so. One perceptive lady tells us that it might have been better if the Soviet had indeed occupied Romania instead of Ceausescu holding ground. At least then, she points out, the Romanians would have had a visible enemy to fight against. Ujica’s film rejects such nuances, instead replacing them with a blanket rejection of Ceausescu’s regime as totalitarian and deceiving. What it does (and admirably so), however, is to question the way we approach historical material (and, consequently, contemporary material). It urges us to look closer, to keep our eyes open for obscured faces and our ears open for silenced voices. [The Autobiography of Nicolae Ceausescu (2010) Trailer] Archive Select Month January 2020 December 2019 November 2019 October 2019 September 2019 August 2019 July 2019 December 2017 January 2016 December 2015 November 2015 August 2015 July 2015 June 2015 May 2015 April 2015 January 2015 August 2014 July 2014 January 2014 December 2013 July 2013 April 2013 March 2013 February 2013 January 2013 December 2012 November 2012 October 2012 September 2012 August 2012 July 2012 June 2012 May 2012 April 2012 March 2012 February 2012 January 2012 December 2011 November 2011 October 2011 September 2011 August 2011 July 2011 June 2011 May 2011 April 2011 March 2011 February 2011 January 2011 December 2010 November 2010 October 2010 September 2010 August 2010 July 2010 June 2010 May 2010 April 2010 March 2010 February 2010 January 2010 December 2009 November 2009 October 2009 September 2009 August 2009 July 2009 June 2009 May 2009 April 2009 March 2009 February 2009 January 2009 December 2008 November 2008 October 2008 September 2008 August 2008 July 2008 June 2008 May 2008 April 2008 March 2008 Cinema of Algeria (1) Cinema of Argentina (7) Cinema of Armenia (2) Cinema of Australia (3) Cinema of Austria (14) Cinema of Belgium (9) Cinema of Brazil (6) Cinema of Bulgaria (2) Cinema of Cambodia (1) Cinema of Canada (6) Cinema of Chile (3) Cinema of China (12) Cinema of Denmark (2) Cinema of Estonia (2) Cinema of France (113) Cinema of Georgia (1) Cinema of Germany (40) Cinema of Greece (1) Cinema of Hong Kong (1) Cinema of Hungary (7) Cinema of India (65) Cinema of Indonesia (2) Cinema of Iran (28) Cinema of Ireland (1) Cinema of Israel (2) Cinema of Italy (18) Cinema of Japan (30) Cinema of Kazakhstan (1) Cinema of Lithuania (2) Cinema of Mexico (6) Cinema of North Korea (1) Cinema of Norway (1) Cinema of Peru (1) Cinema of Poland (5) Cinema of Portugal (12) Cinema of Romania (6) Cinema of Russia (8) Cinema of Senegal (1) Cinema of South Korea (7) Cinema of Spain (11) Cinema of Sri Lanka (2) Cinema of Sweden (8) Cinema of Switzerland (19) Cinema of Syria (1) Cinema of Taiwan (6) Cinema of Thailand (6) Cinema of the Czech Republic (2) Cinema of the Netherlands (1) Cinema of the Philippines (7) Cinema of the UK (35) Cinema of the USA (48) Cinema of the USSR (13) Cinema of Turkey (3) Cinema of Ukraine (1) Cinema of Vietnam (1) Cinema of Yugoslavia (2) Ellipsis (82) Filmmakers (32) Kollywood (25) Super Scenes (17) Tollywood (1) Translations (Index) (1) Film Websites Culturazzi Indian Auteur Projectorhead Unspoken Journal World Cinema Foundation Film Blogs Blogical Conclusion Checking On My Sausages Critic After Dark Dennis Grunes Direct Transmission Edit Room Elusive As Robert Denby Floating Zoetropes Goodfella's Movie Blog Hugo Stiglitz Makes Movies Journey By Frame Landscape Suicide Large Association of Movie Blogs Les Signes Parmi Nous Lessons From the School of Inattention Making Light Of It Movies That Make You Think Not Just Movies Observations on film art and Film Art Occupied Territories Only The Cinema Onlyne Pacze Moj Retentional Finitude Rightwing Film Geek Screenville Scribbles and Ramblings Socially Responsible Films Sounds, Images Spectacular Attractions Strictly Film School The Academic Hack The Case for Global Film The Dancing Image The Front Row The Long Voyage Home The Man Who Viewed Too Much The Review Diary Transatlantic. Unexplained CInema Unspoken Cinema When Canses Were Classeled… Winds From The East	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4759
__label__wiki	0.743704	0.743704	Bill Hoffman’s Black-and-Whites December 31, 2019 January 19, 2020 David Sadowski 15 Comments This is, for me, a very interesting photo. It shows construction of the new Halsted Street bridge that will eventually go over the Congress (now Eisenhower) Expressway under construction on May 20, 1951. As you can see, the bridges were built first, before the area around them was excavated. That way, traffic could be diverted around the construction site as it is here. There was a shoo-fly for streetcars and a temporary roadway for other traffic. The view looks north. The nearby “L” station remained in service until 1958, although two of the four tracks were removed. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) For our last post of 2019, we thought we would “ring out the old” by featuring some classic black-and-white views of Chicago streetcars (plus a few others) taken by the late William C. Hoffman (1910-1988), or from his collection. All appear courtesy of the Jeff Wien and the Wien-Criss Archive. Bill Hoffman usually shot color slides, but according to Jeff, he sometimes shot black-and-white, typically if the local store happened to be out of color film. Mr. Hoffman deserves a ton of credit for traveling around the city with his camera. He got many shots that others failed to document. This is our 20th post this year, about the same as last year. We again achieved over 100,000 page views, for the fifth straight year, as we look forward to 2020 and celebrating the fifth anniversary of this blog on January 21st. We thank all our readers and contributors for their help in making this another very successful year here at the Trolley Dodger. As always, if you have questions, comments, or have information to share on any of what you see here, don’t hesitate to drop us a line. We have a very interesting batch of pictures this time, including some very rare shots. From the Wien-Criss Archive: CSL 9001 was an unpowered trailer, built by the Surface Lines in 1921. Photos showing such trailers in use are quite rare, as they were only in service during the 1920s. After this, they were used as storage sheds at various CSL locations. (William C. Hoffman Collection, Wien-Criss Archive) Other cities have used two-car streetcar trains extensively, notably Boston, but such use was short-lived in Chicago. Here, we see multiple-unit CSL 3208, built by the Chicago Surface Lines in 1924, operating a two-car train on Milwaukee Avenue. With a severe drop in ridership during the Great Depression, such use was no longer necessary. (William C. Hoffman Collection, Wien-Criss Archive) CTA 6116 on the Kedzie Avenue line. This car was built by Brill in July 1914. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) CTA 1774, signed for Ogden-Downtown. Don’s Rail Photos notes, “1774 was built by CSL in 1923. It was rebuilt as one-man in 1949.” (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) Westbound CTA Pullman 132 is on Van Buren crossing Western Avenue on November 13, 1950. Streetcar service ended on this route in 1951, and the CTA used the south half of Van Buren as a temporary right-of-way for Garfield Park “L” cars between 1953 and 1958. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) On August 15, 1953 there was an old CSL 2501-2625 series car at the Clark-Schreiber car barn. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) CTA salt car AA91 is at the car barn at Clark and Schreiber on August 15, 1953. Dpn’s Rail Photos adds, “AA91, salt car, was built by Chicago Rys in 1912 as 1545. It became CSL 1545 in 1914 and retired on November 19, 1947. It was rebuilt as salt car AA91 in 1948 and retired on September 8, 1955.” (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) On June 25, 1951, CTA 6140 is heading southbound on Stony Island, while waiting for an Illinois Central Electric commuter train to pass, before crossing 71st Street. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) CSL 5722, a single-ended “nearside” car, is crossing the Illinois Central tracks. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) On October 15, 1948, the conductor of CTA 1643 (running on the Van Buren Street route) is holding a switch lever at the southwest corner of Van Buren and Clinton. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) On February 16, 1957, CTA 7201 was the last streetcar to run on Route 36. Here it is seen at State and Madison. (Charles H. Thorpe Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) On February 16, 1957, CTA 7201 was the last streetcar to run on Route 36. Here it is seen at Clark and Devon. (Charles H. Thorpe Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) On November 13, 1950 a northbound Ashland Avenue car, running here on Paulina, crosses Van Buren. The view is from the nearby Marshfield “L” station. On September 20, 1953 the CTA put Garfield Park “L” trains onto temporary trackage in Van Buren for about 2 1/2 miles, while the Congress Expressway was being built. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) CTA 542 is a Milwaukee Avenue car, at the north end of the line near Devon on March 25, 1951. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) CTA 1721 is an eastbound Ogden Avenue car on Randolph Street in 1950. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) The view looking west across Halsted into Root Street terminal. Streetcar service on this line was abandoned two days after this picture was taken on August 7, 1953. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) What looks like a CTA car in the 1700-series is eastbound on Randolph on March 28, 1948. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) CTA 6261 is at the end of the line at Stony Island and 93rd on November 7, 1948. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) In the 1920s, CSL experimented with an articulated streetcar, here numbered 4000, made from two other cars. The experiment did not catch on. Don’s Rail Photos adds, “4000 was built by St Louis Car Co in 1903 as Chicago Union Traction Co as 4633 and 4634. They were renumbered 1104 and 1105 in 1913 and became CSL 1104 and 1105 in 1914. They were renumbered 1101 and 1102 in 1925. They were rebuilt as an articulated train using a Cincinnatii Car steel vestibule drum between the bodies. It was completed on August 3, 1925, and scrapped on March 30, 1937.” (William C. Hoffman Collection, Wien-Criss Archive) This picture of CTA 4022 appears to show it set up for one-man service on 63rd Street, although this was not implemented, after two public hearings were held. These cars were instead used on Cottage Grove. Red streetcars were temporarily returned to 63rd, and then buses were substituted in 1953. (William C. Hoffman Collection, Wien-Criss Archive) On the other hand, Tony Waller writes, “Hi, I have a few comments/corrections for the latest set of photos: Pic.736 shows a two-man pre-war PCC operating on 63rd St. In the middle of the car you can see two center doors, one was removed as part of the one-man conversion process. Also CTA would not be operating a one man car in the middle of an otherwise two-man route. In the recent CERA color-photo PCC book, as well as several of the Shore Line Interurban Society publications, there are photos of pre-war PCCs painted in the new Evergreen and Cream color scheme operating on 63rd St. The paint job was done as part of the advance work for the one-man process to keep the PCCs operating on 63rd as long as possible. The conversion process would require that the whole fleet to be removed from service; removing one of the center doors and the conductor’s station and replacing them with additional seats, relocating all door controls to the motorman’s position, removing Chicago’s unique hand operating controls and replacing them with the standard (i.e., nationwide) foot operating controls. The CTA’s new “big wings” around the headlight denoting front entrance, one-man operation would not affect a repainted car in temporary two-man service as the pre-war PCCs were always front entrance anyway. Those post-war PCCs converted to one-man and those “Sedans” so converted (but never used) also got the “big wings.”” CTA 7254 at Clark and Kinzie. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) CTA 4332 southbound at Clark and Wacker. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) On March 21, 1954, CTA PCC 4025 heads north on Cottage Grove at 98th. Here, streetcars were on open track west of the roadway. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) CTA Pullman 661 is westbound at Roosevelt Road and Michigan Avenue, returning from the Museum Loop built for the 1933-34 Century of Progress World’s Fair. (William C. Hoffman Photo. Wien-Criss Archive) On May 1, 1953, PCC 4070 is westbound on Madison Street, looking west from Wacker Drive with the Civic Opera House at right. The streetcar is about to cross the Chicago River. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) CTA electric locomotive L202, coupled to a railroad gondola in the 39th and Halsted yards. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) CSL prewar PCC 4017 at Madison and Austin, another favorite spot for railfan photographers in this era. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) CSL 1308, built by St. Louis Car Company circa 1904, here shown in use as a salt car for Chicago’s wintry weather. The 1374, now restored to operating condition at the Illinois Railway Museum, is an example of this type of car, now nicknamed a “Matchbox.” (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) CSL 7002, built by St. Louis Car Company in 1936. This was part of a series of 83 cars that ran for just short of 20 years. Why 83 cars? I recall there was a concurrent order for 17 trolley buses. The overall order was for 100 new vehicles, with 5/6th being streetcars. (William C. Hoffman Collection, Wien-Criss Archive) CSL 1474 (built circa 1900 for Chicago Union Traction, rebuilt 1913). (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) A CTA Peter Witt, aka a “Sedan,” in this case 3330, signed for Cottage Grove. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) CTA 5492, signed for 79th and Brandon. This car was built by Brill in 1907. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) CTA PCC 7228 is northbound on State at Roosevelt Road. This overpass was a favorite spot for photographers. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) CTA Pullmans at North and Cicero. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) CSL 783. Not sure of the location. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) CTA 459 and one other streetcar are on the Museum Loop, at around 13th Street near Lake Shore Drive. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) CSL 235, a Pullman, heads west on Roosevelt Road. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) CTA 4302 is southbound on State at Roosevelt. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) One-man CTA streetcar 1737 enters the Washington Street tunnel from Franklin Street in 1950. As you can see, the bridge over the Chicago River is up. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) CTA snow plow D304, a former tank car. Don’s Rail Photos adds, “D304, sprinkler, was built by McGuire-Cummings in 1909, as C&SC CE-4. It was renumbered D304 in 1913 and became CSL D302 in 1914. It was converted as a snow plow and retired on March 19, 1956.” (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) CSL 6158 is on temporary trackage at State and 13th around 1940, when construction of the State Street Subway was underway. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) Some old CSL streetcars, including mail car 6, are shown at 11th and State in 1948 as part of a parade. The mail car is now at the Fox River Trolley Museum. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) This photo of CTA 1736, at the west end of Route 16 Lake Street at Austin Boulevard, must be circa 1952-54, as the nearby Park Theater appears to have permanently closed (I think the sign says “closed goodbye”). (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) The CSL car is promoting the Illinois Reserve Militia on State Street during World War II. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) CSL 1740 and 1731 are displaying what the photographer called “wartime ads” in September 1943 at Montrose and Cicero. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) On September 14, 1942, construction was well underway for Chicago’s first subway at State and Washington (the tunnels were already finished, and here they were building the station using the cut-and-cover method). Work car W212 is being used to promote the patriotic film Wake Island. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) The interior of car 6150, a Brill built circa 1914-15, as it appeared on August 3, 1953. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) CSL 1821 on North Avenue. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) CTA 279 on Roosevelt Road open track in 1952. The photographer noted that “vibration disintegrated the concrete.” (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) CSL 2598 on 111th Street at Cottage Grove. Don’s Rail Photos notes, “2598 was built by St Louis Car Co in 1901. It was retired on August 1, 1947.” (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) CTA 618 and 5543 meet at 111th and Western on July 11, 1948. Looks like some riders are changing from one line to the other. The view looks north. (William c. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) The notes on this rather fuzzy photo say this is CTA 520 at the intersection of Milwaukee, Paulina, and Ogden. On the other hand, Daniel Joseph says that this is a “physical impossibility,” and that this is actually Paulina, Ogden and Adams. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) The operator of one-man car 2908 is changing ends on 39th Street on March 28, 1948. At the moment, both poles are up. Not sure of the exact location. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) A view of the North and Cicero car barn (aka “station, in CSL parlance) , looking northwest from 1500 N. Cicero on March 28, 1948. (William c. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) CSL 119 on the transfer table at West Shops, June 1, 1947. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) The interior of a CTA 600-series Pullman on March 22, 1953. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) CSL 3229 looks to be at that portion of the car barn at Devon and Clark that was once damaged by fire. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) CTA 1783 is on Lake Street just east of Austin, probably circa 1950-52. Here, the Park theater is “closed temporarily.” It would be permanently shuttered before the end of streetcar service in 1954, most likely a victim of television. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) CTA Pullman PCC 4240 is on State Street at 8th, operating on Route 36. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) Eastbound prewar PCC 4030, in “tiger stripes,” crosses Western Avenue on 63rd Street on November 26, 1950. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) CTA work car W205 coupled to a Baltimore and Ohio box car at 39th and Halsted on March 11, 1951. This was the location of a materials handling yard for the CTA in the streetcar era. Don’s Rail Photos notes: :W205, work car, was built by Chicago City Ry in 1907 as CCRY C11. It was renumbered W205 in 1913 and became CSL W205 in 1914. It was retired on May 17, 1958.” (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) This is how the CTA work car coupled to a box car– with a bar. March 11, 1951 at 39th and Halsted. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) The West End of Route 63 Between Central Avenue and Harlem, a distance of two miles, Chicago Surface Lines streetcars did not operate on 63rd Street, as they did further east. They ran instead on a private right-of-way in what was then a largely undeveloped area called Clearing, which is now a residential neighborhood. This is now the location of 63rd Place. The question came up several month ago on the Chicagotransit Yahoo group (posed by Dennis McClendon) about why this was so. The answer was provided by our resident South Side expert M. E., who provided a link to a book that details this early history. Basically, there were those who wanted to develop the area in the nearby suburb of Summit for industry, however, they needed a way to transport workers there. It was quicker and easier to simply lay tracks on private property than it would have been to do so in a public street such as 63rd Street, where the City ‘council would have had to weigh in on it. The streetcar companies had some responsibility for paving streets and plowing snow and such. A factory was established in Summit in the early 1900s, making Argo corn starch. To this day, that portion of Summit is commonly known as Argo. Eventually, the trackage on what is now 63rd Place became part of the regular 63rd Street streetcar route. The portion west of Oak Park Avenue was operated as a shuttle until 1948, when PCC cars were introduced. At that point, a turnaround loop was built at Narragansett, and service west of there operated by bus. Buses replaced streetcars on the rest of Route 63 in 1953, and service was then shifted to 63rd Street, although the same turnback loop was used. This loop was rather large and I believe in recent years it was made somewhat smaller to accommodate a new location for a Chicago Public Library branch. As for the old Argo shuttle streetcar, subsequent research shows it went as far as 63rd and Archer (see the pictures below). Looking east from Narragansett along the 63rd Place private right-of-way on May 19, 1953. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) On August 10, 1947 we see the CSL terminal for 63rd Street cars at Oak Park Avenue and 63rd Place. An Argo shuttle car (5337) is on single track ahead. This would continue about another half-mile to Archer Avenue, in suburban Summit. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) The same location today, in Chicago’s Clearing neighborhood. On August 10, 1947, we are looking east along 63rd Place at Oak Park Avenue. A Chicago Surface Lines Pullman streetcar is switching onto single track at the west end of Route 63. There was a shuttle operation west of here, perhaps a mile of single track, to Archer Avenue and the area of suburban Summit widely known as “Argo,” although there is no such municipality. That is the name of a large factory there that makes Argo cornstarch. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) Again on August 10, 1947, CSL 5337 is operating as the Argo shuttle car, and is shown here at the west end of the route at 63rd and Archer. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) The buildings here match the ones seen in the previous photo. The area where the Argo shuttle ended was practically in front of those, and is now a parking lot. Our resident South Side expert M. E. writes, “I thought some more about this photo. The Argo streetcar line had a single track. I think it had one track because of the crowded situation at the western terminal at Archer. The Argo car ran from Oak Park Ave. (6800 W.) to Archer Ave. (7700 W. at 63rd St.). Let’s say the Argo car carried people who worked at Argo Starch. During rush hours, the bigger crowds may imply that the Chicago Surface Lines ran two cars on the Argo line. Now, let’s say one of those cars was at Oak Park Ave., the other at Archer Ave., and they started at the same time. Where would they pass? Answer: Look at the shape of the raised area in the cited photo. This area looks suspiciously like a passing area for two streetcars on a single track. And it’s at Harlem (7200 W.), roughly halfway between Oak Park Ave. and Archer Ave. Voila!” There is a bus loop at 63rd Street and Archer, but not in the same location as where the streetcar ended. CTA work car X-201 is heading west on 63rd Street on April 18, 1948, to take up rail from the Argo line, where streetcar service ended a week earlier. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) The turnback loop at 63rd Place and Narragansett was built in 1948 to accomodate PCC cars, which were single-ended. But towards the end of streetcar service on Route 63, PCCs were removed and red cars were, for a short time, returned, as this May 19, 1953 view shows. Buses replaced streetcars five days later, and began running on 63rd Street between Narragansett and Central, instead of on 63rd Place, as streetcars had. (William C. Hoffman Photo, Wien-Criss Archive) The CTA turnback loop at 63rd Place and Narragansett as it looks today, with the Clearing branch of the Chicago Public Library at rear. The track arrangement on 63rd Place prior to 1948, taken from the 1941 CSL track map. There were two tracks to Oak Park Avenue, and single track west of there. Since the Argo shuttle had to cross a railroad, that means it had to have a two-man crew. It appears the shuttle crossed Harlem into nearby Summit (the area known as Argo) for its western terminal. The 1939 shows the locations of two crossovers on the 63rd Place section; one at Meade, and another just east of Austin. This portion of the 1952 CTA track map shows the arrangement used between 1948 and 1953. The dotted line indicates the bus route used west of Narragansett. Reader Showcase November 30, 2019 December 2, 2019 David Sadowski 4 Comments On this Thanksgiving Day weekend, we here at the Trolley Dodger have many things to be thankful for… chiefly among them, our readers. This seems like a good time to feature recent correspondence with our very knowledgeable and astute readers. We thank all our contributors. I wish you the best in this upcoming holiday season. Kim Bolan writes: Just came across The Trolley Dodger and what a great and detailed work. It reminds me of my youth in Milwaukee riding No. 10 Line in Tosa (Wauwautosa) and also Speedrail. I have a question regarding #978. I lived in San Francisco but never saw this car in operation. Is it part of Muni’s heritage collection? Just received this 35mm transparency (Kodak film and processing) from an unknown photographer taken September 1984 of car 978 at San Francisco, CA (see above). Car 978 was loaned to San Francisco in the mid-1980s, intended for use in the SF Trolley Festival, but my understanding is it was damaged somehow and never operated there. As far as I know, the car is now at the East Troy Electric Railroad in Wisconsin, where it is stored inoperable. There is a picture of it in SF in this post. Here is the full story on what happened to 978, thanks to Larry Sakar: Regarding the question about TM streetcar 978 in San Francisco, I know all about it. MUNI and TWERHS* worked out a deal whereby 978 was to be sent to San Francisco to participate in the very first Historic Streetcar Festival in 1983. It was not in the best of condition to begin with. En route, one of the truck bolsters (the 900’s were notorious for having bad bolsters) gave way and came through the floor (it was being trucked out there.) It was unloaded and brought to Geneva upper yard where it was parked in among some Boeing LRV’s. It made its way back to East Troy probably at the end of the festival in September and was never a part of the historic fleet. Now, here’s some additional info about it. The 978 was saved by Mr. Al Buetschle, then of Milwaukee but since 1960 or 61 a resident of Oakley, CA. Oakley is in Contra Costa County about 60 miles NE of San Francisco. Oakley is a little “one-horse town” in what is known as the Tri-Delta region. The streetcar was initially saved on behalf of the Wauwatosa Kiwanis Club who gave Al the money to buy it. It would take pages for me to provide all of the details of the day he bought it. Frederick J. Johnson head of M&STC personally handled the sale. Al had told them he wanted a 900 and one from that group of 10 because they were the only ones with that metal sun shade over the center window. When he got to Col Spring shops sure enough they had an 800 waiting. He refused to accept it. The car he really wanted was the 975 but it was too far back in the scrap line in lower Cold Spring yard. To get the 978 meant moving 3 cars ahead of it. Johnson was plenty mad about having to do that. So they get on the first car to be moved. Johnson puts a fuse in the fuse box. But then he stupidly cranks up the controller and blows the fuse. This happens a second time so Al says, “Here, I’ll show you what to do!” Johnson immediately wants to know, “How do you know how to operate a streetcar?” Al tells him he was friendly with a motorman who taught him to run a car on the Rt. 10 West Allis branch between Calvary Cemetery cut and 67th St. Murray, the motorman would then take it from there since it involved descending from the former Rapid Transit line and making a safety stop before crossing 68th St. Well, Dave, Johnson has an absolute fit!! &%%^( (expletives deleted) I want his name.” Al says, “No. He has retired now that streetcars are gone so it doesn’t matter “In the end he got the 978 and Johnson even gave him his money back admiring him for his tenacity. Al had a friend who had access to a flatbed truck. Johnson let him drive 978 up from lower Cold Spring. The car was loaded onto the flatbed truck and taken to a piece of track adjacent to the C&NW and a lumber company at North 91st Street and West Flag Avenue on Milwaukee’s northwest side. By this time the Kiwanis Club decided they didn’t want it so Al now owned it. He took out all the seats and repainted the interior before putting them back. He would work on 978 as his time permitted. The Kiwanis Club had the “brainy” idea of displaying the car in Hart Park in Wauwatosa. Hart Park is just down the private right-of-way (now a driveway) parallel to West State Street, east of the Harwood Avenue streetcar terminal at Harwood and State Streets (long gone). In 1961, Al got a job as a controller for a company and moved to the Bay Area. No, he didn’t take 978 with him. It then ended up at the Mid-Continent Railway museum in North Freedom. In the mid to late ’60’s the group that is now TWERHS was formed and the car went with them to their first home in North Lake, WI. In 1972 they opened the East Troy Trolley Museum which is now under a different organization. None of us are really sure where 978 is. It is in need of major restoration. At one time the rumor was that it was going to be sent to Brookville Equipment out east. They’re the company that does all the refurbishing of MUNI’s historic PCC fleet. Did Al see it when it was in San Francisco? Yes he did. He has a fantastic picture he took with 978 and his red sports car (convertible). He is putting the trolley pole on the wire. I f I recall correctly his red car was a T-Bird. It was totaled about 10 years ago when he was hit by a group of teenagers out joy riding and who as you can probably guess were not insured. I snapped a picture of it sitting in among the Boeing cars in 1983. I had to climb up on a narrow cement ledge and shot thru the openings in a cyclone fence. I’ll have to see if I still have it and if I do I will scan it and send it. By the way, as a little boy of maybe 9 or 10 my grandparents came over one day. They said they were taking me to see something but wouldn’t tell me what. It was a surprise. Yes, it was the 978 at the lumber company. The Milwaukee Journal had run a small story about it with a picture. It had to be when Al was doing the repainting because I remember looking thru the glass in the door (I came up about as far as the bottom of the glass in the door. All of the seats were piled at that end of the car and I thought they were going to junk it. My grandmother who had taken me on my streetcar rides on RT. 10 between about 1955 and 3-1-58 said she didn’t know. Who could ever have imagined that 30 years later I would meet the person who saved 978. One other coincidence, David. From 1978 to 1997 I worked for Security Savings & Loan Association on 2nd and Wisconsin downtown. The Corporate Secretary was a man named Walter Bruno. As it happens he was Al’s Godfather! Thanks, Larry, for sharing the complete story. There is a database of saved North American electric railcars, last updated in 2014, and that is my source for saying that, as far as I know, the 978 is at East Troy. The Wisconsin Electric Railway Historical Society Here’s more from Larry Sakar: Here is the photo of 978 I took in September, 1983. The picture that follows