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Bible Encyclopedias
Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature
Macbride, John David, d.c.l., f.s.a.,
an eminent English Oriental scholar and author, was born in Norfolk, England, in 1788, and was educated at Exeter College, Oxford, where he became a fellow. He was in 1813 appointed principal of Magdalen Hall, and nominated to the readership in Arabic, and kept these positions until his death in 1868. His principal works are, Diatessaron, or Harmony of the Gospels (used in Oxford University): — Mohammnedanism: — Lectures on the Articles of the United Church of England and Ireland (1853): — Lectures on the Epistles (1858). See New Am. Cyclop. Annual for 1868, page 445.
McClintock, John. Strong, James. Entry for 'Macbride, John David, d.c.l., f.s.a.,'. Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature. https://www.studylight.org/encyclopedias/tce/m/macbride-john-david-dcl-fsa.html. Harper & Brothers. New York. 1870.
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A Veteran Dies by Suicide Every 80 Minutes, VA Estimates
Posted on November 2, 2011 by Bobbie O'Brien
Photo courtesy of DCoE website.
“America is losing its battle against suicide by veterans and service members. And, as more troops return from deployment, the risk will only grow.” – That’s the conclusion of a policy brief from the Center for New Security.
The authors, Dr. Margaret C. Harrell and Nancy Berglass, acknowledge there’s a lack of current data to determine veteran suicide rates accurately. But, they cite an estimate from a Department of Veterans’ Affairs March 2010 Fact Sheet: a veteran dies by suicide every 80 minutes.
An active duty military service member commits suicide every 36 hours according to a Department of Defense report that looked at suicides from 2005 to 2010 among service members in the Air Force, Navy, Coast Guard, Army and Marines.
The briefing paper looks at four things:
Frequency of suicide within the U.S. Military and if it’s related to military service.
Steps the Department of Defense and Veterans Affairs should take to reduce suicides.
Identifies obstacles to reducing suicide rates.
Makes recommendations addressing each obstacle.
You can read the full Center for New American Security policy briefing – Losing the Battle: The Challenge of Military Suicide – HERE.
Filed under: Suicide Prevention, Veterans Administration | Tagged: Center for a New American Security, Dr. Margaret C. Harrell, Military suicide, Nancy Berglass, postaday2011, United States armed forces, United States Department of Defense, Veterans' Affairs Department | 2 Comments »
Veterans Helping Veterans: A New Mission for Civilian LIfe
Army Veteran Andrew Berry said his role as a Mission Continues Fellow has restored his sense of "mission and brotherhood" missing since he left active duty in September 2009.
Combat veteran Andrew Berry spent almost six years in the Army in the Infantry, Airborne, Air Assault and then as a sniper. He survived two bullets and eight bomb blasts when deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan, but the last Improvised Explosive Device (IED) left him too injured to continue his military career.
Like many combat veterans, Berry misses the sense of mission and the feeling of brotherhood he experienced while on active-duty.
It took a few years, but he’s found his “mission” in the civilian world thanks to the Mission Continues, an organization founded by a veteran Navy SEAL that emphasizes community service and helps returning veterans use their military training to become civilian leaders.
Berry was in Tampa Tuesday representing Mission Continues at the Home Depot Foundation “Celebration of Service” project – doing repairs and renovations at the K-9s for Veterans facility. It’s one of 200 service projects for veterans nationwide that Home Depot and Mission Continues are completing between Sept. 11th and Nov. 11th.
“I have four young boys at home, so it takes me to be a leader and show my kids that if I can adapt and overcome everything that happened to me, they can do anything,” Berry said.
Nearly 100 volunteers and veterans worked Tuesday to renovate the facilities at Tampa's K-9s for Veterans facility.
Here’s just a short list of what Berry has had to overcome. He is blind in his right eye, deaf, suffers from seizures due to Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and Post Traumatic Stress (PTS). His right leg was crushed. He wears a brace proudly. He has three slipped disks and a hematoma on his brain.
“Since I’ve been retired September 09, I’ve had seven friends, seven who served with me in Iraq, that committed suicide and that’s something I don’t never want to hear from someone else,” Berry said adding that he tried to commit suicide twice.
“For a while, I told my wife the best thing that could have happened to me was dying in Iraq,” Berry said. “I know how much it hurt her. She’s been with me before the military. She’s been with me after.”
Porsche is the service dog of Vietnam Veteran Mike Halley who founded K-9s for Veterans with his wife Pam.
And like many veterans, he said, he “would go back to Iraq in a heartbeat” because he misses having a mission and feels he should be there to support deployed troops.
But by helping with service projects like the K-9s for Veterans renovation, Berry is developing a new “civilian” mission as a veteran helping other veterans.
That’s what motivated Vietnam veteran Mike Halley and his wife Pam to start the K-9s for Veterans program. They say they’ve trained 50 service dogs for 50 veterans over the past three years. Sitting in a wheelchair with his service dog Porsche next to him, Halley thanked the Home Depot volunteers and veterans who came to help fix-up his kennels and surrounding buildings.
A new deck connecting ancillary buildings is one of the many improvements made by the Operation Continues veterans and Home Depot volunteers.
“All of this is for the veterans and we can’t do this without your help,” said a tearful Halley. “When Mission Continues and Home Depot got together, it’s just like God came down here and he’s in this crowd somewhere.”
There were almost 100 volunteers dressed in orange Home Depot t-shirts.Tampa district manager, Pat Dixon offered the crow a pep talk shortly after 8 a.m.
“Ready to have long fun day,” Dixon asked? “We’re here today to make a difference.”
They broke up into teams. One group laid sod and landscaped around the flagpole, others put up fencing while another group laid-down a deck.
Army veteran Berry, despite his leg brace, was ready to grab a hammer and start working, but he was in demand. Touched by his story, volunteers kept approaching him, wanting to talk and to thank him for his service.
“I know my place now is here helping other guys,” Berry said, “because not every person can understand where a veteran is coming from.”
Berry’s favorite saying is one he learned in the military – Adapt and Overcome – and he’s now applying it to his civilian life.
Filed under: Health - Physical and Mental, Non-Profit Organizations, Radio, Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), U.S. Army, Veterans | Tagged: Home Depot Foundation, Improvised Explosive Device, K-9s for Veterans, Mission Continues, postaday2011, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Traumatic brain injury, Vietnam veteran | 2 Comments »
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Ravenous (Quantum Series #5)
by Marie ForceMarie Force
$5.99 $11.99 Save 50% Current price is $5.99, Original price is $11.99. You Save 50%. View All Available Formats & Editions
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She wants a baby. He wants her. Simple enough, right? Ellie Godfrey has kissed her share of frogs. So many, in fact, that she fears she won't recognize her prince if and when he finally comes along. Tired of waiting for THE ONE, Ellie decides to have a baby on her own before it's too late. When Jasper Autry hears about Ellie's plan, what else can he do but step in and offer to "contribute" to her project. Does that make him an opportunist? Whatever. He wants the perpetually out-of-reach Ellie Godfrey, and when he sees his chance, he takes it. That she's the sister of his business partner and close friend Flynn gives him pause, but it doesn't stop him from having what he wants. As Jasper and Ellie embark upon their secret "project," he makes it clear that for as long as they're together, he's in charge-in the bedroom anyway. After the hottest sex of her life, Ellie realizes she's made a deal with the devil himself. Warning: If you hate foul-mouthed heroes who like it a little rough and dirty, this might not be the book for you...Contains hot and sexy BDSM scenes among other things that might not appeal to the faint of heart. Enter at your own risk and enjoy!
NOOK Press
Marie Force's Quantum Series , #5
Marie Force is the New York Times bestselling author of more than 50 contemporary romances, including the Gansett Island Series, which has sold more than 2.5 million books, and the Fatal Series from Harlequin Books, which has sold more than 1.2 million books. In addition, she is the author of the Green Mountain Series as well as the erotic romance Quantum Series, written under the slightly modified name of M.S. Force. Altogether, her books have sold more than 5 million copies worldwide! Her goals in life are simple—to finish raising two happy, healthy, productive young adults, to keep writing books for as long as she possibly can and to never be on a flight that makes the news. Visit her at marieforce.com.
Ravenous 4.9 out of 5 based on 0 ratings. 26 reviews.
JWright57 More than 1 year ago
Book five in the Quantum Series and I have to say this is my favourite so far, I love all the couples featured but Ellie and Jasper stole a piece of my heart. In this book we get reacquainted with Flynn Godfrey's sister and the hot British cinematography who also happens to be very close to the principle business partners at Quantum. Ellie has decided she has waited long enough for Mr Right to come into her life and with her body clock ticking away she needs to find a man to give her a baby, the last person she expects to offer his services is Jasper Autry. Jasper has wanted Ellie for many years and maybe this is the opportunity he has been waiting for or maybe his past and family commitments back in the UK will come back to haunt him and Ellie....... Yet another win for the talented M.S.Force, this book captivated me from the first chapter and there was no putting it down till I had read the last line. It's a perfect addition to the Quantum family and I'm really looking forward to next installment in this brilliant series
M.S. Force does it again.
Love this author! Love this series! Ready for the next book!
Nicolerko More than 1 year ago
4.5 Stars This is one steamy hot read! What could be better then a dirty talking Brit whose dominant in the bedroom. I'm a big fan of friends to lovers so right off I knew I was going to enjoy this one. I really liked Ellie and Jasper together. They have a ton of chemistry. What starts off as a business proposition may turn into more then they bargained for in a good way. Jasper brings out the wilder side in Ellie and it gets scorching hot! Of course Jasper is keeping a big secret and the future he never knew he wanted may slip through his fingers. A great book that makes you feel good, but also one that makes you hot. Looking forward to more from this series.
Another amazing story! Ellie's desire for a baby leads to a discovered love. Jasper and Ellie ignite the feelings they have kept buried. Love this series!
I don't know which series write by Marie Force is my favorite,but this Quantum series ranks among the top. This one combines all my favorites..a great plot, lots of romance, a bit of history and wonderful characters. Can't wait for the next installment next year.
This whole series is one of the best
Highly recommended. Super hot and sexy....!!!!!!!!
busymama49 More than 1 year ago
Vacations are perfect times to unwind and reflect about the future. In Ellie's case, thinking about where her life is going is rather conflicting. She loves her job and independence but she would also love to have someone to love and cuddle with. This becomes very apparent now that Flynn and Natalie are married. Hayden and Addie getting engaged is only the icing on the cake. Will her turn ever come? More than finding her Mr. Right, Ellie just wants to have a baby. She loves children and the thought that her fertility might pass her by is unbearable. After all, she is now thirty-six years old! A decision is made... she will be seeking a "donation" in order to realize her dreams of having a baby. Jasper only has eyes for Ellie. As a friend, he can tell she is deeply troubled about something. When he asks her and she confides in him there is only one solution he can give her. MUST READ THIS BOOK! It is hot of the charts! I love everything our author writes. She has a down to earth style of telling stories that draws you in and makes you feel you are learning about dear old friends. I am voluntarily reviewing this book. I thank the author for providing a copy for me.
Great series , very interesting and captivating . Worth every penny .
Love this group of people in this series! Can't wait for the next story in this series! Love all of her books!!
aligator79 More than 1 year ago
Best one yet!!
ritzrita More than 1 year ago
Marie did it again. Do not pass this series up if you have not read the first book. You will be hooked.
One of my favorites of the series. Can't wait to see who's next. Kris and Aileen or Emmett and Leah???
Like Ellie, I am a sucker for an English accent...even in print. I have been waiting for Jasper's story from the beginning of this series, knowing that the accent - and Marie Force's ability to weave a romance story - would make it swoon-worthy. From the very first page, I was hooked!
dshutters More than 1 year ago
Love the story with Jasper and Ellie some hints with other characters hopefully m. s. will write in another book ( hint hint) about what happens with them.
Absolutely wonderful , Marie you have done it again . I love love all of your books but Ellie and Jasper's story just touched my heart. Love is just an amazing gift. Please say the others Emmett and Kristian will have their own stories .
This book was overwhelmingly good!!! With lots of heart. Very well written
AWESOME SERIES Way to go Marie.
JackiesBookWorld More than 1 year ago
Ravenous was such a page-turner! Not having ready any other works by the author before, I was impressed with the writing and storyline of the book. At the beginning of the story we get to meet Ellie Godfrey, not only is she wealthy, but she is also part of the Hollywood's elite. Her family has been in the entertainment industry for so long that she has also started to work in her brother's company. Yet living the live of luxury is not enough for her, she wants something that all her other siblings have, a family. But when you have a family that is famous, people tend to use her to get to her other family members. So Ellie makes a radical decision, to have a child of her own with or without a father figure in her child's life. It is then at a friend's wedding that she confides on one of her best friends that she wants a baby that Jasper Autry offers his help, by doing things the old fashioned way. Now that things got serious, it's up to Ellie to keep her heart intact if she wants to have a child in the end. When Jasper Autry hears about Ellie's plan, he immediately offers to help her. After knowing each other for so long, he is finally getting the girl that he has liked, but can't completely have. His purpose is to give her a baby without dragging her to his most personal live. A personal live that he has been trying to ignore, but will eventually catch up to him if he is not careful. But as the two of them start to spend more time with each other, the more chemistry seems to evolved around them. It is then that when they least expect it Jasper's past comes back and ready to ruin what they have. I absolutely loved reading this book, it was filled with steamy and romantic scenes between the characters that had me reading until the very end. It's evident from the start that they both have chemistry, but as they begin to tell each other their deepest secrets things start to change. Ellie is such a strong character in the book, she knows what she wants and is willing to get it no matter what. Her struggle to find the one hasn't worked out for her, but her desire to have a family is much stronger that she is willing to have a baby without a husband. On the other hand, Jasper is smart and good looking. He is also kind and is willing to help Ellie and give her what she wants, without anything in return. Through ups and downs, both Ellie and Jasper will have to decide if they have a shot at relationship or not. Overall, Ravenous was such a great book, the ending was sweet and very fitting of the story. I would highly recommend it. :) ***ARC provided in exchange for an honest review.***
ckwlofton More than 1 year ago
Jasper Autry is so sexy! His persona jumps right off the pages. Ellie and Jasper are the perfect couple. Ellie's desire for a baby and Jasper's willingness to help create off the charts hotness. Beyond the sexy scenes lies a very moving story of expectations, loyalty, friendship and most importantly love. This is a story that shows how deep the friendship of the Quantum family runs. It also shows personal growth in both Jasper and Ellie as they try to find their way to each other. This just became my favorite Quantum book of the series. Five HUGE stars for this one!
Ravenous was absolutely amazing!! I couldn't put it down when I started reading. You won't be disappointed with this story. Jasper and Ellie's story is spectacular. As usual Marie Force has made me fall in love all over again!!
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New medical specialty needed to manage growing number of Americans with diabetes
Survey in The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association finds diabetologists highly effective, yet colleagues are wary
CHICAGO—August 20, 2018—The emerging field of diabetology—a sub-specialty of endocrinology focused on the treatment of people with diabetes—is intended to address an emerging crisis in health care: nearly one-third of Americans has a type 2 diabetes diagnosis or has prediabetes.
Compounding this problem, numbers of endocrinologists, the physicians who specialize in treating diabetes, are dwindling as the older generation retires with fewer new physicians filling the ranks. This means the burden of care has fallen on primary care physicians, who treat 82 percent of diabetic patients.
Fourteen years after one-year fellowship programs were created to give primary care physicians the clinical skills to better manage diabetes and its complications, new research in The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association finds resistance among payers and other physicians may slow growth of the fledgling specialty.
In 2004, diabetology fellowship programs opened at Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine and East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine—both located in underserved communities. As of now there are four diabetes fellowship programs nationwide.
Unknown but not untested
According to researchers who surveyed all 39 physicians who graduated from the first two fellowship programs between 2005 and 2016, diabetologists are filling a much needed gap in patient care, however, acceptance and trust have been slow to come.
The survey tracked graduate physicians’ practice type and location, finding 41 percent in primary care, 20 percent working as hospitalists, 14 percent who are full-time diabetologists and 22 percent who went on to become endocrinologists. The survey also found all respondents were comfortable or very comfortable managing type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, prediabetes, and metabolic syndrome.
However, when it came to perceptions from colleagues, responses were much more mixed. Only 28 percent reported that they agreed or strongly agreed that colleagues were receptive to their diabetes training. There was 19 percent who responded “neutral,” another 19 percent who disagreed or strongly disagreed that their colleagues were receptive to their training, and 33 percent who left this item blank.
“Some primary care physicians have been reluctant to refer diabetic patients to diabetologists because so many diabetologists are also primary care physicians. I think there’s a fear that patients will simply change physicians entirely,” says Amber Healy, DO, who graduated from Ohio University’s diabetology fellowship and co-authored the article in the JAOA. “Endocrinologists, on the other hand, believe that the diabetes fellowship constitutes a dangerous shortcut to becoming an endocrinologist, enabling a scope of practice overreach.”
Jay Shubrook, DO, who practices as a full-time diabetologist and served as a co-author on the JAOA article, believes these issues are improving and will continue to do so through education, advocacy and exposure.
“I think the biggest misconception is that diabetologists are trying to replace anyone. That’s just not true. The sheer number of patients with diabetes makes that impossible; there are way too many for any one group to handle,” says Dr. Shubrook. He adds that a one-to-one patient care model is far from the ideal care delivery model for diabetologists. Instead, he sees them being far more effective as a force multiplier for primary care.
At the federally qualified health center where he practices, Dr. Shubrook can treat patients directly but, more importantly, he can share his expertise with the other primary care physicians, raising their knowledge and proficiency.
Dr. Shubrook acknowledges that endocrinologists have a greater depth of knowledge in certain types of diabetes treatments, but also notes they treat many other conditions—and some don’t even treat diabetes. “I realize ideally one option is endocrinologists could exclusively provide diabetes treatment. However, given the massive scope of the problem, that’s simply impossible. I think we are better off sacrificing some depth of knowledge in order to recruit and train physicians who are capable of making an impact,” he adds.
Getting recognition
Perhaps the biggest obstacle facing diabetologists is recognition from payers, who are reluctant to reimburse for a new specialty which is mostly unrecognized even by colleagues from its adjacent specialties. This creates a problem as healthcare is still paid for by volume. Primary care visits last between 10 and 15 minutes, because physicians need to see enough patients in a day in order to have a profitable practice. Unfortunately, that’s not nearly enough time to address the concerns of a patient with diabetes. Further, most diabetologists will actually get paid less as they end up seeing fewer patients in a system that rewards volume of care.
“No one with diabetes has just one health complaint,” says Dr. Shubrook. “The basic diabetes treatment and education could take twice as much time allotted for in a typical primary care visit—but most have multiple chronic conditions that also need attention.”
This creates a difficult position for physicians as they have to decide between giving a patient adequate time and attention within a single visit—which does not get reimbursed by their insurance—or asking the patient to come in for more frequent visits, which isn’t always possible for the patient’s schedule. However, if diabetologists were recognized as specialists, they could get reimbursed at higher rates, which would allow them to spend more time with patients.
“Board certification is the standard for payers to recognize a physician as a specialist,” says Dr. Shubrook. “Right now diabetology just doesn’t have that.”
Dr. Shubrook says diabetologists will likely have their own board and certification exams in the future. Until that happens, he says payers have started to acknowledge and accept board certification in advanced diabetes management, which comes from the National Association of Diabetes Educators. He recommends all new fellows get this recognition.
“Our graduates are doing such good work—and it’s meaningful work that’s having an impact,” says Dr. Shubrook. “Change comes slowly, especially in healthcare, but our patients are seeing a positive difference, so their insurers are too. I would encourage anyone who is passionate about providing care for diabetes and other chronic health conditions to take the leap and join this specialty.”
About The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association
The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association (JAOA) is the official scientific publication of the American Osteopathic Association. Edited by Robert Orenstein, DO, it is the premier scholarly peer-reviewed publication of the osteopathic medical profession. The JAOA’s mission is to advance medicine through the publication of peer-reviewed osteopathic research.
Jeff Brennan, Media Relations Manager
312-202-8161 | jbrennan@osteopathic.org
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Tony Cotton
When going to a strange house, I have very rarely received such an effusive, friendly and affectionate greeting as that that I received from Rosie: Tony was very friendly too and laughter comes easily to him. Rosie is the Cotton Family’s pet springer spaniel.
Tony and his wife, Carol, moved to Peppard in the spring of 2005 having spent many years in Australia. Originally from Ruislip, they came to Peppard via Amersham and then Australia. They had always loved the Chilterns area with its mix of beautiful countryside and proximity to London and were delighted when they found their current house in Colmore Lane. Tony had worked for the Hanson Group for 25 years and ended his career as Chairman of their mining business in Australia. They thoroughly enjoyed living in Australia – so much so that they adopted dual nationality. Eventually they decided to return when grandchildren came along: their daughter lives in Henley, their son in Twickenham and in total they have five grandchildren.
With Rosie in tow, Tony finds it very easy to meet and chat to people when he is out. This is how he met Nick Launders, who was instrumental in nominating Tony to lead the Community Plan project. He subsequently joined the council in 2009. Although the Community Plan took a lot of effort, he felt it worthwhile to gauge residents’ opinions. Tony will be coordinating the Council’s Action Plan in due course highlighting what can or might be done (Peppard News will publish the main points).
Tony wasn’t in favour of the Commons grazing project but only because he felt the Conservators had taken the wrong direction. He has now joined the Commons Conservators – as he says, poacher turned gamekeeper!
Now, of course, the council is involved in, and has voted in favour of, the proposal to have a playground. Tony hopes that this project will gain new momentum in the autumn. Of course, he understands that there are many issues to be overcome, not least raising the necessary funds, but he takes his grandchildren to a Henley playground and would really like to have a Peppard facility.
Tony also believes there is an absolute requirement for Peppard to move into the 21st Century with good broadband and mobile services and he is leading the council in progressing this. As Vice Chairman he is happy to take responsibility for special projects but cannot take on any more – he leads a very full life and doesn’t have time for more. He fervently believes that he shouldn’t fulfil a role unless he can give it his all.
Years ago he helped raise funds for the British Heart Foundation, but had never been involved, or particularly interested, in local politics. He certainly understands why younger people rarely become involved – when he was younger he just didn’t have time for any role outside his professional orbit.
But now that he does have a little more time, he enjoys walking and gardening, growing both vegetables and dahlias, but most of all he enjoys travelling. He and Carol have invested in a motorhome and love the freedom of travelling in Europe, taking Rosie along with them. They have retained an apartment in Sydney and manage to return to Australia each year.
In between travelling and council work, he is a keen spectator of all sports and is a passionate Chelsea fan, like his father and grandfather before him. Of course, he loved the Olympics.
I, for one, think that we, in Peppard, are very lucky that Tony does make time in his very busy life for our Council.
Rita Hadgkiss
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Categories: History, Inspiration
The Calotype: An Overview
by Lisa Robinson
Talbot’s The Open Door, a salted paper print from a calotype negative.
In my last history of photography article, I talked about William Henry Fox Talbot, the inventor of the Calotype. Here, I want to explore how the calotype evolved within photography and how it evolved the photographic world.
In the 1840’s, Daguerreotypes were still hugely popular. Their “look” was unlike anything else, and society was not convinced of the calotype’s prowess. After all, it has not been politically vetted (Daguerre had received a pension and high honors from the state for his invention) and financial backing was lacking. Adding to the pressures, Talbot had established a patent on the process in 1841 which resulted in a high licensing fee to anyone wishing to make a calotype. The licensing was a detriment to the growth of popularity as only the more well-off could afford it. Talbot even partnered with Antoine Claudet in a daguerreotype portrait studio to offer the calotype option, but its’ performance was lackluster.
Compared to the daguerreotype, many people saw the calotypes differences as flaws. The process was slower. Chemicals weren’t regulated and often impure which lead to inconsistent results. That darn “fixing” of an image was still a problem, and prints often faded over time. Also, depending on the type of paper used, the texture of the paper could interfere with the image.
What people were slow to realize was how valuable the two-step process was and what it meant for replication purposes. These images were now, essentially, like printmaking, and brought an easily replicated methodology to photography.
Around this time, Romanticism was popular in the fine arts. Romanticism holds the emotional experience of the piece of art in the highest regard. It’s goal is to make you feel. The concept of beautiful was a goal, as was the concept of the sublime. Many artists portrayed these feelings through the use of delicate strokes, smooth and rounded. They played with the push and pull of light and shadow. They painted as if they were in a diffused light. Slowly, people began to realize that the calotype embodied much of the characteristics of Romanticism. The papers chosen forced a softer image (compared to the crispness of the daguerreotype), the limited tonal range able to be produced lent itself to portraying that play between light and shadow instead of dictating it in a razor sharp line. For the first time, people began considering the calotype as artistic; the first half of the process mechanical, but the second half of the process developing the tonality was an art.
As artistic credibility grew with the calotype, we began seeing photography used in different artistic ways. Not only as a stand alone media itself, but also as painter’s reference guides. As more painters utilized the calotype, their composition & previsualization skills began manifesting more and more with the calotypes they took. This eventually ended up cementing artistic theories about balance, composition, light/shadow, firmly into place within photography as a foundation of its’ visual language as artistic expression.
Click to read more columns about The History of Photography.
Lisa Robinson
Co-Founder SoftBox Media and Owner/Lead Photographer at Lovesome Photography. We provide top-notch, award winning wedding & portrait services to the D.C. area & beyond.
http://www.LovesomePhoto.com
Tags: caltoype, composition, history of photography, history_column, lisa robinson, romanticism, talbot
The Enthusiast's Guide to Composition: Add to your image with negative space
Color concepts in still life photography — what's in?
Dealing with complex still life compositions
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On the Causes of the Increased Stability of the U.S. Economy
Economic Policy Review, Vol. 8, No. 1, May 2002
20 Pages Posted: 26 Oct 2005
See all articles by James A. Kahn
James A. Kahn
Yeshiva University; National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
Margaret Mary McConnell
Federal Reserve Bank of New York
Gabriel Perez-Quiros
A paper presented at the April 2001 conference "Financial Innovation and onetary Transmission," sponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
Keywords: output volatility, inventory(ies), monetary policy, economic stability, information technology
JEL Classification: E3, E4
Kahn, James A. and McConnell, Margaret (Meg) Mary and Perez-Quiros, Gabriel, On the Causes of the Increased Stability of the U.S. Economy. Economic Policy Review, Vol. 8, No. 1, May 2002. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=831844
James A. Kahn (Contact Author)
Yeshiva University ( email )
National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
Margaret (Meg) Mary McConnell
Federal Reserve Bank of New York ( email )
Banco de España ( email )
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Home > Blog > OVERAGE – “but of course that’s what was meant!”
OVERAGE – “but of course that’s what was meant!”
Victoria Onoufriou
Posted: 2nd October 2017
Overage (or uplift) is often incorporated in the sale of land for development and allows for both an element of the consideration to be deferred and for a landowner to share in any unexpected uplift in the profitability of the development.
Overage Agreements are possibly some of the most heavily litigated contractual provisions and terms agreed between parties (often simplistically and in haste, when there is a desire to exchange or complete a transaction) will often be scrutinised and poured over in detail at a later date.
The recently reported High Court decision of Sparks v Biden concerned a situation where a landowner called Mr Sparks, had acquired over a period of time, land with development potential. Mr Biden agreed terms to purchase the land and then proceeded to develop it. The terms agreed between the parties entailed the payment of a purchase price of £600,000 together with overage constituting 33.3% of the sale price of each newly constructed dwelling. The overage only came into play where the sale proceeds exceeded a specified figure and the contract stipulated that the seller must in any event make a minimum overage payment of £700,000.
Planning Permission was obtained for the construction of eight houses on the property. Once built Mr Biden occupied one of the properties and let all of the other houses on assured shorthold tenancies.
In the absence of an express obligation to sell the houses, Mr Biden asserted there was no overage due.
Mr Sparks argued that a term should be implied into the sale contract that the properties, once constructed, should be sold (so as to trigger the overage payment).
Courts are generally reluctant to interfere in the drafting of documents and will only do so where satisfied that:
It is reasonable and equitable
The term is necessary to give business efficacy to the contract
The term to be implied is so obvious that it “goes without saying”
The term is capable of clear expression
The term does not contradict any express terms of the contract.
The Court concluded that in order to give the original sale contract business efficacy, a clause should be implied obliging the developer to sell the houses once constructed.
On one analysis this is a fair outcome. The implied term does however give rise to a whole host of other questions such as the price at which the properties are sold, whether they must be disposed of with vacant possession and what might, for example, have happened had the properties been sold off as “plots” before anything was constructed upon them.
Mr Sparks will no doubt be relieved by the judgment handed down by the High Court. The detail of the judgment makes it clear the importance of thinking through the implications and ramifications of any agreed terms and ensuring that, insofar as is possible, all contingencies and outcomes are addressed when contracts are entered into.
If you have any queries concerning the point raised in this blog, please email me.
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I’m Old Enough to Remember When Democrats Loved Unilateral Executive Actions on Immigration
By Matt Margolis 2019-02-15T14:28:26
Whatever your position is on President Trump's declaration of a national emergency in order get the wall on the southern border built, one thing is clear: Democrats denouncing this decision are absolute hypocrites.
Barack Obama started his presidency with his party controlling both houses of Congress. The moment the GOP took back the House, Obama decided he was unwilling to work on compromise legislation to achieve his agenda, and instead repeatedly threatened to enact his agenda unilaterally. “We’re not just going to be waiting for legislation in order to make sure that we’re providing Americans the kind of help they need. I’ve got a pen and I’ve got a phone,” he said in January 2014. And he followed through on that threat, even on issues such as immigration. Obama created the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) and the Deferred Action for Parents of Americans and Lawful Permanent Residents (DAPA) programs via executive action, essentially giving amnesty to illegal immigrants without the consent of Congress.
Back then, Democrats in Congress loved it when Obama abused his power to alter immigration law without their consent. In May 2014, Sen. Chuck Schumer (R-N.Y.) warned Republicans in Congress that “if they don’t pass immigration reform... the president will have no choice but to act on his own.”
Sounds familiar, doesn’t it? Is this not the same thing Trump has been saying regarding wall funding? But now, Democrats are pretending to be appalled at the very notion of using executive powers, when all Trump is trying to do is enforce existing immigration law and protect our national security interests.
Declaring a national emergency would be a lawless act, a gross abuse of the power of the presidency and a desperate attempt to distract from the fact that @realDonaldTrump broke his core promise to have Mexico pay for his wall.
— Nancy Pelosi (@SpeakerPelosi) February 14, 2019
Trump is declaring a national emergency to bypass Congress, to build a wall we don’t need, to address a crisis that doesn’t exist, by claiming an authority he doesn’t have.
If that sounds like nonsense, it’s because it is. It’s also plainly unconstitutional.
— Adam Schiff (@RepAdamSchiff) February 14, 2019
This is a complete reversal of their previous positions on the use of executive powers when Obama was the one who had such powers. Except, when they supported the use of executive powers under Obama, it actually was an abuse of power. Obama often unilaterally determined that items on his agenda were in the national interest, and therefore justified bypassing Congress and using executive action. Democrats had no problem with it because they wanted amnesty and the boatloads and caravan loads of Democrat votes that potentially come with it. But, make no mistake, they were advocates of executive action when it was absolutely unconstitutional. Particularly in the case of DACA and DAPA, he went specifically against the will of Congress, whereas Trump is merely using his authority to move forward with something Congress has previously consented to. As Sean Davis at The Federalist notes, in this case, Trump is well within his authority:
Congress gave the president authority to declare emergencies via the National Emergencies Act of 1976. Congress authorized the construction of a border fence via the Secure Fence Act of 2006. And it appropriated funding for military construction projects via Public Law 115-244.
— Sean Davis (@seanmdav) February 14, 2019
Yet, now we have Nancy Pelosi issuing her own threat that the next Democrat president could declare a national emergency in order to enact gun control. Apparently, she thinks a president can unilaterally rewrite the Second Amendment. Let’s say that happens. What’s the next domino to fall? The next Republican president would then feel emboldened to declare a national emergency and outlaw abortion. How does that sound, Nancy?
Sadly, this situation is a direct result of Obama’s unchecked lawlessness for eight years. Democrats clapped and cheered for Barack Obama when he said, “If Congress won’t act, I will” and expect Donald Trump not to play the card his predecessor dealt him. But, as I noted, Trump has precedent on his side, whereas Barack Obama didn’t.
If Democrats don’t want Republican presidents to use their legal executive authority to get their agenda enacted, they shouldn’t be cheering for it, or threatening future uses of it, under Democrat presidents. We are not a nation of laws with an “ends justify the means” approach to lawmaking.
Matt Margolis is the author of The Scandalous Presidency of Barack Obama and the bestselling The Worst President in History: The Legacy of Barack Obama. His new book, Trumping Obama: How President Trump Saved Us From Barack Obama's Legacy, will be published in 2019. You can follow Matt on Twitter @MattMargolis
https://pjmedia.com/trending/im-old-enough-to-remember-when-democrats-loved-unilateral-executive-actions-on-immigration/
Related: 2019, Congress, immigration
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Steel & Ivory
Steel & Ivory is the elegant performing duo of pianist Dr. Kristie Janczyk and violinist Matthew Vincent. Steel & Ivory is the perfect choice to bring that extra touch of class to weddings, private gatherings and public events.
Featuring a music repertoire that ranges from light classical to jazz to pop standards, Steel & Ivory will make your event a truly memorable experience.
FOR BOOKING CONTACT:
Dr. Kristie Janczyk ~ kristie@steelandivorymusic.com214.707.5644
Matthew Vincent ~ matthew@steelandivorymusic.com310.403.8897
Send Kristie Janczyk a message
www.steelandivorymusic.com
kristie@kristiejanczyk.com
Napa, Napa, CA 94558
Providing background music for public and private events throughout Napa and Sonoma, CA.
www.vimeo.com/kristiejanczyk
Kristie Janczyk
Steel & Ivory is available for upcoming events!
What music arrangements can you provide?
Instrumental - Duo
Instrumental - Solo
Soloist / Vocalist
Instrumental - Trio
DR. KRISTIE JANCZYK ~ Piano Known for passionate performances with impeccable acuity for color, textural balance and keen attention to detail, Dr. Kristie Janczyk is one of today’s young prolific American pianists. Playing since the age of three, Kristie is sought after around the world as a soloist, chamber musician and accompanist. She is consistently praised for her inspiration and flair by communicating the energy and musical impulses in the pieces, as well as for presenting programs full of confidence and passion that underscore her love for the piano. A prizewinner of major competitions throughout the world, Kristie made her debut at Weill Recital Hall in Carnegie Hall as being named a first prizewinner (twice) in the American Protégé International Competition. She also was awarded 2nd prize in the American Protégé Romantic International Competition. Other notable honors include two first prizes at the USOMC International Competition, first place at the Petroff Piano Competition, and first place in the Mid-Texas Symphony Young Artist Competition, where she performed Rachmaninov’s Piano Concerto No. 1 with the Mid-Texas Symphony Orchestra under the direction of David Mairs. Additional awards include placing in the top three finalists for the Contemporary Award at the Frinna Awerbuch International Piano Competition in New York City, second prize at the Aloha International Piano Competition, third and fourth prizes at the Los Angeles Liszt Competition, and semi-finalist in the Vladimir Viardo International Piano Competition. Kristie was also awarded honorable mention at the Joyce Dutka Arts Foundation Competition, Bradshaw and Buono Competition and the Janice K. Hodges Contemporary Piano Competition. As a soloist, Kristie recently appeared with the InterHarmony Internationales Musik-Festival in Carnegie Hall. She also performed with the Viva Vivaldi Festival Orchestra in Mexico City under the direction of Michael Meissner. Performances during this festival included a solo Bach recital at the Instituto Italiano de Cultura and eight concerts with the Meadows Trio. She performed for Prince Edward of England, as well as for the President of Latvia, the latter of which she performed the Bach d minor concerto in Wagner Hall with the Riga Chamber Orchestra in Riga, Latvia. She was also selected to perform in the Rising Stars concert held at the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, Ontario, as part of the Toronto Summer Music Festival. In addition, Kristie has performed with Lone Star Wind Orchestra, Garland Symphony, Las Colinas Symphony, Arlington Symphony, New Conservatory of Dallas, the Dallas Wind Symphony and Music in the Mountains in Durango, Colorado under the direction of Arkady Fomin, and toured Germany, Poland and Czech Republic with the Greater Dallas Youth Orchestra. In April of 2011, she made her debut with the Mesquite Symphony (TX) under the direction of Roger Gilliam performing Gershwin’s Concerto in F. In May 2013, Kristie returned to perform Tchaikovsky Piano Concerto No. 1 with Mesquite Symphony in May of 2013. Kristie is currently sub pianist with Phoenix Symphony. Kristie has participated in several renowned festivals including the Toronto Summer Music Festival & Academy, the International Keyboard Institute and Festival in New York City, Aloha International Piano Festival, Chetham International Summer Festival in Manchester, UK, Bosendorfer International Piano Academy in Vienna, Austria, and the Beverly Hills International Music Festival in Los Angeles, CA. She was Principal Pianist for the Orchestra Institute at Napa Valley and also orchestral pianist for Russian National Orchestra during Festival del Sole, where she accompanied violinist Sarah Chang for the Barber Violin Concerto. Kristie was recently staff accompanist for the 2015 Cambridge String Academy in Cambridge, United Kingdom. Kristie recently received her Doctorate in Music with a specialization in Collaborative Piano from Arizona State University. She is a graduate of Southern Methodist University with a Master’s and Bachelor of Music Degree in piano performance both under the direction of Alfred Mouledous. Kristie is represented by Dominique Moralez with M Artist Agency. Visit kristiejanczyk.com for more information. MATTHEW VINCENT ~ Violin Violinist Matthew Vincent began his musical studies at age seven and made his first public appearance at New York’s Steinway Hall at the age of nine. During his formative years, Matthew was exposed to musical opportunities that would eventually convince him to abandon all other interests for the sake of pursuing his passion – the violin. A truly gifted performer with musical versatility, Matthew is praised for his singularly beautiful tone and wonderful vibrato. Matthew has made several solo appearances, and has participated in numerous orchestras, chamber groups, competitions and festivals in North America, Europe and the Far East. Of particular note, Matthew recently performed with noted cellist Misha Quint at Carnegie Hall as part of the InterHarmony Internationales Musik-Festival. Matthew also performed the Dvorak Piano Quintet with world-renowned pianist Jon Nakamatsu at the Aloha International Piano Festival. Other esteemed music festivals include the Cambridge String Academy, Festival del Sole in Napa Valley, California, Viva Vivaldi Festival in Mexico City, and Mimir Chamber Music Festival in Fort Worth, Texas. While advancing his academic studies, Matthew was most fervent in his musical pursuits. During his undergraduate and graduate studies where he performed with each university’s symphony, Matthew was a violinist with the Las Colinas Symphony, Dallas, Texas. While in high school, he not only served as concertmaster of his school’s symphony, he also served as concertmaster of the Jr. Philharmonic Orchestra of California, performing under the baton of founder Ernst Katz. Matthew performed alongside dozens of celebrities including Pat Boone, Dick Van Dyke, Florence Henderson, Flea, Bryan Cranston and Mickey Rooney. During his tenure, the Santa Monica Orchestra was hailed as the nation’s best high school orchestra. Since 2010, Matthew has been studying privately with celebrated violinist, Endre Granat, a protégé of the incomparable Jascha Heifetz. He has also studied privately with several eminent violinists including Arkady Fomin, Henry Gronnier and Vesselin Demirev. Matthew holds a Master of Music degree from Arizona State University under the tutelage of Danwen Jiang. He received his Bachelor of Music and Arts degrees from SMU, where his primary teacher was former Dallas Symphony concertmaster Emanuel Borok.
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Doris Matsui & José E. Serrano
Compare the voting records of Doris Matsui and José E. Serrano in 2013-14.
Doris Matsui
Robert E. Andrews (D-N.J.)
Rodney Alexander (R-La.)
Spencer Bachus (R-Ala.)
John A. Boehner (R-Ohio)
Corrine Brown (D-Fla.)
Timothy H. Bishop (D-N.Y.)
Jo Bonner (R-Ala.)
John Barrow (D-Ga.)
Charles Boustany Jr. (R-La.)
Michele Bachmann (R-Minn.)
Bruce Braley (D-Iowa)
Paul Broun (R-Ga.)
Dan Benishek (R-Mich.)
Ron Barber (D-Ariz.)
Kerry Bentivolio (R-Mich.)
Dave Camp (R-Mich.)
Donna M.C. Christensen (D-Virgin Islands)
Howard Coble (R-N.C.)
Lois Capps (D-Calif.)
Ander Crenshaw (R-Fla.)
Eric Cantor (R-Va.)
Shelley Moore Capito (R-W.Va.)
John Campbell (R-Calif.)
Bill Cassidy (R-La.)
John Carney (D-Del.)
Tom Cotton (R-Ark.)
Curt Clawson (R-Fla.)
John D. Dingell (D-Mich.)
Steve Daines (R-Mont.)
Tammy Duckworth (D-Ill.)
Jo Ann Emerson (R-Mo.)
Donna Edwards (D-Md.)
Renee Ellmers (R-N.C.)
Bill Enyart (D-Ill.)
Eni F. H. Faleomavaega (D-American Samoa)
Sam Farr (D-Calif.)
Chaka Fattah (D-Pa.)
J. Randy Forbes (R-Va.)
Michael G. Fitzpatrick (R-Pa.)
John Fleming (R-La.)
Stephen Fincher (R-Tenn.)
Scott Garrett (R-N.J.)
Jim Gerlach (R-Pa.)
Phil Gingrey (R-Ga.)
Alan Grayson (D-Fla.)
Cory Gardner (R-Colo.)
Chris Gibson (R-N.Y.)
Tim Griffin (R-Ark.)
Mike Grimm (R-N.Y.)
Pete Gallego (D-Texas)
Joe Garcia (D-Fla.)
Ralph M. Hall (R-Texas)
Doc Hastings (R-Wash.)
Rubén Hinojosa (D-Texas)
Rush Holt (D-N.J.)
Michael M. Honda (D-Calif.)
Richard Hanna (R-N.Y.)
Joe Heck (R-Nev.)
Tim Huelskamp (R-Kan.)
Robert Hurt (R-Va.)
Janice Hahn (D-Calif.)
Steven Horsford (D-Nev.)
Steve Israel (D-N.Y.)
David W. Jolly (R-Fla.)
Jack Kingston (R-Ga.)
John Kline (R-Minn.)
Ann Kirkpatrick (D-Ariz.)
Tom Latham (R-Iowa)
Cynthia M. Lummis (R-Wyo.)
James Lankford (R-Okla.)
Edward J. Markey (D-Mass.)
Carolyn McCarthy (D-N.Y.)
Jim McDermott (D-Wash.)
Mike McIntyre (D-N.C.)
Howard P. McKeon (R-Calif.)
John L. Mica (R-Fla.)
George Miller (D-Calif.)
James P. Moran (D-Va.)
Gary G. Miller (R-Calif.)
Jim Matheson (D-Utah)
Jeff Miller (R-Fla.)
Michael H. Michaud (D-Maine)
Candice S. Miller (R-Mich.)
Dan Maffei (D-N.Y.)
Patrick Murphy (D-Fla.)
Vance McAllister (R-La.)
Randy Neugebauer (R-Texas)
Richard Nugent (R-Fla.)
Alan Nunnelee (R-Miss.)
Gloria Negrete McLeod (D-Calif.)
Bill Owens (D-N.Y.)
Ed Pastor (D-Ariz.)
Tom Petri (R-Wis.)
Joe Pitts (R-Pa.)
Gary Peters (D-Mich.)
Pedro Pierluisi (D-Puerto Rico)
Nick J. Rahall II (D-W.Va.)
Charles B. Rangel (D-N.Y.)
Mike Rogers (R-Mich.)
Reid Ribble (R-Wis.)
Scott Rigell (R-Va.)
Jon Runyan (R-N.J.)
Trey Radel (R-Fla.)
Matt Salmon (R-Ariz.)
Loretta Sánchez (D-Calif.)
Steve Stockman (R-Texas)
Allyson Y. Schwartz (D-Pa.)
Aaron Schock (R-Ill.)
Steve Southerland (R-Fla.)
Marlin Stutzman (R-Ind.)
John F. Tierney (D-Mass.)
Lee Terry (R-Neb.)
Chris Van Hollen (D-Md.)
Melvin Watt (D-N.C.)
Henry A. Waxman (D-Calif.)
Edward Whitfield (R-Ky.)
Frank R. Wolf (R-Va.)
Lynn Westmoreland (R-Ga.)
C. W. Bill Young (R-Fla.)
Todd Young (R-Ind.)
Represented California's 6th Congressional District. This was her 5th term in the House. She is a current member of Congress.
José E. Serrano
Represented New York's 15th Congressional District. This was his 13th term in the House. He is a current member of Congress.
Doris Matsui and José E. Serrano are from the same party and agreed on 95 percent of votes in the 113th Congress (2013-14).
But they didn't always agree. Out of 1155 votes in the 113th Congress, they disagreed on 59 votes, including 4 major votes.
Sept. 17, 2014 — Making continuing appropriations for fiscal year 2015, and for other purposes
July 10, 2014 — Making appropriations for energy and water development and related agencies for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2015, and for other purposes
May 30, 2014 — Making appropriations for the Departments of Commerce and Justice, Science, and Related Agencies for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2015, and for other purposes
Jan. 29, 2014 — To provide for the reform and continuation of agricultural and other programs of the Department of Agriculture through fiscal year 2018, and for other purposes
Sept. 17, 2014 — To require a full audit of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and the Federal reserve banks by the Comptroller General of the United States, and for other purposes
Sept. 16, 2014 — To clarify the application of certain leverage and risk-based requirements under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, to improve upon the definitions provided for points and fees in connection with a mortgage transaction, and for other purposes
Sept. 16, 2014 — To make technical corrections to the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, to enhance the ability of small and emerging growth companies to access capital through public and private markets, to reduce regulatory burdens, and for other purposes
July 16, 2014 — DeSantis of Florida First Amendment
July 15, 2014 — Moore of Wisconsin Amendment
June 19, 2014 — Fortenberry of Nebraska Amendment
June 10, 2014 — Fleming of Louisiana Amendment
May 29, 2014 — First Cohen of Tennessee Amendment
May 29, 2014 — McNerney of California Amendment
May 21, 2014 — Department of Veterans Affairs Management Accountability Act
Feb. 25, 2014 — Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act
Jan. 28, 2014 —
Oct. 23, 2013 — Richmond of Louisiana Amendment No. 16
Oct. 23, 2013 — Hastings of Florida Amendment No. 6
Oct. 23, 2013 — Providing for consideration of H.R. 3080, the Water Resources Reform and Development Act of 2013
July 30, 2013 — Third Hastings of Florida Amendment
July 30, 2013 — Second Hastings of Florida Amendment
July 30, 2013 — Young of Alaska Amendment
July 23, 2013 — Cicilline of Rhode Island Amendment No. 28
July 23, 2013 — Poe of Texas Amendment No. 25
July 23, 2013 — Blumenauer of Oregon Amendment No. 15
July 9, 2013 — Second Takano of California Amendment
July 9, 2013 — First Takano of California Amendment
July 9, 2013 — Perry of Pennsylvania Amendment
July 8, 2013 — To require the Financial Stability Oversight Council to conduct a study of the likely effects of the differences between the United States and other jurisdictions in implementing the derivatives credit valuation adjustment capital requirement
June 20, 2013 — Fortenberry of Nebraska Part B Amendment No. 100
June 20, 2013 — Carney of Delaware Part B Amendment No. 48
June 20, 2013 — Kind of Wisconsin Part B Amendment No. 47
June 20, 2013 — Courtney of Connecticut Part B Amendment No. 46
June 20, 2013 — Gibson of New York Part B Amendment No. 44
June 20, 2013 — Garamendi of California Part B Amendment No. 38
June 20, 2013 — Butterfield of North Carolina Part B Amendment No. 25
June 19, 2013 — Foxx of North Carolina Part B Amendment No. 3
June 14, 2013 — Coffman of Colorado Part B Amendment No. 37
June 14, 2013 — Holt of New Jersey Part B Amendment No. 22
June 5, 2013 — Runyan of New Jersey Amendment
June 5, 2013 — Moran of Virginia Amendment
June 5, 2013 — Bishop of New York Amendment
June 5, 2013 — Heck of Nevada Amendment
March 20, 2013 — Grijalva of Arizona Substitute Amendment No. 3
March 5, 2013 — To amend section 1105(a) of title 31, United States Code, to require that annual budget submissions of the President to Congress provide an estimate of the cost per taxpayer of the deficit, and for other purposes
Feb. 13, 2013 — To amend the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act to clarify that houses of worship are eligible for certain disaster relief and emergency assistance on terms equal to other eligible private nonprofit facilities, and for other purposes
Jan. 15, 2013 — Providing for consideration of the bill (H.R. 152) making supplemental appropriations for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2013, and for other purposes
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Release: Five Leeds Women block fracking site over climate and water concerns
by Bobby | Jul 19, 2017 | News, Press Releases | 0 comments
This morning (Wednesday 19th July 2017) five campaigners blocked the entrance to Cuadrilla’s fracking site on Preston New Road in Lancashire to protest the impact of climate change.
The five women are locked on to devices across the front entrance of the site to disrupt work for the day in order to call for an end to fossil fuel extraction and a development in renewables.
Contact: press@nodashforgas.org and 07498908993
Photos available on Reclaim the Power Flickr
Skye Golding, one of the women locked on said:
“We’re here today to stand with the local community, but also to think about the bigger picture. Across the world there are 300,000 lives lost a year as a direct impact of climate change and this will only increase with the development of a new fossil fuel industry. Those least responsible for global warming are the most affected. They did not ask for these impacts, just as the community of Lancashire did not ask for fracking”.
The women said they had also travelled from Leeds for fear of impact on water supplies and treatment after discovering that waste water from the Cuadrilla site would be travelling to the Knostrop treatment works in Leeds.
Coralie Datta another of the activists at the site said:
“In countries where fracking is already happened there are repeat cases of water contamination, both in the ground and during the treatment process. The process of treating post-fracking water in the UK is unknown but Leeds’ Knostrop treatement works is one of the few sites in the UK that has been designated to take fracked water and that is a huge concern to me”.
Concerns around fracking waste water have existed since Cuadrilla discharged two million gallons into the Manchester Ship Canal after being processed at the Davyhulme treatment works in Trafford in 2014.[2]
Today’s protest forms part of the ‘Rolling Resistance’ month of action by national direct action group Reclaim the Power.[3]
Notes to Editiors
[1] http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-25902272
[2] http://cdn.frack-off.org.uk/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/2015-03-04-FoE-Watson-Response_to-LCC.pdf?x22615
[3] https://reclaimthepower.org.uk/
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Anti-frackers put fracking sand suppliers Sibelco on notice and say, ‘We’ll be back’
by Hannah | Feb 22, 2019 | Uncategorized | 0 comments
Contact: Jess 07905959159
e: press@reclaimthepower.org.uk
Videos and photos available
BREAKING: Anti-Frackers put fracking sand suppliers Sibelco on notice and say, ‘We’ll be back.’
CHESHIRE, UK – Anti-fracking network Reclaim the Power [1] today entered Sibelco quarry near Congleton. They scaled scaffolding at the quarry and held a banner saying, ‘Sibelco, Stop Supplying Oil + Gas Firms’. Sibelco is the world’s largest producer of hydraulic fracturing sands, through its subsidiary Unimin Energy Solutions in the US, and also currently produces UNIFRAC® Hydraulic Fracturing Sands in four European countries (Belgium, France, Russia and UK). Sibelco supplied Cuadrilla Resources (PDF) with frac sand for its ill-fated Preese Hall‐1 well in from quarries in Cheshire and seems likely to continue to do so.[2]
Sally Farmer who was at the quarry said:
‘Sibelco must come clean as to the scale of its involvement in the oil and gas industry, specifically in the UK. The fact that Sibelco claims to be a company championing sustainability is a scandal on an immense scale when across the globe, every year sees a new record set for fossil fuel usage. Our climate is in crisis and we our in the 6th mass extinction event in the earth’s history. Sibelco should respect both science and the generations that will inherit this planet and ditch its customers in the fossil fuel industry. If Sibelco continues to put profit before people and planet, then action against them as a company will continue into the future.’
If Sibelco were to remove support for the fracking industry, they would not be the first company to do so. In July 2017, Haulage company L&M Transport confirmed they were cutting ties with Cuadrilla after being held up for over 72 hours by a protest on one of their trucks. L&M stated, “If we had know this delivery was for the company Cuadrilla and to be used in the questionable fracking industry we quite simply would not have become involved. We can state that we will never knowingly work for Cuadrilla or any agents involved with Cuadrilla or the fracking industry again.” [3]
https://reclaimthepower.org.uk/ – Reclaim the Power is a UK based direct action network fighting for social, environmental and economic justice. In particular, Reclaim the Power came to national prominence recently when members of the group, the Frack Free Three, were sent to jail for protesting fracking in Lancashire. National outcry lifted the group to prominence, and the group were soon released. More information here – http://frackfreefoursupporters.org/
https://frack-off.org.uk/companies/sibelco-uk-ltd/
https://drillordrop.com/2017/07/29/haulier-pulls-out-of-cuadrilla-delivery-after-72-hour-truck-protest/
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Tuesday’s Top Ten Tracks: The Double Edition
Artists: A-Trak, A1 Bassline, Barletta, Benny Benassi, Black Eyed Peas, Black Kids, Bloody Beetroots, Cookin Soul, Cut Copy, Daft Punk, Deadmau5, DJ Cal, Example, Frankie Knuckles, Freemasons, Jackson 5, John Roman, Kid Cudi, Kojak, La Roux, Lady Gaga, Laidback Luke, Lifelike, Lil Wayne, Little Boots, Mason, Michael Jackson, Nas, Nero, Phoenix, Ratatat, Ruben X, Steve Aoki, Swedish House Mafia, The Bloody Beetroots, The Streets, The Twelves, Weekend Warriors
Tuesday’s Top Ten Tracks: Barletta Back on Top
Artists: A-Trak, A1 Bassline, Barletta, Benny Benassi, Black Eyed Peas, Black Kids, Bloody Beetroots, John Roman, La Roux, Lady Gaga, Laidback Luke, Lifelike, Lil Wayne, Little Boots, Nas, Phoenix, Steve Aoki, Swedish House Mafia, The Bloody Beetroots, The Twelves, Weekend Warriors
Tuesday’s Top Ten Tracks – Warriors Make a Break
Artists: A-Trak, A1 Bassline, Barletta, Benny Benassi, Black Kids, Bloody Beetroots, Crookers, John Roman, La Roux, Lady Gaga, Laidback Luke, Lifelike, Lil Wayne, Little Boots, Mat Cant Philly 2, Nas, Steve Aoki, Swedish House Mafia, The Bloody Beetroots, The Twelves, Weekend Warriors, Yeah Yeah Yeahs
Featured Artist, Show Preview
The Weekend Warriors Featured on MTV’s The Hills
Artists: Mike Gonek, Weekend Warriors
Artists: Diplo, Lil Wayne, Mike Gonek, Weekend Warriors
Rock The Runway Electro
Artists: Akon, Bodyrox, Britney Spears, Colby O_Donis, DiscoTech, Jake Reno, Kenna, Luciana, Madonna, Mike Gonek, Muse, Odb, September, Sidechains, Vandalism, Weekend Warriors
Written by: Mikey Digitz
Toronto Producer/DJ Mike Gonek Drops a HUGE Remix of Britney Spears’ Womanizer!
Artists: Britney Spears, Mike Gonek, Weekend Warriors
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Snyder's Sandwich: Fourth of July...Sandwich style!
By Mark Snyder
The Fourth of July is a time of barbecues, celebration and fireworks, and the town of Sandwich celebrates in a big way!
The Sandwich Recreation Department, under director Guy Boucher, have a magnificent day planned for residents and guests.
The Fun Run
Registration for the three mile road race is open from 7 to 8:15 AM. The race begins at 8:30 a.m. July 4 at the Henry T. Wing School, 33 Water Street.
The cost to register is $15 (14 and up) and $10 for youth (13 and under). T-shirts are available at registration. Participants can register online or on the day of the race. To register online, visit https://secure.rec1.com/MA/sandwich-ma/catalog
Pre-race numbers pickup will be held at Oak Crest Cove, 34 Quaker Meetinghouse Road July 3 from 9 AM to 1 PM.
Runners must be 13 years of age or older to participate in the race unless accompanied by an adult.
Boucher tells Snyder's Sandwich that there are usually between 500 and 800 participants in the run, "depending on the weather and what day July 4 falls on."
8 to 10 AM at St. John's Episcopal Church, 159 Main Street. The cost is $5.
Spirit of Sandwich Parade
Boucher says the parade, which is usually about 45 minutes long, will feature 11 floats, two dozen antique vehicles, lots of walkers (including some local politicians), and fire department vehicles. Boucher says that police have estimated that several thousand people gather each year on Main Street and other nearby locations to watch the festivities.
Annual Strawberry Festival
After the parade ends, head to First Church of Christ, 136 Main Street, and grab some strawberry shortcake. It's only $5 until supplies run out. They'll also have waters for $1
Egg Toss
Boucher says this is a favorite and has hundreds of participants. The egg toss takes place at 11:30 AM at the Wing School. There will be prizes for the best adult and child performance.
Have a blast behind the Wing School near the bandstand. There will be cornhole and other backyard games set up. Bring a picnic lunch and some chairs and blankets and have some family fun for all ages. Singer-songwriter Brian Sances will entertain the crowd! Free admission.
The Fireman's Muster
At 2 PM, kids can play in the water from the fire hoses of an authentic Sandwich Fire truck! It's like going through a sprinkler---but a lot more fun!
Free Concert
Put your bug spray on and head with a chair or blanket to Water Street to see the fabulous oldies band, Dale & The Duds. The band will play all the familiar music you loved as a kid, plus some newer music for the younger crowd. They'll play at the Shawme Pond bandstand next to the Hoxie House from 7:30 to 9:30 PM.
The Boat Parade
Check out the boats on Shawme Pond decorated with lights. It's festive and fun!
Did you know that the Sandwich Boat Parade has run continuously since the 1860s? It's been interrupted only by two world wars!
This year's fireworks start at 10 PM and can be viewed all over town. Let's pause to remember the late Selectman Peter Beauchemin, who worked so hard to bring them back. He passed away two years ago.
Happy birthday, America! Stay safe and have fun.
RUMBLINGS AROUND TOWN
Sandwich Arts Alliance holds elections
The Sandwich Arts Alliance held their annual meeting last night at the alliance's new center on Route 6A in Sandwich Village. The building houses a gallery featuring art of all types, as well as musical CDs and books from local members.
The alliance, which began at Sandwichfest in 2015, held elections to fill seats on its board of directors. Elected (in alphabetical order) were Kathy Olinger Aubin, June Bowser-Barrett, Donna Fitzmaurice, Todd Herrmann, Parke Madden, Richard Muccini, Ronald Murphy, Neila Neary, Diane Ranney, Diane Scharf, Mark Snyder, and Joanne Westerhouse.
At the first board meeting, which followed the annual meeting, the executive committee was elected. Joanne Westerhouse is interim president; Neila Neary is vice president of marketing; Diane Scharf is vice president of programming; Diane Ranney is vice president of development; Todd Herrmann is secretary, and Ronald Murphy is treasurer.
Mark Snyder, who has written more than 2,700 articles in newspapers and magazines, and published three books, is the CEO of PMPNetwork.com, the internet’s entertainment superstation. He also started the Sandwich News group on Facebook, which has over 11,600 members. Have a story idea? He can be reached viasnyderssandwich@aol.com., toll free fax at 866-655-8234, and on Facebook,www.facebook.com/MarkSnyderTVRadio.
Sign up for weekly e-mails
Where to find the Sandwich Broadsider
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WickedLocal
Sandwich Broadsider ~ 319 Main Street Hyannis, MA 02601 ~ Privacy Policy ~ Terms Of Service
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Jai Courtney Signs On For Russell Crowe & Angelina Jolie Films
by Andy Crump
– on Oct 25, 2013
Jai Courtney's 2013 may have gotten off to a bad start thanks to A Good Day to Die Hard, but he's bouncing back: the Australian actor has roles in the 2014 adaptation of YA novel Divergent as well as local thriller Felony (featuring Joel Edgerton) and just recently he's been courted by Oscar-level talent for their own upcoming directorial projects. Courtney has signed on for roles in Angelina Jolie's Unbroken and fellow Aussie Russell Crowe's The Water Diviner, which will mark Crowe's first time sitting in the director's chair.
By happy accident, these movies each revolve around one of the two World Wars, putting Courtney square in the midst of historical drama. Unbroken concerns itself with real-life former Olympian Louis Zamperini and his time spent as a POW during WWII, while The Water Diviner follows a father's journey to recover the bodies of his three sons, all slain during WWI. Courtney will play supporting parts in both films; Jolie has chosen Jack O'Connell (who will show up in 2014's 300: Rise of an Empire) as her lead in Unbroken, while Crowe will direct himself in the principal role for The Water Diviner.
Deadline made the announcement yesterday. At a glance, this looks like a meteoric leap forward for Courtney; genre fare has plenty of merit, no doubt, but Unbroken and The Water Diviner read as completely different animals from what we're accustomed to seeing the young actor appear in. Jolie's and Crowe's pictures bear all the trappings of highbrow ambition on paper, and that sense of intention could easily vault Courtney into a whole different league of performance if the pair of productions are successful.
That said, it's hard to say exactly in what capacity Courtney's characters will influence the plots of either film. In Unbroken, he's going to play Hugh "Cup" Cuppernell, a pilot who battles alongside Zamperini in a midair dogfight; in The Water Diviner, he'll portray Lieutenant Colonel Cecil Hilton, the man in charge of coordinating the military's endeavors to identify the countless soldiers who died in battle at Gallipoli. These outlines are so vague that guessing how much screen time he'll get in these movies is nearly impossible; he could be either the major or minor kind of secondary.
It seems reasonable to assume, however, that he'll have more to do in both movies than these descriptions suggest; Courtney's an up-and-comer, and if the likes of Crowe and Jolie are knocking at his door considering his slim resume, it's probably for good reason. Regardless of why, though, these are two plum opportunities for Courtney to expand his repertoire and prove his acting chops. Let's see if he makes the most of them.
Unbroken arrives in theaters on December 25th, 2014; The Water Diviner has a tentative but unscheduled 2014 release date.
Source: Deadline
Tags: unbroken, the water diviner
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Unique New Guide Delivers Insiders’ Tips on Relocating to Martinez
by Jerry Valdez on 11/02/2017 in Real Estate
WALNUT CREEK, Calif. — Rich with well-preserved older homes and business facilities, Martinez, California, has long been considered a highlight of the East Bay area. As one of the region’s top Realtors, Elizabeth Russo understands what makes the city so special. A brand-new guide in the blog section at delivers everything newcomers will want to know as they work through the process of relocation. From researching neighborhoods and schools to finding the best home for a buyer’s budget, Elizabeth Russo’s new guide to relocating to Martinez is a uniquely indispensable resource for those considering a move to one of the state’s most charming cities.
“There are many wonderful places to live in the East Bay area, but Martinez truly stands out with its history and beauty,” Russo said, “With a welcoming small-town atmosphere that few can resist, Martinez has become a top destination for families and others. Our new guide to the city will help readers quickly come up to speed with what makes it so special and how best to plan a relocation. We truly love the East Bay, and we think that Martinez is a real jewel in its crown. We invite all who are interested in the area to come read the guide at in our blog section and have a look at our current listings.”
Not long after securing its independence from Spain in 1821, the young country of Mexico began aggressively granting plots of land to settlers who seemed ready to make productive use of what were then its far northern reaches. In 1842, a former soldier named Ygnacio Martínez received title to a 17,000-plus-acre “rancho” covering most of the Alhambra Valley. After serving as a busy way-station during the 1849 Gold Rush, the city of Martinez was officially incorporated in 1876.
Today, Martinez hosts around 37,000 permanent residents and a downtown that is widely considered one of the most historic and charming in Northern California. The longtime home of famed naturalist John Muir, Martinez is surrounded by parks, preserves and the waters of San Francisco Bay. With a personality and pace of life that many find appealing, the city has grown steadily for decades and now ranks as a top choice for many considering a move to the East Bay area.
The new guide to relocating to Martinez includes everything those thinking about putting down roots in the city will want to know. Available now in the blog section at the unique guide covers subjects ranging from doing basic research to finding, making an offer on, and purchasing a home. As one of the East Bay’s most informed, experienced, and successful real estate specialists, Elizabeth Russo regularly helps buyers learn about what the area has to offer. Visitors to her website can also browse current listings and make contact regarding their own real estate goals and plans.
About Elizabeth Russo:
Putting decades of East Bay real estate experience at the service of clients, Elizabeth Russo goes above and beyond to help buyers and sellers achieve their goals.
Source: http://www.keyc.com/story/34472901/news
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HomeNDTVWorst Date Ever? Online Matchup Leads To 65,000 Messages And Stalking
Worst Date Ever? Online Matchup Leads To 65,000 Messages And Stalking
By admin 12th May 2018 NDTV 0 Comments
It was supposed to be a potential love connection, two lonely-hearts linked together on an Internet dating site. Instead, the matchup devolved into stalking, threats and a bizarre obsession, according to authorities in Arizona.
“I felt like I met my soul mate,” 31-year-old Jacqueline Claire Ades told reporters in a rambling jailhouse interview Thursday in Phoenix. “I thought we would just do what everybody else did and we would get married and everything would be fine. But that’s not what happened.”
What did happen, according to police, was a bizarre series of encounters and anti-Semitic messages stretching back to last summer. Ades allegedly piled up her love interest’s inbox with thousands of text messages, sometimes 500 a day and many laced with threats. “Oh, what I would do w ur blood!” she allegedly once wrote. “I’d wanna bathe in it.”
In total Ades is accused of sending 65,000 texts.
“That’s it?” Ades said on Thursday when a reporter asked her about the number of messages. “To me it seemed like more.”
“Isn’t that kind of excessive?” she was asked.
“Love is an excessive thing,” Ades replied.
In her interview with reporters this week, Ades said she was originally from Miami.
“I wound up here on a road trip from Florida, looking I guess for love,” she said. The man – who is unidentified in police documents and local media reports – allegedly met Ades online and went on a date, CBS 5 has reported.
In her interview, Ades told reporters they connected on Luxy, a dating site for verified millionaires.
“The most shallow one ever,” she said. “Where the rich men meet the pretty girls.”
After the initial encounter, Ades allegedly began harassing the man with messages beginning last summer, police said.
On April 8, the individual contacted police while he was outside the country. Security footage from his home in Paradise Valley, outside of Phoenix, showed Ades taking a bath in his house. When police reported to the home, they found her at the residence. A large butcher knife was on the passenger seat of her car, according to an arrest report.
“I never had a butcher knife,” Ades countered on Thursday. “I had like little flippy knives on my road trip, people try to hurt me, I’m a single girl, I drove across America. I don’t carry a butcher knife.”
After the break-in, however, she was charged with first-degree criminal trespass and released.
On April 30, the man again contacted police, this time showing investigators threatening text messages Ades had sent him between April 16 and April 28.
“Don’t ever try to leave me . . . I’ll kill you . . . I don’t wanna be a murderer!” Ades allegedly texted, according to a police report.
“I hope you die . . . rotten filthy Jew . . . lololol Im like the new Hitler. . . man was a genius,” she allegedly wrote on another occassion.
“I’d wear ur fascia n the top of your skull n ur hands n feet,” she allegedly added in another message.
All these unnerved the man enough to report to police. He “stated that he is out of the country currently but that he is legitimately concerned for his safety when he returns,” the police report said.
The situation allegedly escalated on May 4, when Ades showed up at the individual’s office in Scottsdale. She claimed to be his wife. Four days later, police arrested Ades at her home, according to the police report. She is currently facing charges of threatening, stalking, harassment and failure to appear.
In her comments to reporters this week, Ades rambled from topic to topic, jumping from Einstein to astrology, Atlantis to the Illuminati. When pressed about her actions, she repeatedly refused to discuss the allegations against her.
“I don’t want to talk about that,” she said whenever confronted about her behavior. “I don’t want to talk about those things. You have negative energy.”
Ades did, however, claim she was no threat to her alleged victim.
“No! Oh my god I love him so much,” she said. “I just want to love him so much, that’s it. And if he doesn’t like it, I’ll go home and I’ll love my ex-boyfriend.”
“Do you think you’re a danger?” Ades was asked.
“No!” she said. “I think he wanted to make sure I wasn’t or something like that.”
https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/worst-date-ever-online-matchup-leads-to-65-000-text-messages-and-a-stalking-charge-1851054
17-Year-Old Injured In Celebratory Firing At Wedding In Uttar Pradesh
Poachers Killed 74 Rhinos In Assam In 3 Years: Forest Minister
2 Tiger Cubs Die After Being Hit By Train In Maharashtra
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Home / News & Events / The Richard Hillary Essay Medal
Severn Hill News
The Richard Hillary Essay Medal
The Richard Hillary Essay Medal was inaugurated last year and ran for a second time earlier this term. It provides an opportunity for Sixth Formers to spend two hours pitting their wits against a one-word essay title. The event was modelled on the historic competition undertaken to select fellows of All Souls College, Oxford. Twenty-four pupils volunteered to take part, and each competitor opened an envelope on their exam desk to reveal this year’s one-word title, “Time”.
The competition was judged by Professor Patrick Finglass, himself a fellow of All Souls College and also Head of the Classics Department at Nottingham University. He commented positively on a number of the essays, but felt that two stood out from the rest. The winner was Daniel Edwards (S LVI), with Esme O’Keeffe (MSH LVI) as runner-up. Daniel will be presented with his medal at Prize Giving on Speech Day.
The prize is named in honour of Richard Hillary (Old Salopian) and was launched in association with the Salopian Club. Hillary was born in 1919 and joined Churchill’s Hall in 1931 and he went on from Shrewsbury to study at Trinity College, Oxford. He was called up to the Royal Air Force in October 1939 to train as a Spitfire fighter pilot. He joined 603 Squadron and moved with them from Scotland to join the Battle of Britain on 27th August 1940. Within a week Hillary had shot down five German fighters, but he himself was shot down on 3rd September 1940 and was very badly burned while escaping from his aircraft.
Hillary was badly disfigured and never regained full use of his hands. He wrote the story of his experiences, “The Last Enemy”, which is widely regarded as one of the best books to have emerged from World War Two. He convinced the RAF that he was fit enough to return to flying in November 1942, even though the damage to his hands remained severe. On 8th January 1943 his Bristol Blenheim crashed in Scottish woodland during a night training exercise, and he died aged 23.
He is remembered today at Trinity College, Oxford by an annual literature prize, a portrait outside the college library, and an annual lecture in his honour. At Shrewsbury, his name appears on the War Memorial and his name is also on the Battle of Britain memorial in Chapel.
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William Wordsworth (7 April 1770 – 23 April 1850) was an important poet of the Romantic Age in English literature.
William Wordsworth.
(1770-04-07)7 April 1770
Wordsworth House, Cockermouth, Cumberland, England
23 April 1850(1850-04-23) (aged 80)
Cumberland, England
Literary movement
Notable works
Lyrical Ballads, Poems in Two Volumes, The Excursion
Many people think that The Prelude, an autobiographical poem of his early years is his masterpiece. Wordsworth was England's Poet Laureate from 1843 until his death in 1850.
BiographyEdit
Wordsworth was born as second of five children in the Lake District. After the death of his mother in 1778, his father sent him to Hawkshead Grammar School. In 1783 his father, a lawyer and a solicitor, died. Although many aspects of his boyhood were positive, he remembered times of loneliness and anxiety. It took him many years, and much writing, to recover from the death of his parents.
Wordsworth went to St John's College, Cambridge in 1787. Three years later, in 1790, he visited Revolutionary France and supported the Republican movement, although the Reign of Terror later made him change his mind.(see Prelude book 10) The following year, he graduated from Cambridge.
Relationship with Annette VallonEdit
In November 1791, Wordsworth returned to France and took a walking tour of Europe that included the Alps and Italy. He fell in love with a French woman, Annette Vallon, who in 1792 gave birth to their child, Caroline. Because he was poor and there were tensions between Britain and France, he returned alone to England the next year.[1] But he supported Annette Vallon and his daughter as best he could in later life. War between France and Britain prevented him from seeing Annette and Caroline again for several years. It is likely that Wordsworth would have been depressed during the 1790s.
In 1802 Wordsworth and his sister, Dorothy, visited Annette and Caroline in France.[1]
First publication and Lyrical BalladsEdit
In 1793 Wordsworth published the poetry collections An Evening Walk and Descriptive Sketches. In 1795 he met Samuel Taylor Coleridge in Somerset. The two poets quickly developed a close friendship. In 1797, Wordsworth and his sister, Dorothy, moved to Somerset, just a few miles away from Coleridge's home in Nether Stowey. Together, Wordsworth and Coleridge produced Lyrical Ballads (1798), an important work in the English Romantic movement. The Preface to Lyrical Ballads is considered a central work of Romantic literary theory. In it, Wordsworth discusses what he sees as the elements of a new type of poetry, one based on the "real language of men" and which avoids the poetic diction of much eighteenth-century poetry. Here, Wordsworth also gives his famous definition of poetry as "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings from emotions recollected in tranquility." A fourth and final edition of Lyrical Ballads was published in 1805. He wrote a poem about daffodils and the Lake District.
Germany and move to the Lake DistrictEdit
Wordsworth, Dorothy, and Coleridge then traveled to Germany in the autumn of 1798. The main effect on Wordsworth was that he became homesick.[1] But he began to work on the important autobiographical piece The Prelude. He also wrote a number of famous poems, including "the Lucy poems." He and his sister moved back to England, now to Dove Cottage in Grasmere in the Lake District, and this time with the poet Robert Southey nearby. Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Southey came to be known as the "Lake Poets". Through this period, many of his poems speak of death, endurance, separation, and grief.
MarriageEdit
In 1802 he married a childhood friend, Mary Hutchinson.[1] Dorothy continued to live with the couple.
Portrait, 1842, by Benjamin Haydon
In 1807, his Poems in Two Volumes were published, including "Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood".
Two of his children, Thomas and Catherine, died in 1812. In 1813 his family, including Dorothy, moved to Rydal Mount, Ambleside , where he spent the rest of his life.[1]
Major worksEdit
Lyrical Ballads, with a Few Other Poems (1798)
Lyrical Ballads, with Other Poems (1800)
Poems, in Two Volumes (1807)
The Excursion (1814)
Ecclesiastical Sketches (1822)
The Prelude (1850, posthumous)
General information and biographical sketchesEdit
Short biographical sketch by Glenn Everett
Worsworth's links with Claines, Worcester
Wordsworth and the Lake District
Wordsworth's Grave
A Wordsworth FAQ by Thomas C. Gannon
Biography and Works
The Wordsworth Trust
Romantic Circles -- Excellent Editions & Articles on Wordsworth and other Authors of the Romantic period
Wordsworth's worksEdit
en:wikisource
Bartleby.com's complete poetical works by Wordsworth
Selected Poems by W.Wordsworth
Works by William Wordsworth at Project Gutenberg
Poetry Archive: 166 poems of William Wordsworth
To Toussaint Louverture - poem by William Wordsworth
Extensive Information on Wordsworth's Poem, Lines Written a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey
Robert Southey British Poet Laureate
Alfred, Lord Tennyson
M. H. Abrams, ed. (2000). The Norton Anthology of English Literature: Volume 2A, The Romantic Period (7th ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. ISBN 0-393-97568-1.
Stephen Gill, ed. (2000). William Wordsworth: The Major Works. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. ISBN 0-19-284044-4.
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: William Wordsworth
Wikimedia Commons has media related to William Wordsworth.
↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 [1] Everett, Glenn, "William Wordsworth: Biography" Web page at The Victorian Web Web site, accessed January 7, 2007
Retrieved from "https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Wordsworth&oldid=6536699"
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CONCORD, N.C. (July 24, 2014) — Rev Racing’s Devon Amos and Paige Decker are headed to Hampton, Va. to race for the fourth time at Langley Speedway. The duo will compete in the Hampton Heat 200, the longest and most anticipated race of the season.
Paige Decker (No. 2 Rev Racing Toyota) — During her month long break from the Whelen All-American Series, Decker was able to get extra seat time with her family-owned racing team to prepare for Saturday’s 79.6-mile event.
Last week, Decker raced her super late model in the Slinger Nationals in her home state of Wisconsin where she became the first female to win a major super late model race in 2013 and subsequently the first woman named Rookie of the Year.
“Any extra seat time helps a driver. Being in a different car and the ability to adapt will help me when jumping back in the late model,” she said. “I want to be a flexible driver.”
After finishing one place shy of gaining her third top 10 of the season in her last outing with Rev Racing at Motor Mile Speedway, she is anxious to get back on the asphalt to showcase her skills at Langley Speedway, one of her favorite tracks.
Devon Amos (No. 6 Rev Racing Toyota) — In his last race, Amos was unable to finish due to suspension damage resulting from a 13-car accident, but he’s not letting the unfavorable finish put a damper on his motivation to have a successful race.
“Our pace has been consistently improving, and I’m looking forward to seeing some good results this weekend,” Amos said. “Hopefully we can avoid trouble and finish the 200 laps close to the front.”
He has been training harder for the 200-lap event and is excited to compete this weekend because it will be new milestone for him. While the Hampton Heat 200 will be the longest race the season, it will also be the longest event of Amos’s racing career.
Mackena Bell (No. 21 Lung Force/B&C Seafood Toyota) — With a weekend off from the NASCAR K&N Pro Series East, Bell will have the opportunity to race her late model this weekend along with her two Whelen All-American Series teammates.
“I want to thank Lung Force and the American Lung Association for being on the car this weekend,” Bell said. “It’s a pleasure to create awareness for such an important cause, and I’m extremely grateful to get extra seat time.”
Qualifying will start at 4:35 p.m. and racing will begin at 7 p.m.
ABOUT REV RACING: Headquartered in Concord, NC, Rev Racing, owned by Max Siegel, operates the NASCAR Drive for Diversity Program, which is the industry’s leading developmental program for ethnic minorities, women drivers, and pit crew members. For more information about Rev Racing visit https://revracing.net and follow us on Twitter @RevRacin.