was the Geneva car house which suffered severe damage in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. I think I took this in 1987 because that is a train with MUNI’s then new BREDA cars. Now they have new ones which I’ve only seen in pictures in Trains and Railfan & Railroad. The Market Street subway for MUNI was closed when I was there in 2017 because they were testing the new cars. If you look at the right hand side of the picture there’s that concrete wall I mentioned having to climb on top of and the fence I had to shoot thru. The most popular cars during the Trolley Festival and in the event they hold for one day in September of every year (forgot its name) are the two Blackpool, England boat trams #’s 228 and 232. Here are some shots I took while riding it in 1983. Last, here is an Al Buetschle shot. It was taken at the site of the Speedrail 9-2-50 accident post Speedrail abandonment. Those are remnants from duplex 39-40 that was demolished by 1192-93. The Milwaukee Electric Rapid Transit Freight Terminal It stood for 76 years, had four different owners and was razed in 2006 as part of the Marquette Interchange reconstruction project. I am talking about the Rapid Transit freight terminal building constructed by TM and opened in 1930 at 940 W. St. Paul Avenue. TM fully expected that freight would play an important role in operations over the Milwaukee Rapid Transit Line. Unfortunately, like the Rapid Transit Line itself which opened on Sept. 22, 1930 the timing couldn’t have been worse! As part of its planned freight operations TM acquired Motor Transport Company in 1930 from Yellow Trucking. A decade later, TMER&T turned its back on all rail operations. Motor Transport Company was sold back to Yellow Trucking. Its trucks had a Transport Company orange cab and a silver trailer with the Transport Company diamond logo. But instead of saying The Transport Company, as the logo on busses and streetcars did, it said Motor Transport Company. I vividly recall seeing those trucks around Milwaukee. I always wondered how they could get away with using The Transport Company’s logo not knowing until years later that it had once been a part of the company. TMER&T occupied offices on two floors of the eight-story terminal. Its successor, The Milwaukee & Suburban Transport Corp. which succeeded it in late 1952 continued to have its corporate offices there until 1962 when they moved to 4212 W. Highland Blvd. The former Cold Spring shops buildings still stand, and have been sold for adaptive reuse. MCTS corporate offices are on North 17th St. & West Fond du Lac Avenue. I took the “Now” photos in 2003. In 1940, in addition to selling off Motor Transport Co. TMER&T sold the Rapid Transit freight terminal building to GE Holdings. Sometime after `1938, the electric sign on the roof was changed to read “The Transport Company”. GE owned the building until 1971 when they sold it to Aldrich Chemical. The electric sign was removed altogether after M&STC moved out in 1962. When GE took over in 1940, “General Electric Building” was painted on just below the roof. Looking at my 2003 photos it would appear that they sand blasted that off when Aldrich Chemical took over in 1971. I bought this photo from Don Ross a few years back. It is from the collection of Tom Manz. I don’t know if he is the person who took the picture but I kind of doubt it. I’ve no idea who did or why. It could be that they were plotting out the area so they could determine where they wanted the ramps to and from the soon to be built “High Rise Bridge” over the Menomonee River Valley would be constructed. These are the ramps that take you from eastbound I-94 either north on I-43 or south on I-94. I-94 turns south to cross the valley so from this point east the road becomes I-794 which takes you east and then south over the Hoan Bridge. The High Rise bridge was built over a three-year period beginning in the summer of 1966. I know because my brother got a job working on its construction during summer break from college (Michigan State U. in East Lansing). I vividly remember my mother having an absolute fit about him working up there. The view is looking south and slightly east. The former freight terminal is on the right hand side of the picture about 1/3 of the way up from the bottom of the picture. Just put a finger on the right hand corner of the picture at the bottom and move it up and a bit left. That first visible street is North 10th Street. The Rapid Transit freight terminal is right at that corner. The factory directly across the street with the connecting pedestrian overpass is the Cutler-Hammer Company, still there today. The railroad tracks belong to the Milwaukee Road. OK. Follow the street in front of the terminal to the left (east). Right where it dog-legs there is an open space. That is where Motor Transport Company was located. The intersection above and to the left is North 8th & W. St. Paul. Move your finger down slightly and that’s where the so called “temporary ramp” over the portal of the never completed subway had been. I’m not certain if any of that dark space beneath the 8th Street bridge could have been part of the unfinished subway. The street in the foreground with all of the traffic is Clybourn Street, which has been converted to the on and on ramp to I-94 which didn’t begin until 13th Street. I have printed a copy of the first scan and with a ruler and magic marker put in the approximate route of the Rapid Transit from the turn off of Clybourn Street to the crossing of North 10th Street. The Hibernia Street one-block L began on the west side of North 10th Street. -Larry While browsing around on the “Net” recently I ran across this great picture credited to your Trolley Dodger website. I was wondering when it ran on your site as I don’t recall having seen it. Do you know where this is? I can tell you if you don’t. This is a northbound Port Washington train at the intersection of North 3rd and West Wells Streets. This is former dining car duplex 1196-97, which unlike its mate 1198-99 was never repainted in the yellow with green stripes paint scheme. The two trains were hated by both motormen and conductors alike, because their single door made them slow to load and unload passengers. Both became mainstays on the Port Washington line until it was abandoned in the KMCL ownership era on 3-28-48. The Port Washington destination sign dates the picture to sometime between 1940 and 1948. I do not recall the exact date but in 1940 service north of Port Washington was abandoned and a new loop installed in Port Washington west of the downtown area. Typical of TM’s notorious frugality, the bridge over Pike Creek just outside the new Port Washington Loop was the one that had once crossed the White River in Burlington. I took these pictures in 1989 showing the ex TM Port Washington Station sitting on what little was left of the former loop. A Wisconsin Telephone Company building had been built over most of the loop. I’m not sure if it’s still there but the last picture I saw of it the building had undergone a complete remodeling and bore no resemblance to its original appearance. Thanks for sharing the pictures and information. I am sure our readers will appreciate it. The picture in question appeared here. Don’s Rail Photos says, “1196-1197 was built at Cold Spring in 1929. The second car was equipped with small dining facilities but it was shortly rebuilt with a baggage compartment at the rear end. It was stored at West Allis Station after a few years. In 1942 it was rebuilt with all coach and scrapped in 1952.” This car is shown in downtown Milwaukee, signed for the Port Washington interurban line. Steven G. writes: Can anyone at Trolley Dodger help me out? I want to find photos of all FOUR sides of any of the Insull inspired Spanish stations. Don’t laugh… but I am actually going to have a 26′ x 70′ station built. I have a good photo of the Briergate station… but the other 3 sides: no present photos to look at. I will look into this and see what I can do, thanks. Dave…. Luck has it and I’m pretty happy with what I have for photos now. From the GEM (Lake Forest-Lake Bluff Historical publication)… I have a photo now of the back side of the Deeprpath station. Wasn’t sure what the “cube” on the back side was. Turns out – the Beverly Shores (Indiana) South Shore station has a sketch in it’s National Historic designation paperwork that shows the “cube” is the enclosure linking the back of the station with a basement under the station. (For some reason, none of the Insull Station’s had indoor stairs to their basements). Anyway… with some Google earth street shots, I have the side of the station I was missing. Sooo… yes, I now have a view “all the way around” and can see what all four corners of the station looked like. Sadly, in comparing the Beverly Shores station with Briergate: the chimney at Briergate is gone and I suspect where that ugly red garage was placed took out the passenger side of the station. I can also see where Briergate no longer has the arched front door. The door frame has been altered for a rectangular storm door. As I live about a 3 1/2 hour drive from Beverly Shores, I am going to drive my car from north of Detroit to Michigan City, hop on the South Shore, hop off at Beverly Shores with my camera, measuring tape, pencil and paper & I will then get ‘hands’ on measurements of windows, doors, etc. By the time I finish – I can hop on the train back to Michigan City. This will take less then half a day to do all this. But… I can put some serious numbers into these ‘station sketches’, & push onto actually putting together a construction blueprint!!! You may already know this: photo set 1 is Deerpath (frt) Deerpath (bk) & below is the parking lot side of Beverly Shores sta. Photo set 2 is Beverly Shores (top) and Briergate (below). This is great, thank you! I am sure others will enjoy seeing these pictures. Steve G. replies: Here’s the floor plan at all the Insull stations had… and a better photo of the station front door. Not sure WHY the residents installed a neon light sign over the passenger station… but it is still there and it’s lit each night at dusk (smiles) Mitch Markovitz adds: The neon sign at Beverly Shores Depot was not installed by the residents. It came with the depot when it was new in 1929. Touting the new development by Bartlett who had the railroad and Post Construction build the building. The Venango (River) guys had the neon sign repaired by Jeff Jolley back in ’85. It then had to be re-done again. Here are some of our own recent photo finds. These include some unrealized plans, dated December 9, 1970, showing how the City of Chicago intended to replace the Loop “L” with subways in stages. This was eventually abandoned as being too expensive, and the “L” looks to be here to stay as an iconic part of Chicago. Wacker Drive construction at Madison Street on September 19, 1951. The view is looking north. An eastbound CTA PCC is on shoo-fly trackage. Note how dirty the Civic Opera House building is at left, most likely due to the widespread use of coal for heating in this era. A close-up of the previous picture, showing the construction of Lower Wacker Drive. A City of Chicago rendering of the Wells Street Plaza, just east of the old Main Post Office, dated January 25, 1956. A photo of this “street car waiting room,” located at 38th and Western, appeared in Bulletin 146 of the Central Electric Railfans’ Association. Here is another view by Bob Selle, taken on January 30, 1954. This amenity was provided by a local merchant and, due to a fire, did not last long after the end of streetcar service in 1956. CTA 6165 is at 51st and Indiana Avenue on August 18, 1952, in this photo by Bob Selle. Sean Hunnicutt writes: I thought this might be a nice thing to revisit in Trolley Dodger or Chicago L Facebook page. Well done! This was my attempt, long ago, in a galaxy far far away, to get Chicago to have a “circulator” streetcar of the type that several other cities have since built. From the Chicago Tribune, August 1, 1982. A picture appeared in Bulletin 146 of the Central Electric Railfans’ Association (page 301), credited to Charles Thorpe, from the Wien-Criss Archive, showing a Chicago PCC streetcar at Clark and Wells. Someone posted this image to Facebook, and in response, another writer questioned the accuracy of the location, since Wells does not run into Clark today. This prompted some correspondence between me and Andre Kristopans. CTA PCC 7201 is heading northbound at Clark and Wells on February 16, 1957, in this photo by Charles H. Thorpe, from the Wien-Criss Archive. It was the last streetcar to operate on the State-Broadway portion of Route 36. The same location today. When did the CTA put a bus turnaround where Lincoln, Clark, and Wells meet? When was it removed? (I assume, when Route 11 ended?) Wells dead ends now, and doesn’t actually meet Clark. But did they meet at one time, and was Wells truncated? Close but no banana. Until the 1960s, Wells continued straight north until it merged into Clark. There was double track on Wells that joined tracks on Clark. Lincoln dead ended into Clark pretty much as it does today. The only part of Lincoln that had track in this area was a single track coming off the southbound Clark track that joined the northbound Wells track, roughly 50 feet long. This was erroneously referred to by CTA as “Menominee” in Armitage route descriptions. Menominee is actually a half block south and never had tracks. The hundred odd feet of Wells between Clark and Lincoln is the only thing missing. Now the CTA built a terminal at Clark and Wisconsin, a block north, in the 70s. There was continuous and vehement opposition from the owner of the adjacent house from day one, and as a result in the 90s CTA gave up and closed it down. Armitage, Ogden, and some Lincoln buses used it. Look at the Armitage route history on the Irm-cta website for exact dates. Thanks for the information… and we thank all our readers! Keep those cards and letters coming in, folks. Don Ross writes: I thought your readers might enjoy seeing this photo from my collection. It shows a westbound 800 on the private right-of-way heading for the Harwood Avenue terminal. (The way to tell an 800 from a 900 is by the front center window. 800s had a much narrower center window than the 900s.) It’s hard to make out but State Street is to the left of the poles in this picture (where you see the jumble of white colored buildings. The RR tracks to the right of it belonged to the Milwaukee Road back then. This stretch of private right-of-way was a favorite for photographers. Just east of this point the streetcars made an “S” turn to the right (south, cut across a roughly 3/4 block patch of r.o.w. and then emerged on a street called Motor Avenue where they ran east for a little over a block to North 68th Street. At 68th they turned right, crossed the Menomonee River for the second time, and climbed the hill to West Wells Street. Here they turned left to head east on Wells all the way to downtown Milwaukee. Before getting there, the cars would cross the Menomonee River a third time on the famous Wells Street streetcar trestle. Never has a bridge terrified so many people! My first streetcar rides in Milwaukee occurred when I was about 5 and ended on the last day 3-1-58. My grandmother and I got off the car on each end of the trestle and rode across several times so, as she said, “You’ll always remember it” and I do. She would always prep me as the car was about to cross, “Now, don’t be afraid.” Are you kidding? I loved every minute of it and yes, I never forgot the experience. Actually, Dave, I think she was the one who was afraid. It was remarkable to watch how people either stared straight ahead or kept their eyes on the magazine or newspaper they were reading. After streetcars quit on 3-1-58 the Milwaukee & Suburban Transport Corp. donated the trestle to the city of Milwaukee. The city debated for two years as to what to do with it but in the end it was dismantled in 1960. In all the years that trestle served the streetcars, and in the earliest days interurban trains, there was never an accident or derailment of any kind. However, the bridge was notorious for drivers who had imbibed a bit too much of the product “that made Milwaukee famous,” some of which was brewed by Miller Brewing at the east end of the trestle, tried driving across. If bouncing along the ties and rails didn’t sober them up the damage to their tires and front end suspension sure did along with the traffic citation, and a bill from the Transport Co. for removal of their car and any damage done to the trestle. The late Lew Martin, a member of the Railroad Historical Foundation also known as the “607 gang” for Milwaukee streetcar 607 which they purchased in March of 1949 and were in the process of restoring a Hibernia St. yards just east of the Rapid Transit freight terminal at 940 W. St. Paul Ave. told me that he and a group of his friends would wait at the end of the Wells Street trestle usually the west end. That was a stop. They would climb onto the back end while holding on to the trolley rope and ride across. Lew commented, “Boy, if my mother had ever found out what I’d been doing I’d have been in a lot of trouble!” Another former Milwaukeean, Mr. “Pete” Rogers who by the 1980’s when I got to know him was living in Bullhead City, AZ told the story of a school trip on the streetcar from his high school, Juneau High, which was a few blocks north of the Rapid Transit line when the line was there to the Milwaukee Public Museum downtown on 8th and Wisconsin. The Central Library and Public Museum used to occupy the same building. Today, the museum has its own building on 8th and Wells. Anyway, boys will be boys. Streetcars had bars across the lower part of the windows to prevent kids from sticking their hands out. One of his buddies discovered that a set of the bars below the window at which they were seated were loose. They managed to work an entire panel of bars loose and thinking it would be great fun, lifted it up and sent it sailing over the railing of the viaduct where it came crashing down in the parking lot of the Hilty-Forster Lumber Company 80 feet below. They thought it was a great prank until the next day. The class was called to the school auditorium. Up on stage stood the principal and a Transport Company supervisor. Oh, Oh! No one would admit who did it so the whole class got punished and had to pay for repairs to the streetcar and damages to the parking lot. What seemed like a great prank could have had serious consequences if that set of bars had hit someone. My father told me that as kids they used to put these big firecrackers he called “Salutes” on the streetcar tracks and watch as the trucks went over them causing them to lift off the rails. In the days prior to 1937, Rt 10 cars continued past the Harwood terminal and climbed the hill on the way out to the Muirdale Sanitorium. Streetcars carried a destination sign that read Rt 10 WAUCOBLDG. That was TM shorthand for Wauwatosa County Buildings. TM 905, looking west at the Harwood Avenue terminal. Same location ca. 1990’s. Larry Sakar photo Looking east on Motor Avenue in Wauwautosa. Note evidence of tracks in the pavement. A 900-series car (953?), eastbound entering Motor Avenue on Route 10. (Don Ross Photo) An 800-series car near 71st and State, heading westbound on route 10. This is our 242nd post, and we are gradually creating a body of work and an online resource for the benefit of all railfans, everywhere. To date, we have received over 568,000 page views, for which we are very grateful. Chicago in the 1950s October 29, 2019 November 12, 2019 David Sadowski 14 Comments You would be forgiven for not recognizing this location, but that’s the Western Avenue station on the Humboldt Park “L”, just north of North Avenue. The station was closed in 1952, probably just a few months before this picture was taken. If the station was open, there would be a sign advertising this, similar to ones seen in some of the other pictures in this post. You can also see trolley bus wires, used on North Avenue. PCC 7151 is a two-man car, and passengers are boarding at the rear. This portion of the old Humboldt Park line was not demolished for another decade, and the story goes that it would have been used by Chicago Aurora & Elgin interurban trains as a midday storage area, if service on that line could have continued after 1957. A cropped version of this photo ran in one of our earlier posts, but this was scanned from the original negative. (Wien-Criss Archive) Today’s photos have two things in common. First, they were all taken in Chicago during the 1950s. Second, they were all shared with our readers by Jeffrey L. Wien of the Wien-Criss Archive. We thank him for his generosity. The color pictures were taken by the late Bill Hoffman. The photographer who took the black-and-whites is not known, but it seems possible it was someone who did not live in this area, but came to visit. They were not all taken at the same time, however. All those seem to date between 1952 and 1954. As always, if you have any information to share about these pictures, or simply have a question or comment, do not hesitate to let us know. We look forward to hearing from you. Black-and-White: CTA PCC 4144 is southbound on Halsted. (Wien-Criss Archive) CTA PCC 4208 is southbound on State Street at 64th, just a few blocks south of where car 7078 was involved in a horrific crash with a truck on May 25, 1950. (Wien-Criss Archive) CTA 4096 is westbound on Madison, crossing over the Chicago River. The Civic Opera House is to the left. The sign indicates that this bridge is going to be converted to “one man operation,” meaning that it will be operated from only one tower instead of two. (Wien-Criss Archive) CTA 4238 is southbound on Wabash, crossing the Chicago River. But this must be a reroute, since it is definitely after 1949 (the car has advertising on the side) and it’s running Route 36 – Broadway-State. Perhaps there was a parade on State Street that day (between 1939 and 1949 there was no State Street bridge, and this would have been the regular route for 36 then). (Wien-Criss Archive) CTA 4227 is on the turnback loop at Clark and Howard, the north end of Route 22. This is now the outdoor seating area for a restaurant. Buses terminate at the nearby Howard “L” station. (Wien-Criss Archive) CTA PCC 7057, a product of the St. Louis Car Company, is at Waveland and Halsted, the north end of Route 8. (Wien-Criss Archive) CTA prewar PCC 4008 is at Cottage Grove and 115th, south end of Route 4. (Wien-Criss Archive) CTA 4060 is southbound at Wabash and Wacker, running on Route 4 – Cottage Grove. (Wien-Criss Archive) CTA 4102, a Pullman PCC, is heading west at about 500 W. Madison, operating on the Madison-Fifth branch of Route 20. (Wien-Criss Archive) CTA 4389 is southbound on Western near Leland Avenue, having just passed under the Ravenswood “L” (today’s Brown Line), where a train of wooden cars are in the station. Note the dark areas where some touch-up painting has been done on the PCC. The light green paint originally used on these cars faded badly and was hard to match. This is one reason why the CTA began repainting these cars with a darker green around 1951-52. (Wien-Criss Archive) CTA PCC 4108 is northbound at Kinzie Street. This was later the end of the line for the Wentworth half of the line, between 1957 and 1958, when buses replaced streetcars north of here. (Wien-Criss Archive) The date at which this photo of CTA PCC 4421 could have been taken, southbound on Clark at Van Buren, is a bit of a mystery. It appears that the street has already been made a one-way, which did not happen until November 16, 1953. But by then, the Pullman PCCs were systematically being retired and shipped to St. Louis, where they were scrapped and parts were reused in rapid transit cars. In my book Chicago Trolleys (page 107) there is a picture of track work being done at this location on July 17, 1954. So, my best guess is this picture was taken during the summer of 1954. (Wien-Criss Archive) CTA PCCs 4103 and 4076 pass each other while crossing the Chicago River on Madison Street. Note the difference in fonts used for the numbers. Nowadays, transit agencies have style manuals, used to maintain consistency, but such was not the case in the early 1950s. Note the circa 1953 Cadillac at left. (Wien-Criss Archive) CTA prewar PCC 4008 is southbound on Wabash at about 900 South. The YMCA Hotel, seen in the background, opened in 1916 and closed in 1979. It was con	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4761
__label__wiki	0.537628	0.537628	How To Integrate Music Into Cultural Marketing Diversity Marketing Writers Brands that market to multicultural audiences have found music as a key approach to connecting across generations. But multicultural marketers sometimes overlook the many facets differentiating their target audiences, ranging from differing countries of origin to local cultures and experiences. To truly connect, marketers must craft precise messages for specific segments rather than treating the multicultural community as a singular audience. However, doing that kind of grassroots outreach can be a challenge, not because brands aren’t committed to improving their cultural fluency—they are—but because the pursuit of scale can wash out the most meaningful cultural connection points. A growing set of data shows music has an outsized influence on multicultural audiences, like Latino and Hispanic communities, because of the large role musicians and music culture plays in their daily lives, according to Nielsen. That’s an important insight, but it’s also a broad one that can lead to thoughts like, book a superstar artist for a campaign aimed at a Latino audience. This shotgun approach speaks to a generalization, not an individual person. And, remember, music is incredibly personal, as evidenced by the unique playlists that increasingly soundtrack our everyday lives. My own family illustrates the need for a more nuanced approach to multicultural marketing. We’re Hispanics, but Julio Iglesias means something very different to my father, to me and to my 8-year-old son. For my father, listening to Julio Iglesias would drum up feelings of nostalgia, taking him back to his homeland and culture in Spain. For me, hearing Julio Iglesias offers a similar sense of nostalgia. The difference is that it reminds me of my parent’s journey from their homeland, leaving comfort behind, and taking on the exciting challenge of making a new life for their future family. My identity is more wrapped up in the aspects of American culture that resonates with me, rather than the music from my parent’s home country. As a result, Julio Iglesias is an important connection point between my father and me but because of my American culture, I’d personally prefer to listen to Enrique over Julio. And then there’s my son, who is a huge Shawn Mendes fan. As he grows up, my son may find some relevance in Julio Iglesias, but for him that music will likely speak to the themes of acculturation and familial disjointedness that are common to first-generation American Hispanics. Although I might listen to Shawn Mendes, my father certainly wouldn’t have, and my son would not sit down to listen to Julio or Enrique Iglesias, despite the fact that the latter appears on my personal playlist. There is obviously a generational connection through music here, but even within one family—three males of similar backgrounds—there is room for cultural miscalculation. These cultural differences create vastly different mindsets and backgrounds for various segments of the multicultural market, and they can play out in a variety of ways. For example, some Latinos speak Spanish everywhere, while others only speak it at home, and some don’t speak it at all. Those variations can’t be understood with a broad brush, but they do make sense when you contextualize them by generation, geography, country of origin and a host of other factors. As more companies work to widen their appeal into the multicultural market, there can be misfires. Misunderstood messaging happens all the time, even to the best marketers. But the key to avoiding overly broad, monolithic messages is to learn from those mistakes. When marketers consider cultural nuances in selecting which music and artists to align their brands with, they can drive massive results, because they’re leveraging their own fluency. And as any musician will tell you, that’s how you get an audience to listen. Cultural marketingMusic and culture	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4762
__label__wiki	0.68569	0.68569	Note: Included cases are primarily from September 11, 2018 through October 10, 2018. Contractual Immunity: Wasson Interests, Ltd. v. City of Jacksonville, No. 17-0198, 2018 WL 4838309 (Tex. Oct. 5, 2018). On petition for rehearing, the Texas Supreme Court withdrew the judgment issued on June 1, 2018, and determined that the contract claim arising out of the lease was a proprietary function of the city. Therefore, the city was not entitled to sovereign immunity for the Wassons’ breach of contract claim. The city constructed Lake Jacksonville in the late 1950s to serve as the city’s primary source of water. In the 1990s, the Wassons entered into long-term leases of lakefront property owned by the city. The leases incorporated the city’s rules and regulations governing Lake Jacksonville by reference. Those rules and regulations specify, among other things, that the property is to be used for residential purposes only. After living on the property for several years, the Wassons moved and conveyed their interest in the lease to Wasson Interests, Ltd. (“WIL”). WIL then began operating the property as a bed-and-breakfast and event center, which the city asserted violated the terms of the lease. The Wassons filed suit, alleging the city breached the lease agreement. The trial court found that entering into the lease was a governmental function and granted summary judgment on that ground. In doing so, the trial court did not consider other grounds put forth by the city. Cities are entitled to sovereign immunity only when they perform governmental functions solely for the public benefit. In contrast, proprietary functions are those “performed by a city, in its discretion, primarily for the benefit of those within the corporate limits of the municipality,” and “not as an arm of the government.” In determining that the city engaged in a proprietary function when it entered the lease, the Texas Supreme Court considered “whether (1) the City’s act of entering into the leases was mandatory or discretionary, (2) the leases were intended to benefit the general public or the City’s residents, (3) the City was acting on the State’s behalf or its own behalf when it entered the leases, and (4) the City’s act of entering into the leases was sufficiently related to a governmental function to render the act governmental even if it would otherwise have been proprietary.” The Texas Supreme Court concluded that all four factors weighed in favor of finding that the city engaged in a proprietary function rather than a governmental function when entering into the lease. First, entering into the lease was discretionary because the city did not have an obligation to lease lakefront lots to private parties. Second, the lease benefitted the city’s residents over the general public because the primary objective of leasing the property was to raise funds for the city’s budget. Third, the lease primarily benefitted the city’s residents and was not done on behalf of the State of Texas. Fourth, although the lease’s “overarching purpose” was to develop the water supply reservoir, merely being “associated” with a governmental function did not make entering into the lease a governmental function. The action may be treated as governmental only when it is essential to the city’s governmental actions—the lease was not. Because the Texas Supreme Court held that entering into the lease was a proprietary function, it reversed the court of appeals’ judgment and remanded to the trial court to consider the city’s additional grounds. Texas Tort Claims Act: City of Houston v. Crawford, No. 01-18-00179-CV, 2018 WL 4868306 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Oct. 9, 2018) (mem. op.). This is a premises defect case where the First District Court of Appeals in Houston affirmed the trial court order denying the city’s plea to the jurisdiction. Crawford, a United Airlines passenger, was on a layover in the Houston airport. Crawford alleged he slipped and fell due to a negligently maintained floor. Crawford asserted the city had actual knowledge of the defect and failed to correct it. Specifically, a greasy area of the floor had cones placed around the area. She asserted first she was an invitee, but even if a licensee, the city had actual knowledge of the danger. The city filed a plea to the jurisdiction. The trial court denied the plea and the city appealed. The court first determined Crawford was a licensee as slippery floors fall under ordinary premise defect theories. Next, to prove actual knowledge, the licensee must show that the owner actually knew of a “dangerous condition at the time of the accident.” The airport supervisor testified she reviewed the records and reports in the Airport Safety and Operations Compliance System (ASOCS) and found “no records or reports concerning notice of a dangerous condition, including grease or other liquid or foreign substance, or of any person slipping and falling or any incidents, in Terminal A for June 18, 2015,” or for the six months prior to that date. Crawford’s husband testified he was walking ahead of her and observed cones around the greasy area of the floor but, that his wife did not see them prior to slipping. “Warnings must be taken in context of the totality of the circumstances.” Crawford’s husband further testified that the cones failed to encompass the entire defective area, and that she slipped and fell outside the coned area. Accepting as true all evidence favorable to Crawford, indulging all inferences in her favor, and resolving all doubts in her favor, the court concluded Crawford raised a fact issue regarding whether the city adequately warned her of the extent of the dangerous condition. The plea was therefore properly denied.