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Concord, NC (April 28, 2014) – In a weekend comprised of Daniel Suarez’s NASCAR trifecta and NASCAR Nationwide debut, a rain delay, and a few mechanical errors, the Rev Racing team experienced the highs and lows of racing at Richmond International Raceway.
Going into Friday night, all eyes were on Rev Racing’s Daniel Suarez who was set to make his NASCAR Nationwide debut with Joe Gibbs Racing. In his first stent behind the wheel of the Silent Circle/Telcel Toyota Camry, Daniel qualified 12th for the rain delayed ToyotaCare 250. After taking the green flag, Suarez was able to crack the top-10 before a flat tire and a commitment line violation knocked him back to the 30th position. Despite the setback, Suarez was able to make up significant ground, securing the 19th position by race’s end.
The delayed ToyotaCare 250 pushed the NASCAR K&N Pro Series East competition to Saturday morning. Fresh off of his first NASCAR Nationwide race, Suarez, along with teammate Ryan Gifford, were set to lead the charge for Rev Racing. After two optimistic practices, qualifying for the Rev Racing drivers proved to be less than favorable. Mackena Bell and the No. 21 Special Smiles Toyota qualified 14th, the highest of the Rev Racing drivers. Beasley and Suarez, whom qualified 15th and 19th, were the only other Rev Racing drivers to qualify in the top-20.
After taking the green flag, the drivers spent the first few laps jockeying for position. However, 17 laps into the race Sergio Peña was unfortunately forced to pit due to a flat tire. Upon returning the track, Peña had fallen a couple laps down, a deficit he was ultimately unable to overcome. As the race continued, the 25th lap marked the commencement of a competition that was marred with a myriad of yellow flags as the race proved to be an aggressive and physical bout. By races end, damage from other drivers and mechanical issues kept all of the Rev Racing drivers out of the top-20 with the exception of Bell, who finished 15th.
At the conclusion of the NKNPSE race, Suarez immediately hopped on a plane to Mexico for the final stent of his NASCAR trifecta. Ultimately, Suarez was able to return to his hometown of Monterrey, Mexico and secure his third win in the Mexico Toyota Series and fifth NASCAR win on 2014.
As the Rev Racing teams prepare for Iowa, they will have the advantage of testing prior to the May 17 competition. Director of Competition Jefferson Hodges is confident that the additional seat time will allow Rev Racing to return to victory lane once again this season.
The Blue Ox 100 will be broadcast by FOX Sports 1 on Friday, May 2 at 4:30 p.m.
ABOUT REV RACING: Headquartered in Concord, NC, Rev Racing, owned by Max Siegel, operates the NASCAR Drive for Diversity Program, which is the industry’s leading developmental program for ethnic minorities and women drivers and pit crew members. For more information about Rev Racing visit https://revracing.net or follow us on Twitter @RevRacin.
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Socialist Action – Canada
Socialism in the Park – Summer 2019
Socialism 2019: Fight Imperialism!
Rebel Films @ Toronto
May Day Celebration
B.C. NDP hands Campbell a victory
June 19, 2009 YK
A lackluster, rather conservative campaign by the provincial New Democrats handed Liberal Premier Gordon Campbell a third consecutive majority government in the May 12 British Columbia election. The result was close to the one in 2005, except that voter turnout plunged from 62 per cent to only about 50 per cent this time.
The Liberals won 49 of the 85 seats in the B.C. Legislature, with 46 per cent of the votes cast. The NDP took 36 seats and 42 per cent support, and the Green Party won zero seats despite attracting eight per cent of the votes. In the second B.C. referendum on electoral reform, the complicated and undemocratic proposal for a Single Transferable Vote (STV) system was defeated by an overwhelming 61 per cent. Unfortunately, this may sideline the effort to win proportional representation for a long time to come.
Instead of fighting for socialist solutions to the economic crisis, the NDP, led by Carole James, posed as tough on crime and taxes, and took its distance from the labour movement in the west coast province. This cleared the path for Campbell’s right wing Liberals, an amalgam of staunchly conservative big business forces in B.C., to defend their cutbacks and their anti-labour, anti-aboriginal record – even their regressive, fake green, carbon tax.
Labour and the NDP converged visibly only on the demand for a $10/hour minimum wage, and that issue was soft-pedalled. The NDP opposed STV, and like the Liberals, advocated the electoral status quo. Campbell had a quiet, rather easy going time, in contrast to life on the usually volatile BC campaign trail, thanks to the NDP and labour tops who stifled militancy.
James led the BCNDP to a significant recovery from the 2001 election when it was reduced to only two seats, then winning 33 in 2005. But a decade of right wing drift, so clearly out of step with social needs in the current economic depression, took a serious toll on the NDP. The disastrous result, which weighs heavily on working people all across the country, underscores the need for a thorough re-examination of the course of the labour-based party. -Barry Weisleder
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Ligue pour L'Action Socialiste
Socialist Action / Ligue pour l'Action socialiste is an organization of revolutionary socialists across the Canadian state, active in the labour movement, social justice, international solidarity, feminist and environmental campaigns.
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Remembering Trayvon
Racism: America's Original Sin
By Jim Wallis
[This is adapted from an earlier version of the article "America's Original Sin," which appeared in the November 1987 issue of Sojourners and remains relevant today.—The Editors]
The United States of America was established as a white society, founded upon the genocide of another race and then the enslavement of yet another.
To make such a statement today is to be immediately accused of being rhetorical or, worse yet, of being "reminiscent of the '60s." The reaction is instructive and revealing. The historical record of how white Europeans conquered North America by destroying the native population and how they then built their new nation's economy on the backs of kidnapped Africans who had been turned into chattel are facts that can hardly be denied. Yet to speak honestly of such historical facts is to be charged with being polemical or out of date. Why?
One reason is that racism is no longer a hot topic. After the brief "racial crisis" of the '60s, white America, including many of those involved in the civil rights movement, has gone on to other concerns. Also, the legal victories of black Americans in that period, as far as most white Americans are concerned, have settled the issue and even left many asking, "What more do blacks want?"
Federal courts have recently interpreted civil rights legislation—originally designed to redress discrimination against black people—as applying to the grievances of whites who believe affirmative action programs have "gone too far." In addition, popular racial attitudes have changed, attested to by the opinion polls and the increased number of black faces appearing in the world of sports, entertainment, the mass media, and even politics.
Indeed, in the decades since the passage of momentous civil rights legislation, some things have changed and some things haven't. What has changed is the personal racial attitudes of many white Americans and the opportunities for some black Americans to enter the middle levels of society. (The word "middle" is key here, insofar as blacks have yet to be allowed into the upper echelons and decision-making positions of business, the professions, the media, or even the fields of sports and entertainment where black "progress" has so often been celebrated.) Legal segregation has been lifted off the backs of black people with the consequent expansion of social interchange and voting rights, and that itself has led to changes in white attitudes.
What has not changed is the systematic and pervasive character of racism in the United States and the condition of life for the majority of black people. In fact, those conditions have gotten worse.
Racism originates in domination and provides the social rationale and philosophical justification for debasing, degrading, and doing violence to people on the basis of color. Many have pointed out how racism is sustained by both personal attitudes and structural forces. Racism can be brutally overt or invisibly institutional, or both. Its scope extends to every level and area of human psychology, society, and culture.
Prejudice may be a universal human sin, but racism is more than an inevitable consequence of human nature or social accident. Rather, racism is a system of oppression for a social purpose.
In the United States, the original purpose of racism was to justify slavery and its enormous economic benefit. The particular form of racism, inherited from the English to justify their own slave trade, was especially venal, for it defined the slave not merely as an unfortunate victim of bad circumstances, war, or social dislocation but rather as less than human, as a thing, an animal, a piece of property to be bought and sold, used and abused.
The slave did not have to be treated with any human consideration whatsoever. Even in the founding document of our nation, the famous constitutional compromise defined the slave as only three-fifths of a person. The professed high ideals of Anglo-Western society could exist side by side with the profitable institution of slavery only if the humanity of the slave was denied and disregarded.
The heart of racism was and is economic, though its roots and results are also deeply cultural, psychological, sexual, even religious, and, of course, political. Due to 200 years of brutal slavery and 100 more of legal segregation and discrimination, no area of the relationship between black and white people in the United States is free from the legacy of racism.
IN SPIRITUAL AND BIBLICAL terms, racism is a perverse sin that cuts to the core of the gospel message. Put simply, racism negates the reason for which Christ died—the reconciling work of the cross. It denies the purpose of the church: to bring together, in Christ, those who have been divided from one another, particularly in the early church's case, Jew and Gentile—a division based on race.
There is only one remedy for such a sin and that is repentance, which, if genuine, will always bear fruit in concrete forms of conversion, changed behavior, and reparation. While the United States may have changed in regard to some of its racial attitudes and allowed some of its black citizens into the middle class, white America has yet to recognize the extent of its racism—that we are and have always been a racist society-—much less to repent of its racial sins.
And because of that lack of repentance and, indeed, because of the economic, social, and political purposes still served by the oppression of black people, systematic racism continues to be pervasive in American life. While constantly denied by white social commentators and the media, evidence of the persistent and endemic character of American racism abounds.
All this has especially affected black youth, whose rate of unemployment has climbed above 50 percent. The very human meaning to such grim statistics can be seen in the faces of the kids in my inner-city neighborhood. They know they have no job, no place, no future, and therefore no real stake in this country. As one commentator has put it, society has ceased to be a society for them. Alcohol, drugs, poverty, family disintegration, crime, and jail have replaced aspirations for a decent life and a hopeful future.
It is the economy itself that now enforces the brutal oppression of racism, and it happens, of course, invisibly and impersonally. In the changing capitalist order, manufacturing jobs are lost to cheaper labor markets in the Third World or to automation while farm labor becomes extinct; both historically have been important to black survival. In the new "high-tech" world and "service economy," almost the only jobs available are at places like McDonalds.
Increasingly, we see a two-tiered economy emerging: one a highly lucrative level of technicians and professionals who operate the system, and the other an impoverished sector of unemployed, underemployed, and unskilled labor from which the work of servicing the system can be done. That blacks are disproportionately consigned to the lowest economic tier is an indisputable proof of racism. The existence of a vast black underclass, inhabiting the inner cities of our nation, is a testimony to the versatility of white racism decades after legal segregation was officially outlawed.
THE PAIN OF ECONOMIC marginalization is made worse by the growing class distinctions within the black community itself. Middle-class blacks have further distanced themselves from the poor black population. Never has the class and cultural split in the black community been so great. In Atlanta, Washington, D.C., and other cities, a black elite prospers and lives an entirely different social existence, not in proximity to but in full view of an increasingly resentful and angry black underclass.
In Washington, D.C., subway routes follow class and racial lines, carrying middle-class commuters around downtown, through gentrified areas of the city, and out into the suburbs—avoiding black ghettos. The buses running along the affluent white and black "gold coast" of 16th Street are new and air-conditioned, while just two blocks away, old, hot, and broken-down buses run along the infamous 14th Street corridor through a major black ghetto. All this exists under a black city government.
To be fair, the increase in black political power over municipal governments has given black political leaders all the problems of modern urban life, including inadequate city budgets, without any real power or leverage to change the national policies and priorities that create the problems in the first place. Nevertheless, transcending the growing barriers between the relatively affluent middle class and the impoverished underclass is one of the most important and problematic challenges facing the black community.
The cold economic savagery of racism has led to further declines in every area of the quality of life in the black community—health, infant mortality, family breakdown, drug and alcohol abuse, and crime. The majority of black children are now born to single mothers; a primary cause of death for young black men today is homicide; and nearly half of all prison inmates in the United States now are black males.
Despite landmark court decisions and civil rights legislation, two-thirds of black Americans still suffer from education and housing that is both segregated and inferior. Such conditions, along with diminishing social services, lead to despair, massive substance abuse, and criminality, and the fact that this reality is still surprising or incomprehensible to many white Americans raises the question of how much racial attitudes have really changed.
The connection of racism to U.S. militarism should, by now, be painfully clear. First, increased military spending causes cuts in social services to the victims of the system who are disproportionately people of color. Second, the military definition of national security puts a prior claim on vast material, scientific, and human resources that could otherwise be directed toward achieving justice, which then is proclaimed as not being a practical financial option. Third, lacking other educational and job opportunities, racial minorities are herded into dehumanizing military service in disproportionate numbers and then assigned to combat units. And finally, young black men from the ghetto face the defined enemies of the United States on the field of battle, usually other people of color from the Third World, where they kill and are killed.
The failure of the mostly white, middle-class peace movement in the United States to make such connections and enter into a vital political partnership with oppressed racial minorities is a primary reason for the ineffectiveness of that movement. Even in the peace movement, racism becomes a debilitating force that robs us of opportunities to work toward a more just and peaceful nation.
THE STRATEGIES FOR HOW black people must confront and finally overcome the ever-changing face of white racism in America must always originate within the black community itself. White allies have and can continue to play a significant role in the struggle against racism when black autonomy and leadership are sufficiently present to make possible a genuine partnership. But an even more important task for white Americans is to examine ourselves, our relationships, our institutions, and our society for the ugly plague of racism.
Whites in America must admit the reality and begin to operate on the assumption that theirs is a racist society. Positive individual attitudes are simply not enough, for, as we have seen, racism is more than just personal.
All white people in the United States have benefited from the structure of racism, whether or not they have ever committed a racist act, uttered a racist word, or had a racist thought (as unlikely as that is). Just as surely as blacks suffer in a white society because they are black, whites benefit because they are white. And if whites have profited from a racist structure, they must try to change it.
To benefit from domination is to be responsible for it. Merely to keep personally free of the taint of racist attitudes is both illusory and inadequate. Just to go along with a racist social structure, to accept the economic order as it is, just to do one's job within impersonal institutions is to participate in racism.
Racism has to do with the power to dominate and enforce oppression, and that power in America is in white hands. Therefore, while there are instances of black racial prejudice against whites in the United States today (often in reaction to white racism), there is no such thing as black racism. Black people in America do not have the power to enforce that prejudice.
White racism in white institutions must be eradicated by white people and not just black people. In fact, white racism is primarily a white responsibility.
We must not give in to the popular temptation to believe that racism existed mostly in the Old South or before the 1960s. Neither can any of our other struggles against hunger, homelessness, or sexism be separated from the reality of racism.
The church must, of course, get its own house in order. It is still riddled with racism and segregation. The exemplary role of the black church in the struggle against racism offers a sharp indictment to white churches, which still mostly reflect the racial structures around them.
The church still has the capacity to be the much-needed prophetic interrogater of a system that has always depended upon racial oppression. The gospel remains clear. The church still should and can be a spiritual and social community where the ugly barriers of race are finally torn down to reveal the possibilities of a different American future.
Jim Wallis is editor-in-chief of Sojourners. This is adapted from an earlier version of the article "America's Original Sin," which appeared in the November 1987 issue of Sojourners.
Image: Crumpled ball of paper, Sergieiev / Shutterstock.com
Jim Wallis is president of Sojourners. His new Audible spoken-word series, Jim Wallis In Conversation, is available now, as is his book, America's Original Sin: Racism, White Privilege, and the Bridge to a New America. Follow Jim on Twitter @JimWallis.
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Rhine & Moselle Splendors
07/19/2019 through 10/07/2019
AmaDante
3 nights in Paris, 7-night cruise from Luxembourg to Basel, 2 nights in Lucerne and 2 nights in Zurich
SPACIOUS STATEROOMS
7 nights luxury accommodation in an outside stateroom (most with twin balconies)
Computer for internet access
Entertainment-On-Demand in all staterooms featuring free high-speed internet access, movies, a music library and English language TV stations
Mini-fridge, desk and sitting area
Bottled water replenished daily
AN ARRAY OF AMENITIES
Wellness Program with a dedicated Wellness Host leading various exercise classes as well as discussions on healthy eating and relaxation techniques, both on board and on shore.
Personalized service from a highly trained Cruise Manager during both cruise and land programs
Internet and Wi-Fi access
Sun deck pool with swim-up bar and walking track
Fitness room, massage services and hair salon
Main Lounge with panoramic views and bar
Daily entertainment including cultural performances
AWARD-WINNING DINING
All onboard dining in a variety of venues
Regionally inspired cuisine made with locally sourced ingredients
The Chef’s Table specialty restaurant
Welcome Cocktail, Welcome Dinner, La Chaîne des Rôtisseurs Dinner, Captain’s Cocktail and Gala Dinner
La Chaîne des Rôtisseurs exclusive dining experience
Unlimited fine wine, beer and soft drinks with lunch and dinner
Unlimited sparkling wine and fresh juice with breakfast
Sip & Sail Daily Cocktail Hour with complimentary wine, beer, spirits and soft drinks
Tapas, sandwiches, snacks and refreshments served daily in the Main Lounge
A WORLD OF EXPLORATION
Immersive tours in every destination
Gentle, regular, active and late-riser tour options
Bike tours and hikes
Knowledgeable guides
Personal headset for easy exploration
Airport transfers with purchase of air from AmaWaterways
Land Program
3 nights hotel in Paris at the Renaissance Arc de Triomphe or the Renaissance Paris Le Parc Trocadero (or similar), including city tour and daily breakfast
Transfer from the hotel in Paris to Luxembourg viahigh-speed TGV train with Luxembourg city tour
Transfer from ship in Basel to Lucerne with Baselhighlights tour en route
2 nights hotel in Lucerne at the Hotel SchweizerhofLucerne (or similar), including walking tour, LionMonument and daily breakfast
Transfer to Zurich via scenic Lake Lucerne
2 nights hotel in Zurich at the Marriott Zurich (orsimilar), including city tour and daily breakfast
Day 1 Paris
Depart Time: -- - Arrive Time: --
Day 4 Luxembourg
Day 5 Trier
Day 5 Bernkastel
Day 6 Cochem
Day 6 Moselle Valley
Day 6 Lahnstein
Day 7 Rhine Gorge
Day 7 Rüdesheim
Day 8 Ludwigshafen
Day 9 Strasbourg
Day 10 Breisach
Day 10 Basel
Day 11 Lucerne
Day 13 Vitznau
Day 13 Zurich
The second largest city in Switzerland, Basel is spread out on both sides of the Rhine river. The left bank is called the Grossbasel, and the part of the city located on the flatter right bank is Kleinbasel.
Due to its location on an important strategic river and bordering both Germany and France, Basel developed at an early date into an important trading centre. This development is still evident in the many international trade fairs and congresses held here. Basel is not only a city of trade, but it is also known for its production. Indeed, some of the world’s largest chemical and pharmaceutical companies are located here. It is quite natural that Basel plays an important financial and political role. Delegates from major industrial countries come to Basel to discuss the world’s monetary and geo-political situation. Meetings regularly occur in the elegant tower of the Bank for International Settlements (BIZ); yet Basel, also
has reason to be proud of its intellectual and cultural importance. The first university in Switzerland was founded here and Basel famously became the centre of humanism inspired by the visionary Erasmus von Rotterdam. Throughout modern history, great scholars have taught here including the physician Paracelsus and the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. A city of enormous appreciation for the arts, Basel boasts 267 museums, a grand new theatre as well as folkloristic gatherings and numerous civic festivals. The biggest event of the year is the Basel Fasnacht when the whole city takes part in the three days of high-spirited celebrations.
Bernkastel
Explore this magical town of half-timbered houses.
A quaint medieval town along the Moselle River.
Woods, Lakes and meadows make up a majority of Koblenz, and its famous sites draw visitors from all over to view the stunning beauty.
Without doubt one of the prettiest towns in Switzerland, Lucerne lies in the heart of the country on the northern end of the famous lake of Lucerne, the Vierwaldstätter See. Dotted throughout with many Renaissance and Baroque fountains, colourful paintings on the gables and commanded by the exquisite wooden bridge, the Kapellbrücke and Wasserturm, the 13th century octagonal water tower, Lucerne’s character is pure charm.
Spectacular views and sights abound from almost every vantage point in and around Lucerne. The heritage of this historic locale and of Switzerland itself is palpable in every landmark. The Old Town Hall – Altes Rathaus – is a fine example of a Renaissance building whilst the Meseggmauer, City Wall, built between 1350 and 1405 stands proud above
the city. A stroll along the quay takes the visitor past the modern health resort and onto the largest and most important Transport Museum in Europe and the only Planetarium in Switzerland. The famous Lion Monument – Löwendenkmal and the Glacier Garden, a geological phenomenon left over from the Ice Age make for remarkable viewing as do the Pilatus, Dietschiberg or Gütsch mountains peaks surrounding the city.
A short drive from town takes visitors to some of the most breathtaking landscapes on earth. A paddle steamer ride around the Viewaldstätter Lake takes in the majesty and scenery of this beautiful area. A short drive will take you to the nearby winter resorts and many more lakes, This is the alpine range in central Switzerland where you will find glaciers, lush forests, verdant valleys and so much more.
You can find it all in Lucerne from theatre and the arts to star-gazing and folkloric festivals. Lucerne is especially lively during Carnival with lakeside celebrations, Rotsee-boat races, and the international horse races. With such variety, a good time is virtually guaranteed in Lucerne.
Luxembourg is a country in western Europe. With Belgium and the Netherlands, Luxembourg forms the Low, or Benelux, Countries. Luxembourg has a moderate climate with a mean annual temperature of 10° C (50° F) and a yearly rainfall of about 815 mm (about 32 in).
A tributary of the Rhine, the Moselle River flows through France, Luxembourg and Germany. The Moselle also lends its name to a region of France, a valley which it bisects, and a wine produced along its banks. Many popular attractions can be found on the Moselle River, included terraced vineyards, medieval castles and ruins, traditional markets and art nouveau architecture.
As the French capital, Paris is the commercial, financial, and industrial focus of France, a major transportation hub, and a cultural and intellectual center of international renown. A beautiful city in which tourism is the main industry, Paris is cut by the Seine River. On its stately, formal right (northern) bank are many of the most fashionable streets and shops, and such landmarks as the Arc de Triomphe, Place de la Concorde, Louvre, and Sacré Coeur.
The left bank houses governmental offices and is the site of much of the city’s intellectual life. It is known for its old Latin Quarter and for such landmarks as the Sorbonne, the Luxembourg Palace, the Panthéon, and the modern Pompidou Center (see Beaubourg). The historic core of Paris is the Île de la Cité, a small island occupied in part by the Palais de Justice and the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris. Above the city rises the Eiffel Tower. Paris is divided into 20 arrondissements (boroughs) and governed by a mayor.
A fishing village when it was conquered (52 B.C.) by Caesar, it became an important Roman town. It was a Merovingian capital in the 5th cent. and became the national capital with the accession (987) of Hugh Capet, count of Paris. It flowered as the center of medieval commerce and scholasticism but suffered severely during the Hundred Years War. Paris consistently displayed a rebellious and independent spirit, as in its resistance to Henry IV (1589-93); the first Fronde (1648-49); the revolutions of 1789, 1830, and 1848; and the Commune of Paris (1871). During World War II it was occupied (1940-44) by the Germans but was relatively undamaged.
Rhine Valley
The Rhine Valley’s most evocative scenery lies between Mainz and Koblenz. Here you’ll find dramatic landscapes with fertile vineyards clinging to steep hills, numerous imposing castles and dreamy wine villages. Every little village has at least one wine festival per year, with the most famous being the Rhine in Flames series of festivals, when water, lighting and fireworks are combined to spectacular effect. Try to visit the Rhine Valley in early spring or late autumn when the crowds have gone. The best way to see the valley is by boat.
Rüdesheim is a small, very quaint “Bavarian” village in Germany on the Rhine River. Points of interest include the Asbach Brandy Distillery, Cable-car to Niederwald Monument, Medieval Museum of Torture, a Falconry and many wine festivals throughout the year.
The ancient capital of Alsace it is located in the northeast corner of France near the border with Germany. The city has exchanged hands between France and Germany during the World Wars. It is considered to be at the “crossroads” of Europe and is the home of the European Parliment. Visit the Palais Rohan, home of many famous paintings; La Petite France with its ancient structures; the famous Church of St. Thomas; and the Cathedral of Notre Dame, built in 1439 and the largest building of its type in the World.
Trier – Germany’s Oldest City
Germany’s oldest city and a monument to history: Trier. Founded in 16 B.C as “Augusta Treverorum”, it dramatically blossomed into “Roma Secunda”, a second Rome. Nowhere else in Germany is the Roman past as impressively visible as in this former imperial residence. The Porta Nigra, the Amphitheater, the Imperial Baths, and the Constantine Basilica – all of them UNESCO cultural heritage sites – impressively demonstrate the Roman way of life.
The city on the Mosel River also features stone witnesses to past eras including the Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque periods. The Cathedral, the medieval marketplace, and the palace of the Prince Electors are other historic elements of a dynamic community that lives its past in the present.
Trier is an excellent place to travel back in time – for instance with the tour “2000 Steps – 2000 Years” and the “Roman Meal” based on an original recipe from Apicius. Even back then, the Romans washed it down with a tasty wine grown on the banks of the Mosel.
Switzerland’s largest city is surprisingly compact, with a wealth of churches, museums, and cobbled streets. More than half of Zurich’s 41 museums are free, from the wide-ranging Swiss National Museum, with treaures from prehistory to the present, to the tightly focused Beyer Museum of Time and the Museum Strauhof, strong on James Joyce artifacts and memorabilia. A free list of museums can be picked up at the tourist office.
Zurich’s premier magnet is the Old Town, a maze of medieval streets on both sides of the Limmat River. Among the most ancient and charming byways in this part of town are Neumarkt, Rindermarkt, and Predigergasse–narrow streets with building, some of them more than 700 years old, housing galleries and small shops brimming with stylish jewelry, clothing, crafts, works of art, and books. Augustinergasse, lines with 17th- and 18th- century houses, curves up to St. Peter’s, the city’s oldest parish church, also notable for having the largest clock face in Europe. If you don’t insist on top-name brands, it’s possible to do well buying classy-looking Swiss watches (under $100) and chocolate at department stores such as ABM, EPA, and Migros. For gift boxes of beautifully packaged chocolate truffles ($9-$25), try Schurter, on Niederdorfstrasse, also a fine spot for relaxing over a cup of hot chocolate or coffee ($2.50) and slice of cake ($2-$4). Swiss Army knives (starting at $12.50–and generally about half the price of those sold in the States), jewelry, wooden toys, and cheese boards can be purchased at Heimatwerk, with shops throughout Switzerland, but value-conscious
shoppers flock to the Zurich store, where an entire room is devoted to sales merchandise.
Countryside is close at hand in Zurich. Every 30 minutes, a train departs from Zurich’s Hauptbahnhof (train station) for the summit of Uetliberg Mountain, some 1,500 feet above the city. Plan your departure from Zurich so that you can have an early lunch in the train station, at Les Arcades (a plate of bratwurst is $12). Instead of boarding the train for the return trip after you’ve admired the view from Uetliberg, take the easy under-two-hour walk along the mountain ridge to Felsenegg, where you can then hop on a cable car for the quick trip back to Zurich.
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Posts tagged “Tommy Lasorda”
Piazza’s Latest Hall of Fame Snub is Ridiculous
That’s right, we’re the number one team in Long Island, and we’ll stay that way until someone discovers the Long Island Tigers.
When it comes to being a New York Mets fan, there really isn’t too much to be proud of. Since becoming a franchise in 62′, the Mets have only won 2 World Series, one of which the Boston Red Sox let roll through their legs. With the lack of accomplishments, Mets fans cherish every moment of greatness they have more than most people normally would. I mean Mets fans still talk about making the 2000 World Series, in which they lost, more than Yankees fans talk about it and they won. Whenever the Mets have a player that is of the Hall of Fame caliber, they become an idol to every one of their fans. Mike Piazza is arguably the greatest Mets player of all time as well as the greatest hitting catcher in MLB history. Piazza’s latest snub from the Hall of Fame is a travesty that has every Mets fan in the world up in arms.
The numbers speak for themselves. Seriously, they speak for themselves – problem is no one is listening.
Let’s start with Piazza’s career stats. Mike was the 1,390th pick of the 1988 MLB draft and was originally a First Baseman. His first coach, Tommy Lasorda, told him to learn to play catcher if he planned on ever making it in the Big Leagues. It was a good choice as Mike went on to hit more Home Runs than any other catcher in the history of the game. On top of his HR’s, Piazza won the 1993 Rookie of the Year award and went on a 10 season run from his rookie year to 2002 where he was named to the All-Star team and won the Silver Slugger all 10 years. That alone should have been enough to put him in the HOF. He did make it to another 2 All-Star games giving him a total of 12 and he was named the MVP of it in 1996. Mike had a career batting average of .308, 427 Home Runs and 1,335 RBI’s. How the hell has he been overlooked for two straight years now.
This year’s choices. The best of the best of the rest pass the test but we detest the jest of Mike who was messed. With. Again.
In his first HOF eligible year, Piazza only received 57.8% of the votes and that number was raised this year when he got 62.2%. Unfortunately, you need 75% of the votes to make it into the Hall of Fame. Even though everyone and their mothers know that this overlook is bullshit, Piazza still played the roll of the bigger man when he gave props to the 3 people who did make it this year. After the announcement he tweeted, “Big Congrats to Mad Dog, Tommy and Big Hurt! Well deserved Guys!” He was referring to Greg Maddox, Tom Glavine and Frank Thomas, all deserving might I add. Classy move from Mike but I’m sure he would have liked to tweet some other things to the voters who have their heads up their asses.
Catcher in Deny
In a statement released by the Mets, COO Jeff Wilpon called Piazza “a true Hall of Famer…We proudly display his plaque in the Mets Hall of Fame, and we’re hopeful that he’ll soon have one hanging in Cooperstown.” All Mets fans agree Wilpon!
Hall of Shame.
There is some speculation that the reason Piazza had so many people not vote for him was because of his supposed use of PED’s. This is what really pisses me off. Piazza has never tested positive for any illegal drug use and the fact that he has been accused because of the era he played in is complete horse shit. If that is in fact the case, shouldn’t Frank Thomas be given that exact same treatment? In Piazza’s book he even goes on to say that he never used any PED’s, so what are we basing these suspicions on?
Whatever the case may be, the 571 voters better get their shit together next year because the Hall of Fame will lose all credibility by letting obvious inductees like Piazza slip through the cracks.
January 9, 2014 | Categories: All Star Game, Baseball, Los Angeles Dodgers, NY Mets | Tags: 2014 HOF inductees, Cooperstown, Jeff Wilpon, Mike Piazza, Mike Piazza Hall of Fame Snub, MLB Hall of Fame, New York Mets, Tommy Lasorda | 1 Comment
Follow live: Spieth on a roll early at The Open on day two July 19, 2019
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Brathwaite, Hetmyer, Pooran sold in 2019 IPL draft
By Leighton Levy December 18, 2018
Windies T20 captain Carlos Brathwaite and the entertaining, emerging star, Shimron Hetmyer have been sold to the Kolkata Knight Riders and Royal Challengers Bangalore, respectively in Tuesday’s Indian Premier League (IPL) draft.
Meanwhile, promising Trinidadian batsman Nicholas Pooran was sold to the Kings XI Punjab.
The 30-year-old Brathwaite was sold for US$700,000.
He famously hit four consecutive sixes in the final over of the 2016 ICC T20 World Cup final to win the Windies their second hold on the trophy. The feat helped land him his first IPL contract with the Delhi Daredevils that year.
Hetmyer, who turns 23 on December 26, was sold to RCB for US$590,000. It is his first IPL contract.
He has had a spectacular year playing for the Guyana Amazon Warriors in the 2018 Caribbean Premier League and has been one of the more consistent scorers for the Windies in the past year.
The 23-year-old Pooran, one of the Stars in the recently concluded T10 League in Sharjah was picked up by Kings XI for US$590,000 as he continues to revive his career that had stalled while he recovered from leg injuries suffered in a motor vehicle accident 2015 and some time in the bad books of the Windies selectors.
indian premier league draft
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Leighton Levy
Leighton Levy is a journalist with 28 years’ experience covering crime, entertainment, and sports. He joined the staff at SportsMax.TV as a content editor two years ago and is enjoying the experience of developing sports content and new ideas. At SportsMax.tv he is pursuing his true passion - sports.
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The ICC has suspended Zimbabwe Cricket (ZC) with immediate effect to ensure the sport is kept free of political interference.
State-owned enterprise the Sports and Recreation Commission (SRC) suspended the entire Zimbabwe Cricket board last month, with an interim committee appointed to run cricket in the country.
SRC acted after issuing a directive that the governing body elective annual general meeting would be suspended amid allegations over the nomination process and the violation of ZC's constitution, along with "various other controversies".
The international governing body has now taken the decision to strip Zimbabwe of full member status, which puts their hopes of featuring in the T20 World Cup next year in doubt.
An ICC statement said: "The ICC board unanimously decided that the full member had failed to fulfil their obligation to provide a process for free and democratic elections and to ensure that there is no government interference in its administration for cricket.
"ICC funding will be suspended, and representative teams from the country will be barred from participating at ICC events, putting their participation in October's men's T20 World Cup qualifier in jeopardy."
ICC chairman Shashank Manohar said: "We do not take the decision to suspend a member lightly, but we must keep our sport free from political interference,
"What has happened in Zimbabwe is a serious breach of the ICC Constitution and we cannot allow it to continue unchecked. The ICC wants cricket to continue in Zimbabwe in accordance with the ICC Constitution."
The introduction of concussions replacements in internationals was also sanction at the ICC Annual Conference in London, with like-for-like replacements allowed to be made from the first Ashes Test between England and Australia next month - pending approval from the match referee.
Another rule change sees captains no longer facing a ban for slow over-rates.
West Indies fast bowling great Andy Roberts has hailed star batsman Chris Gayle as one of the game’s ‘great players’ but is convinced the time is right to walk away.
The 39-year-old Gayle had initially revealed plans to retire from international cricket following the ICC World Cup but seemed to have a change of heart just ahead of the tournament. The batsman instead targeted the regional team’s home series against India as possibly his final matches for the West Indies.
The batsman did not, however, have an outstanding World Cup, scoring a total of 242 runs in nine matches as the team limped to a ninth-place finish. Roberts, however, does not believe the player’s form merits immediate selection to the squad for the series.
“I watched Chris in the One Day series in the Caribbean [against England], I watched Chris in the World Cup and I am yet to see Chris Gayle play a cover drive on the ground in any of the innings he has played off the front foot. He takes his time early and I don’t know the reason because I’ve seen in the early that he gets a lot of balls to hit but he’s just playing himself in and then after that he just tries to hit everything out the ground and I don’t think youngsters can learn from that,” Roberts told the Antigua Observer.
“Chris has been one of our great players and I make no bones in saying that, but the time has come that we have to let the greatness speak for itself instead of trying to go on to achieve what he didn’t do because most West Indians were hoping that he would do.”
Strauss warns England: Learn from 2005 Ashes and build dynasty off World Cup glory
Former director of cricket Andrew Strauss wants England to succeed where they failed in the wake of 2005 Ashes glory and build a dynasty off the back of their Cricket World Cup triumph.
Strauss was part of the side that defeated Australia 2-1 in a thrilling home series 14 years ago and was then a key figure behind the scenes as England ripped up their white-ball strategy following a humiliating group-stage exit at the World Cup in 2015.
Having been forced to step down from his director role last year to support his wife Ruth, who was being treated for terminal cancer, Strauss witnessed the culmination of his planning as Eoin Morgan's men edged New Zealand in an epic final at Lord's on Sunday.
But Strauss issued a warning to the side ahead of the Ashes starting next month on the back of his own experiences as a player, when the Test side failed to win any of the three series following that famous 2005 win, before being whitewashed 5-0 in Australia when the battle for the urn was renewed in 2006-07.
"I think there are a lot of similarities there," Strauss told Omnisport at the world premiere of 'The Edge'. "I think the lesson from 2005 is that was a high watermark and then we retreated back again.
"We need to make this a sort of stepping stone to even bigger and better things. You can't beat winning a World Cup but you can create a dynasty for yourself in terms of performance.
"But not just performance, how you are. We want our players to be people that people want to aspire to be. I think we've got a great group of players that are able to do that."
Two of England's World Cup heroes, Jason Roy and Jofra Archer, are set to make the transition to the Test format – although the latter will only do so once he has recovered from a side strain.
And Strauss sees no reason why the pair, full of confidence after Sunday's dramatic victory, cannot transfer their skills to the longer form.
"I'm not sure either of them are actually white-ball specialists," Strauss added. "I think they've played white-ball cricket up until now, I think both of them are really well-seasoned to play Test cricket.
"It's not going to be easy, Test cricket is a different game and it challenges you in different ways as well, but I think they'll be incredibly confident.
"They've done it on the biggest stage of all which is a great hurdle to overcome, and we've got a great opportunity to beat the Aussies again, so let's take it."
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From the Vault Nell Gwynn
‘The Country Gentleman’: A Forgotten Scandal and a Remarkable Discovery
January 29, 2019 | By Emma Poltrack
Nell Gwynn offers a glimpse into the boisterous world of Restoration theater and the true story of one of its most famous heroines—but hers is just one story. Another tale from the era is that of The Country Gentleman, a play written by Sir Robert Howard…with a little help from a friend. What about this play caused such a sensation? And how was it found again after disappearing for more than three centuries? Read on!
George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham.
We begin our tale with George Villiers, the 2nd Duke of Buckingham. Brought up in the court of Charles I after the 1st Duke of Buckingham’s assassination, Villiers fought on the Royalist side in the Second English Civil War, earning him a place at the court of King Charles II where “he applied his brilliant and undisciplined talents to political mischief with considerable success” (Scouten and Hume).
Among his enemies at court were Lord Arlington—shown in Nell Gwynn as the chief objector to Nell’s relationship with the king—and Sir William Coventry. Coventry was a staunch supporter of King Charles’ brother James and a loyal Yorkist, while Buckingham ran with the non-Yorkist “Undertakers.” Among this latter faction was Sir Robert Howard, a notable politician who also had, by the late 1660s, written a number of successful plays performed by Thomas Killigrew’s King’s Company. It was in this company that Nell Gwynn found fame as an actress. It was also this company that found itself part of political scandal when Buckingham inserted a scene into Howard’s play, The Country Gentleman, which the troupe was meant to perform. The scene in question contained an unflattering and instantly recognizable portrayal of Coventry as the vacuous and foolish “Sir Cautious.”
John Dryden (Michael Glenn), Edward Kynaston (Christopher Dinolfo), Ned Spigget (Alex Michell) and Thomas Killigrew (Nigel Gore). Nell Gwynn, Folger Theatre, 2019. Photo: Brittany Diliberto.
Christopher Dinolfo as Edward Kynaston. Kynaston was original famed for his portrayal of female roles. Nell Gwynn, Folger Theatre, 2019. Photo: Brittany Diliberto.
The play was set to be performed on February 27, but Coventry caught wind of the scathing scene and threatened Killigrew that, if the play went forward, Coventry would go after the actor portraying Sir Cautious Trouble-all and “would cause his nose to be cut” (Diary of Samuel Pepys). This gave the company some pause, as the previous month Edward Kynaston (played by Christopher Dinolfo in Nell Gwynn) had acted “a part in abuse of Sir Charles Sedley” and was badly beaten for it (Pepys). The play was cancelled, but word had gotten out.
Not content to simply threaten the actors, Coventry also went after Buckingham, challenging him to a duel. Buckingham, who had recently gotten into hot water for dueling, put off responding to Coventry’s challenge, with the result that news of it reached the court and Coventry was shortly arrested and sent to the Tower for conspiring against the life of a royal counselor. He remained in the Tower for almost two months, but the damage had been done and his career was ruined. Buckingham, momentarily triumphant, would suffer his own fall two years later, in 1671.
And the play? Surrounded by scandal, it was never performed nor published, and was assumed to be lost.
Cut to: Washington, DC, 1973. Scholars Arthur H. Scouten and Robert D. Hume are working on their supplement volume to The London Stage 1660-1800 at the Folger Shakespeare Library. Among their items to cross-check is a holding in the library marked as “The Country Gentleman. Folger Shakespeare Lib. MS. V.b. 228.” Though they “idly” wonder if this play could in fact be the one “‘Forbidden. (intended for the King’s [Company]). Lost.” that was listed in the Annals of English Drama, they don’t have much hope that such a treasure had been left undiscovered for so long.
Of course, that’s exactly what the manuscript turned out to be. And how could they tell it was the right one? The same way Coventry knew he was being mocked: the presence of a unique desk. At one point in the play, Sir Cautious shows off his unusual office furniture to Sir Gravity Empty, boasting about how he has made a “Table for business,” which allows him to sit in the middle of a round table, “fix my self upon a stool made for the nonce, which turns about on a swivell, and place my papers about me” (III.i.63-73). Coventry was known to have such a table, of which he was immensely proud and which he showed off to visitors, including diarist Samuel Pepys.
And thus, The Country Gentleman was lost no more…much to the imagined chagrin of Sir William Coventry.
Want to find out more about this remarkable discovery? Join us for a free lecture and staged reading of selected scenes led by scholar Deborah Payne on Friday, March 1. You can see Killigrew, Kynaston, and more figures from England’s Restoration theater scene in Nell Gwynn, on stage through March 10. For tickets and more information, visit us online or call the Folger Box Office at 202.544.7077.
Filed Under: Folger Theatre, Nell Gwynn, Vault
In the vault with 'Saint Joan'
By: Emma Poltrack
Introducing texts&beheadings:ElizabethR
By: Katharine Pitt
Emma Poltrack
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Justia Patents Microencapsulated Or Polymer Dispersed Liquid CrystalUS Patent for Bistable polymer dispersed cholesteric liquid crystal displays Patent (Patent # 6,061,107)
Bistable polymer dispersed cholesteric liquid crystal displays
May 7, 1997 - Kent State University
Polymer/cholesteric liquid crystal dispersions are provided in which the liquid crystal phase separated from the polymer matrix to form droplets. The cholesteric liquid crystals were positive dielectric anisotropic. At a zero field condition, the liquid crystal in the droplets was bistable, that is, the liquid crystal can be in either the reflecting planar state or the scattering focal conic state. When the liquid crystal 101 was in the planar texture, the helical axis of the liquid crystal was more or less perpendicular to the cell surface; colored light 105 was Bragg reflected. When the liquid crystal 101 was in the focal conic texture, the helical axis was more or less parallel to the cell surface, incident light was scattering 106 in the forward direction.
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The present invention relates to bistable cholesteric liquid crystal displays. The invention relates particularly to bistable cholesteric liquid crystal displays in which the liquid crystal material is present in droplets within a polymer matrix.
Polymer dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCS) are a new type of light shutter which has been studied intensively in recent years. In a PDLC light shutter, the dispersed liquid crystal exists in the form of droplets with a diameter of about 1 micron. The configuration of the liquid crystal inside the droplet depends on the size and shape of the droplet as well as on the boundary condition and the external field. From the application point of view, PDLCs have unique optical properties: opaque in a field-OFF condition and transparent in a field-ON condition. They do not require polarizers and have very high transmittance in the ON-state. PDLCs may be used for switchable windows, direct view and projection displays.
Starting from a uniform mixture of liquid crystal and polymer, phase separation can be induced by temperature change (Temperature Induced Phase Separation or TIPS), solvent evaporation (Solvent Induced Phase Separation or SIPS), and polymerization of the polymer precursor in the mixture (Polymerization Induced Phase Separation or PIPS).
The size of the droplets can be controlled by the phase separation conditions. If the droplet size is small (about 1 micron), the polymer dispersed liquid crystal strongly scatters light in the field-off state and is transparent in the field-on state. With a bigger droplet size, the light scattering becomes much weaker. If the liquid crystal is nematic, the PDLC cell looks transparent. When nematic liquid crystals are replaced with cholesteric liquid crystals of pitch comparable to the wavelength of visible light, the display exhibits the selective reflection property of cholesteric liquid crystals.
The present invention provides bistable polymer dispersed cholesteric liquid crystal displays (BPDCLC).
In the preparation of liquid crystal display cells, cholesteric liquid crystals with positive anisotropy are used. The cholesteric liquid crystals are confined in droplets or domains which are larger in size than the cell thickness.
Cholesteric liquid crystals can be in the planar or focal conic texture. Both the planar and focal conic textures are stable under zero field. The display cell is reflective when the cholesteric liquid crystals are in the planar texture and is black when the cholesteric liquid crystals are in focal conic texture (i.e., with the coating of black paint on the back substrate). Between regions of liquid crystal material are solid polymer walls.
Multicolor reflective cholesteric displays are prepared which require that cholesteric liquid crystals with different pitches are confined in different pixels. The solid polymer walls prevent inter-pixel diffusion of the cholesteric liquid crystals.
The file of this patent contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent with color drawings will be provided by the Patent and Trademark Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.
FIGS. 1a, b and c are cross sections of a display cell showing textures of bistable polymer dispersed cholesteric liquid crystal.
FIG. 2 is a cross section of a multicolor bistable polymer dispersed cholesteric liquid crystal display cell.
FIGS. 3a and b are microphotographs of a polymer dispersed reflective cholesteric liquid crystal display cell (a) in the reflecting state and (b) in the black state.
FIG. 4 is a graph of the reflection spectra of a polymer dispersed reflective cholesteric liquid crystal display cell in both the reflecting state and in the black state.
FIG. 5 is a graph of the gray scale of a polymer dispersed reflective cholesteric liquid crystal display cell (a) in the reflecting state and (b) in the black state.
FIG. 6 is a graph of the contrast ratios of polymer dispersed reflective cholesteric liquid crystal displays versus viewing angle.
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram showing in cross section a multicolor bistable polymer dispersed cholesteric liquid crystal display cell during the UV irradiation process and the corresponding pitch change.
FIG. 8 is a schematic design of a multicolor polymer dispersed cholesteric liquid crystal display cell.
FIG. 9 is a microphotograph of pixels in a multicolor polymer dispersed cholesteric liquid crystal display cell.
FIG. 10 is a graph of the reflection spectra from individual pixels of the multicolor polymer dispersed cholesteric liquid crystal display cell.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Bistability of cholesteric liquid crystals is preserved for cholesteric liquid crystal confined in droplets within a polymer matrix, which polymer is used to prevent diffusion of the liquid crystal between the droplets.
According to the invention, a thermoplastic and cholesteric liquid crystal mixture is formed. The mixture is in a uniform solution at high temperature. When the mixture is cooled down, it phase separates and liquid crystal droplets are formed in the polymer matrix. The cholesteric liquid crystal used preferably has a positive dielectric anisotropy and can be aligned parallel to an external field. When a low electric field is applied perpendicular to the surface of the cell, the liquid crystal inside the droplet is transformed into a configuration where the helical axes are more and less parallel to the surface of the cell, and the cell appears weakly scattering. After the removal of the field, the liquid crystal remains in this state. If the back plate of the cell is painted black, the cell appears black in this state.
When a high voltage is applied to the cell, the liquid crystal is switched into the nematic state with the director parallel to the field. After the removal of the field, the liquid crystal relaxes back to a configuration where the helical axes are more or less perpendicular to the surface of the cell, and the cell appears color reflective.
The liquid crystal/chiral agent recipes of liquid crystal displays to be encapsulated in droplets within the polymer matrix according to the present invention may be selected from those used in cholesteric liquid crystal bistable displays such as polymer stabilized cholesteric texture bistable displays and surface modified cholesteric liquid crystal bistable displays. Thermoplastics, such as polyvinyl butyral (PVB) are used for the matrix polymer.
Although the liquid crystal display works with droplets of widely varying shapes and sizes, droplets having an oval or oblong shape and droplet diameter between about 10-50 .mu.m are preferred.
Polymer/cholesteric liquid crystal dispersions were prepared in which the liquid crystal phase separated from the polymer matrix to form droplets. The cholesteric liquid crystals were positive dielectric anisotropic. At a zero field condition, the liquid crystal in the droplets was bistable, that is, the liquid crystal can be in either the reflecting planar state or the scattering focal conic state.
When the liquid crystal 101 was in the planar texture as shown in FIG. 1a, the helical axis of the liquid crystal was more or less perpendicular to the cell surface; colored light 105 was Bragg reflected. When the liquid crystal 101 was in the focal conic texture as shown in FIG. 1b, the helical axis was more or less parallel to the cell surface, incident light was scattering 106 in the forward direction.
The liquid crystal can be switched from the planar texture to the focal conic texture by application of an electric voltage in a circuit 108. If the voltage was turned off from the focal conic texture, it remained in that state. When a sufficiently high voltage was applied to the cell, the liquid crystal was switched to the homeotropic texture where the helical structure was unwound as shown in FIG. 1c. If the high voltage was turned off quickly, the liquid crystal relaxed to the planar texture.
The polymer/cholesteric liquid crystal dispersions were used for multiple color displays. The cholesteric liquid crystal 101 in different pixels had different pitches 201, 202, 203, and therefore different color light, blue 204, green 205 and red 206, was reflected from different pixels as shown in FIG. 2. The polymer 102 played the role of a partition or separator to prevent liquid crystal diffusion between the pixels.
Single Color BPDCLC
The following materials were mixed:
E48 (nematic liquid crystal from EM):
57.6 wt %
R1011 (chiral agent from EM):
3.2 wt %
CB15 (chiral agent from EM):
CE1 (chiral agent from EM):
PVB (thermoplastic polymer);
20 wt %.
The mixture was dissolved in toluene. The solution was coated on a glass plate 104 having a transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) coating to serve as the electrode. The sample was put in a open space to let the solvent to evaporate. After evaporation of the solvent, the sample (glass plate coated with the partially dried mixture) was heated to 100.degree. C. A second glass plate 103 having an ITO coating was put on top of the sample. The cell thickness was controlled by 5 micron glass fiber spacers. The cell was then cooled to room temperature at the rate of 0.5.degree. C./minute. Oval droplets having diameters of about 15 microns were obtained. The cell reflected green light and exhibited bistability.
A bistable cholesteric liquid crystal mixture which reflects green light (80%) and polyvinyl butyral polymer (20%) were mixed with solvent (toluene) and were then dropped onto an ITO coated glass plate. The plate was set out for 2 hours to permit the solvent to evaporate. A second ITO coated glass plate was then put on top of the film and pressed to the thickness controlled by glass fibers. The cell was heated to 100.degree. C. and then cooled down slowly. The droplet size was controlled to be about 40 microns by controlling the cooling rate.
FIGS. 3a and 3b shows the textures of the resulting polymer dispersed bistable reflective cholesteric display cell. Black areas are polymer regions. FIG. 3a is microphotograph of the reflecting state under a microscope with crossed polarizers. Because the droplet size is much larger than the pitch of the cholesteric liquid crystals, inside the droplets the liquid crystal molecules behaves similar to the case of surface modified reflective cholesteric displays. The cholesteric liquid crystals are in an imperfect planar texture in this state. Strong selective reflection is observed and the color of the reflected light can be varied by changing the pitch of the cholesteric liquid crystal.
FIG. 3b shows the black state, in which the cholesteric liquid crystals are in the focal conic texture. In order to obtain a clear picture of the focal conic texture, an exposure time much higher than that used for the reflecting state was utilized.
FIG. 4 shows the reflectance spectra of a polymer dispersed cholesteric reflective display cell in both a reflective and a black state. Crossed polarizers were used to eliminate the reflection from the glass-air interface. The incident angle and detection angle were both set at 22.5.degree.. As shown in FIG. 4, the high reflection peak is observed in the reflecting state. In the black state, the spectrum does not show any reflection peak and the reflectance is comparatively low.
The gray scale curves of FIG. 5 for the polymer dispersed cholesteric reflective display cell are the plots of the reflectance measured 800 ms after removal of the electric field at various values. For curve (a), the initial state is reflecting, for curve (b) the initial state is black. A voltage pulse higher than 86 volts switched the display cell into the reflecting state and a voltage pulse between 35 and 70 volts switched the display cell into the scattering state.
The angular dependence of the display was tested, and the results are shown in FIG. 6. The incident angle .alpha. was fixed at 45.degree. and the detecting angle .beta. was varied from -30.degree. to 30.degree.. FIG. 6 shows the contrast ratios for the polymer dispersed cholesteric reflective display cell at different detecting or viewing angles. The highest contrast was obtained when the detecting direction was close to the cell normal. The contrast decreased when the detecting angle approached the specular reflecting angle (.beta.=45.degree.). This decrease was caused by light reflected from the glass-air interface in both the reflecting and black states.
In polymer dispersed reflective cholesteric displays, according to the present invention, there exist polymer walls which separate cholesteric liquid crystal domains; hence liquid crystals are localized. This property makes it possible to confine cholesteric liquid crystals with different pitch in different regions to make multicolor displays.
A multicolor display was prepared by the use of a photo tunable chiral material (TCM) which was added to the cholesteric liquid crystal mixture. Different pitch lengths were achieved by irradiating with different doses of UV light.
The photo tunable chiral material, UM-III-16-93, having a melting point of 82.degree. C. was used. This material possesses a high twisting power and has the same twisting sense as other chiral materials used herein. The chirality of the TCM material decreases with the increase of the UV dosage. In the cell preparation, normal chiral material R1011, CB15 and CE1 were first mixed with the ratio 1:3:3. The photo tunable material was then mixed with the chiral mixture. Nematic liquid crystal E48 and polymer were added to the mixture. The display cell was then prepared as described below in Example 3.
Multiple Color BPDCLC
R1O11 (chiral agent from EM):
UM-III-16-93 (lab-synthesized
photo tunable chiral agent):
PVB (thermoplastic polymer):
20.0 wt %.
The mixture was dissolved in toluene. The solution was coated on a glass plate having a transparent ITO coating as an electrode. The sample was put in a open space to let the solvent to evaporate. After the evaporation of the solvent, the sample was heated to 100.degree. C. A second glass plate having an ITO coating was placed on top of the sample. The cell thickness was controlled by 5 micron glass fiber spacers. The cell was then cooled to room temperature at the rate of 0.5.degree. C./minute. Oval droplets having diameters of about 15 microns were obtained. The cell reflected blue light and exhibited bistability. The cell was then irradiated by UV light to tune the color. Different pixels were irradiated by different UV doses to achieve different colors as listed below.
Pixel # 1 2 3 4
Time (hours)
0 9 24.5 47.5
UV dose (J/cm.sup.2)
0 130 353 684
Color blue green-blue
yellow orange-red
The UV irradiation process and the corresponding change in the pitch is illustrated in FIG. 7. Starting from the cell with well phase-separated liquid crystal 701 and polymer 702 regions, the cell was then covered with a mask to shine different doses of UV light 703, 704 to different pixels 705, 706. The cholesteric liquid crystals with different pitches 708, 709 were obtained, and were localized in the predetermined, selected pixels.
According to the procedures described above, a display cell with four different colors was made. FIG. 8 illustrates the design of the multicolor display cell. FIG. 9 shows microphotographs of the different pixels. FIG. 10 shows the reflection spectrum from the different colored pixels. The peak reflectance was almost the same for the different pixels. The peak wavelength shifts from 440 nm to 570 nm. In this measurement, .alpha.=.beta.=22.5.degree. and the cross polarizers were used.
The polymer dispersed liquid crystal technique is thus demonstrated to be useful in making multicolor reflective, bistable polymer dispersed cholesteric liquid crystal displays. High resolution multicolor displays can be made by PIPS through the patterning of polymerization regions.
A liquid crystal display containing a bistable polymer dispersed cholesteric liquid according to the present invention has several advantages. It is suitable for large area displays, and is not sensitive to pressure. The inventive material can be laminated on glass or plastic substrates, which substrates will be held together by the polymer, which is self-adhesive. There is no need for edge sealing in manufacturing.
The liquid crystal is localized inside the droplet. It can be used to make multicolor displays with different pitches in different droplets. Diffusion between the liquid crystal materials in different droplets (with different pitches) is prevented. The droplet size of the liquid crystal can be controlled by the process of phase separation. For example, if a thermoplastic is used, the droplet size is controlled by the cooling rate.
The dynamic properties of the display can be modified by controlling the droplet size. For example, the reflectance and viewing angle can be regulated by the droplet size, as well as by anchoring in the liquid crystal and polymer interface, and the degree of separation of polymer and liquid crystals. A high droplet density and thus a high volume fraction of liquid crystal material in the droplet/polymer layer can be used to achieve reflection as high as other cholesteric liquid crystal bistable displays.
As shown above, polymer/cholesteric liquid crystal dispersions are provided in which the liquid crystal phase separated from the polymer matrix to form droplets. The cholesteric liquid crystals were positive dielectric anisotropic. At a zero field condition, the liquid crystal in the droplets was bistable, that is, the liquid crystal can be in either the reflecting planar state or the scattering focal conic state. When the liquid crystal 101 was in the planar texture, the helical axis of the liquid crystal was more or less perpendicular to the cell surface; colored light 105 was Bragg reflected. When the liquid crystal 101 was in the focal conic texture, the helical axis was more or less parallel to the cell surface, incident light was scattering 106 in the forward direction.
The liquid crystal can be switched from the planar texture to the focal conic texture by application of an electric voltage in a circuit 108. If the voltage was turned off from the focal conic texture, it remained in that state. When a sufficiently high voltage was applied to the cell, the liquid crystal was switched to the homeotropic texture where the helical structure was unwound. If the high voltage was turned off quickly, the liquid crystal relaxed to the planar texture.
The polymer/cholesteric liquid crystal dispersions were used for multiple color displays. The cholesteric liquid crystal 101 in different pixels had different pitches 201, 202, 203, and therefore different color light, blue 204, green 205 and red 206, was reflected from different pixels. The polymer 102 played the role of a partition or separator to prevent liquid crystal diffusion between the pixels.
Thus, the objects of the invention are accomplished by the present invention, which is not limited to the specific embodiments described above, but which includes variations, modifications and equivalent embodiments defined by the following claims.
1. A bistable polymer dispersed cholesteric liquid crystal display comprising cells containing cholesteric liquid crystals having positive dielectric anisotropy, confined in domains which have a major axis and a minor axis, and wherein the major axis is larger in size than the cell thickness, wherein solid polymer walls are disposed between regions of liquid crystals.
2. The liquid crystal display of claim 1 wherein the domains comprise droplets.
3. The liquid crystal display of claim 2 having a black backplate, wherein the cell appears weakly scattering when a low electric field is applied perpendicular to the surface of the cell, and after the removal of the field the cell appears black.
4. The liquid crystal display of claim 3, wherein the liquid crystal within the droplet is transformed into a configuration where its helical axes are substantially parallel to the surface of the cell, and after removal of the field, the liquid crystal remains in this configuration.
5. The liquid crystal display of claim 3, wherein the cell appears color reflective when a high voltage is applied to the cell and is thereafter removed.
6. The liquid crystal display of claim 5, wherein the liquid crystal is switched into a homeotropic state with its director parallel to the applied high field, and after removal of the field, the liquid crystal relaxes back to a configuration where the helical axes are substantially perpendicular to the surface of the cell.
7. The liquid crystal display of claim 2 wherein droplets have an oval or oblong shape and droplet diameter between about 10 to about 50.mu.m.
8. The liquid crystal display of claim 1 having planar and focal conic textures, wherein both the planar and focal conic textures of the liquid crystals are stable under zero field.
9. The liquid crystal display of claim 1 wherein the cell is reflective when the cholesteric liquid crystals are in planar texture and is black when the cholesteric liquid crystals are in focal conic texture.
10. The liquid crystal of claim 1 wherein the liquid crystal is a liquid crystal that reflects visible light.
11. A method of making a multicolor reflective, bistable polymer dispersed cholesteric liquid crystal display comprising, providing a mixture comprising a photo tunable chiral material, a liquid crystal and polymer; dissolving the mixture in a solvent to form a solution; introducing the solution into a cell and heating; cooling the mixture to obtain droplets of liquid crystal material in polymer that forms domains that have a major axis and a minor axis, and wherein the major axis is larger in size than the cell thickness for a majority of the domains; masking and exposing with UV light, selected portions of the cell to localize cholesteric liquid crystal material of differing pitches in predetermined pixels within the cell.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein the polymer is a thermoplastic.
13. The method of claim 12 including controlling droplet size by the rate of cooling the mixture.
14. The method of claim 11 including forming a high droplet density in the polymer.
15. The method of claim 11 including forming pixels of four different colors by varying UV exposure times to various portions of the cell.
4097127 June 27, 1978 Haas et al.
4101207 July 18, 1978 Taylor
4673255 June 16, 1987 West et al.
4728547 March 1, 1988 Vaz et al.
4994204 February 19, 1991 Doane et al.
5040877 August 20, 1991 Blinc et al.
5240636 August 31, 1993 Doane et al.
5251048 October 5, 1993 Doane et al.
5264950 November 23, 1993 West et al.
5321533 June 14, 1994 Kumar
5437811 August 1, 1995 Doane et al.
5450220 September 12, 1995 Onishi et al.
5463482 October 31, 1995 Jones
5473450 December 5, 1995 Yamada et al.
5636043 June 3, 1997 Uemura et al.
5668614 September 16, 1997 Chien et al.
9-61793 March 1997 JPX
"Cholesteric Liquid Crystal/Polymer Gel Dispersion: Reflective Display Application", SID Digest, vol. 23, May 1992, p. 759, by D.-K. Yang andJ.W. Doane. "Front-lit Flat Panel Display from Polymer Stabilized Cholesteric Textures", Japanese Display, vol. 9, Oct. 1992, by J.W. Doane, D.-K. Yang, and Z. Yaniv. "Surface Modified Reflective Cholesteric Displays", SID Digest, May 1995, by Z.-J. Lu, W.D. St. John, Z.-Y. Huang, D.-K. Yang, and J.W. Doane. "Phase Separation of Liquid Crystals in Polymers", Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Inc. Nonlin. Opt., 1988, vol. 157, pp. 427-441, by John L. West. "Field controlled light scattering from nematic microdroplets", Appl. Phys. Lett. 48(4) Jan. 27, 1986, pp. 269-, by Doane, Vaz, Wu and Zumer. "Contrast ratios of polymer-dispersed liquid crystal films", Applied Optics, vol. 26, No. 4, Feb. 15, 1987, pp. 738-743, by Montgomery and Vaz. "Droplet size control in polymer dispersed liquid crystal films", Proc. SPIE, vol. 1080, 53 (1989), by Lackner, Margerum, Ramos and Lim. "Polymer-Dispersed and Encapsulated Liquid Crystal Films", Research Publication GMR-6402, Sep. 9, 1988, by Montgomery. "A Light Control Film Composed of Liquid Crystal Droplets Dispersed in a UV-Curable Polymer",Liq. Cryst., 1987, vol. 146, pp. 1-15, by Vaz, Smith and Montgomery. "Polymer dispersed nematic liquid crystal for large area displays and light valves", J.Appl. Phys. 60(6), Sep. 15, 1986, by Drzaic, pp. 2142-2148. "Polymer Encapsulated Nematic Liquid Crystals for Display and Light Control Applications", SID 85 Digest, by Fergason, pp. 68-70, no date. "Morphological control in polymer-dispersed liquid crystal film matrices",Proc. SPIE, vol. 1080, 24 (1989), by Yamagishi, Miller, and van Ast. "Electrically Induced Light Scattering form Anisotropic Gels", Journal of Applied Physics, 68(9), 4406 (1990), by R.A.M. Hikmet.
Assignee: Kent State University (Kent, OH)
Inventors: Deng-Ke Yang (Stow, OH), Zhijian Lu (Yorktown Heights, NY), J. William Doane (Kent, OH)
Primary Examiner: William L. Sikes
Assistant Examiner: Tarifur R. Chowdhury
Law Firm: Renner, Kenner, Greive, Bobak Taylor & Weber
Current U.S. Class: Microencapsulated Or Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal (349/86); Formed By Particular Technique (349/92); Having Uv Polymerized Element (349/93); Formed As Walls (e.g., Between Pixels) Or Integral With Substrate (349/156); For Driving Grandjean To Focal Conic Or Dynamic Scattering Type Liquid Crystal (349/35)
International Classification: G02F 11333; G02F 11339; G02F 1137;
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Song, Music & Dance
Music, song, and dance played as important a part in people’s lives in the past, as they do nowadays. The crucial difference is that the further back you go the more likely it is that the people had to make their own, rather than listening to, or watching others do it for them. Before recorded sound (i.e. about 1900), if you wanted to hear a song or a tune you had to be in the presence of the performer, or make the music yourself.
People sang and whistled all the time – at home, at work, in the pub – and there was plenty of instrumental music around, too. Not everybody was a maestro musician, of course, but a surprising number could knock out a tune on a mouth-organ, concertina, melodeon, or tin whistle, and many homes had a piano. Many ordinary people became very skilled at providing the music that was needed at local level – and those who wished to take it further could join a brass band, choral society, or the parish choir.
Step dancing was common in pubs and homes, but most villages also had the occasional organised dance (or ‘hop’) in the village hall, or schoolroom, and there was always dancing at weddings, harvest homes, and other special occasions.
Tradition played an important part in the local scene, but few communities were completely isolated from the popular culture of the time. People travelled to local fairs (where there were dancing booths), and to local towns (where there were theatres and music halls) and the latest hits and fashions filtered through – even if they took a little while to get there.
SEARCH THE DATABASE FOR:
Transcriptions Guide
Henry Hills of Lodsworth
Morris Dance
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Rogue One review: An entirely new Star Wars story that’s still very familiar
Entertainment / Movie Reviews / Movies / Reviews
By Justin Jelinek
When all is said and done, in order to get to “A New Hope,” you first have to lose any hope that you once had.
The time has finally come! The first of several Star Wars movies set outside of, or in support of the main story line has finally arrived. Expectations for Rogue One: A Star Wars Story have been high. I have personally been equal parts excited and terrified — excited to have more Star Wars in my life, terrified that Rogue One could have been more Phantom Menace than Empire Strikes Back. In this spoiler-free Rogue One review, I hope to assuage any fears you may have.
From the very beginning, it’s obvious that this is not your typical Star Wars movie. There are some major differences right off the bat that might feel unsettling at first, but make sense in the larger picture. The beginning of the movie sees a lot of quick cuts, with action taking place across several planets, which sets the table for the larger set pieces and locations further down the line. The movie does a pretty good job of introducing Jyn Erso (Felicity Jones) and setting up her motivations in a short amount of time, allowing for the story to move forward more quickly. It would have been nice to see a bit more of her backstory, but with a runtime of 134 minutes and plenty of action to fill that time, some concessions had to be made.
The remaining story is almost completely new, and yet still very familiar for Star Wars fans. Quite a lot of care was taken to make this movie look and even feel at home in its place in the Star Wars timeline, and yet it feels quite unlike anything else in the series. I know that’s a bit of a contradiction, but this movie really does feel very new, and yet very familiar at the same time. You will see some familiar faces — albeit slightly younger looking than the last time you’ve seen them. This works better in some cases than others. CGI plays a big role in the de-aging process for several characters, and I felt that the more time the character was on screen, the less convincing the CGI was. Don’t get me wrong, it’s still quite good, and a huge improvement from what we’ve seen even a few years ago in the realm of CGI characters, but my initial “wow” factor felt tempered slightly as the film went on. You’ll also spot quite a few nods to the original trilogy… and I mean a lot. None of them feel forced, however, and they fit in nicely with the rest of the film.
Newcomers to the film fit right in with the gritty, rebellious storyline. We get to see some of the earlier days of the rebellion and how these characters have had to deal with the oppressive Empire. Cassian Andor (Diego Luna) fits in as the “scoundrel” of the group, while Chirrut Îmwe (Donnie Yen) and Baze Malbus (Wen Jiang) feel like a bit of a bridge between the prequels and the original trilogy. Alan Tudyk’s reprogrammed Imperial droid K-2SO shines as a comedic sidekick, adding some needed levity to the movie as a whole. There are other funny moments interspersed throughout the film, which is definitely appreciated to break up the overall very desperate and frantic story.
The action in Rogue One is pretty amazing. There are definitely ship battles (and they are spectacular), but you’ll see quite a lot more ground fighting (without lightsabers) than you’re probably accustomed to in this universe. The battles — both ground and ship-based — feel appropriate. Other reviews have mentioned (and have been ridiculed for mentioning) that this is the first Star Wars movie that is really about war. While their wording maybe could have been better, I think I get what they were trying to say. Rogue One puts you in a position to actually see more of the war and the rebellion than any other Star Wars movie to date. Even Attack of the Clones, which was ostensibly all about the Clone Wars spent a relatively short time on the “war,” instead chose to show extended scenes of the heroes being heroic on the periphery of the actual conflict. Rogue One puts you directly into the middle of the conflict, and while our heroes do still go off to be heroic on the periphery, they feel more like a small (but important) part of the battle, rather than the main focus as we’ve seen in previous films.
When all is said and done, in order to get to “A New Hope,” you first have to lose any hope that you once had. Rogue One walks that line effectively, putting our heroes in increasingly desperate situations before the final credits roll. And when those credits roll, you’ll understand exactly how Rogue One fits into the greater Star Wars timeline.
Chances are good that you already know whether or not you’re going to see this movie. People that love Star Wars probably already have their tickets for Rogue One (or have seen it already, or seen it multiple times already). People that don’t care about Star Wars or sci-fi in general probably still won’t care about Rogue One, and that’s really too bad because this is an excellent movie. It’s not without its flaws, but those flaws don’t blemish an otherwise fantastic entry into the Star Wars universe.
Great story, interesting characters, nearly perfect fit into the existing Star Wars timeline.
Some of the CGI — though absolutely necessary — started to become more obvious and distracting as the movie went on.
Chances are good you already know whether or not you're going to see Rogue One. If by some small miracle you're actually undecided, this is a great movie and well worth your time.
Our Rating4.75
Last Updated on December 16, 2016
Related Items:featured, movies, Review, Rogue One, Star Wars
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Someone Calculated Every Team's Chances of Winning the World Cup and Egyptians Won't Be Happy
Open up Your Heart and Help Us Box Some Food with Al Joud
Pet Shop Raid: How a Group of Cairenes are Forcing an End to Animal Abuse at Pet Shops
Here's a little something to put things into perspective/destroy your dreams, Egypt.
Amidst the drama of Ramos-gate, vehicular designs and Captain Cuper's generous salary, no one seems to actually be discussing Egypt's chances at the World Cup in Russia. Even with a fully-fit Mo Salah, the most optimistic of football fans will admit that Egypt simply qualifying from what is a tricky Group A would be a huge achievement.
Well, we're here to squash what faint hopes anyone has of them achieving more. Sorry.
You see, a group dream-destroying nerds have calculated every participating team's chances of winning the most prestigious tournament in international football - and the results don't exactly speak highly of Egypt's chances. According to entertainment data and technology company, Gracenote, Egypt has less than 1% chance of clinching the crown and sit on par with South Korea, Nigeria, Panama, Japan and Saudi Arabia.
Image: Gracenote
These cruel calculations have also predicted that Salah and co. have a 36% chance of advancing from the group stage. Said calculations are based on 1 million simulations of all the matches, with points given for each team's probability of a win, draw or defeat, based on their positions in the official FIFA rankings - in which Egypt is ranked number 40.
This all, of course, should be taken with a big pinch of salt for several reasons. Firstly, these kinds of calculations can never take into account the kind of game-changing brilliance that someone of Mo Salah's quality can produce or the kinds of nuances that often decide the result of the match - tactics, form, etc. Secondly, though there's a very logical and mechanic system behind FIFA's official rankings, it has often been criticised for being far too rigid and taking too statistical an approach. So for example, the likes of Switzerland (6th), Poland (8th), Chile (9th) and Peru (11th) are all in the the top 20 of the latest rankings. They're decent teams, yes, but are miles away from matching up to the quality of powerhouses like Germany (1st), Brazil (2nd), Argentina (4th) and Spain (10th).
So where does that leave us? We're not statisticians, so make of it what you will, but speaking of calculations, you should definitely take this quiz, which works out which Egyptian footballer you should marry, because that's just the kind of lighthearted bullshit we do here.
Main Image: QFM Zambia
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Kim Scott – Free to Be
I have so enjoyed following and reviewing this lovely flautist and her very becoming work since her 2011 Crossing Over release. The vibrancy, the brilliance, and the feel-good vibe that one gets from her lilting, quality c-jazz offerings are not to be understated. Here again on her latest Free to Be release, she puts on a great display of her musicianship with top-tier playing and writing skills.
Artists like Kim Scott bring an exuberance to an art form long prophesied to be a thing of the past in short order by critics. When you listen to the Pied Piper-like allure and magic of her style, you come to the conclusion that those critics couldn’t be farther from the truth.
With her longtime collaborators, drummer/percussionist/producer “PJ” Spraggins, guitarist Eric Essix, and keyboardist/producer Kelvin “Wu10” Wooten, this album offers big-time promise.
Get an earful of tracks like the lead and title track featuring young saxtress Jazmin Ghent, the powerful “Emerge” featuring pianist/keyboardist Jonathan Fritzen. the melodic and mid-tempo “No Worries” featuring the iconic James Lloyd of Pieces of a Dream, her cover of the Burt Bacharach classic “The Look of Love” (check out her own unique interpretation, especially toward the last third of the track), the up-tempo and funky “Take It to the Rink,” “J’s Groove,” a high-steppin’ track written and programed by her son Jaden, and you’ll clearly see why this young lady’s climb to the who’s who in c-jazz is imminent. Skill, quality, and a full sense of where she wants to take her music.
With this type of effort, I plan to continue watching this artist’s climb and her magnificence on flute. Truly one of the best. – Ronald Jackson
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The Public Domain Opens Again in the United States for the First Time Since 1998
As we previously reported on our blog, the doors to the public domain will open in the United States for the first time since 1998. On January 1, 2019, any works published in the United States in 1923 or prior are freed from the shackles of copyright protection and can be copied, remixed, distributed, etc. without authorization from the copyright owner.
According to some brief internet research, 1923 saw the following cultural highlights, to name just a few:
Louis Armstrong made his first studio recording
Two iconic sports stadiums opened: the original Yankee Stadium in New York and the original Wembley Stadium in the United Kingdom
The Hollywood Sign in California was inaugurated
The Walt Disney Company was formed
The film “The Ten Commandments” was released (** Cecil B. DeMille’s silent film version, not the version starring Charlton Heston that was released in 1956)
Robert Frost’s “New Hampshire” poetry collection was published, which includes “Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening”
William Carlos Williams published the poetry collection “Spring and All,” which includes “The Red Wheelbarrow”
So, why has the public domain been effectively sealed in the United States for over 20 years?
When the 1976 Copyright Act became effective on January 1, 1978, the term of copyright was set at life of the author plus 50 years. The term for works created before January 1, 1978, was 75 years (though the blogger notes that calculating the term of protection for pre-1978 works can be complicated and not all works benefited from such a lengthy term based on a number of circumstances, the discussion of which is beyond the scope of this post). Hence, as the late 1990s drew near, key players in the United States entertainment industry (including Disney, Time Warner, Universal, and Viacom) started recognizing that works created in the 1920s would soon lose copyright protection. A notable oft-cited example in copyright lore is Walt Disney’s “Steamboat Willie” cartoon that was copyrighted in 1928 and would have entered the public domain on January 1, 2004.
These industry giants convinced Congress to extend the term of copyright protection for an additional 20 years. This extension is known as the “Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act,” named after Sonny Bono, because he was one of the original sponsors of similar legislation and passed away nine months before the bill was signed into law by President Clinton on October 27, 1998. The effect of the term extension is generally as follows:
For works created on or after January 1, 1978, the term is life of the author plus 70 years.
For works made for hire and anonymous or pseudonymous works, the term is 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation, whichever comes first.
For works created prior to January 1, 1978, and still under protection, the term is 95 years from the original copyright date.
This means the first depiction of Mickey Mouse in a sound cartoon enters the public domain on January 1, 2024. Will we see lobbying efforts to keep Mickey locked safely away in the “Disney Vault” for an additional term of protection? Only time will tell, but if it happens, you can rest assured that we will be writing about it here at The TMCA.
Tags: public domain
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Top 10 adventure activities you have to try in Snowdonia
July 4, 2018 by TheTravelHack
I live in North Wales so I know I’m going to be ever so slightly biased here but I think Snowdonia and North Wales is one of the most incredibly gorgeous places in the UK. Whether you’re visiting the UK on holiday or you live here and you’re looking for an adventurous staycation, make sure Snowdonia is on your bucket list! There are so many adventure activities in Snowdonia and North Wales is apparently becoming known as the ‘adventure capital of Europe’! Wales might not strike you as an obvious destination for adrenaline junkies, but this stunning area of natural beauty is a hub for extreme sports and heart-stopping thrills, with people flocking from all over the world to try its many breathtaking challenges.
Adventure activities in Snowdonia are easy to find – around every corner there’s something for the thrill-seekers among us, from famous mountain climbs to record-breaking rides and underground playgrounds for grown ups.
So whatever kind of adventure it is you’re looking for, you’re bound to find it in this incredible region in northwest Wales.
Top 10 Adventure Activities in Snowdonia
Zip World Velocity
Not your average zip line, this particular stretch of wire is the longest in Europe at a mile long, and the fastest in the world, with travellers zipping through the skies at over 100 miles per hour! And the claims of grandeur don’t end there: the zipline stretches above what was once the largest quarry in the world, Penrhyn Quarry so this has to be at the top of your list for adventure activities in Snowdonia!
Visitors to Zip World Velocity can build up their confidence, starting with the Little Zipper before being transported to the Big Zipper, where they’re strapped into a lay-flat harness for the ride of their life!
Read more: Check out this post about my adventurous weekend in Wales when I did the Big Zipper!
Hike Mount Snowdon
You can’t visit Snowdonia without conquering Snowdon. With an elevation of over 1,000 feet, Snowdon is the highest mountain in Wales, and the highest point in the British Isles (outside of the Scottish Highlands). It’s made up of volcanic rocks, and on a clear day you can see as far as Ireland, Scotland, England, and the Isle of Man from the summit.
There are loads of different routes that walkers can take to reach the top, coming from all sides of the mountain. The most challenging of these, for the extra adventurous climbers out there, is the The Watkin Path, as it starts at a lower elevation than any of the others (and is said to be much more beautiful). But whichever way you choose to go, the view from the top is worth the climb!
Check out my tips for hiking up Snowdon here.
Surf Snowdonia
Fancy hopping on a surfboard…without an ocean in sight? In the heart of Snowdonia you’ll find the world’s first inland surf lagoon, a man-made surf destination where there are waves to suit every ability.
There’s a beginner’s bay, with gentle waves, that accommodates up to six surfers, intermediate areas, and an advanced wave that goes for 150 metres, letting you ride for up to 20 seconds per wave. It’s probably the only place in the UK where you’re guaranteed waves, and there’s no chance of encountering a shark, which makes it all the more attractive.
Located inside Snowdonia National Park, the National White Water Centre is one of the top spots to go white water rafting in the UK. It’s a dam-fed source, which means that even in the summer, you’ll find reliable rapids to ride.
Fed by the Llyn Celyn reservoir, the National White Water Centre is located on the Tryweryn river, inside Snowdonia National Park, and it offers grade four rapids for adventure-seekers, and beginner courses for first-timers.
Abseiling and Rock Climbing
Wales might not seem like the most likely place to climb up or rappel down a sheer rock face, so it may surprise you to learn that there’s plenty of abseiling and rock climbing to be done in Snowdonia.
In fact, the Snowdonia area was once a training ground for Sir Edmund Hillary and his team of Everest climbers, and many of the climbing routes are famous all around the world. There’s something to suit every ability, ranging from beginner climbs to towering, sheer cliff faces, like the ones you’ll find at Tremadog and Llanberis Pass.
If you’d rather the controlled environment (and year-round dry conditions) of an indoor climb, the Beacon Climbing Centre offers all kinds of climbing options, from your first climb to advanced walls for the most experienced among us.
As might be expected from a destination where there are plenty of mountains to go around, there are mountain biking opportunities aplenty in Snowdonia. Coed y Brenin Forest Park, which opened in the 90s, is the UK’s first (and also its biggest) dedicated mountain bike trail centre, with trails to suit all mountain biking abilities.
There are green trails for beginners and families, blue and red tracks for intermediate riders, and for the most adventurous mountain bike riders, you’ll find black trails that are challenging, exciting, and guaranteed to get the adrenaline flowing.
There are other mountain biking centres in Snowdonia, as well as plenty of off-road trails to try – cyclists certainly won’t get bored around here!
Canyon Xtreme
Have you tried canyoning? This adventure activity is basically jumping into fast-flowing mountain streams and letting the water carry you along the canyon. It sounds extreme, and it is, but it’s perfectly safe, thanks to buoyancy vests, helmets, harnesses and, of course, an instructor.
But in Snowdonia, they take canyoning to another level, thanks to Canyon Xtreme, a three to four hour adventure that includes sliding off a 15-foot waterfall. Not for the faint of heart!
Bounce Below
Even if you don’t think of yourself as a thrill-seeker, chances are you’re going to jump at the chance to visit Bounce Below. Built inside a former Victorian slate mine in Blaenau Ffestiniog, this underground playground lets you jump, slide, climb and crawl along six levels of trampolines.
The space is the size of a cathedral, and it’s lit in moody purples, greens and blues, making it look even more magical. Helmets are provided, but it’s up to you to bring the fun as you release your inner child and bounce away deep under the earth in Snowdonia.
Once the summer activities have faded away to nothing more than a distant memory, it’s time to get out those ice picks and try your hand at one of the best winter adventure activities in Snowdonia: ice climbing. Due to the extreme weather conditions in winter, this isn’t a sport for the faint-hearted or, indeed, for the untrained.
To get yourself up to speed on how to stay safe on the mountains in winter, take a winter mountaineering course with Snowdonia Adventures, and learn how Snowdonia can become a winter playground.
Bear Grylls Survival Academy
Wish you could survive in the wilderness like Bear Grylls? Well, Snowdonia provides the wilderness, and Dragon Raiders Activity Park provides the training, approved by Bear himself, to help you overcome any obstacle.
Whether a half day adventure or a two day expedition, this fun and informative course will teach you to overcome the most extreme conditions, fend for yourself, build shelter and cross rivers. Designed for families, groups or individuals, the Bear Grylls Survival Academy will make sure you leave Snowdonia prepared for anything!
Which of these adventure activities in Snowdonia would you most like to try?
Read more about my adventures in Wales here.
adventureSnowdoniaTop 10Wales
I’m actually quite surprised by how much there is to do in North Wales! I knew the climbing was good because I do a lot myself and have always wanted to do a trip there but now I’m going to push to make it happen. Hopefully this good weather holds for a little longer! x
Jenny | Local Leo
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Forest Holidays: The ultimate stress buster in the forest
What to wear and tips for walking up Snowdon
London’s best restaurants with a view
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Art Consultant
Collection Factors
Questions to Ask When Buying Art
A lawsuit filed in London against Old Masters dealer Richard Green got me thinking about how much research should a buyer do before acquiring a new piece of art? Collector Gary Klesch purchased two paintings for €5 million ($5,671,000) from Green. Klesch later found out that Green had purchased one for €1.45 million ($1,645,000) and the other for $882,000. The Art Newspaper first reported the lawsuit, which you can read here. While the works are not American Western pieces of art, it still got me thinking about how much due diligence should collectors do when adding a work of art to their collection? Richard Green said he would have disclosed the purchase amounts if Klesch would have asked. Does the dealer have a responsibility to disclose his purchase amounts? The majority of auction records are now disclosed through price database sites like ArtNet and AskArt. Those results are only a few clicks away, and have made the art industry as a whole a lot more transparent. Still, what questions should collectors ask when they're close to pulling the trigger on a piece of art?
As many of you know, I love to talk about "Collection Factors." These are various factors that affect the value of your art, so naturally, the questions you will want to ask will typically refer to these factors. The questions will also vary depending on whether it's an historical work by a deceased artist, or if it's by a contemporary artist.
1. Learn as much information about the artist as you can. The overall value and pricing of a painting will derive from the notoriety of the artist, so ask questions to identify how well-known is the artist. Has the artist been published? Does the artist's work hang in any museums? What awards and honors have the artist earned? The more you can learn about the artist, the better you will understand the market for the artist.
2. This probably goes without saying, but confirm the details of the art. Is it signed and where? What are the exact dimensions? What is the medium? These are all factors that will affect value, so it's worth it to confirm the details. The signature is very important and easy to overlook. A painting signed by Charles Russell is worth a hell of a lot more than a painting that's unsigned and attributed to him. The larger the painting, the more valuable it's typically going to be. Is the title the original title the artist gave the painting? While it doesn't directly affect the value of paintings, it can be helpful in researching the work of art. Because auction records are so prevalent now, I've seen titles changed so they aren't as easily identified with previous sales of the same painting.
3. How does the painting fit within the artist's body of work? Is it a subject matter the artist is known for? At what stage of the artist's career was it created? While some collectors like the uniqueness of works that's outside of what an artist is known for, resale values tend to be higher on works that helped gain the artist notoriety in the first place. That subject matter will have more demand because it's identifiable. The best way to train your eye is to look at a lot of art. Even better, look at a lot of art by the same artist, and you will be able to identify the subtle nuances of quality. It's like differentiating between a good wine and a bad wine. You can't identify the differences until you've tried them all, and then you will have a better understanding of what you like and don't like.
4. Ask about the provenance. What is the history of ownership? This is more important for historical works, but can apply to resale pieces by more established contemporary artists. Provenance can potentially add value if it came from a museum or a well-known collector. It can also assist in the authentication process.
There's no limit to the number of questions you can ask when adding a piece to your collection. The key is feeling comfortable once you pull the trigger. No one wants to have buyer's remorse, and with a little due diligence, that remorse can be prevented. Take advantage of consultants like myself, or any other dealer you trust to help you research and make an informed decision. I am more than happy to help even if you're not purchasing from me. I understand that quality works are rare, and you have to take advantage of the opportunities when they arise. At the end of the day, I don't want collectors having a bad taste in their mouth because they've been burnt. The more interest we can generate in the American Western genre the more we all benefit. The next time you have a piece at auction you have your eye on, call or email me and I'll share what I know about the artist/painting.
Because who doesn't love Calvin and Hobbes?
Labels: Art Consultant Art Dealer ArtNet AskArt Collecting Collection Factors Provenance Western Art
Posted by Buddy Le July 24, 2018
The Coeur d'Alene Art Auction 2018
Should You Use Price-Per-Square Inch to Price Paintings?
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HomeNational NewsACLU Files Brief Supporting Harvard University in Admissions Lawsuit
ACLU Files Brief Supporting Harvard University in Admissions Lawsuit
September 5, 2018 Carma Henry National News 0
ACLU Joins Civil Rights Leaders, Students, and Universities Calling for Case’s Dismissal and Preservation of Colleges’ Right to Promote Diversity
BOSTON — The American Civil Liberties Union and ACLU of Massachusetts filed a friend-of-court brief supporting Harvard University’s right to consider race as one of many factors in a whole-person admissions process.
The case, Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard, is led by anti-affirmative action crusader Edward Blum. Blum is once again seeking the elimination of all race-conscious admissions practices after failing to do so in Fisher v. University of Texas, where the Supreme Court reaffirmed that diversity is a “compelling governmental interest,” permitting schools to consider race. After the loss in Fisher, Blum lamented that he “needed Asian plaintiffs” — who indubitably face discrimination and stereotypes in society — in order to pit minorities against each other for political gain.
The ACLU argues a whole-person, race-conscious admissions process furthers a university’s academic freedom to assemble a diverse student body. SFFA’s proposed remedy to entirely remove consideration of race in admissions — including the context it provides into how other factors are measured — conflicts with the right of universities to select its student body. Should any admission practices unfairly disadvantage any group, the solution is to amend the practice but not to discard wholesale a diversity program that benefits all students.
“Considering race as one of many factors in order to create a diverse student-body is not only a worthy institutional goal of a university, it’s one protected by the Supreme Court. Students who learn from each other and are exposed to a variety of experiences, backgrounds, interests, and talents are better prepared for a pluralistic society,” said Dennis Parker, director of the ACLU’s Racial Justice Program. “Refusing to recognize race or any other characteristic in admissions is inconsistent with the value of considering each person individually. Claiming not to see color simply recycles the tired myth of a post-racial America. If you cannot acknowledge someone’s race, you risk not acknowledging them.”
Groups exemplifying a diverse array of voices have supported Harvard with friend-of-court briefs. They include:
American Council on Education
The Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE)
The American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education (AACTE)
The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN)
The American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers (AACRAO)
The American Association of Community Colleges (AACC)
The American Association of State Colleges and Universities (AASCU)
Association of University Professors (AAUP)
The American College Personnel Association (ACPA) College Student Educators International
The American Dental Education Association (ADEA)
The American Indian Higher Education Consortium (AIHEC)
The Association of American Universities (AAU)
The Association of American Colleges and Universities (AAC&U)
The Association of American Law Schools (AALS)
The Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC)
The Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities (ACCU)
The Association of Community College Trustees (ACCT)
The Association of Governing Boards of Universities and Colleges (AGB)
The Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities (AJCU)
The Consortium of Universities of the Washington Metropolitan Area (CUWMA)
The Council for Opportunity in Education (COE)
The Commission on Institutions of Higher Education of NEASC
The Council of Graduate Schools (CGS)
The Council of Independent Colleges (CIC); EDUCAUSE
The Graduate Management Admission Council (GMAC)
The Law School Admission Council (LSAC)
The Middle States Commission on Higher Education (MSCHE)
The National Association for College Admission Counseling (NACAC)
The National Association of College and University Business Officers (NACUBO)
The National Association of Diversity Officers in Higher Education (NADOHE)
The National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities (NAICU)
The National Association of Student Financial Aid Administrators (NASFAA)
The Student Affairs Administrators in Higher Education (NASPA)
The WASC Senior College and University Commission (WSCUC)
Coalition for a Diverse Harvard
NAACP-LDF
Harvard-Radcliffe Black Students Association
Kuumba Singers of Harvard College
Fuerza Latina of Harvard
Native Americans at Harvard College
Harvard-Radcliffe Asian American Association
Harvard-Radcliffe Asian American Women’s Association
Harvard Asian American Brotherhood
Harvard Vietnamese Association
Harvard-Radcliffe Chinese Students Association
Harvard Korean Association
Harvard Japan Society
Harvard South Asian Association
Harvard Islamic Society
Task Force on Asian and Pacific American Studies at Harvard College
Harvard Phillips Brooks House Association
Harvard Minority Association of Pre-Medical Students
First Generation Harvard Alumni
Native American Alumni of Harvard University
Harvard University Muslim Alumni
Harvard Latino Alumni Alliance
Institutions of Higher Learning
Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights and Economic Justice, Asian Americans Advancing Justice
Walter Dellinger, Douglas B. Maggs Professor Emeritus of Law at Duke University
ACLU Files Brief
African American Judge, John C. Lawson, honored by the Los Angeles County Deputy Probation Officers Union
EPA Roll-Backs Will Hurt People of Color
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by Tiffany M. Davis in Indie Authors, My Thoughts, Other People's Writing, Suspense/Thriller/Mystery
Disclaimer: I received a free galley from NetGalley in exchange for an honest review.
American Cage
Ted Galdi
Price: $2.99 ebook/$14.99 paperback
American Cage by Ted Galdi starts out as your typical jailbreak novel. Danny Marsh, Phil Zorn, and Monty Montgomery spent nine agonizing months planning a breakout of Thurgood L. Crick prison in Texas. On the day of the breakout, everything goes smoothly…until it doesn’t.
When Monty is injured during the escape, the trio is forced to create a Plan B out of thin air. Unfortunately for them, Plan B coincides with an all-points bulletin about their escape across television and radio channels. The men are forced to do some things they preferred not to do in order to maintain their newfound freedom and achieve their primary goal: making it to Mexico.
Things go from bad to worse when Phil and Warren, his outside contact who provided crucial tools for the escape, decide to tweak the plan. Phil asks Danny to ask his family, which is wealthy, to give them $250,000 in cash in order to cover the price of the forged documentation that will be necessary for them to cross the border. Danny, who is estranged from his father, is reluctant to do so but finally does. Warren also decides to keep Monty as leverage for Phil and Danny’s return from the money pickup, which is a four-hour drive away. What happens during the drive–from the perspectives of Danny, Monty, and Danny’s father–is a tale of shame and redemption, as well as desperation and deliverance.
As a fan of psychological thrillers, I was pleasantly surprised by American Cage. There were plot twists that I didn’t see coming (especially the ending), and the characters were mostly well developed. Some were a bit too over the top, like Lieutenant John Ramos. I was more disappointed in the Phil Zorn character; it would have been interesting to get some of his point of view in the book, instead of seeing just his reactions to what the other characters were doing or saying. The addition of hitchhiker Jane Pilgrim was a nice touch.
Overall, I would recommend American Cage, particularly for fans of Harlan Coben and Jonathan Kellerman.
What I’m Reading: The Steel Kiss by Jeffery Deaver
by Tiffany M. Davis in Advance Notice, Fiction, My Thoughts, Suspense/Thriller/Mystery, Uncategorized Tags: Grand Central Publishing, Jeffrey Deaver, Lincoln Rhyme, Net Galley, The Steel Kiss
The Steel Kiss
The Steel Kiss is the latest in the Lincoln Rhyme series by Jeffery Deaver. I received an advance copy through Net Galley in exchange for an honest review.
Rhyme, who is now teaching instead of working with the NYPD to solve crimes, is nevertheless drawn into an interesting case: a man was trapped in a moving escalator and died from the resulting injuries, and Rhyme is hired by the widow’s attorney to figure out how the maintenance door managed to spring open so that the man could fall through it.
On a parallel track, Detective Amelia Sachs is now working the Major Crimes squad as a direct result of her severe arthritis. She is hunting a killer who is targeting people who use “smart” apparatus: computer-controlled appliances and cars that can be accessed via smartphone apps and wearable technology. Rhyme and Sachs soon find out that their investigations dovetail, and former rookie Ron Pulaski–still dealing with head injuries incurred in The Coffin Dancer–is almost caught in the crossfire.
Deaver weaves his usual interesting story while continuing the not-so-subtle rant against our computer-dependent society that he began in The Broken Window. The divergent cases, as well as the plot twists that lead to a rather satisfying yet unpredictable conclusion, are classic Deaver. Still, I did not enjoy this latest Rhyme novel as much as I have others. While I understand the need for character growth in order for a series to remain successful, the direction in which Deaver is taking his Rhyme and Sachs characters aren’t as riveting as in previous books. Still, Deaver knows how to deliver a story, and both fans and non-fans alike will enjoy it.
What I’m Reading: The Widow by Fiona Barton
by Tiffany M. Davis in Advance Notice, Book Releases, Fiction, Other People's Writing, Suspense/Thriller/Mystery, What I'm Reading Tags: Berkeley Publishing Group, Blog Book Tour, Fiona Barton, Net Galley, Penguin, The Widow
Fiona Barton
Berkeley Publishing Group
DISCLAIMER: I received a free e-galley from Berkeley Publishing (via Net Galley) in exchange for a fair and honest review.
I was invited to participate in a blog book tour for the February 2016 release of The Widow by Fiona Barton. Here’s my review for this stop on the tour.
The Widow, by Fiona Barton, is a pretty interesting read. Set in the United Kingdom, it follows Jean Taylor, the recent widow of accused child kidnapper (and possible murderer) Glen Taylor. The story opens as Jean is still reeling from the sudden death of her husband after being hit by a bus. Glen had never been formally charged with the kidnapping of Bella Elliott, though he’d been questioned heavily after her disappearance. The interference of the police alienated the Taylors, particularly Jean, from their neighbors and forced them to rely on each other even more for support and camaraderie. The police, as well as reporters, had always suspected that Jean knew more about Bella’s disappearance than she said. With Glen’s death, Jean was free from any obligations that she may have had to her husband while he was alive. And Jean decided to start talking.
Barton did a very good job of building suspense throughout the novel. What I especially liked was the eventual humanization of Jean’s character. At first, she came across as somewhat of an caricatured automaton, a mousy wife who was completely controlled by her psychologically abusive husband. As the book progresses, we see the layers of Jean, alluded to by the character herself as “Jean” versus “Jeanie”. These hidden facets belied a keen cleverness and mastery of subtle manipulation, and I as a reader became hooked by Jean’s character as each layer was revealed.
Barton did another good job in the character of Kate Waters, the ambitious reporter who eventually scores a coveted interview with Jean. This was another case of a cookie-cutter character who becomes more than meets the eye. No apologies are made for Kate’s ambition or methodology, and there is no moral undertone to her success in the vein of “everything has a price.” Still, the character manages to garner sympathy as she manages to outwit her competition to garner an interview with perhaps the most famous widow in recent times, and strain her relationships with those who helped her get to Jean.
Unfortunately for Barton, she did rely on clichés with her male characters, particularly Detective Inspector Bob Sparkes. Sparkes became the quintessential over-obsessed law enforcement official who pursues a case to the detriment of his personal and professional lives. Sparkes’s boss, was the superior who wanted to make the headlines, even at the cost of those who worked under him. Likewise, Glen Taylor becomes just another garden-variety pedophile and narcissist; his behavior and personality are textbook, and leave little to the imagination. Perhaps this is because Barton wanted the women in the book–Jean, Kate, and Bella’s mother Dawn Elliott–to be the focus of the story. Indeed, the entire story is very female-centric and a statement on how women are actually the complicated creatures we are often made out to be, and are usually not how we appear to be.
The ending of the book was a bit anticlimactic, which marred an otherwise gripping story. There was also an issue with changing points of view near the end of the book, especially with Detective Zara Salmond. Her POV seemed abrupt and out of place, and Barton would have been better served sticking to those of the primary characters in the story–Jean, Kate, and Sparkes–and relegating Salmond to the background with the other characters.
Others have compared The Widow to the novel The Girl On the Train, which is a bit of a disservice since I found the latter to be underwhelming and not deserving of the hype surrounding it. The Widow is much better, and a psychological thriller worth trying.
RETRO READS: Dark Paradise by Tami Hoag
by Tiffany M. Davis in Fiction, Retro Reads, Suspense/Thriller/Mystery Tags: court reporter, Dark Paradise, illegal hunting, llama, Montana, ranch, Tami Hoag
Hi all! Welcome to Retro Reads, where I talk about my favorite books that were published at least ten years ago. You can still find most of them online, though sometimes they have been re-released with a different cover and/or title. I will let you know if a book is out of print and/or otherwise unavailable.
Original paperback cover
Re-release paperback cover
Dark Paradise
Tami Hoag
Status: In print/Available
Yesterday, I noticed that some neighbors a few houses down have llamas in their front yard. Being that I live in the city part of Atlanta, I was a bit taken aback; wildlife of that magnitude isn’t usually seen around here (although the Mennonite church a few blocks down has sheep, which are available for rent to chew up rogue shrubbery, but I digress).
Seeing the llamas reminded me of Dark Paradise, the first Tami Hoag novel I ever read. The novel is set in Montana and tells the story of Marilee Jennings, a court reporter in California who takes a leave of absence from her job to pay a much-needed visit to her friend Lucy. Lucy was a fellow court reporter who came into a mysterious inheritance and ditched her job to live in Montana a year prior. When Marilee (“Mari”) arrives on Lucy’s doorstep, she finds Lucy’s expensive-looking house ransacked and learns the news of Lucy’s allegedly accidental death–and that Lucy left everything to her, including the llamas in the spacious backyard. Mari soon figures out that Lucy’s death wasn’t an accident and someone took the fall for it. Her quest to bring the true killer to justice almost gets her put in a grave next to Lucy–even as she fends off the pressure from John “JD” Rafferty, the attractive owner of the neighboring ranch who wants her to sell Lucy’s land to him, to further his own agenda.
Dark Paradise has the right balance of suspense and romance; indeed, the character development is as enjoyable as the plot–which doesn’t have a stereotypical “happily ever after” ending. . What I like best about the characters are their flaws; Hoag makes them truly human, questionable decisions and all. The plot is an interesting commentary on gentrification and how it is furthered in areas considered playgrounds for the wealthy, and the ripple effect on long-term area citizens. This book was written back in 1994, before gentrification became so prevalent here in America, yet the message still resonates today.
I’ve gone on to read and enjoy other books written by Hoag, but Dark Paradise remains my favorite. It’s an engaging read that is worth the trip.
What I’m Reading: The Gauguin Connection by Estelle Ryan
by Tiffany M. Davis in Fiction, Other People's Writing, Suspense/Thriller/Mystery, What I'm Reading Tags: art insurance, art investigation, art theft, autism, body language, Estelle Ryan, Genevieve Lenard, The Gauguin Connection
Like many, I like to take advantage of free (and reduced price) ebooks offered through sites such as Bookbub; it’s a good way to discover new (to you) author.
[It’s also a good way to clog up your e-reader with ebooks you intend to read “someday”, “when I have time”, but I digress.]
The Gauguin Connection, by Estelle Ryan, popped up last year on Bookbub as a free ebook.
I’m a fan of mystery/thriller/suspense novels, and this one had a rather intriguing premise: an art investigator who was also a high-functioning autistic. A good friend of mine is also high-functioning autistic, so I was curious to see how this condition would be woven into a story.
I wasn’t disappointed.
The Gauguin Connection introduces Dr. Genevieve Lenard, an autistic art investigator for an insurance company in France. She is sucked into a murder/theft/forgery case when a college girl is found murdered, and a piece of a famous Gauguin painting is found on her body–the same painting that is insured by Genevieve’s company. Genevieve uses both her investigative skills and her astuteness at reading body language to solve this case and many others to which the murdered girl was connected.
Genevieve’s character, by dint of her autism, relies heavily on body language in order to function adequately in society. She doesn’t understand slang, colloquialisms, or sarcasm, to the frustration of most who meet her. She also has a limited filter, and often speaks her mind with no concern as to whether or not someone’s feelings (or ego) might be hurt. I found myself laughing aloud at the character’s bluntness; she reminded me a bit of myself, many years ago (no autism, just a tendency to speak without employing diplomacy :D). Autism is not a laughing matter, but Ryan wrote Genevieve in a way that allowed the underlying humor of her remarks to shine through. Plus, I’m a smartass, so I appreciated Genevieve’s responses to asinine questions and replies.
I was also fascinated by Genevieve’s interpretation of body language as a means of assimilating in society. It is often said that most communication among people is nonverbal, and this book reiterates that. I picked up some interesting kinesthetic clues that bear further study, and it made the story even more interesting.
The book may have been a bit heavy-handed on the whole “socializing Genevieve” concept, along with a couple of stereotypical characters (e.g., the overstressed, focused lawman intent on pursuing justice; the lawman and criminal who constantly outwit each other, yet have a grudging mutual respect). Still, I found The Gauguin Connection to be an entertaining read, and I already purchased the next book in the series (which is up to eight books, so far).
[Heads up: the ebook is still free !]
RETRO READS: Within the Shadows
21 Aug 2015 1 Comment
by Tiffany M. Davis in Fiction, Horror, Retro Reads, Suspense/Thriller/Mystery Tags: Atlanta, Brandon Massey, father/son relationships, Georgia, horror, Retro Reads, stalker, supernatural, suspense, Tiffany M. Davis, Within the Shadows
Hi all! Welcome to Retro Reads, where I talk about my favorite books that were published at least ten years ago. You can still find most of them online, though sometimes they have been re-released with a different cover and/or title. I will let you know if a book is out of print or otherwise unavailable.
WITHIN THE SHADOWS
Brandon Massey
Horror/Suspense
Out of print/available used
I have been a longtime Brandon Massey fan, ever since I reviewed his first commercially published book, Dark Corner. I met Brandon in person at Book Expo America in 2005, where I received my autographed copy. He has provided good writing advice over the years (thx, Brandon!), even as he has successfully adapted to the ever-changing publishing landscape.
Within the Shadows is Massey’s third book and the story of Andrew, a successful writer in the Atlanta area who becomes involved with a beautiful woman, Mika. Mika, however, turns out to be a stalker on a whole ‘nother level, aided by seemingly unlimited funds and a Grand Canyon-sized sense of entitlement. While trying to fend off Mika’s increasingly unwanted advances, Andrew also tries to rekindle his relationship with his estranged father, Raymond, which had taken an unexpected nosedive after both were involved in a car accident in rural Georgia. Unbeknownst to Andrew, Raymond was compelled to cause the accident and his secrecy ends up getting a few folks killed…and Andrew may be next.
Massey continues his recurring theme of strained father/son relations, which is present in most of his books. He also spins on the “sins of the father” trope in Within the Shadows. Massey utilizes the supernatural in a way that taps into that part of us that we as people don’t like to acknowledge: the knee-jerk denial of the otherworld. The strong secondary characters of Eric, Andrew’s best friend and Carmen, Andrew’s not-so-unrequited love, help round out the story. While Mika’s character can be too over-the-top at times, it ends up working within the context of the greater story. Perhaps the best part of the book is realizing Raymond’s part in this whole mess and how it both harms and heals his relationship with Andrew.
Within the Shadows won’t keep you up at night, but it will provide some thrills and chills.
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Pennsylvania Rep. Doyle Heffley (R)
122nd district
August 13, 2019 at 12:30pm EDT
420 Irvis Office Building
PA - Appropriations (House)
Subcommittee Chair on Drugs & Alcohol
PA - Tourism & Recreational Development (House)
PA - Transportation (House)
PA - HB1734 An Act amending Title 53 (Municipalities Generally) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, in municipal authorities, further providing for purposes and powers.
PA - HB1733 An Act amending Title 53 (Municipalities Generally) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, in municipal authorities, further providing for exemption from taxation and payments in lieu of taxes.
PA - HB1729 An Act amending Title 53 (Municipalities Generally) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, in municipal authorities, further providing for money of authority.
PA - HB788 An Act amending Titles 18 (Crimes and Offenses) and 75 (Vehicles) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, in falsification and intimidation, further providing for the offense of impersonating a public servant; and, in other required equipment, further providing for visual and audible signals on emergency vehicles.
PA - HR236 A Resolution designating March 20, 2019, as "Forest Firefighter Day" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HB789 An Act amending Title 18 (Crimes and Offenses) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, in forgery and fraudulent practices, providing for the offense of benefit transfer device fraud.
PA - HB787 An Act amending Title 48 (Lodging and Housing) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, in lodging, providing for hosting platforms.
PA - HB671 An Act amending Title 3 (Agriculture) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, in food protection, further providing for definitions, for license required and for powers of department.
PA - HB941 An Act amending the act of June 13, 1967 (P.L.31, No.21), known as the Human Services Code, in public assistance, providing for financial disclosures for pharmacy services.
PA - HB349 An Act amending the act of November 10, 1999 (P.L.491, No.45), known as the Pennsylvania Construction Code Act, in adoption and enforcement by municipalities, further providing for administration and enforcement.
PA - HB1559 An Act amending the act of July 7, 1947 (P.L.1368, No.542), known as the Real Estate Tax Sale Law, adding provisions relating to bidder registration before sale; and, in sale of property, further providing for date of sale, for repurchase by owner, for restrictions on purchases and for sale of property in repository.
PA - HR235 A Resolution honoring Jacobus Franciscus "Jim" Thorpe by designating May 18, 2019, as "Jim Thorpe Day" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HB131 An Act amending the act of April 12, 1951 (P.L.90, No.21), known as the Liquor Code, in preliminary provisions, further providing for definitions; in licenses and regulations and liquor, alcohol and malt and brewed beverages, further providing for wine and spirits auction permits, for malt and brewed beverages manufacturers', distributors' and importing distributors' licenses, for breweries and for rights of municipalities preserved; in distilleries, wineries, bonded warehouses, bailees for hire and transporters for hire, further providing for limited wineries, for distilleries and for records to be kept; in miscellaneous provisions, further providing for construction and applicability; and abrogating regulations.
PA - HB1481 An Act amending the act of March 4, 1971 (P.L.6, No.2), known as the Tax Reform Code of 1971, in coal refuse energy and reclamation tax credit, further providing for definitions, for application and approval of tax credit and for limitation on tax credits.
PA - HB1413 An Act amending the act of March 10, 1949 (P.L.30, No.14), known as the Public School Code of 1949, in terms and courses of study, providing for human trafficking prevention education.
PA - HB616 An Act amending the act of April 14, 1972 (P.L.233, No.64), known as The Controlled Substance, Drug, Device and Cosmetic Act, further providing for schedules of controlled substances.
PA - HB1557 An Act amending the act of September 24, 1968 (P.L.1040, No.318), known as the Coal Refuse Disposal Control Act, further providing for designating areas unsuitable for coal refuse disposal.
PA - HR395 A Resolution recognizing June 28, 2019, as "National Logistics Day" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HB296 An Act amending the act of March 4, 1971 (P.L.6, No.2), known as the Tax Reform Code of 1971, providing for adoption and foster care tax credit.
PA - HB1358 An Act amending the act of April 9, 1929 (P.L.177, No.175), known as The Administrative Code of 1929, in powers and duties of the Department of Drug and Alcohol Programs, providing for medication-assisted treatment.
PA - HR120 A Resolution designating the month of March 2019 as "Irish-American Heritage Month" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HB1355 An Act amending the act of March 10, 1949 (P.L.30, No.14), known as the Public School Code of 1949, in professional employees, providing for professional librarian.
PA - HB1359 A Supplement to the act of December 8, 1982 (P.L.848, No.235), entitled "An act providing for the adoption of capital projects related to the repair, rehabilitation or replacement of highway bridges to be financed from current revenue or by the incurring of debt and capital projects related to highway and safety improvement projects to be financed from current revenue of the Motor License Fund," itemizing additional State and local bridge projects.
PA - HR81 A Resolution recognizing June 11, 2019, as "Architects Action Day" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HB108 An Act amending the act of March 10, 1949 (P.L.30, No.14), known as the Public School Code of 1949, establishing the Digital Protection School Safety Account; and providing for duties of school entities and the department.
PA - HR96 A Resolution recognizing March 2, 2019, as "Read Across America Day" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HR419 A Resolution designating the month of August 2019 as "Spinal Muscular Atrophy Awareness Month" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HB693 An Act amending Title 23 (Domestic Relations) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, in child custody, further providing for standing for any form of physical custody or legal custody.
PA - HB701 An Act amending the act of March 10, 1949 (P.L.30, No.14), known as the Public School Code of 1949, in school health services, further providing for automatic external defibrillators and providing for sudden cardiac event emergency action plan for athletic activities.
PA - HB758 An Act designating a bridge on that portion of State Route 4018 over the Little Mahoning Creek, South Mahoning Township, Indiana County, as the SP4 Franklin Delano Meyer Memorial Bridge.
PA - HB1037 An Act amending the act of November 10, 1999 (P.L.491, No.45), known as the Pennsylvania Construction Code Act, in preliminary provisions, further providing for definitions and for application; and, in exemptions, applicability and penalties, further providing for penalties.
PA - HB803 An Act amending Title 4 (Amusements) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, in interactive gaming, further providing for local share assessment; in sports wagering, further providing for local share assessment; and, in revenues, further providing for distribution of local share.
PA - HB351 An Act amending the act of June 25, 1931 (P.L.1352, No.332), referred to as the Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Compact, providing for veto power by the Governor over certain actions; further providing for audits; and providing the Governor of each state with power to ratify or veto certain actions taken by commissioners.
PA - HB1052 An Act amending the act of April 9, 1929 (P.L.177, No.175), known as The Administrative Code of 1929, in powers and duties of the Department of Drug and Alcohol Programs, further providing for powers and duties.
PA - HB527 An Act amending the act of May 17, 1921 (P.L.789, No.285), known as The Insurance Department Act of 1921, in preliminary provisions, further providing for application of act.
PA - HB537 An Act amending Title 42 (Judiciary and Judicial Procedure) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, in sentencing, further providing for sentences for offenses against elderly persons.
PA - HB1224 An Act amending the act of April 28, 1937 (P.L.417, No.105), known as the Milk Marketing Law, in purpose, short title and definitions, further providing for definitions and construction; in general powers of the board, providing for coordination with Department of Revenue; and, in prices of milk, further providing for cooperatives.
PA - HR208 A Resolution designating the month of April 2019 as "Pennsylvania Community College Month" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HR220 A Resolution recognizing the month of May 2019 as "Bladder Cancer Awareness Month" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HB994 An Act amending the act of March 10, 1949 (P.L.30, No.14), known as the Public School Code of 1949, in school health services, further providing for dental examinations and dental hygiene services.
PA - HR113 A Resolution designating the month of March 2019 as "Greek-American Heritage Month" in Pennsylvania and recognizing the constructive role Greek Americans continue to play in the economic and cultural development of our nation and this Commonwealth.
PA - HR126 A Resolution designating the month of April 2019 as "Esophageal Cancer Awareness and Prevention Month" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HR240 A Resolution designating the month of May 2019 as "Bike Month," the week of May 13 through 17, 2019, as "Bike to Work Week" and May 17, 2019, as "Bike to Work Day" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HR256 A Resolution recognizing May 7, 2019, as "World Asthma Day" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HR121 A Resolution recognizing March 21, 2019, as "World Down Syndrome Day" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HR428 A Resolution designating July 1, 2019, as "Fireworks and Animal Anxiety Awareness Day" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HR147 A Resolution directing the Joint State Government Commission to conduct a comprehensive review of unused properties, buildings and facilities owned by the Commonwealth and how to repurpose those properties, buildings and facilities for use as facilities appropriate for addiction treatment and recovery supports and to issue a report.
PA - HR173 A Resolution designating the month of March 2019 as "Deep Vein Thrombosis Awareness Month" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HB942 An Act amending the act of June 13, 1967 (P.L.31, No.21), known as the Human Services Code, in public assistance, further providing for pharmaceutical and therapeutics committee.
PA - HR31 A Resolution honoring the life and legacy of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and recognizing the week of January 20 through 26, 2019, as "Martin Luther King, Jr., Week of Remembrance" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HB321 An Act amending Title 18 (Crimes and Offenses) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, in abortion, further providing for definitions and for medical consultation and judgment.
PA - HB1721 An Act amending the act of November 22, 1978 (P.L.1166, No.274), referred to as the Pennsylvania Commission on Crime and Delinquency Law, further providing for powers and duties of the commission; and establishing the Constable William Davidson Reward Fund.
PA - HB1424 An Act amending Title 74 (Transportation) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, providing for freight train crew requirement and imposing penalties.
PA - HB1626 An Act amending the act of July 22, 1974 (P.L.589, No.205), known as the Unfair Insurance Practices Act, further providing for unfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive acts or practices defined.
PA - HR315 A Resolution recognizing and honoring the members of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc., for more than a century of commitment to social activism, academic excellence and civic engagement in this Commonwealth on the occasion of Delta Day at the State Capitol.
PA - HR1235 Unknown title
PA - HR397 A Resolution recognizing the Pennsylvania American Legion Auxiliary Keystone Girls State program being held during the week of June 16, 2019.
PA - HR398 A Resolution celebrating the 30th anniversary of the Appalachian Region Independent Power Producers Association and designating the week of June 10 through 17, 2019, as "ARIPPA - 30 Years of Producing Environmentally Beneficial Alternative Energy - Recognition Week" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HR401 A Resolution recognizing the foundation and advancement of the pro-life movement in Pennsylvania by John Patrick Stanton and Mr. Stanton's commitment to the pro-life movement side of the abortion controversy in debate and legislative process and in potential solution.
PA - HR274 A Resolution designating April 28 through May 5, 2019, as "Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust" and recognizing May 2, 2019, as "Holocaust Remembrance Day" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HR277 A Resolution commemorating the 40th Anniversary of the enactment of the Taiwan Relations Act and enhancing the friendship and bilateral relationship between the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and Taiwan.
PA - HR319 A Resolution designating May 14, 2019, as "Apraxia Awareness Day" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HR364 A Resolution honoring the 100th anniversary of Penelec.
PA - HR365 A Resolution designating June 24, 2019, as "Cystinuria Awareness Day" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HR67 A Resolution designating the week of February 10 through 16, 2019, as "Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes Awareness Week" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HR69 A Resolution designating February 11, 2019, as "PA 2-1-1 Day" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HR91 A Resolution recognizing the month of February 2019 as "Black History Month" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HR97 A Resolution designating the month of March 2019 as "Ancient Order of Hibernians Month" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HR124 A Resolution designating May 1, 2019, as "Law Day" in Pennsylvania and urging lawmakers, attorneys, judges and schools to participate in this year's celebration.
PA - HB702 An Act amending the act of March 10, 1949 (P.L.30, No.14), known as the Public School Code of 1949, in school finances, providing for millage rate increase.
PA - HB533 An Act providing for the use of certain credentialing applications and for credentialing requirements for health insurers; imposing penalties; and conferring powers and imposing duties on the Insurance Department.
PA - HB860 An Act amending the act of February 14, 2008 (P.L.6, No.3), known as the Right-to-Know Law, in preliminary provisions, further providing for definitions; and, in procedure, further providing for exceptions for public records.
PA - HB869 An Act amending Title 75 (Vehicles) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, in liquid fuels and fuels tax, further providing for refunds.
PA - HB854 An Act amending Titles 18 (Crimes and Offenses), 23 (Domestic Relations) and 42 (Judiciary and Judicial Procedure) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, in assault, further providing for the offense of stalking; in wiretapping and electronic surveillance, further providing for definitions; in child custody, further providing for consideration of criminal conviction; in domestic and sexual violence victim address confidentiality, further providing for penalties; and, in sentencing, further providing for sentences for second and subsequent offenses.
PA - HR442 A Resolution recognizing October 7, 2019, as "World Habitat Day" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HB407 An Act amending Title 1 (General Provisions) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, in rules of construction, further providing for definitions.
PA - HB1223 An Act providing for the creation of keystone opportunity dairy zones to facilitate the economic development of Pennsylvania's dairy industry; authorizing expenditures; providing tax exemptions, tax deductions, tax abatements and tax credits; creating additional obligations of the Commonwealth and local governmental units; and prescribing powers and duties of certain State and local departments, agencies and officials.
PA - HB1105 An Act amending the act of May 19, 1995 (P.L.4, No.2), known as the Land Recycling and Environmental Remediation Standards Act, in miscellaneous provisions, further providing for permits and other requirements.
PA - HB1549 An Act amending the act of March 4, 1971 (P.L.6, No.2), known as the Tax Reform Code of 1971, in sales and use tax, further providing for definitions and for imposition of tax; and, in special taxing authority, further providing for special taxing authority.
PA - HB485 An Act amending Title 18 (Crimes and Offenses) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, in forgery and fraudulent practices, providing for the offense of false caller identification information display; and imposing penalties.
PA - HB979 An Act amending the act of March 10, 1949 (P.L.30, No.14), known as the Public School Code of 1949, in certification of teachers, providing for theology courses.
PA - HB982 An Act amending Title 30 (Fish) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, in fishing licenses, further providing for exemptions from license requirements.
PA - HB1104 An Act amending Title 27 (Environmental Resources) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, in preliminary provisions, providing for Abandoned Manufacturing Sites Registry.
PA - HR232 A Resolution designating May 16, 2019, as "Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG) Awareness Day" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HR110 A Resolution urging the Congress of the United States to pass, and the President of the United States to sign, legislation that will make apprenticeships more affordable for individuals seeking a skills-based education.
PA - HB1239 An Act amending Title 71 (State Government) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, in prohibitions, penalties and enforcement, further providing for political activity.
PA - HB547 An Act amending the act of June 24, 1931 (P.L.1206, No.331), known as The First Class Township Code, in corporate powers, further providing for ordinances and resolutions; and, in finance and taxation, further providing for tax levies and for tax rates to be expressed in dollars and cents.
PA - HB448 An Act amending the act of June 12, 2018 (P.L.136, No.28), known as the Pennsylvania Commission for the United States Semiquincentennial Act, further providing for definitions, for establishment, for composition and for report to the Governor and the General Assembly.
PA - HR42 A Resolution designating February 2, 2019, as "Rheumatoid Awareness Day" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HB580 An Act amending Title 75 (Vehicles) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, in registration of vehicles, providing for contributions for sexual offense evidence testing and establishing the Sexual Offense Evidence Testing Account.
PA - HB397 An Act amending the act of July 19, 1979 (P.L.130, No.48), known as the Health Care Facilities Act, adding provisions relating to patient care monitoring.
PA - HB630 An Act amending Title 51 (Military Affairs) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, in military leave of absence, further providing for employment discrimination for military membership or duty.
PA - HB1388 An Act designating a bridge on that portion of Pennsylvania Route 96 over the Little Wills Creek, Bedford County, as the Staff Sgt. Roger (Rod) Guy Holler Memorial Bridge.
PA - HB96 An Act providing for continuing education in Lyme and tick-borne diseases for health care professionals.
PA - HR375 A Resolution recognizing the month of June 2019 as "Dairy Month" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HB1205 An Act providing for the regulation of tattoos, body piercings and corrective cosmetic artists, for limiting tongue splitting and for powers and duties of the Department of Health and imposing penalties.
PA - HB60 An Act amending Title 71 (State Government) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, in preliminary provisions relating to retirement for State employees and officers, further providing for definitions.
PA - HB1346 An Act amending the act of April 12, 1951 (P.L.90, No.21), known as the Liquor Code, in licenses and regulations and liquor, alcohol and malt and brewed beverages, further providing for wine expanded permits and providing for purchase of wine by license or permit holders from private wholesalers.
PA - HB862 An Act authorizing the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to join the Physical Therapy Licensure Compact; and providing for the form of the compact.
PA - HR144 A Resolution designating the week of March 3 through 10, 2019, as "Sleep Apnea Awareness Week" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HB896 An Act amending the act of March 4, 1971 (P.L.6, No.2), known as the Tax Reform Code of 1971, in neighborhood assistance tax credit, further providing for definitions, for public policy and for tax credit.
PA - HB897 An Act amending Title 68 (Real and Personal Property) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, in land banks, further providing for legislative findings and purpose, for powers and for disposition of property and providing for exemption from realty transfer tax.
PA - HB75 An Act amending the act of November 23, 2010 (P.L.1083, No.108), known as the Covered Device Recycling Act, in administration, providing for waiver for certain municipalities.
PA - HB937 An Act designating the bridge, identified as Bridge Key 52896, on that portion of Pennsylvania Route 924 over the Shenandoah Creek in the Borough of Shenandoah, Schuylkill County, as the Edward Kleha Memorial Bridge.
PA - HB944 An Act amending the act of June 13, 1967 (P.L.31, No.21), known as the Human Services Code, in public assistance, providing for pharmacy benefits manager audit and obligations.
PA - HB1271 An Act requiring information relating to parenting and prenatal depression, postpartum depression, postpartum psychosis and other emotional trauma counseling and screening to be provided to a pregnant woman; and providing for the powers and duties of the Department of Health.
PA - HB1274 An Act amending the act of December 19, 1988 (P.L.1262, No.156), known as the Local Option Small Games of Chance Act, in preliminary provisions, further providing for definitions; in games of chance, further providing for distributor licenses and for registration of manufacturers; in enforcement, further providing for enforcement; and, in tavern gaming, further providing for definitions, for licenses, for application, for approval, for change in ownership, for tavern raffle, for distribution of net revenue, for tavern games tax, for host municipality tavern games tax, for reports, for enforcement and for prohibitions.
PA - HB1101 An Act amending the act of March 4, 1971 (P.L.6, No.2), known as the Tax Reform Code of 1971, in corporate net income tax, further providing for definitions.
PA - HB1102 An Act establishing the Keystone Energy Authority; and providing for the designation of Keystone Energy Enhancement Zones.
PA - HB943 An Act providing for consumer prescription drug pricing disclosure and pharmacy freedom to communicate.
PA - HB1065 An Act designating a bridge on that portion of State Route 3033 over Redbank Creek in Brookville Borough, Jefferson County, as the CPL James Slagle 2nd Ranger Battalion Army Ranger WWII Memorial Bridge.
PA - HB1074 An Act amending Title 53 (Municipalities Generally) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, in municipal authorities, providing for governing bodies of airport authorities located in counties of the second class.
PA - HB1100 An Act amending the act of March 4, 1971 (P.L.6, No.2), known as the Tax Reform Code of 1971, providing for energy and fertilizer manufacturing tax credit.
PA - HB1103 An Act amending the act of April 9, 1929 (P.L.343, No.176), known as The Fiscal Code, in additional special funds, further providing for definitions, for use of funds, for amount of grant and for guidelines for applications.
PA - HB1106 An Act amending the act of April 9, 1929 (P.L.177, No.175), known as The Administrative Code of 1929, providing for environmental permits and plan approvals; making related repeals; and abrogating regulations.
PA - HB1107 An Act amending Title 27 (Environmental Resources) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, establishing the Pennsylvania Permitting Commission and providing for its powers and duties.
PA - HB1498 An Act amending Title 75 (Vehicles) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, in powers of department and local authorities, further providing for power of Governor during emergency.
PA - HB1501 An Act amending the act of November 10, 1999 (P.L.491, No.45), known as the Pennsylvania Construction Code Act, in preliminary provisions, further providing for definitions and for application.
PA - HB1513 An Act amending the act of October 25, 2012 (P.L.1618, No.197), known as the National Human Trafficking Resource Center Hotline Notification Act, further providing for required posting.
PA - HR38 A Resolution designating the month of May 2019 as "Lyme and Tick-borne Disease Awareness Month" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HR222 A Resolution urging the Congress of the United States and the United States Food and Drug Administration to take immediate action to defend this nation's dairy farmers by enforcing a standard of identity for the term "milk."
PA - HR246 A Resolution commemorating the 75th anniversary of the Battle of the Bulge.
PA - HR186 A Resolution designating April 27, 2019, as "Don't Text and Drive Day" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HR273 A Resolution designating April 30, 2019, as "Pocono Raceway Day" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HR84 A Resolution designating the week of March 11 through 17, 2019, as "Maple Producers Week" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HB1191 An Act amending Title 24 (Education) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, providing for the role of institutions of higher education in immigration enforcement, for restrictions on immigration policies and for duties of the Department of Education.
PA - HB840 An Act amending the act of October 27, 1955 (P.L.744, No.222), known as the Pennsylvania Human Relations Act, further providing for findings and declaration of policy and for right to freedom from discrimination in employment, housing and public accommodation; and providing for therapy dogs and public transportation and unlawful discriminatory practices.
PA - HB1047 An Act providing for municipal regulation of the deposit, disposal or land application of biosolid material; and requiring a public referendum under certain circumstances.
PA - HB1570 A Joint Resolution proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, further providing for exemptions and special provisions.
PA - HB233 An Act amending the act of July 28, 1953 (P.L.723, No.230), known as the Second Class County Code, in special powers and duties of the county, further providing for flags to decorate graves.
PA - HB425 An Act providing for school-to-work programs; establishing the CareerBound program; and imposing powers and duties on the Department of Labor and Industry.
PA - HB1041 An Act repealing the act of March 30, 1811 (P.L.145, No.99), entitled "An act to amend and consolidate the several acts relating to the settlement of the public accounts and the payment of the public monies, and for other purposes."
PA - HB1045 An Act amending Title 64 (Public Authorities and Quasi-Public Corporations) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, in Commonwealth Financing Authority, further providing for board.
PA - HB1432 An Act amending Title 23 (Domestic Relations) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, in preliminary provisions relating to divorce, further providing for legislative findings and intent, for definitions and for effect of agreement between parties; and, in property rights, further providing for equitable division of marital property.
PA - HB644 An Act amending Title 53 (Municipalities Generally) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, in municipal authorities, further providing for money of authority.
PA - HR261 A Resolution designating May 11, 2019, as "National Association of Letter Carriers Stamp Out Hunger Food Drive Day" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HR262 A Resolution recognizing May 19, 2019, as "22q at the Zoo Worldwide Awareness Day" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HR288 A Resolution recognizing the month of May 2019 as "National Drug Court Month" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HR296 A Resolution designating May 8, 2019, as "Tuskegee Airmen Day" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HR298 A Resolution designating the month of May 2019 as "Mental Health Awareness Month" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HB757 An Act designating a bridge on that portion of Pennsylvania Route 899 over the Clarion River connecting Barnett Township, Jefferson County, and Barnett Township, Forest County, as the PFC Patrick T. Cassatt Memorial Bridge.
PA - HR310 A Resolution designating the month of May 2019 as "Mental Health Awareness in the Black Community Month" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HR313 A Resolution designating the week of May 12 through 18, 2019, as "Food Allergy Awareness Week" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HR326 A Resolution designating May 23, 2019, as "National Guard Day" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HR130 A Resolution recognizing the month of March 2019 as "National Social Work Month" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HR388 A Resolution celebrating the life of John Lukacs and extending condolences on his passing.
PA - HR436 A Resolution recognizing the month of October 2019 as "National Breast Cancer Awareness Month" in Pennsylvania and October 18, 2019, as "National Mammography Day" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HB1564 An Act amending Title 53 (Municipalities Generally) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, in consolidated county assessment, further providing for definitions, for subjects of local taxation and for assessment of mobile homes and house trailers.
PA - HB1199 An Act amending Title 51 (Military Affairs) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, in veterans' pensions and benefits, further providing for blind veteran's pension and for amputee and paralyzed veteran's pension.
PA - HB1200 An Act amending the act of June 27, 2006 (1st Sp.Sess., P.L.1873, No.1), known as the Taxpayer Relief Act, providing for a 100% homestead and farmstead exclusion and establishing the 100% Homestead and Farmstead Exclusion Account.
PA - HB1281 An Act designating the bridge identified as Bridge Key 3522 on that portion of Interstate 376 over the Ohio River in Vanport Township, Beaver County, as the Richard L. Shaw Memorial Bridge.
PA - HB1347 An Act amending the act of May 17, 1921 (P.L.682, No.284), known as The Insurance Company Law of 1921, in casualty insurance, further providing for billing.
PA - HR357 A Resolution designating the month of June 2019 as "Alzheimer's and Brain Awareness Month" in Pennsylvania.
PA - HR404 A Resolution designating the month of September 2019 as "Hirschsprung's Disease Awareness Month" in Pennsylvania to coincide with a global initiative in Australia.
PA - HB924 An Act providing for living donor protection; and imposing duties on the Department of Health and the Insurance Department.
PA - HB1005 An Act amending the act of October 27, 2014 (P.L.2911, No.191), known as the Achieving Better Care by Monitoring All Prescriptions Program (ABC-MAP) Act, further providing for purpose, for definitions, for powers and duties of board and for establishment of program; providing for requirements for first responder agencies and hospital emergency departments; and further providing for access to prescription information.
PA - HB1277 An Act amending Title 42 (Judiciary and Judicial Procedure) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, in facilities and supplies, further providing for deposits into account.
PA - HR150 A Resolution designating the month of March 2019 as "American Red Cross Month" in Pennsylvania.
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Lili Anolik
Lili Anolik is a contributing editor at Vanity Fair. Her work has also appeared in Harper’s, Elle, and The Believer, among other publications. Her first novel, Dark Rooms, was published by William Morrow-HarperCollins in March 2015.
Follow @LiliAnolik
The Secret History meets Sharp Objects in this stunning debut about murder and glamour set in the ambiguous and claustrophobic world of an exclusive New England prep school.
Death sets the plot in motion: the murder of Nica Baker, beautiful, wild, enigmatic, and only sixteen. The crime is solved, and quickly—a lonely classmate, unrequited love, a suicide note confession—but memory and instinct won’t allow Nica’s older sister, Grace, to accept the case as closed.
Dropping out of college and living at home, working at the moneyed and progressive private high school in Hartford, Connecticut, from which she recently graduated, Grace becomes increasingly obsessed with identifying and punishing the real killer.
Compulsively readable, Lili Anolik’s debut novel combines the verbal dexterity of Marisha Pessl’s Special Topic in Calamity Physics and the haunting atmospherics and hairpin plot twists of Megan Abbott’s Dare Me.
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Local nameRochester
LocationNew York, USA
Rochester () is a city on the southern shore of Lake Ontario in western New York. With a population of 208,046 residents, Rochester is the seat of Monroe County and the third most populous city in New York state, after New York City and Buffalo. The metropolitan area has a population of just over 1 million people. It is about 73 miles east of Buffalo and 87 miles west of Syracuse.
Rochester was one of America's first boomtowns, initially due to the fertile Genesee River Valley, which gave rise to numerous flour mills, and then as a manufacturing hub. Several of the region's universities have renowned research programs. Rochester is the site of many important inventions and innovations in consumer products.
Tags City
Row houses in Rochester… @ EastOfWest
Rochester: The Strong National Museum of Play Admission from 16 USD
Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_York
Address 100 N Fitzhugh St, Rochester 14614, United States
Coordinates 43°9'26.226" N -77°36'54.77" E
Tours and activities: Rochester
Rochester: The Strong National Museum of Play Admission
from 16 USD
Google Trips Alternative Best Hotels with Facilities for Disabled Guests in Rochester What to See in North America What to See in United States of America What to See in New York What to See in Monroe What to See in Rochester What to See in Rochester What to See in Buffalo What to See in Niagara Falls What to See in Niagara Falls What to See in Niagara Falls What to See in Syracuse What to See in Niagara Falls What to See in Kingston Top Bed and Breakfasts in St. Catharines What to See in Toronto Best Hotels with Free Wifi in Williamsport, Pennsylvania What to See in Binghamton, New York What to See in Vaughan What to See in Hamilton Best Hotels with Free Wifi in State College Best Hotels with Facilities for Disabled Guests in Utica What to See in Kitchener
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SXSW 2013: The Sounds, Part 2
Thursday, March 28, 2013 By Mayer Danzig
The True Believers
Austin’s The True Believers were high on, if not at the top of, my list of bands to see at SXSW. Nearly thirty years ago they established a reputation as a powerhouse rock and roll band. Given that I wasn’t attending many rock shows thirty years ago so I was downright giddy at the prospect of seeing the band perform live now that they have reunited.
I caught them twice. First amid the bikes at Mellow Johnny’s, Lance Armstrong’s bike store, and then at the legendary Continental Club. Both sets were electrifying — the band took no prisoners as they tore through songs from their rich catalog.
Sure, there was on occasional flubbed intro that led Alejandro to quip, “The True Believers are still the same.” To me, however, it made the music and performance seem more genuine. Remember what Joe Strummer said, “rock and roll ain’t about playing all the right notes.” It’s great to have you back, boys.
Audio Stream: The True Believers, “Rebel Kind (live)”
The Sound City Players/Green Day
Ok, so I did catch two of the high profile SXSW shows. The Sound City Players were formed to support Dave Grohl’s new documentary on the legendary Sound City Studios. Said studio witnessed the birth of many classic albums, including Nirvana’s Nevermind.
Grohl’s Foo Fighters anchored the Players, joined by special guests ranging from Stevie Nicks to John Fogerty to Rick Springfield. I missed Nicks but Fogerty and Springfield were great fun. It was impossible not to get caught up in the crowd’s exuberance as they sang along with Springfield on his classic “Jessie’s Girl.”
I also caught the tail end of Green Day’s extended performance at the ACL Theater. Billie Joe and company were as feisty as ever, although they caught me by surprise with a string of covers that included Otis Day and the Knights’ “Shout,” Ben E. King’s “Stand By Me” and the Beatles “Hey Jude.”
A closing one-two punch of “American Idiot” and “Jesus of Suburbia” was particularly potent.
If there’s one thing that I’ve learned from seeing Earle over the years, it is that one should think twice before calling out requests. One jackass in the crowd chose to flaunt the rule by shouting out the name of a classic Lynyrd Skynyrd song. Earle made a gesture with his hand and said, “There’s your free bird.”
While some may not see humor in that exchange, I find it to be one of Earle’s endearing qualities. The man is true to himself and his music, a trait that has resulted in a lifetime of outstanding music.
Earle began his set on acoustic guitar as he previewed songs from his forthcoming release. A particularly compelling moment came when he shared the story behind “Invisible,” the lead single. The song was inspired by the soup kitchen located in his neighborhood. He hadn’t noticed it when he first moved into the area but discovered its existence when the lines of those waiting for food grew long during the recession. Pretty powerful.
Everywhere I go
People pass me by
They never know ’cause I’m
A shadow hangin’ low
A footstep just behind
They carry on but I’m
Invisible.
Later in the set he switched back and forth from acoustic guitar to mandolin as he dug into his extensive catalog. A highlight was “My Old Friend the Blues,” one of my personal favorites, followed by “Someday.” It doesn’t get much better than hearing those two gems played back-to-back.
You Won’t
Part of my pre-SXSW ritual is to sample each of the 1,200 mp3s shared by some of the artists scheduled to appear at official showcases. Yes, I go through all of ’em.
One of this year’s discoveries was this impressive two-man band from Boston. They combine the pop sensibility of fun. with the scrappiness of Shovels and Rope. Their songs held up well live, showcasing the duo’s personality and musicianship. It was, pardon the pun, a fun set.
Audio Download: You Won’t, “Three Car Garage”
Long-time readers will know that I’m a big fan of Nile’s music. The strength of his songwriting is surpassed only by the unbridled passion that he brings to the stage.
What struck me about the two performances that I caught at SXSW was the increased potency of his band. The group has really coalesced as a unit — the band energizing Willie as much as he does them.
And here I thought that his show’s couldn’t get any more dynamic. I was wrong.
Audio Download: Willie Nile, “Heaven Help the Lonely (live)”
Sweany was cursed with a tough time slot and venue – late afternoon in the cavernous lobby of the Omni Hotel. “I appreciate the Omni working with me to create the echo chamber that I requested,” he quipped. Jokes aside, it actually worked quite well. His soulful voice and powerful guitar playing reverberated throughout the lobby as he previewed some fine new songs from his forthcoming release.
Audio Download: Patrick Sweany, “Sleeping Bag”
I liked Rose’s new album as soon as I heard it and the enjoyment has grown with each subsequent listen. I caught Caitlin play a mid-afternoon set on a rooftop and can happily report that the songs were equally satisfying live. Her band included a pedal steel guitar and keyboard who added extra texture to her pop songs. Comically, the stage wasn’t big enough to fit the entire band so the keyboardist was left to stand on the ground next to the stage.
Audio Download: Caitlin Rose, “I Was Cruel”
Trapper Schoepp and the Shades
Here’s what I wrote in my Fall 2012 Playlist: “Note to self – see these guys in concert the next chance I get, these songs must sound great live.”
Done! As I suspected, the songs do sound great live. Trapper and the crew serve up their hearty midwest rock songs with immense enthusiasm.
So when are you coming to Boston, guys? I’m gonna need another fix soon.
Audio Download: Trapper Schoepp and the Shades, “Wishing Well”
The band’s name sums up their sound nicely. This Philadelphia quintet plays power pop with monster guitar riffs. This was exactly what the doctor ordered to reinvigorate me as I entered hour twelve of a SXSW music day.
Lions in the Street
Canada’s Lions in the Street were the perfect end to Saturday night, the last official day of SXSW. Their guitars rang out through the club as they blasted through one rock song after another. After five days of running around Austin, it was the jolt of adrenaline that I needed to ensure a strong finish to my SXSW showcase experience.
Audio Download: Lions in the Street, “Movin Along”
Click HERE for more Twangville coverage of SXSW.
Photo credits: Lavid Photos (The True Believers); Nathan Malone (Rick Springfield and Dave Grohl); Erica Bruce/Between Love and Like (Billie Joe Armstrong); Ewan Spence/SXSW Baby (Willie Nile); Victor DePaulo (Trapper Schoepp and the Shades).
Filed Under: Acoustic, Americana, Downloads, Folk, Indie, Pop, Reviews, Rock, Streams, SXSW Tagged With: Alejandro Escovedo, Caitlin Rose, Dave Grohl, Foo Fighters, Free Energy, Green Day, Javier Escovedo, John Fogerty, Jon Dee Graham, Patrick Sweany, Rick Springfield, Steve Earle, Stevie Nicks, The True Believers, Trapper Schoepp, Willie Nile, You Won't
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July 20, 2018 / 10:19 AM / in a year
Merkel vows to work at 'under pressure' U.S. relationship
Paul Carrel, Michelle Martin
BERLIN (Reuters) - Chancellor Angela Merkel, vowing to stay in office despite stresses at home and abroad, said she would work on Germany’s “under pressure” relationship with the United States but that Washington could no longer be relied on to deliver world order.
At a wide-ranging news conference, Merkel described Germany’s relationship with the United States as “crucial”, even after U.S. President Donald Trump last week accused Berlin of being a “captive” of Russia due to its energy reliance.
Merkel, 64, is trying to hold together her fractious coalition, dogged by infighting over immigration policy, while also dealing with Trump and a raft of foreign policy challenges including Brexit.
Asked about her working relationship with Trump, Merkel said: “One can say that the values, or our usual framework, are under strong pressure at the moment.”
“However, the transatlantic working relationship, including with the U.S. president, is crucial for us and I will carry on cultivating it,” she added.
Last week, Trump said Germany was wrong to allow a new $11-billion (£8.3 billion) Baltic Sea pipeline to import even more Russian gas, while being slow to meet targets for NATO spending.
“I think it is a horrific thing that’s being done when you’re feeding billions and billions of dollars from Germany primarily ... into the coffers of Russia,” Trump had said during a trip to Europe.
He also pressed Germany and other NATO countries to raise their defence spending, threatening to go it alone if other members of the alliance did not step up.
Merkel resisted any temptation to hit back at Trump, who has faced a political outcry back in the United States over his summit with Russian President Vladimir Putin.
The chancellor, a conservative who grew up in Communist East Germany, instead welcomed Trump’s invitation to Putin to meet in Washington this autumn and said it should become normal again for U.S. and Russian leaders to meet.
German Chancellor Angela Merkel holds the annual summer news conference in Berlin, Germany, July 20, 2018. REUTERS/Fabrizio Bensch
But she said she had been right to say a year ago that Europe could no longer rely on the United States to impose order on the world, and that it needed to take matters close to home into its own hands.
“We can’t rely on the superpower of the United States,” Merkel said.
Merkel and Putin spoke by telephone on Friday, a German government spokesman said, without giving details.
CONCERN OVER CAR TARIFFS
The chancellor, who is serving her fourth term in office, noted that transatlantic ties had been marked by many conflicts in the past, and said: “I hope that we can find the strength to take things further.”
She expressed concern over Trump’s threat to impose new U.S. tariffs on imported cars, and said the United States “does not always pursue policies on which we have the same opinion”.
Merkel described the possible U.S. tariffs on imported cars as “a real threat to the prosperity of many in the world”.
“We don’t want these tariffs. We think we’ll hurt each other - they won’t just hurt us in the European Union - they could have much more far-reaching consequences,” she said, adding on trade: “We have a very serious situation in the world.”
U.S. tariffs on imported cars would slash around 6 billion euros (£5.3 billion) off German economic output, the president of Germany’s DIHK Chambers of Commerce said earlier.
If talks fail to result in a deal with Washington that conforms with WTO rules, the EU could impose countermeasures “but that is by far the worse solution,” said Merkel.
The news conference was Merkel’s last appointment before she goes on holiday after a tumultuous period marked by Trump’s criticism and a row over immigration with her Bavarian allies that she resolved earlier this month.
Asked if she was exhausted, Merkel, who has been in office since 2005, replied: “I can’t complain. These are demanding times.” She also called them “exciting times.”
Additional reporting by Riham Alkousaa, Thomas Escritt, Noah Barkin and Andreas Rinke; Editing by Hugh Lawson, Raissa Kasolowsky, Peter Graff
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People: DAVIDsTEA Inc (DTEA.OQ)
DTEA.OQ on NASDAQ Stock Exchange Global Market
Darche, Anne
Ms. Anne Darche is Independent Director of the Company. Anne Darche is a marketing and consumer-trends specialist with a 20-year career in Montreal advertising agencies, primarily as a co-owner, VP for strategic planning and president. The agency she helped build and administer, Allard Johnson (now KBS), has become one of Canada's leading advertising firms. A respected speaker, she has been heard regularly on Radio-Canada sharing her views on trends, breakthroughs and market disruptions. Ms. Darche serves as a director of Groupe Germain Hôtels, a company based in Quebec City that owns and operates hotels across Canada, Knowlton Development Corporation (KDC), a leading North American contract manufacturer of health and beauty-care products, and 48North Cannabis Corp., a company listed on the TSX Venture Exchange whose wholly-owned subsidiary is a licensed producer of medical cannabis in Canada. She is also chair of MU, a not-for-profit organization devoted to beautifying the city of Montreal by creating murals that are anchored in local communities. Ms. Darche holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in graphic design from Université Laval and a Masters of Business Administration degree from Université de Sherbrooke and is a Chartered Director.
Total Annual Compensation, --
Restricted Stock Award, --
Long-Term Incentive Plans, --
All Other, --
Fiscal Year Total, --
Herschel Segal
Frank Zitella
Alana Lapierre
Nathalie Binda
Dominique Choquette
Martin Hillcoat
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Why The UN
Our Mission and History
United Nations Foundation Announces Fellows for 2013 Press Fellowship during UN Week
Serena Jiwani
sjiwani@unfoundation.org
jlee@unfoundation.org
The United Nations Foundation announced today the journalists selected to participate in the 2013 Global Issues Press Fellowship program in New York City. The fellowship will run from September 22-25, during this year’s UN General Assembly and the high-level events including the Social Good Summit taking place in New York City that week. The program will provide the fellows with the latest information on pressing global issues, while offering first-person access to high-level experts and policymakers.
“As the media landscape changes, one thing remains the same: nothing can replace the insight and understanding that takes place when journalists get into the room with key global decision-makers,” said Aaron Sherinian, the UN Foundation’s VP of Public Relations. “This group of press fellows reflects a new generation of reporters—not bound by borders and exploring how the biggest issues of today and how they will impact our world in 2030 and beyond.”
United Nations Foundation 2013 Global Issues Press Fellows:
Maeva Bambuck, Freelance for Le Figaro, CCTV, France 24 (Afghanistan)
Juhie Bhatia, Women’s eNews (U.S.)
Kallol Bhattacherjee, The Week (India)
Tabby Biddle, The Huffington Post (U.S.)
Nina Corpuz, ABS-CBN (Philippines)
Lauren Bohn, Freelance for CNN, Daily Beast (U.S.)
Jane Dreaper, BBC News (U.K.)
Justin Elliott, ProPublica (U.S.)
Hoda Emam, Thomson Reuters (U.S.)
Larisa Epatko, PBS NewsHour (U.S.)
Mark Goldberg, UN Dispatch (U.S.)
Carrie Halperin, ABC News (U.S.)
Sophia Jones, Freelance for Reuters, IHT, NPR, AFP, The Atlantic (Egypt)
Adriana Gomez Licon, The Associated Press (Mexico)
Samuel Lowenberg, Freelance for New York Times, Economist (U.S.)
Viviana Mazza, Corriere della Sera (Italy)
Marissa Miley, GlobalPost (U.S.)
Sonia Narang, BBC/Public Radio International’s The World (U.S.)
Isaac Ongiri, Daily Nation (Kenya)
Stella Paul, Inter Press Service TV; Freelance for Reuters, Global Press Institute (India)
Katie Robertson, The Sunday Times (Australia)
Bonnie Rochman, Freelance for NBCnews.com, Scientific American (U.S.)
Mary Slosson, GOOD Magazine (U.S.)
Sushma Subramanian, Freelance for Self, Women’s Health, New York Times (U.S.)
Tom Watkins, CNN (U.S.)
With support from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, this fellowship is designed to foster participants’ understanding and facilitate reporting of the issues surrounding international development and global health, and will provide the exclusive opportunity for fellows to participate in on- and off-the-record issue briefings, roundtables, and conversations with experts and high-level officials.
About the United Nations Foundation
The United Nations Foundation, a public charity, was created in 1998 with entrepreneur and philanthropist Ted Turner’s historic $1 billion gift to support UN causes and activities. The UN Foundation builds and implements public/private partnerships to address the world’s most pressing problems, and works to broaden support for the UN through advocacy and public outreach. Through campaigns and partnerships, the organization connects people, ideas, and resources to help the UN solve global problems. The campaigns reduce child mortality, empower women and girls, create a new energy future, secure peace and human rights, and promote technology innovation to improve health outcomes. These solutions are helping the UN advance the eight global targets known as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). For more information, visit www.unfoundation.org.
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The Upside (2017)
Bryan Cranston, Comedy, Drama, Kevin Hart, Life auxiliary, Neil Burger, Nicole Kidman, Quadriplegia, Remake, Review
D: Neil Burger / 126m
Cast: Kevin Hart, Bryan Cranston, Nicole Kidman, Aja Naomi King, Jahi Di’Allo Winston, Golshifteh Farahani, Genevieve Angelson, Tate Donovan, Julianna Margulies
Parolee Dell Scott (Hart) is fresh out of prison and trying his best (which isn’t much) to avoid going straight back in. Tasked with finding a job as quickly as possible by his parole officer, Dell attends what he thinks is an interview for a cleaning job. The number of waiting applicants surprises him, but when time drags on and he’s in danger of not picking up his son, Anthony (Winston), from school on time, he crashes the interviews in order to get a signature to say that he’s attended. But the job proves to be a life auxiliary for ex-businessman Phillip Lacasse (Cranston), who is paralysed from the neck down. Against the better wishes of Phillip’s associate, Yvonne (Kidman), Phillip takes to Dell’s unconventional attitude, and decices to hire him. Unsure at first, Dell’s decision is made for him thanks to a row with his wife, Latrice (King), over his inability to properly provide for her and Anthony. Realising that being a carer for Phillip could solve a lot of his problems, Dell accepts the job, but soon finds that he’s not quite as prepared for it as he thought…
The third remake of the French movie Intouchables (2011), The Upside reaches us long after its first screening at the Toronto International Film Festival in September 2017. Caught up in the scandal involving Harvey Weinstein, the movie’s planned release in March 2018 was shelved until it was picked up for distribution by STX Entertainment and Lantern Entertainment (the successor to the Weinstein Company). Now the only question is: was it worth the wait? Sadly, the answer is, not really. This is a movie that is almost entirely depth-free, and dramatically inert. It’s a standard Hollywood interpretation of the kind of feelgood story that comes along every now and then and which, thanks to its sincerity and innate positivity, tugs at the heartstrings. But as usual in Hollywood, this kind of narrative can’t be allowed to exist in and of itself; it has to be treated with a level of over-simplification that five year olds would find frustrating, and slathered with enough gooey sentimentality to induce Type 2 diabetes in the unsuspecting viewer. There’s often a formula to these kinds of stories, but the best versions try their best to wrest something new from the material. Here the formula is embraced wholeheartedly… and then some.
This leaves the viewer with two choices: to either go with the flow and settle for spending an occasionally amusing, occasionally effective couple of hours that will leave them unmoved, or to rail against every predictable plot and story development for being so obvious. Either will involve a tremendous amount of effort on the viewer’s part, and neither will see them coming away singing the movie’s praises. For despite the chemistry between Hart and Cranston, and their performances – which at least stop the material from becoming too sappy – this is very much a movie that coasts for most of its running time, and which struggles to find anything to say. Burger does what he can, but someone really should have stepped in at the first draft stage and told screenwriter Jon Hartmere that a by-the-numbers approach wasn’t what was needed (though you do get the feeling that’s exactly what the producers wanted). Cranston is good value as always, and Hart, trying to broaden his range, is okay, but he doesn’t do anything to make us think that there’s a serious actor inside him who’s desperately seeking the dramatic limelight. And then there’s Kidman, on something of a role at the moment, but so under-utilised it’s hard to work out why she said yes. Like much about this movie, her presence begs a secondary question: was it worth the effort?
Rating: 5/10 – though its leads work well together, and there are some good comedic moments in amongst the otherwise routine material, The Upside is, unfortunately, a movie that doesn’t live up to its title; with issues around disability, class and race carefully ignored in favour of making this purely a feelgood movie, even the obligatory falling out between Dell and Phillip feels as manufactured as everything else.
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Theme Park Review Forum Index ‹ Theme Park Review ‹ Random, Random, Random
The "Picture Of Me" Thread
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Games, links, news, movies, WHATEVER!!! As long as it's not TOO dirty!
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4694 posts • Go To Page: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 • 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ... 470
disneygurlz2s
Desperate Housewife Who Wants to Live in THIS Castle!
Location: Five minutes from Paramounts Kings Island
by disneygurlz2s » Tue Feb 22, 2005 5:54 am
Shari, your daughter looks a lot like Dakota Fanning!
Thanks Elissa, and I have made the same comparison. She also has the same dramatic range... the only thing missing are the million $ movie contracts!
Shari "one very proud mom" Shoufler
Hattuchili
Not Everyone In Germany Wears Lederhosen and Eats Sauerkraut
by Hattuchili » Tue Feb 22, 2005 8:26 am
the photos are great.
--Soeren
RCTfan
WDW's Newest Tigger
by RCTfan » Tue Feb 22, 2005 10:49 am
Yay for Pictures! Gotta love exposing myself to the world!
My Girlfriend and I
I know SOMEONE will appreciate that one!
jumbach
Gap the Mind!
by jumbach » Tue Feb 22, 2005 12:23 pm
Here's a picture from last summer, at my 10th high school reunion. I'm second from the left, in the grey flower-y shirt. My fiancée, Dione, is on the far left. (In the photo, not in politics. ) The other two are some friends from high school. (Duh!)
OK, the pic's not showing up, even though I know that's the correct URL. Help, please????
ADMIN EDIT: Fixed!
CoasterCrazy
by CoasterCrazy » Tue Feb 22, 2005 12:36 pm
Last edited by CoasterCrazy on Mon Feb 28, 2005 12:35 pm.
CoasterCrazy wrote: ^I fixed your picture for you.
Thanks. Forgot that /.
by Mind Eraser » Tue Feb 22, 2005 1:37 pm
Das me!
-kip-
Wimmerl
by Wimmerl » Tue Feb 22, 2005 2:16 pm
So, that's me... two times!
Me... with "crunchy pretzel stick" (Don't like cigarettes).
Me... during a damn bright camera-flash *ouch*
Sir Clinksalot
Location: Camarillo, CA
by Sir Clinksalot » Tue Feb 22, 2005 5:41 pm
Gregg "Or you can look in my avatar" C.
Token Yankee Guy
Sexing up the North Pole
Location: East Granby, CT
by Token Yankee Guy » Tue Feb 22, 2005 6:13 pm
Well, since everyones posting more pictures intead of one, I think I'll post a few more.
Derek and I on Storm Runner where we rode four consecutive times! Yes, thats how great HP employees are.
I made "Silliest face of the update"
(Last two photos were from themeparkreview.com)
Me taken in the old Babb's Rink back in CT. We were given permission to go into the building to look around since it's due to re-open :-)
"Britain, Britain, Britain, We're open from 9 to 6, monday through saturdays"
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It Didn’t Have to Be This Way: Finding Leverage in Syria
Aaron Stein
The execution of Assad’s April 4 chemical weapons attack was a textbook use of these weapons. This suggests that the decision to use them was military in nature, not a complicated exercise in signaling to the outside world. Reported Russian military activity in the area clearly implicates Moscow as one of two things: either an impotent and clueless backer of the Syria regime, incapable of monitoring the activities of an air force it is co-located with, or party to a war crime
At President Donald Trump’s order, a barrage of cruise missiles collided with the Syrian air base that was purportedly the source of the chemical attack on Kahn Sheikhoun. This use of force has been widely praised and hailed as a potential turning point in the Syrian conflict. However, the use of limited cruise missile strikes to change state behavior has a poor historical track record. It is too early to tell if the strikes will contribute to the immediate goal of deterring future chemical weapon use in Syria or even a second goal now articulated by some members of the Trump administration: forcing Russia to reevaluate its support for Bashar al Assad.
Diplomacy is needed now, as ever, to end the Syrian civil war, but the same obstacles remain. The anti-Assad opposition is divided and, in some areas such as Idlib, sustained with support from an al-Qaeda affiliate. Iran and Russia remain committed to Assad’s preservation. Turkey is working at a cross purpose with the United States over how best to fight Islamic State, and is threatening to use force to attack Washington’s preferred ground partner, the Kurdish-dominated Syria Democratic Forces. A cruise missile attack does not change these dynamics. In fact, this choice may have been a missed opportunity for the Trump administration.
The rush to use force has deprived the United States of leverage over Russia, an adversary working at against American interests around the globe. The key challenge, as pointed out by Michael Kofman yesterday, is to figure out exactly what U.S. policy is, then figure out how to build leverage against Russia and Syria towards that policy aim. The cacophony of conflicting policy statements from Secretary of State Rex Tillerson and U.N. Ambassador Nikki Halley has made it hard to discern if the administration is moving toward an overt policy of regime change. However, in Trump’s letter to Speaker Paul Ryan on the attack he laid out narrow goals:
I directed this action in order to degrade the Syrian military’s ability to conduct further chemical weapons attacks and to dissuade the Syrian regime from using or proliferating chemical weapons…
Below, I offer an approach that can serve that narrower aim while also gaining multilateral support to punish those who enable the Syrian military’s devastating campaign.