* Eight Liners: City of Fort Worth v. Rylie, No. 02-17-00185-CV, 2018 WL 4782291 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Oct. 4, 2018). The Second Court of Appeals reversed the trial court’s holding that the Texas Alcoholic Beverage Code does not preempt the city’s “game room alcohol ordinance.” The court affirmed the trial court’s holding that portions of a city’s zoning ordinance conflicted with Chapter 2153 of the Texas Occupations Code, and found that the Texas Occupations Code does not completely preempt cities from regulating “skill or pleasure coin-operated” machines. The court also reversed and rendered judgment on the city’s declaratory-judgment counterclaim for want of jurisdiction. The lower court granted summary judgment to the operators because some of the ordinances’ zoning and sealing-fee provisions conflicted with and were partially preempted by the Occupations Code, but denied summary judgment to the operators on the alcohol restrictions issue and their argument that the Texas Occupations Code completely preempted the ordinances. The lower court denied summary judgment to the city on the issue of the constitutionality of the fuzzy-animal exception. The Texas Constitution directs and allows the legislature to pass laws prohibiting “lotteries,” and Texas passed a law banning “gambling devices.” However, the ban does not proscribe devices designed solely for amusement purposes and that reward non-cash merchandise (prizes, toys, etc.); this exception is called the “fuzzy-animal exception.” The appellees are operators who own, lease, and exhibit electronic gaming machines that produce tickets/coupons that can be redeemed for a prize. The city passed two ordinances regulating these machines. One placed zoning restrictions on where the machines can be located in order to protect certain areas from alleged deleterious effects on surrounding businesses and the quality of the areas. The other placed an alcohol restriction on the “game rooms” in which the machines were located. The operators sued and argued that the ordinances were void under the Texas Occupations Code and the Texas Alcoholic Beverage Code. The city counterclaimed and argued that the “fuzzy-animal exception” was unconstitutional under the Texas constitution’s ban of “lotteries.” The city argued that Chapter 2153 of the Texas Occupations Code did not preempt the ordinances because the machines were not “skill or pleasure coin-operated machines.” The city further argued that the fuzzy-animal exception in the Penal Code is unconstitutional because it legalizes lotteries. The Second Court of Appeals held that the machines are “skill or pleasure coin operated machines” under Chapter 2153 Texas Occupations Code, and that the power to regulate the machines, therefore, generally belonged to the state legislature rather than cities. The court rejected the city’s argument that machines were illegal and unconstitutional. Instead, the court found Chapter 2153 of the Texas Occupations Code applies to all legal and illegal skill or pleasure coin-operated machines and declined to issue an advisory opinion on the constitutionality of the fuzzy-animal exception. When considering the operators’ contention that Chapter 2153 entirely preempted the city’s regulations, the court found that Chapter 2153 does not reflect legislative intent to completely and totally preempt any local regulation of coin-operated machines. The court affirmed the trial court’s ruling that Chapter 2153 partially preempted the ordinance. The court also held that Section 109.57 of the Texas Alcoholic Beverage Code dictates that the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages are exclusively governed by state law. This explicitly precludes cities from passing ordinances that go beyond the scope of state law, and the city’s attempt to ban the sale of all alcohol in “game rooms” containing the gaming machines in question goes beyond the narrow circumstances in which the Alcoholic Beverage Code allows cities to pass alcohol restrictions. Finally, the appellants raised a “substantive-due-course-of-law” argument that the ordinances’ real world effect was not rationally related to the city’s interests. However, because the appellants did not raise this issue until appeal, the court refused to consider it. Contracts and Personal Jurisdiction of Out-of-State Entities: City of White Settlement v. Emmons, No. 02-17-00358-CV, 2018 WL 4625823 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Sept. 27, 2018) (mem. op.). While involving a city, this case is more about personal jurisdiction over an out-of-state financial institution involved in an economic development corporation (EDC) project. It will likely only be of interest to litigators and contract drafters. In September 2013, the city and EDC entered into a transaction with Hawaiian Parks – White Settlement, LLC (HPARKS) where the city would ground lease land to HPARKS to construct a water and adventure park and would pay up to $12.5 million for the construction, to be financed by debt obligations issued by either the city or the EDC. The ground lease agreement allowed HPARKS to encumber the leasehold interest and capital improvements but only with the city’s consent. The owners of HPARKS mortgaged the park in order to finance the park construction. HPARKS ran out of money and could not meet its past due obligations or complete construction. Capital One and the Source Capital Lenders issued notices of default. As part of a financial reorganization, the city and EDC agreed that HPARKS could execute documents granting a lien on all of its right, title, and interest under the ground lease and that Capital One could foreclose on that interest in an event of default of its loan to HPARKS. Despite receiving new loans and changing ownership, HPARKS failed to make good on its obligations to the city or bank. The city sued the owners and lenders claiming the banking entities falsely represented that the city would be provided payment in exchange for allowing the encumbrances and not declaring a default. Further, instead of making the October 2015 lease payment and ensuring that the park had enough income, the defendants diverted HPARKS’s income to operate other parks in other cities. The Source Capital defendants filed a special appearance noting a lack of personal jurisdiction. The trial court granted the special appearance without holding a live hearing. The city and EDC appealed. A Texas court may assert personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant only if the requirements of the Texas long-arm statute and of due process under the Fourteenth Amendment are satisfied. A trial court may exercise specific jurisdiction over a defendant only if the suit arises out of or relates to the defendant’s forum contacts. This depends on the existence of activity or an occurrence that takes place in the forum state and, therefore, the party is subject to the state’s regulation. The court went through a lengthy listing of evidence and testimony. The evidence showed the various defendants were physically present in the state and made allegedly fraudulent representations on which the city and EDC relied. The court held the Source Capital defendants purposefully availed themselves of the privilege of conducting business and investment activity in Texas sufficient to confer specific jurisdiction on the trial court for fraud and torts. However, personal jurisdiction over the individual agents of Source Capital does not extend to the breach of contract claim. Unlike in a tort context, a corporate agent who is not individually a party to a contract may not be held liable for breaching a contract to which only his principal is a party. As a result, the trial court’s order is affirmed-in-part and reversed-in-part.* Junk Vehicles: In re Pixler, No. 02-18-00181-CV, 2018 WL 3580637 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth July 26, 2018). This is a mandamus suit where the Fort Worth Court of Appeals held the district court had jurisdiction over the City of Newark’s enforcement of its junk vehicle ordinance, but that the city ordinance did not properly create an alternative mechanism to allow for administrative penalties. Pixler owns an auto-tech business and would sometimes store vehicles in parking spaces on the neighboring property. Pixler was given eight complaints which were submitted to an administrative board under the city’s ordinances. The board determined the vehicles were junk vehicles and assessed $8,000 in administrative penalties. Pixler did not challenge the board decision directly. The city then filed a petition in district court seeking: (1) to enjoin Pixler from further violating its ordinances; (2) to collect the $8,000 in administrative penalties; and (3) to impose separate civil penalties against Pixler for continuing to violate its ordinances. The city won a partial summary judgment motion and awarded penalties totaling $80,000.00, but since the City’s Texas Uniform Fraudulent Transfers Act claim is still pending, no final judgment has been entered. Pixler filed this mandamus proceeding challenging the district court’s subject matter jurisdiction over the matter. The Fort Worth Court of Appeals divided its holding into roughly three parts: district court jurisdiction over junk-vehicle determinations, district court jurisdiction over administrative penalties assessed by the administrative board, and the district court’s jurisdiction over the additional civil penalties. Subchapter B of Chapter 54 of the Texas Local Government Code addresses health and safety ordinances and allows a district court to have jurisdiction over enforcement of such ordinances. Section 54.016 permits a city to obtain injunctive relief against the owner of the premises that is allegedly in violation of the ordinance. Since the city ordinance declares any junked vehicle visible from a public place to be detrimental to the safety and welfare of the public, enforcement is proper in the district court. And since Section 54.017 allows civil penalties of no more than $1,000 per day, the district court has jurisdiction over the civil penalties. However, for administrative penalties assessed by the administrative board, the city’s ordinances did not comply with the statutory requirements. The city’s ordinances adopt the procedures established under the Texas Transportation Code Chapter 683 for abatement of junked vehicles. But, the procedures adopted address enforcement in municipal court before a judge. And while Subchapter E of Chapter 683 allows a city to adopt an alternative procedure for junked vehicles and Section 54.044 of the Local Government Code likewise allows a city to adopt a general alternative procedure, none of the City of Newark’s ordinances actually did that. The court acknowledged the city has the statutory authority to adopt an alternative administrative procedure, but to do so, the city must adopt a specific ordinance setting out the process. Simply because the city has a municipal court of record does not, by default, mean it can utilize an alternative administrative procedure. Because the city utilized that procedure when its ordinances did not adopt one, the administrative board lacked authority to assess the $8,000 administrative penalty.* Special Defect: City of Lancaster v. LaFlore, No. 05-17-01443-CV, 2018 WL 4907843 (Tex. App.—Dallas Oct. 10, 2018) (mem. op.). This appeal stems from the trial court’s denial of the City of Lancaster’s plea to the jurisdiction and motion to dismiss in a case involving injuries sustained by LaFlore and his children after LaFlore drove across a city street and ran over a manhole with a partially dislodged cover. In its appeal, the city argued that: (1) the partially dislodged manhole cover was not a “special defect”; (2) the city had no knowledge of the condition at the time of LaFlore’s accident; and (3) it is immune from LaFlore’s claims for property damage. The court of appeals reversed the trial court’s order denying the city’s plea to the jurisdiction and rendered judgment dismissing LaFlore’s claim for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. The court, applying its own precedent, found that the partially dislodged manhole cover was not a special defect because it was not of the same kind or class as an excavation or obstruction. The court contrasted the size of the manhole, which was two feet in diameter, in the center of the road, along the center strip between two opposing lanes of traffic, to a pothole, ten feet in diameter and five to six inches deep, that the court had, in another case, held to be a special defect. It also compared the dislodged manhole cover to another case in which the court found a hole in the road that varied from six to ten inches in depth, was four to nine feet wide, and extended over ninety percent of the width of the highway was a special defect. Using these cases as precedent and the Texas Supreme Court’s clear direction to construe the Texas Tort Claims Act narrowly, the court found that the dislodged manhole cover was not a special defect. Because the court found that the dislodged manhole cover was not a special defect, and the city needed only to establish that it did not have actual knowledge of the condition to prevail on a premise defect claim. The city proffered evidence that it had not received any reports, calls, or other notices that the manhole’s cover was missing, dislodged, or defective in any way or of any accident caused by or related to the manhole or its cover. With respect to waiver of immunity, a city does not waive immunity from claims for property damage unless the damage is caused by the negligent act or omission of a city employee and arises from the operation of motor-driven equipment. Because LaFlore did not plead that property damage arose from the city’s operation of a motor-driven vehicle or equipment, the court sustained the city’s argument. Texas Whistleblower Act: Sims v. City of Madisonville, No. 08-15-00113-CV, 2018 WL 4659572 (Tex. App.—El Paso Sept. 28, 2018). David Sims (Sims) was a police officer with the City of Madisonville Police Department from November 2004 to July 27, 2012. In July 2012, Sims reported to the chief of police that his supervising officer, Sergeant Covington, and another officer were attempting to recruit individuals to plant narcotics in the vehicles of Covington’s ex-wife, with whom Covington was in a contentious custody dispute. The police chief immediately dismissed this information. Sims also discovered that Covington was compiling an investigative file on him seeking to dismiss him. Sims asked the police chief if he was being investigated and Sims was told he was not being investigated. On July 26, 2012, Sims met with the police chief and Covington. Prior to the meeting, Sims accessed the office computers and found Covington’s investigative notes and other information that he took to the meeting. Sims was accused of dereliction of duties and was placed on six months probation. The next day, the police chief dishonorably discharged Sims for accessing the police department’s computer, stating that it was a violation of the computer-use policies. Sims appealed his “dishonorable” discharge through the State Office of Administrative Hearings (SOAH). During the SOAH hearing, the police chief testified that he had authorized an internal investigation on Sims. This was the first time the police chief had admitted he authorized the investigation. After Sims prevailed at SOAH, Sims filed a suit under the Texas Whistleblower’s Act. His claim was based on the chief’s testimony during the SOAH hearing. The city filed a plea to the jurisdiction asserting the trial court lacked jurisdiction and that Sims’ case should be dismissed as untimely. The city did not seek a disposition of its plea to the jurisdiction based on challenges to the jurisdictional facts of Sims’ case but, relied, in part, on Section 311.0347 of the Government Code to argue that the statutory prerequisites to suit are jurisdictional requirements in all suits against a governmental entity and that the timely filing of a lawsuit is a statutory, jurisdictional prerequisite to suits against a governmental entity. During the plea to the jurisdiction hearing, Sims informed the trial court that Texas courts had determined that timeliness is not jurisdictional under the Texas Whistleblower Act. The trial court granted the plea to the jurisdiction based on the reasons stated in the city’s plea to the jurisdiction. Originally, the Eighth Court of Appeals dismissed Sims’ appeal for lack of jurisdiction. However, the court granted his motion for rehearing, withdrew its original opinion and judgment (issued on June 8, 2018) and substituted this opinion and judgment. The court did a de novo review of the trial court’s ruling regarding subject matter jurisdiction. Sims argued that the trial court erred in granting the city’s plea to the jurisdiction because non-compliance with the Texas Whistleblower Act’s limitations provision is not jurisdictional and, an affirmative defense of limitation cannot be raised in a plea to the jurisdiction, but must be proven in summary judgment proceedings. Sims based his argument on State v. Lueck, 290 S.W.3d 881 (Tex. 2009), where the Texas Supreme Court held that the facts necessary to allege a violation under Section 554.002 of the Government Code were jurisdictional because they were indispensable to the jurisdictional questions of the waiver of sovereign immunity in Section 554.0035. The Eighth Court of Appeals agreed with Sims. The court found that the city did not challenge the specific jurisdictional facts of Sims’ case regarding waiver of sovereign immunity. Instead, the city argued the untimeliness of Sims’ suit based on Prairie View A&M Univ. v. Chatha, 381 S.W.3d 500 (2012), where the Texas Supreme Court granted the university’s plea to the jurisdiction based on the untimeliness of a suit filed under the Texas Commission of Human Right Act (TCHRA). However, based on Lueck and several other rulings by sister courts that untimeliness of a whistleblower’s suit is not a statutory prerequisite, the court determined that the trial court erred in granting the city’s plea to the jurisdiction, reversed the judgment of the trial court, and remanded the case for further proceedings. Texas Tort Claims Act: City of Beaumont v. Mahmood, No. 09-18-00145-CV, 2018 WL 4623420 (Tex. App.—Beaumont Sept. 27, 2018). In this case, the Ninth Court of Appeals affirms the trial court’s denial of the City of Beaumont’s plea to the jurisdiction on the grounds that there was a fact issue that would allow a reasonable jury to conclude that the city’s operation and use of a motor vehicle and fiberglass manhole caused the plaintiff’s injuries. Mahmood was driving a minivan down a city street when a large fiberglass manhole fell from one of the city’s trucks, striking Mahmood’s vehicle. The city-owned truck was being driven by a city employee named Christopher Norman. Two years later, Mahmood sued the City of Beaumont, claiming that he was injured during the accident and that: (1) Norman was in the course and scope of his employment when the incident occurred; (2) the city (through its employees) negligently secured the manhole to the truck; and (3) Norman’s negligent operation of the truck was the reason the manhole fell from the truck. The city challenged the trial court’s jurisdiction by filing a plea to the jurisdiction. In the plea, the city argued (based on information from discovery, Mahmood’s deposition, Norman’s deposition, & the deposition of an employee witness) that: (1) Mahmood could not show a nexus between his alleged injuries and the city’s use of motor-driven equipment; and (2) Mahmood could not show that his injuries were caused by the use of property by a city employee. The trial court denied the city’s plea and the city appealed. The Ninth Court of Appeals held that trial courts do not have jurisdiction over a suit against the government unless there is a state statute waiving the government’s immunity for the type of claim in the suit. Under the Texas Tort Claims Act, the government’s immunity is waived for certain torts. Accordingly, a court must deny a city’s plea to the jurisdiction if a reasonable jury could find that the city’s operation or use of its vehicle caused an injurious collision to occur. Mahmood asserted that the manhole fell off the truck as he was driving behind it, rolled toward him, and struck his car as he attempted to avoid it. Conversely, Norman claimed that when the manhole fell of the truck, Mahmood struck it after the employees had stopped the truck, gotten out to retrieve the manhole, and were rolling it back toward the truck. The city failed to conclusively prove that the collision occurred as the city described and not as Mahmood described. Therefore, a reasonable jury could potentially conclude that there was a nexus between the city’s negligence and the accident. Also, a reasonable jury could conclude that the manhole was in use by the city employees even though it had not been installed. The court affirmed the denial of the city’s plea to the jurisdiction. Texas Tort Claims Act: City of Fort Worth v. Hart, No. 10-17-00258-CV, 2018 WL 4925810 (Tex. App.—Waco Oct. 10, 2018) (mem. op.). In this case, the Tenth Court of Appeals reverses the trial court’s denial of the city’s plea to the jurisdiction. Hart, on behalf of his minor child, sued the City of Fort Worth for injuries the child suffered as the result of an auto accident involving a city police officer (Officer Castaneda). At the time of the accident, Officer Castaneda was driving a city-owned vehicle on his way to work. In support of its plea to the jurisdiction, the city presented certain evidence to which Hart objected. The trial court denied the city’s plea to the jurisdiction and sustained objections to the exhibits, orally stating: “I do not find that the fact issue does exist as to whether or not the Officer was acting within the course and scope of his duties.” The city appealed arguing: (1) the objections to the city’s evidence should not have been sustained; and (2) Hart failed to demonstrate the officer was acting in the course and scope. The appellate court concluded that the trial court’s order granting the objections to the city’s evidence was an abuse of discretion. The Tenth Court of Appeals also concluded that the evidence presented by the city showed that Officer Castaneda, at the time of the accident, was off-duty, not being paid for his time, had no official duties, and was merely commuting to work. Harts arguments that: (1) the accident occurred during the hours the officer was scheduled to work; (2) city policy only allowed the officer to use the vehicle for city business; (3) the officer was on-call at all times; (4) Castaneda identified himself as an officer; (5) the police report identified the city as the financially responsible party; and (6) Castaneda was required to, but did not, report off-duty usage of the vehicle were insufficient to raise a fact issue about whether the officer was in the course and scope. The trial court’s order denying the city’s plea to the jurisdiction is reversed. Governmental Immunity: Ray’s Drive Inn Inc. v. Angelina Cty. & Cities Health Dist., No. 12-18-00076-CV, 2018 WL 4474054 (Tex. App.—Tyler Sept. 19, 2018) (mem. op.). In this case, the Twelfth Court of Appeals affirms the granting of a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction on the grounds that the health district’s actions were within its authority and were not ultra vires acts. The Angelina County and Cities Health District (health district) is charged with enforcement of the Texas Food Establishment Rules. Ray’s is a restaurant in Lufkin and the health district refused to reissue a permit to Ray’s unless it replaced its two-compartment sink with a three-compartment sink. This was despite the fact that the health district had inspected Ray’s five times over the course of 2013-2015 and had never issued a complaint about the sinks. Ray’s sued, claiming that the health district’s refusal to reissue the permit was beyond its authority under the rules. The health district moved to dismiss Ray’s suit for want of jurisdiction, contending that it was barred by sovereign immunity. The trial court granted the motion to dismiss. Ray’s appealed and argued that the trial erred in granting the motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. As a general rule, governmental immunity deprives Texas courts of subject matter jurisdiction to review agency actions unless there is a legislatively granted right to judicial review. The Texas Uniform Declaratory Judgment Act is not a general waiver of sovereign immunity and does not enlarge a trial court’s jurisdiction. However, a suit against a state official who violated a private party’s rights without legal or statutory authority is not protected under sovereign immunity. Accordingly, failure to perform ministerial duties (which are performed with precision and are not subject to the official’s discretion) is not protected under sovereign immunity. Under Chapter 437 of the Texas Health and Safety Code, public health districts can determine whether food establishments are complying with state law, and can suspend or revoke a permit if such laws are not being properly followed. Whether a restaurant has complied with the code is within the health district’s discretion, and is not a strict ministerial decision. Though the code recommends that approval of a restaurant’s two-compartment sink by a regulatory authority is sufficient to maintain a permit, this is merely a guideline, not a law. The state legislature intended for health districts to have wide latitude to deal with the issues addressed in the Texas Health and Safety Code. The actions or failures to act that Ray’s described as beyond the health district’s authority are, in reality, within the health district’s authority, so the trial court did not err in granting the health district’s motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Inverse Condemnation: APTBP, LLC v. City of Baytown, No. 14-17-00183-CV, 2018 WL 4427403 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Sept. 18, 2018) (mem. op.). In this case, the Fourteenth Court of Appeals affirms the granting of a city’s plea to the jurisdiction regarding a private company’s takings claim. APTBP purchased Bay Pointe Apartments, which had been damaged by Hurricane Ike. APTBP began to repair the apartments and a dispute arose when the City of Baytown allegedly refused to restore electricity to repaired, vacant units in the apartment complex. Though the city eventually restored power to the complex, APTBP sued the city under Article 1, Section 17 of the Texas Constitution, claiming an inverse condemnation/regulatory taking. APTPB claimed that the city had arbitrarily refused to reinstate electricity to the repaired units until the entire complex obtained a certificate of occupancy. They argued that no other complex had to fulfill this requirement, and that they had lost revenue from ready-to-lease units. The city claimed governmental immunity and argued that APTBP lacked subject matter jurisdiction because there were insufficient facts to establish a viable takings claim. The city asserted that it had inspected the Bay Pointe Apartments and it did not meet minimum requirements to obtain a certificate of occupancy. They claimed that power was restored once the apartments were up to code. APTBP responded that the city had misapplied its ordinances. The trial court granted the city’s plea to the jurisdiction and dismissed APTPB’s claim against the city. The court held that the city’s actions did not constitute a viable taking under the Texas Constitution. The Texas Supreme Court concluded in City of Houston v. Carlson that a complaint about the misapplication of a city’s safety regulations with regard to the owners’ property, or a complaint about the manner in which a city enforces its standards, is not a takings. APTBP did not challenge the city’s regulations or standards; they only challenged the city’s application of those regulations and standards. Therefore, they did not present a viable takings claim under Carlson. The Court held that the trial court properly granted the city’s plea to the jurisdiction. *Indicates case summaries taken largely from the work of the Law Offices of Ryan Henry, PLLC, and reprinted with permission from Ryan Henry. To sign up for the firm’s blog, go to www.rshlawfirm.com.