America’s use of military force now allows Russia to shift the focus from its own culpability in mass atrocities to Washington’s disregard for international norms. In 2013, Russia guaranteed Syria’s decision to agree to dismantle its chemical weapons program. Syria joined the Chemical Weapons Convention in 2013, following its brutal use of chemical weapons Ghouta, a densely-populated Damascus suburb. The Sarin attack killed 1,500 people in the deadliest chemical weapons attack since the Chemical Weapons Convention opened for signature in 1993. The attack violated former President Barack Obama’s stated “red line” for the use of military force, leading the Pentagon to prepare a target list for airstrikes far in excess of last week’s strike. Donald Trump also called for restraint in the wake of the attack, tweeting on multiple occasions his aversion to military force. During the campaign, he was more overt in his preference when signaled possible collaboration with the Assad regime, saying, “I don’t like Assad at all, but Assad is killing ISIS, Russia is killing ISIS and Iran is killing [Islamic State].”
Falling short of regime change, the purported aim was to reinforce the norm against the use of chemical weapons by “deterring and degrading” the regime’s ability to use chemical weapons. This would, in turn, reinforce the global norm against the use of weapons of mass destruction. Like the 2003 invasion of Iraq, this outcome would link norm enforcement to near unilateral U.S. military action, and would be conducted without widespread international support.
Eventually, Obama chose not to strike the Syrian regime. Instead, the Obama administration worked with Russia on a deal for Syria to become a member of the Chemical Weapons Convention. In doing so, the president sought to use international institutions to achieve the policy goal underpinning his red line: the elimination and removal of Syria’s chemical weapons.
After Syria formally acceded to the convention in October 2013, the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), the implementing body of the Chemical Weapons Convention, began to destroy Syria’s chemical weapons. From the outset, the process was plagued with uncertainty, but it was officially completed by June 2014. Following implementation, the OPCW put in place a secondary mechanism to monitor Syrian compliance. Known as the Fact-Finding Mission, the body was asked “to establish facts surrounding allegations of the use of toxic chemicals, reportedly chlorine, for hostile purposes” in Syria. In turn, the mission’s work led to a joint United Nations-OPCW body — dubbed the Joint Investigative Mechanism — to identify the perpetrators of attacks documented by the mission. The United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted a resolution in support of the Joint Investigative Mechanism in 2015, extending the mandate again in 2016.
Applying the Chemical Lessons of Iraq and Libya
The destruction of Syria’s chemical weapons relied on Assad making a declaration of chemical precursors (the component chemicals that when mixed create weapons) and associated infrastructure to manufacture precursors or the munitions. To verify the declarations, Assad’s list was measured against intelligence assessments from the major Western powers and Russia. It is now clear that Assad’s list was incomplete. His failure to declare Syria’s full stockpile mirrors similar incidents in Libya following the overthrow of Muammar Gaddafi. In that case, the Libyan National Transitional Council declared two additional storage facilities and sulfur mustard precursors in artillery shells and badly degraded storage containers. Gaddafi, like Assad, held these weapons back and did not declare them. In Iraq, after the United States overthrew Saddam Hussein, U.S. soldiers were exposed to unaccounted for and undeclared chemical weapons during the destruction of Iraqi ordnance. The Iraqi chemical weapons were all leftovers from the Hussein regime’s 1980s-era program that the regime appears to have lost track of after the 1991 Gulf War.
The Libya and Iraq examples are useful for thinking about how to employ existing tools to increase pressure on Russia, a worthwhile strategy for American foreign policy, and then to translate that pressure into achievable solutions in Syria. In the Libya and Iraq cases, military force helped overthrow regimes that maintained a severely degraded chemical weapons capability. Both the Iraqi and Libyan regimes were serial human rights abusers presiding over authoritarian states with few natural allies. Syria is now in a similar position, wherein the government clearly retains the capability to use chemical weapons, albeit on a lesser scale than in 2012. Yet, there is a clear difference: The Assad regime’s survival is guaranteed by Iran and Russia. Given Iran’s position as the largest victim of chemical weapons use in the world and Russia’s role as a great power, Assad’s use of chemical weapons should be used to impose costs on policies that contribute to the use of those weapons.
Holding Syria and its Backers to Account
Russia was instrumental in securing the original chemical weapons agreement that ultimately ended with Syria becoming a member of the convention. In doing so, Syria is obligated to:
… never under any circumstances: (a) To develop, produce, otherwise acquire, stockpile or retain chemical weapons, or transfer, directly or indirectly, chemical weapons to anyone; (b) To use chemical weapons; (c) To engage in any military preparations to use chemical weapons.
Assad flagrantly violated these obligations. In the event of suspected noncompliance, a state party can call on the OPCW to inspect the territory of another signatory. As a party to the convention, Syria is obligated to grant the OPCW access. To facilitate this arrangement, the Syrian regime, Russia, and the insurgents in the area would have to agree to a ceasefire to allow for independent inspections that allows the OPCW to make a determinative judgement about the perpetrator of the attack. This would be a departure from the approach taken to Ghoutta in 2013. If Syria resists, it would be in further violation of its convention obligations. Russia, too, would be undermining an international norm that it purports to support, and indirectly confirming regime culpability. As a means to coerce compliance, the United States and its Western allies have the option to prepare sanctions against the Syrian military and, more importantly, the Russian entities responsible for providing spare parts to chemical weapons capable delivery vehicles. A sanctions-based strategy would require sustained diplomacy on the part of the United States and its European allies, but it would have the benefit of increasing the economic pain on Russia at a time when its economy is doing poorly and corruption is more salient in Russian domestic politics.
The aforementioned options rely on the international norms and enforcement mechanisms that Syria agreed to in 2013, while also building a case for sanctions against the key enabler of Assad’s chemical weapons delivery vehicles: Russia. It would have also served as a key piece of leverage with members of the European Union, many of whom are wary of using sanctions against Russia. Absent a credible international investigation, the western response is likely to fragment, weakening broad-based support for a U.S.-led effort to impose costs on Russia for its support of Assad. At the very least, this process should have been set in motion before Tillerson travelled to Italy for his meeting with the G-7, and in preparation for the next meeting with the leaders of the European Union in June 2017. In this sense, the strikes staked out a maximalist response before the marshaling of a coalition that, with the right combination of incentives and pressure, could have considered increasing pressure on Russia.
In Moscow this week, Tillerson should consider taking a very hard line and call for an inspection on terms that deprive Russia of its veto at the U.N. Security Council. In doing so, he should ignore Russian calls for a hollow and toothless inspection effort that will not assign blame for the chemical weapons attack. This task, however, will be difficult after the strikes. Contrary to what many administrations supporters seem to think, the United States lacks a credible military threat to compel a change in the current Russian approach. The United States will not target Russian military assets and has signaled that it does not intend to augment its military presence on the ground. This policy rightly assumes that a broader confrontation with Russia over Syria is not in America’s best interest.
Sanctions on Russian entities could help to give the United States leverage to achieve its two articulated goals: the deterrence of future chemical weapons attacks and punishing support of an actor that uses chemical weapons. Washington should seek to win European support, ideally with Brussels reciprocating and implementing its own similar sanctions against Moscow. The sanctions are unlikely to significantly alter Russia’s position on Assad. Instead, the goal of the sanctions should be to compel future Russian concessions on issues of interest to the United States in future peace talks involving the regime and the opposition or, more narrowly, on a well-enforced ceasefire. The sanctions could also be tailored, allowing for some to be removed for Russian efforts to compel Assad to declare and then turn over his remaining chemical weapons for destruction.
Strategy by Cruise Missile
Cruise missiles are useful tools of war, but — like all weapons — they do not automatically produce political outcomes. This was true in 1998 during the four-day bombing of Iraq designed to “punish” Saddam Hussein for ending U.N. inspections and again that same year with Operation Infinite Reach, where a cruise missile strike against al-Qaeda targets in Afghanistan and Sudan was meant to deter future terror attacks. The Desert Fox strikes did not compel Saddam to comply with American demands for an intrusive inspection of Iraq’s large presidential sites. The inspectors left Iraq shortly before the United States and United Kingdom began the air campaign and never returned – they were replaced with a weaker inspection regime than before the start of military action. The strike, therefore, failed to force Saddam to readmit inspections the U.S. relied on for on the ground information about the Iraqi WMD program — an outcome that contributed to the poor intelligence undergirding the ill-conceived invasion of Iraq in 2003. Clinton’s cruise missile attacks on al-Qaeda did not stop the group from attacking the United States three years later on 9/11. For Syria, the outcome is still unknown, but the strike does not change the dynamics of the conflict – a goal senior U.S. officials now attach to the strike.
Cruise missiles don’t give the United States any leverage, they do not degrade Russia’s ability to sustain Assad’s war effort, they do not account for the weapons Assad “held back,” and they do not provide a pathway to eliminate these weapons. Policymakers will have to think through how to eliminate these weapons. The threat of their proliferation and future use will not disappear – and it is long-standing U.S. policy to uphold global norms against weapons of mass destruction. Absent a strategy built around the tactic of using standoff weapons, the recent attacks may amount to little more than the destruction of supporting elements at a Syrian air base, and not much else.
Aaron Stein is a senior fellow at the Atlantic Council’s Rafik Hariri Center for the Middle East.
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Senior producer’s boost to struggling director?
Published on Aug 3, 2016 1:51 pm IST
After making his directorial debut with the blockbuster Bommarillu nearly a decade ago, director Bhaskar has been struggling since many years without a proper hit. Most of Bommarillu Bhaskar’s previous films like Bangalore Days, Ongole Gitta, Orange etc were huge flops.
In these troubled times, looks like Bhaskar has finally found a ray of hope in the form of senior producer Allu Aravind. According to the latest reports, Allu Aravind has recently asked Bhaskar to come up with a decent script and the director is reportedly penning the script for his Tollywood comeback these days.
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“Demystifying Google and Journalism” with Richard Gingras, Vice President of News at Google
Audience Engagement Platforms
By Damian Radcliffe4 months ago
In this podcast I am joined by Richard Gingras, Vice President of News at Google. In a wide ranging discussion, we discuss Google’s role in supporting journalism, how the internet has disrupted the business model, and what skills young journalists need to develop.
Gingras’ interview was part of a wider visit to the University of Oregon in February 2019, which included delivering the annual Ruhl Lecture.
“Made possible by the Robert and Mabel Ruhl Endowment, the annual Ruhl Lecture brings the industry’s most influential voices in mass communication to the UO campus. Mabel W. Ruhl established the endowment in 1976 to honor her husband, the late Robert W. Ruhl. A celebrated publisher and editor of the Medford Mail Tribune, Robert Ruhl’s editorial battle against the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s clinched his reputation as an archetypal crusading small-town newspaper editor.
Past lecturers have included National Book Award winner Ta-Nehisi Coates, ProPublica editor-in-chief Stephen Engelberg, journalist and author Nora Ephron, and broadcast journalist Ann Curry.”
Source: University of Oregon, School of Journalism and Communication
You can also listen to the podcast — and subscribe to the series — via iTunes.
'The internet has put the First Amendment in everyone's hands' – @googlenews VP @richardgingras talking to @UOsojc @damianradcliffe's 'Demystifying Media' at @uoregon today pic.twitter.com/rjNoG0sguG
— Corey duBrowa (@coreydu) February 12, 2019
0:45 — Richard explains his current role at Google
1:53 — Differences in freedom of expression around the world
3:31 — Preview of the key ideas in the Ruhl Lecture
6:10 — How Google is supporting the communications industries
9:05 — Google’s role in data journalism and journalism’s business model
15:02 — How the internet changed the newspaper industry
20:48 — How Google is responding to changing dialogue about Silicon Valley
24:33 — What tech should we be keeping an eye on?
26:45 — What skills do young journalists need to focus on?
Photograph by OR Media
The podcast is part of the Demystifying Media series hosted by the School of Journalism and Communication at the University of Oregon.
You can listen to interviews with guest speakers — and audio of the most recent lectures in the series — on SoundCloud and iTunes.
This post was originally published on Damian Radcliffe’s Medium blog.
By Damian Radcliffe
Damian Radcliffe is the Carolyn S. Chambers Professor in Journalism at the University of Oregon, a fellow of the Tow Center for Digital Journalism at Columbia University, an honorary research fellow at Cardiff University’s School of Journalism, Media and Culture Studies, and a fellow of the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufacturers and Commerce (RSA). He is an experienced digital analyst, consultant, journalist, and researcher who has worked in editorial, research, teaching, and policy positions for the past two decades in the UK, Middle East, and USA. Damian is a regular writer, commentator and speaker on digital trends, social media, technology, the business of media, and the evolution of journalism. Follow him on Twitter @damianradcliffe and see links to his work via www.damianradcliffe.com and http://journalism.uoregon.edu/member/radcliffe-damian/
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UNESCO » Culture » World Heritage Centre » About World Heritage » The Committee » Committee Decisions
Credibility of the World Heritage ...
Inscriptions on the World Heritage ...
Outstanding Universal Value
Reinforced Monitoring
Tentative Lists
Working methods and tools
Year Start yyyy
Year End yyyy
On-going
Linked to a site
Not Linked to a site
2019 43 COM
2017 12 EXT.COM
2017 21 GA
2014 1 EXT.GA
2010 9 EXT.COM
2005 29 BUR
2004 7 EXT.BUR
2001 25 EXT.BUR
2000 24 BUR(SPE)
1993 9 GA
1985 9 COM
1985 9 BUR
Decision : 30 COM 7A.2
Comoé National Park (Côte d'Ivoire) (N 227)
1. Having examined Document WHC-06/30.COM/7A,
2. Recalling Decision 29 COM 7A.2 adopted at its 29th session (Durban, 2005),
3. Commends the State Party for their commitment to the protection of Comoé National Park and for working with local communities to reduce illegal activities;
4. Notes with great concern that in the present situation the State Party continues to have control of and access to only one third of the Park;
5. Takes note of the outcomes and recommendations of the 2006 UNESCO/IUCN monitoring mission, in particular the fact that the outstanding universal value of the property has been maintained but remains under threat due to the limited control over the property and the potential increase of poaching, fires, agricultural encroachment and illegal grazing;
6. Urges the State Party to implement the recommendations, plan of action and timetable proposed by the 2006 monitoring mission in order to increase the management effectiveness of the property, including the following priority actions:
a) Establish, as a matter of urgency, an effective system of control and patrolling for the whole property, in close collaboration with the armed forces, and giving priority to the development and rehabilitation of necessary infrastructure;
b) Develop and initiate the implementation of a management plan for the property based on the management plan framework developed for the national system of protected areas. The management plan should give special attention to:
(i) Establishing a revised zoning system for the property to guide management activities that fully considers the status of the property as a World Heritage property and Biosphere Reserve;
(ii) Establishing participatory management arrangements with local communities to reduce pressures and impacts associated to the management of areas in particular on the periphery of the property;
c) Enlarge the activities of the management structure to encompass the entire property;
7. Adopts the above points (a) to (c) as benchmarks to guide a future decision on the eventual removal of the property from the List of World Heritage in Danger;
8. Takes note of the proposed 5 year timeframe for the implementation and assessment of the action plan and benchmarks:
a) Preparatory work and developing contacts for technical and financial support, as well as implementation of emergency measures linked in particular to surveillance of the property: 2007;
b) Preparation of a management plan and implementation of priority activities: 2008 -2009;
c) Implementation of the priority activities under the management plan: 2009 - 2011;
9. Invites the State Party to develop a cooperation programme with the States Parties of Burkina Faso and Ghana in view of identifying and establishing biological corridors that can enhance the conservation of the existing populations of key species that require large areas for their survival;
10. Requests the State Party to address the issues related to the outcomes and recommendations and proposed timetable of the 2006 UNESCO/IUCN monitoring mission, and to provide a updated report by 1 February 2007 on the state of conservation of the property, in particular on progress achieved in implementing the recommendations of the 2006 monitoring mission for examination by the World Heritage Committee at its 31st session in 2007;
11. Requests the Director General of UNESCO to call on the United Nations Organization in Cote d'Ivoire (ONUCI) to consider assisting the State Party in establishing during the current post-crisis period a joint patrol mechanism for the entire park, involving all forces present;
12. Calls on international donors to urgently support the State Party in the preparation and implementation of the action plan and management plan for the Park;
13. Decides to retain Comoé National Park (Cote d'Ivoire) on the List of World Heritage in Danger.
Decisions Report
Context of Decision
WHC-06/30.COM/7A
Decision Code: 30 COM 7A.2
Themes: Conservation, List of World Heritage in Danger
Focal Point: AFR
States Parties (1): Côte d'Ivoire
Properties (1): Comoé National Park
Session: 30th session of the World Heritage Committee (30 COM)
State of conservation reports:
2006 Comoé National Park
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Irish (name)
Buildings (album)
Buildings 1992
.irish is a new generic top-level domain (gTLD). The rights to run the domain were applied for in June 2012 by Dot-Irish LLC, a for-profit company in California, United States. as part of an expansion of generic top-level domains by ICANN. The application was successful, and the domain opened for registrations on 17 March 2015, with public registration opened on 25 June 2015.
The average cost of a .irish domain is €16.48, which is 33% cheaper than the average cost of a .ie domain (€24.95).
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/.irish
Irish may refer to :
Someone or something of, from, or related to:
Ireland, an island situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe
Republic of Ireland, a sovereign state
Northern Ireland, a constituent unit of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Irish language, also known as Irish Gaelic, a Goidelic language spoken in Ireland
Irish people, people of Irish ethnicity, people born in Ireland and people who hold Irish citizenship
Irish (Junior Cert), a subject of the Junior Cycle examination in secondary schools in the Republic of Ireland
Irish (name), a given name or family name
Irish Creek, a stream in Kansas
Irish nationality law, determining who can become an Irish citizen
List of Ireland-related topics
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Irish
Irish is a given and surname.
Notable people bearing this name include:
As surname:
Carolyn Tanner Irish (born 1940), Episcopal Bishop
Frank Irish (1918–1997), English cricketer who played for Somerset and Devon
Frederick M. Irish (1870–1941), Arizona football coach 1896–1906
George Irish, Montserratian academic, professor of Caribbean studies
Jack Irish, protagonist in a series of novels by Peter Temple
Mark Irish (born 1981), English rugby player
Ned Irish (1905–1982), American basketball promoter
Ronald Irish (born 1913), Australian executive
William Irish, pseudonym of Cornell Woolrich (1903–1968), American writer
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Irish_(name)
A building or edifice is a structure with a roof and walls standing more or less permanently in one place, such as a house or factory. Buildings come in a variety of shapes, sizes and functions, and have been adapted throughout history for a wide number of factors, from building materials available, to weather conditions, to land prices, ground conditions, specific uses and aesthetic reasons. To better understand the term building compare the list of nonbuilding structures.
Buildings serve several needs of society – primarily as shelter from weather, security, living space, privacy, to store belongings, and to comfortably live and work. A building as a shelter represents a physical division of the human habitat (a place of comfort and safety) and the outside (a place that at times may be harsh and harmful).
Ever since the first cave paintings, buildings have also become objects or canvasess of artistic expression. In recent years, interest in sustainable planning and building practices has also become an intentional part of the design process of many new buildings.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Building
Buildings is the debut album by Northern Ireland trio General Fiasco, and which was released on 22 March 2010. The band launched the album at the Mandela Hall in Belfast on the night of 21 March. The album appeared briefly at number 77 in the UK Albums Chart.
Background and Recording
Between 2009 and 2010, the band were constantly recording, and by mid-2009, they planned to release their debut album independently but the independent release was scrapped after being signed to Infectious Records in 2009, many songs that were re-recorded, the first of which was 'We Are The Foolish' and was released as the band's first single's through Infectious Records. There were over 20 songs recorded for the album but only 12 made the cut. Omitted tracks included: "Sell Yourself," "Maybe I'm A Little Bit Strange," "I Like It When You're Naked," "Get Me," "Little Doors," "A Wise Decision," and "Desert Hearts."
The first official single to promote the album was Ever So Shy. The single was a success which earned the band daytime airplay on stations such as BBC Radio 1 and regularly being featured on MTV.
Owen Strathern said in an interview "(the album) reflects the frustration felt watching friends succumb to alcohol and doing nothing to better their lives. It's all quite upbeat, poppy and rocky but the contents are all pretty bleak," says General Fiasco's Owen Strathern, "It was being aware of everybody wrecking themselves and not realising it. I'm sure everyone has something they really want to strive for, something they really want to achieve and it's the frustration of not being fit to achieve it yourself and watching people not even try."
The album was launched at a sell-out gig at the Mandela Hall in Belfast on the night of 21 March 2010 and was released in HMV the following day.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Buildings_(album)
Buildings 1992 is a public art work by American artist Susan Walsh, located on the northwest side of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The architectural sculpture was created for the Milwaukee Fire Department station at the intersection of 103rd Street and Fond du Lac Avenue.
Buildings 1992 depicts the frames of four tall, rectangular buildings. Each building has two doors at its base. Two of the buildings have triangular roofs. One has an arched roof. The entire work rests on a square concrete base.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Buildings_1992
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Berman
MA Massachusetts
cnberman@brandeis.edu
http://www.cassandranberman.com
American history, print culture, women and gender, motherhood, transgressive women
I am a PhD candidate in history at Brandeis University, where I study the history of gender, sexuality, and print culture in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century America.
My dissertation, “Motherhood Writ Large: Transgressive Maternity and American Popular Print, 1768-1868,” examines the stories of women who violated the legal and social norms of motherhood and the robust popular debate that their actions generated. My work has been supported by the American Antiquarian Society, theHistorical Society of Pennsylvania, the Library Company of Philadelphia, and theNew England Regional Fellowship Consortium. For the 2017-2018 academic year, I was a Visiting Fellow at Harvard University’s Department of History.
I also hold an MLS with an archival concentration from the University of Maryland’s History and Library Science program, and I have worked at the Folger Shakespeare Library, Newberry Library for the Humanities, and University of Maryland’s Special Collections in Performing Arts.
“How India Inspired American Feminists,” Hindustan Times, March 23, 2018
“Fellow Spotlight: Missionaries and Motherhood,” Library Company of Philadelphia E-News, March 2017
@BermanCassandra
colonial America, early United States
18th century, 19th century
Book History, Family, Gender, Libraries & Archives, Sexuality, Women
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Happy World Heritage Day!
Uncategorized, UNESCO, world heritage day, World Heritage Sites
Exploring the City of Bath World Heritage Site
While celebrations take place across the UK’s 31 UNESCO World Heritage Sites to mark the annual World Heritage Day today, the business of protecting these precious places continues, and World Heritage UK notes with sadness the damage by fire to Notre Dame Cathedral in the Banks of the Seine World Heritage Site in Paris, one of the 73 properties inscribed by UNESCO for France.
World Heritage UK continues to consolidate and strengthen, and will be aided by the recruitment of a Resilience Coordinator funded by the National Lottery Heritage Fund – this vacancy is still open for candidates and if you are interested in applying you can see more detail here
Watch this space for registration links to two upcoming events – the Summer Networking Meeting to be held at the Durham Cathedral World Heritage Site on the 6th and 7th August (with an optional coach excursion on the 8th August to Hadrian’s Wall, part of the transnational Frontiers of the Roman Empire World Heritage Site), and the World Heritage UK Annual Conference and AGM, this year to be hosted by the Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal World Heritage Site at the Llangollen Pavilion near Wrexham, on the 7th and 8th October.
Enjoy World Heritage Day 2019!
April 18, 2019 April 17, 2019 worldheritageuk Tagged cadw, Celebration, Culture, DAERA-NI, DCMS, Heritage Alliance, historic england, Historic Environment Scotland, Historic Royal Palaces, Nature, UNESCO, UNESCO UK National Commission, world heritage day, World Heritage Sites, World Heritage UK
Wider Value of UNESCO to the UK – call to all UNESCO UK World Heritage Sites
consultation, Uncategorized, UNESCO, World Heritage Sites, World Heritage UK
At the request of the UK National Commission for UNESCO:
All the UK’s UNESCO World Heritage Sites are invited to take part in the UK National Commission for UNESCO (UKNC) 2019 Wider Value survey.
By completing the survey, you will demonstrate the impact of your UNESCO designation at the local, national and international level and as part of a global network. The results will also highlight the importance of the United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), and the other 157 sites and projects in the UK, its Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories.
The 2014-15 Wider Value study found that UNESCO helped UK affiliated institutions and bodies to attract at least £100 million in additional income in one year. However, this wider value is not only financial value; the 2014-2015 study also found that being a UNESCO designation is a recognised and prestigious mark of world-class quality.
The 2019 survey includes questions on both the financial and wider-non financial value obtained from UNESCO association, and for the first time also maps your UNESCO designation’s contribution to the United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.
The deadline for response is 25th February 2019. The survey should take no more than 20 minutes to complete.
If you have any questions regarding the survey, please contact our Wider Value Consultant, Nikolaos Goumagias, ngoumagias@unesco.org.uk.
UNESCO’s aim to enhance peace, security, and sustainable development by fostering international collaboration through its work in education, science, culture, communication and information is more relevant than ever, and your designation is an essential part of a national story that needs telling.
Fill out the survey here https://northumbria.onlinesurveys.ac.uk/unesco-wider-value-plus-to-the-united-kingdom-2019-survey-4
Wider Value of UNESCO to the UK
Matthew Rabagliati
Communications and Research Manager
UK National Commission for UNESCO
Suite 98, 3 Whitehall Court, London SW1A 2EL
mrabagliati@unesco.org.uk
www.unesco.org.uk
February 6, 2019 worldheritageuk Tagged Business, Commercial, Culture, economics, Education, Job, Nature, research, Science, training, UNESCO, UNESCO UK National Commission, value, World Heritage Sites
New Coordinator at the Flow Country Tentative List World Heritage Site
Announcement, Flow Country, Jobs, Nature, News, scotland, Uncategorized, UNESCO, World Heritage Sites, World Heritage UK
Welcome to World Heritage, Joe Perry! The Peatlands Partnership has just appointed Joe as their World Heritage Site Officer to take forward the idea of The Flow Country in Sutherland and Caithness becoming a UNESCO World Heritage Site (WHS).
Joe is moving to the Highlands from Glasgow where he been working as a Project Manager for an environmental tour and experiences company that aims to connect young people in Scotland with our natural and cultural heritage. In addition to an honours degree in history, he has an MSc in Environment, Heritage and Policy.
New Coordinator Joe Perry
The Flow Country is an area of deep peat, dotted with bog pools, that blankets much of Caithness and Sutherland. The Flow Country is the largest expanse of blanket bog in Europe and covers about 200,000 hectares. A recent academic study has described The Flow Country as being “the best peatland of its type in the world”. The idea that the Flow Country could be inscribed as a World Heritage Site has been investigated by The Peatlands Partnership for some time and the area has been on the UK’s Tentative List of WHS since 1999. A World Heritage Site Working Group was set up by the Partnership in 2017 this short-life working group is independently chaired by Mrs Frances Gunn of The Highland 3rd Sector Alliance and will have a fixed purpose to develop and submit a Technical Evaluation to the Department of Digital, Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) by the summer of 2019.
A Technical Evaluation is essentially a scaled-down version of a ‘nomination’ (application) to UNESCO and is assessed by an independent panel. Whilst it is the Peatlands Partnership’s aspiration that The Flow Country becomes inscribed as a World Heritage Site, it is DCMS which will decide whether the case is sufficiently robust to nominate the site to UNESCO.
“the best peatland of its type in the world”?
A considerable amount of work is required to complete the process and Joe Perry has been appointed to assist the Working Group in delivering this.
The Working Group has to carry out three main tasks which will take up to 18 months to complete:
Develop a boundary for the proposed WHS in consultation with a wide range of community and other interests.
Carry out an extensive community consultation covering all aspects of what a WHS could mean to local communities.
Complete all the reports and information required to support the Technical Evaluation and submit this to DCMS in the summer of 2019.
Chair of the Working Group, Frances Gunn, said “In the past we have relied solely on a number of partners fitting this work in alongside all their other duties and so it’s a great step forward to have a Project Officer in post who can dedicate all their time to taking the World Heritage Site proposals forward, especially an all-important community consultation across Sutherland and Caithness.”
Frances added “I am particularly grateful to Highland Council who will act as host employer for Joe and I’m also delighted that we have funded this post from both the public and private sectors. The post is generously supported by Wildland Limited, RSPB, Scottish Natural Heritage and The Highland Council.”
Nicole Wallace, Highland Council’s Environment Manager pointed out “Highland Council is happy to help the Peatlands Partnership take the proposals for UNESCO World Heritage Site status forward and I look forward to Joe starting work on this exciting project next month.”
“We shouldn’t let the fact that the Flow Country has been identified as the best peatland of its type in the world pass us by. A Flow Country World Heritage Site would not only be an enormous accolade for the area and the many organisations, land managers, crofters and farmers who have maintained this area for generations but it would also bring many positive development opportunities and undoubtedly some challenges too.”
The Peatlands Partnership
The Peatlands Partnership includes: Scottish Natural Heritage, Highland Council, Forestry Commission (Scotland), RSPB Scotland, Plantlife Scotland, The Environmental Research Institute, Northern Deer Management Group, Flow Country Rivers Trust, The Highland Third Sector Interface and Highlands and Islands Enterprise. It also liaises with local community groups, the Scottish Government’s Rural Payments and Inspections Directorate and the North Sutherland Community Forest Trust.
The Partnerships is chaired by Professor Stuart Gibb of the Environmental Research Institute in Thurso and Highland Council’s representative on the Partnership is Nicole Wallace, Head of Environment.
Joe Perry Project Coordinator, Flow Country World Heritage Site Working Group
Joe.Perry@highland.gov.uk
Brigid Primrose Secretary: The Flow Country World Heritage Site Working Group,
c/o Scottish Natural Heritage, Great Glen House, Inverness.
Brigid.Primrose@snh.gov.uk
Ian Mitchell Secretary: The Peatlands Partnership,
c/o Scottish Natural Heritage, The Links, Golspie.
peatlands_partnership@snh.gov.uk
WWW.THEFLOWCOUNTRY.ORG.UK
August 8, 2018 worldheritageuk Tagged DCMS, Heritage Alliance, IUCN, IUCN National Committee UK, Nature, peatlands, RSPB, UNESCO UK National Commission, World Heritage, World Heritage Sites, World Heritage UK
Project coordinator sought for proposed Flow Country UNESCO World Heritage Site
Announcement, communications, Conservation, Flow Country, Jobs, News, Opportunities, scotland, UNESCO, World Heritage Sites, World Heritage UK
credit: theflowcountry.org.uk
The Peatlands Partnership and the Flow Country proposed UNESCO World Heritage Site Steering Group wish to appoint a Project Coordinator to take forward the Technical Evaluation for submission to the Department of Culture, Media and Sport in 2019. The post has been advertised by Highland Council on My JobScotland where you can find more details at https://www.myjobscotland.gov.uk/councils/highland-council/jobs/world-heritage-project-co-ordinator-114206 .
April 23, 2018 April 22, 2018 worldheritageuk Tagged Culture, Flow Country, Heritage Alliance, Job, Nature, peatlands, scotland, UNESCO, UNESCO UK National Commission, World Heritage, World Heritage Sites, World Heritage UK
Culturally Natural? – report launch announced at #communicatingWH conference
communications, Conference, Conservation, Culture, Events, Nature, News, Planning, UNESCO, World Heritage Sites, World Heritage UK
Sarah France
Jonathan Larwood
Sarah France from the National Trust’s World Heritage Site at Fountains Abbey and Studley Royal Park and geologist Jonathan Larwood from Natural England have been working on the links between culture and nature in the UK’s World Heritage Sites for some time now. At last, the report of the ‘Culturally Natural or Naturally Cultural?’ workshop held at Fountains Abbey is ready and will be launched at the ‘Communicating World Heritage’ conference on 9th and 10th October at Ironbridge Gorge. The collaboration for the publication includes support from WWF UK, the IUCN National Committee UK and World Heritage UK.
The report contains papers from speakers at the workshop, results of some new research on Nature in the UK’s World Heritage Sites and forewords from UNESCO, IUCN and the Mayor of Ripon.
Early bird discounted tickets for the full 4-day conference are still available until the 31st August, after which the price reverts to the full rate, so book now to take advantage of the early bird rate at www.communicatingworldheritage.wordpress.com where you can also find the conference programme and other essential details.
August 29, 2017 August 28, 2017 worldheritageuk Tagged communications, Culture, Education, event, International, IUCN, Nature, research, UNESCO, World Heritage Sites, WWF
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Remembering the Real Martin Luther King
Posted on January 21, 2002 in Washington Watch
This week across the United States, Americans will commemorate the birthday of Dr. Martin Luther King. It is appropriate to honor King, the great civil rights leader, whose efforts helped to reshape American political and social life.
The movement King led secured voting rights for disenfranchised African Americans who, one hundred years after the official end of slavery in the U.S., were still the victims of severe discrimination. This same civil rights movement also led to abolition of segregation, a system of law and practice that had divided America into two distinct worlds, one black and one white.
An entire generation of Americans does not realize the realities of U.S. life just 40 years ago. In several parts of our country, African Americans could not buy property, do business, reside, attend school, etc., in “white-only” neighborhoods. The struggle, led by King, to break down these barriers to racial separation in housing, employment, education and public accommodations was a difficult one. Though non-violent, it was met with violence. Thousands of protesters were arrested or beaten. Many lost their lives. In the end, it was King and his movement that won and forever changed the face of America.
Still, the work is not done. While legal segregation has ended, the legacy of racial division continues to haunt America.
As late as 1964, property deeds in my neighborhood in northwest Washington included a “covenant” that prohibited the sale of that property to African Americans. Thirty-seven years after those covenants were declared null and void, Washington, D.C., the United States’ capitol city, remains an extraordinarily divided city. Although two-thirds of the city’s population is African American, Washington is divided almost in half, from north to south, by Rock Creek Park. One side of the park is more than 90% white, the other is still 90% black.
And with that physical division goes significant differences in income, infrastructure, services and opportunities. All of which reminds us that there remains unfinished business to complete the work of Dr. King.
This year, many King commemorations will include another agenda item. It will be recalled that as Martin Luther King fought for civil rights and justice, he faced not only the opposition and brutality of local pro-segregationist law enforcement officials, he also faced challenges to his civil liberties as well. It is well-known how some federal officials spied on the civil rights movement and sought to disrupt its work. All of this intensified in the late 1960’s after Dr. King began to develop an international agenda and challenged the war in Vietnam.
And so it is important that this year an effort will be made to, once again, link the struggles for civil rights and civil liberties and to connect the struggles for international peace and justice with the domestic struggle for peace and justice.
In the first of these 2002 commemorative efforts, a major rally was held at Washington, D.C.’s convention center. The Arab American Institute (AAI) and the Muslim Public Affairs Council (MPAC) were central to planning this event with major civil rights and civil liberties organizations like: the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), the National Action Network, the Congressional Black Caucus, the National Council of La Raza, and the National Asian Pacific American Legal Consortium among many others.
The event, which has been called the “Call to Public Dialogue to Protect Civil Liberties”, was designed, in part, to defend the civil liberties of Arab Americans and American Muslims in the difficult post-September 11, 2001 period. In the “call” that announced the rally, the organizers defined the event’s political intent:
As the time draws near for the annual remembrance of Dr. Martin Luther King, his legacy serves as an important reminder of the need for an active and outspoken defense of civil liberties and civil rights during these difficult days. Too often during times of national crises, the government has used the threat of investigation or actual investigations to silence social justice, civil rights and anti-war advocacy…The necessary and legitimate war against terrorism should not be used to permanently expand unchecked government power or to diminish the Bill of Rights…America is at a crossroads…We must rise to the occasion and demand that our government fight terrorism in a way that does not offend constitutional principles and American values.
This unprecedented support for the civil liberties of Arab Americans and American Muslims is significant. This was in evidence not only at the Washington, D.C., King event, but at similar events organized this week across the U.S.
What is also of importance here is that in raising the critical and challenging issues of civil rights and civil liberties, the King Day commemorative events have been given a cutting edge.
I can recall during the 1980’s when we marched in Washington on Dr. King’s birthday demanding that a national day of remembrance be set aside to not only honor the man, but to recommit the nation to his mission. One especially insightful African American leader predicted, with regret, that “we might win and get this holiday and live to see the day when the Dr. King that politicians honor is not the Martin Luther King we knew.”
In fact, this transformation and dimunition of the legacy of Dr. King has been taking place during the past decade. The image of King has been blurred. The reality of racism he confronted has been ignored as has the radical and revolutionary challenge he presented for the “status quo”.
The events organized this year, therefore, present an important antidote to this revisionism. This is important for history’s sake and it is important for the causes of civil rights and civil liberties that we remember the real struggles faced by King and that we organize anew to face the challenges to rights that are confronting us today.
For comments, contact jzogy@aaiusa.org.
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$895.00 Cremation
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Robert Nondorf
October 7, 1943 ~ February 14, 2019 (age 75)
Robert (Bob) Nondorf passed away on February 14, 2019 at the age of 75 years old. Born in Chicago, IL October 7, 1943, Robert was one of five children born to Thomas and Irene Nondorf. Growing up in Paw Paw, MI, Bob was fortunate enough to serve the United States in the Air Force division. He was afforded the ability to travel from his service and eventually moved out to Denver, Colorado where he met Lorelei, with whom he had a son, Christopher. Christopher is his only surviving son; along with his daughter in Law, Lindsey, and Bob’s four grandchildren, Nicholas, Oliver, Arian, and Callia.
Bob was a gentle soul who cared deeply for those around him. He was someone who could be depended on to brighten the mood of any person or group. Bob took a keen interest in history and comedy, and could always tell a story that could captivate an audience.
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Boat Harbour resort a step closer after council approval, despite community opposition
By Sallese Gibson
Photo: A petition against the development contained 400 signatures. (Supplied: Vos Nominees)
Map: Boat Harbour 7321
A $7-million resort for Boat Harbour in Tasmania's north-west has been given council approval despite divisions in the community about the project.
Vos Family Office wants to build 11 cabins, 13 luxury beach houses, 42 motorhome sites, a heated pool and a cafe.
The company's development application, which was lodged with the Waratah-Wynyard Council in December, shows half of the motorhome sites would be built on a parcel of crown land, which is currently used for free camping.
The council approved the application this week, despite receiving a petition containing 400 signatures from residents opposing it.
One of those residents, John Lynch, does not want public land locked up and said the fight was not over.
He also dismissed the idea put forward by the council that it would help control camping.
"It's never really been controlled and now they're saying that because it's uncontrolled, we're going to give ... crown land over to private enterprise to control it," Mr Lynch said.
"That area is essentially privatised, we've lost the public amenity and someone is making money out of a public facility and we've lost ground."
Those opposed to the development still have an avenue of appeal available through Crown Land Services.
VOS chief executive David Gray said it was not about taking away land from the public.
"The main area of controversy is to do with the crown land but as I say, it's an existing use already - we just want to put some management and controls around it and improve the site," he said.
Mayor Robbie Walsh also backed the development.
"Camping on this crown land is taking place at the moment, uncontrolled and they're not all self-contained ... and that in itself creates a problem with hygiene," he said.
"I went to Boat Harbour yesterday and there was over 20 motorhomes and caravans along this stretch of crown land.
"The local public haven't got the use of the area now whilst these motorhomes and caravans are there. There's still a lot of crown land around the area."
Pressure for more accommodation
The Cradle Coast Authority wants to see more accommodation developed in the state's north-west.
The authority's regional tourism manager, Ian Waller, said there was a shortage of higher-end options.
Photo: Half of the motorhome sites would be on crown land. (Supplied: Vos Nominees)
"From a tourism or a visitor's perspective also though, they are looking for new, they are looking for quality, they're looking for experiences that meet and exceed their expectations," he said.
"The opportunity to see new accommodation developed in our region I think is very important."
Mr Waller said developments must be sustainable.
"It has to recognise that what is the very core of the experience that people come to our region for, it's our nature, it's our wilderness, it's our environment, it's our people," he said.
"Let's not destroy any of those just by saying that's a great location for accommodation. Let's make sure it's appropriate, what we do."
Public support flowing: Mayor
Mr Walsh said the council was flooded with feedback after approving the development.
"I've received a lot of feedback from both sides. We had over 700 likes yesterday in relation to supporting the motion on our website and I received an email saying this is just what Boat Harbour Beach needs," he said.
But resident Mr Lynch is concerned the development is too large for the small town.
"It's just not Boat Harbour scale, it's not Boat Harbour size," he said.
"We've had a couple of unfortunate developments on the beach already in terms of size and bulk and this'll just continue that trend."
VOS will now apply to Crown Land Services for approval to lease the land.
If approved, it is hoped the development will be completed by November.
External Link: Development plan for Boat Harbour resort
Topics: urban-development-and-planning, tourism, boat-harbour-7321
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Vous trouverez ici nos Conditions Générales de Ventes et d'Achats à jour (au 12/2016).
Conditions Générales de Ventes »
§ 1 Scope of validity, General
1. All goods, services and offers from our suppliers shall be rendered solely on the basis of these general purchasing terms (T&Cs). These constitute an integral part of all contracts which we enter into with our suppliers for the goods or services offered by them. The T&Cs shall only apply if the Supplier is an entrepreneur (Section 14 of the German Civil Code [BGB]), a legal entity established under public law or a public law special fund.
2. The T&Cs shall apply in particular for contracts governing the sale and/or supply of movables regardless of whether the Supplier manufactures the goods himself or buys them in from sub-suppliers. Unless an agreement has been made otherwise, the T&Cs shall apply as a master agreement for future contracts governing the sale and/or the supply of movables with the same supplier in future as well, without us having to draw attention to them again in each individual case.
3. The terms and conditions of business of our business partners and suppliers (hereinafter also known as Seller) or third parties shall not apply, even if we have not specifically objected to their application in an individual case. Even if we refer to a letter containing or making reference to the terms and conditions of business of the Seller or of a third party, this shall not constitute a concession that those terms and conditions of business shall apply.
4. Agreements made with the Seller in an individual case (including side agreements, supplements and amendments) shall in all cases prevail over these T&Cs (Section 305b of the German Civil Code BGB). A written contract or our written confirmation shall determine the content of such agreements.
5. References to the application of statutory regulations shall only be for the purposes of clarification. Even without such a clarification, the statutory regulations shall therefore apply, provided that they have not been directly amended in these T&Cs or expressly precluded.
6. Notifications and legally relevant declarations which are to be submitted to us by our Sellers after the contract has been signed must be made in writing to be legally valid.
§ 2 Orders, Delivery contract, Call-off
1. Insofar as our offers (e.g. enquiries) do not expressly include a binding period, we shall abide by our offer to enter into a contract for two weeks after the date of the offer. It shall be the date on which the Seller’s declaration of acceptance is received by us which shall determine whether our offer has been accepted on time. An offer by the Seller to enter into a contract received late by us shall be regarded as a new offer and it shall be subject to acceptance by us.
2. Our order shall be regarded as being binding when it is submitted in writing at the earliest. The Seller shall have to draw to our attention manifest errors, such as spelling mistakes and arithmetical errors as well as to missing information in the order including the order documents to allow us an opportunity to correct mistakes and/or fill gaps prior to acceptance of our order. Otherwise the order shall not be regarded as having been entered into.
3. The Seller is urged to confirm our order within a period of two weeks or in particular carry out the order without reservation by dispatching the goods (Acceptance).
4. Delivery call-offs from call-off supply contracts shall become binding at the latest if the Seller does not raise an objection within one week from the receipt of a delivery call-off from us. Delivery call-off orders shall be based upon a call-off period of approximately 12 months. Deliveries may be called off in writing (Section 126b of the German Civil Code [BGB]), e.g. by e-mail, fax message or by data transmission.
5. We shall be entitled to terminate the contract at any time by means of a written declaration to that effect stating the reason for termination, if we are no longer able to use the ordered products in our business as a result of circumstances arising after the contract is signed. In such circumstances we shall remunerate the Seller for the part-performance he has already rendered.
6. We are entitled to amend the time and place of the delivery as well as the type of packing at any time by means of written notification (written form shall suffice) giving at least 7 days’ notice prior to the agreed delivery date. The same shall apply for amendments of product specifications provided that they can be implemented in the course of the Seller’s normal production process without considerable additional expenditure, whereby in these cases the notification period in the above sentence shall be at least 2 weeks. We shall reimburse our Supplier the proven and reasonable additional costs incurred by the amendment in each case. If such amendments result in delays in delivery which cannot be avoided in our Supplier’s normal production and business operations by applying reasonable efforts, the originally agreed delivery date shall be postponed accordingly. The Seller shall notify us in writing of the additional costs expected by him given a careful estimate and / or of delivery delays in good time prior to the delivery date, within at least 7 working days from receipt of our notification in accordance with Sentence 1 above.
§ 3 Prices, Terms of Payment etc.
1. The prices stated in the order are binding. The value added tax is not included in the price and shall be invoiced at the rate in force at that time.
2. Provided that nothing has been agreed otherwise in an individual instance, the price shall include all the Seller’s performances and ancillary performances (e.g. assembly, installation etc.) as well as all ancillary costs (Transport, packing, insurance). The Seller shall have to take back packing materials at our request. Insofar as the price does not include packing in the agreement made, and the remuneration for the packing – only provided on a loan basis – is not expressly specified, this is to be invoiced at proven cost. At our request the Seller shall have to take back the packing at his expense.
3. Unless agreed otherwise, we shall pay the agreed price within 14 days from the delivery of all goods and supply of all services including acceptance of the goods as agreed or laid down by law, if applicable, and receipt of a properly made out invoice to qualify for a prompt payment discount of 3% or within 30 days net. The receipt of our payment instruction by our bank shall determine whether the payment owed by us has been made on time. We cannot be held responsible for delays caused by the payment procedures of the banks involved.
4. We shall be entitled to offsetting rights and rights of retention as well as the objection that the contract has not been fulfilled as provided for by law. In particular, we shall be entitled to withhold payments due for as long as we are still entitled to claims against the Seller from incomplete or defective goods or services.
5. The statutory regulations shall apply if we are in default subject to the proviso that in all cases the Seller shall have to send us a written payment reminder.
6. Only after he has obtained our written consent shall the Seller be entitled to assign his claim against us. Should the Seller have an extended reservation of title, this consent shall be regarded as having been given.
7. The Seller shall only have a right to offset or of retention against counter-claims which have been adjudicated or which are not contested.
8. In the event that we are in default with payment we shall owe default interest amounting to 5% points above the base rate in accordance with Section 247 of the German Civil Code [BGB].
9. Our order numbers, the item numbers, quantity delivered and delivery address are to be stated on all order confirmations, shipping documentation and invoices. Should delays arise as a result of the lack of such information, the length of time we are allowed for payment shall be extended by the length of the delay.
§ 4 Delivery period
1. The delivery period stated by us shall be binding. If the delivery period is not stated in the order, and an agreement has not been made otherwise, it shall be two weeks from the contract being entered into. The Seller shall be obliged to inform us straight away in writing if he will probably be unable to comply with the agreed delivery times regardless of whatever reasons. Early delivery is not allowed unless we have expressly agreed to it.
2. If the Supplier fails to render his performance or if he fails to do so within the agreed delivery period or if he is in default, our rights, in particular to withdraw from the contract and to demand compensation for damages, shall be determined by the statutory regulations. The regulations of Paragraph 3 below shall not be affected.
3. If the Seller is in default, we may demand a contractual penalty amounting to 0.5 % of the net price for each full calendar week of delay, not, however, exceeding a total of more than 5% of the net price of the goods delivered late. We shall be entitled to demand the contractual penalty in addition to fulfilment as a minimum amount compensation for damages owed in accordance with the statutory regulations. Our right to assert a claim for damages over and above this amount shall not be affected by the above. We shall not be obliged to reserve the right to claim a contractual penalty when taking delivery of a consignment.
4. If the day on which the goods/services have to be delivered/rendered is laid down in the contract, the Seller shall consequently be in default when this day expires and he has not fulfilled his contractual obligations without him having to be sent a separate reminder by us.
5. The Seller shall be obliged to inform us in writing straight away if circumstances as a result of which the delivery time cannot be observed arise or become known.
§ 5 Performance, Delivery, Passing of risk, Delay in taking delivery
1. Without our prior written consent the Seller shall not be entitled to have the performance owed by him carried out by a third party (e.g. sub-contractors). The Seller shall bear the procurement risk for his performances, unless an agreement has been made otherwise in a specific instance (e.g. purchase of reserved goods).
2. The Seller shall not be entitled to deliver the goods in part-deliveries without our prior consent. We may reject such deliveries.
3. Our Seller’s goods/services must be supplied franco domicile to the address stated in our order. If no such address is stated in our order and nothing has been agreed otherwise, goods/services are to be supplied to our principal place of business. The place to which the goods/services have to be supplied shall also be the place of fulfilment. The respective destination shall also be the place of fulfilment for any cure which may be rendered.
4. It shall be the receipt of the goods at the place of fulfilment which shall determine whether the goods have been supplied on time.
5. A delivery note stating the date and content of the consignment as well as our order identification (number and date) is to be attached to the consignment. If the delivery note is missing or is incomplete, we cannot be held responsible for the resulting delays in processing invoices and payment.
6. The risk of accidental loss or deterioration of the goods shall pass over to us at the place of fulfilment, even if it has been agreed that we are to be responsible for carriage. Insofar as it has been agreed that there is to be an acceptance test, risk shall pass over after the acceptance test has been passed. The statutory regulations of the German contract for services law shall moreover apply accordingly upon acceptance. If we are in default with taking delivery of a consignment, this shall constitute hand-over or delivery.
7. The statutory regulations shall apply if we are in default with taking delivery of goods or services. The Seller must also expressly offer us his services in those cases in which a specific or defined calendar period of time has been agreed for an act or co-operation on our part (e.g. furnishing materials). If we are in arrears with taking delivery of goods or services, the Seller may consequently demand compensation for his additional expenditure incurred in accordance with the statutory regulations in Section 304 of the German Civil Code [BGB]. If the contract concerns a non-fungible thing manufactured by the Seller, the Seller shall only be entitled to additional rights, if we have to undertake to provide assistance and we are responsible for failing to provide it.
§ 6 Ownership protection
1. We shall retain the title or copyright for all orders and instructions submitted by us as well as drawings, diagrams, calculations, descriptions and other documents we have provided to the Seller. The Seller must not allow third parties access to them without our express consent, or use them himself or through third parties or reproduce them. Such documents are only to be used for rendering the contractual performance laid down in contracts entered into with us. He shall have to return these documents to us in full at our request, if they are no longer required by him in his proper course of business or if negotiations do not result in a contract being signed. In such circumstances copies made by the Seller are to be destroyed. By way of exception, this shall not apply to safekeeping in line with statutory safe-keeping periods as well as the saving of data for back-up purposes as part of normal data back-up.
2. Tools, devices and models which we provide the Seller or which are made for the purposes of the contract and which are invoiced separately to us by the Seller, shall remain our property. They are to be marked clearly as our property by the Seller, kept in safe-keeping with care by him and protected from damage of all types and are only used for the purposes of the contract with us.
3. The Seller’s reservation of title shall only apply insofar as it refers to our payment obligations for the respective goods, to which the Seller reserves title.
4. The processing, mixing, or joining (Finishing) by the Seller of items furnished by us shall be carried out on our behalf. The same shall apply if the goods supplied by us are finished, so that we are regarded as the manufacturer and acquire title of the product in accordance with statutory regulations when the goods are finished at the latest.
5. It is imperative that the goods are assigned to us, regardless of whether the purchase price has been paid or not. If, however, in a given instance, we accept an offer to have the goods assigned to us by the Seller conditional upon the payment of the purchase price, the Seller’s reservation of title shall expire when the purchase price for the goods delivered is paid at the latest. We shall still be authorised to sell on the goods in a proper commercial transaction even before we have paid the purchase price subject to assigning the account materialising as a result of the resale to the Seller in advance of the resale. Apart from the simple reservation of title, all other forms of reservation of title, in particular the expanded, forwarded and prolonged reservation of title shall in any case be precluded.
§ 7 Defects, Notification of defects, Warranty
1. Unless specified otherwise below, the statutory regulations shall apply for our rights in the event of quality defects and legal defects of the goods (including incorrect and short deliveries as well as improper assembly, incorrect instructions for assembly or operation or owner’s handbook) and in the event of other breaches of duty by the Seller.
2. The statutory regulations shall apply for the commercial obligations to inspect goods and notify the Seller of defects subject to the following proviso:
Our obligation to inspect incoming goods shall be limited to defects which become apparent during our goods inward inspection and external appraisal including shipping documentation as well as by means of our quality control department conducting random checks (e.g. transport damage, incorrect deliveries and short deliveries). Insofar as acceptance has been agreed, there shall be no obligation on our part to inspect incoming goods. Moreover, what matters is the extent to which an inspection is expedient taking the circumstances of the individual case into consideration in the proper course of business.
Our obligation to notify the Seller of discovered defects shall not be affected by the above. In all cases our notification (notification of defects) shall be regarded as having been submitted straight away and on time, if it is received by the Supplier within eight working days.
3. The Seller shall have to bear all the expenditure necessary for the purposes of effecting a cure, in particular, transport costs, travelling expenses, labour and the cost of materials. In the event that defective parts have already been installed because we were unaware of the defect, the Seller shall also have to bear the costs of removal and installation of incorrect parts.
4. The costs incurred by the Seller for the purposes of inspection and repair (including any costs incurred for removal and installation which may be incurred), shall also be borne by him even if it should turn out that there was in fact no defect. Our liability to pay compensation for defects for unjustified requests to have defects rectified shall not be affected by the above. Given this, we shall only be liable if we were aware that there was no defect or the fact that we did not know that there was a defect was attributable to gross negligence on our part.
5. If the Seller fails to fulfil his obligation to render a cure – either by rectifying a defect (repair) or by supplying a new fault-free thing (replacement) as we so choose – within a reasonable period of time set by us, we may consequently rectify the defect ourselves and demand compensation for the expenditure necessary for this or a corresponding sum in advance. If the cure is unsuccessful or unreasonable for us (e.g. on account of it being particularly urgent, a hazard to safety at work or on account of the impending threat of disproportionate damage), we shall not have to set a time limit. We shall inform the Seller of such circumstances beforehand if possible.
6. Moreover, in the event that there are quality defects or legal defects we shall, in accordance with the statutory regulations, be entitled to reduce the purchase price or to withdraw from the contract. Besides which, under the statutory regulations we shall be entitled to claim compensation for damages and expenses incurred.
7. We shall not waive our warranty claims with acceptance or approving submitted specimens or samples.
§ 8 Property rights
1. The Seller vouches that if the items supplied are used in accordance with the contract, this shall not give rise to a breach of any property rights and applications filed for property rights, in particular third party compensation claims for damages against us. Provided that such applications for property rights have been filed or registered with the German or European patent office. The Supplier also vouches that no third party property rights in those countries in which the products are manufactured or in which the Supplier has them manufactured the products will be breached by the products supplied by him.
2. The Supplier’s obligation to pay compensation for damages and/or obligation Supplier to exempt us from damages shall also cover that expenditure we necessarily incur as a result of, and in connection with, claims asserted against us by third parties.
3. The above regulations shall not apply, if the Seller has manufactured items for us in accordance with our specifications, in particular drawings, models and other descriptions and he is unaware or had no reason to be aware that third party property rights would be breached as a result.
4. The Seller is obliged to inform us immediately of any risks that property rights might be breached he becomes aware of and in particular alleged instances of breach.
5. Our additional statutory rights on account of legal defects to the products supplied against the Supplier shall not be affected by the above.
§ 9 Product liability, Insurance
1.If the Seller is responsible for product damage, given this he shall have to exempt us from third party claims, to the extent that the cause is in his sphere of control and organisation and he is personally liable to other parties. If we are obliged to mount a recall campaign with other parties as a result of a defect in a product supplied by the Seller, the Seller shall bear all the costs associated with the recall campaign.
2.As part of his obligation to exempt us, the Seller shall have to reimburse us for the expenditure incurred by us in accordance with Sections 683 and 670 of the German Civil Code [BGB], arising from or in connection with a claim asserted by a third party including recall campaigns mounted by us. We shall – insofar that this is possible and reasonable – inform the Seller of the content and scope of recall campaigns and allow him the opportunity to respond. Our additional legal rights shall not be affected by the above.
3. The Seller shall have to take out a product liability insurance policy with lump-sum cover of at least 5 million € per personal injury / property damage claim and maintain the policy continuously. The Seller shall have to send us a copy of the liability insurance policy upon request and upon further request submit the original to us for our inspection. We shall also be entitled to demand to see the original copy during the contractual relationship.
§ 10 Recourse asserted against a Seller
1. We are entitled to our rights of recourse laid down by law statutory within the supply chain (Recourse of the entrepreneur in accordance with Sections 478 and 479 of the German Civil Code [BGB]) plus warranty claims in full. We shall, in particular, be entitled to demand the specific type of cure (Repair or replacement) we owe our buyer in a given case. Our statutory right of choice (Section 439 Para 1 of the German Civil Code [BGB]) shall not be restricted by this.
2. Before we recognise of fulfil a claim under warranty asserted by our buyer (including compensating him for his expenses in accordance with Section 478 Para 3, Section 439 Para 2 of the German Civil Code [BGB]), we shall inform the Seller and by giving a brief description of the facts and circumstances, request a written response. If we do not receive a response within a reasonable period of time, and if a solution is not reached by mutual consent either, the cure actually rendered by us shall consequently be owed to us as we have rendered it to our buyer. In this case the production of evidence to the contrary shall be incumbent upon the Seller.
3. Our claims recourse of the entrepreneur shall also apply in those cases in which the goods have been finished by us or one of our buyers, e.g. installation into another product, prior to being sold to a consumer.
§ 11 Spare parts
1.The Seller shall be obliged to keep a stock of spare parts available for the products supplied to us for a period of at least 10 years after delivery.
2.If the Seller intends to stop production of spare parts for the products supplied to us, he must inform us of this straight away after making the decision to stop making them. Subject to Paragraph 1 above, this decision must be made at least 6 months prior to closing down production.
§ 12 Non-disclosure
1.The Seller shall be obliged to keep secret the terms of our order as well as all information and documents provided to him for this purpose (with the exception of information in the public domain) for a period of 60 months after disclosure, but at least however, for the duration of the actual supplier-customer relationship with us and only use it for carrying out our order. He shall return it to us straight away after queries have been dealt with or after handling orders upon request.
2. The Seller shall, moreover, be obliged to handle all commercial and technical information not in the public domain and which he becomes aware of as a result of our business relationship as business secrets. In particular, models, templates, specimens, tools and similar items must not be handed over to third parties or made accessible for them by other means. The reproduction of such items other than in line with operational requirements shall be subject to regulations otherwise.
3. The Seller shall ensure by taking suitable measures that his salaried staff employees, freelance staff and sub-contractors called in to work on the contracts entered into with us maintain the above confidentiality. The Seller shall only disclose information as described above in Paragraph 1 and Paragraph 2 to those of his salaried staff, freelance staff, consultants, etc. who have to be involved with the development, design, manufacture and supply of goods to us. Disclosure shall, moreover, mean that the persons receiving such information shall be obliged to maintain silence in accordance with this non-disclosure regulation (Section 12).
4. Any sub-suppliers which the Seller is allowed to call in are to be placed under a corresponding obligation.
5.Our Seller may only use our business relationship for advertising purposes after obtaining our prior written consent.
§ 13 Statute of limitation
1. The reciprocal claims of the Parties to the contract shall become time-barred in accordance with the statutory regulations, unless an agreement has been made otherwise in a given instance below.
2. Notwithstanding Section 438 Para 1 No 3 of the German Civil Code [BGB], the general period of limitation for warranty claims shall be 3 years (36 months) from the passing of risk. Provided that acceptance has been agreed, the period of limitation shall begin with acceptance. The three-year period of limitation shall also apply accordingly for claims based upon legal defects, whereby the statutory period of limitation for real third party rights of surrender (Section 438 Para 1 No 1 of the German Civil Code [BGB]) shall not be affected as a result.
Claims based upon legal defects shall, moreover, not become time-barred in any circumstances, for as long as the third party is still able to assert the right against us - in particular in the absence of a period of limitation.
3.The periods of limitation laid down in the law on sales including the above extension shall apply – to the extent laid down by law - for all contractual claims under warranty. Insofar as we are also entitled to non-contractual compensation claims for damages on account of a defect, the normal statutory period of limitation shall apply (Sections 195 and 199 of the German Civil Code [BGB]), if the law on sales does not result in a longer period of application if the periods of limitation apply in given case.
4.The period of limitation for claims under warranty shall be suspended when the Seller receives our written notification of a defect until the Seller rejects our claims or states that the defect has been remedied or refuses to continue negotiating our claims. If a replacement part is supplied and the defect is remedied, the warranty period for replaced and repaired parts shall start from the beginning, unless we have to assume given the conduct of the Seller, that he did not regard himself as being obliged to take the measures, but instead only supplied a replacement or remedied the defect as a gesture of goodwill for similar reasons.
§ 14 Choice of law, Place of jurisdiction, Miscellaneous
1.These T&Cs and all legal relationships between us and the Seller shall be governed by the law of the Federal Republic of Germany. International uniform law, in particular the Convention on Contracts governing the International Sale of Goods (CISG) shall not apply.
2. The preconditions and effects of the reservation of title shall be governed by the law of the respective storage place of the thing, insofar as the choice of law made accordingly in favour of German law is not allowed or invalid.
3. The exclusive place of jurisdiction is the courts having jurisdiction where our principal place of business is based. We shall however also be entitled to take legal action against the Seller at the court having jurisdiction where his principal place of business is based.
4. The contractual language is English.
Conditions Générales d'Achats »
§ 1 General, Validity
1. These general terms and conditions of sale (T&Cs) shall apply for all our business relationships with our business partners (hereinafter also known as Client). They shall also apply for all future goods and services or offers made to our Client, even if they are not agreed again separately. The T&Cs shall however, only apply if our Client is an entrepreneur (Section 14 of the German Civil Code [BGB]), a legal entity under public law or a public-law special fund.
2. Our T&Cs shall in particular apply for contracts on the sale and/or supply of movables (hereinafter also known as goods) regardless of whether we manufacture the goods ourselves or buy them in from sub-suppliers (Sections 433 and 651 of the German Civil Code [BGB]).
3. Our T&Cs alone shall apply. If the Client’s general terms and conditions of business differ from, or are contrary to our T&Cs, they shall only become an integral part of the contract, and to the extent that, we have expressly agreed to them. This requirement for our consent shall also apply in those cases in which we carry out an order placed by the Client without expressing any reservations and we are aware of his terms and conditions.
4. Individual agreements made in an individual case with the Client (including side agreements, supplements and amendments) shall in all cases prevail over these T&Cs. A written contract or our written confirmation shall be definitive for the content of such agreements.
5. Legally relevant declarations and notices which are to be submitted to us by the Client after the contract is signed (e.g. periods of time to be set, notification of defects, declarations of withdrawal from the contract or reduction of the purchase price) must be made in writing to be legally valid.
6. References to the validity of statutory regulations shall only be significant for the purposes of clarification. Consequently the statutory regulations shall also apply, insofar as they have not been directly modified or expressly precluded in these T&Cs, even without such a clarification.
§ 2 Offer, Conclusion of the contract
1.Our offers shall be subject to change without notice and non-binding, provided that they have not been expressly marked as being binding or include a specific period of acceptance. This shall also apply if we have handed over catalogues, technical documentation (e.g. drawings, plans, electronic files, calculations, costings, references to DIN standards), other product descriptions or documents – including those in electronic format, to the Client.
2. An order placed by the Client for goods shall be regarded as a binding offer to enter into a contract. Provided that there is nothing stated otherwise in the contract, we shall be entitled to accept this offer to enter into a contract within 30 days from receipt by us.
3. Acceptance may be stated either in writing, whereby written form (e.g. by order confirmation) shall suffice, or by means of delivering the goods to the Client.
4. The contract entered into in writing including these T&Cs alone shall apply for the legal relationship with our Client. This contact shall describe all arrangements between us and the Client. Verbal promises made by us prior to the contract being signed are not legally binding. Verbal arrangements shall be replaced by the written contract, unless they do not expressly show that they are to continue to apply on a binding basis. Public comments (e.g. advertising statements, general sales promotion) made by us or by other third parties (e.g., manufacturers) shall not be regarded as an agreement on features and in particular do not include any promise of a guarantee.
5. Information from us about the goods or services (e.g. technical data, weights, dimensions, tolerances, load capacity) as well as presentations, e.g. in the form of drawings or diagrams shall only count as approximations, unless their use for the contractually assumed purpose requires precise conformity. Given this, it is in particular not guaranteed characteristics, but instead a description or marking of our goods or services.
Discrepancies and discrepancies normal within the trade arising as a result of legal regulations or which constitute technical improvements are allowed, provided that they do not impair the usage for the contractually intended objective. The same shall apply mutatis mutandis for the replacement of parts (e.g. parts of sub-assemblies) with equivalent parts.
6. Amendments to or supplements for the contractual agreements made including these T&Cs must be made in writing to be valid. Apart from our directors and authorised signatories, our employees are not entitled to make verbal arrangements differing from written amendments and supplements. Messages sent by telecommunications (e.g. e-mails or fax messages) shall satisfy the requirement for written form, provided that the copy of the signed declaration is forwarded.
§ 3 Delivery, Passing of risk, Acceptance, Default in taking delivery, Part-deliveries
1. The terms of delivery are ex works, which is also the place of fulfilment for the delivery and any cure which may have to be rendered. At the Client’s request and expense the goods shall be despatched to another destination (delivery to a place other than the place of performance). Unless an agreement has been made otherwise, we shall be entitled to specify the method of despatch ourselves (in particular transport company, despatch route and packing). If we owe installation work, the place of fulfilment shall be that place at which the installation work has to be carried out.
2. This risk of accidental loss, accidental deterioration of the goods shall pass over to the Client no later than at hand-over. If the goods sold are to be delivered to a place other than the place of performance the risk of accidental deterioration of the goods as well as the risk of delay shall pass over as soon as the goods are delivered to the haulier, the freight forwarder or to any other person or organisation appointed to despatch the goods. Insofar as acceptance has been agreed, this shall count for the passing of risk. The statutory regulations in contracts for services law shall, moreover, also apply for an agreed acceptance. If the Client is in default with taking delivery of the goods, this shall be the equivalent in terms of the passing of risk as hand-over and/or acceptance.
3. Insofar as acceptance has to take place, the goods shall be regarded as having been accepted, if
The delivery and, provided that we also owe installation, installation, has been completed,
We have notified the Client that the goods/services are ready for the acceptance test, and in doing so point out the fictitious acceptance in this paragraph and have called upon him to confirm acceptance,
After delivery or installation, 14 calendar days have passed or the Client has begun to use the goods and in this case 10 working days have elapsed since delivery or installation
Our Client has failed to grant acceptance within this period of time for another reason than on account of a defect of which we have been notified, which makes it impossible or significantly more difficult to use the goods.
4. If the Client is in default with taking delivery, if he is failing to co-operate or if our delivery is delayed for other reasons for which the Client is responsible, we shall consequently be entitled to demand compensation for the loss incurred as a result of this including additional expenditure (e.g. storage costs). We shall charge a lump sum as compensation amounting to 100.00 € per calendar day beginning with the delivery period or – in the absence of a delivery period – with the notification that the goods are ready for despatch. Our right to prove that we have suffered a greater loss and our statutory rights (in particular for compensation for additional expenditure incurred by us, reasonable compensation, right of termination) shall remain unaffected by the above. The lump sum is however to be offset against additional claims for money. The Client shall be allowed to prove that we have not suffered any losses at all or that we have suffered losses which are significantly lower than the above lump sums.
5. We shall be entitled to deliver part deliveries, if the part delivery can be used by our Client as part of achieving the use intended by the contract, we have guaranteed that the remaining goods ordered will be supplied and our does not incur any considerable additional expenditure or additional costs as a result of this (unless we declare that we are prepared to take over such costs).
§ 4 Delivery period, Default in delivery, Call-off
1. The delivery period shall be agreed individually and/or stated by us when accepting an order. Periods of time and deadlines tentatively offered for supplying goods and services shall always only apply as approximations, unless a fixed period of fixed date has been expressly agreed. Provided that this is not the case, the delivery period shall be at least 12 weeks from the contract being signed. The delivery period will have been observed if the goods have left our works by its expiry, or we have notified the Client that the goods are ready for despatch. If a despatch has been agreed, delivery periods and delivery dates shall refer to the point in time of hand-over to the haulier, freight forwarder or other third party contracted to transport the goods.
2. Compliance with periods set for delivering goods and rendering services assumes that our Client has fulfilled all his contractual obligations. Irrespective of our rights if our Client is in default – we may demand an extension of periods set for delivering goods and rendering services or the postponement of dates for delivering goods and rendering services by the duration of the delay plus a reasonable start-up period, if our Client fails to fulfil his contractual obligations and/or responsibilities to us.
3. Provided that we are unable to comply with binding delivery periods for reasons for which we are not to blame, (Non-availability of performance), we shall inform the Client of this straight away and at the same time notify him of a probable new delivery period. If the performance not available within the new delivery period either, we shall be entitled to withdraw from some of or all of the contract. We shall refund a counter-performance already rendered to us by the Client straight away. For these purposes if we are not supplied on time by our sub-supplier in particular, this shall be regarded as an instance of non-availability of a performance, provided that we have entered into a congruent covering transaction and neither we nor our supplier is to blame. The same shall apply mutatis mutandis if we are not obliged in a given case to procure things.
4. Default in delivery shall be determined in accordance with the statutory regulations. In all cases the Client will however, have to send us a written reminder.
5. If we find ourselves in default with supplying our goods or services or if it becomes impossible, regardless of whatever reason, for us to supply goods and services, the liability on our side shall consequently be limited to paying compensation for damages in accordance with Section 9 of these T&Cs. Our rights when our performance obligation is precluded (e.g. as a result of impossibility or unreasonable to expect us to render performance and/or a cure) shall not be affected as a result.
6. We cannot be held liable for impossibility of delivery or for delays in delivery, insofar as these have been caused by force majeure or other events which could not have been foreseen when the contract was signed. This shall apply, for example, for operational disruptions of all types, difficulties in the procurement of materials or power, transport delays, strikes, lawful lock-outs, labour shortages, power shortages or shortages in raw materials, difficulties in obtaining official consents required, for which we are not to blame. In addition to this, Section 4 Paragraph 3 Sentence 3 shall apply. Provided that such events make is much for difficult for us to supply goods or to render performance, and the hindrance is not only of a temporary nature, we shall be entitled to withdraw from the contract. If hindrances are of a temporary nature, the periods of time allowed for delivery or performance shall be extended by the duration of the hindrance plus a reasonable period of time to allow for start-up. Insofar as the Client cannot be expected to accept the deliveries or performances as a result of the delay, he may withdraw from the contract by making a written statement to us to that effect straight away.
7. If delivery by call-off has been agreed, all call-offs by our Client are to be made within 12 months from the contract being entered into, unless an agreement has been made otherwise in writing.
§ 5 Prices, Terms of Payment, Offsetting, Discrepancies in quantities
1. The prices shall be determined in accordance with the contractual agreements made with our Client. They shall apply for the scope of delivery and performance stated in the order confirmations. The prices are in Euros, quoted ex works plus the rate of value added tax in force at that time and plus packing. Customs duty and fees and other public duties will be added to export orders. Additional or special performances will be invoiced separately.
Provided that the agreed prices are based upon our list prices, and the goods are only to be delivered four months more than four months after the contract has been signed, our list prices in force when the goods are delivered shall apply (minus any percentage or fixed discount which may have been agreed).
2. For a sale by delivery to a place other than the place of performance (Section 3 Para. 1) the Client shall bear the transport costs ex stores and the costs of any transport insurance requested by the Client. We shall not take back transport packing or any other packing/packaging – in accordance with the German Packing Regulations. With the exception of pallets and lattice boxes and other reusable containers, they shall become the Client’s property.
3. The purchase price shall be due for payment and payable in full within14 days from presentation of invoice and delivery or acceptance of the goods, unless an agreement is made otherwise in writing. For contracts in which the value of goods to be delivered is in excess of 5,000.00 €, we shall, however, be entitled to demand a down payment of 50% of the purchase price. The down payment shall be due for payment and payable within 14 days from presentation of invoice.
4. The Client shall be in default when the above period of time allowed for payment expires. Default interest is to be paid on the purchase price paid during the period of default at the statutory rate of default interest. We shall reserve the right to assert a claim for damages over and above the default interest above. Our entitlement to commercial interest payable from the due date of payment shall not be affected by the above (Section 353 of the German Commercial Code [HGB]).
5. The Client shall only be entitled to offsetting rights or rights of retention to the extent that his claim has been adjudicated in a court of law or if it is not contested. If there are defects in the goods delivered, the adverse rights of the Client shall not be affected, in particular in accordance with Section 7 Para 5 Sentence 2 of these T&Cs.
6. If, after the contract has been entered into, it becomes apparent that our claim to the purchase price is jeopardised as a result of the Client being unable to render his performance (e.g. as a result of an application being made to open insolvency proceedings), we shall consequently be entitled under the statutory regulations to refuse performance and – if necessary after setting a period of time for the Client to render his performance – to withdraw from the contract (Section 321 of the German Civil Code [BGB]). Contracts for the manufacture of non-fungible things (Special productions) we may withdraw from the contract immediately. The statutory regulations governing the dispensability of having to set a period of time for performance shall not be affected by the above.
7. Samples provided shall generally be invoiced. If a sample is cleared, it will not be defective if goods are supplied in compliance with the sample. If we manufacture to the specifications of samples provided, this shall not mean that we shall furnish a manufacturer’s guarantee.
§ 6 Reservation of title, Tools
1. We shall reserve the title to the sold goods until all our current and future accounts from supply contracts and under a continuous business relationship have been paid in full. The goods as well as the goods replacing them covered by the reservation of title in accordance with the terms and conditions below shall be known below as "goods subject to reservation of title". Our Client shall keep the goods subject to reservation of title in safe-keeping for us free of charge.
2. The goods subject to reservation of title must not be pledged or assigned by bill of sale as a security to third parties before payment for the secured claims has been made in full. Our Client has to inform us straight away in writing if, and insofar as, third parties have seized the goods subject to reservation of title, to enable us to enforce our ownership rights. Provided that the third party should not be in a position to reimburse us for the costs incurred by us in or out of court in connection with enforcing our ownership rights, our Client shall be liable to us for them.
3. If the conduct of our Client is in breach of contract, in particular if he fails to pay the purchase price payable, we shall be entitled to withdraw from the contract in accordance with the statutory regulations and/or to demand the return of the goods subject to reservation of title. The demand for the return of the goods shall not at the same time constitute the declaration that we are withdrawing from the contract. We shall, instead, be entitled to only demand the return of the goods and to reserve the right of withdrawal from the contract. If our Client does not pay the purchase price payable, we may only assert these rights if we have set our Client a reasonable period of time beforehand to pay the purchase price and he has not done so or if we do not have to set such a period of time for payment by law.
4. Our Client shall be entitled to process and sell the goods subject to reservation of title in a proper commercial transaction. Resale is not allowed if our Client is in arrears with making his payments to us or if an application for insolvency proceedings has been opened on his firm, such insolvency proceedings have been opened or if an application for such insolvency proceedings to be opened was rejected on account of insufficient assets as well as in cases in which the Client stops trading or stops making his payments. In each case we shall then be entitled to object to the resale of the goods subject to reservation of title for an important reason.
5. If the goods subject to reservation of title are processed by our Client, they shall consequently be processed for our account and in our name as manufacturer. We shall acquire direct ownership of them or – if they are processed out of materials supplied by more than one owner, or if the value of the processed materials is higher than the value of the goods subject to reservation of title – co-ownership (fractional ownership) of the newly created thing in proportion to the value of the goods subject to the reservation of title to the value of the newly created thing. In the event that we should not acquire such ownership, our Client shall assign to us here and now his future title or – as described above – co-ownership in the newly created thing as a security. If the goods subject to the reservation of title are connected or indivisibly mixed with other things to become jointly-owned property, and if one of the other things is to be regarded as the main thing, the Client shall, insofar as the main thing belongs to him, assign to us a proportion of the co-ownership in the jointly-owned property in the ratio named in Sentence 2 above.
6. In the event that the goods subject to reservation of title are resold, our Client shall assign the account materialising against the buyer as a result to us here and now as a security – and in the event that we have co-ownership of the goods subject to reservation of title he shall assign a proportion of the account reflecting the proportion of our co-ownership –. We accept the assignment. The same shall apply for other accounts replacing the goods subject to reservation of title or materialise otherwise with regard to the goods subject to reservation of title, such as, for example, insurance claims or claims based on an unlawful act in the event of loss or destruction.
7. We shall authorise our Client on a revocable basis to collect in his own name the accounts assigned to us, for as long as he is not in default with his payments to us, an application has not been made to open insolvency proceedings on his assets, no insolvency proceedings have been opened, or insolvency proceedings have been rejected on account of insufficient assets and our Client has not stopped trading or making payments. In each set of circumstances above we shall be entitled to revoke the authorisation given by us to the Client to collect accounts.
8. We shall undertake not to collect an account for as long as the Client fulfils his payment obligations to us, does not fall into arrears with his payments, an application has not been made to open insolvency proceedings on his assets, no insolvency proceedings have been opened, or insolvency proceedings have been rejected on account of insufficient assets and there is no other defect in his performance. If, however, this is the case, we may consequently demand that our Client informs us of the assigned accounts and the identity of the debtors and passes over all the information required by us to collect said accounts.
9. If the marketable value of the securities exceeds our accounts by more than 10% we shall, as the request of our Client, release them as we choose.
10. Even in the event that the full-cost pricing method is applied, tools shall not become the property of the Client – unless an agreement is made otherwise –. They shall remain our property.
§ 7 The Clients warranty claims
1. Provided that nothing is specified otherwise below, the statutory regulations shall apply for the Client’s rights in the event of quality defects or legal defects (including the wrong goods or quantity shortfalls being supplied as well as incorrect assembly or incorrect assembly instructions. In all cases the special statutory regulations governing the final delivery of the goods to a consumer shall apply (Entrepreneur’s right of recourse Sections 478 and 479 of the German Civil Code [BGB]).
2. Our liability for defects shall above all be based upon the agreement made governing the condition of the goods and/or performance service. Insofar as the condition was not agreed, assessment is to be made on the basis of the statutory regulations, as to whether a defect is extant or not (Section 434 Para 1 P 2 and 3 of the German Civil Code [BGB]). All product descriptions constituting the subject-matter of the individual contract shall be regarded as the agreement on the condition of the goods. It shall not make any difference here as to whether the product description comes from us, from the manufacturer or from our Client. We shall not accept any liability for public statements made by the manufacturer or other third parties (e.g. advertising messages).
3. The Client’s warranty claims shall be subject to the fulfilment by him of his statutory obligation of inspection and notification (Sections 377 and 381 of the German Commercial Code [HGB]). That means that the goods supplied are to be inspected carefully straight away after they have been handed over to the Client or to third parties instructed to do so by him. If during the inspection or subsequently a defect becomes apparent, we are to be notified of this straight away in writing. Notification will be regarded as having been made straight away if it is made within 7 working days, whereby the period of time allowed for notification will be satisfied if notification has been sent on time. Irrespective of this obligation of inspection and notification the Client shall have to notify us in writing of manifest defects (Including the delivery of incorrect goods or shortfalls in quantity) within 7 working days from delivery, whereby the period of time allowed for notification will be satisfied if notification has been sent on time. If the Client fails to carry out the inspection properly, and/or notify us of a defect, we cannot be held liable for defects of which we have not been notified.
4. If the thing supplied is defective, we may first of all decide whether to effect a cure by remedying the defect (repair) or by supplying a fault-free thing (replacement). Our right to refuse to effect a cure in accordance with the statutory regulations shall not be affected by the above.
5. We shall be entitled to make the cure owed dependent upon the Client having paid the purchase price due. The Client shall however, be entitled to retain a reasonable part of the purchase price in proportion to the defect.
6. The Client shall have to allow us the necessary time and opportunity to carry out the cure owed, in particular the rejected goods must be handed over for the purpose of inspection and/or if necessary for a cure at the place of fulfilment. In the event that a replacement is supplied, the Client shall have to provide the defective thing at the place of fulfilment carriage free. If the notified defect is justified, we shall remunerate the Client the costs of the cheapest despatch route. This shall not apply if the costs have been increased because they are located at another place other than the place of fulfilment. If, however, it turns out that the Client’s request for a defect to be rectified is unjustified, we may demand that the costs incurred by us for this are reimbursed by the Client, unless the Client was unable to identify that the goods were not defective.
Only in urgent cases, e.g. if operational safety is at risk or to avert disproportionate damages shall the Client be entitled to rectify the defect himself and to demand that we reimburse him the expenses incurred by him which are necessary from an objective view. We are to be informed straight away if the Client intends to carry out a repair himself, and beforehand if possible. The Client shall not be entitled to carry out a repair himself if we would have been entitled to effect a corresponding cure in accordance with the statutory regulations.
7. The cure shall not include the removal of the defective thing or reinstalling it again if we were not originally obliged to install it.
8. If the cure is unsuccessful or if a reasonable period of time to be set by the Client for the cure to be carried out has elapsed without a cure having been effected, or if such a period of time does not have to be set under the statutory regulations, the Client may withdraw from the contract or reduce the purchase price. The Client shall not, however, be entitled to withdraw from the contract on account of a minor defect.
9. The Client’s claims for compensation for damages or the reimbursement of expenditure he has incurred in vain shall only exist subject to the proviso of Section 9 and shall not otherwise be recognised.
10. When selling used movables, no rights on account of defects and all compensation claims for damages shall be recognised. The above regulations on the exclusion of compensation claims for damages for used things shall not apply for damages arising from death, personal injury or physical harm, if we are to blame for our obligations being breached and not for other damages attributable to intentional or grossly negligent breach of duty by us. Breaches of duty by our legal representatives or assistants shall be regarded as the equivalent of breaches committed by us. Claims asserted under the German Product Liability Act as well as if a product guarantee is furnished by us or if we accept the procurement risk shall not be affected by the above.
11. If products manufactured by other manufacturers (e.g. individual components, components of sub-assemblies) are defective and we are unable to remedy them for reasons attributable to licence law or actual reasons, we shall, as we choose, assert our warranty claims against the manufacturer and/or supplier on behalf of our Client or assign our claims to him. Warranty claims asserted against us shall only exist for such defects subject to other preconditions and in accordance with these T&Cs, if enforcement of the above-named claims against the manufacturer and supplier were unsuccessful in court or for example there is no prospect of success as a result of them being insolvent. During the legal dispute the period of limitation of the respective warranty claim of our Client towards us shall be suspended.
12. The warranty shall not be valid if the Client modifies the item supplied without our consent or allows it to be modified by third parties and as a result of this it becomes impossible or unreasonably more difficult to rectify the defect as a result thereof. In all cases our Client shall have to bear the additional costs of having the defect rectified as a result of the modification.
§ 8 Proprietary rights – Copyrights etc.
1. We shall reserve the title right and/or copyright to all the offers and cost estimates submitted by us as well as to those documents which we provide to our Client, such as, for example, drawings, diagrams, calculations, catalogues, models, tools and other documents and tools. The Client must not allow third parties access to such items or documents without our express consent either as such or their contents and he must not divulge them, use them himself or through third parties or reproduce them. Our Client must return them in full to us upon our request and destroy any copies of them there may be, if they are no longer required in a proper commercial transaction or if negotiations do not result in a contract being entered into. The above shall not apply for the storage of data provided electronically for the purposes of normal data back-up.
2. Each Party to the contract shall notify the other straight away, if claims are asserted against him on account of a breach of third party industrial proprietary rights or copyrights.
3. In cases in which the supplied item is in breach of a third party industrial proprietary right or copyright, we shall, as we choose, and at our expense, modify or replace the item supplied in such a way so that no third party rights are breached any longer, but the supplied item continued to fulfil the contractually agreed function or procure the right of use for our Client by entering into a licence agreement. If we are unable to do this within a reasonable period of time, our Client shall be entitled to withdraw from the contract or to reduce the purchase price as appropriate. Any compensation claims for damages our Client may have shall be subject to the restrictions in the following arrangements in Section 9.
4. If we manufacture to the instructions of our Client, or if we render services to his specifications, the Client shall be obliged to exempt us from any third party claims which may be asserted against us on account of breaches of proprietary rights / copyrights and such like.
Section 9 Compensation for damages, other liability
1. Insofar as there is nothing stated otherwise in these T&Cs including the following provisions, we shall be liable for in the event of a breach of contractual and non-contractual obligations in accordance with the relevant statutory regulations.
2. We shall be liable for compensation for damages – regardless of whatever legal reason upon which they are based – in line with the liability for fault if in cases of intent and gross negligence. In cases of ordinary negligence we shall be liable subject to a more lenient scope of liability in accordance with statutory regulations (e.g. for care in one’s own matters) only
a) for damages arising from death, personal injury or physical harm,
b) for damages arising from a breach of an important contractual duty (that means an obligation the fulfilment of which makes it possible to carry out the contract properly in the first place and upon compliance with which the other Party to the contract normally relies and may rely). In this case our liability shall however be limited to the reimbursement of foreseeable damages typically occurring.
3. The limitations of liability arising in Paragraph 2 above shall not apply, insofar as we have maliciously concealed a defect or if we have furnished a guarantee for the condition of the goods. The same shall apply for the Client’s claims under the German Product Liability Act and in the event of fraudulent intent on our part.
4. The Client may only withdraw from the contract or serve notice of termination on account of a breach of duty not consisting of a defect, if we are to blame for the breach of duty. The Client shall not be entitled to an unrestricted right of termination (in particular in accordance with Sections 651 and 649 of the German Civil Code [BGB]). Moreover, the statutory preconditions and legal consequences shall apply.
5. The above exclusions of liability shall apply to the same extent for our executive bodies, legal representatives, salaried staff and other assistants.
6. Insofar as our colleagues pass over technical information or act in an advisory capacity, and this information or advice is not included in the contractually agreed scope of performance owed by us, this shall be done on a cost-free basis with no liability.
§ 10 Period of limitation
1. Notwithstanding Section 438 Para 1 No 3 of the German Civil Code [BGB], the general period of limitation for claims based upon quality defects and legal defects shall be one year from delivery. Insofar as acceptance test has been agreed, the period of limitation shall begin when acceptance has been granted.
2. If the goods are, however, a structure or a thing which has been used in accordance with its normal method of use for a structure and has caused it to be defective (Building material), the period of limitation in accordance with the statutory regulation shall be 5 years from delivery (Section 438 Para 1 No 2 of the German Civil Code [BGB]). Statutory special arrangements for real third party claims to surrender (Section 438 Para 1 No 1 of the German Civil Code [BGB]), shall not be affected in the event of fraudulent intent on the part of the Client (Section 438 Para 3 of the German Civil Code [BGB]) and for claims when the entrepreneur has recourse against suppliers for final delivery to a consumer (Section 479 of the German Civil Code [BGB]).
3. The above period of limitation of the law on sales shall also apply for the Client’s contractual and non-contractual compensation claims for damages based upon defective goods, unless the application of the normal statutory period of limitation (Sections 195 and 199 of the German Civil Code [BGB]) would in a given instance result in a shorter period of limitation. The Client’s compensation claims for damages in accordance with Section 9 Para 2 P 1 and P 2 a) as well as under the German Product Liability Act shall, however, only become time-barred in accordance with the statutory period of limitation regulations.
§ 11 Choice of law and Place of jurisdiction etc.
1. These T&Cs and all legal relationships between us and the Client shall be governed by the law of the Federal Republic of Germany. However, uniform international law and in particular, the UN law on sales [CISG] shall not apply. Preconditions and effects of the reservation of title in accordance with Section 6 shall be governed by the law of the respective storage place, insofar as accordingly the choice of law made favouring German law is not allowed or invalid.
3. If the Client is a registered trader within the meaning of the German Commercial Code, a legal entity in accordance with public law or a public-law special fund, the sole place of jurisdiction – for transactions of an international nature as well – for all disputes arising directly or indirectly from the contractual relationship shall be the courts having jurisdiction where our Company is based. We shall, however, also be entitled to sue the Client at his general place of jurisdiction.
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The Rise of Superman
Summary written by: Justin Gasbarre
"The data is clear. Flow is the very thing that makes us come alive."
- The Rise of Superman, page x
After studying top action sports athletes for over a decade and conducting extensive research on human performance for over twenty years, Steven Kotler, the award-winning journalist and New York Times bestselling author of The Rise of Superman, has gained insights about the elusive state of consciousness (flow) that athletes use to perform at the highest of levels.
Getting in the zone has produced some of the world’s most incredible achievements, yet it still remains a mystery of sorts. The book shares the findings of Kotler’s work on flow through the incredible stories of athletes in the action sports world. Kotler examines a few people in particular, including big wave surfing legend Laird Hamilton, snowboarder Jeremy Jones, and the Red Bull Air Force/skateboarding legend Danny Way. “Researchers now believe flow (more commonly known as being/getting ‘in the zone’) sits at the heart of almost every athletic championship, underpins major scientific breakthroughs, and accounts for significant progress in the arts,” writes Kotler. These athletes have done the impossible time and time again and would not have been successful in their achievements if it weren’t for their ability to get into flow.
While the majority of us aren’t professional action sport athletes, there is a lot to learn from them, particularly about one’s ability to get into a flow state when we need to the most. The book is a great blend of interesting stories and interviews, as well as the latest research on the topic of human performance.
"Most people live in a very restricted circle of their potential being. They make use of a very small portion of their possible consciousness, and of their soul’s resources in general, much like a man who, out of his whole organism, should get into a habit of using and moving only his little finger."
- The Rise of Superman, page 11
Let’s begin by defining terms. “Flow is an optimal state of consciousness, a peak state where we both feel our best and perform our best. It is a transformation available to anyone, anywhere, provided that certain initial conditions are met.” Flow has been this elusive “thing” that we hear more and more about, and usually in the context of sports. Many say that the topic of flow came into mainstream awareness in the 90’s with Phil Jackson, Michael Jordan and the Chicago Bulls basketball dynasty.
Kolter studies action sports athletes, which happen to be among the easiest to monitor the effects of getting into and performing in a peak flow state.
The reason for this is because of the immediate feedback loops and consequences if they do not achieve their desired goal, i.e. a skateboarder who crashes hard on a ramp trick or Michael Jordan missing a shot at the buzzer to lose the game. Danny Way explains it like this: “it’s either find the zone or suffer the consequences—there’s no other choice available.”
If you’re like me, you’re thinking this is all really interesting, however I’m not Michael Jordan nor am I an extreme sports athlete, so how can flow impact me and how do I get into that state? While the consequences for us may not be as severe, there are some common conditions and triggers for entering a flow state which I’ll explain below.
Conditions for flow
"No one ever has a bad time in a flow state."
Kolter begins to explore the conditions for flow with a story about Laird Hamilton, the famous big wave surfer, and how he used his flow state to conquer riding the giant waves of Teahupoo.
“Within this experience,” Kolter explains, “we discover three of the more curious and basic properties of flow: the profound mental clarity provided by the state; the emotional detachment that tends to accompany this clarity; and a hint of automatic nature – how one right decision always leads to the next right decision.” When you’re in the zone, all of those experiences combine to help propel you to doing great things.
Kolter names the three characteristics that are considered the top conditions for flow, courtesy of Mihály Csíkszentmihályi, the godfather of flow:
Clear goals
Immediate feedback
Challenge/skill ration
If you’re able to set up an environment that provides those three conditions, you are on your way to entering your peak flow state.
Two flow hacks
"And the average person–you and me–must be willing to fail, look foolish, and fall flat on our faces should we wish to enter this state."
- The Rise of Superman, page 102
Among the biggest flow hacks are environment and risk. If we aren’t in an environment where risk is present then we will not enter the flow state and get the benefits of accelerated performance. The author clearly states that the risk does not need to be physical risk. For example, if public speaking is something that scares you, by merely doing the act, the same triggers occur in your brain, taking you one step closer to entering the zone.
Another simple flow hack is humility. Kolter quotes Dr. James Olds, who says “when you’re arrogant and egotistical, you’re shutting out complexity, novelty and unpredictability to preserve a distorted self-image.” What Dr. Olds is saying here is that having humility allows us to be open and more receptive to the information coming in and at us so that we’re learning, reacting and staying in the zone.
“What the world needs most is Superman. What the worlds needs most is us.”
The Rise of Superman by Steven Kolter is such a fascinating read that helps to peel back the research and data behind entering your peak performance state. For many of us, flow is an elusive state, however, with the awareness and insight to put ourselves into the environments that get us into our flow state, we can all enter that phone booth and transform from Clark Kent to Superman.
ABOUT Justin Gasbarre
I am a Sales Professional who's passionate about helping and serving others. I currently work as an Enterprise Client Partner with FranklinCovey and consult with executives, business unit leaders, and human resources professionals to help them build their organizational talent...
Steven Kotler
Steven Kotler is a bestselling author and an award-winning journalist. His books include the non-fiction works: Abundance, A Small, Furry Prayer,...
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On Sept. 11 anniversary, appeals to remember as time passes
Author: Jennifer Peltz
, Jonathan Lemire
NEW YORK — Relatives of Sept. 11 victims marked the anniversary of the terror attacks Friday at ground zero with grief, gratitude and appeals to keep the toll front of mind after the passage of 14 years.
Over 1,000 people — fewer than thronged the observance in its early years — gathered for what has become a tradition of tolling bells, moments of silence and the reading of the names of the nearly 3,000 people killed in the terror strikes at the World Trade Center, the Pentagon and a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania.
"We come every year. The crowds get smaller, but we want to be here. As long as I'm breathing, I'll be here," said Tom Acquaviva, 81, who lost his son, Paul Acquaviva.
Carrying photos emblazoned with the names of their loved ones, victims' relatives praised first responders, thanked the armed forces and hoped for peace and security: "Pray to our God to keep America safe and give the politicians the knowledge to keep America safe," said Maria Perez, who lost her son, Anthony Perez.
One woman in the crowd collapsed during the ceremony, apparently overcome by grief; bystanders helped her to her feet. But mostly, victims' relatives sent personal messages of enduring loss and remembrance to loved ones some had never even had the chance to know.
"Please know," Kristin Vanacore said to the memory of her brother, Edward Raymond Vanacore, "that you and all of the other victims will never be forgotten."
In Washington, President Barack Obama and first lady Michelle Obama stepped out of the White House at 8:46 a.m. — when the first plane hit the north tower — to observe a moment of silence. Later Friday, President Obama was scheduled to observe the anniversary with a visit to Fort Meade, Maryland, in recognition of the military's work to protect the country.
The Flight 93 National Memorial near Shanksville in western Pennsylvania was marking the completion of its $26 million visitor center, which opened to the public Thursday. At the Pentagon, Defense Secretary Ash Carter and other officials were joining in remembrances for victims' relatives and Pentagon employees.
Sacramento, California, was commemorating 9/11 in conjunction with a parade honoring three friends who tackled a heavily armed gunman on a Paris-bound high-speed train last month. Two tunnels in Idaho Springs, Colorado, were renamed the Veterans Memorial Tunnels, and a cross-shaped steel sculpture taken from the rubble of the World Trade Center went on display at Dallas Love Field airport.
Some Americans were observing the anniversary in their own ways.
"I don't go to the memorial. I don't watch it on TV. But I make sure, every year, I observe a moment of silence at 8:46," electrician Jeff Doran, 41, said Friday as he stood across the street from the trade center, where the signature, 1,776-foot One World Trade Center tower has opened since last Sept. 11.
After years of private commemorations at ground zero, the anniversary now has become an occasion for public reflection on the site of the terror attacks.
An estimated 20,000 people flocked to the memorial plaza on the evening of Sept. 11 last year, the first year the public was able to visit on the anniversary. The plaza was to open three hours earlier after the anniversary ceremony.
In Washington, some members of Congress planned to spend part of the anniversary discussing federal funding for the ground zero memorial. The House Natural Resources Committee has scheduled a hearing Friday on a proposal to provide up to $25 million a year for the plaza. The federal government contributed heavily to building the institution; leaders have tried unsuccessfully for years to get Washington to chip in for annual costs, as well.
An estimated 21 million people have visited the plaza for free since its 2011 opening. The museum, which charges up to $24 per ticket, has seen almost 3.6 million visitors since its May 2014 opening, topping projections by about 5 percent.
This year's anniversary also comes as advocates for 9/11 responders and survivors are pushing Congress to extend two federal programs that promised billions of dollars in compensation and medical care. Both programs are set to expire next year.
Army Sgt. Edwin Morales had those responders in mind as he attended the ground zero ceremony in remembrance of his cousin firefighter Ruben "Dave" Correa.
"People are still dying because of what happened," both on battlefields and from illnesses that some who responded to the attacks have developed after exposure to toxic dust, Morales said.
After Jyothi Shah read names in memory of her slain husband, Jayesh Shantitlal Shah, she paused to send him her love and the public her appreciation.
"My kids and I would like to humbly thank everyone who has helped us, through the last 14 years, to be able to gently go through the sorrows, the suffering, the pain," she said. "Thank you all very much — the city, the nation, the friends, the family."
Associated Press writer Karen Matthews contributed to this report.
Jennifer Peltz
Jonathan Lemire
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WikiMili The Free Encyclopedia
Systematic killing of Armenians residing in the Ottoman Empire
Part of the late Ottoman genocides [1] [2]
Armenian civilians, escorted by Ottoman soldiers, marched through Harput (Kharpert) to a prison in nearby Mezireh (present-day Elâzığ), April 1915
Republic of Turkey
1914–1923 [note 1]
Armenian population
Attack type
Deportation, genocide, mass murder, starvation
c. 1.5 million (disputed) [note 2]
Ottoman Empire (Committee of Union and Progress)
Anti-Armenian sentiment, [8] Turkification
History of Armenia
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c. 6500–3400 BCE
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(?) 2492 BCE
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301 CE
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The Armenian Genocide (Armenian : Հայոց ցեղասպանություն, [note 3] Hayots tseghaspanutyun), also known as the Armenian Holocaust, [9] was the Ottoman government's systematic extermination of 1.5 million Armenians, [note 2] mostly citizens within the Ottoman Empire. [10] [11] The starting date is conventionally held to be 24 April 1915, the day that Ottoman authorities rounded up, arrested, and deported from Constantinople (now Istanbul) to the region of Angora (Ankara), 235 to 270 Armenian intellectuals and community leaders, the majority of whom were eventually murdered. The genocide was carried out during and after World War I and implemented in two phases—the wholesale killing of the able-bodied male population through massacre and subjection of army conscripts to forced labour, followed by the deportation of women, children, the elderly, and the infirm on death marches leading to the Syrian Desert. Driven forward by military escorts, the deportees were deprived of food and water and subjected to periodic robbery, rape, and massacre. [12] Other ethnic groups were similarly targeted for extermination in the Assyrian genocide and the Greek genocide, and their treatment is considered by some historians to be part of the same genocidal policy. [1] [2] Most Armenian diaspora communities around the world came into being as a direct result of the genocide. [13]
The Armenian language is an Indo-European language that is the only language in the Armenian branch. It is the official language of Armenia as well as the de facto Republic of Artsakh. Historically being spoken throughout the Armenian Highlands, today, Armenian is widely spoken throughout the Armenian diaspora. Armenian is written in its own writing system, the Armenian alphabet, introduced in 405 AD by Mesrop Mashtots.
The Imperial Government of the Ottoman Empire was the government structure added to the Ottoman governing structure during the Second Constitutional Era. The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) was in power between 1908 and 1918. In this period, most of the ministers were also from the CUP.
Armenians are an ethnic group native to the Armenian Highlands of Western Asia.
Armenians under Ottoman rule
Reform, 1840s–1880s
Armenian national liberation movement
Hamidian massacres, 1894–1896
Prelude to the genocide
Young Turk Revolution of 1908
Adana massacre of 1909
Conflict in the Balkans and Russia
Labour battalions
Van, April 1915
Arrest and deportation of Armenian notables, April 1915
"Special Organization"
Confiscation of property
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Armenian population, deaths, survivors, 1914 to 1923
Eyewitness accounts and reports
U.S. Mission in the Ottoman Empire
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Scandinavian missionaries and diplomats
Studies on the Genocide
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Republic of Armenia and the Genocide
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Raphael Lemkin was moved specifically by the annihilation of the Armenians to define systematic and premeditated exterminations within legal parameters and coin the word genocide in 1943. [14] The Armenian Genocide is acknowledged to have been one of the first modern genocides, [15] [16] [17] because scholars point to the organized manner in which the killings were carried out. It is the second most-studied case of genocide after the Holocaust. [18]
Raphael Lemkin, Polish: Rafał Lemkin was a lawyer of Polish-Jewish descent who is best known for coining the word genocide and initiating the Genocide Convention. Lemkin coined the word genocide in 1943 or 1944 from genos and -cide.
Genocide is intentional action to destroy a group of people in whole or in part. The hybrid word "genocide" is a combination of the Greek word γένος and the Latin suffix -caedo. The term genocide was coined by Raphael Lemkin in his 1944 book Axis Rule in Occupied Europe;
The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the World War II genocide of the European Jews. Between 1941 and 1945, across German-occupied Europe, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews, around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. The murders were carried out in pogroms and mass shootings; by a policy of extermination through labour in concentration camps; and in gas chambers and gas vans in German extermination camps, chiefly Auschwitz, Bełżec, Chełmno, Majdanek, Sobibór, and Treblinka in occupied Poland.
Turkey denies that the word genocide is an accurate term for these crimes but in recent years has been faced with increasing calls to recognize them as such. [19] As of 2019 [update] , governments and parliaments of 31 countries, including Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, Italy and Russia, as well as 49 states out of 50 of the United States, [note 4] have recognized the events as a genocide. [20]
Armenian Genocide denial is the act of denying the planned systematic genocide of 1.5 million Armenians during World War I, conducted by the Ottoman government. Turkey similarly denies the genocides perpetrated against indigenous Assyrians and Greeks during the same period. As form of denialism, it can be compared to similar negationist historical revisionisms such as Holocaust denial and Nanking Massacre denial.
Further information: Genocide
The Armenian Genocide took place before the coining of the term genocide. English-language words and phrases used by contemporary accounts to characterise the event include "massacres", "atrocities", "annihilation", "holocaust", "the murder of a nation", "race extermination" and "a crime against humanity". [21] Raphael Lemkin coined "genocide" in 1943, with the fate of the Armenians in mind; he later explained that: "it happened so many times ... It happened to the Armenians, then after the Armenians Hitler took action." [22]
The survivors of the genocide used a number of Armenian terms to name the event. Mouradian writes that Yeghern (Crime/Catastrophe), or variants like Medz Yeghern (Great Crime) and Abrilian Yeghern (the April Crime) were the terms most commonly used. [23] The name Aghed, usually translated as "Catastrophe", was, according to Beledian, the term most often used in Armenian literature to name the event. [24] After the coining of the term genocide, the portmanteau word Armenocide was also used as a name for the Armenian Genocide. [25]
Works that seek to deny the Armenian Genocide often attach qualifying words against the term genocide, such as "so-called", "alleged" or "disputed," or characterise it as a "controversy", or dismiss it as "Armenian allegations", "Armenian claims" [26] or "Armenian lies", or employ euphemisms to avoid the word genocide, such as calling it a "tragedy for both sides", or "the events of 1915". [27] [ non-primary source needed ] American President Barack Obama's use of the term Medz Yeghern when referring to the Armenian Genocide has been described "as a means of avoiding the word genocide". [28]
Barack Hussein Obama II is an American attorney and politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the first African American to be elected to the presidency. He previously served as a U.S. senator from Illinois from 2005 to 2008 and an Illinois state senator from 1997 to 2004.
Several international organizations have conducted studies of the atrocities, each in turn determining that the term "genocide" aptly describes "the Ottoman massacre of Armenians in 1915–16". [29] Among the organizations affirming this conclusion are the International Center for Transitional Justice, [29] the International Association of Genocide Scholars, [30] and the United Nations' Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities. [31]
In 2005, the International Association of Genocide Scholars affirmed that scholarly evidence revealed the "Young Turk government of the Ottoman Empire began a systematic genocide of its Armenian citizens – an unarmed Christian minority population. [32] More than a million Armenians were exterminated through direct killing, starvation, torture, and forced death marches". The IAGS also condemned Turkish attempts to deny the factual and moral reality of the Armenian Genocide. In 2007, the Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity produced a letter [33] signed by 53 Nobel Laureates re-affirming the Genocide Scholars' conclusion that the 1915 killings of Armenians constituted genocide. [34]
Audio recording of Section 3 of Martyred Armenia, by Fa'iz El-Ghusein
Bat Ye'or has suggested that "the genocide of the Armenians was a jihad". [35] Ye'or holds jihad and what she calls "dhimmitude" to be among the "principles and values" that led to the Armenian Genocide. [36] This perspective is challenged by Fà'iz el-Ghusein, a Bedouin Arab witness of the Armenian persecution, whose 1918 treatise aimed "to refute beforehand inventions and slanders against the Faith of Islam and against Moslems generally ... [W]hat the Armenians have suffered is to be attributed to the Committee of Union and Progress ... [I]t has been due to their nationalist fanaticism and their jealousy of the Armenians, and to these alone; the Faith of Islam is guiltless of their deeds". [37] :49 Arnold Toynbee writes that "the Young Turks made Pan-Islamism and Turkish Nationalism work together for their ends, but the development of their policy shows the Islamic element receding and the Nationalist gaining ground". [38] Toynbee and various other sources report that many Armenians were spared death by marrying into Turkish families or converting to Islam. Concerned that Westerners would come to regard the "extermination of the Armenians" as "a black stain on the history of Islam, which the ages will not efface", El-Ghusein also observes that many Armenian converts were put to death. [37] :39 In one instance, when an Islamic leader appealed to spare Armenian converts to Islam, El-Ghusein quotes a government official as responding that "politics have no religion", before sending the converts to their deaths. [37] :49
Main articles: Armenians in the Ottoman Empire and Ottoman Armenian population
The western portion of historical Armenia, known as Western Armenia, had come under Ottoman jurisdiction by the Peace of Amasya (1555) and was permanently divided from Eastern Armenia by the Treaty of Zuhab (1639). [39] Thereafter, the region was alternatively referred to as "Turkish" or "Ottoman" Armenia. [40] The vast majority of Armenians were grouped together into a semi-autonomous community, the Armenian millet, which was led by one of the spiritual heads of the Armenian Apostolic Church, the Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople. Armenians were mainly concentrated in the eastern provinces of the Ottoman Empire, although large communities were also found in the western provinces, as well as in the capital, Constantinople.
The Armenian community was made up of three religious denominations: Armenian Catholic, Armenian Protestant, and Armenian Apostolic, the Church of the vast majority of Armenians. Under the millet system, the Armenian community was allowed to rule itself under its own system of governance with fairly little interference from the Ottoman government. Most Armenians—approximately 70%—lived in poor and dangerous conditions in the rural countryside, with the exception of the wealthy, Constantinople-based Amira class, a social elite whose members included the Duzians (Directors of the Imperial Mint), the Balyans (Chief Imperial Architects) and the Dadians (Superintendent of the Gunpowder Mills and manager of industrial factories). [41] [42] Ottoman census figures clash with the statistics collected by the Armenian Patriarchate, but according to the latter, there were almost three million Armenians living in the empire in 1878 (400,000 in Constantinople and the Balkans, 600,000 in Asia Minor and Cilicia, 670,000 in Lesser Armenia and the area near Kayseri, and 1,300,000 in Western Armenia). [43]
In the eastern provinces, the Armenians were subject to the whims of their Turkish and Kurdish neighbors, who would regularly overtax them, subject them to brigandage and kidnapping, force them to convert to Islam, and otherwise exploit them without interference from central or local authorities. [42] In the Ottoman Empire, in accordance with the dhimmi system implemented in Muslim countries, they, like all other Christians and also Jews, were accorded certain freedoms. The dhimmi system in the Ottoman Empire was largely based upon the Pact of Umar. The client status established the rights of the non-Muslims to property, livelihood and freedom of worship, but they were in essence treated as second-class citizens in the empire and referred to in Turkish as gavours , a pejorative word meaning "infidel" or "unbeliever". The clause of the Pact of Umar which prohibited non-Muslims from building new places of worship was historically imposed on some communities of the Ottoman Empire and ignored in other cases, at the discretion of local authorities. Although there were no laws mandating religious ghettos, this led to non-Muslim communities being clustered around existing houses of worship. [44] [45]
In addition to other legal limitations, Christians were not considered equals to Muslims and several prohibitions were placed on them. Testimony against Muslims by Christians and Jews was inadmissible in courts of law wherein a Muslim could be punished; this meant that their testimony could only be considered in commercial cases. They were forbidden to carry weapons or ride atop horses and camels. Their houses could not overlook those of Muslims; and their religious practices were severely circumscribed, e.g., the ringing of church bells was strictly forbidden. [44] [46]
Main article: Armenian Question
German ethnographic map of Asia Minor and Caucasus in 1914. Armenians are labeled in blue.
In the mid-19th century, the three major European powers, Great Britain, France and Russia, began to question the Ottoman Empire's treatment of its Christian minorities and pressure it to grant equal rights to all its subjects. From 1839 to the declaration of a constitution in 1876, the Ottoman government instituted the Tanzimat, a series of reforms designed to improve the status of minorities. Nevertheless, most of the reforms were never implemented because the empire's Muslim population rejected the principle of equality for Christians. By the late 1870s, the Greeks, along with several other Christian nations in the Balkans, frustrated with their conditions, had, often with the help of the Entente powers, broken free of Ottoman rule. [47] :192 [48]
The Armenians remained, by and large, passive during these years, earning them the title of millet-i sadika or the "loyal millet". [49] In the mid-1860s and early 1870s this passivity gave way to new currents of thinking in Armenian society. Led by intellectuals educated at European universities or American missionary schools in Turkey, Armenians began to question their second-class status and press for better treatment from their government. In one such instance, after amassing the signatures of peasants from Western Armenia, the Armenian Communal Council petitioned the Ottoman government to redress their principal grievances: "the looting and murder in Armenian towns by [Muslim] Kurds and Circassians, improprieties during tax collection, criminal behavior by government officials and the refusal to accept Christians as witnesses in trial". The Ottoman government considered these grievances and promised to punish those responsible, but no meaningful steps to do so were ever taken. [46] :36
Following the violent suppression of Christians during the Great Eastern Crisis, particularly in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria and Serbia, the United Kingdom and France invoked the 1856 Treaty of Paris by claiming that it gave them the right to intervene and protect the Ottoman Empire's Christian minorities. [46] :35ff Under growing pressure, the government of Sultan Abdul Hamid II declared itself a constitutional monarchy with a parliament (which was almost immediately prorogued) and entered into negotiations with the powers. At the same time, the Armenian patriarch of Constantinople, Nerses II, forwarded Armenian complaints of widespread "forced land seizure ... forced conversion of women and children, arson, protection extortion, rape, and murder" to the Powers. [46] :37
The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 ended with Russia's decisive victory and its army in occupation of large parts of eastern Turkey, but not before entire Armenian districts had been devastated by massacres carried out with the connivance of Ottoman authorities. In the wake of these events, Patriarch Nerses and his emissaries made repeated approaches to Russian leaders to urge the inclusion of a clause granting local self-government to the Armenians in the forthcoming Treaty of San Stefano, which was signed on 3 March 1878. The Russians were receptive and drew up the clause, but the Ottomans flatly rejected it during negotiations. In its place, the two sides agreed on a clause making the Sublime Porte's implementation of reforms in the Armenian provinces a condition of Russia's withdrawal, thus designating Russia the guarantor of the reforms. [50] The clause entered the treaty as Article 16 and marked the first appearance of what came to be known in European diplomacy as the Armenian Question .
On receiving a copy of the treaty, Britain promptly objected to it and particularly Article 16, which it saw as ceding too much influence to Russia. It immediately pushed for a congress of the great powers to be convened to discuss and revise the treaty, leading to the Congress of Berlin in June–July 1878. [note 5] Patriarch Nerses sent a delegation led by his distinguished predecessor, Archbishop Khrimian Hayrik, to speak for the Armenians, but it was not admitted into the sessions on the grounds that it did not represent a country. Confined to the periphery, the delegation did its best to contact the representatives of the powers and argue the case for Armenian administrative autonomy within the Ottoman Empire, but to little effect.
Following an understanding reached with Ottoman representatives, Britain drew up an emasculated version of Article 16 to replace the original, a clause that retained the call for reforms, but omitted any reference to the Russian occupation, thereby dispensing with the principal guarantee of their implementation. Despite an ambiguous reference to Great Power supervision, the clause failed to offset the removal of the Russian guarantee with any tangible equivalent, thus leaving the timing and fate of the reforms to the discretion of the Sublime Porte. [46] :38–39 The clause was readily adopted as Article 61 of the Treaty of Berlin on the last day of the Congress, 13 July 1878, to the deep disappointment of the Armenian delegation.
Main article: Armenian national liberation movement
Prospects for reforms faded rapidly following the signing of the Berlin treaty, as security conditions in the Armenian provinces went from bad to worse and abuses proliferated. Upset with this turn of events, a number of disillusioned Armenian intellectuals living in Europe and Russia decided to form political parties and societies dedicated to the betterment of their compatriots in the Ottoman Empire. In the last quarter of the 19th century, this movement came to be dominated by three parties: the Armenakan, whose influence was limited to Van, the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party, and the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnaktsutiun). Ideological differences aside, all the parties had the common goal of achieving better social conditions for the Armenians of the Ottoman Empire through self-defense [52] and advocating increased European pressure on the Ottoman government to implement the promised reforms.
Main article: Hamidian massacres
Corpses of massacred Armenians in Erzurum in 1895.
Soon after the Treaty of Berlin was signed, Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876–1909) attempted to forestall the implementation of its reform provisions by asserting that Armenians did not make up a majority in the provinces and that their reports of abuses were largely exaggerated or false. In 1890, Abdul Hamid created a paramilitary outfit known as the Hamidiye, which was mostly made up of Kurdish irregulars tasked to "deal with the Armenians as they wished". [45] :40 As Ottoman officials intentionally provoked rebellions (often as a result of over-taxation) in Armenian populated towns, such as in Sasun in 1894 and Zeitun in 1895–1896, those regiments were increasingly used to deal with the Armenians by way of oppression and massacre. In some instances, Armenians successfully fought off the regiments and in 1895 brought the excesses to the attention of the Great Powers, who subsequently condemned the Porte. [46] :40–42
In May 1895, the Powers forced Abdul Hamid to sign a new reform package designed to curtail the powers of the Hamidiye, but, like the Berlin Treaty, it was never implemented. On 1 October 1895, 2,000 Armenians assembled in Constantinople to petition for the implementation of the reforms, but Ottoman police units violently broke the rally up. [45] :57–58 Soon, massacres of Armenians broke out in Constantinople and then engulfed the rest of the Armenian-populated provinces of Bitlis, Diyarbekir, Erzurum, Harput, Sivas, Trabzon, and Van. Estimates differ on how many Armenians were killed, but European documentation of the pogroms, which became known as the Hamidian massacres, placed the figures at between 100,000 and 300,000. [54]
Although Hamid was never directly implicated, it is believed that the massacres had his tacit approval. [46] :42 Frustrated with European indifference to the massacres, a group of members of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation seized the European-managed Ottoman Bank on 26 August 1896. This incident brought further sympathy for Armenians in Europe and was lauded by the European and American press, which vilified Hamid and painted him as the "great assassin", "bloody Sultan", and "Abdul the Damned". [45] :35, 115 The Great Powers vowed to take action and enforce new reforms, which never came to fruition due to conflicting political and economic interests.
Main article: Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
Main article: Young Turk Revolution
Armenians of Constantinople celebrating the establishment of the CUP government
On 24 July 1908, Armenians' hopes for equality in the Ottoman Empire brightened when a coup d'état staged by officers in the Ottoman Third Army based in Salonika removed Abdul Hamid II from power and restored the country to a constitutional monarchy. The officers were part of the Young Turk movement that wanted to reform administration of the perceived decadent state of the Ottoman Empire and modernize it to European standards. [55] The movement was an anti-Hamidian coalition made up of two distinct groups, the liberal constitutionalists and the nationalists. The former were more democratic and accepting of Armenians, whereas the latter were less tolerant of Armenians and their frequent requests for European assistance. [45] :140–41 In 1902, during a congress of the Young Turks held in Paris, the heads of the liberal wing, Sabahaddin and Ahmed Riza Bey, partially persuaded the nationalists to include in their objectives ensuring some rights for all the minorities of the empire.
One of the numerous factions within the Young Turk movement was a secret revolutionary organization called the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP). It drew its membership from disaffected army officers based in Salonika and was behind a wave of mutinies against the central government. In 1908, elements of the Third Army and the Second Army Corps declared their opposition to the Sultan and threatened to march on the capital to depose him. Hamid, shaken by the wave of resentment, stepped down from power as Armenians, Greeks, Assyrians, Arabs, Bulgarians and Turks alike rejoiced in his dethronement. [45] :143–44
Main article: Adana massacre
The Armenian quarter after the massacres in Adana in 1909
A countercoup took place in early 1909, ultimately resulting in the 31 March Incident on 13 April 1909. Some reactionary Ottoman military elements, joined by Islamic theological students, aimed to return control of the country to the Sultan and the rule of Islamic law. Riots and fighting broke out between the reactionary forces and CUP forces, until the CUP was able to put down the uprising and court-martial the opposition leaders.
While the movement initially targeted the Young Turk government, it spilled over into pogroms against Armenians who were perceived as having supported the restoration of the constitution. [46] :68–69 About 4,000 Turkish civilians and soldiers participated in the rampage. [56] Estimates of the number of Armenians killed in the course of the Adana massacre range between 15,000 and 30,000 people. [46] :69 [57]
In 1912, the First Balkan War broke out and ended with the defeat of the Ottoman Empire as well as the loss of 85% of its European territory. Many in the empire saw their defeat as "Allah's divine punishment for a society that did not know how to pull itself together". [46] :84 The Turkish nationalist movement in the country gradually came to view Anatolia as their last refuge. The Armenian population formed a significant minority in this region.
An important consequence of the Balkan Wars was also the mass expulsion of Muslims (known as muhacirs ) from the Balkans. Beginning in the mid-19th century, hundreds of thousands of Muslims, including Turks, Circassians, and Chechens, were forcibly expelled and others voluntarily migrated from the Caucasus and the Balkans (Rumelia) as a result of the Russo-Turkish wars, the Circassian genocide and the conflicts in the Balkans. Muslim society in the empire was incensed by this flood of refugees. A journal published in Constantinople expressed the mood of the times: "Let this be a warning ... O Muslims, don't get comfortable! Do not let your blood cool before taking revenge". [46] :86 As many as 850,000 of these refugees were settled in areas where the Armenians resided. The muhacirs resented the status of their relatively well-off neighbors and, as historian Taner Akçam and others have noted, some of them came to play a pivotal role in the killings of the Armenians and the confiscation of their properties during the genocide. [46] :86–87
See also: Middle Eastern theatre of World War I
On 2 November 1914, the Ottoman Empire opened the Middle Eastern theater of World War I by entering hostilities on the side of the Central Powers and against the Allies. The battles of the Caucasus Campaign, the Persian Campaign and the Gallipoli Campaign affected several populous Armenian centers. Before entering the war, the Ottoman government had sent representatives to the Armenian congress at Erzurum to persuade Ottoman Armenians to facilitate its conquest of Transcaucasia by inciting an insurrection of Russian Armenians against the Russian army in the event a Caucasus front was opened. [46] :136 [58] On 24 December 1914, Minister of War Enver Pasha implemented a plan to encircle and destroy the Russian Caucasus Army at Sarikamish in order to regain territories lost to Russia after the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878. Enver Pasha's forces were routed in the battle, and almost completely destroyed. Returning to Constantinople, Enver Pasha publicly blamed his defeat on Armenians in the region having actively sided with the Russians. [45] :200 In November 1914 Shaykh ul-Islam proclaimed Jihad (Holy War) against the Christians: this was later used as a factor to provoke radical masses in the implementation of the Armenian Genocide. [59]
Further information: Ottoman labour battalions
On 25 February 1915, the Ottoman General Staff released the War Minister Enver Pasha's Directive 8682 on "Increased security and precautions" to all military units calling for the removal of all ethnic Armenians serving in the Ottoman forces from their posts and for their demobilization. They were assigned to the unarmed Labour battalions (Turkish: amele taburları). The directive accused the Armenian Patriarchate of releasing State secrets to the Russians. Enver Pasha explained this decision as "out of fear that they would collaborate with the Russians". [60] Traditionally, the Ottoman Army only drafted non-Muslim males between the ages of 20 and 45 into the regular army. The younger (15–20) and older (45–60) non-Muslim soldiers had always been used as logistical support through the labour battalions. Before February, some of the Armenian recruits were utilized as labourers (hamals), though they would ultimately be executed. [61] Transferring Armenian conscripts from active combat to passive, unarmed logistic sections was an important precursor to the subsequent genocide. As reported in The Memoirs of Naim Bey , the execution of the Armenians in these battalions was part of a premeditated strategy of the CUP. Many of these Armenian recruits were executed by local Turkish gangs. [45] :178
Further information: Siege of Van
Armed Armenian civilians and self-defense units during the Siege of Van in April–May 1915
On 19 April 1915, Jevdet Bey demanded that the city of Van immediately furnish him 4,000 soldiers under the pretext of conscription. However, it was clear to the Armenian population that his goal was to massacre the able-bodied men of Van so that there would be no defenders. Jevdet Bey had already used his official writ in nearby villages, ostensibly to search for arms, but in fact to initiate wholesale massacres. [45] :202 The Armenians offered five hundred soldiers and exemption money for the rest in order to buy time, but Jevdet Bey accused the Armenians of "rebellion" and asserted his determination to "crush" it at any cost. "If the rebels fire a single shot", he declared, "I shall kill every Christian man, woman, and" (pointing to his knee) "every child, up to here". [62] :205
The next day, 20 April 1915, the siege of Van began when an Armenian woman was harassed, and the two Armenian men who came to her aid were killed by Ottoman soldiers. The Armenian defenders protected the 30,000 residents and 15,000 refugees living in an area of roughly one square kilometer of the Armenian Quarter and suburb of Aigestan with 1,500 ablebodied riflemen who were supplied with 300 rifles and 1,000 pistols and antique weapons. The conflict lasted until General Yudenich of Russia came to their rescue. [63]
Reports of the conflict reached then United States Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire Henry Morgenthau, Sr. from Aleppo and Van, prompting him to raise the issue in person with Talaat and Enver. As he quoted to them the testimonies of his consulate officials, they justified the deportations as necessary to the conduct of the war, suggesting that complicity of the Armenians of Van with the Russian forces that had taken the city justified the persecution of all ethnic Armenians. [62] :300
Further information: Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915
Some Armenian intellectuals arrested on 24 April 1915, and following weeks, then deported and killed.
By 1914, Ottoman authorities had already begun a propaganda drive to present Armenians living in the Ottoman Empire as a threat to the empire's security. An Ottoman naval officer in the War Office described the planning:
In order to justify this enormous crime the requisite propaganda material was thoroughly prepared in Istanbul. [It included such statements as] 'the Armenians are in league with the enemy. They will launch an uprising in Istanbul, kill off the Ittihadist leaders and will succeed in opening up the straits [of the Dardanelles]'. [47] :220
Interior Minister Talaat Pasha, who ordered the arrests.
On the night of 23–24 April 1915, known as Red Sunday (Armenian : Կարմիր ԿիրակիGarmir Giragi), the Ottoman government rounded up and imprisoned an estimated 250 Armenian intellectuals and community leaders of the Ottoman capital, Constantinople, and later those in other centers, who were moved to two holding centers near Angora (Ankara). [45] :211–12 This date coincided with Allied troop landings at Gallipoli after unsuccessful Allied naval attempts to break through the Dardanelles to Constantinople in February and March 1915.
Following the passage of Tehcir Law on 29 May 1915, the Armenian leaders, except for the few who were able to return to Constantinople, were gradually deported and assassinated. [64] [65] [66] [67] [68] The date 24 April is commemorated as Genocide Remembrance Day by Armenians around the world.
Further information: Tehcir Law
See also: Armenian casualties of deportations
Map of massacre locations and deportation and extermination centers. [69]
In May 1915, Mehmet Talaat Pasha requested that the cabinet and Grand Vizier Said Halim Pasha legalize a measure for the deportation of Armenians to other places due to what Talaat Pasha called "the Armenian riots and massacres, which had arisen in a number of places in the country". However, Talaat Pasha was referring specifically to events in Van and extending the implementation to the regions in which alleged "riots and massacres" would affect the security of the war zone of the Caucasus Campaign. Later, the scope of the deportation was widened in order to include the Armenians in the other provinces. [70]
The remains of Armenians massacred at Erzinjan.
On 29 May 1915, the CUP Central Committee passed the Temporary Law of Deportation ("Tehcir Law"), giving the Ottoman government and military authorization to deport anyone it "sensed" as a threat to national security. [45] :186–88
Headline of The New York Times , 15 December 1915
With the implementation of the Tehcir Law, the confiscation of Armenian property and the slaughter of Armenians that ensued upon its enactment outraged much of the Western world. While the Ottoman Empire's wartime allies offered little protest, a wealth of German and Austrian historical documents has since come to attest to the witnesses' horror at the killings and mass starvation of Armenians. [72] :329–31 [73] :212–13 In the United States, The New York Times reported almost daily on the mass murder of the Armenian people, describing the process as "systematic", "authorized" and "organized by the government". Theodore Roosevelt would later characterize this as "the greatest crime of the war". [74]
Historian Hans-Lukas Kieser states that, from the statements of Talaat Pasha [75] it is clear that the officials were aware that the deportation order was genocidal. [76] Another historian Taner Akçam states that the telegrams show that the overall coordination of the genocide was taken over by Talaat Pasha. [77] In 2017, Akçam was able to access one of the original telegrams, archived in Jerusalem, which inquired about Armenian liquidation and elimination. [78]
An Armenian woman kneeling beside a dead child in a field "within sight of help and safety at Aleppo"
The Armenians were marched out to the Syrian town of Deir ez-Zor and the surrounding desert. The Ottoman government deliberately withheld the facilities and supplies that would have been necessary to sustain the life of hundreds of thousands of Armenian deportees during and after their forced march to the Syrian desert. [80] [81] [82] By August 1915, The New York Times repeated an unattributed report that "the roads and the Euphrates are strewn with corpses of exiles, and those who survive are doomed to certain death. It is a plan to exterminate the whole Armenian people". [83] Talaat Pasha and Djemal Pasha were completely aware that by abandoning the Armenian deportees in the desert they were condemning them to certain death. [84] A dispatch from a "high diplomatic source in Turkey, not American, reporting the testimony of trustworthy witnesses" about the plight of Armenian deportees in northern Arabia and the Lower Euphrates valley was extensively quoted by The New York Times in August 1916:
The witnesses have seen thousands of deported Armenians under tents in the open, in caravans on the march, descending the river in boats and in all phases of their miserable life. Only in a few places does the Government issue any rations, and those are quite insufficient. The people, therefore, themselves are forced to satisfy their hunger with food begged in that scanty land or found in the parched fields.
Naturally, the death rate from starvation and sickness is very high and is increased by the brutal treatment of the authorities, whose bearing toward the exiles as they are being driven back and forth over the desert is not unlike that of slave drivers. With few exceptions no shelter of any kind is provided and the people coming from a cold climate are left under the scorching desert sun without food and water. Temporary relief can only be obtained by the few able to pay officials. [80]
Similarly, Major General Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein noted that "The Turkish policy of causing starvation is an all too obvious proof, if proof was still needed as to who is responsible for the massacre, for the Turkish resolve to destroy the Armenians". [47] :350
German engineers and labourers involved in building the railway also witnessed Armenians being crammed into cattle cars and shipped along the railroad line. Franz Gunther, a representative for Deutsche Bank which was funding the construction of the Baghdad Railway, forwarded photographs to his directors and expressed his frustration at having to remain silent amid such "bestial cruelty". [45] :326 Major General Otto von Lossow, acting military attaché and head of the German Military Plenipotentiary in the Ottoman Empire, spoke to Ottoman intentions in a conference held in Batum in 1918:
The Turks have embarked upon the "total extermination of the Armenians in Transcaucasia ... The aim of Turkish policy is, as I have reiterated, the taking of possession of Armenian districts and the extermination of the Armenians. Talaat's government wants to destroy all Armenians, not just in Turkey, but also outside Turkey. On the basis of all the reports and news coming to me here in Tiflis there hardly can be any doubt that the Turks systematically are aiming at the extermination of the few hundred thousand Armenians whom they left alive until now. [47] :349
Rape was an integral part of the genocide; [85] military commanders told their men to "do to [the women] whatever you wish", resulting in widespread sexual abuse. Deportees were displayed naked in Damascus and sold as sex slaves in some areas, including Mosul according to the report of the German consul there, constituting an important source of income for accompanying soldiers. [86] Dr. Walter Rössler, the German consul in Aleppo during the genocide, heard from an "objective" Armenian that around a quarter of young women, whose appearance was "more or less pleasing", were regularly raped by the gendarmes, and that "even more beautiful ones" were violated by 10–15 men. This resulted in girls and women being left behind dying. [87]
A network of 25 concentration camps was set up by the Ottoman government to dispose of the Armenians who had survived the deportations to their ultimate point. [88] This network, situated in the region of Turkey's present-day borders with Iraq and Syria, was directed by Şükrü Kaya, one of Talaat Pasha's right-hand men. Some of the camps were only temporary transit points. Others, such as Radjo, Katma, and Azaz, were briefly used as mass graves and then vacated by autumn 1915. Camps such as Lale, Tefridje, Dipsi, Del-El, and Ra's al-'Ayn were built specifically for those whose life expectancy was just a few days. [89] According to genocide scholar Hilmar Kaiser, the Ottoman authorities refused to provide food and water to the victims, increasing the mortality rate. According to The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies, "Muslims were eager to obtain Armenian women. Authorities registered such marriages but did not record the deaths of the former Armenian husbands." [90]
Bernau, an American citizen of German descent, traveled to the areas where Armenians were incarcerated and wrote a report that was deemed factual by Rössler, the German Consul at Aleppo. He reports mass graves containing over 60,000 people in Meskene and large numbers of mounds of corpses, as the Armenians died due to hunger and disease. He reported seeing 450 orphans, who received at most 150 grams (5.3 oz) of bread per day, in a tent of 5 square metres (54 sq ft) to 6 square metres (65 sq ft). Dysentery swept through the camp and days passed between the instances of distribution of bread to some. In "Abu Herrera", near Meskene, he described how the guards let 240 Armenians starve, and wrote that they searched "horse droppings" for grains. [91]
Main article: Special Organization (Ottoman Empire)
The Committee of Union and Progress founded the "Special Organization" (Turkish : Teşkilât-ı Mahsusa) that participated in the destruction of the Ottoman Armenian community. [92] This organization adopted its name in 1913 and functioned like a special forces outfit, and it has been compared by some scholars to the Nazi Einsatzgruppen. [6] :97 [93] [94] [45] :182, 185 Later in 1914, the Ottoman government influenced the direction the Special Organization was to take by releasing criminals from central prisons to be the central elements of this newly formed Special Organization. [95] According to the Mazhar commissions attached to the tribunal as soon as November 1914, 124 criminals were released from Bünyan prison. [96] Little by little from the end of 1914 to the beginning of 1915, hundreds, then thousands of prisoners were freed to form the members of this organization. Later, they were charged with escorting the convoys of Armenian deportees. [97] Vehib Pasha, commander of the Ottoman Third Army, called those members of the Special Organization the "butchers of the human species". [98]
Mass burnings
Morgenthau's caption: "Those who fell by the wayside. Scenes like this were common all over the Armenian provinces in the spring and summer months of 1915. Death in its several forms—massacre, starvation, exhaustion—destroyed the larger part of the refugees. The Turkish policy was that of extermination under the guise of deportation".
Eitan Belkind was a Nili member who infiltrated the Ottoman army as an official. He was assigned to the headquarters of Kemal Pasha. He witnessed the burning of 5,000 Armenians. [99] :181, 183
Lt. Hasan Maruf of the Ottoman army describes how a population of a village were taken all together and then burned. [100] The Commander of the Third Army Vehib's 12-page affidavit, which was dated 5 December 1918, was presented in the Trebizond (Trabzon) trial series (29 March 1919) included in the Key Indictment, [101] reporting such a mass burning of the population of an entire village near Muş: "The shortest method for disposing of the women and children concentrated in the various camps was to burn them". [102] Further, it was reported that "Turkish prisoners who had apparently witnessed some of these scenes were horrified and maddened at remembering the sight. They told the Russians that the stench of the burning human flesh permeated the air for many days after". [103] Genocide scholar Vahakn Dadrian wrote that 80,000 Armenians in 90 villages across the Muş plain were burned in "stables and haylofts". [104]
Trabzon was the main city in Trabzon province; Oscar S. Heizer, the American consul at Trabzon, reported: "This plan did not suit Nail Bey ... Many of the children were loaded into boats and taken out to sea and thrown overboard". [105] Hafiz Mehmet, a Turkish deputy serving Trabzon, testified during a 21 December 1918 parliamentary session of the Chamber of Deputies that "the district's governor loaded the Armenians into barges and had them thrown overboard." [106] The Italian consul of Trabzon in 1915, Giacomo Gorrini, writes: "I saw thousands of innocent women and children placed on boats which were capsized in the Black Sea". [107] [108] Dadrian places the number of Armenians killed in the Trabzon province by drowning at 50,000. [104] The Trabzon trials reported Armenians having been drowned in the Black Sea; [109] according to a testimony, women and children were loaded on boats in "Değirmendere" to be drowned in the sea. [110]
Hoffman Philip, the American chargé d'affaires at Constantinople, wrote: "Boat loads sent from Zor down the river arrived at Ana, one thirty miles away, with three fifths of passengers missing". [47] :246–7 According to Robert Fisk, 900 Armenian women were drowned in Bitlis, while in Erzincan, the corpses in the Euphrates resulted in a change of course of the river for a few hundred meters. [72] Dadrian also wrote that "countless" Armenians were drowned in the Euphrates and its tributaries. [104]
Killings by physicians
Ottoman physicians contributed to the planning and execution of the genocide. The physicians Behaeddin Shakir and Nazım Bey were leading figures in the leadership committee of the Committee of Union and Progress and both held leadership roles in the Special Organization. Other physicians used their medical expertise to facilitate the killings, including designing methods for poisoning victims and using Armenians as subjects for lethal human experimentation. [111] Dadrian argued that the systemic medical murder in the Armenian genocide was a precursor to Nazi human experimentation during the Holocaust.
Specific medical methods used to kill victims included:
Morphine overdose: During the Trabzon trial series of the Martial court, from the sittings between 26 March and 17 May 1919, the Trabzons Health Services Inspector Dr. Ziya Fuad wrote in a report that Dr. Saib caused the death of children with the injection of morphine. The information was allegedly provided by two physicians (Drs. Ragib and Vehib), both Dr. Saib's colleagues at Trabzons Red Crescent hospital, where those atrocities were said to have been committed. [112]
Toxic gas: Dr. Ziya Fuad and Dr. Adnan, public health services director of Trabzon, submitted affidavits reporting cases in which two school buildings were used to organize children and send them to the mezzanine to kill them with toxic gas equipment. [111]
Typhoid inoculation: The Ottoman surgeon, Dr. Haydar Cemal wrote "on the order of the Chief Sanitation Office of the Third Army in January 1916, when the spread of typhus was an acute problem, innocent Armenians slated for deportation at Erzincan were inoculated with the blood of typhoid fever patients without rendering that blood 'inactive'". [111] Jeremy Hugh Baron writes: "Individual doctors were directly involved in the massacres, having poisoned infants, killed children and issued false certificates of death from natural causes. Nazim's brother-in-law Dr. Tevfik Rushdu, Inspector-General of Health Services, organized the disposal of Armenian corpses with thousands of kilos of lime over six months; he became foreign secretary from 1925 to 1938". [113]
See also: Confiscated Armenian property in Turkey
The Tehcir Law brought some measures regarding the property of the deportees, and on 13 September 1915, the Ottoman parliament passed the "Temporary Law of Expropriation and Confiscation," stating that all property, including land, livestock, and homes belonging to Armenians, was to be confiscated by the authorities. [47] :224 Ottoman parliamentary representative Ahmed Riza protested this legislation:
It is unlawful to designate the Armenian assets as "abandoned goods" for the Armenians, the proprietors, did not abandon their properties voluntarily; they were forcibly, compulsorily removed from their domiciles and exiled. Now the government through its efforts is selling their goods ... If we are a constitutional regime functioning in accordance with constitutional law we can't do this. This is atrocious. Grab my arm, eject me from my village, then sell my goods and properties, such a thing can never be permissible. Neither the conscience of the Ottomans nor the law can allow it. [114]
A 1918 photo of an Armenian church in Trebizond (Trabzon), which was used as an auction site and distribution center of confiscated Armenian goods and belongings after the Armenian Genocide.
During the Paris Peace Conference, the Armenian delegation presented an assessment of $3.7 billion (about $53 billion today) worth of material losses owned solely by the Armenian church. [116] The Armenian community then presented an additional demand for the restitution of property and assets seized by the Ottoman government. The joint declaration, which was submitted to the Supreme Council by the Armenian delegation and prepared by the religious leaders of the Armenian community, claimed that the Ottoman government had destroyed 2,000 churches and 200 monasteries and had provided the legal system for giving these properties to other parties. [117] The declaration also provided a financial assessment of the total losses of personal property and assets of both Turkish and Russian Armenia with 14,598,510,000 and 4,532,472,000 francs respectively; totaling to an estimated $347 billion today. [118] [119] Furthermore, the Armenian community asked for the restitution of church owned property and reimbursement of its generated income. The Ottoman government never responded to this declaration and so restitution did not occur. [120]
By the early 1930s, all properties belonging to Armenians who were subject to deportation had been confiscated. [121] Since then, no restitution of property confiscated during the Armenian Genocide has taken place. [122] Historians argue that the mass confiscation of Armenian properties was an important factor in forming the economic basis of the Turkish Republic while endowing Turkey's economy with capital. The mass confiscation of properties provided the opportunity for ordinary lower class Turks (i.e. peasantry, soldiers, and laborers) to rise to the ranks of the middle class. [123] Contemporary Turkish historian Uğur Ümit Üngör asserts that "the elimination of the Armenian population left the state an infrastructure of Armenian property, which was used for the progress of Turkish (settler) communities. In other words: the construction of an étatist Turkish "national economy" was unthinkable without the destruction and expropriation of Armenians." [124]
Turkish courts-martial
Main article: Turkish Courts-Martial of 1919–1920
On the night of 2–3 November 1918 and with the aid of Ahmed Izzet Pasha, the Three Pashas (which include Mehmed Talaat Pasha and Ismail Enver Pasha, the main perpetrators of the Genocide) fled the Ottoman Empire.
In 1919, after the Mudros Armistice, Sultan Mehmed VI was ordered to organise courts-martial by the Allied administration in charge of Constantinople to try members of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) (Turkish: "Ittihat ve Terakki") for taking the Ottoman Empire into World War I. By January 1919, a report to Sultan Mehmed VI accused over 130 suspects, most of whom were high officials. [125]
The front page of the Ottoman newspaper İkdam on 4 November 1918 after the Three Pashas fled the country after being indicted for war crimes against the Armenians and Greeks. It reads: "Their response to eliminate the Armenian problem was to attempt the elimination of the Armenians themselves."
Sultan Mehmet VI and Grand Vizier Damat Ferid Pasha, as representatives of government of the Ottoman Empire during the Second Constitutional Era, were summoned to the Paris Peace Conference by US Secretary of State Robert Lansing. On 11 July 1919, Damat Ferid Pasha officially confessed to massacres against the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire and was a key figure and initiator of the war crime trials held directly after World War I to condemn to death the chief perpetrators of the Genocide. [127] The military court found that it was the will of the CUP to eliminate the Armenians physically, via its Special Organization. The 1919 pronouncement reads as follows: [128]
The Court Martial taking into consideration the above-named crimes declares, unanimously, the culpability as principal factors of these crimes the fugitives Talaat Pasha, former Grand Vizir, Enver Efendi, former War Minister, struck off the register of the Imperial Army, Cemal Efendi, former Navy Minister, struck off too from the Imperial Army, and Dr. Nazim Efendi, former Minister of Education, members of the General Council of the Union & Progress, representing the moral person of that party; ... the Court Martial pronounces, in accordance with said stipulations of the Law the death penalty against Talaat, Enver, Cemal, and Dr. Nazim.
After the pronouncement, the Three Pashas were sentenced to death in absentia at the trials in Constantinople. The courts-martial officially disbanded the CUP and confiscated its assets and the assets of those found guilty. The courts-martial were dismissed in August 1920 for their lack of transparency, according to then High Commissioner and Admiral Sir John de Robeck, [129] and some of the accused were transported to Malta for further interrogation, only to be released afterwards in an exchange of POWs. Two of the three Pashas were later assassinated by Armenian vigilantes during Operation Nemesis.
Detainees in Malta
Main articles: Prosecution of Ottoman war criminals and Malta exiles
Ottoman military members and high-ranking politicians convicted by the Turkish courts-martial were transferred from Constantinople prisons to the Crown Colony of Malta on board the SS Princess Ena and HMS Benbow by the British forces, starting in 1919. Admiral Sir Somerset Gough-Calthorpe was in charge of the operation, together with Lord Curzon; they did so owing to the lack of transparency of the Turkish courts-martial. They were held there for three years, while searches were made of archives in Constantinople, London, Paris and Washington to find a way to put them in trial. [130] However, the war criminals were eventually released without trial and returned to Constantinople in 1921, in exchange for twenty-two British prisoners of war held by the government in Ankara, including a relative of Lord Curzon. The government in Ankara was opposed to political power of the government in Constantinople. They are often mentioned as the Malta exiles in some sources. [131]
Meanwhile, the Peace Conference in Paris established the "Commission on Responsibilities and Sanctions" in January 1919, which was commissioned by United States Secretary of State Robert Lansing. Based on the commission's work, several articles were added to the Treaty of Sèvres. The Treaty of Sèvres had planned a trial in August 1920 to determine those responsible for the "barbarous and illegitimate methods of warfare ... [including] offenses against the laws and customs of war and the principles of humanity". [18] Article 230 of the Treaty of Sèvres required the Ottoman Empire to hand over to the Allied Powers the persons responsible for the massacres committed during the war on 1 August 1914. [132]
According to European Court of Human Rights judge Giovanni Bonello, the suspension of prosecution attempts and the release and repatriation of the detainees was, among other things, a result of the lack of an appropriate legal framework with supranational jurisdiction. Following World War I no international norms for regulating war crimes existed, due to a legal vacuum in international law; therefore (contrary to Turkish sources) no trials were ever held in Malta. [131] [133]
Trial of Soghomon Tehlirian
See also: Operation Nemesis
On 15 March 1921, former Grand Vizier Talaat Pasha was assassinated in the Charlottenburg District of Berlin, Germany, in broad daylight and in the presence of many witnesses. Talaat's death was part of " Operation Nemesis ", the Armenian Revolutionary Federation's codename for their covert operation in the 1920s to kill the planners of the Armenian Genocide.
The subsequent trial and acquittal of the assassin, Soghomon Tehlirian, had an important influence on Raphael Lemkin, a lawyer of Polish–Jewish descent who campaigned in the League of Nations to ban what he called "barbarity" and "vandalism". The term "genocide", created in 1943, was coined by Lemkin who was directly influenced by the massacres of Armenians during World War I. [134] [135] :210
See also: Near East Foundation
Fundraising poster for the American Committee for Relief in the Near East
The American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief (ACASR, also known as "Near East Relief"), established in 1915 just after the deportations began, was a charitable organization established to relieve the suffering of the peoples of the Near East. [136] The organization was championed by American ambassador Henry Morgenthau, Sr. Morgenthau's dispatches on the mass slaughter of Armenians galvanized much support for the organization. [137]
In its first year, the ACRNE cared for 132,000 Armenian orphans from Tiflis, Yerevan, Constantinople, Sivas, Beirut, Damascus, and Jerusalem. A relief organization for refugees in the Middle East helped donate over $102 million (budget $117,000,000) [1930 value of dollar] to Armenians both during and after the war. [138] :336 Between 1915 and 1930, ACRNE distributed humanitarian relief to locations across a wide geographical range, eventually spending over ten times its original estimate and helping around 2,000,000 refugees. [139]
Main articles: Ottoman Armenian population, Ottoman Armenian casualties, and Armenian Genocide survivors
While there is no consensus as to how many Armenians lost their lives during the Armenian Genocide, there is general agreement among western historians that over 800,000 Armenians died between 1914 and 1918. Estimates vary between 800,000 [140] and 1,500,000 (per the governments of France, [141] Canada, [142] and other states). Encyclopædia Britannica references the research of Arnold J. Toynbee, an intelligence officer of the British Foreign Office, who estimated that 600,000 Armenians "died or were massacred during deportation" in a report compiled on 24 May 1916. [103] This figure, however, accounts for solely the first year of the Genocide and does not take into account those who died or were killed after May 1916. [143]
According to documents that once belonged to Talaat Pasha, more than 970,000 Ottoman Armenians disappeared from official population records from 1915 through 1916. In 1983, Talaat's widow, Hayriye Talaat Bafralı, gave the documents and records to Turkish journalist Murat Bardakçı, who published them in a book titled The Remaining Documents of Talat Pasha (also known as "Talat Pasha's Black Book"). According to the documents, the number of Armenians living in the Ottoman Empire before 1915 stood at 1,256,000. It was presumed, however, in a footnote by Talaat Pasha himself, that the Armenian population was undercounted by thirty percent. Furthermore, the population of Protestant Armenians was not taken into account. Therefore, according to the historian Ara Sarafian, the population of Armenians should have been approximately 1,700,000 prior to the start of the war. [144] However, that number had plunged to 284,157 two years later in 1917. [145]
Uncovering the bones of Armenians in Deir ez-Zor.
While Ottoman censuses claimed an Armenian population of 1.2 million, Fa'iz El-Ghusein (the Kaimakam of Kharpout) wrote that there were about 1.9 million Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, [147] and some modern scholars estimate over 2 million. [148] German official Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter wrote that fewer than 100,000 Armenians survived the genocide, the rest having been exterminated (German : ausgerottet). [149] :329–30
During the 1920 Turkish–Armenian War [150] :327 60,000 to 98,000 Armenian civilians were estimated to have been killed by the Turkish army. [151] Some estimates put the total number of Armenians massacred in the hundreds of thousands. [46] :327 [150] [ page needed ] Dadrian characterized the massacres in the Caucasus as a "miniature genocide". [47] :360
Main article: Witnesses and testimonies of the Armenian Genocide
Workers of the American Committee for Relief in the Near East in Sivas.
Hundreds of eyewitnesses, including diplomats from the neutral United States and the Ottoman Empire's own allies, Germany and Austria-Hungary, recorded and documented numerous acts of state-sponsored massacres. Many foreign officials offered to intervene on behalf of the Armenians, including Pope Benedict XV, only to be turned away by Ottoman government officials who claimed they were retaliating against a pro-Russian insurrection. [16] :177 On 24 May 1915, the Triple Entente warned the Ottoman Empire that "In view of these new crimes of Turkey against humanity and civilization, the Allied Governments announce publicly to the Sublime Porte that they will hold personally responsible for these crimes all members of the Ottoman Government, as well as those of their agents who are implicated in such massacres". [152]
Telegram sent by Ambassador Henry Morgenthau, Sr. to the State Department on 16 July 1915 described the killings of Armenians as "a campaign of race extermination".
The United States had consulates throughout the Ottoman Empire, including locations in Edirne, Elâzığ, Samsun, İzmir, Trebizond, Van, Constantinople, and Aleppo. It was officially a neutral party and never declared war on the Ottoman Empire. In addition to the consulates, there were numerous American Protestant missionary compounds established in Armenian-populated regions, including Van and Kharput. The atrocities were reported regularly in newspapers and literary journals around the world. [45] :282–5
On his return home in 1924 after thirty years as a U.S. Consul in the Near East, and most of the preceding decade as Consul General at Smyrna, George Horton wrote his own "account of the Systematic Extermination of Christian Populations by Mohammedans and of the Culpability of Certain Great Powers; with a True Story of the Burning of Smyrna" (1926 subtitle, The Blight of Asia). [153] Horton's account quoted numerous contemporary communications and eyewitness reports including one of the massacre of Phocea in 1914, by a Frenchman, and two of the Armenian massacres of 1914/15, by an American citizen and a German missionary. [153] :28–29, 34–37. It also quoted U.S. businessman Walter M. Geddes regarding his time in Damascus: "several Turks[,] whom I interviewed, told me that the motive of this exile was to exterminate the race." [154]
Many Americans spoke out against the genocide, including former president Theodore Roosevelt, rabbi Stephen Wise, Alice Stone Blackwell, and William Jennings Bryan, the U.S. Secretary of State to June 1915. In the U.S. and the United Kingdom, children were regularly reminded to clean their plates while eating and to "remember the starving Armenians". [155]
Ambassador Morgenthau's Story
See also: Ambassador Morgenthau's Story
Audio recording of Chapter 24, "The Murder of a Nation", from Ambassador Morgenthau's Story.
As the orders for deportations and massacres were enacted, many consular officials reported what they were witnessing to Ambassador Henry Morgenthau, Sr., who described the massacres as a "campaign of race extermination" in a telegram sent to the United States Department of State on 16 July 1915. In memoirs that he completed during 1918, Morgenthau wrote,
When the Turkish authorities gave the orders for these deportations, they were merely giving the death warrant to a whole race; they understood this well, and, in their conversations with me, they made no particular attempt to conceal the fact ... [62] :213
The memoirs and reports vividly described the methods used by Ottoman forces and documented numerous instances of atrocities committed against the Christian minority. [156]
On the Middle Eastern front, the British military was engaged fighting the Ottoman forces in southern Syria and Mesopotamia. British diplomat Gertrude Bell filed the following report after hearing the account from a captured Ottoman soldier:
The battalion left Aleppo on 3 February and reached Ras al-Ain in twelve hours ... some 12,000 Armenians were concentrated under the guardianship of some hundred Kurds ... These Kurds were called gendarmes, but in reality mere butchers; bands of them were publicly ordered to take parties of Armenians, of both sexes, to various destinations, but had secret instructions to destroy the males, children and old women ... One of these gendarmes confessed to killing 100 Armenian men himself ... the empty desert cisterns and caves were also filled with corpses ... [72] :327
Winston Churchill described the massacres as an "administrative holocaust" and noted that "the clearance of the race from Asia Minor was about as complete as such an act, on a scale so great, could well be. ... There is no reasonable doubt that this crime was planned and executed for political reasons. The opportunity presented itself for clearing Turkish soil of a Christian race opposed to all Turkish ambitions, cherishing national ambitions that could only be satisfied at the expense of Turkey, and planted geographically between Turkish and Caucasian Moslems". [72] :329
Arnold Toynbee: The Treatment of Armenians
See also: The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
Historian Arnold J. Toynbee published the collection of documents The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire in 1916. Together with British politician and historian Viscount James Bryce, he compiled statements from survivors and eyewitnesses from other countries including Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland, who similarly attested to the systematic massacre of innocent Armenians by Ottoman government forces. [157]
Bryce had submitted the work to scholars for verification before its publication. University of Oxford Regius Professor Gilbert Murray stated, "... the evidence of these letters and reports will bear any scrutiny and overpower any skepticism. Their genuineness is established beyond question". [47] :228 Other professors, including Herbert Fisher of Sheffield University and former American Bar Association president Moorfield Storey, came to the same conclusion. [47] :228–29
As allies during the war, the Imperial German mission in the Ottoman Empire included both military and civilian components. Germany had brokered a deal with the Sublime Porte to commission the building of a railroad called the Baghdad Railway that would stretch from Berlin to the Middle East. At the beginning of 1915, Germany's diplomatic mission was led by Ambassador Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim who, upon his death in 1915, was succeeded by Count Paul Wolff Metternich. Like Morgenthau, von Wangenheim began receiving many disturbing messages from consular officials around the Ottoman Empire that detailed the massacres of Armenians. From the province of Adana, Consul Eugene Buge reported that the CUP chief had sworn to massacre any Armenians who had survived the deportation marches. [45] :186 In June 1915, von Wangenheim sent a cable to Berlin reporting that Talaat had admitted that the deportations were not "being carried out because of 'military considerations alone'". One month later, he came to the conclusion that there "no longer was doubt that the Porte was trying to exterminate the Armenian race in the Turkish Empire". [73] :213
When Wolff-Metternich succeeded von Wangenheim, he continued to dispatch similar cables: "The Committee [CUP] demands the extirpation of the last remnants of the Armenians and the government must yield ... A Committee representative is assigned to each of the provincial administrations ... Turkification means license to expel, to kill or destroy everything that is not Turkish". [158] [159] :161
Report from a German missionary on the massacre of Armenians from Erzerum, 31 July 1915
Another notable figure in the German military camp was Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter, who documented various massacres of Armenians. He sent fifteen reports regarding "deportations and mass killings" to the German chancellery. His final report noted that fewer than 100,000 Armenians were left alive in the Ottoman Empire: the rest having been exterminated (German : ausgerottet). [72] :329–30 Scheubner-Richter also detailed the methods of the Ottoman government, noting its use of the Special Organization and other bureaucratized instruments of genocide, as well as how the Ottomans would provoke and exaggerate Armenian self-defense in order to create the illusion of a rebellion. This was to give justification for the deportation of Armenians, which is still argued by genocide deniers to this day. [160] Richter stated the deportations were intentionally meant to cover up the slaughter of Armenians:
I have conducted a series of conversations with competent and influential Turkish personages, and these are my impressions: A large segment of the Ittihadist [Young Turk] party maintains the viewpoint that the Turkish empire should be based only on the principle of Islam and Pan-Turkism. Its non-Muslim and non-Turkish inhabitants should either be forcibly islamized, or otherwise they ought to be destroyed. These gentlemen believe that the time is propitious for the realization of this plan. The first item on this agenda concerns the liquidation of the Armenians. Ittihad will dangle before the Allies a specter of an alleged revolution prepared by the Armenian Dashnak party. Moreover, local incidents of social unrest and acts of Armenian self-defense will deliberately be provoked and inflated and will be used as pretexts to effect the deportations. Once en route, however, the convoys will be attacked and exterminated by Kurdish and Turkish brigands, and in part by gendarmes, who will be instigated for that purpose by Ittihad. [161]
According to Bat Ye'or, an Israeli historian, the Germans also witnessed Armenians being burned to death. Ye'or writes: "The Germans, allies of the Turks in the First World War ... saw how civil populations were shut up in churches and burned, or gathered en masse in camps, tortured to death, and reduced to ashes". [162] German officers stationed in eastern Turkey disputed the government's assertion that Armenian revolts had broken out, suggesting that the areas were "quiet until the deportations began". [73] :212 Other Germans openly supported the Ottoman policy against the Armenians. As Hans Humann, the German naval attaché in Constantinople said to US Ambassador Henry Morgenthau:
I have lived in Turkey the larger part of my life ... and I know the Armenians. I also know that both Armenians and Turks cannot live together in this country. One of these races has got to go. And I don't blame the Turks for what they are doing to the Armenians. I think that they are entirely justified. The weaker nation must succumb. The Armenians desire to dismember Turkey; they are against the Turks and the Germans in this war, and they therefore have no right to exist here. [62] :257
In a genocide conference held in 2001, professor Wolfgang Wipperman of the Free University of Berlin introduced documents evidencing that the German High Command was aware of the mass killings at the time, but chose not to interfere or speak out. [72] :331 In his reports to Berlin in 1917, General Hans von Seeckt supported the reforming efforts of the Young Turks, writing that "the inner weakness of Turkey in their entirety, call for the history and custom of the new Turkish empire to be written". [163] Seeckt added that "Only a few moments of the destruction are still mentioned. The upper levels of society had become unwarlike, the main reason being the increasing mixing with foreign elements of a long standing unculture". [163] Seeckt blamed all of the problems of the Ottoman Empire on the Jews and the Armenians, whom he portrayed as a fifth column working for the Allies. [163] In July 1918, Seeckt sent a message to Berlin stating that "It is an impossible state of affairs to be allied with the Turks and to stand up for the Armenians. In my view any consideration, Christian, sentimental, and political should be eclipsed by a hard, but clear necessity for war". [163]
One photograph shows two unidentified German army officers, in company of three Turkish soldiers and a Kurdish man, standing amidst human remains. The discovery of this photograph prompted English journalist Robert Fisk to draw a direct line from the Armenian Genocide to the Holocaust. Fisk, while acknowledging the role playing by most German diplomats and parliamentaries in the condemnation of the Ottoman Turks, noted that some of the German witnesses to the Armenian holocaust would later go on to play a role in the Nazi regime. For example, Konstantin Freiherr von Neurath, who was attached to the Turkish 4th Army in 1915 with instructions to monitor "operations" against the Armenians, later became Adolf Hitler's foreign minister and "Protector of Bohemia and Moravia" during Reinhard Heydrich's terror in Czechoslovakia. [164]
Armin T. Wegner
See also: Armin T. Wegner
German aspiring writer Armin T. Wegner enrolled as a medic during the winter of 1914–1915. He defied censorship by taking hundreds of photographs [165] of Armenians being deported and subsequently starving in northern Syrian camps [72] :326 and in the deserts of Deir-er-Zor. Wegner was part of a German detachment under field marshal von der Goltz stationed near the Baghdad Railway in Mesopotamia. He later stated: "I venture to claim the right of setting before you these pictures of misery and terror which passed before my eyes during nearly two years, and which will never be obliterated from my mind.". [166] He was eventually arrested by the Germans and recalled to Germany.