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4765
__label__cc	0.703257	0.296743	All My Life… I Wanted To Be A Blogster Oh, I'm sorry! Did I break your concentration?? Tag Archives: Black Panther Oscars 2019: The Case of Joker Posted on January 18, 2020 by toddmthatcher Part 4 of my Case of posts laying out the pros and cons for nominees to win the big Oscar races continues with Joker in Best Picture. If you missed the first three covering Ford v Ferrari, The Irishman, and Jojo Rabbit, you can peruse them here: https://toddmthatcher.com/2020/01/14/oscars-2019-the-case-of-ford-v-ferrari/ https://toddmthatcher.com/2020/01/15/oscars-2019-the-case-of-the-irishman/ https://toddmthatcher.com/2020/01/17/oscars-2019-the-case-of-jojo-rabbit/ The Case for Joker The grim comic book adaptation has the most nominations of any film with 11. Even heavy hitters The Irishman, 1917, and Once Upon a Time in Hollywood followed with 10. Of the nine pictures featured, it’s easily the box office king with $334 million domestically and over a billion dollars worldwide. Joaquin Phoenix appears to be the front runner in Best Actor. The film’s awards chatter exploded when it won the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival. Joker is further proof that the Academy has warmed to the genre after Black Panther was the first comic book flick to get a Picture nod in 2018. The Case Against Joker Many of the reasons listed above can actually be used against it. The picture with the most nominations fails to win Best Picture more often than not. Same goes for the movie that made the most money. Director Todd Phillips got the Oscar nod, but missed the Directors Guild final five. Furthermore, the 69% Rotten Tomatoes is awfully low for a potential Picture recipient. While Joker certainly has its fervent defenders, it was also subject to plenty of controversy about its subject matter. The thought of Joker winning Best Picture seemed unlikely a short time ago. However, its chances due to the volume of nominations has certainly increased. Ultimately its best bet is for Phoenix to make it to the podium, but this a Picture victory that can’t be totally discounted. Up next in my Case of posts… Little Women! Posted in Oscar: Case Of \| Tagged 1917, academy awards, Black Panther, Comic Book Movies, DGA, Directors Guild of America, Frances Conroy, Joaquin Phoenix, Joker, movies, Once Upon a Time in Hollywood, Oscar Predictions, Oscar Watch, oscars, robert de niro, The Irishman, Todd Phillips, Venice Film Festival, Zazie Beetz \| Leave a reply Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker Box Office Prediction Posted on December 10, 2019 by toddmthatcher Blogger’s Note (12/19): Hours before its opening, I am revising my estimate down from $206.4M to $191.4M The ninth episode in the galaxy is not far, far away as Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker arrives in a theater near you next weekend. Capping the third trilogy of the landmark franchise, the film finds J.J. Abrams returning to the director’s chair after Rian Johnson (currently having his own box office hit with Knives Out) handled duties on previous entry The Last Jedi in 2017. The familiar faces introduced four years ago in The Force Awakens return with Daisy Ridley, Adam Driver, John Boyega, and Oscar Isaac headlining. Stars from the original trilogy are back including Carrie Fisher (via unreleased footage from previous efforts), Mark Hamill, Anthony Daniels, and two cast members making their respective first appearances since 1983’s Return of the Jedi and 2005’s Revenge of the Sith – Billy Dee Williams as Lando Calrissian and Ian McDiarmid as Palpatine. Other notable performers returning include Domhnall Gleeson, Lupita Nyong’o, and Kelly Marie Tran. Newcomers to the series are Naomi Ackie, Keri Russell, and Richard E. Grant. Disney took over the reigns of George Lucas’s creation a few years back and the results have been billions more into the Mouse Factory’s considerable coffers. That said, the last two years have shown some chinks in the once impenetrable armor. The aforementioned Last Jedi divided audiences and critics and came in $300 million under Awakens. A few months later in May of 2018, prequel and spinoff Solo: A Star Wars Story was the first picture in the series that was a genuine disappointment and actually lost money. In Star Wars world, “disappointing” numbers are relative. The Last Jedi took in $220 million for its start on this same weekend two years ago, ending its run at $620 million domestically (that’s still good for #9 all-time). Yet, as mentioned, that’s considerably below the $936 million that Awakens achieved. It continues to stand at #1 overall in terms of stateside dollars. Estimates for Skywalker show a pretty wide range. Some are as low as $175 million. Only in this franchise and the Marvel Cinematic Universe would that number be called low. Despite the mixed Jedi reaction and Solo grosses, I have a hard time buying that this last entry of the trilogy could come in with $45 million less than its predecessor. The more reasonable anticipation is that this manages to top $200 million. There is certainly more serious family competition than Last Jedi had with Jumanji: The Next Level being in its second frame (it was the inverse in 2017 with predecessor Welcome to the Jungle arriving the week after Jedi). My projection here gives Skywalker the seventh biggest debut ever, in between MCU titles The Avengers and Black Panther. Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker opening weekend prediction: $191.4 million For my Cats prediction, click here: https://toddmthatcher.com/2019/12/11/cats-box-office-prediction/ For my Bombshell prediction, click here: https://toddmthatcher.com/2019/12/11/bombshell-box-office-prediction/ Posted in Box Office Predictions/Results \| Tagged Adam Driver, Anthony Daniels, Billy Dee Williams, Black Panther, Box Office, box office predictions, Carrie Fisher, Daisy Ridley, Disney, Domhnall Gleeson, George Lucas, Ian McDiarmid, J.J. Abrams, John Boyega, Jumanji: The Next Level, Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle, Kelly Marie Tran, Keri Russell, Knives Out, Lupita Nyong'o, Mark Hamill, Marvel Cinematic Universe, movies, Naomi Ackie, Oscar Isaac, Return of the Jedi, Rian Johnson, Richard E. Grant, Star Wars, Star Wars: Episode III: Revenge of the Sith, Star Wars: The Force Awakens, Star Wars: The Last Jedi, Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker, The Avengers \| Leave a reply The Irishman Takes The NBR Posted on December 3, 2019 by toddmthatcher The National Board of Review announced its victors this afternoon for their best of 2019. For the pictures and performers who were named as winners, you could say that it’s a double edged sword. Allow me to explain. In this 2010’s, only one of their Best Film recipients took home Best Picture at the Oscars. That was last year with Green Book. This year, the award goes to Martin Scorsese’s The Irishman. So from an odds perspective, that could mean it faces an uphill battle for the big gold statue. On the other hand, all of the NBR Film winners from this decade, with the exception of 2014’s A Most Violent Year, have scored an Academy nod. This isn’t really in doubt for The Irishman so expect that trend to continue. The Board always goes on to name their additional favorite 10 motion pictures and this year they are: 1917, Dolemite Is My Name, Ford v Ferrari, Jojo Rabbit, Knives Out, Marriage Story, Once Upon a Time in Hollywood, Richard Jewell, Uncut Gems, and Waves. In 2018, only three of the ten additional NBR selections got Picture noms: Black Panther, Roma and A Star Is Born. Some notable titles that didn’t make the NBR cut for 2019: A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood, Bombshell, The Farewell, Joker, Little Women, Parasite, and The Two Popes. When it comes to Best Director, the news is even worse for the NBR recipient. No movie this decade has seen that winner match with Oscar. In fact, the last direct match was in 2006 for… Irishman maker Scorsese for The Departed. The NBR named Quentin Tarantino today for Once Upon a Time in Hollywood. He’s got history against his side for a walk up the Academy steps. In Best Actor, it’s the same story as only Casey Affleck for 2016’s Manchester by the Sea won NBR and Oscar in the 2010s. Adam Sandler is the winner for Uncut Gems. He’s part of a packed Best Actor race where there’s about a dozen viable candidates looking for five spots. This victory could at least help him get in as only Oscar Isaac (Violent Year in 2014) and Tom Hanks (2017’s The Post) didn’t land nods. The numbers improve only slightly for Best Actress with two matches: Julianne Moore for 2014’s Still Alice and Brie Larson for 2015’s Room. The NBR bestowed the award this year to Renee Zellweger for Judy, who could be considered a soft front-runner for Oscar. This brings us to Brad Pitt, winner today for Supporting Actor in Once Upon a Time in Hollywood. He also holds the status of apparent favorite to win the Academy’s love. Yet there’s just two matches this decade between them and NBR: Christian Bale in 2010’s The Fighter and Christopher Plummer from 2011’s Beginners. Last year was the only match of the decade for Supporting Actress: Regina King in If Beale Street Could Talk. Kathy Bates took the NBR for Richard Jewell. I don’t see her winning the Oscar, but it could help her nomination odds. In Original Screenplay, it’s interesting to note that 7 of the past nine NBR winners didn’t even get an Oscar nomination. Could that be a sign of trouble for honoree Uncut Gems? Time will tell… And for Adapted Screenplay, the NBR went with The Irishman. Par for the course, just two matches here: 2010’s The Social Network and 2011’s The Descendants. Bottom line: the NBR announcements might help with fleshing out who certain nominees will be. As far as winners, that’s a whole different story… Posted in Oscar Predictions \| Tagged 1917, A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood, A Most Violent Year, A Star Is Born, academy awards, Adam Sandler, Beginners, Black Panther, Bombshell, brad pitt, Brie Larson, Christian Bale, Christopher Plummer, Dolemite Is My Name, Ford v Ferrari, Green Book, If Beale Street Could Talk, Jojo Rabbit, Joker, Judy, Julianne Moore, Kathy Bates, Knives Out, Little Women, Marriage Story, Martin Scorsese, movies, National Board of Review, NBR, Once Upon a Time in Hollywood, Oscar Isaac, Oscar Predictions, Oscar Watch, oscars, Parasite, Quentin Tarantino, Regina King, Renee Zellweger, Richard Jewell, Roma, Room, Still Alice, The Departed, The Descendants, The Farewell, The Fighter, The Irishman, The Post, The Social Network, The Two Popes, tom hanks, Uncut Gems, Waves \| Leave a reply Queen & Slim Box Office Prediction Posted on November 21, 2019 by toddmthatcher In what’s being called a current take on Bonnie and Clyde, Universal is hoping that moviegoers take a trip with Queen & Slim over the long Thanksgiving weekend. The romantic thriller stars Daniel Kaluuya (of Get Out and Black Panther fame) and newcomer Jodie Turner-Smith as a new couple on the run after a minor traffic stop goes wrong. Melina Matsoukas, who’s won Grammys and MTV Video Music Awards for her work with Beyonce and Rihanna, makes her feature film debut. Costars include Bokeem Woodbine, Chloe Sevigny, and Flea of the Red Hot Chili Peppers. The pic debuted last week at the AFI Fest to very positive reviews. Yet despite the current 100% Rotten Tomatoes rating, this has yet to achieve any significant awards chatter. That could hinder its box office potential. Queen is already being called a potential cult hit. However, cult hits often take some time to achieve that status. Opening on Wednesday, I believe this will have a five-day take in the high single digits to low double digits as it hopes for word of mouth to carry it along. Queen & Slim opening weekend prediction: $6.9 million (Friday to Sunday); $10.1 million (Wednesday to Sunday) For my Knives Out prediction, click here: https://toddmthatcher.com/2019/11/20/knives-out-box-office-prediction/ Posted in Box Office Predictions/Results \| Tagged AFI Fest, AFI Film Festival, Beyoncé, Black Panther, Bokeem Woodbine, Bonnie and Clyde, Box Office, box office predictions, Chloe Sevigny, Daniel Kaluuya, Flea, Get Out, Jodie Turner-Smith, Lena Waithe, Melina Matsoukas, movies, Queen and Slim, Red Hot Chili Peppers, rihanna \| Leave a reply 21 Bridges Box Office Prediction For a time, Chadwick Boseman was best known for inhabiting real life figures in pictures such as 42, Get On Up, and Marshall. That all changed last year when he became Black Panther in that phenomenon and has played the superhero twice since in Avengers: Infinity War and Avengers: Endgame. His latest effort 21 Bridges (out next weekend) finds him in neither type of role. Boseman is a NYC cop chasing down two killers in this action thriller from director Brian Kirk. Joe and Anthony Russo, who made those last two massive Avengers flicks, are producers. Costars include Sienna Miller, Stephan James, Taylor Kitsch, Keith David, snd J.K. Simmons. Bridges should prove to be a legitimate test of its lead performer’s box office prowess. The trailers and TV spots have struggled to suggest it’s much more than a run of the mill genre piece (no reviews are out at press time). With little buzz, I believe this will have an unexceptional start. Unless I’m underestimating Boseman’s bankability, this may even have a tough time hitting double digits. 21 Bridges opening weekend prediction: $9.8 million For my Frozen II prediction, click here: https://toddmthatcher.com/2019/11/12/frozen-ii-box-office-prediction/ For my A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood prediction, click here: https://toddmthatcher.com/2019/11/13/a-beautiful-day-in-the-neighborhood-box-office-prediction/ Posted in Box Office Predictions/Results \| Tagged 21 Bridges, 42, Anthony Russo, Avengers: Endgame, Avengers: Infinity War, Black Panther, Box Office, box office predictions, Brian Kirk, Chadwick Boseman, Game of Thrones, Get On Up, J.K. Simmons, Joe Russo, Keith David, Marshall, movies, Russo Brothers, Sienna Miller, Stephan James, taylor kitsch \| Leave a reply Oscar Watch: Dolemite Is My Name Posted on September 8, 2019 by toddmthatcher Ahead of its October 25 Netflix release, Dolemite Is My Name introduced itself to critics this weekend at the Toronto Film Festival. Seen as a comeback role for Eddie Murphy, early reviews suggest it’s just that. Murphy plays Rudy Ray Moore, who was instrumental to ushering in the blaxploitation genre of the 1970s with his title character. Craig Brewer, best known for helming Hustle & Flow, directs with a supporting cast including Wesley Snipes, Keegan-Michael Key, Mike Epps, Craig Robinson, Da’Vine Joy Randolph, Snoop Dogg, and T.I. In 2006, Eddie was seen as the front runner in Supporting Actor for Dreamgirls. He was upset by Alan Arkin’s work in Little Miss Sunshine. This has been eyed as his first chance at Academy attention since. The issue could be significant competition in a Best Actor derby that appears stacked already. Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski wrote the original screenplay and they’ve specialized in highlighting colorful entertainment figures in Ed Wood, The People vs. Larry Flynt, and Man on the Moon. Once again, they could face trouble nabbing nods as that writing race is jam packed. So while Dolemite should succeed in garnering the kind of praise its star hasn’t seen for some time, awards chatter might be elusive. There could be one noteworthy exception. Ruth Carter’s costume design has been noted in numerous write ups. Just last year, she became the first African-American to win that category for Black Panther. She could find herself in the mix again. My Oscar Watch posts will continue… Posted in Oscar Predictions \| Tagged academy awards, Alan Arkin, Black Panther, Craig Brewer, craig robinson, Da’Vine Joy Randolph, Dolemite Is My Name, Dreamgirls, Ed Wood, Eddie Murphy, Hustle & Flow, Keegan-Michael Key, Larry Karaszewski, Little Miss Sunshine, Man on the Moon, Mike Epps, movies, Netflix, Oscar Predictions, Oscar Watch, oscars, Rudy Ray Moore, Ruth Carter, Scott Alexander, Snoop Dogg, T.I., The Disaster Artist, The People vs. Larry Flynt, Toronto Film Festival, Wesley Snipes \| Leave a reply Oscar Watch: Just Mercy Just Mercy has premiered at the Toronto Film Festival ahead of its stateside Christmas release. Early reviews indicate the true life courtroom drama is a crowd pleasing tearjerker that has the potential for acting nominations and maybe more. Michael B. Jordan plays a lawyer attempting to free Jamie Foxx’s wrongfully imprisoned murder convict. Brie Larson costars in this effort from Destin Daniel Cretton, who’s worked with the actress twice before in Short Term 12 and The Glass Castle. Yet it’s Jordan and Foxx getting the bulk of attention. Despite acclaimed work in Fruitvale Station, Creed, and Black Panther (all from Ryan Coogler), Jordan hasn’t scored an Oscar nod. The lead actor race is looking crowded, but he could have a shot. Foxx might have a better chance in supporting. It’s been 15 years since he’s been in the awards mix. In 2004, he won Best Actor in Ray and nabbed a Supporting Actor nod simultaneously for Collateral. This could be the type of comeback role the Academy notices. If Mercy manages to score with audiences (which it most certainly could do), recognition in Best Picture or for its Adapted Screenplay may factor in as well. Bottom line: this pic increased its visibility playing in our neighbor to the north. My Oscar Watch posts will continue… Posted in Oscar Predictions \| Tagged academy awards, Black Panther, Brie Larson, Collateral, Creed, Destin Daniel Cretton, Fruitvale Station, Jamie Foxx, Just Mercy, Michael B. Jordan, movies, Oscar Predictions, Oscar Watch, oscars, Ray, Ryan Coogler, Short Term 12, The Glass Castle, Toronto Film Festival \| Leave a reply 25 Greatest Directors Box Office Predictions/Results Fast and Furious Movie Reviews Movie Perfection Movies You Might Not Know Oscar History Oscar: Case Of Seasonal Movie Previews The 007 Files The Curious Case of… The Ethan Hunt Files This Day in Movie History Todd's Movie Reviews	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4768
__label__wiki	0.823144	0.823144	People Thisisitaly Monsignor Donald Sakano and his fight against Italian-Americans stereotypes Huge banners in front of St. Patrick’s Old Cathedral remind people how life in New York Little Italy was like Foto: NEW YORK, NY - SEPTEMBER 15: Free cannolis are passed out at the 85th annual Feast of San Gennaro festival September 15, 2011 in New York City. The annual Italian festival has taken place every September in Little Italy since 1926. The feast began when newly arrived immigrants from Naples continued to follow the Italian tradition celebrating the day in 305 A.D. when Saint Gennaro was martyred for the faith. (Photo by Mario Tama/Getty Images) - 10 ottobre 2013 With a beautiful selection of pictures, The New York Times reminds its readers how life in Little Italy was like in the early- and mid-20th century. All these pictures are taken from the banners (seven and a half feet tall, five feet wide) that Monsignor Donald Sakano has placed near St. Patrick's Old Cathedral, trying to bring Italian habits and festivals back to their roots, "and away from what he sees as a crass, commercial use of stereotypes of Italian-Americans". "I find that to be magical," he said. "You look at these figures and you're drawn into them and you wonder about the moment that occurred before and after the shutter froze their features on a piece of film." "Italian-Americans are often represented in the broadest caricatures ?" whether undereducated, bigoted people from the outer boroughs who are overly concerned with their own body image or, of course, the ubiquitous Mafioso image," Monsignor Sakano added. "There's very little room in the media for an interesting and nuanced depiction."	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4771
__label__cc	0.631773	0.368227	TIX on the Square 9930 102 Avenue, Sir Winston Churchill Square, Edmonton, Alberta T5J 5H7 TIX on the Square was created by the Edmonton Arts Council in 1999. Originally intended to operate as a rush ticket booth, it has developed into a vital hub connecting local artists and community groups with audiences. TIX supports the arts community with a variety of professional services including box office, media relations support, and social media promotion, all for a nominal fee. TIX also collaborates with Fringe Theatre as a satellite box office for Season shows and productions at the Edmonton International Fringe Theatre Festival. In spring 2011, TIX extended its role to connect audiences with Edmonton's visual and craft artists and began operating a retail space, taking over the operations of The Edmonton City Store. The retail space features a wide range of unique, handcrafted products including pottery, jewelry, photography, fabric arts and more. TIX also showcases books from local authors, music by regional musicians, and historic prints from the City of Edmonton Archives. In 2016, TIX began a partnership with Fringe Theatre, acting as a satellite box office for Season shows and productions at the Edmonton International Fringe Theatre Festival. Customers can now purchase and pick up online ticket orders for these performances from TIX! Go back to all Events Total Baroque Note: Prices quoted include TIX fees. There is also a $2 web order fee applied at checkout (excluding free events). Tickets available to purchase at the door. About the Robertson-Wesley United Church Robertson-Wesley is an inner city congregation of the United Church of Canada in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. We are a progressive and inclusive caring community, committed to quality, depth, courage and... The Alberta Baroque Music Society presents...Total Baroque, Sunday, October 20th - 3:00 PM at Robertson Wesley United Church, 10209 123 St The night will feature: Boyce's Symphony No. 2 in A Major Veracini's Ouverture in G Minor Vivaldi's Concerto for Violin and Cello in B Flat Major Bach/Handel's Arias for Tenor Telemann's Hamburg Ebb und Flut Featuring Nedda Yamach - Violin, Kathleen de Caen - Cello, and John Tessier - Tenor. Concert is one hour and 45 minutes in length, with a 15 minute intermission. Tickets are $30 for Adults, $25 for Seniors (65+), and $10 for 21 & Under, plus applicable fees. Date & Times Sun 10/20/2019 3:00 PM Website Powered by Jixaw Logo Package Fillable Sales Contract	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4773
__label__cc	0.726911	0.273089	Barcelona by season Barcelona tours Gay Pride 2016 in Barcelona The Gay pride in Barcelona in 2016 starts on 8th July and finishes on 10th July. The pride starts with a parade on Saturday afternoon from 17:00h, in Avinguda Paral·lel and Passeig Colom and the Pride Village at Moll de la Fusta. Barcelona's Gay Pride is one of the main gay pride festivals in Europe that attracts more than 150k people a year. Apart from the big parade, there are also many after-march parties in the city and in the surrounding areas. The Gay Pride is a cultural festival and a nonprofit event organized by the LGBT community amd business institutions in Catalonia. The objective is to promote respect for diversity and towards the gay community. Gay Pride Parade in Barcelona Although the Gay Pride Parade is on Saturday 8th, from the previous weekend there are activities being organized in the city due to the Gay Pride celebration. From the typical gay meet up at Isla Fantasia on June 26th to music performances and many more activities. You can check out the Gay Pride program and the printed Barcelona Gay Pride program. This year, they had to change the dates of the gathering due to Sant Joan Festivity in Catalonia, and the Gay Pride will be on 8th and 9th July where the main activities will happen. The main point of gathering will be Moll de Fusta, it will be the end point of the parade starting in Plaça Espanya at 18h that will go through Plaça Espanya and Avinguda Paral·lel to get to Plaça Drassanes and cross the Portal de la Pau to take the Passeig Colom until de Pas Sota Muralla and get into the Ronda del Port. Although the parade starts at 18h, two hours before in Avinguda Maria Cristina there will be music to get into the party mood. Gay Pride Sitges Sitges is a town near Barcelona that is known to be one of the most important gay towns in Catalonia during all year around. They also have a Gay Pride parade on 19th June. The parade is 2 hours long and takes place along the seafront, from Kansas Restaurant to the Church and comes back to the seafront. The parade is for free but there is an afterparty that takes place in the gay village where there are planned amazing concerts. So you get an idea, the affluence is pretty big for being a town, last year there were more than 55k people attending the Gay Pride Sitges Parade. Here all information about the Sitges Gay Pride. ¿What do you think? Help others with your opinion and experience Liceu, enjoy Opera in Barcelona The Liceu in Barcelona is the Opera house in the city, it is also called the Gran Teatre del Liceu and it is located in La Rambla in Barcelona. It has been opened for some centuries now, it was inaugurated on 4th April 1897.In 1837 the Philodramatic Lyceum of Montesión was founded in Barcelona and this is when all started, their objective was to promote mu… BAM (Barcelona Acció Musical) Barcelona Acció Musical (BAM) is a music festival that is celebrated at the same time as La Mercè, gathers different artists from all over the world. The BAM was born in 1993, and since then year after year have offered 60 concerts in each edition with an audience of 168k people.BAM is mainly about dance, electronic, rock or pop music in Catalonia an… Barcelona International Jazz Festival Barcelona international jazz festival organized by Voll-Damm for more than 40 years the city has hosted this annual festival. The festival takes place in different venues across the city and you can buy individual tickets for each event or bonos that include different ones, but there is no full entrance that covers the whole event.It is very interesting tha… Brand me © 2020 Tourismwithme.com	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4774
__label__wiki	0.643266	0.643266	İki yüzyıl önce başlayan yolculuk EN - About Us - History - With over 140 years of cumulative experience With over 140 years of cumulative experience, the Group has a long history and has always been at the forefront of striving to meet evolving customer needs. The history of our business charts the history of the cable industry itself, marked by many major milestones along the way, which cement our reputation as an early adopter and industry pioneer. EN - About us- History - History Timeline The first international projects The company which, about a hundred years later, was to be named Prysmian, quickly achieved an international dimension, thanks to its involvement in crucial projects like the laying of 5,150 Km of transatlantic telegraph cable for communication between Italy and South America (1925), the laying of submarine cables for the Long-Distance Telephone Network between Italy and Brazil and the connection between Brazil and North Africa. Birth of Draka, destined for outstanding growth At the same time as the rapid development of the future Prysmian, the company was founded that would later take the name of Draka. Between 1910 and 1950, the company stood out for its unceasing growth, linked to the continuous widening of its product range and the opening of new production plants in strategic markets like Spain, United Kingdom, North America, Argentina and Brazil. Philips bets on Draka That year was one of the milestones in the history of Draka: the company was acquired by the Dutch multinational Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V., known as Philips, and became part of its Wires and Cables division. Acquisition campaigns The 1990s saw Prysmian and Draka running at a faster and faster rate. To expand their commercial and industrial activities, both companies began acquisition campaigns, followed by significant restructuring processes. They were near to becoming two giants in the sector of power supply and telecommunications. From listed company to public company In 2007 Prysmian entered the Stock Exchange, with shares quoted in the Blue Chips segment of the Milan Stock Exchange. Three years later, Prysmian became a public company, listed in the Italian Stock exchange in the FTSE MIB index. In the absence of a controlling shareholder, Prysmian is managed according to principles of transparency, counting on its ability to obtain and deserve, every day, the confidence of the stakeholders. Birth of the Group The Prysmian Group was formed by the merger between Prysmian and Draka: two commercial brands, a single group, which by integrating the strong points of both companies became world leader in the field of cables and systems for power and telecommunications. Today it boasts the widest range in the market of products, services and technologies and in geographical coverage.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4776
__label__wiki	0.759063	0.759063	Tudor Time The World of King Henry VIII Associate Member of Knights Templar International Bolton Castle Bonnie Prince Charles Cardinal Wolsey Daily Tudor Facts Elizabeth Woodville Emperor Charles V François I of France Henry Fitzroy Jacobites Jasper Tudor Lord Darnley On this day in Tudor history On this day in Tudor Time Pilgrimage of Grace Pope Paul III St. George's Chapel The Stuarts Tudor history of the day Tudor Person of the Month Tudor Tidbits Tudor Timeline Where History Happened Wives of Henry VIII Anne Boleyn Anne of Cleves Bolton Castle Cardinal Wolsey Daily Tudor Facts Edward IV Elizabeth I Elizabeth of York Elizabeth Woodville Emperor Charles V Henry VII Jane Seymour Jasper Tudor Katherine Parr King Henry VIII Mary, Queen of Scots On this day in Tudor history On this day in Tudor Time Pilgrimage of Grace Richard III St. George's Chapel Tudor history of the day Tudors Tudor Tidbits Tudor Timeline Uncategorized War of the Roses Where History Happened Windsor Castle Wives of Henry VIII Tag: Tomb of King Henry VIII Henry VIII is buried where?! Portrait of Henry VIII. (Photo by Imagno/Getty Images) He’s the king who had six wives and tired of them like a child tires of toys, who rid himself (and the world) of anyone who disagreed with him, didn’t like the pope and was fat…. Well, not quite. The truth and the facts are somewhat simplified for the wider audience; as one American tourist said to me on thinking she had found the tomb of Henry VIII in Westminster Abbey: “Henry VIII? He’s the one who killed all his wives, right?” She can be forgiven for both thinking of him as the ‘wife-killing king’ and for assuming he would be buried within the splendour of Westminster Abbey. She was wrong on both counts. The iconic image of Henry VIII, created by talented court painter Hans Holbein, is known worldwide. Poised in confrontational stance, he stares out of the painting, challenging us to find fault and leaving us in no doubt that he is in charge. This was a carefully crafted image as was typical of Henry. As his father before him, he consciously, purposely and effectively used ceremony, art and symbolism to send the self-asserting message to his contemporaries: “I am the rightful king of England, appointed and supported by God.” We can only imagine the consternation and anger he would feel to know that the shrine-like tomb he designed for himself was never completed. Indeed, despite his keen control of self-image in life and instructions for his tomb and image in death, he remains in a ‘temporary’ vault under the Quire in St George’s Chapel at Windsor Castle in the company of his third queen, Jane Seymour, and also the body of Charles I and one of Queen Anne’s tragically short-lived children. The chamber is marked simply by a black marble slab placed there almost 300 years later on the orders of William IV, its functional description the only thing alerting us to his presence beneath: IN A VAULT BENEATH THIS MARBLE SLAB ARE DEPOSITED THE REMAINS JANE SEYMOUR QUEEN OF KING HENRY VIII 1537 KING CHARLES I AN INFANT CHILD OF QUEEN ANNE. THIS MEMORIAL WAS PLACED HERE BY COMMAND OF KING WILLIAM IV. 1837. The Quire in St George’s Chapel at Windsor Castle. (Photo by Tim Graham/Getty Images) So how, when it came to what should have been Henry’s most important and enduring symbol, do we find him in a crowded vault marked only by a simple black marble tomb stone? It is a far cry from the ostentatious tomb of his father and mother in Westminster Abbey and far from what Henry imagined, indeed instructed, should be created for himself. Henry VIII died in the early hours of 28 January 1547 at Whitehall Palace aged 55. For a couple of days his death was kept secret from everyone except those closest to the king, to allow for a smooth transition to the council rule which was to follow under his son, Edward VI. Court ritual continued so as not to alert anyone to the king’s death before everything was ready. Meals even continued to be brought to his chambers – announced, as always, by the sound of trumpets. Edward VI was nine years old at his accession and would be only the third monarch of the Tudor dynasty. He was male and legitimate, but for the fledgling dynasty a child king was almost as dangerous a prospect as a woman on the throne. Everything had to be managed in minute detail, all of which had been planned by Henry himself. Of course this included Henry’s funeral which would, through impressive pageantry and ceremony, assert once again that the Tudors were rightful kings of England under God with the strong implication that Edward should be unchallenged. Always one for self-appreciation, Henry also wanted to show that he had been a true Renaissance king on the European stage. Edward VI. (Photo by Universal History Archive/Getty Images) The funeral procession that escorted Henry’s body to Windsor left London on 14 February with an overnight stop at Syon House. It was four miles long, included more than a thousand men on horseback and hundreds more on foot. The coffin, draped in cloth of gold with an effigy of the king on top, was pulled on a carriage by eight horses. It impressed all who lined the processional route. So far so good! Henry would have approved. The ceremony, too, was as Henry wanted. Following a sermon by Stephen Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, Henry’s coffin was lowered into its temporary place next to his third wife and Edward VI’s mother, Jane Seymour. The white wands of office, which each office holder broke over his head, followed into the grave in customary fashion. For his tomb, Henry requested “… a convenient altar honourably prepared and apparelled with all manner of things requisite and necessary for daily masses there to be said perpetually while the world shall endure”. Neither the tomb, nor the masses, were completed as Henry had stipulated. A black marble sarcophagus, confiscated from Cardinal Wolsey by Henry, was already at Windsor. Thanks to John Speed, the 17th-century mapmaker and antiquarian, and his 1627 book The History of Great Britaine, we are able to understand how Henry planned to use it for himself. Fortuitously, for Henry’s original manuscript has since gone missing, Speed transcribes the instructions Henry left for a double tomb, magnificent in size, decoration and iconography. Described in around 1,400 words, the plans included effigies of the king and queen as if sleeping; numerous angels; prophets aloft columns; scriptures and children with baskets of red and white roses scattering them down over the tomb and the pavement beyond. It would have been fabulous, very ‘Henry-esque’ – if it had been built! However, the sarcophagus remained at Windsor for more than 250 years until the Georgians found a use for it and transported it to the crypt of St Paul’s Cathedral, London, where it now holds the coffin of Admiral Horatio Nelson. The sarcophagus of English naval officer Horatio Nelson in the Crypt of St Paul’s Cathedral, London, circa 1925. It was originally made for Cardinal Wolsey in around 1524. (Photo by General Photographic Agency/Hulton Archive/Getty Images) So why did Henry not ensure his legacy by having his tomb built in his own time? Lack of money perhaps, although that had never deterred Henry from large expensive projects before. More likely, then, that despite Henry’s concern (you could say preoccupation) with the Tudor succession, he simply did not want to face up to his own mortality. Talk of the death of the king was a treasonable offence. Indeed, it had been a brave Sir Anthony Denny who had finally told Henry on the evening of 27 January 1547 that he was dying and thus allowing him (just) enough time to take the last rites – essential for one of the Catholic faith, as Henry was right to the end of his life. Henry may not have liked to think about his own death, but three of his children followed him to the throne. Did none of them wish to honour their father with a fitting monument? The short answer is ‘no’. At any rate, none of them did. But why was this the case? Edward VI may have been a child of only nine years old when he followed his father to the throne, but he had determination beyond his years and had one clear agenda – to make England Protestant. Edward was ruthless in his reforms, going far beyond anything his father had done. He died only six years later and had dedicated the majority of his reign to religious reform. We can surmise that building his father’s tomb as designed, with all its trappings of the Catholic faith, was neither a priority nor a concern to the boy king. It was far easier to display his father’s memory for his own use in his own image. A portrait of Edward in the National Portrait Gallery, believed to have been painted following his accession, mimics the strong pose of his father in the Whitehall Mural. Edward was succeeded in turn by his two older half-sisters. First Mary, daughter of Henry’s first wife, Catherine of Aragon, and then by Elizabeth, daughter of his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Unlike Edward, both sisters had been subjected to emotional damage at the hands of their father and both had suffered the devastation of being declared illegitimate, coupled with separation from their mothers. 