Wegner protested against the atrocities in an open letter submitted to U.S. President Woodrow Wilson at the peace conference of 1919. The letter made a case for the creation of an independent Armenian state. Also in 1919, he published The Road of No Return ("Der Weg ohne Heimkehr"), a collection of letters he had written during what he deemed the "martyrdom" (German: "Martyrium") of the Armenians. [167]
Destination Nowhere: The Witness is a documentary film produced by J. Michael Hagopian that depicts Wegner's personal account of the Armenian Genocide through Wegner's own photographs. Prior to the release of the documentary, Wegner was honored at the Armenian Genocide Museum in Yerevan for championing the plight of Armenians throughout his life. [168]
Aleppo Governor Mehmet Celal Bey
Although many documents related to systematic massacres were destroyed during and after the genocide, [82] [169] Turkish historian Taner Akçam states that the "Turkish sources we already possess provide sufficient information to prove that what befell the Armenians in 1915 was a Genocide." [170] Historian Ara Sarafian similarly notes that "the available Ottoman materials, especially when used alongside alternative sources (such as United States records or Armenian survivor accounts), support the Armenian Genocide thesis." [171]
Alongside official documentation, many Turkish public figures during the time have acknowledged the systematic nature of the massacres. Historian Ahmet Refik (Altınay) wrote in 1919: "The Unionists (Committee of Union and Progress) wanted to remove the problem of Vilâyât-ı Sitte by annihilating Armenians." [172] Turkish novelist Halide Edip, who was openly critical of the decisions made by the Ottoman government towards the Armenians, wrote in Vakit on 21 October 1918: "We slaughtered the innocent Armenian population...We tried to extinguish the Armenians through methods that belong to the medieval times". [173] Abdülmecid II, the last Caliph of Islam of the Ottoman Dynasty, said of the policy: "I refer to those awful massacres. They are the greatest stain that has ever disgraced our nation and race. They were entirely the work of Talat and Enver." [174] Senator Ahmet Rıza stated: "Let's face it, we Turks savagely killed off the Armenians." [175] Grand Vizier Damad Ferid Pasha, speaking about the Armenians in The New York Times (26 June 1919), said: "The whole civilised world was shocked by the recital of the crimes alleged to have been committed by the Turks. It is far from my thought to cast a veil over these misdeeds, which are such as to make the conscience of mankind shudder with horror for ever; still less will I endeavour to minimise the degree of guilt of the actors in the great drama. The aim which I have set myself is that of showing to the world with proofs in my hand, who are the truly responsible authors of these terrible crimes." [176] Interior Minister Ali Kemal Bey wrote in Alemdar on 18 July 1919: "Don't let us try to throw the blame on the Armenians; we must not flatter ourselves that the world is filled with idiots. We have plundered the possessions of the men whom we deported and massacred; we have sanctioned theft in our Chamber and our Senate." [169] [174] Reşid Akif Paşa, Vali of Sivas and head of the Council of State, is especially known for providing important testimony during the Ottoman Parliament session of 21 November 1918. [46] His speech outlined the process of how the official order of deportation contained vague terminology only to be clarified by special orders of "massacres" sent directly from the Committee of Union and Progress headquarters and oftentimes the residence of Talat Pasha himself: [47]
During my few days of service in this government I've learned of a few secrets and have come across something interesting. The deportation order was issued through official channels by the minister of the interior and sent to the provinces. Following this order the [CUP] Central Committee circulated its own ominous order to all parties to allow the gangs to carry out their wretched task. Thus the gangs were in the field, ready for their atrocious slaughter.
Mehmed Şerif Pasha was a former member of the Young Turk government who denounced the annihilation (The New York Times, 10 October 1915).
Some politicians tried to prevent the deportations and subsequent massacres. One such politician, Mehmet Celal Bey, was known for saving thousands of lives and is often called the Turkish Oskar Schindler. [178] During his time as governor of Aleppo, Celal Bey did not believe that the deportations were meant to "annihilate" the Armenians: "I admit, I did not believe that these orders, these actions revolved around the annihilation of the Armenians. I never imagined that any government could take upon itself to annihilate its own citizens in this manner, in effect destroying its human capital, which must be seen as the country's greatest treasure. I presumed that the actions being carried out were measures deriving from a desire to temporarily remove the Armenians from the theater of war and taken as the result of wartime exigencies." [179] However, he later admitted that he was mistaken and that the goal was "to attempt to annihilate" the Armenians. [179] When defying the orders of deportation, Celal Bey was removed from his post as governor of Aleppo and transferred to Konya. [46] Nevertheless, as the deportations continued, he repeatedly demanded that the central authorities provide shelter for the deportees. [180] In addition to these demands, he sent the Sublime Porte many telegrams and letters of protest stating that the "measures taken against the Armenians were, from every point of view, contrary to the higher interests of the fatherland." [180] His demands, however, were ignored. [180] Celal Bey said: "Blood flowed instead of water in the river, and thousands of innocent children, blameless elderly, helpless women and strong youths were flowing towards death in this blood flow." [181] Hasan Mazhar Bey, who was appointed Vali of Ankara on 18 June 1914, is also known for having refused to proceed with the order of deportations. [182] Due to his refusal to deport the Armenians, Mazhar Bey was removed from his post as governor in August 1915 and replaced with Atif Bey, a prominent member of the Special Organization. [183] He recalled: "Then one day Atif Bey came to me and orally conveyed the interior minister's orders that the Armenians were to be murdered during the deportation. 'No, Atif Bey,' I said, 'I am a governor, not a bandit, I cannot do this, I will leave this post and you can come and do it.'" [46] After leaving his post, Mazhar went on to report that "in the kaza [district], the plunder of Armenian property, by both officials and the population, assumed incredible proportions." [184] He also became the key figure in the establishment of the Mazhar Commission, an investigative committee which immediately took up the task of gathering evidence and testimonies, with a special effort to obtain inquiries on civil servants implicated in massacres committed against Armenians. [185] Süleyman Nazif, the Vali of Baghdad, who later resigned in protest of the Ottoman government's policy towards the Armenians, wrote in a 28 November 1918 issue of the Hadisat newspaper: "Under the guise of deportations, mass murder was perpetrated. Given the fact that the crime is all too evident, the perpetrators should have been hanged already." [159]
During the Republican period, several Turkish politicians expressed their discontent with the deportations and subsequent massacres. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the first President and founder of the Republic of Turkey, consistently used the term "shameful act" (Turkish: fazahat) when referring to the massacres. [169] [186] [187] In the 1 August 1926 issue of the Los Angeles Examiner, Atatürk also said that the Young Turk Party was responsible for "... millions of our Christian subjects who were ruthlessly driven en masse from their homes and massacred". [188] At a secret session of the National Assembly, held on 17 October 1920, Hasan Fehmi (Ataç), deputy of Gümüşhane, said: "As you know, the issue of relocation was an event that made the world to yell blue and made all of us to be considered murderers. We knew, before we did it, that the Christian world would not tolerate it and they would direct their anger and hatred toward us. Why did we impute the title of murderer to our race? Why did we enter into such a decisive and difficult struggle? That was done just to secure the future of our country, which we know to be more precious and sacred than our lives." [189]
The Russian Empire's response to the bombardment of its Black Sea naval ports was primarily a land campaign through the Caucasus. Early victories against the Ottoman Empire from the winter of 1914 to the spring of 1915 saw significant gains of territory, including relieving the Armenian bastion resisting in the city of Van in May 1915. The Russians also reported encountering the bodies of unarmed civilian Armenians as they advanced. [190] In March 1916, the scenes they saw in the city of Erzurum led the Russians to retaliate against the Ottoman III Army whom they held responsible for the massacres, destroying it in its entirety. [191]
Although a neutral state throughout the war, Sweden had permanent representatives in the Ottoman Empire who closely followed and continuously reported on major developments there. Its embassy in Constantinople was led by Ambassador Cossva Anckarsvärd, with M. Ahlgren as envoy and Captain Einar af Wirsén as military attaché. On 7 July 1915, Ambassador Anckarsvärd dispatched a two-page report concerning the Armenian massacres to Stockholm. The report began as follows:
The persecutions of the Armenians have reached hair-raising proportions and all points to the fact that the Young Turks want to seize the opportunity, since due to different reasons there are no effective external pressure to be feared, to once and for all put an end to the Armenian question. The means for this are quite simple and consist of the extermination (utrotandet) of the Armenian nation. [192] :39
On 9 August 1915, Anckarsvärd dispatched yet another report, confirming his suspicions regarding the plans of the Turkish government, "It is obvious that the Turks are taking the opportunity to, now during the war, annihilate [utplåna] the Armenian nation so that when the peace comes no Armenian question longer exists". [192] :41
Reflecting upon the situation in Turkey during the final stages of the war, Envoy Alhgren presented an analysis of the prevailing situation in Turkey and the hard times which had befallen the population. In explaining the increased living costs he identified a number of reasons: "obstacles for domestic trade, the almost total paralysing of the foreign trade and finally the strong decreasing of labour power, caused partly by the mobilisation, but partly also by the extermination of the Armenian race [utrotandet af den armeniska rasen]". [192] :52
Wirsén, when writing his memoirs from his mission to the Balkans and Turkey, Minnen från fred och krig ("Memories from Peace and War"), dedicated an entire chapter to the Armenian Genocide, entitled Mordet på en nation ("The Murder of a Nation"). Commenting on the interpretation that the deportations resulted from the purported collaboration of the Armenians with the Russians, Wirsen states that the deportations were nothing but a cover for their extermination: "Officially, these had the goal to move the entire Armenian population to the steppe regions of Northern Mesopotamia and Syria, but in reality they aimed to exterminate [utrota] the Armenians, whereby the pure Turkish element in Asia Minor would achieve a dominating position". [192] :28 He concluded: "The annihilation of the Armenian nation in Asia Minor must revolt all human feelings ... The way the Armenian problem was solved was hair-raising. I can still see in front of me Talaat's cynical expression, when he emphasized that the Armenian question was solved". [192] :29
Norwegian missionary nurse Bodil Biørn was based in the town of Mezereh (now Elazig) and later in Mush, where she worked for widows and orphaned children in cooperation with other missionaries. She witnessed the massacres in Mush and saw most of the children in her care murdered, along with Armenian priests, teachers, and assistants. She escaped after nine days on horseback, but stayed on in the region for another two years under increasingly difficult working conditions. After a period at home she again went to Armenia and, until she retired in 1935, worked for Armenian refugees in Syria and Lebanon. Bodil Biørn was also an able photographer. Many of her photos are now in the National Archives of Norway. In combination with her comments, written in her photo albums or on the back of the prints themselves, these photos bear strong witness of the atrocities that she saw. [193]
Danish missionary Maria Jacobsen wrote her experiences in a diary entitled Diaries of a Danish Missionary: Harpoot, 1907–1919, which according to genocide scholar Ara Sarafian, is a "documentation of the utmost significance" for research of the Armenian Genocide. [194] Jacobsen would later be known for having saved thousands of Armenians through various relief efforts in the aftermath of the Armenian Genocide . [194] [195] She wrote: "It is quite obvious that the purpose of their departure is the extermination of the Armenian people." [195] [196] Another missionary who helped save orphans was Anna Hedvig Büll. Another Danish missionary, Aage Meyer Benedictsen, wrote in regards to the massacres that it was a "shattering crime, probably the largest in the history of the world: The attempt, planned and executed in cold blood, to murder a whole people, the Armenian, during the World War." [197] Johannes Østrup, a Danish philologist and professor at the University of Copenhagen, met with several Young Turk politicians and leaders prior to the start of World War I. In his memoirs, Østrup recounts his meeting with Talat Pasha in the autumn of 1910 in which he writes that Talat talked openly about his plans to "exterminate" the Armenians. [198] [199]
Due to the period of weak central government and Tehran's inability to protect its territorial integrity, no resistance was offered by the mostly Islamic Persian troops when, after the withdrawal of Russian troops from the extreme northwest of Persia, Islamic Turks invaded the town of Salmas in northwestern Persia and tortured and massacred the Christian Armenian inhabitants. [200]
Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh, a prominent Persian writer in the 20th century, studied in Europe where he joined a group of Iranian nationalists in Berlin who were to eventually start a newspaper (Rastakhiz) in Baghdad in 1915. After remaining in Baghdad, Jamalzadeh went to Constantinople where he witnessed the deportations of Armenians and encountered many corpses during his journey. [201] He wrote of his experiences and eyewitness accounts decades later in two books entitled "Qatl-e Amm-e Armanian" (Persian : قتل عام ارمنیان, literally; Armenian massacres) and "Qatl o ḡārat-e Arāmaneh dar Torkiya" (On the massacres of Armenians in Ottoman Turkey) which were published in 1972 and 1963 respectively. [201]
Lemkin: the origin of the word "genocide", (CBS News)
The Armenian Genocide is widely corroborated by international genocide scholars. The International Association of Genocide Scholars (IAGS), consisting of the world's foremost experts on genocide, [202] unanimously passed a formal resolution affirming the factuality of the Armenian Genocide. According to IAGS, "Every book on comparative genocide studies in the English language contains a segment on the Armenian Genocide. Leading texts in the international law of genocide such as William Schabas's Genocide in International Law cite the Armenian Genocide as precursor to the Holocaust and as a precedent for the law on crimes against humanity. Polish jurist Raphael Lemkin, when he coined the term genocide in 1943, cited the Turkish extermination of the Armenians and the Nazi extermination of the Jews as defining examples of what he meant by genocide. [203] [204] [205] [206] [207] The killings of Armenians is genocide as defined by the 1948 United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. 126 leading scholars of the holocaust including Elie Wiesel, and Yehuda Bauer placed a statement in The New York Times in June 2000 declaring the "incontestable fact of the Armenian genocide" and urging western democracies to acknowledge it. "The Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide (Jerusalem), and the Institute for the Study of Genocide (NYC), have affirmed the historical fact of the Armenian Genocide". [208] There are also a number of strictly legal examinations, including the 1919 War Commission Report, [209] :7–10 the 1948 UN War Crimes Report, [209] the 1979 UN Genocide Report (Ruhashyankiko Report), [210] :122–141 The Permanent People's Tribunal Verdict (1984), [211] the 1985 UN Genocide Report (Whitaker Report), [210] :169–184 and the ICTJ Legal Memorandum (2003). [212]
Historian Stefan Ihrig observes that the Armenian Genocide was part of the prehistory of the Holocaust and that, merely ten years before Hitler's rise to power, the German debate on genocide, begun in 1919, concluded with justifications of genocide and calls for the expulsion of Jews. [213]
A segment of speech given by Hitler to Wehrmacht commanders at his Obersalzberg records him asking rhetorically "Who, after all, speaks to-day of the annihilation of the Armenians?" [214] Historian Margaret L. Anderson surmises, "we have no reason to doubt the remark is genuine, both attack and defense obscure an obvious reality" that the Armenian Genocide has achieved "iconic status ... as the apex of horrors imaginable in 1939", and that Hitler used it to persuade the German military that committing genocide excited a great deal of "talk", but no serious consequences for a nation that perpetrates genocide. [215]
Main article: Armenian Genocide recognition
Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Resolution, 24 April 1998
"Today we commemorate the anniversary of what has been called the first genocide of the 20th century, and we salute the memory of the Armenian victims of this crime against humanity". [15]
States which have recognized the Armenian Genocide as of 2019.
Armenian Genocide Memorial in Montevideo, by Nerses Ounanian. Uruguay was the very first country to recognize the Armenian Genocide in 1965.
Armenian Genocide monument in Larnaca, Cyprus. Cyprus was among the first countries to recognise the genocide.
As a response to continuing denial by the Turkish state, many activists from Armenian Diaspora communities have pushed for formal recognition of the Armenian Genocide from various governments around the world. On 4 March 2010, a U.S. congressional panel narrowly voted that the incident was indeed genocide; within minutes the Turkish government issued a statement critical of "this resolution which accuses the Turkish nation of a crime it has not committed". The Armenian Assembly of America (AAA) and the Armenian National Committee of America (ANCA) have as their main lobbying agenda to press Congress and the President for an increase of economic aid for Armenia and the reduction of economic and military assistance for Turkey. The efforts also include reaffirmation of a genocide by Ottoman Turkey in 1915. [216]
Twenty-nine countries and forty-eight U.S. states have adopted resolutions acknowledging the Armenian Genocide as a bona fide historical event. [217] As of 2017 [update] , Israel, the United Kingdom and United States do not recognize what happened a century ago as a genocide. [218] Despite his previous public recognition and support of genocide bills, as well as election campaign promises to formally recognize the Armenian Genocide, [219] Barack Obama throughout his two terms as U.S. President, abstained from using the term "genocide". [220] In his 24 April 2016 commemoration statements Obama referred to the Armenian Genocide by its Armenian synonym, Medz Yeghern (spelled "Meds Yeghern" in the statements). [221] Despite a large number of direct descendants of the Armenian Genocide living in Jerusalem, specifically in the Armenian Quarter, Israel still refuses to recognize the genocide. [222]
Pope Francis described it as the "First genocide of the XX century", causing a diplomatic row with Turkey. The bishop of Rome defended his pronouncement by saying it was his duty to honour the memory of the innocent men, women and children who were "senselessly" murdered by Ottoman Turks 100 years before he became Pontiff. He also called on all heads of state and international organizations to recognize "the truth of what transpired and oppose such crimes without ceding to ambiguity or compromise." [223] In a resolution, the European Parliament commended the statement pronounced by the Pope and encouraged Turkey to recognise the genocide and so pave the way for a "genuine reconciliation between the Turkish and Armenian peoples". [224]
See also: Armenian Genocide denial
According to Kemal Çiçek, the head of the Armenian Research Group at the Turkish Historical Society, in Turkey there is no official thesis on the Armenian issue. [225] The Republic of Turkey's formal stance is that the deaths of Armenians during the "relocation" or "deportation" cannot aptly be deemed "genocide", a position that has been supported with a plethora of diverging justifications: that the killings were not deliberate or systematically orchestrated; that the killings were justified because Armenians posed a Russian-sympathizing threat [226] as a cultural group; that the Armenians merely starved to death, or any of various characterizations referring to marauding "Armenian gangs". [227] Some suggestions seek to invalidate the genocide on semantic or anachronistic grounds (the word genocide was not coined until 1943). Turkish World War I casualty figures are often cited to mitigate the effect of the number of Armenian dead. [228]
Volkan Vural, retired ambassador of Turkey to Germany and Spain, says that the Turkish state should apologize for what happened to the Armenians during the deportations of 1915 and what happened to the Greeks during the Istanbul Pogrom. [229] [230] He also states, "I think that, the Armenian issue can be solved by politicians and not by historians. I don't believe that historical facts about this issue is not revealed. The historical facts are already known. The most important point here is that how these facts will be interpreted and will affect the future". [229]
Turkish governmental sources have asserted that the historically demonstrated "tolerance of the Turkish people" itself renders the Armenian Genocide an impossibility. [231] A Der Spiegel article addressed this modern Turkish conception of history thus:
Would you admit to the crimes of your grandfathers, if these crimes didn't really happen?" asked ambassador Öymen. But the problem lies precisely in this question, says Hrant Dink, publisher and editor-in-chief of the Istanbul-based Armenian weekly Agos . Turkey's bureaucratic elite have never really shed themselves of the Ottoman tradition—in the perpetrators, they see their fathers, whose honor they seek to defend. This tradition instills a sense of identity in Turkish nationalists—both from the left and the right, and it is passed on from generation to generation through the school system. This tradition also requires an antipole against which it could define itself. Since the times of the Ottoman Empire, religious minorities have been pushed into this role. [232]
In 2005, Turkey started an "initiative to resolve Armenian allegations regarding 1915" by using archives in Turkey, Armenia and other countries. [233] Armenian president Robert Kocharian rejected this offer by saying, "It is the responsibility of governments to develop bilateral relations and we do not have the right to delegate that responsibility to historians. That is why we have proposed and propose again that, without pre-conditions, we establish normal relations between our two countries". [234] Additionally, Turkish foreign minister of the time, Abdullah Gül, invited the United States and other countries to contribute to such a commission by appointing scholars to "investigate this tragedy and open ways for Turks and Armenians to come together". [235]
In 2007, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan issued a circular that calls the government institutions to use the phrase "Events of 1915" (in Turkish, 1915 Olayları) instead of the phrase "so-called Armenian genocide" (in Turkish, sözde Ermeni Soykırımı). [236]
Efforts by the Turkish government and its agents to quash mention of the genocide have resulted in numerous scholarly, diplomatic, political and legal controversies.
In 1973, Turkey recalled its ambassador to France to protest the Genocide monument erected in Marseille "to the memory of the 1,500,000 Armenian victims of the genocide ordered by the Turkish rulers in 1915". [237]
In 1973, the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, a former UN body, mandated special rapporteur Nicodème Ruhashyankiko to produce a report on the issue of genocide. Early drafts of Ruhashyankiko's report referred to the World War I era Ottoman massacre of Armenians as genocide, but that reference disappeared from his final report (1978) under pressure from Turkey. [238]
The Israeli Foreign Ministry attempted to prevent any mention of the Armenian Genocide at an international conference on genocide held in Tel Aviv in 1982. Several reports suggested that Turkey had warned that Turkish Jews might face "reprisals" if the conference permitted Armenian participation. [239] This charge was "categorically denied" by Turkey; [240] the Israeli Foreign Ministry supported Turkey's protestation that there had been no threats against Jews, suggesting that its intervention in the genocide conference was based on considerations "vital to the Jewish nation". [241]
In the same year, the Institute of Turkish Studies in Washington, D.C. (ITS) was established by a $3 million grant from the Turkish government. Israel Charny identifies the ITS and some of its foremost deniers of the Armenian Genocide, such as Stanford Shaw, Heath W. Lowry, and Justin McCarthy, as the Turkish government's principal agency in the United States for promoting research on Turkey and the Ottoman Empire, but also denial of the Armenian Genocide. [242]
A 1989 United States Senate proposal to recognize the Armenian Genocide stoked the ire of Turkey. The proposal occurred in the context of the publication of "The Slaughterhouse Province", the eyewitness report by Leslie Davis, American diplomat and consul in Kharpert from 1914–1917, who reported that "thousands and thousands of Armenians, mostly innocent and helpless women and children, were butchered" in the last days of the Ottoman Empire. Turkey responded by blocking United States Navy visits to Turkey and suspending some United States military training facilities on Turkish territory. The American scholar who assembled the United States archive documents for publication, Susan K. Blair, went into hiding after a series of anonymous threats. [243] In 2007, a similar resolution passed the House Foreign Affairs committee by a 27–21 vote, but Turkish lobbying prevented it from reaching the House floor. [244]
In 1990, psychologist Robert Jay Lifton received a letter from the Turkish Ambassador to the United States, Nuzhet Kandemir, questioning his inclusion of references to the Armenian Genocide in one of his books. The ambassador inadvertently included a draft of the letter, written by scholar Heath W. Lowry, advising the ambassador on how to prevent mention of the Armenian Genocide in scholarly works. [245] In 1996, Lowry was named to a chair at Princeton University that had been financed by the Turkish government, sparking a debate on ethics in scholarship. [246]
In 1993, Ragıp Zarakolu, a Turkish human rights activist, published the Turkish translation of Yves Ternon's Armenians, History of a Genocide. The book was the first to be published in Turkey that openly acknowledged the events of 1915 as genocide. Soon after its publication, Zarakolu received threats and in 1994 his publishing house was the target of a bomb attack. [247]
Prosecutors acting on their own initiative have used Article 301 of the Turkish Penal Code prohibiting "insulting Turkishness" to silence a number of prominent Turkish intellectuals who spoke of atrocities suffered by Armenians in the last days of the Ottoman Empire (most of these cases have been dismissed). [248] During a February 2005 interview with Das Magazin , novelist Orhan Pamuk made statements implicating Turkey in massacres against Armenians and persecution of the Kurds, declaring: "Thirty thousand Kurds and a million Armenians were killed in these lands and nobody but me dares to talk about it". Subjected to a hate campaign, he left Turkey, before returning in 2005 to defend his right to freedom of speech: "What happened to the Ottoman Armenians in 1915 was a major thing that was hidden from the Turkish nation; it was a taboo. But we have to be able to talk about the past". [249] Lawyers of two Turkish ultranationalist professional associations led by Kemal Kerinçsiz then brought criminal charges against Pamuk. [250] However, on 23 January 2006 the charges of "insulting Turkishness" were dropped (for reasons not necessarily tied to the case), a move welcomed by the EU. [251]
These prosecutions have often been accompanied by hate campaigns and threats, as was the case for Hrant Dink, who was prosecuted three times for "insulting Turkishness", and murdered in 2007. [252] Later, photographs of the assassin being honored as a hero while in police custody, posing in front of the Turkish flag with grinning policemen, [253] gave the academic community still more cause for pause with regard to engaging the Armenian issue. [254] Kerinçsiz, the leading lawyer behind the prosecutions, has been accused of plotting to overthrow the government as a member of the alleged Ergenekon network. [255]
After a meeting with then UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown in 2010, Turkey's prime minister announced that the Turkish government might order the expulsion of all illegal Armenian immigrants from Turkey. The statement came after recent US House Committee and Swedish Parliament resolutions over the Armenian Genocide affirmation. He repeated the statement in a BBC interview immediately afterwards, declaring that there were 100,000 illegal Armenian citizens living in Turkey and that: "If necessary, I may have to tell these 100,000 to go back to their country because they are not my citizens. I don't have to keep them in my country." [256] [257] Armenian Prime Minister Tigran Sargsyan responded to Erdoğan's statement by saying that this kind of threat reminded Armenians of the Armenian Genocide and that it did not help improve relations between the two countries. [258] The exact number of illegal Armenians in Turkey is estimated to be only 12,000–13,000, contrary to the figure used by Erdoğan. [259]
In April 2019, the Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu said, on an event at Selçuk University, that Turks are proud of their history because they have not committed any genocide. And no colonialism exists in their history. Adding that the Turkish government will not stay silent against “some countries trying to lecture Turkey on history,” in reference to France's and Italy's recognition of the Armenian genocide. [260] The same month, the Turkey's Foreign Ministry, in a written statement, rejected the statement of the Portuguese Parliament which recognized the genocide. [261] In addition, the head of Turkish Historical Society, Refik Turan, said that they have prepared a documentary series with seven-parts which shows that Armenians have used “fake and distorted documents” to support their claims, he stated that they were fallacious propaganda activities. The series will be broadcast in English, German, French and Spanish. [262]
At a symposium held on 24 April 2019, Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan condemned France for its official commemoration of the Armenian Genocide and termed the deportations of Armenians by the Ottoman government in the early 20th century “appropriate at the time”. [263]
See also: Nagorno-Karabakh War and Sumgait pogrom
The Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day is a national holiday in Armenia.
Armenia has been involved in a protracted ethnic-territorial conflict with Azerbaijan, a Turkic state, since Azerbaijan became independent from the Soviet Union in 1991. The conflict has featured several pogroms, massacres, and waves of ethnic cleansing, by both sides. Some foreign policy observers and historians have suggested that Armenia and the Armenian diaspora have sought to portray the modern conflict as a continuation of the Armenian Genocide, in order to influence modern policy-making in the region. [135] [264] :232–3 According to Thomas Ambrosio, the Armenian Genocide furnishes "a reserve of public sympathy and moral legitimacy that translates into significant political influence ... to elicit congressional support for anti-Azerbaijan policies". [264]
The rhetoric leading up to the onset of the conflict, which unfolded in the context of several pogroms against Armenians, was dominated by references to the Armenian Genocide, including fears that it would be, or was in the course of being, repeated. [265] During the conflict, the Azeri and Armenian governments regularly accused each other of genocidal intent, although these claims have been treated skeptically by outside observers. [135] :232–33
The worldwide recognition of the Genocide is a core aspect of Armenia's foreign policy. [266]
Varagavank monastery in Van (1913), burned and destroyed by the Turkish army in May 1915.
See also: Armenian cultural heritage in Turkey
The premeditated destruction of objects of Armenian cultural, religious, historical and communal heritage was yet another key purpose of both the genocide itself and the post-genocidal campaign of denial. Armenian churches and monasteries were destroyed or changed into mosques, Armenian cemeteries flattened, and, in several cities (e.g., Van), Armenian quarters were demolished. [268]
Aside from the deaths, Armenians lost their wealth and property without compensation. [269] Businesses and farms were lost, and all schools, churches, hospitals, orphanages, monasteries, and graveyards became Turkish state property. [269] In January 1916, the Ottoman Minister of Commerce and Agriculture issued a decree ordering all financial institutions operating within the empire's borders to turn over Armenian assets to the government. [270] It is recorded that as much as six million Turkish gold pounds were seized along with real property, cash, bank deposits, and jewelry. The assets were then funneled to European banks, including Deutsche and Dresdner banks. [270]
After the end of World War I, Genocide survivors tried to return and reclaim their former homes and assets, but were driven out by the Ankara Government. [269]
In 1914, the Armenian Patriarch in Constantinople presented a list of the Armenian holy sites under his supervision. The list contained 2,549 religious places of which 200 were monasteries while 1,600 were churches. In 1974 UNESCO stated that after 1923, out of 913 Armenian historical monuments left in Eastern Turkey, 464 have vanished completely, 252 are in ruins, and 197 are in need of repair (in stable conditions). [271]
Main article: Armenian Genocide reparations
According to the President of IAGS, Henry Theriault, while current members of Turkish society cannot be blamed morally for the destruction of Armenians, present-day Republic of Turkey, as successor state to the Ottoman Empire and as beneficiary of the wealth and land expropriations brought forth through the genocide, is responsible for reparations. [272] In 2007, The Armenian Genocide Reparations Study Group (AGRSG) was formed with Theriault as chair, along with several other genocide scholars. In March 2015, the group released a final report entitled Resolution with Justice — Reparations for the Armenian Genocide. [273] The report described the legal, historical, political, and ethical aspects of Armenian Genocide reparations and proposed a comprehensive reparations package for the victims. [274] [275]
The historian Alfred de Zayas has stated that, because of the continuing character of the crime of genocide in factual and legal terms, the remedy of restitution has not been foreclosed. Thus the survivors of the genocide against the Armenians, both individually and collectively, have standing to advance a claim for restitution. Whenever possible complete restitution or restoration to the previous condition should be granted. Where it is not possible, relevant compensation may be substituted as a remedy. De Zayas also states that genocides are considered delicta juris gentium crimes in addition to their being a crime against humanity. Therefore, statutes of limitation do not apply, and the Turkish state is still criminally liable for the genocide and is legally obligated to provide reparations for the victims. [276]
Another historian, Vahagn Avedian, has argued that, although the UN Genocide Convention was not in force until 1951, the treaties in force at the time of the genocide pertaining to the protection of civilian population, such as the Martens Clause of Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, mean that the actions of the Turkish governments (the Ottoman, the insurgent nationalist movement as well as the succeeding republic), should be viewed from the perspective of Internationally Wrongful Acts. Avedian wrote that:
[T]he Republic not only failed to stop doing the wrongful acts of its predecessor, but it also continued the very internationally wrongful acts committed by the Young Turk government. Thus, the insurgent National Movement, which later became the Republic, made itself responsible for not only its own wrongful acts, but also those of its predecessor, including the act of genocide committed in 1915–1916. [116]
Although there are different opinions on the legitimacy of the Treaty of Sèvres and its relativity to reparation claims, there are specialists who argue that some of its elements retain the force of law. [277] [ need quotation to verify ] In particular, the fixing of the proper borders of an Armenian state was undertaken pursuant to the treaty and determined by a binding arbitral award, regardless of whether the treaty was ultimately ratified. The committee process determining the arbitral award was agreed to by the parties and, according to international law, the resulting determination has legal force regardless of the ultimate fate of the treaty. [272]
In July 2004, after the California State Legislature passed the Armenian Genocide Insurance Act, descendants of Armenian Genocide victims settled a case for about 2,400 life insurance policies from New York Life written on Armenians living in the Ottoman Empire. [278] Around 1918, the Turkish government attempted to recover payments for the people it had killed, with the argument that there were no identifiable heirs to the policy holders. The settlement provided $20 million, of which $11 million was for heirs of the Genocide victims. [278]
The Armenian Genocide Memorial on the hill of Tsitsernakaberd (Yerevan)
See also: List of Armenian Genocide memorials and List of visitors to Tsitsernakaberd
Over 135 memorials, spread across 25 countries, commemorate the Armenian Genocide. [279]
In 1965, the 50th anniversary of the genocide, a 24-hour mass protest was initiated in Yerevan demanding recognition of the Armenian Genocide by Soviet authorities. [210] :88–108 A memorial was completed two years later, at Tsitsernakaberd above the Hrazdan gorge in Yerevan. The memorial contains a 44 metres (144 ft) stele which symbolizes the national rebirth of Armenians. Twelve slabs are positioned in a circle, representing 12 lost provinces in present-day Turkey. At the center of the circle there is an eternal flame. Each 24 April, hundreds of thousands of people walk to the monument, which is the official memorial of the genocide, and lay flowers around the eternal flame. [280] The Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute, situated in Tsitsernakaberd, presents a rich collection of books and archival materials (photographs, documents, demographic tables, documentaries) about the history of the Armenian Genocide; it is also a research institute and a library. The museum holds a permanent, online and temporary exhibitions, which give a detailed and documented description of that period and of the atrocities. [281] Visits to the museum are a part of the protocol of the Republic of Armenia. Many foreign dignitaries have already visited the Museum, including Pope John Paul II, Pope Francis, President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin, Presidents of France Jacques Chirac, Francois Hollande and other well-known public and political figures. The museum is open to the public for guided tours in Armenian, Russian, English, French, and German. [282]
Main article: Armenian Genocide in culture
"Ravished Armenia" (also called "Auction of Souls")
The first artwork known to have been influenced by the Armenian Genocide was a medal struck in St. Petersburg while the massacres and deportations of 1915 were at their height. It was issued as a token of Russian sympathy for Armenian suffering. Since then, dozens of similar medals have been commissioned in various countries. [283]
Numerous eyewitness accounts of the atrocities were published, notably those of Swedish missionary Alma Johansson and U.S. Ambassador Henry Morgenthau, Sr. German medic Armin Wegner wrote several books about the atrocities he witnessed while stationed in the Ottoman Empire. Years later, having returned to Germany, Wegner was imprisoned for opposing Nazism, [284] and his books were burnt by the Nazis. [285] Probably the best known literary work on the Armenian Genocide is Franz Werfel's 1933 The Forty Days of Musa Dagh . This book was a bestseller that became particularly popular among the youth in the Jewish ghettos during the Nazi era. [99] :302–4
Kurt Vonnegut's 1988 novel Bluebeard features the Armenian Genocide as an underlying theme. [286] Other novels incorporating the Armenian Genocide include Louis de Berniéres' Birds without Wings, Edgar Hilsenrath's German-language The Story of the Last Thought , and Polish Stefan Żeromski's 1925 The Spring to Come . A story in Edward Saint-Ivan's 2006 anthology "The Black Knight's God" includes a fictional survivor of the Armenian Genocide.
The first feature film about the Armenian Genocide, a Hollywood production titled Ravished Armenia, was released in 1919. It was produced by the American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief and based on the account of survivor Aurora Mardiganian, who played herself. It resonated with acclaimed director Atom Egoyan, influencing his 2002 Ararat . Several movies are based on the Armenian Genocide including the 2014 drama film The Cut , [287] 1915 The Movie , [288] and The Promise . [289] There are also references to the Genocide in Elia Kazan's America, America and Henri Verneuil's Mayrig . At the Berlin International Film Festival of 2007 Italian directors Paolo and Vittorio Taviani presented another film about the atrocities, based on Antonia Arslan's book, La Masseria Delle Allodole (The Farm of the Larks). [290]
Arshile Gorky's The Artist and His Mother (ca. 1926–36)
The paintings of Armenian-American Arshile Gorky, a seminal figure of Abstract Expressionism, are considered to have been influenced by the suffering and loss of the period. [291] In 1915, at age 10, Gorky fled his native Van and escaped to Russian-Armenia with his mother and three sisters, only to have his mother die of starvation in Yerevan in 1919. His two The Artist and His Mother paintings are based on a photograph with his mother taken in Van. [292]
Several musicians have dedicated songs to the Armenian Genocide. In 1975, famous French-Armenian singer Charles Aznavour recorded the song "Ils sont tombés" ("They Fell"), dedicated to the memory of Armenian Genocide victims. [293] The American band System of a Down, composed of four descendants of Armenian Genocide survivors, has promoted awareness of the Armenian Genocide through its lyrics, including P.L.U.C.K. and in concerts. [294] On 23 April 2015, the band performed a free concert in the Republic Square, Yerevan to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the genocide. [295] In late 2003, Diamanda Galás released the album Defixiones, Will and Testament: Orders from the Dead, an 80-minute memorial tribute to the Armenian, Assyrian and Greek victims of the genocide in Turkey. "The performance is an angry meditation on genocide and the politically cooperative denial of it, in particular the Turkish and American denial of the Armenian, Assyrian, and Anatolian Greek genocides from 1914 to 1923". [296] In 2008, Armenian-American composer Andrey Kasparov premiered Tsitsernakabert, an original work for modern dance and six musicians: alto flute, bass/ contrabass flute, violin, two percussionists, and mezzo-soprano. [297] The work opens with eight dancers posed in a circle—inclined toward the circle's centre—in a tableau reminiscent of the eponymous memorial. [298] Tigran Hamasyan, who was born near the border with Turkey and had family killed in the genocide, composed the album Luys i Luso (Light from the Light) for the centenary of the genocide. [299] [300] The album was toured in Armenia, Turkey and surrounding countries, [301] [302] as well as in 100 more churches around the world. [299] Because Tigran performed the work in Ani, which used to be in Armenia, he and the other performers received threats and racist comments from the mayor of Kars and right-wing Turkish groups, such as the Grey Wolves. [302]
100th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide
Aghet – Ein Völkermord , German documentary film on the Armenian Genocide
Anti-Oriental Orthodox sentiment
Armenia–Israel relations
Armenian Orphan Rug
Armenia–Turkey relations
Assyrian Genocide
Dersim rebellion
Great Famine of Mount Lebanon
Greek Genocide
Historiography of the fall of the Ottoman Empire
Racism in Turkey
↑ The Armenian Genocide is generally associated with 1915, the year that most of the atrocities took place.[ citation needed ] The span varies from source to source: 1915–1916, 1915–1917, 1915–1918, 1915–1923, 1894–1915, 1894–1923[ citation needed ]
1 2 1.5 million is the most published number, [3] however, estimates vary from 800,000 to 1,800,000 [4] [5] [6] :98 [7]
↑ Հայոց ցեղասպանութիւն in classical Armenian orthography
↑ One U.S. state, Mississippi, has not yet recognized the events as genocide.
↑ The great powers at the Congress of Berlin were Russia, Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy and Germany [51]
Related Research Articles
Young Turks was a political reform movement in the early 20th century that consisted of Ottoman exiles, students, civil servants, and army officers. They favoured the replacement of the Ottoman Empire's absolute monarchy with a constitutional government. Later, their leaders led a rebellion against the absolute rule of Sultan Abdul Hamid II in the 1908 Young Turk Revolution. With this revolution, the Young Turks helped to establish the Second Constitutional Era in 1908, ushering in an era of multi-party democracy for the first time in the country's history.
The Assyrian or Syriac genocide refers to the mass slaughter of the Syriac Christian population of the Ottoman Empire and those in neighbouring Persia by Ottoman troops during the First World War, in conjunction with the Armenian and Greek genocides.
Mehmed Talaat, commonly known as Talaat Pasha, was one of the triumvirate known as the Three Pashas that de facto ruled the Ottoman Empire during the First World War. He was one of the leaders of the Young Turks and ruled the empire during the Armenian Genocide, which he initiated as Minister of Interior Affairs in 1915.
Vahakn N. Dadrian is an Armenian-American sociologist and historian, born in Turkey, professor of sociology, historian, and an expert on the Armenian Genocide. He is one of the early scholars of the academic study of genocide and recognized as one of the key thinkers on the Holocaust and genocide.
Aram Andonian was an ethnic Armenian journalist, historian and writer.
The "Three Pashas" refers to the triumvirate of senior officials who effectively ruled the Ottoman Empire during World War I: Mehmed Talaat Pasha (1874–1921), the Grand Vizier and Minister of the Interior; Ismail Enver Pasha (1881–1922), the Minister of War; and Ahmed Djemal Pasha (1872–1922), the Minister of the Navy. They were largely responsible for the Empire's entry into World War I in 1914. All three met violent deaths after the war - Talaat and Djemal were assassinated, while Enver died leading the Basmachi Revolt near Dushanbe, present-day Tajikistan.
The deportation of Armenian intellectuals, sometimes known as Red Sunday, was the first major event of the Armenian Genocide. Leaders of the Armenian community in the Ottoman capital of Constantinople, and later other locations, were arrested and moved to two holding centers near Angora. The order to do so was given by Minister of the Interior Talaat Pasha on 24 April 1915. On that night, the first wave of 235 to 270 Armenian intellectuals of Constantinople were arrested. Eventually, the total number of arrests and deportations amounted to 2,345. With the adoption of the Tehcir Law on 29 May 1915, these detainees were later relocated within the Ottoman Empire; most of them were ultimately killed. A few, such as Vrtanes Papazian and Komitas, were saved through intervention.
Turkish courts-martial of 1919–20 were courts-martial of the Ottoman Empire that occurred soon after the Armistice of Mudros, in the aftermath of World War I. The leadership of the Committee of Union and Progress and selected former officials were charged with several charges including subversion of the constitution, wartime profiteering, and the massacres of both Armenians and Greeks. The court reached a verdict which sentenced the organizers of the massacres – Talat, Enver, and Cemal – and others to death.
After World War I, the effort to prosecute Ottoman war criminals was taken up by the Paris Peace Conference (1919) and ultimately included in the Treaty of Sèvres (1920) with the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman government organized a series of courts martial in 1919–1920 to prosecute war criminals, but these failed on account of political pressure. The main effort by the Allied administration that occupied Constantinople fell short of establishing an international tribunal in Malta to try the so-called Malta exiles, Ottoman war criminals held as POWs by the British forces in Malta. In the end, no tribunals were held in Malta.
The Memoirs of Naim Bey: Turkish Official Documents Relating to the Deportation and the Massacres of Armenians, also known as the "Talat Pasha telegrams", is a book written by historian and journalist Aram Andonian in 1919. Originally redacted in Armenian, it was popularized worldwide through the English edition published by Hodder & Stoughton of London. It includes several documents (telegrams) that constitute evidence that the Armenian Genocide was formally implemented as Ottoman Empire policy.
Ambassador Morgenthau's Story (1918) is the title of the published memoirs of Henry Morgenthau Sr., U.S. Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire from 1913 to 1916, until the day of his resignation from the post. The book was dedicated to the then U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, and it took over two years to complete. The ghostwriter for Henry Morgenthau was Burton J. Hendrick; however, a comparison with official documents filed by Morgenthau in his role as ambassador shows that the book must have been structured and written extensively by Morgenthau himself.
This page contains a selected list of press headlines relevant to the Armenian Genocide in chronological order, as recorded in newspaper archives. The sources prior to 1914 relate in large part to the Hamidian massacres and the Adana massacre.
Witnesses and testimony of the Armenian Genocide provide an important and valuable insight into the events during and after the Armenian Genocide. The Armenian Genocide was prepared and carried out by the Ottoman government in 1915 and the following years. As a result of the genocide, Armenians living in their ancestral homeland were deported and systematically killed. The Republic of Turkey today denies the genocide, although the systematic massacres are recognized as genocide by most scholars.
Sürgün or verb form sürmek was a practice within the Ottoman Empire that entailed the movement of a large group of people from one region to another, often a form of forced migration imposed by state policy or international authority. The practice was also a form of banishment or exile often applied to the elites of Ottoman society, the Pashas. It was most famously used as a method of ethnic cleansing in the oft disputed Armenian Genocide perpetrated by the Young Turk government in 1915, in order to deal with a perceived threat from Armenian nationals receiving military support from the, Ottoman hostile, Russian Empire.
During the Armenian Genocide which occurred in the Ottoman Empire, led at the time by the Young Turks, the Turkish armed forces, militias, and members of the public engaged in a systematic campaign of genocidal rape against female Armenians and children of both sexes. Before the genocide had begun one method used to intimidate the Armenian population was sexual humiliation. Women and young girls were not only subjected to rape, but also forced marriage, torture, forced prostitution, being sold into slavery and sexual mutilation.
Hafız Mehmet was a Turkish politician and the Minister of Justice for the Republic of Turkey. While serving as a deputy in Trabzon, he was a witness to the Armenian Genocide. His testimony of the event is considered by genocide scholar Vahakn Dadrian as one of the "rarest corroborations of the fact of the complicity of governmental officials in the organization of the mass murder of Armenians". He was sentenced to death after the Izmir trials of 1926, charged with attempting to assassinate Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
Reshid Akif Pasha, was an Ottoman statesman during the last decades of the Ottoman Empire. Throughout his career as a politician, Reshid Akif Paşa served as governor, minister of the interior, and in the Council of State. He is also noted for providing important testimony in the aftermath of the Armenian Genocide.
Mustafa Arif Deymer (1874–1954) was a Turkish politician who served both the Ottoman government and the Turkish Republic. He served as the Ottoman interior minister from 1918 to 1919 and as minister of education in 1921. During the Turkish Republican era, he became governor of Kırklareli Province. He is also noted for providing important testimony in the aftermath of the Armenian Genocide.
The Historiography of the Armenian Genocide is the study of how historians have constructed narratives detailing the causes and outcomes of the 1915 Armenian Genocide.
1 2 Schaller, Dominik J; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction". Journal of Genocide Research. 10 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1080/14623520801950820.
1 2 Jones, Adam (2010). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. Taylor & Francis. pp. 171–72. ISBN 978-0-203-84696-4. A resolution was placed before the IAGS membership to recognize the Greek and Assyrian/Chaldean components of the Ottoman genocide against Christians, alongside the Armenian strand of the genocide (which the IAGS has already formally acknowledged). The result, passed emphatically in December 2007 despite not inconsiderable opposition, was a resolution which I co-drafted, reading as follows: ...
↑ For example: * Derderian, K. (1 March 2005). "Common Fate, Different Experience: Gender-Specific Aspects of the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1917". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 19 (1): 1–25. doi:10.1093/hgs/dci001. ISSN 8756-6583. the figure of 1.5 million people is generally accepted as a reasonable estimate * "Tsitsernakaberd Memorial Complex". Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute . Retrieved 17 June 2016. * Kifner, John (7 December 2007). "Armenian Genocide of 1915: An Overview". The New York Times .
↑ Göçek, Fatma Müge (2015). Denial of violence : Ottoman past, Turkish present and collective violence against the Armenians, 1789–2009. Oxford University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-19-933420-9.
↑ Auron, Yair (2000). The banality of indifference: Zionism & the Armenian genocide. Transaction. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-7658-0881-3.
1 2 Forsythe, David P. (11 August 2009). Encyclopedia of human rights (Google Books). 1. Oxford University Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-19-533402-9.
↑ Chalk, Frank Robert; Jonassohn, Kurt (10 September 1990). The history and sociology of genocide: analyses and case studies. Institut montréalais des études sur le génocide. Yale University Press. pp. 270–. ISBN 978-0-300-04446-1.
↑ Hovannisian, Richard G. (1998). "Modern Turkish Identity and the Armenian Genocide: From Prejudice to Racist Nationalism". Remembrance and Denial: The Case of the Armenian Genocide. Wayne State University Press. pp. 23–50. ISBN 081432777X.
↑ Fisk, Robert (14 October 2006). "Let me denounce genocide from the dock". The Independent. Archived from the original on 24 January 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
↑ "8 facts about the Armenian genocide 100 years ago". CNN.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
↑ "100 Years Ago, 1.5 Million Armenians Were Systematically Killed. Today, It's Still Not A 'Genocide'". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
↑ Kieser, Hans-Lukas; Schaller, Dominik J. (2002), Der Völkermord an den Armeniern und die Shoah[The Armenian genocide and the Shoah] (in German), Chronos, p. 114, ISBN 3-0340-0561-X
Walker, Christopher J. (1980), Armenia: The Survival of A Nation, London: Croom Helm, pp. 200–03
Bryce, Viscount James; Toynbee, Arnold (2000), Sarafian, Ara (ed.), The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, 1915–1916: Documents Presented to Viscount Grey of Falloden (uncensored ed.), Princeton, NJ: Gomidas, pp. 635–649, ISBN 0-9535191-5-5
↑ "The Many Armenian Diasporas, Then and Now". GeoCurrents. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
↑ Totally Unofficial: The Autobiography of Raphael Lemkin. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 2013. pp. 19–20. ISBN 9780300186963.
The Armenian Genocide (1915–16): Overview, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
1 2 "Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Resolution". Armenian National Institute. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
1 2 Ferguson, Niall (2006). The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West. New York: Penguin Press. p. 177. ISBN 1-59420-100-5.
↑ "A Letter from The International Association of Genocide Scholars" (PDF). Genocide Watch. 13 June 2005.
1 2 Rummel, RJ (1 April 1998). "The Holocaust in Comparative and Historical Perspective". IDEA – A Journal of Social Issues. 3 (2). ISSN 1523-1712.
↑ "For Turkey, denying an Armenian genocide is a question of identity". america.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
↑ "Alabama Becomes 49th U.S. State to Recognize the Armenian Genocide". Armenian Weekly . 20 March 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
↑ The Armenian genocide : history, politics, ethics. Hovannisian, Richard G. New York: St. Martin's Press. 1992. p. xvi. ISBN 0312048475. OCLC 23768090. CS1 maint: others (link)
↑ Stanley, Alessandra (17 April 2006). "A PBS Documentary Makes Its Case for the Armenian Genocide, With or Without a Debate". The New York Times .
↑ Khatchig Mouradian, Explaining the Unexplainable: The Terminology Employed by the Armenian Media when Referring to 1915 , The Armenian Weekly, 23 September 2006.
↑ Krikor Beledian, "L'expérience de la catastrophe dans la littérature arménienne", Revue d'histoire arménienne contemporaine, no. 1, 1995, p. 131.
Martine Hovanessian, "Exil et catastrophe arménienne: le difficile travail de deuil," in William Berthomière and Christine Chivallon (eds.), Les diasporas dans le monde contemporain, Paris: Karthala-MSHA, 2006, p. 231.
↑ Hovhannissian, Nikolay (2005). Le génocide arménien. Yerevan: Zangak-97. p. 5. ISBN 9993023299.
↑ Erdoğan tells Germany to look at own 'genocide' history, Yeni Şafak, 6 June 2016. "...Armenian claims of "genocide" during the 1915 events", "Turkey denies the alleged Armenian "genocide",
↑ "History group head slams 'outlandish' German resolution". aa.com.tr. 7 June 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
↑ Ayda Erbal, "Mea Culpas, Negotiations, Apologias: Revisiting the 'Apology' of Turkish Intellectuals," in Birgit Schwelling (ed.), Reconciliation, Civil Society, and the Politics of Memory: Transnational Initiatives in the 20th Century, Bielefeld: Transcript, 2012, p. 88: "Seemingly unaware that any term used to refer to a historical crime of this nature is necessarily always already 'politicized,' when used in this context, just as when President Obama used the same term as a means of avoiding the word "genocide", Medz Yeghern ceases to be a private term of communal mourning for Armenians, it becomes something else: a political instrument in the hands of others."
1 2 "Turkey Recalls Envoys Over Armenian Genocide". International Center for Transitional Justice. 8 May 2006. Archived from the original on 3 July 2008.
↑ Bartrop, Paul R.; Leonard Jacobs, Steven (2014). Modern Genocide: The Definitive Resource and Document Collection. p. 170. ISBN 978-1610693646.
↑ Dadrian, Vahakn N. (2004). "The Armenian Genocide: an interpretation". In Winter, Jay (ed.). America and the Armenian Genocide of 1915. Cambridge University Press. pp. 52–53. ISBN 9781139450188. This is the report of the British expert, Benjamin Whitaker, who was tasked by the Sub-Commission to research the problem and come up with his evaluation. After eight years of research, Whitaker concluded that the First World War Armenian experience was a case of genocide within the terms of the meaning of the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Whitaker saw fit, however, to describe it as a war-conditioned 'aberration'.
↑ International Association of Genocide Scholars (13 June 2005). "Letter to Prime Minister Erdogan". Genocide Watch. Archived from the original on 4 June 2007.
↑ "Nobel Laureates call for tolerance, contact and cooperation between Turks and Armenians" (PDF). Elie Wiesel Foundation. 9 April 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 July 2007.
↑ Danielyan, Emil (10 April 2007). "Nobel Laureates Call For Armenian-Turkish Reconciliation". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 2 July 2007.
Phillips, David L. (9 April 2007). "Nobel Laureates Call For Turkish-Armenian Reconciliation" (PDF). The Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2007.
↑ Bostom, Andrew G. (26 August 2007). "Congress Must Recognize the Armenian Genocide". American Thinker . Archived from the original on 28 August 2007. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
↑ Ye'or, Bat. Islam and Dhimmitude. Madison, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2002, p. 374.
1 2 3 El-Ghusein, Fà'iz (1918). Martyred Armenia . ISBN 0-87899-003-8.
↑ Toynbee, Arnold Joseph. Turkey: a Past and a Future. 1917, pp. 22–23.
↑ Herzig, Edmund; Kurkchiyan, Marina (2004). The Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity. Routledge. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-135-79837-6.
Khachaturian, Lisa (2011). Cultivating Nationhood in Imperial Russia: The Periodical Press and the Formation of a Modern Armenian Identity. Transaction Publishers. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-4128-1372-3.
↑ Adalian, Rouben Paul (2010). Historical Dictionary of Armenia (2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 337. ISBN 978-0-8108-7450-3.
↑ Barsoumian, Hagop (1982), "The Dual Role of the Armenian Amira Class within the Ottoman Government and the Armenian Millet (1750–1850)", in Braude, Benjamin; Lewis, Bernard (eds.), Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire: The Functioning of a Plural Society, I, New York: Holmes & Meier
1 2 Barsoumian, Hagop (1997), "The Eastern Question and the Tanzimat Era", in Hovannisian, Richard G (ed.), The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century, New York: St. Martin's, pp. 175–201, ISBN 0-312-10168-6
↑ (in Armenian) Hambaryan, Azat S. (1981). "Հայաստանի սոցիալ-տնտեսական և քաղաքական դրությունը 1870–1900 թթ." [Armenia's social-economic and political situation, 1870–1900] in Հայ Ժողովրդի Պատմություն [History of the Armenian People], ed. Tsatur Aghayan et al. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, vol. 6, p. 22.
1 2 Gábor Ágoston; Bruce Alan Masters (21 May 2010). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase Publishing. p. 185. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Balakian, Peter (2003). The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-019840-0.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Akçam, Taner (2006). A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility. New York: Metropolitan Books. p. PP1. ISBN 0-8050-7932-7.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Dadrian, Vahakn N (1995). The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus. Oxford: Berghahn Books. ISBN 1-57181-666-6.
↑ Suny, Ronald Grigor (1993). Looking toward Ararat Armenia in modern history. Bloomington: Indiana university press. p. 101. ISBN 0253207738.
↑ "What happened to the Armenians (Millet-i Sadıka)?". Daily Sabah . Retrieved 3 May 2018.
↑ "Article 16", Treaty of San Stefano, As the evacuation of the Russian troops of the territory they occupy in Armenia ... might give rise to conflicts and complications detrimental to the maintenance of good relations between the two countries, the Sublime Porte engaged to carry into effect, without further delay, the improvements and reforms demanded by local requirements in the provinces inhabited by Armenians and to guarantee their security from Kurds and Circassians.
↑ Elik, Suleyman (2013). Iran-Turkey Relations, 1979–2011: Conceptualising the Dynamics of Politics, Religion and Security in Middle-Power States. Routledge. p. 12. ISBN 9781136630880.
↑ Nalbandian, Louise (1963), The Armenian Revolutionary Movement: The Development of Armenian Political Parties through the Nineteenth Century, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0520009142
Libaridian, Gerard (2011). "What was Revolutionary about Armenian Revolutionary Parties in the Ottoman Empire?". In Suny, Ronald; et al. (eds.). A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 82–112. ISBN 9780195393743.
↑ "The Graphic". 7 December 1895. p. 35. Retrieved 5 February 2018– via The British Newspaper Archive.
↑ "Armenian Genocide". history.com. History.
The German Foreign Ministry operative, Ernst Jackh, estimated that 200,000 Armenians were killed and a further 50,000 expelled from the provinces during the Hamidian unrest. French diplomats placed the figures at 250,000 killed. The German pastor Johannes Lepsius was more meticulous in his calculations, counting the deaths of 88,000 Armenians and the destruction of 2,500 villages, 645 churches and monasteries, and the plundering of hundreds of churches, of which 328 were converted into mosques.
↑ "Young Turk Revolution". matrix.msu.edu. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
↑ "Details of Slaughter Received". The New York Times. 5 May 1909. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
Cited in Shirinian, George N. (13 February 2017). Genocide in the Ottoman Empire: Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks, 1913–1923. Berghahn Books. p. 121. ISBN 9781785334337.
↑ "30,000 Killed in massacres; Conservative estimate of victims of Turkish fanaticism in Adana Vilayet". The New York Times . 25 April 1909.
↑ Walker, Christopher J. "World War I and the Armenian Genocide". The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times. II. p. 244.
↑ "La Turchia in guerra " in "Pro Familia", Milanօ, 17 Geniano, 1915 pp. 38–42
"Berliner Morgenpost", " Der Heilige Krieg der Muselmanen", 14 November 1914
Ludke T., Jihad made in Germany, Ottoman and German Propaganda and Intelligence Operations in the First World War, Transaction Publishers, 2005, pp. 12–13
Vahakn Dadrian, The History of the Armenian Genocide. Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to eh Caucasus, Berghahn Books, Oxford, 1995, pp. 3–6
↑ Suny, Ronald Grigor (2015). "They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else": A History of the Armenian Genocide. Princeton University Press. p. 244. ISBN 978-1400865581. - Profile at Google Books
↑ Toynbee, Arnold Joseph; Bryce, James Bryce (1915). Armenian atrocities, the murder of a nation. University of California Libraries. London, New York [etc.] : Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 81–82.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Morgenthau, Henry (2010) [First published 1918]. Ambassador Morgenthau's Story: A Personal Account of the Armenian Genocide. Cosimo, Inc. ISBN 978-1-61640-396-6 . Retrieved 15 April 2016.
↑ Hinterhoff, Eugene. Persia: The Stepping Stone To India. Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I. iv. pp. 153–57.
↑ Ugur Ungor; Mehmet Polatel (9 June 2011). Confiscation and Destruction: The Young Turk Seizure of Armenian Property. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-4411-1020-6. ...were rounded up and deported to the interior where most were murdered.
↑ Heather Rae (15 August 2002). State Identities and the Homogenisation of Peoples. Cambridge University Press. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-521-79708-5. on the night of 23–24 April 1915 with the arrest of hundreds of intellectuals and leaders of the Armenian community in [...] They were deported to Anatolia where they were put to death.
↑ Steven L. Jacobs (2009). Confronting Genocide: Judaism, Christianity, Islam. Lexington Books. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-7391-3589-1. On 24 April 1915 the Ministry of the Interior ordered the arrest of Armenian parliamentary deputies, former ministers, and some intellectuals. Thousands were arrested, including 2,345 in the capital, most of whom were subsequently executed ...
↑ Alan Whitehorn (26 May 2015). The Armenian Genocide: The Essential Reference Guide. ABC-CLIO. p. 139. ISBN 978-1-61069-688-3. That particular date was chosen because on April 24, 1915, the Ottoman Young Turk government began deporting hundreds of Armenian leaders and intellectuals from Constantinople (Istanbul); most were later murdered en masse.
↑ Emmanuel Sampath Nelson (2005). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Multiethnic American Literature: A – C. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-313-33060-5. On the night of April 24, 1915, the brightest representatives of the Armenian intellectual elite of Constantinople, including writers, musicians, politicians, and scientists were arrested and brutally massacred.
↑ Derived from map 224 in Hewsen, Robert H.; Salvatico, Christopher C. (2001). Armenia : a historical atlas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 224. ISBN 0-226-33228-4. OCLC 995496723.
↑ Motta, Giuseppe (2014). Less Than Nations: Volume 1 and 2 : Central-Eastern European minorities after WWI. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 11–2. ISBN 978-1443858595.
↑ "MILLION ARMENIANS KILLED OR IN EXILE; American Committee on Relief Says Victims of Turks Are Steadily Increasing. POLICY OF EXTERMINATION More Atrocities Detailed in Support of Charge That Turkey Is Acting Deliberately". The New York Times. 15 December 1915. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 31 January 2018.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Fisk, Robert (2005). The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East. New York: Alfred A Knopf. ISBN 1-84115-007-X.
1 2 3 Fromkin, David (1989). A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East. New York: Avon Books. ISBN 0-8050-6884-8.
↑ Theodore Roosevelt, Letters and Speeches, New York: Library of America, 2004, p. 736. See Rosen, Ruth. "The hidden holocaust". San Francisco Chronicle. 15 December 2003.
↑ Kabacali, Alpay (1994). Talat Paşa'nın hatıraları[Talaat Pasha's memoirs] (in Turkish). İletişim Yayınları. ISBN 9789754700459.
↑ "Ermeni Meselesi" (PDF) (in Turkish). Hist.net. 11 March 2001. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2018.
↑ Akçam, Taner (2004). From empire to republic: Turkish nationalism and the Armenian genocide. Zed Books. p. 174. ISBN 978-1-84277-527-1.
↑ Arango, Tim (22 April 2017). "'Sherlock Holmes of Armenian Genocide' Uncovers Lost Evidence". The New York Times . United States. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
"Recently Discovered Telegram Reveals Evidence For Armenian Genocide". All things Considered. United States: National Public Radio. 24 April 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
Mandell, Ariane (23 April 2017). "Lost Evidence of Armenian Genocide Discovered in Jerusalem Archive". The Jerusalem Post. Israel. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
↑ US Library of Congress, George Grantham Bain Collection Photo ID LC-USZ62-48100 "Syria – Aleppo – Armenian woman kneeling beside dead child in field "within sight of help and safety at Aleppo"
1 2 "Exiled Armenians starve in the desert; Turks drive them like slaves, American committee hears ;- Treatment raises death rate". The New York Times . 8 August 1916. Archived from the original on 2 February 2012. (cited by McCarthy, Justin (15 August 2010). The Turk in America: The Creation of an Enduring Prejudice. University of Utah Press. p. 177. ISBN 9781607810131. )
↑ Danieli, Yael (1998). International Handbook of Multigenerational Legacies of Trauma. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 23. ISBN 9780306457388. [Victims] were often held without food for days so they would be too weak to escape
1 2 Bartrop, Paul R.; Jacobs, Steven Leonard (17 December 2014). Modern Genocide: The Definitive Resource and Document Collection. ABC-CLIO. p. 64. ISBN 1-61069-364-7.
↑ Horvitz, Leslie Alan; Catherwood, Christopher (2014). Encyclopedia of War Crimes and Genocide. Infobase Publishing. p. 26. ISBN 9781438110295.
Primary source: "Armenians are sent to perish in desert; Turks accused of plan to exterminate whole population; people of Karahissar massacred". The New York Times . 18 August 1915.
↑ "Génocide arménien: le scénario". L'Histoire (in French). 1 April 2009. p. 16. Djemal Pacha avait parfaitement conscience qu’abandonner les Arméniens dans le désert signifiait les condamner à une mort assurée.
↑ Von Joeden-Forgey, Elisa (2010). "Gender and Genocide". In Donald Bloxham, A. Dirk Moses (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies. Oxford University Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-19-923211-6.
↑ Akçam, Taner (2012). The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire. Princeton University Press. pp. 312–15. ISBN 978-0-691-15333-9.
↑ Gust, Wolfgang (2013). The Armenian Genocide: Evidence from the German Foreign Office Archives, 1915–1916. Berghahn Books. pp. 26–27. ISBN 978-1-78238-143-3.
↑ "L'extermination des déportés Arméniens ottomans dans les camps de concentration de Syrie-Mésopotamie (1915–1916)". imprescriptible.fr (in French). Retrieved 17 June 2016.
↑ Kotek, Joël; Rigoulot, Pierre (2000). Le siècle des camps (in French). JC Lattès. ISBN 2-7096-4155-0.
↑ Kaiser, Hilmar (2010). "18. Genocide at the Twilight of the Ottoman Empire". In Donald Bloxham (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies. A. Dirk Moses. OUP Oxford. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-19-161361-6 . Retrieved 15 April 2016.
↑ Gust, Wolfgang (2013). The Armenian Genocide: Evidence from the German Foreign Office Archives, 1915–191. Berghahn Books. pp. 653–54. ISBN 978-1-78238-143-3.
↑ "Fact sheet: The Plan for the Armenian Genocide". Knights of Vartan Armenian Research Center, The University of Michigan-Dearborn. Archived from the original on 21 August 2014.
↑ Totten, Samuel (2004). Teaching about genocide issues, approaches, and resources. Greenwich, Conn.: Information Age Pub. p. 104. ISBN 1607529688. During the Holocaust there were the SS and the Einsatzgruppen, whereas during the Armenian Genocide there was the Teshkilati Mahsusa— the Special Organization.
↑ Fisk, Robert (2007). The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 405. ISBN 978-0307428714. The Turks even formed a "Special Organisation"—Teshkilat-i Makhsusiye—to carry out exterminations, an Ottoman predecessor to Hitler's Einsatzgruppen, the German "Special Action Groups."
↑ Dadrian, Vahakn (November 1991). "The Documentation of the World War I Armenian Massacres in the Proceedings of the Turkish Military Tribunal". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 23 (4): 549–76 (560). doi:10.1017/S0020743800023412. JSTOR 163884.
↑ Kevorkian, Raymond (2011). The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History. I.B.Tauris. p. 432. ISBN 978-0857730206.
↑ Rummel, Rudolf J. (2005). Genocide never again (book 5) (PDF). Llumina Press. ISBN 1-59526-075-7 . Retrieved 17 June 2016.
↑ Guenter Lewy (Fall 2005). "Revisiting the Armenian Genocide". Middle East Quarterly.
1 2 Auron, Yair (2000). "The Banality of Indifference: Zionism and the Armenian Genocide". New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.
↑ British Foreign Office 371/2781/264888, Appendices B., p. 6.
↑ Takvimi Vekayi, No. 3540, 5 May 1919.
↑ McClure, Samuel S. Obstacles to Peace. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1917, pp. 400–01.
1 2 Viscount Bryce (1916). "The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire 1915–16: Documents presented to Viscount Grey of Falloden, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs". New York and London: GP Putnam's Sons, for His Majesty's Stationery Office.
"Death toll of the Armenian Massacres". Encyclopædia Britannica .
1 2 3 Charny, Israel W.; Tutu, Desmond; Wiesenthal, Simon (2000). Encyclopedia of genocide (Repr ed.). Oxford: ABC-Clio. p. 95. ISBN 0-87436-928-2.
↑ Kiernan, Ben (2007). Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur. Yale University Press. pp. 411–2. ISBN 978-0300100983.
↑ Winter, Jay (2004). America and the Armenian Genocide of 1915. Cambridge University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-139-45018-8.
↑ "Turks Slay 14,000 In One Massacre". Toronto Globe. 26 August 1915. p. 1.
↑ 1945–, Shirinian, Lorne (1999). Quest for closure : the Armenian genocide and the search for justice in Canada. Kingston, Ont.: Blue Heron Press. p. 63. ISBN 0920266169. OCLC 45618448.
↑ Takvimi Vekdyi, No. 3616, 6 August 1919, p. 2.
↑ Akçam 2012, p. 312.
1 2 3 Vahakn N. Dadrian, The Role of Turkish Physicians in the World War I Genocide of Ottoman Armenians . The Holocaust and Genocide Studies 1, no. 2 (1986), pp. 177. (via HeinOnline) At the fourteenth session of the trial (Saturday, 26 April 1919), a young woman, Manning Yerazian, gave a baffling and portentous testimony. She was left with her sisters in Trabzon and witnessed the poisoning and liquidation through 'disinfection' of the infants. The site of the killings by poison was not the standard location, the Red Crescent Hospital, but two school buildings serving as collection points for children slated for distribution (of some) and destruction (of the rest). Ittihad Representative Nail and Health Inspector Dr. Saib would supply the lists of the victims who were then picked up by the Turkish women employed in the schools. In the mezzanine of one of the schools, there was a tiled room purporting to be a steam chamber (islim). The Turkish women would escort groups of infants to that room for a steam bath. 'First we didn't realize what was happening. But one day we heard cries that abruptly ceased and were followed by a deathly silence. We then paid closer attention to what was happening. The baskets at the door of the "disinfection" hall told everything.' It appears that Dr. Saib used the term 'islim' to lure and trap the victims in a chamber equipped with some kind of toxic gas with fatal effects
↑ Dadrian, Vahakn N. "The Turkish Military Tribunal's Prosecution of the Authors of the Armenian Genocide: Four Major Court-Martial Series". Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 11(1), 1997, pp. 28–59.
Genocide Study Project, HF Guggenheim Foundation, in The Holocaust and Genocide Studies , Volume 11, Number 1, Spring 1997.
↑ Baron, Jeremy Hugh (November 1999). "Genocidal doctors". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 92 (11): 590–593. doi:10.1177/014107689909201117. PMC 1297441 . PMID 10703503.
↑ Bayur, Yusuf Hikmet, Türk İnkılabı Tarihi. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1983, vol. 3, pt. 3, as cited in Dadrian, History of the Armenian Genocide, pp. 223–24.
↑ Üngör & Polatel 2011, p. 74.
1 2 Avedian, Vahagn (August 2012). "State Identity, Continuity, and Responsibility: The Ottoman Empire, the Republic of Turkey and the Armenian Genocide" (PDF). European Journal of International Law. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 23 (3): 797–820. doi:10.1093/ejil/chs056. ISSN 0938-5428.
↑ Avedian, V. (15 October 2012). "State Identity, Continuity, and Responsibility: The Ottoman Empire, the Republic of Turkey and the Armenian Genocide". European Journal of International Law. 23 (3): 797–820. doi:10.1093/ejil/chs056.
↑ Baghdjian, Kevork K. (2010). A.B. Gureghian (ed.). The Confiscation of Armenian properties by the Turkish Government Said to be Abandoned. Printing House of the Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia. p. 275. ISBN 978-9953-0-1702-0.
↑ Turabian, Hagop (1962). L'Arménie et le peuple arménien (PDF) (in French). Paris, France: Katcherian. pp. 265–7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2018.
↑ Marashlian, Levon (1999). Richard G. Hovannisian (ed.). Finishing the Armenian Genocide: Cleansing Turkey of Armenian survivors. Wayne State University Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-8143-2777-7.
↑ Winter, Jay, ed. (2003). America and the Armenian genocide of 1915. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-511-16382-1.
↑ Ungor, U. U. (2008). Seeing like a nation-state: Young Turk social engineering in Eastern Turkey, 1913–50. Journal of Genocide Research, 10(1), 15–39.
↑ Akçam, Taner (1996). Armenien und der Völkermord: Die Istanbuler Prozesse und die Türkische Nationalbewegung (in German). Hamburg: Hamburger Edition. p. 185.
↑ Bedrosyan, Raffi (7 January 2016). "The Implications of Turkey's Renewed War on the Kurds". Armenian Weekly.
↑ Gunnar Heinsohn: Lexikon der Völkermorde. Reinbek 1998. Rowohlt Verlag. p. 80 (German)
Recognizing the 81st Anniversary of the Armenian Genocide. United States Government Printing Office. Retrieved 21 January 2013
Armenian Genocide Survivors Remember Archived 26 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Queens Gazette. Retrieved 21 January 2013
↑ Libaridian, Gerald J. (2007). Modern Armenia people, nation, state. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers. pp. 134–35. ISBN 978-1-4128-1351-8.
↑ Public Record Office, Foreign Office, 371/4174/136069 in Dadrian 1995 , p. 342
↑ Grothusen, Klaus Detlev (1985). Türkei. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 35. ISBN 3525362048.
1 2 Bonello 2008.
↑ Yarwood, Lisa (2011). "Armenian Massacre 1915". State accountability under international law : holding states accountable for a breach of "jus cogens" norms. Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-81335-8.
↑ Turkey's EU Minister, Judge Giovanni Bonello And the Armenian Genocide – 'Claim about Malta Trials is nonsense'. The Malta Independent. 19 April 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2013
↑ Lemkin, Raphael (April 1946). "Genocide". American Scholar. 15 (2): 227–30. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
1 2 3 Bloxham, Donald (2005). "The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians". Oxford: Oxford University Press.
↑ Robert Marrus, Michael (2002). The Unwanted: European Refugees from the First World War Through the Cold War. Temple University Press. pp. 83–84. ISBN 1-4399-0551-7.
↑ Morgenthau, Henry (2003). Balakian, Peter (ed.). Ambassador Morgenthau's story. Detroit, Mich.: Wayne State Univ. Press. p. xxxi. ISBN 0814329799.
↑ Oren, Michael B (2007). Power, Faith and Fantasy: America in the Middle East 1776 to the Present. New York: WW Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-393-33030-4.
Goldberg, Andrew. The Armenian Genocide. Two Cats Productions, 2006
↑ Suzanne E. Moranian. "The Armenian Genocide and American Missionary Relief Efforts", in America and the Armenian Genocide of 1915. Jay Winter (ed.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
↑ John G. Heidenrich (2001). How to prevent genocide: a guide for policymakers, scholars, and the concerned citizen. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-275-96987-5.
↑ "French in Armenia 'genocide' row". BBC News. 12 October 2006. Archived from the original on 7 April 2008.
↑ Woods, Allan (6 May 2006). "Turkey protests Harper's marking of genocide". Ottawa Citizen . Archived from the original on 13 March 2008.
↑ Melson, Robert (1996). Revolution and genocide: on the origins of the Armenian genocide and the Holocaust (1st pbk. ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 147. ISBN 0-226-51991-0.
↑ Sarafian, Ara (13 March 2009). "Talaat Pasha's Black Book documents his campaign of race extermination, 1915–17" (PDF). Armenian Cause Foundation. The Armenian Reporter.
↑ Tavernise, Sabrina "Nearly a Million Genocide Victims, Covered in a Cloak of Amnesia". The New York Times , 8 March 2009.
↑ "94th Anniversary of the Armenian Genocide at the desert of Der Zor". Armenian Orthodox Church (official website). 17 April 2009. Archived from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
↑ El-Ghusein, Fà'iz (1917). Martyred Armenia. p. 7 .
↑ Levene, Mark (2013). The crisis of genocide. the European rimlands, 1912–1938 (First ed.). OUP Oxford. pp. 125–6. ISBN 978-0191505546.
Whitehorn, Alan (2015). The Armenian Genocide: The Essential Reference Guide. ABC-CLIO. p. 78. ISBN 978-1610696883.
↑ Fisk, Robert (2005), The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East, New York: Alfred A Knopf, ISBN 1-84115-007-X.
1 2 Christopher J. Walker (1980). Armenia, the Survival of a Nation. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-04944-7. * Akçam, Taner (2007). A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility. – Profile at Google Books
↑ These are according to the figures provided by Alexander Miasnikian, the President of the Council of People's Commissars of Soviet Armenia, in a telegram he sent to the Soviet Foreign Minister Georgy Chicherin in 1921. Miasnikyan's figures were broken down as follows: of the approximately 60,000 Armenians who were killed by the Turkish armies, 30,000 were men, 15,000 women, 5,000 children, and 10,000 young girls. Of the 38,000 who were wounded, 20,000 were men, 10,000 women, 5,000 young girls, and 3,000 children. Instances of mass rape, murder and violence were also reported against the Armenian populace of Kars and Alexandropol: See Vahakn Dadrian. (2003). The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus. New York: Berghahn Books, pp. 360–61. ISBN 1-57181-666-6.
↑ Original memo: "The Ambassador in France (Sharp) to the Secretary of State". history.state.gov.
Cited by: * Schabas, William A. (2000). Genocide in international law : the crimes of crimes (1 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 15–16. ISBN 0521787904. * Crimes Against Humanity , 23 British Yearbook of International Law (1946) p. 181
1 2 Horton, George (2008) [1926]. The Blight of Asia, An Account of the Systematic Extermination of Christian Populations by Mohammedans and of the Culpability of Certain Great Powers; with the True Story of the Burning of Smyrna. London: Gomidas Institute (Sterndale Classics). ISBN 978-1-903656-79-2. LCCN 26009178. Foreword by James W. Gerard (1926) with a new introduction by James L. Marketos (2003 or 2008).
↑ Winter, Jay, ed. (2003). America and the Armenian genocide of 1915. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-511-16382-1.
↑ D., Peterson, Merrill (2004). "Starving Armenians" : America and the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1930 and after. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. ISBN 9780813922676. OCLC 52901294.
↑ James L. Barton, Turkish Atrocities: Statements of American Missionaries on the Destruction of Christian Communities in Ottoman Turkey, 1915–1917. Gomidas Institute, 1998, ISBN 1-884630-04-9.
↑ The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, 1915–1916: Documents Presented to Viscount Grey of Falloden by Viscount James Bryce and Arnold Toynbee, Uncensored Edition. Ara Sarafian (ed.) Princeton, New Jersey: Gomidas Institute, 2000. ISBN 0-9535191-5-5.