1544, Mary Tudor (1516 – 1558), the daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, at the age of 28. Following the death of her half-brother Edward VI and the brief rule of Lady Jane Grey, she ascended to the English throne as Queen Mary I in 1553. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images) Mary Tudor, 1544. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images) Of the two, Mary suffered the most. Elizabeth, two years old when her mother was executed, may have been confused to be addressed one day as ‘Princess Elizabeth’ and the following day ‘the lady Elizabeth’, but the toddler probably had no lasting memories of such events. On the other hand, Mary could remember all too vividly the cruel treatment herself and her mother endured at the hands of her father when he failed in his efforts to secure a divorce from Mary’s mother, Catherine of Aragon, in order to marry Anne Boleyn. Mary had been forbidden to see her mother, forced to agree that her parents’ marriage was illegal and that her mother had never been queen, and to reject the pope and recognise her father as supreme head of the Church in England. It would be difficult to overestimate the impact all these things had on her. Tragically, mother and daughter were kept apart and Mary never saw her mother again. It would therefore have been surprising for Mary to expend much energy on the glorification of her father’s memory. Besides, she was far too busy trying to undo his and Edward’s religious reforms by re-establishing the Catholic church in England under the pope in Rome. After Mary came Elizabeth, who is known to have enjoyed reminding people that she was her father’s daughter. Elizabeth often referred to Henry when speaking to her council and made reference to him in a speech to parliament quite late into her reign, in 1593, when she talked of the debt she was in to her father “whom in the duty of a child I must regard, and to whom I must acknowledge myself far shallow”. Many historians and writers have asserted that Elizabeth’s references come from a deep affection for her late father, which had developed toward the end of his life when she spent a great deal of time at court. Perhaps this is true. However, it is difficult to deny that her references served a purpose. Invoking her father’s memory, aided no doubt by her inheritance of his auburn hair, reminded those around her of her descent and provided Henry’s support for her legitimacy from beyond the grave. Ironically this was something he had failed to do in life when he restored her to the succession but left her illegitimate. Elizabeth I is not known to have spoken of her mother in public, however a ring she wore, now known as the Chequers Ring, contained a miniature portrait of her mother and one of herself. Although she had only been a little girl of two years old when her mother was beheaded at the Tower of London, Elizabeth felt a connection to her and, privately at least, kept her memory alive. Would she have been willing to create a tomb to her father when she could not have done the same for her mother? Queen Elizabeth I Ring, c. 1560. Found in the collection of the Chequers Estate. (Photo by Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images) The Chequers Ring. (Photo by Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images) We could surmise from all of this that once Henry’s mortal presence was gone his children were not going to be his biggest supporters. It was easier to invoke his name at points where it was advantageous to them than to muster the effort and money required to erect his permanent shrine. Nowadays, then, thousands of visitors walk over his remains every year without realising they are so close to the infamous Henry VIII. Philippa Brewell is a historical trip writer and blogs at britishhistorytours.com By Jill Roberts Psychic Mediumin Edward VI, Elizabeth I, King Henry VIII, Mary Tudor, St. George's Chapel, Uncategorized July 27, 2016 July 27, 2016 2,117 WordsLeave a comment	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4778
__label__cc	0.588166	0.411834	Episode of Great Performances Broadway Musicals: A Jewish Legacy Season 38, Episode 6 of 16 Why has the Broadway musical proven to be such fertile territory for Jewish artists of all kinds? From Broadway's golden age, names like Irving Berlin, Jerome Kern, the Gershwin's, Arthur Laurents, Jerome Robbins, Leonard Bernstein and Stephen Sondheim immediately come to mind. More recently, Broadway babies such as Stephen Schwartz, Marc Shaiman and Andrew Lippa represent a sampling of the Jewish talents who continue to leave their mark on musical theater. Filmmaker Michael Kantor focuses on this central question left largely unaddressed in his Emmy-winning Broadway: The American Musical, combining interviews with performance footage, including many of the rousing anthems and timeless ballads America has loved for a century. Previously Aired	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4780
__label__wiki	0.854619	0.854619	Dahl, Edward H. et al. "History of Cartography in Canada". The Canadian Encyclopedia, 27 April 2018, Historica Canada. https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/history-of-cartography. Accessed 22 January 2020. Dahl, E.,, & Moodie, D.,, & Sebert, L.,, & Heidenreich, C., History of Cartography in Canada (2018). In The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/history-of-cartography Dahl, Edward H., and D.W. Moodie, and L. M. Sebert, and C.E. Heidenreich, "History of Cartography in Canada". In The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Article published February 07, 2006; Last Edited April 27, 2018. https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/history-of-cartography Dahl, Edward H., and D.W. Moodie , and L. M. Sebert , and C.E. Heidenreich . The Canadian Encyclopedia, s.v. "History of Cartography in Canada", Last Edited April 27, 2018, https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/history-of-cartography History of Cartography in Canada Article by Edward H. Dahl, D.W. Moodie, L. M. Sebert, C.E. Heidenreich Cartography is the art, science and technology of making maps, plans, charts and globes representing Earth or any celestial body at any scale. This map of Louisbourg was prepared in 1744 by the French engineer Nicolas Ballin (courtesy National Map Collection/Library and Archives Canada/H3/900). English sextant, circa 1790-1810. The sextant was used to measure the altitude of the sun or other celestial body. Maps became much more accurate with its use (courtesy ROM/958.11.2). This map of North and South America gives an impression of the state of geographical knowledge of the time (courtesy Library and Archives Canada/NMC8589). Contemporary plan of the St Lawrence River and Québec showing British action during the siege of Québec, 1759 (courtesy National Museum of Canada). All of the Great Lakes are shown in the 1688 map of Vencenzo Coronelli (courtesy Library and Archives Canada/NMC6411). This map shows the forts established by La Vérendrye and his men: Fort Maurepas, at the mouth of the Winnipeg River; Fort La Reine (Portage la Prairie); Fort Bourbon to the NW of Lake Winnipeg; Fort Paskaoya, on the Saskatchewan River and others (courtesy Service historique de la Marine, Vincennes, France: Service hydrographique, recued 67, 0 10). Cartography is the art, science and technology of making maps, plans, charts and globes representing Earth or any celestial body at any scale. Cartographic documents have been used as vehicles of communication by different cultures for many millennia; the earliest map to survive, drawn about 2300 BCE on a clay tablet, was found in the Middle East. Centuries before the Common Era, Greek philosophers and mathematicians such as Pythagoras and Aristotle advanced the concept that Earth was a sphere, and Eratosthenes (c. 276–196 BCE) made a reasonable calculation of Earth’s circumference. In the 2nd century CE, Claudius Ptolemy compiled and systematized the geographical knowledge of the day and encouraged the scientific study of geography. He suggested, for example, that maps be drawn strictly to scale (at that time not a common practice), that general world maps should be supplemented with a series of regional maps drawn at appropriate scales, and that maps should be drawn with co-ordinates. Ptolemy’s works were ignored until early in the 15th century, when an avid interest in the classical period had been revived by the Renaissance. His writings, translated from the Byzantine Greek, were copied in manuscript and later published. In a 1507–08 edition of his Geographia, a map by Johannes Ruysch showing a portion of eastern Canada appeared, and during the next century the Ptolemaic atlases became a major instrument of the diffusion of geographical knowledge of Canada. In the following centuries, the mapping of Canada evolved with the advance of cartographic techniques around the world and with continued exploration along the coasts and into the heart of the country. The development of instruments and techniques also changed the nature of the data gathered and the maps produced. The maps of the 16th century were rough and often conjectural; maps of the French period became more accurate in the better-known areas; and after 1800, with the widespread use of the sextant and advanced astronomical techniques for determining longitude (for example, using the marine chronometer), the major gaps in the map of Canada were filled. The 20th century saw great refinement of mapping skills in Canada. EDWARD H. DAHL Indigenous Mapmaking Mapmaking was a widespread and well-developed art among Indigenous peoples in what is now Canada, although this fact has been largely ignored in the history of cartography. Most common were navigational maps, because the more nomadic hunting and gathering bands depended upon effective navigation over great expanses of wilderness. Maps were also drawn to facilitate trade and warfare over long distances. Military maps were used especially by the equestrian Plains Indigenous people, whose war parties sometimes ventured into unfamiliar regions of the grasslands. Indigenous navigational maps were usually drawn on the ground or in the snow. Sketched from memory, they were accompanied by verbal descriptions of the country in question. They were thus ephemeral and, in contrast to the European use of maps, required the successful traveller to rely entirely upon memory, a task for which one was trained from childhood. When a map was committed to media that dictated its size, such as skins or bark, no attempt was made to fill in the entire space. Instead, detail was elaborated only where necessary. Lakes, rivers and shorelines were accurately portrayed on most Indigenous maps, and in this respect they differ little from modern survey maps. Scale, however, was often measured by the day’s journey, and hence varied according to factors affecting travel time. Scale was also varied to exaggerate or clarify significant features for navigation. Although Europeans frequently found these maps overly simplified and confusing, they were eminently suited to the overriding objective of most Indigenous cartography: to accentuate landmarks and indicate features such as rapids and portages to aid travellers. Indigenous maps were also used as general media of communication and as repositories of cultural life and lore. Shawnadithit, for example, drew a series of maps to illustrate the history of her tribe, the Beothuk, in the years leading up to its extinction. Maps also recalled historical events such as battles, and the Ojibwa elaborated charts to record their earlier migrations and past sacred events. Combined with pictographs, maps were used for general communication, most commonly in the form of notices of direction and of trips, and in missives that might properly be called “map letters.” Just as Indigenous people in these ways communicated crucial geographical information to their fellows, so they afforded the early European explorers, traders and missionaries much of the geographical information that eventually carried them and their supporting enterprises from the Atlantic to the Pacific and into the Arctic. D. W. MOODIE Early Explorers’ Mapping Most 16th-century maps relating to Canada are manuscript compilations, often undated and anonymous, prepared by European cartographers rather than by explorers. Since cartographers had to work with available material, these maps are at times a perplexing mixture of new information and old, copied from unspecified sources. Any review of the sequence in which Canada was first mapped is therefore somewhat conjectural. Until 1974, a map known as the “Vinland Map,” acquired by Yale University almost a decade earlier and showing the northeast coast of North America, was thought to be the earliest cartographic representation of Canada. It is now generally believed to be a forgery. The earliest known maps of Canada date from about 1502 to 1506. They depict the east coast of Newfoundland as that of an island in the North Atlantic. None of the land between Greenland and the Caribbean was known to Europeans. The most significant early configurations are those known as the “Cantino,” “Canerio,” “King-Hamy” (in Huntington Library, San Marino, California), “Oliveriana” (in Pesaro, Italy) and “Kunstmann II” charts. The earliest of these is probably the “Cantino” chart (c. 1502), which appears to have originated with the voyages of Gaspar Corte-Real (1500–01). No maps from John Cabot’s 1497 voyage appear to have survived. Some scholars have interpreted the La Cosa chart, dated 1500, as a confused copy of a Cabot map, whereas others have pointed out that it contains information available only as late as 1508. In any case, none of the geographical features of the map that some scholars have interpreted as showing the eastern coast of Canada can be identified in such a way as to achieve scholarly consensus. The first printed maps to show parts of North America, such as the Contarini (1506) and Ruysch (1507–08) maps, show the east coast of Newfoundland joined to Greenland as an extension of Asia. These configurations were probably based on Corte-Real’s guess that Greenland and Newfoundland were connected and Cabot’s that they were all part of Asia. In 1507, a map by Waldseemüller was the first to separate North America from Asia, a concept that gained popularity during the next decade. During the 1520s, the east and south shores of Newfoundland as well as the east shore of Nova Scotia became better known, and maps of this period portray geographical features less ambiguously than those of the previous 20 years. Better maps, such as the “Miller I” (c. 1516–22), the Pedro Reinel (1516–20) and the map attributed to Diogo Ribeiro (the “Weimar” map, 1527), even hint at openings south and north of Newfoundland where later the Cabot Strait and the Strait of Belle Isle were explored by Jacques Cartier. At least some of the features on these maps appear to be based on the exploration of João Alvares Fagundes (c. 1519–26). The first maps showing the entire coastline from Florida to Newfoundland were based on the explorations of Esteban Gomez (1525) and Giovanni da Verrazzano (1524). Although Gomez had hinted at an opening where the Bay of Fundy should be, all the maps of this period show an unbroken coastline. Later maps, such as the ones by Santa Cruz (1542), Lopo Homem (1554) and Diogo Homem (1558), drawn from data produced in the 1520s, demonstrate that Gomez actually suspected Nova Scotia to be an island, while some Portuguese more or less knew its true configuration. After Cartier’s explorations (1534–42), the entire cartography of Canada underwent revision. None of Cartier’s maps has survived. Those believed to be closest to his originals are a chart by John Rotz (1542) depicting the results of Cartier’s first voyage (1534), the Desceliers map of 1546 and the “Harleian” world map (c. 1547). The last two depict Cartier’s explorations to 1536. The outstanding contribution of these maps is that they add the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the St. Lawrence River to the shape of North America. A second group of maps, based apparently on French and Portuguese mapping, depicts the St. Lawrence along with more realistic shapes for Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. The best example of these maps is the “Vallard map” (1547). Few printed maps of this period deserve consideration, but one of significance is the famous 1569 world chart by Gerardus Mercator, which introduced the map projection bearing his name. Arctic mapping began with Martin Frobisher’s first voyage (1576), although the southern tip of Greenland had appeared on maps since 1502. Frobisher’s map of the bay named after him on southeastern Baffin Island has survived but, since he did not place his explorations in the context of the rest of North America, cartographers were uncertain where to place it (see also Frobisher Bay). On the maps of George Best (1578) and Michael Lok (1582), Frobisher Bay appears as a Northwest Passage across North America. Following the less ambiguous maps that emanated from John Davis’s voyages (1585–87), Frobisher’s “strait” was moved to the southern tip of Greenland, where it remained through much of the 17th century. Only a few cartographers made any attempt to link the northern discoveries with those on the St. Lawrence and the East Coast. Probably the best attempt is a world map by Edward Wright printed in 1599. C. E. HEIDENREICH Mapping to 1763 Scientific mapping began with Samuel de Champlain in 1603. In 1613, he published the first modern-looking map of eastern Canada, combining in it his own explorations with those of Henry Hudson. By 1616, he had explored and mapped as far west as Georgian Bay. For other areas, he used Indigenous maps and verbal accounts. His observations were made from compass and latitude readings as well as estimates of distance. Besides his six small-scale maps, of which that of 1632 is the most comprehensive, Champlain also produced 23 large-scale maps and picture plans of places between Cape Cod and Montreal. From the time of Champlain’s death in 1635 to the 1670s, the major explorers furnishing geographical information to European cartographers were Jesuit missionaries. By 1649, they had explored the eastern Great Lakes; the maps of Father Sanson (1650, 1656), and Fathers Bressani (1657) and Du Creux (1660) have survived in printed form. On these the Great Lakes are recognizable for the first time. Further Jesuit mapping led to the first good map of Lake Superior and northern Lake Michigan (1672) by Fathers Allouez and Dablon; the first delineation of the Mississippi River by Father Marquette and Louis Jolliet (1673); and a series of maps of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) country in upper New York State by Father Raffeix and others. One of the few non-Jesuit maps of the period was by the Sulpician Bréhant de Galinée, detailing his journey with François Dollier from Montreal through the lower Great Lakes to Sault Ste Marie (1670). The necessary observations used to construct all these maps were similar to those used for Champlain’s. In 1632, the Jesuits began to observe and, later, to time lunar eclipses to establish longitude west of Paris or Rome. From the 1670s to the end of the century, the mapping of Canada is primarily associated with Jolliet and Jean-Baptiste-Louis Franquelin, the latter being the more talented draftsman. He held the position of king’s hydrographer for the colony of Quebec from 1686 to 1697 and from 1701 to 1703, teaching hydrography and keeping the maps of New France up to date. The manuscript maps of explorers such as La Salle, Jolliet and a number of military surveyors were incorporated in large compilations sent to France, where professional cartographers had access to them. The chief cartographers to the French court, such as Vincenzo Coronelli and Guillaume Delisle, based their printed maps in part on the information furnished by Franquelin. The maps of Coronelli (1688–89) and Delisle (1703) best sum up the late 17th-century cartography of Canada. The Delisle map also has the distinction of being the first with a fairly modern grid of longitude based on a lunar eclipse recorded at Quebec City in 1685 by Jean Deshayes. Large-scale mapping during the 17th century was understandably confined to the St. Lawrence River valley. Cadastral mapping (i.e., mapping of property boundaries, building locations, etc.) commenced with Jean Bourdon’s mapping of seigneuries (1641); Bourdon also produced an early plan of Quebec City (1660). The St. Lawrence River was charted by Jolliet and Franquelin (1685), but much more competently by Jean Deshayes (1685–86). Although the printed results of Deshayes’s survey (1702) became the standard chart of the river, more accurate surveys were undertaken in the mid-18th century by Testu de la Richardière (1730–41), Gabriel Pellegrin (1734–55) and others. Cadastral maps also continued to be produced during the 18th century; one of the most notable was created by Jean-Baptiste Decouagne in 1709. These maps and charts were all constructed by competent surveyors and military engineers using up-to-date instruments and surveying principles. Increasingly strained relations with England made the activities of the French military engineers more important in the 18th century. The lower Great Lakes frontier was charted with some accuracy by the engineer Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry and his son of the same name. They also prepared maps of Québec and major fortifications from Louisbourg to Detroit. On the East Coast, one of the first accurate hydrographic surveys was made by Joseph Bernard de Chabert (1750–51). In 1750, he built Canada’s first observatory at Louisbourg for astronomical observation and longitude calculation. While the settled and strategic areas of New France were being charted by trained engineers and surveyors, the interior was still being mapped by amateurs with little training and no instruments more sophisticated than a compass. The first maps of the region west of Lake Superior resulted from the La Vérendrye expeditions after 1731, while the northern interior of Quebec was being mapped by the Jesuit Father Laure. These maps portray a recognizable lake and river system. Very little 18th-century manuscript mapping found its way to printed maps until Jacques-Nicolas Bellin became chief engineer and geographer of the Dépôt des cartes, plans et journaux of the French Ministère de la Marine. In 1744, he published 28 maps in Father Pierre-François-Xavier de Charlevoix’s combined Histoire and Journal (1744). These were the first printed maps of Canada based on new material since Delisle’s of 40 years earlier. In succeeding years, Bellin regularly updated his maps. Another important cartographer, Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon D’Anville, like Bellin, had access to original material, and he produced a series of fine maps between 1746 and 1755. Both cartographers published pamphlets explaining their source material and the reliability of their maps. Primary English mapping of Canada before 1763 was confined entirely to the Arctic and the shores of Hudson Bay. Hudson’s 1612 map of the bay’s east shore and the straits was quickly replaced by maps of the entire bay by Thomas James (1633) and Luke Fox. John Thornton produced a more accurate chart for the Hudson’s Bay Company in 1685. The HBC did no more mapping until Arthur Dobbs criticized the company for its dismal record in exploration; beginning in 1741, expeditions resulted in a series of excellent charts by Christopher Middleton (1743), John Wigate (1746) and Henry Ellis (1748) as far north as Repulse Bay. In 1756, the Seven Years’ War interrupted mapping activities in New France. The last French map of North America, summarizing the latest geographical information available on Canada before it passed into British hands, was Bellin’s “Carte de l’Amérique septentrionale” (1755). It shows that Canada had been mapped, roughly but recognizably, to about 102° W in present-day Manitoba and along the western shore of Hudson Bay to the Arctic Circle. Explorers’ Maps after 1763 Although Quebec fell to the British in 1760, the Treaty of Paris was not signed until February 1763. During the truce, the British army under General James Murray made the first detailed survey of this area, from a point above Montreal downstream to below Quebec City. The “Murray Map,” of which at least five hand-drawn copies were made, was drawn at a scale of 2,000 feet to the inch (1:24,000) and showed much information of military importance, such as the population of villages and the positions of houses, churches and mills. Two originals of this map are held in the National Map Collection in Ottawa. Britain’s vast colonial empire in North America now stretched from the High Arctic to the Gulf of Mexico. Huge areas were essentially unknown to Europeans, with only sketchily charted coasts and a largely unmapped hinterland. For the development of resources and the expansion of trade, better charts of the harbours and coastal waters and more accurate maps of the interior were required. There were three excellent surveyors serving with the British forces in Canada. Samuel Holland and Joseph Desbarres were army officers; James Cook was the master of a ship in the British fleet. The work was divided among them: Cook was commissioned to chart the island of Newfoundland and the adjacent Labrador coast; Holland, appointed surveyor general of the Northern District of North America (which included all British holdings north of the Potomac River), concentrated on the Gulf of St. Lawrence, including Prince Edward and Cape Breton islands and the New England coast; and DesBarres turned his attention to Nova Scotia, which at that time included present-day New Brunswick. Many valuable maps and charts resulted. Cook’s charts were of such high quality that his reputation was assured. DesBarres’s major publication was The Atlantic Neptune, a navigational atlas of the east coast of North America containing charts at various scales, coastal views, tide tables and sailing directions. He was allowed to publish the Neptune privately under his own name, although Holland and Cook had been responsible for some of its charts. Holland’s publications concentrated on landward mapping, but of course he used the data produced by the surveys of his colleagues. His map, “A General Map of the Northern British Colonies in America,” drawn at 60 miles to the inch (1:3,801,500), is one of the most important of this period. Meanwhile, other surveyors were carrying out the necessary property surveys so that farmsteads could be established. This work increased greatly after Loyalists began arriving in 1783. Settlement in Nova Scotia was impeded by the lack of a comprehensive land-granting procedure. In the Province of Quebec (which included much of present-day southern Ontario), by contrast, the settlement of the Loyalists was carried out with military efficiency. Governor General Frederick Haldimand and Holland devised a system, comprising townships and lots, for each settler to get a measured portion of land, surveyed at minimal cost and marked on the ground. An important requirement was the preparation of a map of each township showing the layout of farm lots and the major topographic features. A second type of 19th-century cartographic survey that equalled the township surveys in importance was the hydrographic survey of the Great Lakes carried out originally by the British Admiralty, but after 1884 by Canadian hydrographers. The work was started in 1815 by Captain William F. Owen and was turned over to Lieutenant Henry Bayfield the following year. During the next 40 years, Bayfield supervised the surveying of the Great Lakes, the St. Lawrence and the Nova Scotia coast, and was personally responsible for the high quality of the charts produced. Throughout the 19th century and into the 20th, there were hundreds of maps drawn of parts of eastern Canada that were simply compilations and redraftings of the information available from township plans and hydrographic charts. When such maps were extended to cover an area not reached by the township surveyors, the sketch maps of geologists, foresters and even fur traders were used. The “office-compiled maps” were poor substitutes for true topographic maps, but they were inexpensive to produce, and they were the only large- and medium-scale mapping that Canada could afford. “County maps” and “county atlases” were very popular. These had a semiofficial status because the basic survey data were supplied without charge to private publishers who then added a certain amount of current information. The roads and trails opened by the settlers were shown, as were stores, mills, wharves, churches and, in many cases, individual houses. The scales ranged from 40 chains to 128 chains to the inch (1:31,680 to 1:101,376) depending on the size of the county. To increase sales, the publisher inscribed the name of the owner on each occupied farm lot. Government agencies also compiled maps from existing survey data. When Holland died in 1801, Joseph Bouchette became acting surveyor general of Lower Canada and, in 1804, surveyor general. He produced two remarkable maps of his province, the first in 1815 at 2.66 miles to the inch (1:168,530) and a revised version in 1831 at 2.8 miles to the inch (1:177,400). William MacKay’s map of Nova Scotia, published in 1834 at 6 miles to the inch (1:380,150), is a fine example of medium-scale mapping. The British army produced military route-marching maps and larger-scale “reconnoitering plans” from township surveys by adding details such as the strength of bridges and the billeting capacity of villages. Examples are Colonel John Oldfield’s “Map of the Province of Canada” (1843), drawn at 6 miles to the inch (1:380,150), and “Map of the Principal Communications in Canada West,” drawn at 2 miles to the inch (1:126,720) in 1850 under the direction of Major George Baron de Rottenburg. During the 1850s, Bayfield made another significant contribution to Canadian mapping, instituting telegraph longitude observations at a number of eastern Canadian cities. By using the commercial telegraph companies’ lines for the exchange of time signals, he was able to determine very accurately the geographical position of an observatory or a public building in each of the cities. This “known position” was then used to correct the mapping of the surrounding area. Official Surveys The British North America Act assigned responsibility for safe navigation in Canadian waters to the federal government. This initially involved the erection and maintenance of navigational aids such as lighthouses and buoys. The charting of Canadian waters started in 1883 in Georgian Bay. Canada had hitherto relied on British Admiralty charts for navigation on the East and West coasts, and on the Bayfield charts of the Great Lakes. During the late 19th century, navigation on Georgian Bay became very important in national development: its ports were serving agricultural areas and mining and lumbering industries, and many of these ports were developing industries to supply the westward expansion of railways and the new prairie settlements (see also History of Settlement in the Canadian Prairies). Navigation on Georgian Bay was of little interest to the US or Britain, so the Georgian Bay Survey was set up within Canada’s Department of Marine and Fisheries. In 1891, a party from Georgian Bay was sent to Vancouver to survey Burrard Inlet. This survey was the first undertaken by Canada in salt water. In 1904, the Department of Marine and Fisheries began officially charting Canadian coastal waters. The Hydrographic Survey Branch was formed, and the Great Lakes Survey amalgamated with a unit in Public Works that had been doing harbour surveys and a unit in Railways and Canals that had been working on the St. Lawrence and Ottawa rivers. In 1928, it was renamed the Canadian Hydrographic Service (see Hydrography). Canada has the longest national coastline in the world, much of it the scene of either active shipping or resource development. The towing in 1981 of a barge-mounted ore-concentration plant, 138 m long, from Sorel on the St. Lawrence River to Little Cornwallis Island in the central Arctic could not have been done if good charts had not been available. The voyage of the US supertanker Manhattan, accompanied by the Canadian icebreaker John A. Macdonald, through the Northwest Passage in 1969 also illustrates the vast responsibility of the Canadian Hydrographic Service. Because of Canada’s size, maps have always been important in the planning and execution of major development projects. The successful settlement of the Prairie West between 1872 and the 1930s was the result of good planning, police supervision, and having each farm lot surveyed and marked on the ground before the arrival of most of the homesteaders. Surveyors employed by the Department of the Interior marked on the ground the perimeters of the 6-mile (9.7 km) square townships and then the sidelines of each of the 36 sections within the township. They also recorded the positions of major topographic features such as rivers, streams, trails and sloughs. From these notes, draftsmen in Ottawa were able to compile the sheets of Canada’s first extensive map series, the Three-Mile Sectional Maps of the Canadian Prairies drawn at three miles to the inch (1:190,080). Series mapping provides detailed mapping at medium or large scale, yet the individual sheets are kept to a manageable size. Because the sheet boundaries conform to a predetermined grid, a number of sheets can be joined together to provide a large map of an extensive area such as a drainage basin, a forest-protection area, a county or even a whole province. Ideally, a country should first be covered by a large-scale topographic series that displays the complete face of the land, including artificial features, relief, drainage pattern and forest cover. In the early days, Canada could afford only the rather simple maps that could be drawn from the field notes sent in by surveyors whose main employment was staking farm lots, not surveying for maps. The first sheets of the Three-Mile series appeared in 1892. In all, 134 sheets were published, covering approximately 1.4 million km2. Each sheet covered eight townships north to south and from 13 to 15 townships (depending on the latitude) east to west. From 1920 to 1946, 51 of these simple outline maps were converted into true topographic maps through the addition of contours and other details. The series was abandoned in 1956 in favour of the 1:250,000 series (originally drawn at 1:253,430, or 4 miles to the inch) of the National Topographic System (NTS). Simple straight-line surveys were ideal on the flat prairies, but impractical in the Rocky Mountains. When township surveys reached the mountains in 1886, a system was developed using panoramic photographs taken from mountain peaks. A small but important series of mountain maps resulted. The maps themselves were useful, but the technique of mapping from photographs was even more useful because it was adapted to mapping from oblique aerial photographs when these became available after 1925. The success of the Three-Mile series encouraged the Department of the Interior to begin similar medium-scale office-compiled mapping for Eastern Canada. The department’s chief geographer gathered the information from the many land surveys that had been made and compiled it into maps of a standard design. The maps were published at two scales (1:250,000 and 1:500,000), and were known as the Chief Geographer’s Series. The first sheet was published in 1904, and by 1948, when work was stopped, 33 sheets at 1:250,000 and another 25 at 1:500,000 had been published. For many years, they were the most detailed maps available for the settled parts of Eastern Canada. The original Three-Mile series and the Chief Geographer’s Series were not contoured, and because contoured maps were a military requirement, the Department of Militia and Defence started its own series of true topographic maps in 1904. These were drawn at one mile to the inch (1:63,360), and were modelled on the British Ordnance Survey maps at the same scale. This design, with a few modifications to accommodate the Canadian landscape, proved so successful that it was eventually adopted for the basic topographic mapping of Canada at the 1:50,000 scale. Since its inception in 1842, the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) had been hampered by the lack of good base maps on which to display the results of field investigations. In many cases, geologists had to do their own topographic mapping. This was poor use of geologists, so in 1908 a Topographical Survey Division was formed within the GSC. It was to provide topographic maps that could be used both as bases for geological maps and as general purpose topographic maps. In 1920, the Department of the Interior joined the military and the geologists in the separate production of topographic maps. In 1922, senior officers in the three agencies began to unite their efforts into a single topographic system. After study and experimentation, by 1927 what became the NTS had been developed. It was designed as a series of map scales of 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 miles to the inch. Such a system makes topographic maps available for all requirements, ranging from military and geological use at the one-mile scale to aeronautical chart use at 8 and 16 miles to the inch. In 1950 and 1956, the basic scales were converted to their metric equivalents of 1:50,000, 1:125,000, 1:250,000, 1:500,000 and 1:1,000,000, and in 1952 a larger scale, 1:25,000, was added to the system for military and urban use. The smallest scale, 1:1,000,000, provides the basic grid that covers the whole country. This grid is quartered successively to provide the sheet boundaries of each larger scale until the largest (1:25,000) is reached. The numbering of each sheet indicates both the scale and the position of the sheet in the grid. Today, only two of the NTS scales are left in the system: the 1:50,000 and the 1:250,000. Over the years, the two smallest scales (1:500,000 and 1:1,000,000) became used almost exclusively as bases for aeronautical charts. But with the arrival of long-range jet planes in the 1960s, pilots found that charts based on the NTS grid were too small for handy use in the cockpit. During the 1970s, both scales were redrawn and printed on both sides of oversize paper, thus reducing the number of sheets in both series to about one-quarter of the former count. The 1:125,000 series was dropped because it had few uses that could not be fulfilled by either the larger 1:50,000 scale or the smaller 1:250,000. The 1:25,000 scale was very expensive to keep up-to-date because it was printed in five colours and covered urban rural areas where the change in topography was very rapid. Also, many of the provinces started their own large-scale mapping programs in the 1970s, so in 1978 work was stopped on the federal 1:25,000 scale. The resources previously devoted to the dropped scales are now being used to keep the two remaining scales up-to-date. The 1:250,000 series was completed in 1971 in 914 sheets. At the end of 1995, the 1:50,000 series covered all provinces, Yukon, and mainland Northwest Territories. When completed, it will embrace 12 922 sheets. All the remaining sheets are of areas on the Arctic Islands, but even for these the surveying, photography and basic photogrammetry have been completed. Any of them can be put into production as soon as there is an economic reason for doing so. By virtue of having their topographic mapping well in hand, Canadians enjoy the availability of a wide range of thematic maps: geological, forestry, pipeline and power transmission, tourist, etc. Many are produced by federal agencies, but the provinces, responsible for the development of their own natural resources, have become active in producing thematic maps. L. M. SEBERT Mapping since the Second World War The Second World War can be considered a turning point in Canadian topographic mapping. Before the war, topographers used plane tables and sketched out small sections of the terrain that were subsequently joined together into a map. This method was slow, not very accurate and unusable in forested areas. Aerial photographs were used, but in the whole country only one instrument plotted map detail directly from air photos. During the war, the staff of Canada’s military mapping units became familiar with European photomapping equipment, and they became a postwar source of trained technicians available for the modernization of Canada’s mapping agencies. The introduction of photogrammetry (the drawing of maps from aerial photographs) was only one of many technological innovations that have transformed every phase of topographic mapping in Canada. In remote areas, large tracts of country are normally mapped in a single operation. For example, a block 100 km north to south and 300 km east to west is mapped on 32 sheets (4 rows of 8) in the NTS. Aerial photography is done with certain features predetermined: scale, direction of the flight lines (normally east to west), forward overlap of the photos (normally 60 per cent) and the side overlap of the flight lines (normally 30 per cent). About 850 photos are needed. Overlap is necessary to provide areas on the photos for “tie-points” (points of ground detail selected in the overlapping areas) used to “pin” the photos of the block together. Tie-points are marked by tiny holes drilled in the emulsion on film positives of the air photos, and they are measured precisely on a grid co-ordinate system provided for each photo. Each tie-point falls on three or more photos, allowing individual photo grids to be combined into a master system covering the whole photogrammetric block. This extension of the grid system is done by computer. Although photogrammetric techniques have reduced the amount of field surveying required, some surveyed points must still be placed at strategic positions in the photogrammetric block. These are “control points” because they “control” the scale, the orientation and the position of the lines and symbols on the map. There are two types of control points: horizontal (precisely known latitude and longitude) and vertical (precisely known elevation). The horizontal control points must be situated around the perimeter of the photogrammetric block where, in effect, they hold the block in position. All mapping that covers an appreciable area must be drawn according to the mathematical rules of the chosen map projection. In Canadian topographic mapping, this is generally the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection, which means that the latitude and longitude values of all horizontal control points must be converted to the equivalent grid co-ordinates of the UTM projection. The grid of the photogrammetric block is then adjusted in scale and orientation to fit the UTM grid. This in turn gives UTM-grid values to all the tie-points. The vertical control is set out in lines spaced across the block at right angles to the flight lines. This allows computation of tie-point elevations above sea level. The overlapping portion of two adjoining aerial photographs forms a rectangle that is about half a photo wide and a photo long. A tie-point falls in each corner of this rectangle. Such rectangles are “photogrammetric models” because, when viewed through a stereoscopic instrument, they appear to be three-dimensional models of the ground. They are the mapping units of a photogrammetric block. The models are set up, one by one, in photogrammetric plotting instruments, which are adjusted to the known values of the tie-points. The map detail is then traced from the model by the operator, who moves an optical aiming mark, visible in the eyepiece of the instrument, along the roads and streams, around the lakes, etc., of the model. As the aiming mark moves, a pencil recording every move of the mark moves over a drafting table attached to the plotter. This is the process of drawing the linework of the map. Photogrammetric plotters have made great strides in the last 10 years. In the traditional plotter, the operator obtained a 3-dimensional view of the terrain by looking through the optics of the plotter at one of the overlapping air photos with one eye and the other photo with the other eye. On modern plotters (called Digital Photogrammetric Workstations, or DPWs) the left-eye-right-eye viewing is obtained electronically. The operator looks at a TV screen while wearing a pair of glasses that are connected to the screen by an electronic signal that acts as a shutter, alternating the view through the left and right lenses very rapidly. The image on the screen appears to be an ordinary aerial photograph but it is in fact both of the overlapping photos alternating so rapidly that a steady image is seen. The glasses worn by the operator alternate in step with the alternating image on the screen. A brilliant three-dimensional image is seen which is really the melding of the two air photos. The “floating mark” (a dot of light) can be moved across the screen and “lowered” to the ground when an elevation is needed or a contour is to be drawn. Map detail is traced off in the normal way. The coordinates of the floating mark are recorded very precisely on a magnetic disc using the pixel grid of the photographs for reference. This information, including colour coding, is subsequently read from the discs by computer-controlled drafting machines that can work around the clock. There are, of course, still many of the older photogrammetric plotters being used but almost all purchases of new instruments are for DPWs. The many advantages of the new system include the ease with which the original lines can be drawn and adjusted electronically, and the efficiency with which the whole map can be revised when changes in the terrain, natural and unnatural, necessitate the drawing of a new edition of the map. Doppler Positioning System Each phase of the mapping process has its own instrumentation, almost all of which has been developed since the 1970s. The most dramatic advances have been in satellite surveying. The “space age” began in 1957 when the Russians launched the first Sputnik satellite. Within 15 years, the US navy had developed a navigation system based on the reception of radio signal from passing satellites. From these signals, the latitude and longitude of a ship could be calculated with great accuracy. The method of observation consisted of recording radio signals from satellites passing in the sky approximately 1,000 km above Earth. The Doppler shift (the apparent change in frequency of the satellite’s radio signal as it passes overhead) was noted. The rate of change of the frequency shift is a function of the ship’s distance from the satellite. As the position of the satellite is known at all times by independent tracking from known positions around the world, the ship’s position can be calculated to an accuracy of about 10 m. This was far too precise for navigation needs but was ideal for the horizontal control of the 1:50,000 mapping being done in Northern Canada. Additional points can be surveyed between Doppler stations by using an Inertial Surveying System (ISS), consisting of delicate sensors that record any movement of the ISS set with remarkable accuracy. It can be mounted in a car or helicopter, and by starting from a known position (a Doppler station or an older triangulation station), it measures the vehicle’s movement along a preselected route and gives the coordinates of stopping points where accurate positions are needed. Such a traverse is checked by stopping at known positions to confirm the accuracy of readings taken along the way. Perimeter control around a photogrammetric block is very efficiently put in position by an ISS survey, which is accurate to about 1 m. Despite its great usefulness, DPS lasted less than 20 years. It was overtaken by another American development, the Global Positioning System (GPS). This is also a satellite system in which 24 satellites have been placed in near-circular orbits approximately 20,000 km above Earth. A small portable receiver on the ground receives signals from the three or four satellites that are above the horizon at any time. The distance to each of the satellites at any instant can be computed by the receiver. This is done by electronically timing the passage of the signal from satellite to receiver. With this information, a computer, built into the receiver, can calculate its position. As with the DPS, the positions of the satellites are precisely known at all times by independent tracking, and hence the latitude and longitude of the receiver can be obtained. GPS is capable of about 1 cm accuracy if about an hour is taken for observing and if another GPS receiver is recording at a known position in the area (say within 50 km). This simultaneous recording, at a known position and the required position, is needed to cancel out the small variables found in high-precision work. A single receiver without any backup can produce 13 m accuracy, and observations can be taken on the move, as for example in continually tracking the position of a survey ship. Needless to say, the advent of this marvellous survey system has had a profound effect on Canadian surveying for horizontal positions. Virtually all horizontal control for mapping is now placed by GPS. Triangulation is almost a thing of the past. Vertical control, which is always needed to ensure the accuracy of the heights and contours on maps, has not yet been as affected by the satellite systems as horizontal positioning. Vertical control has traditionally been placed by lines of levels. This method is more than adequate for settled areas (levels are traditionally run along roads or railways) but is slow and costly in wilderness regions. Shortly after the Second World War, a Canadian invention, the Air Profile Recorder (APR), provided a method for contouring small and medium-scale maps of the Canadian North. (During the war, Canadian aeronautical charts of Northern Canada were actually published without contours simply because the charts were needed for supply flights to Britain and the USSR and no method was available to provide height information.) Today, an air chart without precise height information is unthinkable, and APR was the answer to this wartime problem. The APR is a radar device that measures and records the vertical distance down to the ground beneath a plane flying at a known altitude. The track of the APR plane is recorded by a downward looking 35 mm camera, and the profile of the ground is continuously plotted on paper tape. In this way, elevations needed for contouring Canada’s northern air charts were obtained. APR has been used around the world by many countries, but today it has been superseded by more accurate methods. The Inertial Surveying System (ISS) can also be used to establish elevations, since it records changes in elevation as it moves along a survey line. This is a very cost-effective method for placing elevations across a photogrammetric block. An ISS elevation is correct to within 0.5–1 m, whereas an APR elevation is only accurate to about 5 m. Satellite surveying is beginning to be used for establishing elevations, but at present there is a problem with this method in certain parts of Canada. As has been explained, the GPS receiver measures the distance down from passing satellites, and by trilateration establishes its horizontal position. The same readings can also establish the elevation of the aerial of the receiver, but the satellite measurements are down to the spheroid of Earth rather than to sea level. The spheroid is a mathematic smooth surface that very closely fits the real Earth. But elevations on maps are the heights above sea level, and there is generally a small vertical separation between sea level and the spheroid. (Sea level is, unfortunately, not really level; it has small humps and valleys caused by the very slight but noticeable sideways pull of gravity.) To obtain a sea level height from satellite observations, the separation between sea level and the spheroid must be known. It is quite accurately known in settled parts of Canada, but in the North it may be in doubt by as much as 3 m. Geodesists are working on this problem by taking hundreds of gravity measurements, but until their work is finished, satellite elevations for many Canadian regions will have an uncertainty of about 3 m. See also Geographic Information Systems. Cadastral Surveying Cadastre is a technical term used in Europe for the registration of land in a given municipal area such as a city or a county. A “cadastral survey” is the measuring, marking and description of parcels of land sufficient for their correct entry into the public land register; or, conversely, the marking on the ground of parcels in accordance with a description in the register. In the latter instance, this could be either an original survey or a retracement when the position of the original boundary is not clear. Within provincial boundaries in Canada, land ownership and all fiscal matters pertaining to land are under provincial jurisdiction. The provinces set the rules and procedures for the cadastral surveys of their lands, including the licensing of surveyors. In Yukon, the Northwest Territories and federal lands in the provinces, such as Indian reserves and national parks, the federal government has this responsibility. An essential part of any cadastral survey is the legal description, which must give the size, shape and location of the parcel being surveyed. It may be in writing, in writing with a plan, or entirely on a registered plan. The traditional written description is by “metes and bounds”: the parcel’s boundary lines are described in succession by stating the direction and length of each line, and by describing the survey markers or natural features that identify the boundary lines on the ground. A registered plan is used when a parcel is being subdivided and a number of lots are being established simultaneously. Such a plan must show the dimensions, boundary line bearings, areas and survey markers of each lot, and each lot must be numbered or otherwise identified. It can then be identified in a deed or other document by plan and lot number and the office where the plan is registered. In many parts of Canada, the original subdivision of crown land was done by township surveys, essential to orderly settlement. Different sizes of townships have been used (e.g., Quebec’s irregularly shaped cantons and Ontario’s concession townships), but all were designed to provide rectangular farm lots within a defined rural community. The survey of a township was essentially a subdivision survey, because the plan of the township was registered and the lots (sometimes called sections) were numbered. The description of a whole lot for legal purposes is complete in the identification of the township and the lot within the township. If only part of a lot is in question, a metes and bounds description, or some other method such as fractional parts, must be used (e.g., “the north half of Lot 24, Concession II, in the Township of North Burgess”). As cities and towns extend into rural areas, it is common to find a township farm lot being subdivided into a number of city lots. Urban Mapping All cities and large towns must have maps for tax assessment, for the location and planning of public utilities, for traffic planning and for many other purposes. Most cities have a survey office, but towns generally have a municipal engineer. Both are responsible for the maintenance of survey records and the custody of maps, but the actual mapping is done by contract with Canada’s air-survey industry. Cities use map scales ranging from 1:500 for plans of sewage systems to 1:50,000 for tourist maps showing complete street layouts. Cities are three-dimensional structures, and the utility mapping must show surface construction underlain by sewers which themselves may be built over power conduits, subways, service tunnels, etc. City maps must be kept up to date; many disastrous delays in municipal works have been caused by unexpected encounters with vital utility lines. Fortunately, most Canadian cities can take pride in the completeness of their maps and survey records. Boundary Surveys In the “township provinces,” the townships are the building blocks of counties and rural and regional municipalities. The district (“land district” in British Columbia) is the equivalent of a county in a sparsely populated wilderness area, and any townships surveyed within its boundaries form only a small proportion of its total area. Since counties and rural municipalities are composed of townships, their boundaries are surveyed during the opening of the township lines forming their boundaries. District boundaries are rarely surveyed except where they coincide with a provincial or county boundary. Provincial and territorial boundaries, except between Quebec and Labrador and between Yukon and the Northwest Territories, have all been surveyed. Canada’s international boundary has been surveyed and marked on the ground, and the boundary markers are under continual inspection by the joint US-Canadian International Boundary Commission. The Western Interior In 1760, the land west of the Great Lakes was poorly mapped. Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) explorers such as Henry Kelsey, Anthony Henday and Samuel Hearne had been sent out on early exploratory journeys, and the La Vérendryes had been able to view only a fraction of the great land. Since none of them could make astronomic observations to fix their positions, they were able to produce only rough sketch maps or route descriptions. In 1778, the HBC hired Philip Turnor, a trained inland surveyor. Turnor mapped the river routes across the company’s vast holdings, and trained junior surveyors such as David Thompson and Peter Fidler in the art of field astronomy for position-fixing, and track-surveying for filling in map detail between the “peg points” provided by the astro-fixes. By this time the HBC was in competition with the North West Company (NWC), which also had surveyors. Shortly after 1778, one of these surveyors, Peter Pond, discovered a practical canoe route from the prairie rivers over the Heights of Land into the Athabasca and Mackenzie rivers (see Portage La Loche). His 1785 map showing the route led other explorers such as Alexander Mackenzie and John Franklin into the central Arctic. London map publishers made good use of the information flowing out of the fur-trade lands. By examining the resulting maps in their various editions, one can almost see the unfolding of Canada. One in particular stands out: “A Map Exhibiting All the New Discoveries in the Interior Parts of North America,” published by Aaron Arrowsmith in 1795 and updated 19 times until after 1850. In 1857, two scientific expeditions, one Canadian and the other British, were sent to the Canadian Prairies. The British party under Captain John Palliser spent three years in the West. The Canadian expedition of Simon Dawson and Henry Hind concentrated on the country between Lake Superior and the Red River. Both expeditions gathered topographical and geographical data which were subsequently published on maps and in reports. These were influential in the negotiations preceding the purchase of Rupert’s Land. In 1774, Captain Juan Pérez Hernandez and his men aboard the Spanish ship Santiago were the first Europeans to view the Northwest Coast. Pérez had been dispatched there to counter the threat to Spanish sovereignty presented by the Russian expeditions of Bering and Chirikov along the Alaska coastline in 1741. He made several coastal sightings as far north as Dixon Entrance (54° N), but submitted no maps or detailed reports. The following year, Spanish hydrographer Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra drew the first chart to show a portion of Canada’s West Coast (see Spanish Exploration). James Cook arrived in 1778 to search for the western end of any channel that might connect with the Arctic Ocean, seen seven years before by Samuel Hearne at the mouth of the Coppermine River, but he found no Northwest Passage. The sovereignty of the West Coast was to remain in dispute for many years. While diplomatic negotiations were being conducted in Europe during the Nootka Sound Controversy, both Spain and Britain were allowed to make charts of the coast to support their claims. The British work was done in 1791–92 under Captain George Vancouver, and the Spanish hydrographers worked under Dionisio Alcalá-Galiano and Cayetano Valdés. There was no animosity between these groups, and on several occasions they exchanged data to improve the work on both sides. In 1793, Alexander Mackenzie, an NWC explorer, travelled from Lake Athabasca to Pacific tidewater at the mouth of the Bella Coola River. During the next half century fur trade employees such as David Thompson, Simon Fraser, Samuel Black and John McLeod made reconnaissance surveys into what is now central British Columbia, increasing the knowledge of this rugged land and producing, in many cases, significant maps recording the topography of the area. Land surveying began when HBC surveyor Joseph Pemberton arrived in Victoria in 1851. In 1858, he completed a map of Victoria. Gold had been found in the Fraser River, and before the year ended, a full-fledged gold rush was in progress (see Fraser River Gold Rush). One section of a detachment of Royal Engineers consisting of 20 surveyors carried out a variety of tasks, including townsite surveys and topographic mapping. By Confederation, much of the BC northern interior was still unknown. The coastline had been surveyed, several routes through the mountains to the Prairies were known, and military surveyors had mapped small areas in the south. The truly remarkable accomplishments in the Arctic were two overland journeys: in 1771, Hearne reached the mouth of the Coppermine River at 67° N, and in 1789 Mackenzie descended the river that today bears his name to tidewater at about 68° N. As well, British navigators still sought the Northwest Passage by sea. Their fascination with this navigational will-o’-the-wisp culminated in the ill-fated Franklin Expedition of 1845. During the ensuing attempts to find Franklin and his men, the searchers undertook further explorations. The resulting maps revealed the outline of Canada’s mainland coast and disclosed the positions and shorelines of the major islands lying south of Lancaster and Melville sounds. Admiralty charts compiled from the navigational records of these voyages provided the most reliable geographical information about the region until after the Second World War. In fact, some of the aeronautical charts of northern Canada used during the war showed little more than this information. W.P. Cumming et al, The Discovery of North America (1971) and The Exploration of North America, 1630-1776 (1974); Energy, Mines and Resources, The National Atlas of Canada (5th ed, 1985); Geodetic Survey, Natural Resources Canada, GPS Positioning Guide (1993); J.B. Harley and D. Woodward, eds, History of Cartography (5 vols projected, 1985- ); R. Cole Harris, ed, Historical Atlas of Canada (vol 1, 1987); C.E. Heidenreich, "Mapping the Great Lakes ... 