↑ Auswärtiges Amt , West German Foreign Office Archives, K170, no. 4674, folio 63, in Balakian, The Burning Tigris , p. 186.
1 2 Dadrian, Vahakn N.; Akçam, Taner (2011). Judgment at Istanbul the Armenian genocide trials (English ed.). New York: Berghahn Books. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-85745-286-3.
↑ Ambrosio, Thomas (2002). Ethnic identity groups and U.S. foreign policy. Westport (Conn.): Praeger. pp. 155–6. ISBN 0275975320.
↑ Charney, Israel (1994). The Widening Circle of Genocide. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 107. ISBN 1-4128-3965-3.
↑ Ye'or, Bat (1985). The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians Under Islam. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 95. ISBN 1-61147-079-X.
1 2 3 4 Dabag, Mihran (2007). "The Decisive Generation: Self-authorization and delegations in deciding a genocide". In Kinloch, Graham C. (ed.). Genocide : Approaches, Case Studies, And Responses. New York: Algora Pub. pp. 113–135. ISBN 978-0875863818. OCLC 437191890.
↑ Robert Fisk (21 October 2012). "Photograph links Germans to 1915 Armenia genocide". The Independent. London.
↑ Armin T. Wegner e gli Armeni in Anatolia, 1915: Immagini e testimonianze = Armin T. Wegner and the Armenians in Anatolia, 1915 : images and testimonies, Milan, Guerini, 1996. See also Wegner. "Photo collection". Armenian Genocide.
↑ Nazer, James (1968). The first genocide of the 20th century: the story of the Armenian massacres in text and pictures. T & T Publishing, inc. p. 123.
↑ "Wegner Biographie" (in German). DE.
↑ Der Mugrdechian, Barlow (May 2000). ""Destination Nowhere" Premieres in Fresno". Hye Sharzhoom. Archived from the original on 20 September 2003.
1 2 3 Dadrian, Vahakn N. (1991). Documentation of the Armenian Genocide in Turkish Sources. Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide.
↑ Karakachian, Vahakn (2 April 2015). "Interview With Ara Sarafian, Director of the Gomidas Institute". Horizon Weekly.
↑ Ahmet Refik (transcribed by Hamide Koyukan), Kafkas Yolunda İki Komite İki Kıtal, Ankara, Kebikeç Yayınları, 1994, ISBN 975-7981-00-1, p. 27.
↑ Insel, Ahmet (February 2009). "'This Conduct Was a Crime Against Humanity': An Evaluation of the Initiative to Apologize to the Armenians". Birikim. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
"Eye Witnesses Tell The Story". Greek America. Cosmos Communications Group. 4 (1–7): 36. 1998.
1 2 Najmuddin; Najmuddin, Dilshad; Shahzad (2006). Armenia: A Resume with Notes on Seth's Armenians in India. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 1-4669-5461-2.
↑ Fisk, Robert (2008). The age of the warrior selected essays. New York: Nation Books. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-7867-3180-0.
Rettman, Andrew (22 December 2011). "Franco-Turkish relations hit new low on genocide bill". EUobserver.
Jerjian, George (2003). The truth will set us free: Armenians and Turks reconciled. GJ Communication. p. 46.
↑ "Allies Reject Turkey's Plea" (PDF). The New York Times . 26 June 1919.
↑ "Turkish Statesman Denounces Atrocities: Cherif Pasha Says Young Turks Long Planned to Exterminate the Armenians" (PDF). The New York Times . 10 October 1915. Retrieved 15 April 2016. II-19:3,4 [ dead link ]
↑ "Türk Schindler'i: Vali Celal Bey". NTVMSNBC (in Turkish). 4 August 2010.
1 2 Akçam 2012, p. 425.
1 2 3 Derogy, Jacques (1990). Resistance and Revenge: The Armenian Assassination of the Turkish Leaders Responsible for the 1915 Massacres and Deportations. Transaction Publishers. p. 32. ISBN 1-4128-3316-7.
↑ "Halep Valisi Celal'in Anılar", Vakit, 12 December 1918, Turkish text: Nehirde su yerine kan akıyor ve binlerce masum çocuk, kabahatsız ihtiyar, aciz kadınlar, kuvvetli gençler bu kan cereyanı içinde ademe doğru akıp gidiyorlardı.
↑ Bedrosyan, Raffi (29 July 2013). "The Real Turkish Heroes of 1915". The Armenian Weekly.
↑ Hull, Isabel V. (2013). Absolute Destruction: Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany. Cornell University Press. p. 273. ISBN 978-0-8014-6708-0.
↑ Kévorkian, Raymond H. (2010). The Armenian genocide : a complete history (Reprinted. ed.). London: I. B. Tauris. p. 417. ISBN 978-1-84885-561-8.
↑ Kieser, Hans-Lukas (2006). Turkey Beyond Nationalism Towards Post-Nationalist Identities. London: I.B. Tauris & Co. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-85771-757-3.
↑ Akçam, Taner (2004). From empire to republic : Turkish nationalism and the Armenian genocide (2. impr. ed.). New York: Zed Books. p. 200. ISBN 1-84277-526-X.
↑ Babikian, Aris (3 June 1998). "Wall of silence built around Armenian genocide". The Ottawa Citizen. p. A14.
Babikian, Aris (16 January 2001). "Clear evidence of Turkish responsibility for Armenian genocide". The Daily Telegraph. London (UK). p. 27.
↑ "Kemal Promises More Hangings of Political Antagonists in Turkey". Los Angeles Examiner. 1 August 1926. Archived from the original on 11 April 2015.
↑ Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi Gizli Celse Zabıtları, Vol. I, Ankara, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 1985, p. 177, Turkish text: Tehcir meselesi, biliyorsunuz ki dünyayı velveleye veren ve hepimizi katil telâkki ettiren bir vaka idi. Bu yapılmazdan evvel âlem-i nasraniyetin bunu hazmetmeyeceği ve bunun için bütün gayz ve kinini bize tevcih edeceklerini biliyorduk. Neden katillik ünvanını nefsimize izafe ettik? Neden o kadar azim, müşkül bir dava içine girdik? Sırf canımızdan daha aziz ve daha mukaddes bildiğimiz vatanımızın istikbalini taht-ı emniyete almak için yapılmış şeylerdir.
↑ Special Cable to The New York Times (23 February 1915). "Massacre By Turks in Caucasus Towns; Armenians Led Out into the Streets and Shot or Drowned – Old Friends Not Spared". Select.nytimes.com.
↑ New York Times Dispatch. Russians Slaughter Turkish IIIrd Army: Give No Quarter to Men Held Responsible for the Massacre of Armenians. The New York Times, 6 March 1916.
1 2 3 4 5 Avedian, Vahagn (21 May 2008). "The Armenian Genocide 1915: From a Neutral Small State's Perspective: Sweden" (PDF). Uppsala University. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
↑ "Armenia". Norwegian State Archive. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
1 2 "Danish Photo Exhibit Documents Armenian Life In Ottoman Harpoot and Mezreh; Diaries of Maria Jacobsen to Be Issued". Armenian Reporter. 34 (2): 22. 13 October 2001. ISSN 1074-1453.
1 2 Naguib, edited by Nefissa; Okkenhaug, Inger Marie (2008). Interpreting welfare and relief in the Middle East ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-16436-9. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
↑ Sarafian (2001). Jacobsen, Maria (ed.). Diaries of a Danish missionary : Harpoot, 1907–1919. introd. by Ara. Transl. by Kirsten Vind. Princeton, NJ [u.a.]: Gomidas Inst. ISBN 1-903656-07-9.
↑ Bjørnlund, Matthias (2008). "Karen Jeppe, Aage Meyer Benedictsen, and the Ottoman Armenians: National survival in imperial and colonial settings". Haigazian Armenological Review. 28: 9–43.
↑ Bjørnlund, Matthias (Fall 2006). "'When the Cannons Talk, the Diplomats Must be Silent' – A Danish diplomat in Constantinople during the Armenian genocide". Genocide Studies and Prevention. 1 (2): 197–223. doi:10.3138/1567-7412-6rq6-441q.
↑ Østrup, Johannes (1938). Erindringer (in Danish). H. Hirsch-sprungs forlag. p. 118.
↑ "The Jihad Rampant in Persia by Rev. Robert M. Labree-reporting from Tabriz, Persia". Cilicia.com. July 1915. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
1 2 "Jamalzadeh, Mohammad-Ali". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
↑ "International Association of Genocide Scholars Officially Recognizes Ottoman Genocides Against the Armenians, Assyrians, and Hellenics". 11 March 2008.
↑ Yair Auron. The Banality of Denial: Israel and the Armenian Genocide. Transaction Publishers, 2004. p. 9: "...when Raphael Lemkin coined the word genocide in 1944 he cited the 1915 annihilation of Armenians as a seminal example of genocide"
↑ William Schabas. Genocide in international law: the crimes of crimes. Cambridge University Press, 2000. p. 25: "Lemkin's interest in the subject dates to his days as a student at Lvov University, when he intently followed attempts to prosecute the perpetration of the massacres of the Armenians"
↑ Dirk Moses, A. (2004). Genocide and Settler Society: Frontier Violence and Stolen Indigenous Children in Australian History. Berghahn Books. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-57181-410-4 . Retrieved 15 April 2016. Indignant that the perpetrators of the Armenian genocide had largely escaped prosecution, Lemkin, who was a young state prosecutor in Poland, began lobbying in the early 1930s for international law to criminalize the destruction of such groups.
↑ "Coining a Word and Championing a Cause: The Story of Raphael Lemkin". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM), Holocaust Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 15 June 2010. Lemkin's memoirs detail early exposure to the history of Ottoman attacks against Armenians (which most scholars believe constitute genocide), antisemitic pogroms, and other histories of group-targeted violence as key to forming his beliefs about the need for legal protection of groups.
↑ "Genocide Background". Jewish World Watch. Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 16 December 2018. The Armenian genocide (1915–1923) was the first of the 20th century to capture world-wide attention; in fact, Raphael Lemkin coined his term "genocide" in reference to the mass murder of ethnic Armenians by the Young Turk government of the Ottoman Empire.
↑ "An Open Letter Concerning Historians Who Deny the Armenian Genocide" (PDF). International Association of Genocide Scholars. 1 October 2006. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
1 2 "E/CN.4/W.19". UN.org.
1 2 3 Avedian, Vahagn (2018). Knowledge and Acknowledgement in the Politics of Memory of the Armenian Genocide. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-13-831885-4.
↑ Libaridian, Gerard, ed. (1985). A Crime of Silence, The Armenian Genocide: Permanent Peoples' Tribunal.. Zed. p. xi. ISBN 978-0-86-232423-0.
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Command and control or C2 is a "set of organizational and technical attributes and processes ... [that] employs human, physical, and information resources to solve problems and accomplish missions" to achieve the goals of an organization or enterprise, according to a 2015 definition by military scientists Marius Vassiliou, David S. Alberts and Jonathan R. Agre,[1][2] The term often refers to a military system.
Versions of the United States Army Field Manual 3-0 circulated circa 1999 define C2 in a military organization as the exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commanding officer over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of a mission.[3][4]
A 1988 NATO definition is that command and control is the exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated individual over assigned resources in the accomplishment of a common goal.[5] An Australian Defence Force definition, similar to that of NATO, emphasises that C2 is the system empowering designated personnel to exercise lawful authority and direction over assigned forces for the accomplishment of missions and tasks.[6] (The Australian doctrine goes on to state: The use of agreed terminology and definitions is fundamental to any C2 system and the development of joint doctrine and procedures. The definitions in the following paragraphs have some agreement internationally, although not every potential ally will use the terms with exactly the same meaning.[6])
1.1 US perspective
1.2 Computer security industry
2 Derivative terms
3 Command and control centers
4 Command and control warfare
US perspective[edit]
The US Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms[7] defines command and control as: "The exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission; also called C2. Source: JP 1".[8]
The edition of the Dictionary "As Amended Through April 2010" elaborates, "Command and control functions are performed through an arrangement of personnel, equipment, communications, facilities, and procedures employed by a commander in planning, directing, coordinating, and controlling forces and operations in the accomplishment of the mission."[9] However, this sentence is missing from the "command and control" entry for the edition "As Amended Through 15 August 2014."[10]
Commanding officers are assisted in executing these tasks by specialized staff officers and enlisted personnel; these military staff are a group of officers and enlisted personnel that provides a bi-directional flow of information between a commanding officer and subordinate military units.[citation needed]
The purpose of a military staff is mainly that of providing accurate, timely information which by category represents information on which command decisions are based; the key application is that of decisions that effectively manage unit resources. While information flow toward the commander is a priority, information that is useful or contingent in nature is communicated to lower staffs and units.[citation needed]
Computer security industry[edit]
Main article: Command and control (malware)
This term is also in common use within the computer security industry and in the context of cyberwarfare. Here the term refers to the influence an attacker has over a compromised computer system that they control. For example, a valid usage of the term is to say that attackers use "command and control infrastructure" to issue "command and control instructions" to their victims. Advanced analysis of command and control methodologies can be used to identify attackers, associate attacks, and disrupt ongoing malicious activity.[11]
Derivative terms[edit]
There are a plethora of derivative terms which emphasise different aspects, uses and sub-domains of C2; these terms come with a plethora of associated abbreviations – for example, in addition to C2, command and control is also often abbreviated as C2, and sometimes as C&C.
Embraer R-99 MULTI INTEL, an example of aircraft with C3I capabilities
Command and control have been coupled with
Communication / Communications
(Military) Intelligence
Information / Information Systems
Computers / Computing[12]
Target acquisition
Some of the more common variations include:
C2I – Command, Control & Intelligence
C2I – Command, Control & Information (A less common usage)[13]
C2IS – Command and Control Information Systems
C2ISR – C2I plus Surveillance and Reconnaissance
C2ISTAR – C2 plus ISTAR (Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition, and Reconnaissance)
C3 – Command, Control & Communication (Human activity focus)
C3 – Command, Control & Communications (Technology focus)
C3 – Consultation, Command, and Control [NATO]
C3I – 4 possibilities; the most common is Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence
C3ISTAR – C3 plus ISTAR
C3ISREW – C2ISR plus Communications plus Electronic Warfare (Technology focus)
C4, C4I, C4ISR, C4ISTAR, C4ISREW, C4ISTAREW – plus Computers (Technology focus) or Computing (Human activity focus)[14][15]
C4I2 – Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, and Interoperability
C5I – Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Collaboration and Intelligence
NC2 − Nuclear command and control
NC3 − Nuclear command and control and communications
Command: The exercise of authority based upon certain knowledge to attain an objective.
Control: The process of verifying and correcting activity such that the objective or goal of command is accomplished.
Communication: Ability to exercise the necessary liaison to exercise effective command between tactical or strategic units to command.
Computers: The computer systems and compatibility of computer systems. Also includes data processing.
Intelligence: Includes collection as well as analysis and distribution of information.
Command and control centers[edit]
The Soviet nuclear-powered command and control naval ship SSV-33 Ural.
A command and control center is typically a secure room or building in a government, military or prison facility that operates as the agency's dispatch center, surveillance monitoring center, coordination office and alarm monitoring center all in one. Command and control centers are operated by a government or municipal agency.
Various branches of the US military such as the US Coast Guard and Navy have command and control centers, they are also common in many large correctional facilities.
A command and control center that is used by a military unit in a deployed location is usually called a "command post".[16] A warship has a Combat Information Center for tactical control of the ship's resources, but commanding a fleet or joint operation requires additional space for commanders and staff plus C4I facilities provided on a Flagship (e.g., aircraft carriers), sometimes a Command ship or upgraded logistics ship such as USS Coronado.
Command and control warfare[edit]
Command and control warfare encompasses all the military tactics that use communications technology, it can be abbreviated as C2W. An older name for these tactics is "signals warfare", derived from the name given to communications by the military. Newer names include information operations and information warfare.
The following techniques are combined:
Operations security (OPSEC)
Military deception
Psychological operations (PSYOP)
Electronic warfare (EW)
Psychological warfare
Cyber Operations
with the physical destruction of enemy communications facilities. The objective is to deny information to the enemy and so disrupt its command and control capabilities. At the same time precautions are taken to protect friendly command and control capabilities against retaliation.
In addition to targeting the enemy's command and control, information warfare can be directed to the enemy's politicians and other civilian communications.
Battle command
Civilian control of the military
Command and control warfare
Communications protection
Defence Information Infrastructure
Fog of war
Intent (military)
Military communications
Mission Command
Mission-type tactics
Reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition (RSTA)
Signal Corps (disambiguation)
Signals intelligence (SIGINT)
Surveillance and Target Acquisition (STA)
US and other NATO specific:
505th Command and Control Wing
Command and Control Research Program (CCRP)
Deployable Joint Command and Control
Future Combat Systems Command and Control Vehicle
Global Command and Control System
Joint Force Air Component Headquarters
Joint Interoperability of Tactical Command and Control Systems
National Command Authority
NATO Communications and Information Systems Agency
NATO Consultation, Command and Control Agency
Worldwide Military Command and Control System
Kiev Military Institute of Control and Signals
^ Vassiliou, Marius, David S. Alberts, and Jonathan R. Agre (2015). "C2 Re-Envisioned: the Future of the Enterprise." CRC Press; New York; p. 1.
^ See also Ross Pigeau; Carol McCann (Spring 2002). "Re-conceptualizing Command and Control" (PDF). Canadian Military Journal. 3 (1): 53–63. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2013. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
^ para 5-2, United States Army Field Manual: FM 3–0
Headquarters, Department of the Army (14 June 2001). FM 3–0, Operations. Washington, DC: GPO. OCLC 50597897. Archived from the original (PDF inside ZIP–SFX) on 19 February 2002. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
Newer versions of FM 3-0 Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine do not define Command and control, even though they use the term extensively.
^ Builder, Carl H., Bankes, Steven C., Nordin, Richard, "Command Concepts – A Theory Derived from the Practice of Command and Control" Archived 2 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, MR775, RAND, ISBN 0-8330-2450-7, 1999
^ Neville Stanton; Christopher Baber; Don Harris (1 January 2008). Modelling Command and Control: Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. Archived from the original on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
^ a b "ADDP 00.1 Command and Control" (PDF). Commonwealth of Australia. 27 May 2009. pp. 1–2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 February 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
^ DoD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms Archived 10 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine, www.dtic.mil
^ Command and control Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, www.dtic.mil
^ Joint Chiefs of Staff (U.S.) (8 November 2010). "Command and Control". Joint Publication 1-02. Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (As Amended Through 31 January 2011) (PDF). p. 65. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 September 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
^ Joint Chiefs of Staff (U.S.) (8 November 2010). "Command and Control". Joint Publication 1-02. Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (As Amended Through 15 August 2014) (PDF). p. 44. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 August 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
^ Command Five Pty Ltd, "Command and Control in the Fifth Domain" Archived 27 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, February 2012, www.commandfive.com
^ In modern warfare, computers have become a key component as cyberspace is now seen as "the fifth domain of warfare" – refer: Clarke, Richard A. (2010). Cyber War. HarperCollins. and
"Cyberwar: War in the Fifth Domain". Economist. 1 July 2010. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
^ TTCP Groups Archived 5 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, www.dtic.mil/ttcp/
^ "Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms" Archived 23 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Joint Publication 1-02, US Department of Defense, 17 March 2009.
^ Sloan, E., "Security and Defence in the Terrorist Era", McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal, 2005; see Ch. 7 for C4ISTAR discussion.
^ US Army PEO C3T – Project Manager, Command Posts Archived 11 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine, peoc3t.monmouth.army.mil
This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Department of Defense document "Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms".
This article incorporates public domain material from the General Services Administration document "Federal Standard 1037C".
Look up C4ISR in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Command and control definitions and procedures, UK College of Policing, www.app.college.police.uk
The Command and Control Research Program (CCRP)
"Understanding Command and Control" by D. S. Alberts and R. E. Hayes (2006)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Command_and_control&oldid=897500543"
Military terminology
Military organization
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Federal Standard 1037C
Infantry is the branch of an army that engages in military combat on foot, distinguished from cavalry and tank forces. Known as foot soldiers, infantry traditionally relies on moving by foot between combats as well, but may use mounts, military vehicles, or other transport. Infantry make up a large portion of all armed forces in most nations, bear the largest brunt in warfare, as measured by casualties, deprivation, or physical and psychological stress; the first military forces in history were infantry. In antiquity, infantry were armed with an early melee weapon such as a spear, axe or sword, or an early ranged weapon like a javelin, sling, or bow, with a few infantrymen having both a melee and a ranged weapon. With the development of gunpowder, infantry began converting to firearms. By the time of Napoleonic warfare, infantry and artillery formed a basic triad of ground forces, though infantry remained the most numerous. With armoured warfare, armoured fighting vehicles have replaced the horses of cavalry, airpower has added a new dimension to ground combat, but infantry remains pivotal to all modern combined arms operations.
Infantry have much greater local situational awareness than other military forces, due to their inherent intimate contact with the battlefield. Infantry can more recognise and respond to local conditions and changing enemy weapons or tactics, they can operate in a wide range of terrain inaccessible to military vehicles, can operate with a lower logistical burden. Infantry are the most delivered forces to ground combat areas, by simple and reliable marching, or by trucks, sea or air transport, they can be augmented with a variety of crew-served weapons, armoured personnel carriers, infantry fighting vehicles. In English, use of the term infantry began about the 1570s, describing soldiers who march and fight on foot; the word derives from Middle French infanterie, from older Italian infanteria, from Latin īnfāns, from which English gets infant. The individual-soldier term infantryman was not coined until 1837. In modern usage, foot soldiers of any era are now considered infantrymen. From the mid-18th century until 1881 the British Army named its infantry as numbered regiments "of Foot" to distinguish them from cavalry and dragoon regiments.
Infantry equipped with special weapons were named after that weapon, such as grenadiers for their grenades, or fusiliers for their fusils. These names can persist long after the weapon speciality. More in modern times, infantry with special tactics are named for their roles, such as commandos, snipers and militia. Dragoons were created. However, if light cavalry was lacking in an army, any available dragoons might be assigned their duties. Conversely, starting about the mid-19th century, regular cavalry have been forced to spend more of their time dismounted in combat due to the ever-increasing effectiveness of enemy infantry firearms, thus most cavalry transitioned to mounted infantry. As with grenadiers, the dragoon and cavalry designations can be retained long after their horses, such as in the Royal Dragoon Guards, Royal Lancers, King's Royal Hussars. Motorised infantry have trucks and other unarmed vehicles for non-combat movement, but are still infantry since they leave their vehicles for any combat.
Most modern infantry have vehicle transport, to the point where infantry being motorised is assumed, the few exceptions might be identified as modern light infantry, or "leg infantry" colloquially. Mechanised infantry go beyond motorised, having transport vehicles with combat abilities, armoured personnel carriers, providing at least some options for combat without leaving their vehicles. In modern infantry, some APCs have evolved to be infantry fighting vehicles, which are transport vehicles with more substantial combat abilities, approaching those of light tanks; some well-equipped mechanised infantry can be designated as armoured infantry. Given that infantry forces also have some tanks, given that most armoured forces have more mechanised infantry units than tank units in their organisation, the distinction between mechanised infantry and armour forces has blurred; the terms "infantry", "armour", "cavalry" used in the official names for military units like divisions, brigades, or regiments might be better understood as a description of their expected balance of defensive and mobility roles, rather than just use of vehicles.
Some modern mechanised infantry units are termed cavalry or armoured cavalry though they never had horses, to e
Cavalry or horsemen are soldiers or warriors who fight mounted on horseback. Cavalry were the most mobile of the combat arms. An individual soldier in the cavalry is known by a number of designations such as cavalryman, dragoon, or trooper; the designation of cavalry was not given to any military forces that used other animals, such as camels, mules or elephants. Infantry who moved on horseback, but dismounted to fight on foot, were known in the 17th and early 18th centuries as dragoons, a class of mounted infantry which evolved into cavalry proper while retaining their historic title. Cavalry had the advantage of improved mobility, a man fighting from horseback had the advantages of greater height and inertial mass over an opponent on foot. Another element of horse mounted warfare is the psychological impact a mounted soldier can inflict on an opponent; the speed and shock value of the cavalry was appreciated and exploited in armed forces in the Ancient and Middle Ages. In Europe cavalry became armoured, became known for the mounted knights.
During the 17th century cavalry in Europe lost most of its armor, ineffective against the muskets and cannon which were coming into use, by the mid-19th century armor had fallen into disuse, although some regiments retained a small thickened cuirass that offered protection against lances and sabres and some protection against shot. In the period between the World Wars, many cavalry units were converted into motorized infantry and mechanized infantry units, or reformed as tank troops. However, some cavalry still served during World War II, notably in the Red Army, the Mongolian People's Army, the Royal Italian Army, the Romanian Army, the Polish Land Forces, light reconnaissance units within the Waffen SS. Most cavalry units that are horse-mounted in modern armies serve in purely ceremonial roles, or as mounted infantry in difficult terrain such as mountains or forested areas. Modern usage of the term refers to units performing the role of reconnaissance and target acquisition. In many modern armies, the term cavalry is still used to refer to units that are a combat arm of the armed forces which in the past filled the traditional horse-borne land combat light cavalry roles.
These include scouting, skirmishing with enemy reconnaissance elements to deny them knowledge of own disposition of troops, forward security, offensive reconnaissance by combat, defensive screening of friendly forces during retrograde movement, restoration of command and control, battle handover and passage of lines, relief in place, breakout operations, raiding. The shock role, traditionally filled by heavy cavalry, is filled by units with the "armored" designation. Before the Iron Age, the role of cavalry on the battlefield was performed by light chariots; the chariot originated with the Sintashta-Petrovka culture in Central Asia and spread by nomadic or semi-nomadic Indo-Iranians. The chariot was adopted by settled peoples both as a military technology and an object of ceremonial status by the pharaohs of the New Kingdom of Egypt as well as the Assyrian army and Babylonian royalty; the power of mobility given by mounted units was recognized early on, but was offset by the difficulty of raising large forces and by the inability of horses to carry heavy armor.
Cavalry techniques were an innovation of equestrian nomads of the Central Asian and Iranian steppe and pastoralist tribes such as the Iranic Parthians and Sarmatians. The photograph above left shows Assyrian cavalry from reliefs of 865–860 BC. At this time, the men had no spurs, saddle cloths, or stirrups. Fighting from the back of a horse was much more difficult than mere riding; the cavalry acted in pairs. At this early time, cavalry used swords and bows; the sculpture implies two types of cavalry. Images of Assyrian cavalry show saddle cloths as primitive saddles, allowing each archer to control his own horse; as early as 490 BC a breed of large horses was bred in the Nisaean plain in Media to carry men with increasing amounts of armour, but large horses were still exceptional at this time. By the fourth century BC the Chinese during the Warring States period began to use cavalry against rival states, by 331 BC when Alexander the Great defeated the Persians the use of chariots in battle was obsolete in most nations.
The last recorded use of chariots as a shock force in continental Europe was during the Battle of Telamon in 225 BC. However, chariots remained in use for ceremonial purposes such as carrying the victorious general in a Roman triumph, or for racing. Outside of mainland Europe, the southern Britons met Julius Caesar with chariots in 55 and 54 BC, but by the time of the Roman conquest of Britain a century chariots were obsolete in Britannia; the last mention of chariot use in Britain was by the Caledonians at the Mons Graupius, in 84 AD. During the classical Greek period cavalry were limited to those citizens who could afford expensive war-horses. Three types of cavalry became common: light cavalry, whose riders, armed with javelins, could harass and skirmish.
Defensive fighting position
A defensive fighting position is a type of earthwork constructed in a military context large enough to accommodate anything from one soldier to a fire team. Tobruk type positions are named after the system of defensive positions constructed by the Italian Army at Tobruk, Libya. After Tobruk fell to the Allies in January 1941, the existing positions were modified and expanded by the Australian Army which, along with other Allied forces, reused them in the Siege of Tobruk. A foxhole is one type of defensive strategic position, it is a "small pit used for cover for one or two personnel, so constructed that the occupants can fire from it". It is known more within United States Army slang as a "fighting position" or as a "ranger grave", it is known as a "fighting hole" in the United States Marine Corps, a "gun-pit" in Australian Army terminology, a "fighting pit" in the New Zealand Army. In British and Canadian military argot it equates to a range of terms including slit trench, or fire trench, a sangar or shell scrape, or simply—but less accurately—as a "trench".
During the American Civil War the term "rifle pit" was recognized by both U. S. Army and Confederate Army forces. A protected emplacement or concealed post in which one or several machine guns are set up is known in U. S. English as a machine gun nest. During the fighting in North Africa, U. S. forces employed the shell scrape. This was a shallow excavation allowing one soldier to lie horizontally while shielding his body from nearby shell bursts and small arms fire; the slit trench soon proved inadequate in this role, as the few inches of dirt above the soldier's body could be penetrated by bullets or shell fragments. It exposed the user to assault by enemy tanks, which could crush a soldier inside a shallow slit trench by driving into it making a simple half-turn. After the Battle of Kasserine Pass, U. S. troops adopted the modern foxhole, a vertical, bottle-shaped hole that allowed a soldier to stand and fight with head and shoulders exposed. The foxhole widened near the bottom to allow a soldier to crouch down while under intense artillery fire or tank attack.
Foxholes could be enlarged to two-soldier fighting positions, as well as excavated with firing steps for crew-served weapons or sumps for water drainage or live enemy grenade disposal. The Germans used hardened fortifications in North Africa and in other fortifications, such as the Atlantic Wall, that were in essence foxholes made from concrete; the Germans knew them as Ringstände. The Germans put a turret from an obsolete French or German tank on the foxhole; this gave the gunner protection from shrapnel and small arms. Modern militaries publish and distribute elaborate field manuals for the proper construction of DFPs in stages. A shallow "shell scrape" is dug, much like a shallow grave, which provides limited protection; each stage develops the fighting position increasing its effectiveness, while always maintaining functionality. In this way, a soldier can improve the position over time, while being able to stop at any time and use the position in a fight. A DFP is a pit or trench dug deep enough to stand in, with only the head exposed, a small step at the bottom, called a fire step, that allows the soldier to crouch into to avoid fire and tank treads.
The fire step slopes down into a deeper narrow slit called a grenade sump at the bottom to allow for live grenades to be kicked in to minimize damage from grenade fragments. When possible, DFPs are revetted with star pickets and wire or local substitutes. Ideally, the revetting will be dug in below ground level so as to minimise damage from fire and tank tracks; the revetting helps the DFP resist cave-in from near misses from artillery or mortars and tank tracks. Time permitting, DFPs can be enlarged to allow a machine gun crew and ammunition to be protected, as well as additional overhead cover via timbers. In training, DFPs are dug by hand or in some cases by mechanical trench diggers. On operations, explosives shaped charges, may be used to increase the speed of development. Developing and maintaining DFPs is a constant and ongoing task for soldiers deployed in combat areas. For this reason, in some armies, infantry soldiers are referred to as "gravel technicians", as they spend so much time digging.
Because of the large expenditure in effort and materials required to build a DFP, it is important to ensure that the DFP is sited. In order to site the DFP, the officer in charge should view the ground from the same level that the intended user's weapons will be sighted from; the OIC will need to lie on his belly to obtain the required perspective. This ensures. Pillbox Sangar Spider hole Shell scrape Tett turret Trench warfare All-around defense/Perimeter defense Entrenching tool Westrate, Edwin V.. Forward Observer. New York City: Stratford Press. U. S. WWII Newsmap, "Foxholes are Life Savers", hosted by the UNT Libraries Digital Collections
Military deception refers to attempts to mislead enemy forces during warfare. This is achieved by creating or amplifying an artificial fog of war via psychological operations, information warfare, visual deception and other methods; as a form of strategic use of information, it overlaps with psychological warfare. To the degree that any enemy that falls for the deception will lose confidence when it is revealed, he may hesitate when confronted with the truth. Deception in warfare dates back to early history; the Art of War, an ancient Chinese military treatise, puts great emphasis on the tactic. In modern times military deception has developed as a fledged doctrine. Misinformation and visual deception were employed during World War I and came into greater prominence during World War II. In the buildup to the 1944 invasion of Normandy the Allies executed one of the largest deceptions in military history, Operation Bodyguard, helping them achieve full tactical surprise. Broadly, military deception may take both tactical forms.
Deception across a strategic battlefield was uncommon until the modern age, but tactical deception dates back to early history. In a practical sense military deception employs visual misdirection and psychology to make the enemy believe something, untrue; the use of military camouflage on a large scale, is a form of deception. The Russian loanword maskirovka is used to describe the Soviet Union and Russia's military doctrine of surprise through deception, in which camouflage plays a significant role. There are numerous examples of deception activities employed throughout the history of warfare, such as: Feigned retreat Leading the enemy, through a false sense of security, into a pre-positioned ambush. Fictional units Creating fictional forces, fake units or exaggerating the size of an army. Smoke screen A tactical deception involving smoke, fog, or other forms of concealment to hide battlefield movements or positions. Trojan horse Gaining admittance to a fortified area under false pretences, to admit a larger attacking force.
Strategic envelopment A small force distracts the enemy while a much larger force moves to attack from the rear. A favoured tactic of Napoleon. Deception has been a part of warfare from the dawn of history. At first it fell to individual commanders to develop tactical deception on the battlefield, it was not until the modern era that deception was organised at a high strategic level, as part of entire campaigns or wars. Early examples of military deception exist in the ancient dynasties of China. Hannibal recognised as one of the finest military commanders in history, made extensive use of deception in his campaigns; the Ancient Greeks were noted for several forms of tactical deception. They invented smoke screens during the Peloponnesian War and stories refer to the famous Trojan horse which allowed them to defeat Troy. In his 52 BC conquest of Gaul, Julius Caesar used tactical deception to achieve a crossing of the Allier river, his opponent, shadowed Caesar's force from the opposite bank, contesting any attempted crossing.
Caesar camped overnight in a wood. Once the coast was clear, the hidden forces established a bridgehead. One volume of Roman aristocrat Frontinus's Stratagems, written in the first century AD, deals with deception. Ancient Rome professed to despise the tactic. Opinion on military deception was divided following the fall of the Roman empire; the chivalrous countries in western Europe considered the tactic to be underhanded, whilst Eastern armies considered it a key skill: the Byzantine general Belisarius was noted for using deception against overwhelming odds. For example, during the Gothic War, Belisarius exaggerated his troop sizes first by advancing them in three directions, at night by having his troops light a long chain of campfires; as a result, the much larger army of Goths fled in panic on his approach. The Normans embraced the concept of a feigned retreat. William the Conqueror appears to have used this tactic during the Battle of Hastings, but the actual events are disputed by scholars.
Whatever the truth, the battle has at least been used as a famous example of the tactic. Mongol armies used the feigned withdrawal. Mongol warlords made use of disinformation tactics, spreading rumours about the size and effectiveness of their forces, they made use of visual deception. On the battlefield, the Mongols used many tactical deceptions, from lighting fires as a smokescreen to luring opponents into traps. Other examples of deception occurred during the Crusades. In 1271, Sultan Baybars captured the formidable Krak des Chevaliers by handing the besieged knights a letter from their commander, ordering them to surrender, it was, of course, but the knights duly capitulated. At around the same time, in England, the Welsh Tudors were seeking a revocation of the price that Henry Percy had placed on their heads, they decided to capture Percy's Conwy castle.
Deep operation known as Soviet Deep Battle, was a military theory developed by the Soviet Union for its armed forces during the 1920s and 1930s. It was a tenet that emphasized destroying, suppressing or disorganizing enemy forces not only at the line of contact, but throughout the depth of the battlefield; the term comes from Vladimir Triandafillov, an influential military writer, who worked with others to create a military strategy with its own specialized operational art and tactics. The concept of deep operations was a national strategy, tailored to the economic and geopolitical position of the Soviet Union. In the aftermath of several failures or defeats in the Russo-Japanese War, First World War and Polish–Soviet War, the Soviet High Command focused on developing new methods for the conduct of war; this new approach considered military strategy and tactics, but introduced a new intermediate level of military art: operations. The Soviet Union was the first country to distinguish the third level of military thinking which occupied the position between strategy and tactics.
Using these templates, the Soviets developed the concept of deep battle and by 1936 it had become part of the Red Army Field Regulations. Deep operations had two phases. Deep battle envisaged the breaking of the enemy's forward defenses, or tactical zones, through combined arms assaults, which would be followed up by fresh uncommitted mobile operational reserves sent to exploit the strategic depth of an enemy front; the goal of a deep operation was to inflict a decisive strategic defeat on the enemy's logistical abilities and render the defence of their front more difficult, impossible—or, irrelevant. Unlike most other doctrines, deep battle stressed combined arms cooperation at all levels: strategic and tactical. Russian military thinking had changed little over the course of three centuries prior to the 1920s; the Russian Empire had kept pace with its enemies and allies and performed well in its major conflicts in the run-up to the 19th century. However, despite some notable victories in the Napoleonic Wars and in various Russo-Turkish Wars, Russian defeats in the Crimean War, Russo-Japanese War and First World War, together with a series of Soviet defeats at the hands of Poland in the Polish–Soviet War, highlighted the inferiority of Russian methodology in organisation and training.
After the Russian Revolution of 1917, the new Bolshevik regime sought to establish an new military system that reflected the Bolshevik revolutionary spirit. The new Red Army combined the new methods, it still relied on the country's enormous manpower reserves. Once this had been achieved, the Soviets turned their attention to solving the problem of military operational mobility. Primary advocates of this development included Alexander Svechin, Mikhail Frunze, Mikhail Tukhachevsky, they promoted the development of military scientific societies and they identified groups of talented officers. Many of these officers entered the Soviet Military Academy during Tukhachevsky's tenure as its commandant in 1921–1922. Others came particularly Nikolai Varfolomeev and Vladimir Triandafillov, who made significant contributions to the use of technology in deep offensive operations. In the aftermath of the wars with Japan and Poland several senior Soviet Commanders called for a unified military doctrine; the most prominent was Mikhail Frunze.
The call prompted opposition by Leon Trotsky. Frunze' position found favour with the officer elements that had experienced the poor command and control of Soviet forces in the conflict with Poland during the Polish-Soviet War; this turn of events prompted Trotsky's replacement by Frunze in January 1925. The nature of this new doctrine was to be political; the Soviets were to fuse the military with the Bolshevik ideal. This would define the nature of war for the Soviet Union; the Soviets believed their most enemy would be the capitalist states of the west they had to defend themselves against before and that such a conflict was unavoidable. The nature of this war raised four major questions: Would the next war be won in one decisive campaign or would it be a long struggle of attrition? Should the Red Army be offensive or defensive? Would the nature of battle be fluid or static? Would mechanized or infantry forces be more important? The discussion evolved into debate between those, like Alexander Svechin, who advocated a strategy of attrition, others, like Tukhachevsky, who thought that a strategy of decisive destruction of the enemy forces was needed.
The latter opinion was motivated in part by the condition of the Soviet Union's economy: the country was still not industrialized and thus was economically too weak to fight a long war of attrition. By 1928 Tukhachevsky's ideas had changed: he considered that, given the nature and lessons of the First World War, the next major war would certainly be one of attrition, he determined, that the vast size of the Soviet Union ensured that some mobility was still possible. Svechin allowed for the first offensives to be fast and fluid; this would require a strong economy and a loyal and politically indoctrinated population in order to outlast the enemy. The
Medieval warfare is the European warfare of the Middle Ages. Technological and social developments had forced a dramatic transformation in the character of warfare from antiquity, changing military tactics and the role of cavalry and artillery. In terms of fortification, the Middle Ages saw the emergence of the castle in Europe, which spread to Western Asia. Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus wrote De re militari in the late 4th century. Described by historian Walter Goffart as "the bible of warfare throughout the Middle Ages", De re militari was distributed through the Latin West. While Western Europe relied on a single text for the basis of its military knowledge, the Byzantine Empire in Southeastern Europe had a succession of military writers. Though Vegetius had no military experience and De re militari was derived from the works of Cato and Frontinus, his books were the standard for military discourse in Western Europe from their production until the 16th century. De re militari was divided into five books: who should be a soldier and the skills they needed to learn, the composition and structure of an army, field tactics, how to conduct and withstand sieges, the role of the navy.
According to Vegetius, infantry was the most important element of an army because it was cheap compared to cavalry and could be deployed on any terrain. One of the tenets he put forward was that a general should only engage in battle when he was sure of victory or had no other choice; as archaeologist Robert Liddiard explains, "Pitched battles in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, were rare."Although his work was reproduced, over 200 copies and extracts survive today, the extent to which Vegetius affected the actual practice of warfare as opposed to its concept is unclear because of his habit of stating the obvious. Historian Michael Clanchy noted "the medieval axiom that laymen are illiterate and its converse that clergy are literate", so it may be the case that few soldiers read Vegetius' work. While their Roman predecessors were well-educated and had been experienced in warfare, the European nobility of the early Medieval period were not renowned for their education, but from the 12th century, it became more common for them to read.
Some soldiers regarded the experience of warfare as more valuable than reading about it. While it is uncertain to what extent his work was read by the warrior class as opposed to the clergy, Vegetius remained prominent in the literature on warfare in the medieval period. In 1489, King Henry VII of England commissioned the translation of De re militari into English, "so every gentleman born to arms and all manner of men of war, soldiers and all others would know how they ought to behave in the feats of wars and battles". In Europe, breakdowns in centralized power led to the rise of a number of groups that turned to large-scale pillage as a source of income. Most notably the Vikings raided significantly; as these groups were small and needed to move building fortifications was a good way to provide refuge and protection for the people and the wealth in the region. These fortifications evolved over the course of the Middle Ages, the most important form being the castle, a structure which has become synonymous with the Medieval era in the popular eye.
The castle served as a protected place for the local elites. Inside a castle they were protected from bands of raiders and could send mounted warriors to drive the enemy from the area, or to disrupt the efforts of larger armies to supply themselves in the region by gaining local superiority over foraging parties that would be impossible against the whole enemy host. Fortifications were a important part of warfare because they provided safety to the lord, his family, his servants, they provided refuge from armies too large to face in open battle. The ability of the heavy cavalry to dominate a battle on an open field was useless against fortifications. Building siege engines was a time-consuming process, could be done without preparations before the campaign. Many sieges could take months, if not years, to demoralize the defenders sufficiently. Fortifications were an excellent means of ensuring that the elite could not be dislodged from their lands – as Count Baldwin of Hainaut commented in 1184 on seeing enemy troops ravage his lands from the safety of his castle, "they can't take the land with them".
In the Medieval period besieging armies used a wide variety of siege engines including: scaling ladders. Siege techniques included mining in which tunnels were dug under a section of the wall and rapidly collapsed to destabilize the wall's foundation. Another technique was to bore into the enemy walls, however this was not nearly as effective as other methods due to the thickness of castle walls. Advances in the prosecution of sieges encouraged the development of a variety of defensive counter-measures. In particular, Medieval fortifications became progressively stronger – for example, the advent of the concentric castle from the period of the Crusades – and more dangerous to attackers – witness the increasing use of machicolations, as well the preparation of hot or incendiary substances. Arrow slits, concealed doors for sallies, deep water wells were integral to resisting siege at this time. Designers of castles paid particular attention to defending entrances, protec
Deep operation [videos]
Deep operation, also known as Soviet Deep Battle, was a military theory developed by the Soviet Union for its armed forces during the 1920s and 1930s. It was a tenet that emphasized destroying, suppressing or disorganizing enemy forces not only at …
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Interstate 15 in California
North–south Interstate and state highway in the U.S. state of California
For the original Sign Route 15, see California State Route 15 (1934-1964).
This article is about the section of Interstate 15 in California. For the entire route, see Interstate 15.
Interstate 15 and State Route 15
SR 15 and I-15 highlighted in red
Defined by Streets and Highways Code § 315
295.37 mi[1][a] (475.35 km)
Existed
SR 15 from 32nd Street in San Diego to I-8
I-15 from I-8 to Nevada state line
I-5 / 32nd Street / Norman Scott Road in San Diego
I-805 in San Diego
I-8 in San Diego
I-215 in Murrieta
SR 91 in Corona
SR 60 in Jurupa Valley
I-10 in Ontario
SR 210 in Rancho Cucamonga
I-215 in San Bernardino
US 395 in Hesperia
I-40 in Barstow
I‑15 at Nevada state line in Primm, NV
San Diego, Riverside, San Bernardino
Suffixed
State highways in California
Unconstructed
← SR 14 SR 16 →
Route 15, consisting of the contiguous segments of State Route 15 (SR 15) and Interstate 15 (I-15), is a major north–south state highway and Interstate Highway in the U.S. state of California, connecting San Bernardino, Riverside, and San Diego Counties. The route consists of the southernmost 289.24 miles (465.49 km)[2] of I-15, which extends north through Nevada, Arizona, Utah, Idaho, and Montana to the Canada–US border. It is a major thoroughfare for traffic between San Diego and the Inland Empire, as well as between Southern California, Las Vegas, Nevada, and points beyond.
South of its junction at Interstate 8 in San Diego, the highway becomes SR 15, extending 6.13 miles (9.87 km)[1] to Interstate 5, about 12 miles (19 km) from the Mexican border. This segment was initially signed as a state route instead of an Interstate, but it is being upgraded to Interstate standards so it would become part of I-15 in the future. Including this segment, the entire length of Route 15 is 295.37 miles (475.35 km)[1] in California.
Interstate 15 has portions designated as the Escondido Freeway, Avocado Highway, Temecula Valley Freeway, Corona Freeway, Ontario Freeway, Barstow Freeway, CHP Officer Larry L. Wetterling and San Bernardino County Sheriff's Lieutenant Alfred E. Stewart Memorial Highway, or Mojave Freeway.
1 Route description
1.1 Express lanes
2.1 State Route 31
3 Future
4 Exit list
Route description[edit]
Looking south from the University Avenue overpass
I-15 and SR 15 are part of the California Freeway and Expressway System,[3] and are part of the National Highway System,[4] a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration.[5] I-15 from SR 76 to SR 91 and SR 58 to SR 127 is eligible to be included in the State Scenic Highway System,[6] but it is not officially designated as a scenic highway by the California Department of Transportation.[7]
SR 15 begins south of I-5 at 32nd Street near Harbor Drive. After this, SR 15 has an interchange with SR 94,[8] which has been cited as not being up to Interstate standards;[9] the route interchanges with I-805; however, one can only continue in the same direction that they were going at this interchange, since this is the interchange of two north–south freeways, resulting in the overall shape of an "X." Between the Polk Avenue and Orange Avenue overpasses, the freeway goes under a city park that was built on top of the freeway during construction in 2001. Pedestrian bridges were also built at Monroe Avenue and Landis Street to reduce the effects of the freeway geographically dividing the community.[10] Between I-8 and I-805, SR 15 follows the former alignment of 40th Street, which was its former routing as a city street,[8] it continues seamlessly into the southern terminus of I-15 at I-8 in San Diego. On the northbound conversion to I-15 at I-8, there is no "End SR 15" sign.[11]
There are various local names for the highway, such as the Escondido Freeway between San Diego and Escondido. I-15 between SR 163 and Pomerado Road/Miramar Road is known as the Semper Fi Highway in recognition of the nearby Marine Corps Air Station Miramar.[9] I-15 between Scripps Poway Parkway and Camino Del Norte is known as the Tony Gwynn Memorial Freeway in recognition of Tony Gwynn, also known as Mr. Padre, who played for the San Diego Padres. North of the Escondido city limits, it is known as the Avocado Highway, whose designation ends upon entering Temecula. There are other local names as noted below.
Heading northward, I-15 currently begins at I-8, at the same place that its continuation, SR 15, begins its southward journey. I-15 goes through Mission Valley and Kearny Mesa, intersecting with SR 52 just before merging with SR 163. After traversing the Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, I-15 comes into Rancho Peñasquitos, where it intersects with the end of SR 56. Northward, the route crosses Lake Hodges inside the upper San Diego city limits. I-15 continues north into Escondido, where it interchanges with SR 78.
Cat Dune sand ramp, Cronese Mountains, southwest of Baker, California.
North of Escondido, I-15 goes through hilly terrain and farmland, passing under the Lilac Road Bridge and approaching the community of Fallbrook near the SR 76 interchange, it passes the community of Rainbow and then crosses the county line into Riverside County and descends into the Inland Empire. In Temecula, SR 79 runs concurrently with I-15 for 3.2 miles (5 km) before it branches off toward Hemet. In Murrieta, I-15 splits from its only spur route in California, I-215, which retains the Escondido Freeway designation and runs through the two largest cities in the Inland Empire, San Bernardino and Riverside. I-15 continues north as the Temecula Valley Freeway.[12]
West of Baker, the freeway jogs north to pass Cave Mountain.
I-15 runs along the eastern edge of the Santa Ana Mountains, passing through the cities of Wildomar and Lake Elsinore. In Lake Elsinore, I-15 intersects SR 74, an important surface route connecting the Coachella Valley with the communities of Idyllwild, Hemet, Perris, Lake Elsinore and San Juan Capistrano, it continues through the suburban areas in the western Inland Empire as the Corona Freeway, passing Corona. During this stretch of the highway, I-15 intersects SR 91, a major east-west highway; the oft-congested interchange serves as a vital link between southwestern Riverside County and Orange County. North of SR 91, I-15 continues through the bedroom communities of Norco and Eastvale, while skirting the western edge of the city of Jurupa Valley. I-15 enters San Bernardino County just past its intersection with SR 60, another major east-west highway, which connects I-15 with the Chino Valley. I-15 passes through the city of Ontario on its way to I-10, the main east-west artery though Southern California. North of I-10, I-15 passes through the major suburban communities of Rancho Cucamonga and Fontana as the highway intersects SR 210, an east-west highway skirting the San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountain ranges. SR 210 connects I-15 to major foothill communities such as Pasadena, Rialto, and San Bernardino. I-15 also crosses old US Route 66 during this stretch of highway, which is signed as SR 66, Foothill Boulevard. At this junction, I-15 takes a strongly northeastern alignment as it moves to rejoin with its spur route, I-215, in Devore, north of the city of San Bernardino; the highway then rejoins I-215, before heading northwards and upward through the Cajon Pass, an important mountain pass that is the primary route between Southern California and points eastwards and northeastwards.
Intersection of I-10 and I-15.
The portion of I-15 that is located between its northern and southern junctions with I-215 is also used by many local residents as the major north–south route for the western portions of the San Bernardino-Riverside-Ontario metropolitan area. (I-215 serves a similar function in the eastern portion of the metropolitan area. These two highways are the only continuous north–south freeways in the area.)
North of Limonite Avenue (south of SR 60), I-15 is known as the Ontario Freeway. After its northern merge with I-215 in Devore, I-15 is called the Barstow Freeway or the Mojave Freeway. A short section between SR 138 and Oak Hill Road is also designated as the CHP Officer Larry L. Wetterling and San Bernardino County Sheriff’s Lieutenant Alfred E. Stewart Memorial Highway, named after two officers killed in the line of duty.[13] On this stretch of highway, I-15 northbound splits from I-15 southbound, where the road ascends up a steep grade until it reaches Cajon Summit (elevation 4,260 feet) just south of the High Desert communities of Hesperia and Oak Hills. Tractor-trailer trucks headed southbound are required to travel at the posted speed limit of 45 mph or less due to the steep downward grade; the southbound lanes provide a runaway truck ramp as a safety feature. The two halves of the highway rejoin shortly before reaching Cajon Summit.
Exit to Zzyzx.
North of the Cajon Pass, I-15 traverses the Mojave Desert towns of Hesperia and Victorville. I-15 passes through desert for 25 miles (40 km) before reaching Barstow, then passes Zzyzx Road more than 50 miles (80 km) later, before reaching the town of Baker; the sign for Zzyzx Road — alphabetically the last place name in the world — is a landmark of sorts on the drive between Los Angeles and Las Vegas. I-15 enters Nevada near the casino town of Primm, formerly known as Stateline, Nevada.
Southbound I-15 inspection station
Westbound coming down into Shadow Valley. Halloran Summit is on the skyline, about 8 miles (13 km) away.
I-15 continues thereafter to Las Vegas, Salt Lake City, and on into Idaho and Montana, before ending at the Canada–US border, where Alberta Highway 4 continues the ribbon of asphalt into Canada; because it joins with the western end of I-70 in Southwestern Utah, I-15 also forms part of a major east–west corridor connecting Southern California with Denver, St. Louis, and points east.
The Mojave Freeway is fairly busy on weekdays, since it connects the rapidly growing exurbs of the Victor Valley with the Los Angeles area. On weekends and holidays, however, it can sometimes be jammed with Californians driving to Las Vegas for short vacations.[b]
Express lanes[edit]
There are high-occupancy toll lanes in the center of I-15 from SR 163 to SR 78; solo drivers are required to pay a toll using a FasTrak transponder.[14]
The lanes were constructed as reversible carpool lanes in 1988; a decade later, they were converted into express lanes. Between 2004 and 2008, construction extended the lanes north from SR 56 to Del Lago Boulevard in Escondido. Then, between 2009 and 2012, work was done to widen the southern reversible segment from two lanes to four, and then extend the corridor north to SR 78; the lanes, dubbed a "highway within a highway," include a movable "zipper" barrier for 16 miles (26 km), which can be changed to create an extra lane as demand allows. In addition, five direct access ramps allow for easier access, as well as access to bus service from MTS Rapid.
Construction is underway to add two tolled express lanes in each direction from Cajalco Road to SR 60; this project is expected to be complete by 2020.[15] A separate project in San Bernardino County would extend the express lanes to just north of Duncan Canyon Road.[16] Longer-range plans include extending the toll lanes at least as far south as SR 74 (Central Avenue) in Lake Elsinore.[17][18]
I-15 replaced US 395 between San Diego and Temecula; the highway replaced US 66 between San Bernardino and Barstow. The route north of Barstow replaced US 91.
I-15 was initially planned to run from I-10 near San Bernardino along the current I-215 alignment then up through the Cajon Pass and on to Las Vegas, with a distance of 186.24 miles (299.72 km) within the state. California successfully argued in favor of the addition south to San Diego, suggesting that the freeway would connect the major military bases, the former March AFB (now March ARB) and the former NAS Miramar (now MCAS Miramar). US 395 was then signed TEMP-15 and the "old" I-15 between Devore and San Bernardino became part of modern-day I-215.
On January 24, 1957, the State Highway Commission defined the Escondido Freeway as what are now Routes 15 and 215 from Route 805 to Route 91; this entire segment was previously U.S. Route-395 when it was named. Since then, the definition was extended on Route 15 south to Route 8 by Assembly Concurrent Resolution 34, Chapter 67 in 1979.[19] Meanwhile, the segment of Route 15 from the San Diego County Line to the I-15/I-215 interchange was named the Temecula Valley Freeway in 1990.[20]
The original definition for the Corona Freeway, as named by the State Highway Commission on July 23, 1958, stated that it was "Routes 71, 91, and 15 from Route 10 West of Pomona to Route 215".[21]
This legal definition has been amended twice: First in 1990, the California Assembly passed Concurrent Resolution 125, Chapter 78, renaming I-15 between the San Diego County Line (which is further south from Interstate 215) and Bundy Canyon Road near Lake Elsinore as the Temecula Valley Freeway.[20]
Then in 1993, the California Assembly passed legislation officially designating State Route 71 as a part of the Chino Valley Freeway.[22] However, the name "Corona Freeway" is, confusingly, sometimes still applied to this portion of State Route 71; thus, despite the official change, guide signs on I-10 eastbound and SR 57 southbound at the Kellogg Interchange in Pomona still refer to SR 71 as the "Corona Freeway".
Present SR 15 was signed after the creation of I-15 in 1968. Since I-15's southern terminus was at I-8, SR 15 was signed mostly along 40th Street and Wabash Boulevard in San Diego to its merge with I-5. The portion between Adams Avenue and Interstate 805 remained a city street for a long time, and this portion was not completed until January 2000. For this reason, the freeway is often referred to as the 40th Street Freeway.[9]
Before the completion of the freeway, from 1968 to 1992, the neighborhood was known for prostitution, drugs, drive-by shootings, and gangs; this was indirectly caused by Caltrans' plans to build a freeway in this area on land where houses were. Because families did not want to live in these houses since they would be soon torn down, they rented them to individuals who were only going to be in the area on a temporary basis, many of whom were involved in illegal activities. Even though the freeway was officially added to the Caltrans proposals as early as 1968, it was not until March 1992 that construction began. Many in the city opposed the building of this freeway, although some petitioned for the freeway to be built because of the poor conditions in the neighborhood.[23]
State Route 31[edit]
State Route 31
Corona - Ontario
In 1933, Interstate 15 was defined as Legislative Route 193, running from pre-1964 Legislative Route 43 (present State Route 91) in Corona to pre-1964 Legislative Route 9 (now State Route 66), and was extended north to pre-1964 Legislative Route 31 (present I-15 and I-215) in 1935.[24] The piece south of U.S. Route 60 (Mission Boulevard), running along North Main Street, Hamner Avenue and Milliken Avenue, was state-maintained by 1955, but was not assigned a signed number.[25] This was still the only existing piece in 1963, and had a planned freeway replacement to the east.[26]
In the 1964 renumbering, the route was assigned as State Route 31, it was added to the Interstate Highway System in February 1972 as a realignment of Interstate 15 (the former alignment became Interstate 15E).[27] Legislative changes were made in 1974, eliminating SR 31 (along with State Route 71 south of Corona) in favor of I-15.[28] However, SR 31 continued to be signed—as temporary Interstate 15—until present I-15 was finished. (A 1986 map shows state maintenance continuing north past SR 60 to Jurupa Street, where it turned east to I-15.[29])
Future[edit]
Most of Interstate 15 is undergoing major improvements from Devore to the Nevada State Line, beginning in 2002 and costing $349 million; this project will improve traffic flow on the heavily traveled highway for those going to and from Las Vegas. Most of the construction was completed by winter 2009.[30] Projects include adding 39 miles (63 km) of truck lanes on hills at various locations, repaving 76 miles (122 km) of I-15 at various locations, adding exit numbers, renovating and rehabilitating the rest area between Baker and the Nevada State Line (Valley Wells Rest Area), reconstructing bridges in Baker, and moving the agriculture inspection station from Yermo to the Nevada State Line and including a truck weigh station. The new agricultural inspection opened in August 2018.[31][32]
The segment signed as California State Route 15 from Interstate 5 to Interstate 8 in San Diego is planned be re-designated as part of I-15 once this segment is completely upgraded to Interstate standards, namely where the freeway's interchange with SR 94 is concerned; the interchange currently has left-exits and blind merges, and is due to be updated with a long-awaited widening of both SR 15 and SR 94 by 2019. At that time, SR 15 is planned be resigned as part of I-15; the remaining portion of SR 15 conforms with Interstate standards.[9]
Exit list[edit]
mi[33]
Exit[33]
San Diego San Diego
— 32nd Street to Harbor Drive At-grade intersection
0.00 1A Main Street Southbound exit and northbound entrance; southern end of state maintenance
0.95 1B-C I-5 – National City, Chula Vista Southbound exit and northbound entrance; signed as exits 1B (north) and 1C (south); exit 13A on I-5
0.97 1D Ocean View Boulevard / Imperial Avenue Signed as exit 1 northbound
2.98 2A Market Street
3.59 2B-C SR 94 (M. L. King Jr. Freeway) / Home Avenue Signed as exits 2B (east) and 2C (west) northbound; southbound exit to SR 94 east is via exit 3; exits 2A-C on SR 94
5.42 3 I-805 north – Los Angeles Northbound exit and southbound entrance; exit 14 on I-805
I-805 south to SR 94 east Southbound exit and northbound entrance; exit 14 on I-805
7.50 5A University Avenue – City Heights Transit Plaza
8.16 5B El Cajon Boulevard – Boulevard Transit Plaza Former I-8 Business
9.08 6A Adams Avenue
9.87 6B I-8 / Camino del Rio South – Beaches, El Centro Northern end of SR 15; southern end of I-15; exits 7A-B on I-8
10.98 7 Friars Road – SDCCU Stadium Signed as exits 7A (east) and 7B (west) northbound
13.47 8 Aero Drive
14.87 9 Balboa Avenue / Tierrasanta Boulevard Former eastern end of SR 274
16.09 10 Clairemont Mesa Boulevard Southbound exit is part of exit 11
17.03 11 SR 52 Exit 7 on SR 52
— I-15 north (Express Lanes) Southern end of Express Lanes
— SR 163 south Southbound exit and northbound entrance to/from Express Lanes
19.51 12 SR 163 south (Cabrillo Freeway) – Downtown Southbound exit and northbound entrance; former US 395 south
21.45 13 Miramar Way Serves Marine Corps Air Station Miramar
23.00 14 Miramar Road / Pomerado Road Former US 395 north
24.14 15 Carroll Canyon Road
— Hillery Drive – Mira Mesa Access via Express Lanes
25.62 16 Mira Mesa Boulevard
27.86 17 Mercy Road / Scripps Poway Parkway
29.26 18 Poway Road (CR S4) / Rancho Peñasquitos Boulevard
— SR 56 west / Ted Williams Parkway Northbound exit and southbound entrance via Express Lanes
— Sabre Springs-Peñasquitos Transit Station Access via Express Lanes
31.33 19 SR 56 west (Ted Williams Freeway) / Ted Williams Parkway Exit 9 on SR 56
33.10 21 Carmel Mountain Road
35.28 22 Camino del Norte
36.92 23 Bernardo Center Drive
— George Cooke Express Drive – Rancho Bernardo Access via Express Lanes
38.13 24 Rancho Bernardo Road
41.89 26 Pomerado Road (CR S5) / West Bernardo Drive Former US 395 south
43.40 27 Via Rancho Parkway
— Del Lago Boulevard / Beethoven Drive Access via Express Lanes
44.50 28 Centre City Parkway (I-15 Bus. north) Northbound exit and southbound entrance; former US 395 north
46.30 29 Felicita Road / Citracado Parkway
48.43 30 9th Avenue / Auto Park Way
49.29 31 Valley Parkway (CR S6) – Downtown Escondido
— Hale Avenue Northbound exit and southbound entrance via Express Lanes
— I-15 south (Express Lanes) Northern end of Express Lanes
50.73 32 SR 78 – Oceanside, Ramona SR 78 exit 17 westbound, 17A-B eastbound
52.88 33 El Norte Parkway
54.59 34 Centre City Parkway (I-15 Bus. south) / Country Club Lane Southbound exit and northbound entrance; former US 395 south
58.97 37 Deer Springs Road (CR S12) / Mountain Meadow Road
65.73 41 Gopher Canyon Road / Old Castle Road
69.65 43 Old Highway 395 Former US 395
74.82 46 SR 76 – Pala, Oceanside
81.42 51 Mission Road (CR S13) – Fallbrook
87.02 54 Rainbow Valley Boulevard
Riverside Temecula
92.86 58 SR 79 south (Temecula Parkway) – Temecula, Warner Springs, Indio Southern end of SR 79 overlap; former SR 71 south
95.34 59 Rancho California Road / Old Town Front Street
97.98 61 SR 79 north (Winchester Road) Northern end of SR 79 overlap
Temecula–Murrieta line
99.26 62 French Valley Parkway Southbound exit only
101.39 63 I-215 north (Escondido Freeway north) – Riverside, San Bernardino Northbound exit and southbound entrance; former I-15E north / US 395 north
102.56 64 To I-215 north / Murrieta Hot Springs Road – Riverside
104.37 65 California Oaks Road / Kalmia Street
109.27 68 Clinton Keith Road
111.58 69 Baxter Road
113.56 71 Bundy Canyon Road
118.16 73 Diamond Drive / Railroad Canyon Road
74 Franklin Street Proposed interchange[34]
121.04 75 Main Street (I-15 Bus. north)
123.18 77 SR 74 (Central Avenue) – San Juan Capistrano, Perris
125.71 78 Nichols Road
130.28 81 Lake Street (I-15 Bus. south)
136.25 85 Indian Truck Trail
141.06 88 Temescal Canyon Road Former SR 71
144.68 90 Weirick Road / Dos Lagos Drive
146.56 91 Cajalco Road
148.19 92 El Cerrito Road
149.59 93 Ontario Avenue Former SR 71
152.26 95 Magnolia Avenue
— SR 91 west Northbound exit and southbound entrance for Express Lanes only
154.11 96 SR 91 (Riverside Freeway) – Riverside, Beach Cities Signed as exits 96A (east) and 96B (west) southbound; former US 91; SR 91 exit 51
Corona–Norco line
156.33 97 Hidden Valley Parkway
157.55 98 Second Street (I-15 Bus. north)
160.71 100 Sixth Street (I-15 Bus. south)
Eastvale–Jurupa Valley line
102 Schleisman Road Proposed interchange[35]
164.99 103 Limonite Avenue
168.37 105 Cantu-Galleano Ranch Road
170.16 106 SR 60 (Pomona Freeway) – Los Angeles, Riverside Signed as exits 106A (east) and 106B (west) northbound; SR 60 exit 41 eastbound, 41A westbound
San Bernardino Ontario
173.08 108 Jurupa Street / Auto Center Drive Former SR 31 south
175.31 109 I-10 (San Bernardino Freeway) – Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Indio Signed as exits 109A (west) and 109B (east) southbound; former US 99; exits 58A-B on I-10
176.37 110 4th Street
180.01 112 SR 66 (Foothill Boulevard) Former US 66
Rancho Cucamonga–Fontana line
182.37 113 Base Line Road
185.67 115 SR 210 (Foothill Freeway) – Pasadena, San Bernardino, Redlands Signed as exits 115A (east) and 115B (west) northbound (reverse southbound), exit 64A on SR 210; future I-210
186.94 116 Summit Avenue
189.76 118 Duncan Canyon Road
192.12 119 Sierra Avenue
196.65 122 Glen Helen Parkway
197.80 123 I-215 south (Barstow Freeway south) – San Bernardino, Riverside Former I-15E south / US 66 west / US 91 south / US 395 south; I-215 exit 54B
199.70 124 Kenwood Avenue Former US 66 east
207.83 129 Cleghorn Road Former US 66 west
210.02 131 SR 138 – Palmdale, Silverwood Lake
221.69 138 Oak Hill Road
224.55 140 Ranchero Road
227.64 141 US 395 north – Bishop, Adelanto Northbound exit and southbound entrance; southern end of US 395
To US 395 north / Joshua Street Southbound exit and northbound entrance
230.35 143 Main Street – Hesperia, Phelan
Hesperia–Victorville line
236.12 147 Bear Valley Road – Lucerne Valley
238.12 148 La Mesa Road / Nisqualli Road
240.82 150 SR 18 west (Palmdale Road / I-15 Bus. north) Southern end of SR 18 overlap; former US 66 east / US 91 north
242.30 151A Roy Rogers Drive
243.27 151B Mojave Drive
245.62 153A SR 18 east (I-15 Bus. south / CR 66) – Victorville, Apple Valley Northern end of SR 18 overlap; former US 66 / US 91
245.83 153B E Street
247.08 154 Stoddard Wells Road
252.09 157 Stoddard Wells Road – Bell Mountain
259.04 161 Dale Evans Parkway – Apple Valley
265.25 165 Wild Wash Road
272.45 169 Hodge Road
281.59 175 Outlet Center Drive
286.30 178 Lenwood Road
288.81 179 SR 58 west – Bakersfield SR 58 exit 234 eastbound to I-15 southbound
290.94 181 L Street (I-15 Bus. east) / W. Main Street (CR 66)
293.98 183 SR 247 south (Barstow Road)
295.40 184A I-40 east – Needles Northbound exit and southbound entrance; southbound access is via exit 184; western terminus of I-40
296.25 184B To I-40 / E. Main Street (I-15 Bus. / CR 66) – Needles Signed as exit 184 southbound; former US 66
299.35 186 Old Highway 58 west Former US 91 south/US 466/SR 58 west
303.72 189 Fort Irwin Road Serves Fort Irwin
307.32 191 Ghost Town Road Serves the ghost town of Calico
311.84 194 Calico Road – Yermo
314.64 196 Yermo Road – Yermo
316.24 Agricultural Inspection Station (closed; was southbound only)
318.04 198 Minneola Road
330.78 206 Harvard Road
342.40 213 Field Road
348.47 Clyde V. Kane Rest Area
355.21 221 Afton Road
369.44 230 Basin Road
375.57 233 Rasor Road
Zzyzx
385.13 239 Zzyzx Road – Zzyzx
394.21 245 Baker Boulevard (I-15 Bus. north) – Baker Northbound exit and southbound entrance; former US 91 north / US 466 east
395.42 246 SR 127 north / Kelbaker Road – Death Valley
398.46 248 Baker Boulevard (I-15 Bus. south) – Baker Southbound exit and northbound entrance; former US 91 south / US 466 west
Halloran Springs
416.40 259 Halloran Springs Road
425.99 265 Halloran Summit Road
434.99 Valley Wells Rest Area
437.52 272 Cima Road
Mountain Pass
451.58 281 Bailey Road
459.61 286 Nipton Road
Agricultural Inspection Station (southbound only); opened in 2018[31][32]
467.56 291 Yates Well Road
475.35 I‑15 north – Las Vegas Continuation into Nevada
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
Concurrency terminus
Electronic toll collection
Incomplete access
Route transition
California Roads portal
^ Mileage is the entire route, including both SR 15 and I-15
^ The highway was featured on the television program Dangerous Drives (Speed), which illustrated the difficulties of patrolling the highway due to excessive speed and congestion. The 45-minute episode "Dangerous Drives: Highway Patrol" originally aired in January 2010.
^ a b c California Department of Transportation (July 2007). "Log of Bridges on State Highways". Sacramento: California Department of Transportation.
^ Federal Highway Administration (October 31, 2002). "Table 1: Main Routes of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System Of Interstate and Defense Highways as of October 31, 2002". Route Long and Finder List. Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
^ "Article 2 of Chapter 2 of Division 1 of the California Streets and Highways Code". Sacramento: California Office of Legislative Counsel. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
^ Federal Highway Administration (March 25, 2015). National Highway System: San Diego, CA (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
Federal Highway Administration (March 25, 2015). National Highway System: California (North) (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
^ Natzke, Stefan; Neathery, Mike & Adderly, Kevin (June 20, 2012). "What is the National Highway System?". National Highway System. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved July 1, 2012.
^ "Article 2.5 of Chapter 2 of Division 1 of the California Streets & Highways Code". California Office of Legislative Counsel. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
^ California Department of Transportation (September 7, 2011). "Officially Designated State Scenic Highways and Historic Parkways". Sacramento: California Department of Transportation.
^ a b Thomas Brothers (2000). California Road Atlas and Driver's Guide (Map). Thomas Brothers. pp. 214, 216.
^ a b c d Faigin, Daniel P. "Routes 9 through 16". California Highways. Retrieved May 1, 2008. [self-published source]
^ District 11. "Fact Sheet for SR 15 Project". California Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on June 9, 2008.
^ "California 15 and Interstate 15 north from Interstate 5 to California 163". California @ AARoads.com. Retrieved May 1, 2008. [self-published source]
^ Thomas Brothers (2000). California Road Atlas and Driver's Guide (Map). Thomas Brothers. pp. V, 99, 106.
^ "ACR-127 CHP Officer Larry L. Wetterling and San Bernardino County Sheriff's Lieutenant Alfred E. Stewart Memorial Highway". California Legislative Information. Retrieved May 22, 2013.
^ "Interstate 15 Express Lanes". Sandag.org. Retrieved March 31, 2012.
^ "Home". 15 Express Lanes Info.
^ https://www.dailybulletin.com/2018/02/28/toll-lanes-could-be-coming-to-15-freeway-through-part-of-san-bernardino-county/
^ "After voters keep gas tax, plans for 15 Freeway toll lanes from Corona to Lake Elsinore move ahead". Press Enterprise. November 9, 2018. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
^ "Funding Received for Extension of I-15 Express Lanes, Cajalco Road to State Route 74". Riverside County Transportation Commission. March 23, 2018. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
^ California Department of Transportation (January 2009). 2008 Named Freeways, Highways, Structures and Other Appurtenances in California (PDF). California Department of Transportation. p. 60. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 14, 2012. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
^ a b California Department of Transportation 2009, p. 63
^ California Department of Transportation 2009, p. 69
^ Brooks, Jeanne F. (January 9, 2000). "A Neighborhood's Rough Road: Mid City's I-15 Stretch to Open After Tortuous 40-Year Saga". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Copley News Service. Retrieved January 18, 2008 – via ProQuest. [dead link]
^ Faigin, Daniel P. (July 18, 2012). "Routes 193 through 200". California Highways. Self-published. Retrieved July 18, 2012. [self-published source]
^ H.M. Gousha. 1955 Gousha Los Angeles district map (Map). H.M. Gousha. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
^ 1963 Caltrans Los Angeles and vicinity map (Map). Retrieved November 29, 2011.
^ Faigin, Daniel P. (July 18, 2012). "Interstate Highway Types and the History of California's Interstates". California Highways. Retrieved July 18, 2012. [self-published source]
^ Faigin, Daniel P. (July 18, 2012). "Routes 25 through 32". California Highways. Retrieved July 18, 2012. [self-published source]
^ Interstate 15 Major Improvements from Barstow to Nevada stateline (PDF) (Map). California Department of Transportation. June 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 11, 2008.
^ a b "Caltrans opens new Agricultural Inspection Station on I-15, dismantling old station in Yermo". Daily Press. September 7, 2018. Retrieved October 9, 2018.
^ a b "CDFA opens new Border Inspection Station near Nevada border". California Department of Food and Agriculture. August 24, 2018. Retrieved November 23, 2018.
^ a b Warring, KS (January 14, 2007). "Interstate 15 Freeway Interchanges" (PDF). California Numbered Exit Uniform System. California Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 5, 2009.
^ "City of Lake Elsinore : I-15/Railroad Canyon Road & Franklin Interchange Project". www.lake-elsinore.org.
^ Bender, Mary (July 20, 2005). "Country Road to Get New Course: Schleisman, Plans Are Under Way to Widen the Artery in the High-Growth Area, and Link it to I-15". City of Riverside. Retrieved July 18, 2012.
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Barstow is a city in San Bernardino County, United States. The population was 22,639 at the 2010 census. Barstow is located 67 miles north of San Bernardino. Barstow is a major transportation center for the Inland Empire. Several major highways including Interstate 15, Interstate 40, California State Route 58, U. S. Route 66 converge in the city, it is the site of a large rail classification yard, belonging to the BNSF Railway. The Union Pacific Railroad runs through town using trackage rights on BNSF's main line to Daggett 10 miles east, from where it heads to Salt Lake City and the BNSF heads to Chicago. Barstow is about 15 miles from Yermo, 30 miles from Victorville, 62 miles from Baker, California and 114 miles from Primm, Nevada. Barstow serves as a midway point for drivers traveling between Los Angeles and Las Vegas, Nevada. Barstow is home to Marine Corps Logistics Base Barstow and is the closest city to the Fort Irwin National Training Center; the settlement of Barstow began in the late 1830s in the Mormon Corridor.
Every fall and winter, as the weather cooled, the rain produced new grass growth and replenished the water sources in the Mojave Desert. People and animal herds would move from New Mexico and Utah to Los Angeles, along the Old Spanish Trail from Santa Fe, or after 1848, on the Mormon Road from Salt Lake City. Trains of freight wagons traveled back to other points in the interior; these travelers followed the course of the Mojave River and camping at Fish Ponds on its south bank or 3.625 miles up river on the north bank, at a riverside grove of willows and cottonwoods, festooned with wild grapes, called Grapevines. In 1859, the Mojave Road followed a route was established from Los Angeles to Fort Mojave through Grapevines that linked eastward with the Beale Wagon Road across northern New Mexico Territory to Santa Fe. Indian troubles with the Paiute and Chemehuevi tribes followed and from 1860 Camp Cady, a U. S. Army post 20 miles east of Barstow, was occupied sporadically until 1864 permanently, by soldiers occupying other posts on the Mojave Road or patrolling in the region until 1871.
Trading posts were established at Grapevines and Fish Ponds that supplied travelers on the roads and the miners that came into the Mojave Desert after the end of hostilities with the native people. Barstow's roots lie in the rich mining history of the Mojave Desert following the discovery of gold and silver in the Owens Valley and in mountains to the east in the 1860s and 1870s. Due to the influx of miners arriving in Calico and Daggett, railroads were constructed to transport goods and people; the Southern Pacific built a line from Mojave, California through Barstow to Needles in 1883. In 1884, ownership of the line from Needles to Mojave was transferred to the Santa Fe Railroad. Paving the major highways through Barstow led to further development of the city. Much of its economy depends on transportation. Before the advent of the interstate highway system, Barstow was an important stop on both Routes 66 and 91; the two routes continued west together to Los Angeles. Barstow is named after William Barstow Strong, former president of the Atchison and Santa Fe Railway.
Some early Barstow names were Camp Sugarloaf and Waterman Junction. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 107.2 km2, 99.98% land and 0.02% water. Barstow experiences four seasons. Summer days are hot, with highs exceeding 100 °F. Winter, in contrast, is characterized by cold mornings, with lows near 30 °F. Daily temperature ranges are large as a result of the low atmospheric moisture between 30 and 35 F difference. In January, the normal high temperature is 61 °F with a low of 37 °F. In July, the normal high temperature is 105 °F with a low of 74 °F. There are an average of 140 days with highs of 90 °F or higher, an average of 82 days with highs of 100F degrees or higher, an average of 25 days with lows of 32 °F or lower; the average annual precipitation is 4.12 inches, with nearly 70% of rain falling during the cooler months. Snowfall is uncommon in winter, occurring two. There are an average of 24 days annually with measurable precipitation; the record high was 118 °F on July 5, 2007, the record low was 5 °F on December 25, 1985.