1603-1700," Cartographica 17.3 (1980) and "Mapping the Great Lakes ... 1700-1760," Cartographica 18.3 (1981); G.M. Lewis, "The Indigenous Maps and Mapping of North American Indians," The Map Collector, 9 (1979); N.L. Nicholson and L.M. Sebert, The Maps of Canada (1981); D.W. Thomson, Men and Meridians (3 vols, 1966-69). Early Canadian MapsA collection of fifty historical maps of North America dating from 1556 to 1857. From the W. H. Pugsley Collection of Early Canadian Maps at McGill University. Computer-Assisted Mapping	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4784
__label__wiki	0.966307	0.966307	Brown, Robert Craig. "National Policy". The Canadian Encyclopedia, 13 June 2019, Historica Canada. https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/national-policy. Accessed 22 January 2020. Brown, R., National Policy (2019). In The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/national-policy Brown, Robert Craig, "National Policy". In The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Article published February 07, 2006; Last Edited June 13, 2019. https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/national-policy Brown, Robert Craig. The Canadian Encyclopedia, s.v. "National Policy", Last Edited June 13, 2019, https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/national-policy Article by Robert Craig Brown Updated by Gord Mcintosh The National Policy was a central economic and political strategy of the Conservative Party under Prime Minister John A. Macdonald, and many of his successors in high office. It meant that from 1878 until the Second World War, Canada levied high tariffs on foreign imported goods, to shield Canadian manufacturers from American competition. Mackenzie's Low Tariffs Tariff protection for manufacturers was the rallying cry of Macdonald's Liberal-Conservative coalition in its successful 1878 general election campaign. Prime Minister Alexander Mackenzie's Liberals, in office from 1873-78, had previously adhered to a policy of tariffs strictly for revenue purposes — around 20 per cent of customs duties on manufactured goods. They'd remained faithful to this non-protectionist policy, despite the economic depression of the 1870s and the failure of the Liberals' 1874-75 attempt to negotiate a reciprocity or free trade agreement with the United States. Macdonald's National Policy became a public issue after the Liberal government failed to raise the tariff in the 1876 budget. After Macdonald came to power again in 1878, a higher tariff was announced in the budget of 14 March 1879, following consultation with business interests. Tory Economic Strategy High tariffs were intended to broaden the base of the Canadian economy and restore the confidence of Canadians in the development of their country. Macdonald acknowledged that his National Policy would also assist a group of wealthy businessmen, including several in Montreal, who in turn could be counted on to contribute generously to the Conservative Party. The tariff on most foreign manufactured goods was increased, affording substantial protection to Canadian manufacturers. Equally important to manufacturers were the reduced customs duties on imported raw materials and semi-processed products, which lowered their costs of production. Over time the National Policy took on a broader meaning in Conservative Party rhetoric, which tended to equate the Policy with its larger development strategies: the Canadian Pacific Railway (1880s); western settlement, including the Dominon Lands Act of 1872 and immigration policy; harbour development; and the subsidization of fast steamship service to Europe and Asia to facilitate the export of Canadian products. The Policy, and its many parts, became the centrepiece of Conservative Party policy for decades, even being espoused by Prime Minister R.B. Bennett in the 1930s as fervently as it was by Macdonald in the 1880s. Macdonald's last election, in 1891, was fought successfully in defence of his National Policy and against the opposition Liberal call for commercial union and "unrestricted reciprocity" with the United States. Ongoing Election Issue When Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier eventually brought the Liberals to power in 1896, his government adopted the same protectionist principles — if not the rhetoric — of the National Policy tariff, and kept its general tariff at similarly high protectionist rates. Even the Laurier government's famous reciprocity agreement with the US in 1911 made only a few concessions on import duties on manufactured goods; the bulk of the agreement abolished duties on natural products, and customs duties were lowered on only a restricted list of manufactured goods. But this alarmed manufacturers enough to swing their support back to the Conservatives in the 1911 general election. Campaigning on the argument that a mature economy had developed under the National Policy, that reciprocity threatened the Canadian economy, and that the choice before the electors was "whether the spirit of Canadianism or of Continentalism shall prevail on the northern half of this continent," Robert Borden's Conservatives swept to victory, bringing a continuance of the National Policy. Slow Dismantlement While the National Policy was a political success in central Canada, it was extremely unpopular in the West and was at the core of lingering resentment toward the eastern manufacturing base. The National Policy was slowly dismantled during the extended tenure of the Liberal Party under Prime Ministers William Lyon Mackenzie King and Louis St. Laurent in the 1940s and 1950s respectively. The Canadian and American economies gradually integrated after the Second World War. With the signing of the Canada-U.S. Autopact in 1965 the two countries reached a major milestone in economic integration that would continue. In 1989, Canada and the US signed the Free Trade Agreement (See: Free Trade), further cementing economic ties. John A. Macdonald Robert Craig Brown, Canada's National Policy, 1883-1900 (1964); V.C. Fowke, The National Policy and the Wheat Economy (1957); P. Russell, "The National Policy, 1879-1979," Journal of Canadian Studies 14 (1979). The Great Depression in Canada	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4785
__label__wiki	0.783903	0.783903	Ricky Tomlinson opens The Bull and Stirrup Ex Brookside and Royle Family star Ricky Tomlinson was on Northgate street opening the new look Bull and Stirrup pub today. Wetherspoons, who acquired the pub in 2014 have spent over £2 million on the refurbishment which includes 11 ensuite bedrooms and a new beer garden. In the 1970s Ricky worked as a plasterer and was heavily involved in the trade union movement. He held meetings in a room upstairs in the pub and was later jailed for 16 months alongside several other picketers for conspiracy. Ricky, who received a fantastic welcome from the public spoke eloquently about his memories of the time and his fight to clear his name… Ricky with campaigners and members of the public Council leader Sam Dixon and MP Chris Matheson also attended the launch with Cllr Dixon commenting that : “It’s fantastic to see the Bull and Stirrup coming back into life. It was first built in 1889, but you’re probably not aware that its been Grade II listed since 1997 . It was named after the livestock market which was at the end of the road, which is no more, but its great to see this pub back in action. With all the regeneration that’s going on in the city with the bus station and the new cultural centre.” She praised Wetherspoons for its careful restoration and the unique carpet. MP Chris Matheson praises Wetherspoons breakfasts Sam Dixon and Ricky Tomlinson MP Chris was also full of praise, highlighting the 70 jobs created by the pub chain. “You know what you get with Wetherspoons…To Tim Martin and all his people, thank you for the massive investment. ” The MP said that he had been involved in Ricky’s campaign for some time and highlighted the plight of construction workers over the years. He said that the convictions were a “stain against this country…we will not stop until we get the conviction overturned…” Ricky, standing on a chair, joked that it was the “smallest stage” he had been on.. Ricky “I’ve had a wonderful career and made a few quid, but some of our lads have passed on . All we want is justice before we all pack in… There are people here who are a different political persuasion to me but I say welcome this morning and thanks for coming. There are people here who have travelled from London who have been campaigning for 45 years… Dessie Warren was a Chester lad, he died from the drugs he was given in jail. He sued the government and was give a few thousand pounds but he had to sign a gagging clause. I haven’t signed a clause so everywhere I go I say: the state killed Dessie Warren. It came out in the trial that our telephones were tapped .The fight will go on . I am thrilled with the turnout from the trade union movement and from Chester.. God Bless you, but the fight goes on! ” Manager Dan Grist with Sam Dixon, Ricky Tomlinson and Chris Matheson “the fight goes on” Later speaking to the press , Ricky who was born in 1939 near Blackpool but described himself as a “Scouser born and bred” said that he had connections to the area with his Welsh children and grandchildren. He recalled the weekly meetings held in the pub and his 40 year fight for justice. He claimed that the documentary film “The Red under the bed” was funded and produced by the security services and was part of the conspiracy against him, with the actor believing it influenced the jury. Critical of new trade union legislation which he said was “ludicrous” he said that “things are going backwards instead of forwards.” He also said that he was a huge fan of Jeremy Corbyn (unlike our MP who called on him to resign in 2016): “I love Corbyn. What he stands for is tremendous. He is not asking for anything that isn’t reasonable. What the Labour party needs to do is get behind the man”. Away from politics Ricky expressed a fondness for Chester .”I have always thought of Chester as a medieval town which is beautiful with its Tudor buildings. And its still like that. I am quite delighted and honoured to be here, the way they’ve done it up is amazing. We used to go upstairs and have a little room (which is now a toilet). I might come here and put a little Cabaret show on here because that’s what I do ! ” When asked if his TV alter ego Jim Royle would drink in the new pub he replied: “No! He’d have a right name for the people that drink here! He’d call them all shirkers whi had never done a day’s work in their life. We never found out if Jim ever worked did we? The last job he was supposed to have was the school milk monitor!.” Cheers to the Bull and Stirrup The Bull & Stirrup is open from 7am until midnight Sunday to Thursday and 7am until 1am on Friday and Saturday. Food served from 7am-11pm every day With thanks to The Bull and Stirrup, Cllr Richard Beacham, Rachel O Kelly and Robert Whiteside. Posted in people, PlacesBy @shitchester 2 Replies to “Ricky Tomlinson opens The Bull and Stirrup” Barry Guest says: I was invited on Sunday as a prize winner. The staff were really friendly and the decor fantastic. Looking forward to popping in again soon. Mike Horne says: I used to drink in there from1970 to 73 when I worked in Chester Woolworths,it was a great pub,dominoes good Higsons mild,all the trainees from Woolies drank there and in the Boot Inn,the Electric strike sitting in there with a pint ,candles lighting the place up,Happy days indeed. Previous PostPrevious In the vaults of the Grosvenor Museum Next PostNext Spring cleaning the rows	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4790
__label__wiki	0.510186	0.510186	American Psychological Association Demands Using Plural Pronouns For Nonbinary Individuals I am certainly not a 'they,' and I shudder to imagine a society that prefers to see me as a generic and inclusive pronoun, rather than a whole and autonomous person. By Chad Felix Greene In what appears to be one of the most remarkable examples of irony in left-wing “progress,” the LGBT left is celebrating the American Psychological Association’s style guide adopting “they/them” as the official pronoun designation for nonbinary people. LGBTQ Nation tweeted, “With this move, the APA is recognizing the existence of nonbinary people and inviting others to understand them better.” This change follows the highly publicized revelation of British singer Sam Smith changing his personal pronouns to “they” and “them” and stating, “I hope you can see me like I see myself now.” This style guide change represents a moment of truth for the LGBT left in erasing individuality to celebrate absolute personal customization of identity. They/Them Just Doesn’t Work as a Singular Pronoun The APA style guide is widely used in academic writing, and the decision to essentially create a new usage from an established pronoun is absurd. The APA blog post, titled “Welcome, Singular ‘They’,” explains that “they” is a generic third-person pronoun identical in usage to “he” and “she” and apparently “ze.” It elaborates, “[S]ome people use other pronouns, including ‘they,’ ‘zir,’ ‘ze,’ ‘xe,’ ‘hir,’ ‘per,’ ‘ve,’ ‘ey,’ and ‘hen.’” Why is this necessary? The article argues, typically scholarly papers would use “he or she” to avoid introducing bias to the reader. Doing so allows the reader to make assumptions about the sex of the subject that may not be accurate. The concern now is that this bias may assume the subject identifies as male or female when that may not be the case. The guide states, “APA advocates for the singular ‘they’ because it is inclusive of all people and helps writers avoid making assumptions about gender.” The irony, of course, is that if “they/them” is meant to designate a nonbinary person, then the use of “they/them” significantly biases the reader about the subject’s sex. If, on the other hand, “they/them” is inclusive of all people, then it is not particularly useful for helping nonbinary people, as LGBTQ Nation and Smith argued, feel seen or better understood. More specifically, the guideline mandates the pronoun usage, stating, “If you are writing about a person who uses ‘they’ as their pronoun, then yes, you have to use it. Respectful and inclusive language is important.” Again, this creates a standard for readers that if they see the pronoun “they/them,” the subject must be nonbinary. As illustrated by my use of the pronoun, it designates a hypothetical person with no other individual characteristics. The messaging here seems to be that nonbinary people are both significant and individual enough to require “respectful” recognition while simultaneously being interchangeable with the generic representation of all people. Generic Identity Removes Individuality The LGBT organization GLAAD instructs that “nonbinary” or “genderqueer” are “used by some people who experience their gender identity and/or gender expression as falling outside the categories of man and woman. They may define their gender as falling somewhere in between man and woman, or they may define it as wholly different from these terms.” This was explained in the People magazine article about Smith, which concluded with Smith saying, “Some days I’ve got my manly side and some days I’ve got my womanly side, but it’s when I’m in the middle of that switch that I get really, really depressed and sad. Because I don’t know who I am or where I am or what I’m doing, and I feel very misunderstood by myself.” Both descriptions involve scenarios in which male and female are established sex standards, and only when a person feels somewhere in between the two, defined exclusively by societal sex stereotypes and norms, are they something else. This designation removes people’s individuality, making their identities dependent on their own fluid perception of how they experience these sex stereotypes on any given day. This does not, in any way, seem empowering or healthy. This is equally revealed in the addition of an “X” on birth certificates, recognized in 11 states to indicate a nonbinary person. How does reducing identity to a generic “X” on a birth certificate indicate progress toward a more inclusive and respectful society? I have adopted the term “nonbinary” for myself, as it illustrates what liberal society has been advocating for decades: a freedom from strict sex norms. While the left has moved backward toward fusing male and female into the very essence of a person’s identity, I, and most of the right, advocate for individuality and freedom from such unnecessary limitations. Strangely, where the LGBT left has associated nonbinary identity with a rejection of physical sex, in reality, it better aligns with the traditional feminist view of equality of the sexes and human autonomy. Gender was not supposed to dictate a person’s fate or determine his or her path in life. As a male person who does not particularly identify with either set of gender norms, this concept is empowering and freeing for me. It seems the LGBT left wishes for me to abandon this sense of autonomy and personhood. Why Does the LGBT Elite Accept the Generic Pronoun? Our society allows people to achieve things based solely on their individual desire, ability, and ambition, without limitation imposed on them by their condition of birth or physical characteristics unique to them. People can discover their identity without the boundary of social gender norms restricting their options. The purpose of the sexual revolution was to free people from believing they were trapped in the life they found themselves born into. Why on Earth would academia take this boundless opportunity and reduce all people to a singular “they”? More importantly, why would LGBT people welcome such a dehumanizing social designation? LGBT culture once boldly celebrated the rejection of sex stereotypes, and referring to a transgender person as “it” has been considered a slur for some time. It is baffling to watch a generation of LGBT people, who often love to distinguish themselves with brightly colored hair, clothing, and tattoos, adopt such a gray, generic term. It is even more frustrating to watch them view their bodies as a form of oppression, restricting them from fully living as their true selves. The push in academia to normalize “they” as a singular pronoun is concerning. Without the option to verbalize views without adhering to strict official guidelines in scholarly language, dissent will become more and more difficult. Furthermore, belief in generic identity constrains the fight for individuality. I am certainly not a “they,” and I shudder to imagine a society that prefers to see me as a generic and inclusive pronoun, rather than a whole and autonomous person. Chad Felix Greene is a senior contributor to The Federalist. He is the author of the "Reasonably Gay: Essays and Arguments" series and is a social writer focusing on truth in media, conservative ideas and goals, and true equality under the law. You can follow him on Twitter @chadfelixg. Photo AWang/WIkimedia Commons Academia American Psychological Association APA birth certificates gender gender identity higher ed higher education language LGBT nonbinary preferred pronouns pronoun pronouns sex Trans transgender transgender pronouns	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4792
__label__cc	0.718081	0.281919	Methodology of Project The Organizations Veteran Biographies Harold and James Evette The Creation of Masculinity through Service Civilian Military Disconnect Homelessness Journey, Assumptions about Homelessness Barriers and experiences with ‘the system’ Causes of Veteran Homelessness Friends, Loneliness, and Difficulties with not Having a Home Cycle of Homelessness Feeling a Need to Give Back The Forgotten Fight An Oral History of Homeless Veterans The Forgotten Fight Oral History Project is a living history project based on a collection of personal stories from the homeless veteran community in Richmond, Virginia. The project looks at the larger narratives and common threads in the collected oral histories to place them in the context of a public and collective memory through dialogue with scholarly research. Inspired by The Cleveland Homeless Oral History Project conducted by Daniel Kerr, the purpose of this project is to provide a deeper understanding of a marginalized population and to help give these people a voice with which to tell their story and be heard. [1] It is my hope that I can provide a service; a platform for these individuals to tell their story- whatever story they feel is important to their own history- in an attempt to understand the current state of the homeless veteran population in America beyond the analytical and scholarly research that has been done in the past and begin to break down the boundaries that exist between those who are homeless and those who are not. Oral historians have found that giving someone the opportunity to tell their story is beneficial not only to them, but to the population as a whole because it allows for the formation of dialogue between two distinct groups; in this case those who are homeless and those who are not. [2] The project is a cultural product that exhibits the oral histories of homeless veterans and their perspectives, contextualizing the individual narrative of the homeless veteran in the frame of larger public memory. The Forgotten Fight Oral History Project is presented as an interactive video website that allows the audience to connect directly with the veterans’ stories and thoughts. The oral history videos on the website are largely unedited to allow for the veteran to tell their story with little interruption or influence and allow the audience to engage with their stories as a primary source for individual interpretation. [1] Kerr, Daniel. “‘We Know What the Problem Is’: Using Oral History to Develop a Collaborative Analysis of Homelessness from the Bottom up.” The Oral History Review 30, no. 1 (2003): 27-45. [2] For more oral history projects, see Studs Terkel Hard Times, and Daniel Kerr’s Cleveland Homeless Oral History Project.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4793
__label__wiki	0.517488	0.517488	Further studies of the effects of somatostatin and related peptides in area CA1 of rabbit hippocampus H. E. Scharfman, Philip A Schwartzkroin 1. In slice studies of mature and immature CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells from rabbit, somatostatin 14 (SS14), the related peptide somatostatin 28(1-12) [SS(1-12)], and the synthetic analogue of somatostatin 14, SMS-201995 (SMS), had similar effects. When pressure-ejected onto cell somata, these peptides elicited depolarizations, often accompanied by action potential discharge. When applied to dendrites, the peptides produced depolarizations or hyperpolarizations. 2. When a large amount of one of the three somatostatin-related (SS) peptides was applied to the slice at some distance from the impaled cell, hyperpolarizations were observed that were not always blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX) or low Ca2+. Since SS peptides were also found to depolarize interneurons in area CA1, it seems likely that the hyperpolarizations that were blocked by TTX or low Ca2+ were mediated via excitation of interneurons that in turn hyperpolarized pyramidal cells. 3. All SS peptides also had long-lasting effects on CA1 pyramidal cells that led to spontaneous firing of action potentials and an increase in the number of action potentials discharged in response to a given depolarizing current pulse; the spontaneous discharge effect was blocked by TTX or low Ca2+ plus Mn2+ and, thus, appeared to have a presynaptic mechanism. However, the increase in discharge in response to a constant depolarizing current pulse was not dependent on intact synaptic transmission and, therefore, was attributable to a direct postsynaptic effect of the SS peptides. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Somatostatin Interneurons hippocampal slices interneuron pressure ejection pyramidal cell somatostatin 14 Scharfman, H. E., & Schwartzkroin, P. A. (1988). Further studies of the effects of somatostatin and related peptides in area CA1 of rabbit hippocampus. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, 8(4), 411-429. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00711226 Further studies of the effects of somatostatin and related peptides in area CA1 of rabbit hippocampus. / Scharfman, H. E.; Schwartzkroin, Philip A. In: Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Vol. 8, No. 4, 12.1988, p. 411-429. Scharfman, HE & Schwartzkroin, PA 1988, 'Further studies of the effects of somatostatin and related peptides in area CA1 of rabbit hippocampus', Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 411-429. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00711226 Scharfman HE, Schwartzkroin PA. Further studies of the effects of somatostatin and related peptides in area CA1 of rabbit hippocampus. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology. 1988 Dec;8(4):411-429. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00711226 Scharfman, H. E. ; Schwartzkroin, Philip A. / Further studies of the effects of somatostatin and related peptides in area CA1 of rabbit hippocampus. In: Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology. 1988 ; Vol. 8, No. 4. pp. 411-429. @article{83dfa806d01a4f99865a22a91669f6d3, title = "Further studies of the effects of somatostatin and related peptides in area CA1 of rabbit hippocampus", abstract = "1. In slice studies of mature and immature CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells from rabbit, somatostatin 14 (SS14), the related peptide somatostatin 28(1-12) [SS(1-12)], and the synthetic analogue of somatostatin 14, SMS-201995 (SMS), had similar effects. When pressure-ejected onto cell somata, these peptides elicited depolarizations, often accompanied by action potential discharge. When applied to dendrites, the peptides produced depolarizations or hyperpolarizations. 2. When a large amount of one of the three somatostatin-related (SS) peptides was applied to the slice at some distance from the impaled cell, hyperpolarizations were observed that were not always blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX) or low Ca2+. Since SS peptides were also found to depolarize interneurons in area CA1, it seems likely that the hyperpolarizations that were blocked by TTX or low Ca2+ were mediated via excitation of interneurons that in turn hyperpolarized pyramidal cells. 3. All SS peptides also had long-lasting effects on CA1 pyramidal cells that led to spontaneous firing of action potentials and an increase in the number of action potentials discharged in response to a given depolarizing current pulse; the spontaneous discharge effect was blocked by TTX or low Ca2+ plus Mn2+ and, thus, appeared to have a presynaptic mechanism. However, the increase in discharge in response to a constant depolarizing current pulse was not dependent on intact synaptic transmission and, therefore, was attributable to a direct postsynaptic effect of the SS peptides.", keywords = "hippocampal slices, interneuron, pressure ejection, pyramidal cell, somatostatin 14, somatostatin 28", author = "Scharfman, {H. E.} and Schwartzkroin, {Philip A}", journal = "Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology", T1 - Further studies of the effects of somatostatin and related peptides in area CA1 of rabbit hippocampus AU - Scharfman, H. E. AU - Schwartzkroin, Philip A N2 - 1. In slice studies of mature and immature CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells from rabbit, somatostatin 14 (SS14), the related peptide somatostatin 28(1-12) [SS(1-12)], and the synthetic analogue of somatostatin 14, SMS-201995 (SMS), had similar effects. When pressure-ejected onto cell somata, these peptides elicited depolarizations, often accompanied by action potential discharge. When applied to dendrites, the peptides produced depolarizations or hyperpolarizations. 2. When a large amount of one of the three somatostatin-related (SS) peptides was applied to the slice at some distance from the impaled cell, hyperpolarizations were observed that were not always blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX) or low Ca2+. Since SS peptides were also found to depolarize interneurons in area CA1, it seems likely that the hyperpolarizations that were blocked by TTX or low Ca2+ were mediated via excitation of interneurons that in turn hyperpolarized pyramidal cells. 3. All SS peptides also had long-lasting effects on CA1 pyramidal cells that led to spontaneous firing of action potentials and an increase in the number of action potentials discharged in response to a given depolarizing current pulse; the spontaneous discharge effect was blocked by TTX or low Ca2+ plus Mn2+ and, thus, appeared to have a presynaptic mechanism. However, the increase in discharge in response to a constant depolarizing current pulse was not dependent on intact synaptic transmission and, therefore, was attributable to a direct postsynaptic effect of the SS peptides. AB - 1. In slice studies of mature and immature CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells from rabbit, somatostatin 14 (SS14), the related peptide somatostatin 28(1-12) [SS(1-12)], and the synthetic analogue of somatostatin 14, SMS-201995 (SMS), had similar effects. When pressure-ejected onto cell somata, these peptides elicited depolarizations, often accompanied by action potential discharge. When applied to dendrites, the peptides produced depolarizations or hyperpolarizations. 2. When a large amount of one of the three somatostatin-related (SS) peptides was applied to the slice at some distance from the impaled cell, hyperpolarizations were observed that were not always blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX) or low Ca2+. Since SS peptides were also found to depolarize interneurons in area CA1, it seems likely that the hyperpolarizations that were blocked by TTX or low Ca2+ were mediated via excitation of interneurons that in turn hyperpolarized pyramidal cells. 3. All SS peptides also had long-lasting effects on CA1 pyramidal cells that led to spontaneous firing of action potentials and an increase in the number of action potentials discharged in response to a given depolarizing current pulse; the spontaneous discharge effect was blocked by TTX or low Ca2+ plus Mn2+ and, thus, appeared to have a presynaptic mechanism. However, the increase in discharge in response to a constant depolarizing current pulse was not dependent on intact synaptic transmission and, therefore, was attributable to a direct postsynaptic effect of the SS peptides. KW - hippocampal slices KW - interneuron KW - pressure ejection KW - pyramidal cell KW - somatostatin 14 JO - Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology JF - Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4795
__label__cc	0.505077	0.494923	Home / Arts + Culture / Human, Social, and Cultural Capital and Immigration Issues 2 Historical Background 3 Cultural Capital 4 Social Capital 5 Impacts and Issues 6 Human Capital and Immigration Issues 7 Cultural Capital and Immigration Issues 8 Social Capital and Immigration Issues Human capital, cultural capital, and social capital are three related terms used in sociology, economics, and other fields. In economics the word capital is often used to refer to money, goods, or other tangible (material) financial assets. In contrast, human capital, cultural capital, and social capital often refer to intangible (non-material) assets that have some sort of value. Scholars use these three concepts to understand why people emigrate, how migrant populations live, and why some groups succeed in a new country whereas others do not. Broadly defined, human capital is an individual worker’s knowledge, skills, abilities, and personality traits that can be used in the labor market to create economic value. Factors affecting human capital include job experience, education, and unique attributes such as creativity. Cultural capital is the possession of both symbolic and real assets that are valued by society, confer wealth and status, or allow upward social mobility within a class system. Examples of cultural capital might be a physical object that shows wealth, status, or good taste, such as a work of art or a luxury car, as well as knowledge, education, tastes, style of clothing, and anything else that confers social status or belonging to a social class. The concept of social capital has been used in many disciplines, and there is some disagreement over the definition. Broadly defined, it is the value of social relationships and networks, as well as the norms and values that hold them together. Thus, social capital may refer to the benefits of membership in any group. Although the term human capital was popularized in the 1960s, its origins can be traced to much earlier. In 1776 Scottish economist Adam Smith (1723–1790) published the foundational work of free market capitalism known as An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. He describes four kinds of fixed capital: machines, buildings, land, and “the acquired and useful abilities of all the inhabitants or members of the society,” which may be obtained during “education, study, or apprenticeship.” In the 20th century the concept of human capital was strongly associated with the Chicago school of economics, a group of highly influential economists affiliated with the University of Chicago who tended to support conservative policies of free markets and limited government. In 1958 Polish American economist Jacob Mincer (1922–2006) wrote an article titled “Investment in Human Capital and Personal Income Distribution” in the Journal of Political Economy in which he argues that human capital offers an explanation for unequal incomes. Mincer suggests that investment in human capital, including education and training, tends to produce higher incomes, an argument later echoed by US economist Gary Becker (1930–2014) in the 1964 book Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis. The idea of cultural capital was first put forth by French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu (1930–2002) in his 1986 essay “The Forms of Capital.” Bourdieu’s idea of cultural capital complicated the notion of human capital, which holds that success and income are largely determined by individual merit. Bourdieu arrived at the idea of cultural capital when looking at the tendency of middle-class children to do better in school than working-class children. He argued that both groups of children tend to reproduce the tastes and values of their parents, but middle-class children are more comfortable and familiar with the cultural markers that are valued in education. For example, children who have visited an art museum with their parents are more familiar with art than those who have not visited an art museum. Therefore, these children tend to succeed in environments where art appreciation is valued. This reproduces the same class structure for the next generation. BRAIN DRAIN: Emigration of a significant number of highly skilled and highly educated people from a country. BRAWN DRAIN: Emigration of a significant number of elite athletes from a country. CHAIN MIGRATION: The process in which migrants use familial ties to bring friends and family from their home country to their new location. DEVELOPED NATIONS: Countries with high levels of gross national income (GNI). DEVELOPING NATIONS: Also called emerging economies, these are countries with low to middle levels of gross national income (GNI). The act of leaving one’s country or region of birth. ETHNIC ENCLAVE: A particular geographic area where migrant ethnic minorities live in close proximity, congregate, and conduct business. The term ethnic enclave is interchangeable with ethnic neighborhood. MIGRANTS: People who move to find work or education or who relocate if their homeland is unsafe. Migrants are differentiated from immigrants, who move permanently to a different country. URBAN SPRAWL: An expansion of urban areas that encroaches on natural areas as well as agricultural land. Bourdieu outlined three types of cultural capital: embodied, objectified, and institutionalized. Embodied cultural capital is defined as the knowledge, values, culture, heritage, and tastes that are often acquired subconsciously through socialization and actively through education. Objectified cultural capital consists of objects with economic and cultural symbolic value, such as works of art. Institutionalized cultural capital is the recognition of an individual’s value by an institution, such as a university awarding a degree. Social capital, in its most common usage, refers to value that comes from membership in a group, whether a family, a group of friends, a sports league, a church, or a community. It also refers to the value of close bonds within communities, which are reinforced by trust and cooperation. Membership in a community that has close-knit relationships and high levels of trust and cooperation might have benefits that are difficult to measure, such as reduced stress or depression, as well as tangible benefits, such as receiving information about a job opening or the development of a community garden. The meaning of social capital has evolved somewhat in its history and has been used in many different disciplines, including education, urban planning, sociology, public health, political science, and migrant studies. L. J. Hanifan (1879–1932), an American superintendent of rural schools and a writer, is credited with first using the term in 1916. Bourdieu refers to social capital in his 1986 essay as a way of understanding inequality. He defines social capital as networks and connections that can be used for personal gain or converted into other forms of capital. The term was modified by US sociologist James Coleman (1926–1995). Coleman, who studied education, saw social capital as any kind of resource that an individual accesses though social structures, whether positive or negative. The concept of social capital was widely popularized by US political scientist Robert D. Putnam (1941–), particularly in his 2000 book Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of the American Community. In the book he examines social capital from an institutional perspective, arguing that American participation in community and civic engagement was declining due to such factors as television and urban sprawl. Instead of joining bowling leagues as in the past, Americans were now “bowling alone.” Putnam argues that this decline in social capital has weakened US democratic institutions and the ability to achieve collective action. Some disagreed with Putnam’s thesis, suggesting that new forms of social networks, especially online, were emerging to replace traditional forms of engagement. Putnam also distinguishes between two forms of social capital: bonding social capital, which links a similar group of people that tend to exclude others, and bridging social capital, which connects dissimilar groups of people that tend to be more inclusive. Putnam argues that both were important to society but acknowledges that bonding social capital can reduce bridging social capital by encouraging discrimination and other exclusionary behavior. Impacts and Issues Scholars of immigration have used the concepts of human capital, cultural capital, and social capital to understand patterns of immigration and the challenges facing immigrants. Policy makers have also referred to these concepts when creating new immigration laws and regulations. Human Capital and Immigration Issues Human capital in particular has been used as a framework to explain why people move from one country to another. US economist Theodore W. Schultz (1902–1998) used human capital to explain why migrants tend to be young people. In his 1961 article “Investment in Human Capital,” he argues that “the costs of such migration are a form of human investment” and that younger people “have more years ahead of them than older workers during which they can realize on such an investment.” Another important concept in immigration studies is human capital flight, or brain drain. In nations with relatively open borders, human capital flight is the tendency of highly skilled or highly educated individuals from poor or unstable nations to immigrate to wealthier, more stable countries. The latter countries have more potential to recognize the value of their human capital. One historical example of brain drain is the flight of intellectuals, especially Jewish intellectuals, from Germany and Nazi-allied countries in the 1930s and 1940s. Another example of human capital flight is a professional athlete recruited from a poor country, sometimes referred to as brawn drain. In many Western countries immigration policy encourages accepting those judged to have higher human capital. In Canada many immigrants are admitted through the Federal Skilled Worker Program, which selects immigrants based on their work experience, education, language skills, and age. In the United States H-1B visas, or nonimmigrant visas that permit temporary employment, are awarded to highly educated immigrants in specialized fields such as medicine or engineering. Scholars disagree whether human capital flight is a positive or negative phenomenon for both developed and developing countries. When developed countries receive the best and brightest people from around the world, fields such as science and medicine tend to advance. However, the resulting brain drain can create health crises. From 2013 to 2016 West Africa experienced an Ebola outbreak that was made worse because of the lack of doctors living in the region. Many highly skilled migrants enjoy benefits such as higher pay, greater career advancement opportunities, and even greater security if they have left an unsafe country. Highly skilled migrants often send money back to their family, which can help improve the economy of a developing nation. But this phenomenon can also cause economic problems for both developing and developed nations. In the United States the H-1B visa program has been criticized for giving a third of visas to outsourcing companies, which pay immigrants less, edging out US workers. In 2017 US President Donald Trump (1946–), who ran on an anti-immigration platform, expressed a desire to reform the H-1B visa program. Cultural Capital and Immigration Issues The theory of cultural capital has been expanded to understand issues surrounding immigration. In White Nation: Fantasies of White Supremacy in a Multicultural Society (2000), Lebanese Australian scholar Ghassan Hage (1957–) advances the idea of national cultural capital. He argues that in a multicultural society an individual’s cultural capital is derived from markers of belonging to the dominant nationality. Such markers include skin tone, mastery of language, accent, understanding of culture, and other factors. Because of this, a native-born resident of a country will tend to have much more national cultural capital than an immigrant. Theorists and researchers have used the framework of national cultural capital to examine how groups of immigrants fare in a new country. Even well-educated immigrants with credentials may find their cultural capital is not valued in their new country. According to a December 7, 2016, CNN report, “nearly 1.5 million college educated immigrants were employed in low skill positions between 2009 and 2013.” Some countries are attempting to increase the cultural capital of immigrants to integrate better into the host country. In 2016, after admitting nearly 1 million Syrian and Iraqi refugees the previous year, Germany passed the Integration Act, which required refugees seeking benefits to attend classes in German language, history, government, and society. Social Capital and Immigration Issues Scholars have used the framework of social capital to understand the effects of immigrants on a host country. In a 2007 essay for Scandinavian Political Studies, Putnam observes that in the short run increased immigration and diversity tend to reduce social cohesion, or the extent to which members of a society feel connected to one another. This lowers social capital due to decreased trust, cooperation, and social and civic engagement. As time passes, Putnam argues, societies overcome this by creating new connections and forms of social solidarity. He points to the “Americanization of St. Patrick’s Day, pizza, and ‘Jewish’ humor” as ways that immigrants once perceived as outsiders have become fundamentally “American.” A related issue that scholars have examined is the social networks of immigrants. Chain migration is a phenomenon in which people tend to migrate to areas in which there are other migrants of the same ethnicity. This allows them to benefit from preexisting cultural and social capital in these communities. The tendency toward chain migration leads to ethnic enclaves. In a 1997 essay on New York City’s Chinatown, Chinese American scholar Min Zhou (1956–) notes that the community has a high level of social capital, including many community organizations, religious institutions, and strong family ties. Zhou argues that these factors may explain the economic success of Chinese Americans. A related concept is ethnic economies, or industries that are largely dominated by one ethnic group, usually immigrants. For example, in Canada a high percentage of domestic caregivers and nannies are Filipino women. Ethnic economies are often based on high levels of trust and cooperation between immigrants, a kind of bonding social capital based on similar ethnic backgrounds and familiar social norms. As immigrants attempt to assimilate into a new country, they must use bridging social capital to try to form connections to an unfamiliar culture. 0/5 0 ratings TopicsCultural Capital Human Capital Immigration Social Capital Previous Brain Circulation, Brain Drain, Brain Gain, and Brain Waste Next Terrorism and Criminalization and Immigration as a Response to Terrorism Table of Contents1 Introduction2 Historical Background2.1 California’s Gold Mountain2.2 Chinese Immigrants and the Transcontinental Railroad2.3 …	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4797
__label__wiki	0.612022	0.612022	Arizona Supreme Court rules business can refuse to make wedding invites for LGBTQ couple By Owen Daugherty - 09/16/19 03:41 PM EDT The Arizona Supreme Court ruled Monday that a Phoenix business can refuse services to an LGBTQ couple that requests custom wedding invitations. The Arizona Republic reports the court ruled that the Phoenix ordinance that protects lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people from discrimination can’t be used in this case to force the artists to make the wedding invitations. The state Supreme Court's 4-3 decision Monday overturned multiple lower court decisions that ruled in favor of the LGTBQ community and in this case the couple. “The enduring strength of the First Amendment is that it allows people to speak their minds and express their beliefs without government interference. But here, the City effectively cuts off Planitiffs’ right to express their beliefs about same-sex marriage by telling them what they can and cannot say,” Justice Andrew Gould wrote in the majority opinion, according to the Arizona Capitol Times. An attorney for the city of Phoenix told the Arizona Republic that the ruling is narrow and does not strike down Phoenix’s anti-discrimination law. "Today's decision is not a win, but it is not a loss. It means we will continue to have a debate over equality in this community," Mayor Kate Gallego said, according to the Arizona Republic. The legal battle in question started in 2016 when Joanna Duka and Breanna Koski, owners of Brush & Nib Studio, sued Phoenix, arguing that the city’s law violated their First Amendment rights to freedom of speech and religion. The two women, who design handmade artwork for weddings and other events, reportedly hold the belief that a marriage should be between a man and a woman and that creating invitations for LGBTQ couples would be akin to endorsing the marriage. The women were represented in court by Alliance Defending Freedom, the same group that recently represented a Colorado baker who refused to make a cake for an LGBTQ couple. The state of Colorado and the baker who refused to make the cake ended their litigation in state and federal court earlier this year.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4798
__label__cc	0.556247	0.443753	If you like JOHN C. DALGLISH, you may also like these authors. Books by JOHN C. DALGLISH Log In to track JOHN C. DALGLISH on eReaderIQ. to be notified each time the price drops on any book by JOHN C. DALGLISH. to stop tracking JOHN C. DALGLISH. Keiko's War(Clean Historical Fiction) by John C. Dalglish "THIS STORY TOUCHED MY HEART-AND IT WILL STAY WITH ME FOR A LONG TIME... " - Amazon Customer "TIME STOOD STILL AS I TURNED THE PAGES... " - Verified Purchase *************************************** Pre-war San Francisco is... See More £2.31 Price verified 2 hours ago BOSTON HOMICIDE (Clean Suspense) (The City Murders Book 1) "I STAYED UP LATE TO FINISH THIS BOOK BECAUSE I HAD TO KNOW" - Ann K. "EVERY TIME I THOUGHT I HAD IT FIGURED OUT, A NEW TWIST WOULD COME" - CC *********************** Officer Danny Sullivan has just become Detective... See More WHERE'S MY SON? (Clean Suspense) (Detective Jason Strong Book 1) "GRIPPING STORY ABOUT A PARENT'S WORST NIGHTMARE." - Angela S "COULDN'T PUT IT DOWN. ACTION PACKED FROM BEGINNING TO END." - Jeannie **************************************************************** WHAT WOULD YOU DO IF... See More £0.99 Price verified 7 minutes ago CROSSOVER(Christian Action Adventure) (THE CHASER CHRONICLES Book 1) "ONE MAN P.I. WITH A FORD RANCHERO AND A YODA-ISH MENTOR? DELIGHTFUL." "WELL WRITTEN WITH SUSPENSE, LOVE, FORGIVENESS, ACTION" ****************************** Jack Carter has a calling on his life, but it's not to your... See More £0.99 Price verified 19 hours ago SEATTLE HOMICIDE(Clean Suspense) (The City Murders Book 6) HONORS OUR POLICE HEROES ?????? - Susan1 - TOP 1000 REVIEWER "SEATTLE HOMICIDE BRINGS THE EMOTIONS OF LIFE, LOSS, JOY, AND GRIEF TO THE FOREFRONT OF THE HUMAN CONDITION." "LOVED IT! BROUGHT TEARS TO MY EYES. DEFINITELY A... See More DEADLY SECRETS(Clean Mystery Suspense) A TOP SHELF MAGAZINE AWARD NOMINEE FOR CRIME FICTION ************** "I NEVER SAW THIS ENDING... TOTAL SHOCK." - DEBRA "I'LL WARN YOU NOW... I CRIED FOR THE FIRST FIVE CHAPTERS. AND FROM THERE UNTIL THE END I WAS SHAKING... See More FATAL AFFAIR (Clean Suspense) (Detective Jason Strong Mysteries Book 16) "EMOTIONAL, SUSPENSEFUL, CAPTIVATING. WRITTEN TO PULL YOU IN TO THE THE STORY, EMOTIONS AND ALL. - Cheryl H. "QUALITY FICTION WITHOUT THE GARBAGE THAT CLUTTERS."-Tim White ************************ The discovery of a... See More £2.44 £2.99 Save 18% Price verified 3 hours ago DRIVEN TO KILL (Clean Suspense) (Detective Jason Strong Mysteries Book 17) "SUSPENSEFUL - THE CHARACTERS COME TO LIFE." - Amazon Customer "LOVE THESE BOOKS!" - beckie ************************ The body of a young woman is found tossed like trash on the side of the interstate. In their search... See More CHICAGO HOMICIDE (Clean Suspense) (The City Murders Book 3) "I WAS IMMERSED FROM THE BEGINNING OF THIS PAGE TURNER." - GABI R. GOOD, SOLID WRITING IN EVERY WAY. - I.W. ********************** Detective Reggie Brown has put in thirty years with the Chicago PD, nearly half of those... See More £2.44 £3.14 Save 22% Price verified 15 minutes ago NEW ORLEANS HOMICIDE(Clean Suspense) (The City Murders Book 7) "RIVETING PAGE BY PAGE"... Debra "GREAT STORIES WITHOUT THE GORY DETAILS. THE BOOKS ARE AUTHENTIC AND BELIEVABLE."... readerbigtime ********************* The body of a young college student is discovered and reignites an... See More £2.44 £3.14 Save 22% Price verified 5 minutes ago LETHAL INJECTION (Clean Suspense) (Detective Jason Strong Book 8) "POWERFUL READ. TRULY A PAGE TURNER." - Amazon Customer "WONDERFUL!!! I TOTALLY ENJOYED IT. WELL WRITTEN." - Anita Hung ******************************************************** Jason and Vanessa have returned with a... See More DENVER HOMICIDE(Clean Suspense) (The City Murders Book 5) "A NEW AUTHOR TO ME... SUPERB!"-Jan Maton "TERRIFIC INTRODUCTION TO A NEW GENRE... I'M HOOKED!" - Kathy S Palmer ******************** An airline pilot arrives home on Easter Sunday to discover his wife's lifeless body... See More £2.44 £3.14 Save 22% Price verified 20 hours ago DALLAS HOMICIDE (Clean Suspense) (The City Murders Book 4) "ONE OF THE BEST POLICE PROCEDURAL NOVELS I HAVE EVER READ." - Oakdale JoeMN GREAT STORY-Vickie L. Fleming ******************* A report of a body sends Homicide Detective Peter Brandt to a murder scene in one of the... See More MIAMI HOMICIDE(Clean Suspense) (The City Murders Book 2) "A ROLLERCOASTER RIDE OF SUSPENSE" - Italiangrandmab "COULD NOT STOP READING. THIS WAS WELL WRITTEN & SUSPENSEFUL." - Purvis82 ********************************************** Two teens make a horrifying discovery in the... See More HOSTAGE (Clean Suspense) (Detective Jason Strong Series Book 11) "SOME OF THE BEST 'CLEAN' FICTION I'VE HAD THE HONOR OF READING."-John Hudson "HOSTAGE WILL NOT DISAPPOINT!" - Amazon Customer **************************************** Jason and Vanessa are back with a new case and a... See More INNER DEMONS(Christian Action Adventure) (THE CHASER CHRONICLES Book 4) "CONTAINS ADVENTURE AND SUSPENSE. GREAT READ!" - John P. "GREAT SERIES."- Chiquita Horton **************************** Jack and Mandy are at a crossroad. The future of Jack's ministry, as well as the Mandy's life, hang... See More JOURNEY(Christian Action Adventure) (THE CHASER CHRONICLES Book 2) "FANTASY, ACTION PACKED, EXPLOSIVE, AND IMPOSSIBLE TO PUT DOWN" "LOVE THIS SERIES" ***************************** Jack Carter thinks he's finally got a handle on his new ministry as a Chaser. Then the people he cares... See More CRUEL DECEPTION (Clean Suspense) (Detective Jason Strong Book 9) "EXCEPTIONALLY ENTERTAINING" - Kindle Customer "NEVER A DISAPPOINTMENT"-By Diane O'Toole ********************************************************** Jason and Vanessa are back with a new case, and this one pushes them... See More £1.22 £1.49 Save 18% Price verified one hour ago DEATH STILL (Clean Suspense) (Detective Jason Strong Book 7) "TERRIFIC. EXCELLENT MYSTERY SERIES" - a Christian book fan "GREAT WRITING! I WOULD RECOMMEND HIS BOOKS TO EVERYONE." - L.E.Edwards ********************************** Detectives Strong and Layne are tracking a killer... See More LET'S PLAY (Clean Suspense) (Detective Jason Strong Book 10) "THIS SERIES HAS BEEN AMAZING... "-Rebecca H. "EXCELLENT SERIES; ENDEARING CHARACTERS; GREAT READS." - hgw2 *************************************** A bizarre discovery will thrust Jason and Vanessa into the middle of a... See More BLOODSTAIN (Clean Suspense) (Detective Jason Strong Book 2) "AN EXCITING READ FROM BEGINNING TO END." - Amazon Customer "A NAIL BITER TO THE VERY END!" - Ellen ***************************************** What turns a man into a killer? Can simple words drive a man to commit... See More SILENT JUSTICE (Clean Suspense) (Detective Jason Strong Book 4) "THIS BOOK IS A MUST READ." - Becky "A UNIQUE PLOT." - SRMyers ************************************* Can vengeance bring justice? Is revenge really something sweet? Vanessa is back with Jason and they have to solve a... See More TIED TO MURDER (Clean Suspense) (Detective Jason Strong Book 5) "I DIDN'T WANT THIS BOOK TO END." - Amazon Customer "ROPED ME IN!" - Drugdoc ******************************************************** Jason and Vanessa are back, and this time they're chasing a ghost. Someone is... See More FAR FROM HOME(Christian Action Adventure) (THE CHASER CHRONICLES Book 6) "ANOTHER GREAT SPIRITUAL MYSTERY" "EPIC CONCLUSION" - Warren A. Lewis-Top Contributor ******************************* Jack Carter made a promise. It has come time to fulfill it, but the consequences of doing so could... See More ONE OF THEIR OWN (Clean Suspense) (Detective Jason Strong Book 6) "WHAT A RIDE!" - Lisa "EXCELLENT. CAN'T WAIT TO READ THE NEXT BOOK IN THE SERIES." -Sherrie ************************************** An officer is missing and Jason and Vanessa must discover what happened to their... See More DARK DAYS(Christian Action Adventure) (THE CHASER CHRONICLES Book 5) "AWESOME!! ALWAYS EXCITING YET TOUCHING!!" "LOTS OF ACTION, SLEUTHING, A TOUCH OF ROMANCE, AND NO TEDIOUS BACKTRACKING." ***************************** A team of three Runners, all older and more experienced than... See More DESTINY(Christian Action Adventure) (THE CHASER CHRONICLES Book 3) "VERY ENTERTAINING." "UNIQUE, THOUGHT PROVOKING, AND FUN READ." *********************************** Jack Carter thought he'd seen the toughest moment of his new ministry, but that was just wishful thinking. A... See More FOR MY BROTHER (Clean Mystery Suspense) (Detective Jason Strong Book 3) "OUTSTANDING STORY!" - Gail Christian "GRIPPING AND SUSPENSEFUL!" - Kindle Customer ***************************************** Can visiting a grave connect us with the dead? What happens when a man believes he can hear... See More SHADOW OF DOUBT (Clean Suspense) (Detective Jason Strong Mysteries Book 15) "ALL THE EXCITEMENT WITHOUT ALL THE WORDS OF PATTERSON OR CONNELLY." - Bill Temple "THE BEST YET!"- Barna Szabo *********************************** A 911 call sends Jason and Torres out into the early morning darkness... See More WEB OF DECEIT (Clean Suspense) (Detective Jason Strong Mysteries Book 19) "GRABS YOU FROM THE FIRST PAGE" - Lynn T. "I QUICKLY BECAME IMMERSED IN THE STORY" - Gabi R. ****************** Jason and Vanessa are sent out to a bloody crime scene with two bodies. The discovery of a file folder in one... See More Showing Results 1 - 30	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4809
__label__wiki	0.912872	0.912872	Trump praises China's Xi as trade talks begin in Beijing today May 3, 2018 U.S. President Donald Trump on Thursday praised his relationship with Chinese President Xi Jinping as officials from the world’s two largest economies began trade talks in Beijing, while state media said China would stand up to U.S. bullying. U.S. Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin at trade talks in Beijing - Reuters A breakthrough deal to fundamentally change China’s economic policies is viewed as highly unlikely during the two days of talks, though a package of short-term Chinese measures could delay Washington’s decision to impose tariffs on about $50 billion (37 billion pounds) worth of Chinese exports. The discussions, led by U.S. Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin and Chinese Vice Premier Liu He, are expected to cover a wide range of U.S. complaints about China’s trade practices, from accusations of forced technology transfers to state subsidies for technology development. “Thrilled to be here. Thank you,” Mnuchin told Reuters at his hotel when asked if he expected progress. He made no other comments. As Mnuchin arrived, Trump tweeted: “Our great financial team is in China trying to negotiate a level playing field on trade! I look forward to being with President Xi in the not too distant future. We will always have a good (great) relationship!” It was not clear when Trump and Xi might meet again next, though both will likely attend some of the same multilateral summits this year, including those of the G20 and APEC. Throughout his 2016 election campaign, Trump routinely threatened to impose a 45 percent across-the-board tariff on Chinese goods as a way to level the playing field for American workers. At the time, he was also accusing China of manipulating its currency to gain an export advantage, a claim that his administration has since dropped. The U.S. Embassy in Beijing said the U.S. delegation planned to meet Chinese officials on both days, in addition to U.S. Ambassador Terry Branstad, before leaving on Friday evening. The delegation returned to their hotel late on Thursday evening without taking questions from reporters, though, when asked how the talks were going, one unidentified U.S. official said “Well.” In Washington, the U.S.-China Business Council, which represents American companies doing business in China, said it was pleased the two governments were talking and urged a deal to end forced technology transfers and improve China’s intellectual property protections. “USCBC believes it is unlikely that the issues will be fully resolved in this meeting, but we hope the two sides will be able to lay out a path for continued negotiations that will lead to a solution and avoid tariffs and other commerce-slowing sanctions,” the group said in a statement. Chinese Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Hua Chunying said at a briefing in Beijing: “The outcome should be mutually beneficial and win-win.” In a commentary widely cited in Chinese media on Thursday, the official Xinhua news agency said if things went poorly and a trade war did break out, China would never yield and would hit back strongly. “China will inevitably suffer losses, but China has the political advantage of a centralised and unified leadership and support of a massive domestic market,” it said. The official China Daily said in an editorial that China would “stand up to the U.S.’ bullying as necessary.” “The U.S. wants greater access to China’s market, but it should not use trade actions as a battering ram to force China to open its doors. It is already in the process of opening them wider,” the English-language newspaper said. In doing so, China expected Washington to reciprocate and open its market to Chinese investment and competition, it said. U.S. TARIFFS READY IN JUNE The first round of threatened tariffs under the U.S. government’s “Section 301” intellectual property probe focused heavily on technology products benefiting from a “Made in China 2025” programme to upgrade China’s domestic manufacturing base with more advanced products. The U.S. tariffs could go into effect in June following the completion of a 60-day consultation period. U.S.-based trade experts said they expected Beijing to offer Trump’s team a package of policy changes that may include some previously announced moves, such as a phase-out of joint venture requirements for some sectors, auto tariff reductions and increased purchases of U.S. goods. Trump has demanded a $100 billion annual reduction in the $375 billion U.S. goods trade deficit with China. But members of the diverse U.S. trade delegation, which includes U.S. Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer and White House trade adviser Peter Navarro, both of whom have been critical of China, are likely to have differing views on the merits of such an offer. Conservative victory means Brexit will happen, but what sort of Brexit? Harrods, other luxury brands, launch US trade mission as tariffs bite, Brexit looms LIFE at LVMH: Antoine Arnault on the luxury giant’s new sustainability strategy No tariff fears for Nike after online success OAMC: Luke Meier teams up again with Supreme Abercrombie & Fitch cuts full-year sales forecast on tariff impact; announces global leadership hires PVH cuts profit, revenue forecast despite better-than-expected quarterly sales Walmart's earnings beat allays worry over tariff impact for now Macy's shares sink as discounts to clear inventory hurt, tourism drops Levi's slims down China supply chain exposure as trade war rages on	cc/2020-05/en_head_0062.json.gz/line4810

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.