The wettest year was 1918 with 10.99 inches and the driest year was 1904 with 0.80 inches. The most rainfall in one month was 4.22 inches in February 1998. The heaviest rainfall in 24 hours was 2.28 inches on September 10, 1976. The most snowfall in one month was 25.0 inches in January 1949, including 7.0 inches January 12. The native vegetation is dominated by low desert shrubs such as creosote bush. City residents have introduced many non-native plants, prominent among which are trees such as Aleppo pine, Italian cypress, fan palm, ash, palo verde and redbud; the 2010 United States Census reported that Barstow had a population of 22,639. The population density was 546.9 people per square mile. The makeup of Barstow was 11,840 White, 3,313 African American, 477 Native American, 723 Asian, 278 Pacific Islander, 4,242 from other races, 1,766 from two or more ethnicities/cultures. Hispanic or Latino of any
San Bernardino is a city located in the Riverside–San Bernardino metropolitan area and that serves as the county seat of San Bernardino County, United States. As one of the Inland Empire's anchor cities, San Bernardino spans 81 square miles on the floor of the San Bernardino Valley and as of 2017 has a population of 216,995. San Bernardino is the 17th-largest city in California and the 102nd-largest city in the United States. San Bernardino is home to numerous diplomatic missions for the Inland Empire, being one of four cities in California with numerous consulates; the governments of Guatemala and Mexico have established their consulates in the downtown area of the city. California State University, San Bernardino is located in the northwestern part of the city; the university hosts the Coussoulis Arena. Other attractions in San Bernardino include ASU Fox Theatre, the McDonald's Museum, located on the original site of the world's first McDonald's, California Theatre, the San Bernardino Mountains, San Manuel Amphitheater, the largest outdoor amphitheater in the United States.
In addition, the city is home to the Inland Empire 66ers baseball team. In August 2012, San Bernardino became the largest city to file for protection under Chapter 9 of the U. S. Bankruptcy code. San Bernardino's case was filed on August 1. On December 2, 2015, a terrorist attack left 14 people dead and 22 injured; the city of San Bernardino, occupies much of the San Bernardino Valley, which indigenous tribespeople referred to as "The Valley of the Cupped Hand of God". The Tongva Indians called the San Bernardino area Wa'aach in their language. Upon seeing the immense geological arrowhead-shaped rock formation on the side of the San Bernardino Mountains, they found the hot and cold springs to which the "arrowhead" seemed to point. Politana was the first Spanish settlement in the San Bernardino Valley, named for Bernardino of Siena. Politana was established May 20, 1810, as a mission chapel and supply station by the Mission San Gabriel in the ranchería of the Guachama Indians that lived on the bluff, now known as Bunker Hill, near Lytle Creek.
Two years the settlement was destroyed by superstitious local tribesmen, following powerful earthquakes that shook the region. Several years the Serrano and Mountain Cahuilla rebuilt the Politana rancheria, in 1819 invited the missionaries to return to the valley, they established the San Bernardino de Sena Estancia. Serrano and Cahuilla people inhabited Politana until long after the 1830s decree of secularization and the 1842 inclusion into the Rancho San Bernardino land grant of the José del Carmen Lugo family; the city of San Bernardino is one of the oldest communities in the state of California, in its present-day location, was not settled until 1851, after California became a state. The first Anglo-American colony was established by pioneers associated with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints or Mormons. Following the Mormon colonists purchase of Rancho San Bernardino, the establishment of the town of San Bernardino in 1851, San Bernardino County was formed in 1853 from parts of Los Angeles County.
Mormon colonists developed irrigated, commercial farming and lumbering, supplying agricultural produce and lumber throughout Southern California. The city was incorporated in 1857; that year, most of the colonists were recalled by Brigham Young in 1857 due to the Utah War. Once regarded in early California, news of the Mountain Meadows Massacre poisoned attitudes toward the Mormons; some Mormons would stay in San Bernardino and some returned from Utah, but a real estate consortium from El Monte and Los Angeles bought most of the lands of the old rancho and of the departing colonists. They sold these lands to new settlers who came to dominate the culture and politics in the county and San Bernardino became a typical American frontier town. Many of the new land owners disliked the sober Mormons, indulging in drinking at saloons now allowed in the town. Disorder and violence in the vicinity became common, reaching a climax in the 1859 Ainsworth - Gentry Affair. In 1860 a gold rush began in the mountains nearby with the discovery of gold by William F. Holcomb in Holcomb Valley early 1860.
Another strike followed in the upper reach of Lytle Creek. By the 1860s, San Bernardino had became an important trading hub in Southern California; the city on the Los Angeles – Salt Lake Road, became the starting point for the Mojave Road from 1858 and Bradshaw Trail from 1862 to the mines along the Colorado River and within the Arizona Territory in the gold rush of 1862-1864. Near San Bernardino is a formed arrowhead-shaped rock formation on the side of a mountain, it measures 1375 feet by 449 feet. According to the Native American legend regarding the landmark arrowhead, an arrow from Heaven burned the formation onto the mountainside in order to show tribes where they could be healed. During the mid-19th century, "Dr." David Noble Smith claimed that a saint-like being appeared before him and told of a far-off land with exceptional climate and curative waters, marked by a gigantic arrowhead. Smith's search for that unique arrowhead formation began in Texas, ended at Arrowhead Springs in California in 1857.
By 1889, word of the springs, along with the hotel on the site had grown considerably. H
California State Route 14
State Route 14 is a north–south state highway in the U. S. state of California in the Mojave Desert. The southern portion of the highway is signed as the Antelope Valley Freeway; the route connects Interstate 5 on the border of the city of Santa Clarita to the north and the Los Angeles neighborhoods of Granada Hills and Sylmar to the south, with U. S. Route 395 near Inyokern. Legislatively, the route extends south of I-5 to SR 1 in the Pacific Palisades area of Los Angeles; the southern part of the constructed route is a busy commuter freeway serving and connecting the cities of Santa Clarita and Lancaster to the rest of the Greater Los Angeles area. The northern portion, from Vincent to US 395, is legislatively named the Aerospace Highway, as the highway serves Edwards Air Force Base, once one of the primary landing strips for NASA's Space Shuttle; this section is rural, following the line between the hot Mojave desert and the forming Sierra Nevada mountain range. Most of SR 14 is loosely paralleled by a main line of the Southern Pacific Railroad, used for the Antelope Valley Line of the Metrolink commuter rail system as well as a connection between Los Angeles and the Central Valley via Tehachapi Pass.
Linked with US 395, this road connects Los Angeles with such places as Mammoth Mountain, Mono Lake, Yosemite National Park and Reno, Nevada. SR 14 was part of US 6 prior to truncation in 1964, when US 6 was a coast-to-coast route from Long Beach to Provincetown, Massachusetts; the non-freeway segment of SR 14 from Silver Queen Road north of Rosamond to Mojave is known as Sierra Highway, as is the old routing between I-5 and Silver Queen Road where SR 14 has been moved to a newer freeway alignment. Portions of SR 14 remain signed with names associated with US 6, including Midland Trail, Theodore Roosevelt Highway, Grand Army of the Republic Highway. SR 14 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System, is part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration; the southern portion of the freeway, from I-5 to the Avenue D exit near Lancaster, has been designated the Antelope Valley Freeway by the state legislature.
The Antelope Valley Freeway begins in the Santa Susana Mountains at the Newhall Pass interchange by splitting from the Golden State Freeway. This is the busiest portion of the route with an annual average daily traffic count of 169,000 vehicles per day; the freeway forms much of the eastern boundary of Santa Clarita along its route. Past Santa Clarita, the road continues northeast and crosses the Sierra Pelona Mountains and western San Gabriel Mountains via the canyon of the seasonal Santa Clara River; the ascent is rugged and rural terrain, with only two small towns along the ascent, first Agua Dulce and Acton. Between the two towns, the freeway forms the southern boundary of a county park; the highway crests the Sierra Pelona Mountains via Escondido Summit, at an elevation of 3,258 feet, before descending and passing by Acton to the north. The highway crests the San Gabriel Mountains via Soledad Pass, at an elevation of 3,209 feet; the route of the highway through the mountains loosely parallels that of the main line of the Southern Pacific Railroad, used for the Metrolink Antelope Valley Line.
After cresting both mountain passes, the highway descends into the Antelope Valley, a large valley within the Mojave Desert. The highway crosses the California Aqueduct in the descent. SR 14 serves as the primary north -- south thoroughfare for the communities of Lancaster. Between Palmdale Boulevard and Avenue D in Lancaster, SR 14 runs concurrently with SR 138. From the Pearblossom Highway exit south of Palmdale to its northern terminus at US 395 near Inyokern, SR 14 has been designated the Aerospace Highway. Between Pearblossom Highway and Avenue S, there is a vista point overlooking Lake Palmdale, which features a historic plaque that honors aviation accomplishments including the space shuttle, breaking the sound barrier and the speed record; the freeway passes the Los Angeles–Kern county line at Avenue A, continues to run north through Rosamond and Mojave. In Rosamond, the highway passes close to Edwards Air Force Base, used as one of the main landing strips for NASA's space shuttle, as the base for the X-15 and many other air and spacecraft.
The freeway portion terminates just south of Mojave, where SR 14 serves as the main street and runs through the downtown area. To the east of the route is Mojave Air & Space Port, home to the National Test Pilot School and SpaceShipOne, the first funded human spaceflight, as well as a vast airplane graveyard. SR 58 was routed concurrently with SR 14 through Mojave, before it was rerouted onto a bypass running north and east of the town; the character of the highway changes. The road, now a divided highway with at-grade intersections, departs the corridor of the main Southern Pacific Line, to follow the crest of the forming Sierra Nevada mountains; the route continues to follow a branch line of the Southern Pacific used as a connector for the Trona Railway. The main line of the railroad proceeds towards the Central Valley via Tehachapi Pass. Though SR 14 heads away from the pass, the highway has views of the mountains and the Tehachapi Pass Wind Farm; the scenery changes, as the highway departs the Mojave Desert and crosses Red Rock Canyon State Park.
Traffic counts drop as the highway becomes more rural
Jurupa Valley, California
Jurupa Valley is a city in Riverside County, California. It is located next to Eastvale. On March 8, 2011, voters approved a ballot measure, designated as Measure A, to incorporate the area into its own city; the city of Jurupa Valley covers 43.5 square miles, has an estimated population of 106,028. Residents of the area had voted on incorporation in 1992. Jurupa Valley is located north and west of the Santa Ana River, south of the Riverside-San Bernardino County line, east of Interstate 15, it includes the neighborhoods of Mira Loma, Glen Avon, Sky Country, Indian Hills, Rubidoux, Jurupa, Jurupa Hills, Sunnyslope. Jurupa Valley was incorporated after the 2010 United States Census, but it is possible to determine an estimated population by summing up the results from the census-designated places of Glen Avon, Mira Loma, Pedley and Sunnyslope. According to the United States Census Bureau, as of July 1, 2017, the estimated population was 106,028. In the California State Legislature, Jurupa Valley is located in the 31st Senate District, represented by Democrat Richard Roth, in the 60th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Sabrina Cervantes.
In the House of Representatives, the vast majority of Jurupa Valley is part of the 41st Congressional District, represented by Democrat Mark Takano. A small portion of the city is located in 42nd Congressional District, represented by Republican Ken Calvert. California is represented in the United States Senate by Democrats Dianne Feinstein and Kamala Harris. Jurupa Valley is home to the Jurupa Unified School District; the district operates 16 Elementary Schools, 4 Middle Schools, 3 Continuation Schools, 4 High Schools, including: Jurupa Valley High School Rubidoux High School Patriot High School Rivercrest Preparatory Public Transportation in Jurupa Valley is provided by Riverside Transit Agency. Jurupa Valley/Pedley station is served by Metrolink, the city is served by Ontario International Airport; some major roads in Jurupa Valley include Interstate 15 and California State Route 60. City of Jurupa Valley Jurupa Unified School District web site Jurupa Valley Measure A official sample ballot
Ontario is a city located in southwestern San Bernardino County, California, 35 miles east of downtown Los Angeles and 23 miles west of downtown San Bernardino, the county seat. Located in the western part of the Inland Empire metropolitan area, it lies just east of Los Angeles County and is part of the Greater Los Angeles Area; as of the 2010 Census, the city had a population of 163,924, up from 158,007 at the 2000 census, making it the county's fourth most populous city after San Bernardino and Rancho Cucamonga. The city is home to the Ontario International Airport, the 15th busiest airport in the United States by cargo carried. Ontario handles the mass of freight traffic between the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach and the rest of the country, it is the home of Ontario Mills and former home of the Ontario Motor Speedway. It takes its name from the Ontario Model Colony development established in 1882 by the Canadian engineer George Chaffey and his brothers William Chaffey and Charles Chaffey.
They named the settlement after their home province of Ontario. The area, now Ontario was part of the lands used for hunting and foraging by the semi-nomadic Tongva Native Americans, who were known to roam as far south as the western San Bernardino Mountains. At the time of Mexican and of American settlement, active Native American settlements were scattered across the entire valley. Remains of a Serrano village were discovered in the neighboring foothills of the present-day city of Claremont. Juan Bautista de Anza is said to have passed through the area on his 1774 expedition, to this day a city park and a middle school bear his name. Following the 1819 establishment of San Bernardino Asistencia, which may have served as an outpost of the San Gabriel mission, it became part of a large, vaguely identified area called "San Antonio". In 1826, Jedediah Smith passed through what is now Upland on the first overland journey to the West coast of North America via the National Old Trails Road; the 1834 secularization of California land holdings resulted in the land's transferral to private hands.
In 1881, the Chaffey brothers and William, purchased the land and the water rights to it. They engineered a drainage system channeling water from the foothills of Mount San Antonio down to the flatter lands below that performed the dual functions of allowing farmers to water their crops and preventing the floods that periodically afflict them, they created the main thoroughfare of Euclid Avenue, with its distinctive wide lanes and grassy median. The new "Model Colony" was conceived as a dry town, early deeds containing clauses forbidding the manufacture or sale of alcoholic beverages within the town; the two named the town "Ontario" in honor of the province of Ontario in Canada, where they were born. Ontario attracted ailing Easterners seeking a drier climate. To impress visitors and potential settlers with the "abundance" of water in Ontario, a fountain was placed at the Southern Pacific railway station, it was turned on when passenger trains were approaching and frugally turned off again after their departure.
The original "Chaffey fountain", a simple spigot surrounded by a ring of white stones, was replaced by the more ornate "Frankish Fountain", an Art Nouveau creation now located outside the Ontario Museum of History and Art. Agriculture was vital to the early economy, many street names recall this legacy; the Sunkist plant remains as a living vestige of the citrus era. The Chaffey brothers left to found the settlements of Mildura and Renmark, which met with varying success. Charles Frankish continued their work at Ontario. Mining engineer John Tays refined the design of the novel "mule car", used from 1887 for public transportation on Euclid Avenue to 24th Street. At that point, the two mules were loaded onto a platform at the rear of the car and allowed to ride, as gravity propelled the trolley back down the avenue to the downtown Ontario terminus. Soon replaced by an electric streetcar, the mule car is commemorated by a replica in an enclosure south of C Street on the Euclid Avenue median. Ontario was incorporated as a city in 1891, North Ontario broke away in 1906, calling itself Upland.
Ontario grew at an astronomical rate. The population of 20,000 in the 1960s again grew 10 times more by the year 2007. Ontario was viewed as an "Iowa under Palm trees", with a solid Midwestern/Mid-American foundation, but it had a large German and Swiss community. Tens of thousands of European immigrants came to work in agriculture, in the early 1900s the first Filipinos and Japanese farm laborers arrived to display nursery ownership skills. Ontario has over two centuries of Hispanic residents, starting from the Californio period of Spanish colonial and Mexican rule in the 1840s. However, the first wave of Mexican settlers was in the 1880s brought as workers in the railroad industry and another wave from the Mexican Revolution of the 1910s. Mexican Americans resided in the city's poorer central side facing Chino. In the years following Ontario's founding, the economy was driven by its reputation as a health resort. Shortly thereafter, citrus farmers began taking advantage of Ontario's rocky soil to plant lemon and orange groves.
Agricultural opportunities attracted vintners and olive growers. The Graber Olive House, which continues to produce olives, is a city historical landmark and one of the
Riverside County is one of fifty-eight counties in the U. S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 2,189,641, making it the 4th-most populous county in California and the 11th-most populous in the United States; the name was derived from the city of Riverside, the county seat. Riverside County is included in the Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area known as the Inland Empire; the county is included in the Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA Combined Statistical Area. There is a high concentration of sprawling tract housing communities around Riverside and along the Interstate 10, 15, 215 freeways. Rectangular, Riverside County covers 7,208 square miles in Southern California, spanning from the Greater Los Angeles area to the Arizona border. Geographically, the county is desert in the central and eastern portions, but has a Mediterranean climate in the western portion. Most of Joshua Tree National Park is located in the county; the resort cities of Palm Springs, Palm Desert, Indian Wells, La Quinta, Rancho Mirage, Desert Hot Springs are all located in the Coachella Valley region of central Riverside County.
Large numbers of Los Angeles area workers have moved to the county in recent years to take advantage of affordable housing. Along with neighboring San Bernardino County, it was one of the fastest growing regions in the state prior to the recent changes in the regional economy. In addition, but significant, numbers of people have been moving into Southwest Riverside County from the San Diego-Tijuana metropolitan area; the cities of Temecula and Murrieta accounted for 20% of the increase in population of the county between 2000 and 2007. Riverside County was named for the Santa Ana River in 1870; the indigenous peoples of what is now Riverside County are Cupeño and Cahuilla Indians. The Luiseño lived in the Aguanga and Temecula Basins, Elsinore Trough and eastern Santa Ana Mountains and southward into San Diego County; the Cahuilla lived to the east and north of the Luiseño in the inland valleys, in the Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains and the desert of the Salton Sink. The first European settlement in the county was a Mission San Luis Rey de Francia estancia or farm, at the Luiseño village of Temecula.
Grain and grapes were grown here. In 1819, the Mission granted land to Leandro Serrano, mayordomo of San Antonio de Pala Asistencia for the Mission of San Luis Rey for Rancho Temescal. Following Mexican independence and the 1833 confiscation of Mission lands, more ranchos were granted. Rancho Jurupa in 1838, El Rincon in 1839, Rancho San Jacinto Viejo in 1842, Rancho San Jacinto y San Gorgonio in 1843, Ranchos La Laguna, Temecula in 1844, Ranchos Little Temecula, Potreros de San Juan Capistrano in 1845, Ranchos San Jacinto Sobrante, La Sierra, La Sierra, Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Nuevo y Potrero in 1846. New Mexican colonists founded the town of La Placita on the east side of the Santa Ana River at the northern extremity of what is now the city of Riverside in 1843; when the initial 27 California counties were established in 1850, the area today known as Riverside County was divided between Los Angeles County and San Diego County. In 1853, the eastern part of Los Angeles County was used to create San Bernardino County.
Between 1891 and 1893, several proposals and legislative attempts were put forth to form new counties in Southern California. These proposals included one for one for a San Jacinto County. None of the proposals were adopted until a measure to create Riverside County was signed by Governor Henry H. Markham on March 11, 1893; the new county was created from parts of San Diego County. On May 2, 1893, seventy percent of voters approved the formation of Riverside County. Voters chose the city of Riverside as the county seat by a large margin. Riverside County was formed on May 9, 1893, when the Board of Commissioners filed the final canvass of the votes. Riverside County is the birthplace of lane markings, thanks to Dr. June McCarroll in 1915 when she suggested her idea to the state government; the county is the location of the March Air Reserve Base, one of the oldest airfields continuously operated by the United States military. Established as the Alessandro Flying Training Field in February 1918, it was one of thirty-two U.
S. Army Air Service training camps established after the United States entry into World War I in April 1917; the airfield was renamed March Field the following month for 2d Lieutenant Peyton C. March, Jr. the deceased son of the then-Army Chief of Staff, General Peyton C. March, killed in an air crash in Texas just fifteen days after being commissioned. March Field remained an active Army Air Service U. S. Army Air Corps installation throughout the interwar period becoming a major installation of the U. S. Army Air Forces during World War II. Renamed March Air Force Base in 1947 following the establishment of the U. S. Air Force, it was a major Strategic Air Command installation throughout the Cold War. In 1996, it was transferred to the Air Force Reserve Command and gained its current name as a major base for the Air Force Reserve and the California Air National Guard. Riverside county was a major focal point of the Civil Rights Movements in the US the African-American sections of Riverside and Mexican-American communities of the Coachella Valley visited by Cesar Chavez of the farm labor union struggle.
Riverside county has been a focus of modern Native American Gaming enterprises. In the early 1980s, the county government attempted to shut down small bingo halls operated by the Morongo Band of Cahuilla Mission In
Primm, Nevada
Primm is an unincorporated community in Clark County, United States notable for its position straddling Interstate 15 where it crosses the state border between California and Nevada. It sits on Ivanpah Dry Lake, which extends to the south of town, it was known by the name of State Line, but was renamed in 1996 to avoid confusion with Stateline in northern Nevada. It is named after the original developer of Ernest Jay Primm; the community's economy is based on its three casinos, which attract gamblers from Southern California wanting to stop before reaching Las Vegas 40 miles to the north, or as a last chance to gamble before leaving Nevada. Most of Primm's residents are employees of the casinos. While not a census-designated place, the 2000 census population for the community is 436. A Clark County Comprehensive Planning Department estimate placed the population at 284 on July 1, 2006 using different boundaries for the area. In a December 5, 2007 article in the Las Vegas Review-Journal, Primm's population is listed as around 1,132.
Primm used to have its own post office on the north side of town, but, replaced. All U. S. mail addresses serving Primm were given Jean addresses and are now served out of the Jean post office. In the 1920s Pete MacIntyre owned a gas station at the state line. MacIntyre had a difficult time making ends meet selling gas, so he resorted to bootlegging. Primm history remembers him as "Whiskey Pete"; when he died in 1933, legend has it that he wanted to be buried standing up with a bottle of bootleg in his hands so he could watch over the area. Whiskey Pete's unmarked grave was accidentally exhumed while workers were building a connecting bridge from Whiskey Pete's to Buffalo Bill's Hotel and Casino; the body was moved and is now said to be buried in one of the caves where MacIntyre cooked up his moonshine. Dale Hamilton owned State Line from the early 1950s to the early 1970s. After he bought the property he built a Chevron gas station, a building containing a small slots casino and a small cafe-lunch counter.
He built a small automotive garage and a towing service. He called the business "State Line Bar:Slots"; when the Interstate was built an interchange was not planned for the site. Hamilton made several trips to Carson City to plead for an interchange, granted. In 2004, under MGM Mirage ownership, 52 apartment buildings were constructed in Primm to serve as housing for employees at the three casinos; the name of the apartment complex is the Desert Oasis, its address is 355 E. Primm Boulevard. Primm's climate is a hot desert climate. In 1996, SCORE International started hosting an annual off-road race known as Terrible's SCORE Primm 300; the Primm 300 is one in a series of annual off-road races that include the Baja 1000, Baja 500, San Felipe 250 and the Laughlin Desert Challenge. In 1997, the 20th World's Strongest Man competition was held in Primm. Primm was the end location for the 2004 DARPA Grand Challenge. Additionally, it was the ending location for the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge; the $2 million prize was won by a team from Stanford University.
The Stateline Supermoto Challenge takes place at Buffalo Bill's casino every year attracting pro and amateur supermoto racers from around the country. Primm is the location of the American off-road race. Buffalo Bill's Primm Valley Resort Whiskey Pete's Desperado roller coasterPrimm has a large outlet mall, Fashion Outlets of Las Vegas, as well as gas stations and apartments for the workers of Primm. A convenience store, aptly named the Primm Valley Lotto Store, is located just over the California side of the border, is the closest access for southern Nevadans wishing to play the California State Lottery; the only paved road access to the store is from Nevada. As a result, the store sells more California Lottery tickets than any other vendor in California because Nevada does not have its own state lottery. Before the California Lottery was instituted in 1985, the convenience store did not have much financial success, since Nevada does not have a state tax for most convenience store items, California does.
A new airport, Ivanpah Valley Airport, is planned to be built north of Primm, the California-Nevada Interstate Maglev project has proposed building a maglev train that will pass through. Primm, but not proper Barstow - Primm, NV trail ride. How to get from Barstow to Primm off road
Interstate 710 [videos]
Interstate 710, is a state highway in the Los Angeles area of the U.S. state of California, built to Interstate Highway standards. State Route 710 is the completed portion of the proposed northern extension of the route to Pasadena. I-710 is a north–south auxiliary Interstate …
Aerial view of the I-105/I-710 interchange
I-710 at its junction with SR 60 in East Los Angeles
Interstate 15 [videos]
Interstate 15 is a major Interstate Highway in the western United States. I-15 begins near the Mexico–US border in San Diego County and stretches north to Alberta, Canada, passing through the states of California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, Idaho, and Montana. The interstate serves the cities of …
Northbound I-15 makes a steep descent from the Mountain Pass into the Ivanpah Valley, CA
Aerial view of I-15 looking south from Sunset Road in the Las Vegas Valley
I-15 passes through the Virgin River Gorge, Arizona revealing scenic reddish brown cliffs.
I-15 in Arizona
San Diego [videos]
San Diego is a city in the U.S. state of California. It is in San Diego County, on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Southern California, approximately 120 miles south of Los Angeles and immediately adjacent to the border with Mexico …
Kumeyaay people lived in San Diego before Europeans settled there.
Namesake of the city, Didacus of Alcalá: Saint Didacus in Ecstasy Before the Cross by Murillo (Musée des Augustins)
Mission San Diego de Alcalá
Namesake of Horton Plaza, Alonzo Horton developed "New Town" which became Downtown San Diego.
Interstate 8 [videos]
Interstate 8 is an Interstate Highway in the southwestern United States. It runs from the southern edge of Mission Bay at Sunset Cliffs Boulevard in San Diego, California, almost at the Pacific Ocean, to the junction with I-10, just southeast of Casa Grande, Arizona. In California, the …
A sign displaying the mileages on I-8 westbound in Gila Bend
A section of old US 80 (Wildwood Glen Lane) now closed to vehicular traffic west of Descanso Junction
I-8 in Alpine
I-8 in the Imperial Valley, 1972
Nevada [videos]
Nevada is a state in the Western United States. It is bordered by Oregon to the northwest, Idaho to the northeast, California to the west, Arizona to the southeast and Utah to the east. Nevada is the 7th most extensive, the 32nd most populous, but the 9th least densely populated of the U.S …
Mountains west of Las Vegas in the Mojave Desert
The Las Vegas Strip looking South.
Carson City Mint in Carson City. Carson City is an independent city and the capital of Nevada.
Sculpture representing a steam locomotive, in Ely, Nevada. Early locomotives played an important part in Nevada's mining industry
Interstate 5 in California [videos]
Interstate 5 is a major north–south route of the Interstate Highway System in the U.S. state of California. It begins at the Mexican border at the San Ysidro crossing, goes north across the length of California, and crosses into Oregon south of the Medford-Ashland metropolitan area. It is the …
The 5 Freeway looking south toward downtown San Diego in January 2002
The 5 South in San Diego toward Mexico, September 2012
The 5 Freeway in the Newhall Pass Interchange, where it intersects with the 210 Freeway and the 14 Freeway near Santa Clarita
I-5 in the Central Valley
California State Route 91 [videos]
State Route 91 is a major east–west freeway located entirely within Southern California and serving several regions of the Greater Los Angeles urban area. Specifically, it currently runs from Vermont Avenue in Gardena, just west of the junction with the Harbor Freeway, east …
Eastbound SR 91 just before State Route 71. This image was taken before the toll lane extension which started in 2014 and finished in 2017.
Eastbound SR 91 at SR 55 (right) and 91 Express Lanes (left). The "button style" sign on the left was replaced with a "FASTRAK ONLY" sign in 2017.
Easterly view approaching SR 57; exit 31
Artesia Freeway 91 West at the interchange with Long Beach Freeway 710
Interstate 10 in California [videos]
Interstate 10, a major east–west Interstate Highway, runs in the U.S. state of California east from Santa Monica, on the Pacific Ocean, through Los Angeles and San Bernardino to the border with Arizona. In the Greater Los Angeles area, it is known as the Santa Monica Freeway and the San …
Interstate 10 begins at the McClure Tunnel in Santa Monica
The Santa Monica Freeway interchange with the Harbor Freeway, as seen by traffic going eastbound on the Santa Monica
Downtown Los Angeles skyline as seen from the freeway. A slight (smaller than usual rush hour) traffic jam is ahead.
A typical traffic jam on the Santa Monica Freeway, at 2:30 p.m. on a Wednesday afternoon
Ontario, California [videos]
Ontario is a city located in southwestern San Bernardino County, California, 35 miles east of downtown Los Angeles and 23 miles west of downtown San Bernardino, the county seat. Located in the western part of the Inland Empire metropolitan area, it lies just east of Los Angeles …
The Ontario Convention Center in September 2006
Interior of citrus packing house in Ontario, 1905
The olive vat room at Graber Olive House in Ontario, California. In 1894, two years after planting olive trees in Ontario, C. C. Graber began selling vat cured olives from the pictured vat room in vats similar to the ones pictured. Graber Olive House is the oldest operating olive packer in the United States.
Ontario Mills in March 2005.
Rancho Cucamonga, California [videos]
Rancho Cucamonga is a city of about 177,000 residents located just south of the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains and Angeles National Forest in San Bernardino County, California, United States. About 37 miles east of Downtown Los Angeles, Rancho Cucamonga is the 19th most populous …
The front of John Rains' House, a National Historic Place
Orchards and farms, such as this Cucamonga ranch photographed in 1884, had dominated the landscape of the area until the land development boom in the late 20th century.
An example of the office parks along Haven Avenue.
An example of the architecture and urban design of Victoria Gardens.
San Bernardino, California [videos]
San Bernardino is a city located in the Riverside–San Bernardino metropolitan area and that serves as the county seat of San Bernardino County, California, United States. As one of the Inland Empire's anchor cities, San Bernardino spans 81 square miles (210 …
San Bernardino, 1852
A view of "E" Street and the Stewart Hotel, San Bernardino, ca.1905
San Bernardino with downtown in the background and the I-215 freeway in the foreground.
U.S. Route 395 in California [videos]
In the U.S. state of California, U.S. Route 395 is a 557-mile route which traverses from Interstate 15 in Hesperia, north to the Oregon state line in Modoc County near Goose Lake. The route clips into Nevada, serving the cities Carson City and Reno, before returning to California …
Old signs near Inyokern
Volcanic rock above Little Lake, as seen from US 395
Southbound US 395 cresting Deadman Summit with Mount Morrison in the distance
US 395 ascending the West Walker River towards Devil's Gate Pass
San Diego County, California [videos]
San Diego County, officially the County of San Diego, is a county in the southwestern corner of the state of California, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 3,095,313. making it California's second-most populous county and the fifth-most populous in the United States …
Cleveland National Forest
Beach at Border State Park; San Diego is on the right while Tijuana is on the left.
Border fence between Tijuana (right) and San Diego's border patrol offices (left)
San Diego County Administration Center
Riverside County, California [videos]
Riverside County is one of fifty-eight counties in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 2,189,641, making it the 4th-most populous county in California and the 11th-most populous in the United States. The name was derived from the city of Riverside, which is the …
Yucca pines near Ryan Mountain Trail in Joshua Tree National Park
Image: Riverside 06Skyline
Image: Riverside County Courthouse, 1903
Image: Downtown Palm Springs CA
San Bernardino County, California [videos]
San Bernardino County, officially the County of San Bernardino, is a county located in the southern portion of the U.S. state of California, and is located within the Greater Los Angeles area. As of the 2010 U.S. Census, the population was 2,035,210, making it the fifth-most populous county in …
San Bernardino County horticulture exhibit at World Columbian Exposition, Chicago 1893.
Cadiz Dunes Wilderness
SBC Sheriff's department operates a sizable fleet of helicopters. Shown here are a Bell 212 (foreground) and a Sikorsky S-61 at the air unit's Rialto Airport headquarters.
Image: Downtown San Bernardino
History of California's state highway system [videos]
The state highway system in the U.S. state of California dates back to 1896, when the state took over maintenance of the Lake Tahoe Wagon Road. Construction of a large connected system began in 1912, after the state's voters approved an $18 million bond issue for over 3000 miles of …
Recommended state highway system, 1896
The Bureau of Highways with their buckboard wagon in Riverside County, 1896
The Ridge Route, ca. 1920
San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge construction, 1935
State Scenic Highway System (California) [videos]
The State Scenic Highway System is a list of highways, mainly state highways, that have been designated by the California Department of Transportation as scenic highways. The California State Legislature makes state highways eligible for designation as a scenic highway. For a highway to …
Sign on SR 1
State Route 78 in the Anza-Borrego Desert State Park, looking east.
Death Valley and access roads to State Route 190 at Hells Gate
SR 198 between San Lucas and Coalinga
California [videos]
California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States. With 39.6 million residents, California is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area. The state capital is Sacramento. The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation's second and fifth …
Mission San Diego de Alcalá drawn as it was in 1848. Established in 1769, it was the first of the California Missions.
The Russian Empire established their largest settlement in California at Fort Ross in 1812
The original of Todd's Bear Flag, photographed in 1890
Miners during the California Gold Rush
Arizona [videos]
Arizona is a state in the southwestern region of the United States. It is also part of the Western and the Mountain states. It is the sixth largest and the 14th …
The North Rim of the Grand Canyon
The South Rim of the Grand Canyon
La conquista del Colorado, by Augusto Ferrer-Dalmau, depicts Francisco Vázquez de Coronado's 1540–1542 expedition
Geronimo (far right) and his Apache warriors fought against both Mexican and American settlers.
Utah [videos]
Utah is a state in the western United States. It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4, 1896. Utah is the 13th-largest by area, 31st-most-populous, and 10th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States. Utah has a population of more than 3 million …
Brigham Young led the first Mormon pioneers to the Great Salt Lake.
Salt Lake City in 1850
A sketch of Salt Lake City in 1860
Deseret Village recreates Utah pioneer life for tourists.
Idaho [videos]
Idaho is a state in the northwestern region of the United States. It borders the state of Montana to the east and northeast, Wyoming to the east, Nevada and Utah to the south, and Washington and Oregon to the west. To the north, it shares a small portion of the Canadian border with the …
The Palouse region of north central Idaho
Autumn in Boise
Lake Coeur d'Alene in North Idaho
Redfish Lake in central Idaho
Montana [videos]
Montana is a landlocked state in the Northwestern United States. Montana has several nicknames, although none are official, including "Big Sky Country" and "The Treasure State", and slogans that include "Land of the Shining Mountains" and more recently "The Last Best Place".Montana is …
Bison herd grazing at the National Bison Range
Quake Lake was created by a landslide during the 1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake.
The Big Drift covering the Going-to-the-Sun Road in Glacier National Park as photographed on March 23, 2006
Clark Fork River, Missoula, in autumn
Canada–United States border [videos]
The Canada–United States border, officially known as the International Boundary, is the longest international border in the world between two countries. It is shared between Canada and the United States, the second- and …
The Peace Arch at the border between Surrey, British Columbia, and Blaine, Washington
A Royal Canadian Mounted Police constable and a Vermont State Police trooper before the official ceremony commemorating the joining of the Portland–Montreal Pipe Line, August 1, 1941
Sign welcoming drivers into the United States at the Peace Arch between Blaine, Washington and Surrey, British Columbia
Boundary Marker No.1 on the 49th parallel north on the western shore of Point Roberts, Washington, erected in 1861
Inland Empire [videos]
The Inland Empire is a metropolitan area and region in Southern California. The term may be used to refer to the cities of western Riverside County and southwestern San Bernardino County. Sometimes including the desert communities of Palm Springs and the rest of the Coachella Valley; a much …
Yucca Valley, within the Morongo Basin, is halfway between the San Bernardino Valley and the Arizona state line
Arlington Heights Citrus Groves, Riverside circa 1903
View of the San Bernardino Valley from the San Bernardino Mountains. The Santa Ana Mountains are visible in the distance.
Boxcars, Rialto, California
Southern California [videos]
Southern California is a geographic and cultural region that generally comprises California's southernmost counties, and is the second most populous urban agglomeration in the United States. The region is traditionally described as eight counties, based on …
Southern California Images top from bottom, left to right: San Diego Skyline, Downtown Los Angeles, Village of La Jolla, Santa Monica Pier, Surfer at Black's Beach, Hollywood Sign, Disneyland, Hermosa Beach Pier
San Diego Marina district
Sunset in Venice, a district in Los Angeles
Three Arch Bay in Laguna
Las Vegas [videos]
Las Vegas, officially the City of Las Vegas and often known simply as Vegas, is the 28th-most populated city in the United States, the most populated city in the state of Nevada, and the county seat of Clark County. The city anchors the Las Vegas …
Southern Paiutes at Moapa wearing traditional Paiute basket hats with Paiute cradleboard and rabbit robe
Golden Nugget and Pioneer Club along Fremont Street in 1952
This view of downtown Las Vegas shows a mushroom cloud in the background. Scenes such as this were typical during the 1950s. From 1951 to 1962 the government conducted 100 atmospheric tests at the nearby Nevada Test Site.
Astronaut photograph of Las Vegas at night
Interstate 15 in Nevada [videos]
Interstate 15 is an Interstate Highway in the U.S. state of Nevada that begins in Primm, continues through Las Vegas and it crosses the border with Arizona in Mesquite. The freeway runs entirely in Clark County. Many motorists use I-15 to visit Las Vegas, as it is the only primary Interstate …
View south along I-15 at Exit 42 (I-515, US 93, US 95) in Las Vegas
I-15 southbound at exit 27
Las Vegas Boulevard (old US 91) parallels Interstate 15 in Primm, just north of the California state line
Interstate Highway System [videos]
The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, commonly known as the Interstate Highway System, is a network of controlled-access highways that forms part of the National Highway System in the United States. The system is named for President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who …
I-15 and US 20 junction at exit 118 in Idaho Falls, Idaho before completion in 1964
I‑55 under construction in Mississippi, photo from May 1972
Commemorative sign introduced in 1993. The system was established during Dwight D. Eisenhower's presidency, and the five stars commemorate his rank as General of the Army during World War II.
Interstate 805 is a major north–south Interstate Highway in Southern California. It is a bypass auxiliary route of I-5, running roughly through the center of the Greater San Diego region from San Ysidro near the Mexico–U.S. border to near Del Mar. The …
Aerial view of I-805 near the SR 15 interchange
The Miramar Road overpass on I-805 northbound, with the Eastgate Mall bridge in the background
"Dual freeway" at northern I-805 terminus
Corona, California [videos]
Corona is a city in Riverside County, California, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 152,374, up from 124,966 at the 2000 census. The cities of Norco and Riverside lie to the north and northeast, respectively, Chino Hills and Yorba Linda to the northwest, and the …
A view of Corona
Riverside (SR 91) freeway interchange with Chino Valley (SR 71) in western Corona.
Image: Victoria Street Corona CA postcard
Barstow, California [videos]
Barstow is a city in San Bernardino County, California, United States. The population was 22,639 at the 2010 census. Barstow is located 67 miles north of San Bernardino. — Barstow is a major transportation center for the Inland Empire. Several major highways including Interstate 15 …
View of Barstow, looking northwest
Historic Casa del Desierto ("House of the Desert") in Barstow
Western America Rail Museum exhibit
State Route 14 is a north–south state highway in the U.S. state of California, largely in the Mojave Desert. The southern portion of the highway is signed as the Antelope Valley Freeway. The route connects Interstate 5 on the border of the city of Santa Clarita …
Southbound view of I-5 near its intersection with SR 14, at the Newhall Pass Interchange
Looking south at the corner of Sierra Highway and Lancaster Blvd. in Lancaster in 1913
Route 14 inside Red Rock Canyon
State highway [videos]
A state highway, state road, or state route is usually a road that is either numbered or maintained by a sub-national state or province. A road numbered by a state or province falls below numbered national highways in the …
A Canadian provincial highway double-signed with a numberless, but named, national Trans-Canada marker
A Canadian Trans-Canada highway sign with a provincial numbered route
Sign of the S258 state road (Staatsstrasse) of Saxony (Germany)
Primm, Nevada [videos]
Primm is an unincorporated community in Clark County, Nevada, United States, primarily notable for its position straddling Interstate 15 where it crosses the state border between California and Nevada. It sits on Ivanpah Dry Lake, which …
Primm off Interstate 15
Image: Buffalo Bills casino
Jurupa Valley, California [videos]
Jurupa Valley is a city in Riverside County, California. It is located next to Eastvale. On March 8, 2011, voters approved a ballot measure, designated as Measure A, to incorporate the area into its own city; as a result, the area has been an incorporated city since July 1, 2011.The city of Jurupa …
Jurupa Valley Unified School District, 2011
Image: Pedley Station, 2017
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Can You Believe that H. Moser & Cie’s $1 Million Swiss watch is Made of Cheese?
Cool Luxury, Luxury Watches Gabriela N. Monday, 16 January 2017, 09:00 0
It is actually true. H. Moser & Cie’s $1 million Swiss watch is made of cheese.
The luxury watchmaker H. Moser & Cie has created a timepiece worth of Guinness World of Records, a watch that is estimated to cost $1 million boasting a case made from actual Swiss cheese.
We can’t assure you this is not April’s Fools, or any joke of that kind. This is the real deal.
The motivation behind creating such a unique timepiece has a greater meaning than you think. The independent luxury watchmaker is protesting the rules regarding the label ‘Swiss-made’.
What is that have to do with the fact that they made a watch from cheese?
Well, we will get there in a seconds. The company basically argues that the rules are so loose, and the and the enforcement of them so lax, that it is possible to have so-called Swiss-made watches that are in fact largely produced elsewhere, notably in the Far East.
But the Moser watches are entirely made in Switzerland, so that shouldn’t stand against their principals. However, the straps of their watches are made in Italy, and so the company announced that this year will be removing the “Swiss-made” label from all of its watches, as a sign of protest.
The rules of the game have recently changed, when the Swiss government announced that 60 per cent of a watch’s value must come from Switzerland, up from 50 per cent previously following complaints from others in the industry.
But as this figure now includes research and development costs, it means that many companies outsource the vast majority of their production to cheaper countries, and critics like Moser CEO Edouard Meylan say that this renders the label meaningless.
“I could make tons more margin by making my watches abroad,” Meylan says. “But I am the fifth generation in my family to work in the Swiss watch industry and I believe in the value of our tradition and I think it needs to be protected.”
He then decided to raise the problem by making a watch emphasizing the importance of Switzerland, and what could be more appropriate than their cheese?
The watch’s strap is made of Swiss cowhide, while its case is made from a proprietary polymer mixed with Vacherin Mont d’Or médaille d’or, which is a cheese from Meylan’s home village.
The end material has been thoroughly tested for durability and, Meylan says, “does not sweat, is not greasy and does not smell”.
If you are planning on buying the watch, I have to tell you not to worry because the cheese has been pasteurized before it was used as material for the timepiece.
“The Swiss Mad Watch will be presented during the Salon International de la Haute Horlogerie (SIHH) from January 16th to 20th, 2017. This is the perfect opportunity to admire this unique watch, whose price of 1,081,291, in Swiss Francs of course, references the signing of the Swiss Federal Charter on August 1st, 1291.” – says the company on their website
Can You Believe that H. Moser & Cie’s $1 Million Swiss watch is Made of Cheese? |source: H. Moser & Cie|
“All proceeds from the sale of this watch will be used to create a fund to support independent Swiss watchmaking suppliers currently suffering under the difficult economic situation and outsourcing to Asia. These are the very artisans who keep traditional Swiss watchmaking alive and who help it to continually evolve.”- says the company on their website
Join our campaign – #MakeSwissMadeGreatAgain – to bring back value to the Swiss Made label.
What do you think about this oddly-looking timepiece? I find it quite fascinating actually. Let me know in the comments below!
$1 million watchcheese watchluxury watchwatch made of cheese
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SA Mining Industry in the Spotlight at Electra Mining Africa
The South African mining industry will take the spotlight at this year's Electra Mining Africa, from 15-19 September at the Expo Centre, Nasrec, Johannesburg. As Africa's premier mining, industrial, electrical and machines tools show, Electra Mining Africa is on the international calendar and has a proven record for being a strong catalyst for new investment opportunities with billions of Rands worth of equipment being showcased. The show attracts stakeholders from all over the world.
The South African Mining industry employs over half a million people, is the biggest earner of foreign exchange in the country, and contributes about R20-billion directly to tax revenue. Mining also makes a far larger contribution - as a buyer of goods and services and as a supplier of inputs to other sectors of our economy and other economies around the globe. These figures highlight again the importance of the local mining industry to South Africa.
With increased exhibition floor space to accommodate the growing demand from exhibitors, this year's show will have a world-class line up offering visitors the perfect opportunity to compare and plan future capital equipment purchases as well as to view all the latest technology. Exhibitors can meet with people in the buying chain to discuss products and solutions.
"Influential decision makers from the mining, industrial, electrical and machines tools sectors are regular visitors to Electra Mining Africa. They travel from within South Africa, sub-Saharan Africa and from a large footprint across the globe," says Gary Corin, Managing Director, Specialised Exhibitions Montgomery, organisers of the show. "Regular faces are seen returning to the exhibition year after year and it's a time of industry reunions with vast networking opportunities as well as hub for purchasing decision-making."
Highly sought-after co-located conferences draw further interest from key industry representatives, who ensure that the conference dates are marked on the calendar well in advance.
Events taking place at Electra Mining Africa 2014 include a Surface Mining and Naturally Metallurgy Conference hosted by the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (SAIMM) in the Black Eagle on 16-17 September. The International Infrastructure & Investment Convention (IIIC) in association with Deutche Messe and the German Chamber of Commerce and Industry will be hosting an Infrastructure Conference in the Bateleur venue from 15-17 September. Clarion and Spintelligent will be hosting a Power Generation Conference in the Black Eagle on 18-19 September. All venues are at the Expo Centre and co-located with Electra Mining Africa.
In addition, the South African Institute of Mechanical Engineers (SAIMechE) will be hosting an exhibitor product showcase at the MAN Building, from 15-19 September. A Women in Mining workshop will also be taking place.
"We have also added other fun, interactive activities to ensure a memorable experience for visitors," says Corin. "The 4X4 track will test the best in driving skills, the gold panning and amazing race will give out exciting prizes, the golf carts will ensure ease of movement around the large exhibition area, a trip on the monorail will give a different view of the show, and we've ensured rest and relaxation with live bands for background entertainment and sizzling boerewors on the spitbraais," he says.
As mining grows in Africa with the continent already producing 74% of the world's platinum, 62% of cobalt, 54% of diamonds and 11% of oil, Electra Mining Africa is well-placed placed to stimulate trade in Africa in the mining, capital goods, and electro-technical sectors by facilitating access to international and local markets and investment opportunities.
"Many of our visitors to Electra Mining Africa are based in Africa and travel to the show to meet with exhibitors with the aim of sourcing new suppliers and seeing the latest products and services on offer," says Corin. "It's also an ideal place to network with peers and industry professionals and interact with specialists and technicians."
Electra Mining is also expanding its footprint into Africa with upcoming shows in Zambia and Botswana. The Copperbelt Mining Trade Expo & Conference (CBM-TEC) is taking place on 28 and 29 April in Zambia and Electra Mining Botswana is back at the Gaborone Fairgrounds in September 2015 after its successful inaugural event in September last year.
"Our broad portfolio of exhibitions continues to expand and future growth is expected from the further development of local trade exhibitions as well as building our international partnerships and expanding our African footprint," says Corin.
Electra Mining Africa is organised by Specialised Exhibitions Montgomery, a member of the prestigious Montgomery Group and a member of the Exhibition Association of Southern Africa (EXSA). Electra Mining has accreditation from UFI, which is the Global Association of the Exhibition Industry. This means that the event is audited according to strict standards.
For further information contact Specialised Exhibitions, Tel: +27 11 835 1565 or email veda@specialised.com or cwood@specialised.com or visit www.electramining.co.za
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https://www.agein.com/rosie-huntington-whiteley-harpers-bazaar-businesswoman-of-the-year-says-age-brings-true-confidence-beauty-12073 Rosie Huntington-Whiteley, Harper’s Bazaar Businesswoman of the Year, Says Age Brings True Confidence &… Dontei Wynter Agein 2016-11-09T17:30:08Z 2016-11-09 17:10:18 News
Rosie Huntington-Whiteley, Harper’s Bazaar Businesswoman of the Year, Says Age Brings True Confidence & Beauty
By : Dontei Wynter
(Photo by Neilson Barnard/Getty Images for The Huffington Post)
Supermodel Rosie Huntington-Whiteley, who was named Harper’s Bazaar Businesswoman of the Year, isn’t afraid of aging. The 24-year-old beauty said age brings her true confidence and beauty. We can’t say that we’ve ever heard a model say that before!
“Oh I’m excited, I can’t wait to turn 30, I feel so grown up! One of the things I see with women who are older than me is how confident they are within their skin, how they’ve grown and how they have so much experience in life,” she said to Daily Mail.
She is a former Victoria’s Secret angel and is is one of the most in-demand models in the world right now. She has been the face of top brands like Burberry, co-starred in Hollywood blockbusters such as the Transformers series, and has been in advertisement campaigns for brands like Dolce & Gabbana, Versace, and Bvlgari.
Despite her amazing success (arguably due to her beauty), she isn’t afraid to hit a certain age, and appears to have a very mature way of looking at her life after modelling.
“Who looks forward to their boobs sagging and bum going flat?! No one! I hope by that point there will be other things that really matter,” she said.
Huntington, who is engaged to actor Jason Statham, has always looked forward to getting older, and believes in using her time wisely and not wasting it on unimportant things. She’s aware of her career’s shelf life and realizes that nothing lasts forever.
“You have to build something for yourself from it. Looks go and you fade. Modelling is short lived,” said Rosie, who recently started her own lingerie line.
“I wanted something for when I want to take a back seat. There’ll be a brand that I’ll be sitting at the helm of and enjoying. This is really the start of something I see as a long-term thing.”
Here are some of Rosie’s best tips.
“Look after your skin. There’s no point putting on loads of makeup if you’re not investing in healthy skin so it’s really about working out which products work for you,” said Huntington in a Harper’s Bazaar interview. “It can take time and trial and error and, believe me, I’ve been through it all,” she added.
The Transformers star’s go-to skin care products are by IS Clinical, Resurface by Shani Shani Darden, and facials with LightStim, which evaporate fine lines, dark circles, and acne scars.
Huntington doesn’t believe in using a lot of makeup, but does indulge in the necessities whenever she’s out or working. Her choice of makeup would be Chanel Vitalumiere Aqua foundation, laura Mercier Rosebud blush, and YSL Babydoll mascara.
Along with practicing an organic diet, Huntington can be found working out in order to keep herself fit and give her the “pick me up” she needs, when she’s tired.
“You should always try and listen to your body – often, when I am really tired and I go and train hard, I’ll pull a muscle, so now I try and make sure I just do some yoga and some stretching, she said.”
“Rosie Huntington-Whiteley’s Health, Beauty And Fitness Advice,” Harpers Bazaar web site, August 18 2016; http://www.harpersbazaar.co.uk/beauty/fitness-wellbeing/news/a31978/10-minutes-with-rosie-huntington-whiteley/
House, L., “’I can’t wait to turn 30, I feel so grown up’: Supermodel Rosie Huntington-Whiteley reveals she’s not afraid of ageing… even if it means ‘boobs sagging’ and her ‘bum going flat’” Daily Mail web site, Oct 30 2016; http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-3886082/Rosie-Huntington-Whiteley-reveals-s-not-afraid-ageing.html
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Toys/
Child playing with wooden cubes and colorful plastic cubes.
According to the 2011 Regulation on Toys, toys are products that are exclusively or non-exclusively made or intended for the use of children under the age of 14 for the purposes of play. Children are a consumer group that must be protected on a general level and, in particular, children under the age of 3. Regular examinations of toys carried out by AGES show that the majority are safe, but that there are always products on the market that might pose a risk to the health of children.
As a result, the scope of examinations and tests on toys at the AGES Institute for Food Safety Linz (LSL) is very extensive: toys are tested for mechanical and physical properties and flammability, the chemical properties of specific elements (lead, cadmium, mercury, chrome etc.), organotin migration and tests for plasticisers – in particular, banned phthalates, tests for banned azo dyes and pigments and many more substances. Sensory tests, tests for saliva and perspiration resistance and checks for correct labelling are also within the range of the examinations undertaken.
Tips Tips
Examinations Examinations
Regulation Regulation
Fairground Toys Fairground Toys
Bullet Toys Bullet Toys
Information for Producers Information for Producers
Toys should be childproof
Every fifth toy sample has safety deficiencies. Frequent problem zones are easily detachable small parts, toy mobile phones that are too loud or plastic pistols that shoot too hard. Bacteria in soap bubble solutions also occur again and again or technical defects in vehicles such as scooters. Toys and children's costumes must also not be easily flammable. Another reason for complaint is the use of prohibited plasticizers (phthalates), which are often contained in the heads of cheap fashion dolls. In principle, only buy products with the CE mark. Results of our tests, see investigations.
Babies and toddlers like to put everything in their mouths. When buying, age recommendations such as "0M+" must be observed. Toys marked "not suitable for children under the age of three" must not be within reach of the little ones. Testing is carried out in the AGES laboratory: Bite rings must be dense and strong. Toys must also not release chemicals in quantities that pose a health risk, even if they are sucked away for hours.
A lot of toys are too loud. For acoustic toys the AGES checks the sound pressure level. It is best to hold sounding toys briefly to your ear when you buy them in order to see whether the sounds and melodies are perceived as unpleasantly loud. If this is not possible, you should briefly test toy mobile phones at home before leaving these products for your child to play with.
Arrow and bow sets or child pistols can be dangerous. In the past, bullet toys on fairground stalls in particular have often shown deficiencies in AGES investigations. Before leaving such toys to children, it is best to test them yourself: Do the ears roar, do the "shooting points" hurt, does the suction cup come loose? If so, the toy is not suitable for a child.
If older children are already playing with small toys (e.g. puzzles or pearls), caregivers must ensure that the younger children do not have access to them. When buying toys, the note "not suitable for children under the age of 3" is an important note. In the case of such toys, the AGES checks that no small parts are contained or detachable which could be swallowed by children under 3 years of age.
Only buy toys that carry the “CE” mark. The manufacturer guarantees that the toy meets the requirements set out in the Toy Safety Regulation when using this mark.
Always note the warnings and instructions and, in particular, the recommended age. The symbol (0-3), for instance, indicates that the toy is not suitable for children under the age of 3. Additionally, the label must state why this is so (risk of suffocation because of small parts, risk of strangulation because of cords, etc.).
Choose the toy in line with the child’s age and skills – toys that are too simple are boring, toys that are too sophisticated create frustration.
4. Test toys for children under the age of 3 for any detachable parts. Pull the eyes on a cuddly toy, for example, before you hand it to the child to play with. Small children like to put things into their mouths and, thus, small parts that can be detached easily from the toy represent a suffocation risk.
5. Do not extend the cords of pulling toys. This could pose a strangulation risk in extreme instances.
Put toy mobile phones to your ear – if you find the sounds and melodies uncomfortably loud, they could also be dangerous for your child.
Does your child like to play with bows and arrows or similar toys? Many such toy sets contain arrows with suction cups. Check whether these suction cups are fixed tightly to the arrows. Suction cups that can be taken off easily could pose a suffocation risk, if a child gets them in his or her mouth. The arrow can be taken out, but the suction cup could remain stuck in the child’s throat.
Inflatable water toys are great fun for children and encourage them to move around. However, always keep in mind that they are toys and not swimming aids.
Plastic toys exposed to light and weather age faster. Always check whether your child’s sand or beach toys are still in order, for instance. Old, brittle plastic can break easily and leave sharp edges that could cause injuries. Additionally, smaller parts can break off representing a suffocation risk.
Make sure children do not play with unsuitable toys that belong to their older siblings and never forget about proper supervision.
Approximately 500 toy samples are examined annually at the LSL. It has been found that the physical and mechanical properties of toys in particular can pose an acute risk to children's health. With the help of special actions, certain toys are tested in a targeted manner:
Focus action "Carnival costumes - azo dyes and flammability".
Focus action "Soap bubbles and finger paints".
Number of samples tested 563 429 445 429 515 550 563
- of which not objected to in % 63,2 % 79,2 % 77,5 % 76,2 % 63,1 % 44,5 % 43,7 %
- of which objected to in % 36,8 % 21,8 % 22,5 % 23,8 % 36,9 % 55,5 % 56,3 %
grounds for complaint
safety deficiencies* 16,0 % 6,3% 13,0 % 14,2 % 21,9 % 13,3 % 22,7 %
- of which harmful to health 4,4 % 1,4 % 3,2 % 2,3 % 3,9 % 3,1 % 5,3 %
- thereof phthalates 4,3 % 0,5 % 2,0 % 4,7 % 6,2 % 3,5 % 6,6 %
Marking deficiencies**
30,5 % 18,2 % 16,6 % 17,5 % 28,0 % 26,9 % 25,9 %
Formal defects*** 10,9 % 44,7 % 41,6 %
*safety deficiencies, e.g. excessive noise in toys, excessive kinetic energy (e.g. in projectile toys), bacterial contamination (e.g. contaminated bubble solutions), technical deficiencies (e.g. detachable parts), etc.
**Toy ordinance, toy identification ordinance, LMIV, misleading
***EC Declaration of Conformity, Traceability
Since it is known that babies and toddlers like to put everything in their mouths, toys for children under the age of 3, for example, must not contain any small parts that can be swallowed and pose a suffocation risk. According to EN 71 (European Standard "Safety of Toys"), such toys and detachable parts of toys must not fit into a specially standardised small parts test cylinder based on a child's throat. Toys for children under the age of 3 must meet many other special requirements, all of which are routinely checked. Cords may only have a certain length so that small children cannot strangle themselves with them, the filling of cuddly toys must not have any parts that could present a risk of injury, cooling bite-rings must be sufficiently tight and firm so that they cannot be bitten on or through by the small ones, the toy must not contain any small balls or suction cups, which in turn could present a risk of suffocation, and much more.
Toys for children from the age of 3 must also meet many different requirements, depending of course on the respective toy category, in order to be considered safe. Toys for slightly older children may contain small parts, but must be accompanied by a clear and appropriate indication that the toy is not suitable for children under the age of three, together with a brief indication of the hazards giving rise to this restriction. In the case of projectile toys (e.g. toy pistols), it shall be examined whether the toy complies with the kinetic energy limits. If this energy is too high, there is a risk of injury. Thus it can go in the wahrsten sense of the word in´s eye if children shoot the small plastic balls one on the other while playing. In the case of bullet toys with suction cup arrows, it is particularly important to check that the suction cups are attached firmly enough, as easily detached suction cups pose a suffocation hazard.
Furthermore, the sound pressure level of acoustic toys - such as toy mobile phones - is checked, as toys that are too loud can cause hearing damage. Toys intended to carry the child's weight - such as toy bicycles and scooters - are tested for strength and construction. Among other things, these must be designed in such a way that children cannot squeeze their fingers between moving parts when playing. Compliance with requirements that apply generally, i.e. to all toys, is also monitored. This includes, for example, that toys must not have sharp edges or tips that could pose a risk of injury.
In addition to checking the physical and chemical properties, flammability tests are also carried out. For example, carnival costumes for children must either not be flammable or they may only burn so slowly that in an emergency, i.e. when the costume has caught fire, sufficient time is available to undress without the child being exposed to the risk of burns.
Consumers are informed in the media about such dangerous toys by appropriate product warnings. If toys pose a serious risk and other Member States may also be affected, a Europe-wide notification is made in the so-called RAPEX system (Rapid Exchange of Information System - the EU's rapid alert system for all dangerous consumer goods, with the exception of food, medicines and medical devices).
See Service Product Warnings.
Toys are objects of use and, thus, are subject to the Austrian Food Safety and Consumer Protection Act (LMSVG). The LMSVG states that it is prohibited to place items on the market that are harmful to human health or are not suited for their intended use or do not conform with the special regulations.
Toys are regulated in detail in Spielzeugverordnung 2011 (Toy Safety Regulation 2011), which is based on the European Toy Safety Directive 2009/48/EG. According to Toy Safety Regulation 2011, toys may only be placed on the market if they meet the general safety requirements, according to which they must not endanger the safety or health of the user or third parties when used for their intended or foreseen purposes in line with typical children’s behaviour. Moreover, toys must be labelled with the appropriate warnings and instructions and must carry the “CE marking”. The harmonised European Standards contain many detailed requirements, while the Toy Safety Regulation provides the framework background. For toys, this is mainly EN 71 “Safety of Toys”. This standard consists of parts 1 to 14 at present. Parts 1 to 3 are relevant for all toys. Part 1 deals with physical and mechanical properties, part 2 with flammability and part 3 with the migration of certain elements. Other parts address specific toys, for example, such as part 7, which deals with finger paint.
In terms of chemical requirements, there are also limits in the European Regulation on Chemicals REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals), in addition to those defined in the Toy Safety Regulation (such as migration limits for elements, limits for allergenic fragrances and nitrosamines). There are also defined limits for phthalates, azo dyes and pigments, benzene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Requirements in terms of the labelling of toys are defined in the Spielzeugkennzeichnungs-verordnung (Toy Labelling Regulation).
Anforderungen hinsichtlich der Kennzeichnung von Spielzeug sind insbesondere in der Spielzeugkennzeichnungsverordnung festgelegt.
AGES carries out regular campaigns on behalf of the Health Ministry on the subject of “Examinations of Cheap Toys from Funfairs”, which provide an alarming picture. In 2008, 75 percent of the samples taken had shortcomings or were defective and 12 percent of the samples taken exposed children to such serious risk that they were classed as “damaging to health”. In 2010, the situation was still similar with 50 percent of all the samples classed as faulty and 15 percent classed as “damaging to health”. There was a slight improvement in 2012, with 57 percent of all the samples taken classed as faulty and 7 percent as “damaging to health”. The 2014 campaign was carried out until the end of the year to collect samples from Christmas markets. A slight improvement is expected compared to previous years’ results.
Where are the dangers and how can parents protect their children?
It has been shown that there are two categories of toys that have especially high levels of potential risk: one group is toys for children under the age of 3. The second toy category that always repeatedly leads to complaints is projectiles.
Toys for children under the age of 3: Children in this age group put everything in their mouths and lick, suck and bite them. Some of the products on display at funfairs have already had a long shelf life and are often displayed in the open and, thus, are exposed to UV rays. The properties of plastics change in such conditions and it becomes brittle. This increases the probability of small parts breaking off the toy and being swallowed.
Projectile toys and toy weapons: Many of the products – often called “soft guns” – are not recommended for children under the age of 18 because of their high levels of kinetic energy. This information on the packaging is, however, often ignored and the products are sold to children under the age of 14. In 2013, the Soft Air Gun Regulation (Softairwaffenverordnung) was adopted forbidding the sale of soft air weapons or soft guns to persons under the age of 18 at markets and similar events.
Please note the tips given on toy safety.
Further information on children’s toys can be found on the homepage of the Federal Ministry of Health, at VerbraucherInnengesundheit/Spielzeug.
Projectile toy with plastic balls and suction cup projectiles
In recent years, the AGES Institute for Food Safety Linz (LSL) has investigated various types of bullet toys, both in routine plan samples and especially in the context of special campaigns. Particularly in 2010 and 2011, the complaint rate for this toy category was alarmingly high (approx. 30 percent of the samples showed defects, approx. 10 percent showed such serious defects that an assessment as "harmful to health" was made). Although the situation improved significantly in 2013 and 2014, there are still a few bullet toys on the market that do not meet the requirements of the Toy Ordinance or the EN 71 standard ("Safety of Toys").
Depending on the type of projectile used and the type of toy, the following hazards were identified:
external injuries due to excessive kinetic energy
suffocation due to easily removable suction cups
hearing damage due to excessive sound pressure level
Especially in toy pistols, which use the typical small plastic balls as ammunition, specimens with much too high kinetic energy have been found again and again.
There is a risk of external injury if children, intentionally or unintentionally, shoot at each other while playing. The eyes are particularly at risk. Since it can happen that children shoot projectiles into each other's mouths while playing, suction cup projectiles must have a certain minimum length so that they can easily be pulled out of the pharynx in such a case. It is just as important that the suction cups cannot be easily removed from such bullets. Otherwise there is a danger that the suction cup will remain in the throat when the bullet is pulled out, thus posing a suffocation hazard. It goes without saying that toys have to bang to shoot. In some cases, however, the sound level of these toys is so high that children's hearing can be endangered.
There has been a decline in the number of complaints, particularly regarding the "Kugerl pistols". The 2013 Soft Air Weapons Ordinance, which prohibits the sale of soft air weapons, so-called soft guns, to persons under the age of 18 and at markets and similar events, seems to be taking effect. Previously, such softguns were sold without restriction to children as "normal toys", especially at fairgrounds. However, these soft guns often had an extremely high kinetic energy.
Parents and all supervisors can therefore only be advised to carry out a few self-tests before leaving the toy to a child: Let it pop once, let it shoot you consciously once (e.g. at the forearm), pull at the suction cup: Do your ears roar, does the "bullet hole" hurt, does the suction cup come loose? If so, the toy is not suitable for your child.
Information for Manufacturers
A producer is a natural or legal person that produces a toy or allows it to be developed or made and the toy is sold on the market under the producer’s name or a specific brand.
Manufacturer’s Obligations
Guarantee that the toy is safe (that it complies with the Toy Regulation of 2011)
Conduct safety and conformity Evaluations
Produce and store technical documentation (10 years)
Display and store EC Conformity Declaration (10 years)
Affix CE mark
Ensure conformity for mass production
Take all necessary samples and conduct all necessary tests
Detail all complaints, non-conforming products and producer recalls
Affix all identification marks
Add product instructions and safety Information
Have all information and documentation available for authorities making reasoned requests
Cooperate with authorities to prevent hazards
Bringing a Product to Market
The following steps must be followed when placing a new toy on the market, regardless of the amounts in which it should be sold:
Find out if the product is actually a toy (some toys fall into a grey area – e.g. scooters that can be toys or sports equipment)
Establish which age group the toy is appropriate for. For toys for children under the age of 3 such as baby rattles, teething rings, soft toys etc. additional requirements may have to be taken into account in regards to physical properties
Carry out safety tests – i.e. create a list of which chemical, physical/mechanical, electronic, flammability, hygiene and radioactive hazards could occur and how high the level of exposure could be.
For example, soft toys:
Chemical hazards: e.g. azo dye substances in materials, exposure level – high (intensive skin contact)
Physical/mechanical hazards: e.g. removable small parts (sown-on eyes), exposure level -- high
Electronic hazards; none (there can be soft, cuddly toys that are battery driven and can make animal noises )
Flammability hazards: materials can catch fire, exposure – medium
Hygiene hazards: materials can get dirty – medium
Radioactive hazards: None
The conformity evaluation required, i.e. the evidence that the toy complies with the requirements of the Toy Safety Regulation and the hazards identified are “under control”. There are a number of options: normally, the manufacturer checks whether the toy meets the harmonised standards (this is an internal production control). The requirements for toys are detailed in EN 71 (“Safety of Toys”), which consists of parts 1 to 14. Part 1 deals with physical/mechanical properties and also contains special requirements for toys for children under the age of 3. If the producer does not follow these norms or the toy displays potential hazards not covered under the harmonised standards, then an EC Construction Plan examination must be carried out by a notified body.
Tips for Small Companies: Information on Materials Collected from Suppliers
Norms can only be purchased. Laboratory tests for all hazards, especially those related to chemical properties, are costly. If using soft toy materials in different colours, each of these colours must be tested for azo dyes, heavy metals etc. It is, therefore, recommended that small firms get certification from their suppliers for all the materials used for such “simple” toys as soft, cuddly toys to prove that the company is following the Toy Safety Regulation of 2011 in regards to the chemical properties of their products. All materials must be taken into consideration here: not just the materials used, but also threads and fillings. Afterwards, the finished toy must be checked in line with EN71-1 (mechanical/physical properties) and BN 71-2 (flammability).
If it can be proven that all requirements are fulfilled, then
Affix CE marks
Affix all other labelling elements (as required: warnings, instructions, name and contact details of producer, identification marks e.g. batch numbers)
Print and store EC conformity declaration (how this show look can be found in Annex 3 of the Toy Regulation 2011)
Print and store technical documentation (see Annex 4 of the Toy Regulation 2011)
Information and Examinations
The examples given are only examples and are not a full list of all possible procedures. The extent of the tests necessary depends on each toy individually. We would be happy to consult you, if you require more information.
Toy examinations are carried out by AGES and other different institutions: List of Institutions. Contact our institute in Linz for further information. Meetings can be arranged on +43 50 555-41730 and Contact.
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Home » Current Issues » Society
UK Government Office Slanders the Bible
Mar 24, 2019 | by Dr. Yvette Alt Miller
Far from being bloodthirsty, the Biblical passages cited by a British office show a humane world view.
The asylum seeker explained to British authorities that as a Christian, he was in mortal danger at home in his native Iran. He’d converted to Christianity, he wrote in his asylum application back in 2016, because he found it a “peaceful” religion. The versions of Islam he’d encountered, in contrast, contained violence, rage and revenge.
That seems hardly surprising coming from Iran, a country whose leaders routinely encourage chants of Death to Israel at political rallies, call the United States “the Great Satan” and are trying to develop a nuclear bomb. A fountain in the middle of Tehran, the Beheshte Zahra fountain, used to be called the “Blood Fountain” because its waters were dyed red to resemble the blood of Iranian “martyrs” who died trying to fight their secular neighbor Iraq. Not exactly a symbol of peace and tolerance in the middle of Iran’s capital city.
Yet last week, Britain’s Home Office finally decided the asylum-seeker’s case with some bizarre reasoning. It rejected the application, saying that Christianity is hardly a religion of peace. In an unconventional letter that sounded more like a theological treatise than a government document, the Home Office quoted a number of Biblical passages that they claimed “prove” the supposed blood-thirstiness of the Bible.
I can’t speak for the passages quoted from the Christian Bible, but their reading of two sections in the Jewish Bible, from the Books of Leviticus and Exodus, directly contradict Jewish interpretations. That’s a tragic shame - both for the unfortunate Iranian Christian who now faces peril back home in Iran, and for all of us who are being exposed to the Home Office’s slanderous and erroneous claims about the Bible.
Both the passages cited describe wars that the Jewish nation waged in ancient times. The first occurs in Exodus 34, when the ancient Israelites fled Egypt, God explained to them that He would lead them back to the land of their ancestors - and warned them not to assimilate into the idol-worshipping tribes that lived in the area. The tribes of Amorites, Canaanites, Hittites, Perizzites, Hivvites and Jebusites would be driven out. “Be vigilant lest you seal a covenant with” these tribes, God warns, “lest it be a snare among you. Rather you shall break apart their (idolatrous) alters, smash their pillars, and cut down its sacred trees” which they used to worship as deities (Exodus 34:11-13).
Perhaps to the bureaucrats in Britain’s Home Office these idol-worshipping tribes were benign. Yet historians and archeologists tell a very different tale.
Children seem to have been regularly offered to the Canaanite gods Baal and Moloch. Living cheek by jowl with these idolatrous tribes, the Torah warns Jews “There shall not be found among you one who causes his son or daughter to pass through the fire” of these gods, implying that this was a chillingly routine practice in the region (Deuteronomy 18:10). A valley outside Jerusalem was the site of particularly gruesome offerings to the god Moloch, and continues to bear the name its sacrifices earned it: the “Valley of Death”.
In 1955 Australian archeologist John Basil Hennessey was excavating a temple in nearby Jordan, when he made a horrifying discovery. In addition to uncovering walls and alters, pottery, gold jewelry, bronze pins, scarabs, and cylinder seals, they also found, in the words of one of the workers on the site, “several thousands of small bone fragments (that) are almost exclusively human….”
Given the bloody nature of many tribes in the ancient Middle East, the Torah’s injunction not to form treaties or to live with them seems to be the humane, moral choice.
That’s where the second passage from the Jewish Bible cited by the Home Office comes in. Just before the Jews entered the land of Israel and confronted various bloodthirsty tribes rife with child sacrifice, God made clear: each person has a choice. They could succumb to idolatry and barbarity, or they could remain true to God’s instructions for a moral, ethical life.
“I will provide peace in the Land, and you will lie down with none to frighten you” (Leviticus 26:3). The Torah describes that when Jews live ethically in their land, even wild beasts will not bother them, and when it comes time for war, Israel will be victorious. (This is the supposedly “barbaric” passage cited by the Home Office.) “You will pursue your enemies, and they will fall before you by the sword” (Leviticus 26:7). There will be abundant rain and sufficient food for all.
In the next passage, one omitted by the Home Office, the Torah describes what terrible calamities will fall if the Jews abandon God and assimilate into the brutal tribes surrounding them. Then, there would be no rain and no abundance. Sickness and war would descend; the Jews would be subsumed among their enemies all around. It’s a chilling, horrifying image.
After laying out this stark choice - brutality or ethical life, child sacrifice or belief in God - the Torah offers a consolation: Even if some Jews were to assimilate into the idol-worshippers around them, there was always the possibility of changing and coming back. Rejecting brutality and murder would result in Jews returning to preeminence in the Land of Israel.
As the UK Home Office’s letter to the unfortunate asylum-seeker goes viral, it’s a shame that millions of people around the world are hearing the very wrong message that the Hebrew Bible is somehow bloodthirsty.
Far from endorsing the sort of violent, sadistic world view of both the ancient Middle Eastern tribes and modern Iran, the Torah gives us a vision of the complete opposite: a world that doesn’t glorify violence; one that celebrates human dignity and worth instead.
Dr. Yvette Alt Miller
Yvette Alt Miller earned her B.A. at Harvard University. She completed a Postgraduate Diploma in Jewish Studies at Oxford University, and has a Ph.D. In International Relations from the London School of Economics. She lives with her family in Chicago, and has lectured internationally on Jewish topics. Her book Angels at the table: a Practical Guide to Celebrating Shabbat takes readers through the rituals of Shabbat and more, explaining the full beautiful spectrum of Jewish traditions with warmth and humor. It has been praised as "life-changing", a modern classic, and used in classes and discussion groups around the world.
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(7) Anonymous, March 25, 2019 3:47 PM
Ignorance reigns when you don't learn history.
(6) Rachel, March 25, 2019 3:45 PM
Wrong standard for asylum
In general, asylum is granted to those with a reasonable fear of persecution for their faith in their home country. Whether or not the asylum seeker’s religion is “peaceful” is usually of no concern. That’s why the US may grant asylum to Sunni Muslims from Iran or Shiite Muslims from Saudi Arabia. Normally, the asylum seeker’s burden is to show reasonable likelihood of persecution for religious beliefs, not to defend those beliefs independent of the laws of the home country.
(5) Eric, March 25, 2019 10:52 AM
Similar Standard for other religions?
Would the Judge have quoted violent passages from another holy book if the petitioner had been an adherant of the religion of pacification? Or does he only do this for the Bible?
(4) Margarita, March 24, 2019 11:44 PM
what a horrible outcome
the war on Judeo-Christian values is obvious - look at what is taught at schools & all the attacks on family, family values, family purity...... this letter is further proof of it
(3) Reuven Frank, March 24, 2019 7:21 PM
But it's TRUE!
While the Sages (and we Jews in general) know that the Mesorah interprets the pieces in Deuteronomy and Leviticus as per God's intent,
the British Home Office is clearly using the Christian interpretations of the
"Old Testament" as they call it.
As such, they have "hit the nail on the head" and "called a spade a spade".
The father of one of my fellow Talmudic students was approached by a missionary for both a donation and "indoctrination".
When he refused, one of them asked him, "What have you got against Christianity, per se, then?
He answered, "Because it's probably been responsible for more pain, torture and suffering than any other belief, for the past 2,000 years."
'Nuf sed.
(2) TSvi, March 24, 2019 5:02 PM
Bible not Peaceful
I am surprised the UK office did not bring up an often mis-understood passage from the Torah: "An Eye for an Eye..." It is almost always quoted as a demand to get revenge, when it has always meant the opposite. That is, it is tort law which says one must pay one the money value of an eye that is accidentally damaged.
Almost always quoting it comes with a comment that says following this backward way will leave everyone blind. By now, even most Jews do not know the original meaning. When an outsider reads someone else's mail, they often do not understand the context.
(1) Mmoss21323, March 24, 2019 4:34 PM
Amen Brother. Peace be unto you! *prayers*
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CHARLOTTE, NORTH CAROLINA - DECEMBER 23: Tevin Coleman #26 of the Atlanta Falcons runs the ball against Eric Reid #25 of the Carolina Panthers in the third quarter during their game at Bank of America Stadium on December 23, 2018 in Charlotte, North Carolina. (Photo by Grant Halverson/Getty Images)
Photo: Grant Halverson/Getty Images
Falcons preparing for Tevin Coleman’s exit via free agency
D. Orlando Ledbetter, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
INDIANAPOLIS —
The Falcons are preparing to part way with backup running back Tevin Coleman.
“This is one of those moments where football and business intersect,” Falcons coach Dan Quinn said Wednesday at the NFL scouting combine. “There are lot of scenarios that take place.”
Coleman, who was selected in the third round of the 2015 draft, should draw interest on the open market when free agency starts March 13. His representatives are hopeful that he will attract a deal similar to the one that San Francisco signed Jerick McKinnon to last season. McKinnon received a four-year, $30 million deal.
That would be too high for the Falcons to match. The Jets, Colts and Lions are teams looking for running backs.
The Falcons are holding out hope that the market is depressed and they can make a competitive offer. That’s the grass isn’t greener on the other side of the fence scenario the Falcons are embracing.
“We will take it all the way through that to see if we have a chance to bring him back or not,” Quinn said. “We certainly have lots of respect for him for the way he competed. No more so than this year where although it was a lost season for us, to see him demonstrate the leadership at the position where he was not part of his normal tandem with (him) and (Devonta) Freeman. I thought he really handled that well.”
Coleman has been more productive that McKinnon, a former Sprayberry High and Georgia Southern star.
McKinnon, 5-foot-9 and 205 pounds, was selected in the third round (96th overall) in the 2014 NFL draft. He played in 58 games and made 14 starts over his first four seasons.
Coleman, 6-1 and 210 pounds, was drafted 73rd overall. He’s played in 56 games and made 20 starts.
With Freeman out last season, Coleman rushed 167 times for 800 yards and four touchdowns behind a line that ranked 31st in the league in stuffed runs of no gain or losses. He also caught 32 passes for 267 and five touchdowns.
Running back Ito Smith played behind Coleman last season as a rookie.
“He certainly took a larger role this year due to the injuries that took place with Devonta,” Quinn said. “I thought he responded for us. He’s got excellent hands out of the backfield.
“In our offense that’s a big part of what we do.”
Smith, who was a fourth-round pick from Southern Mississippi, rushed 90 times for 315 yards and four touchdowns.
“He certainly has the ability to change direction,” Quinn said. “He would be somebody that I would call a slasher as a runner. He can get through the line of scrimmage and then try to break you off laterally.
“He’s got an excellent spin to him. He’s a mature guy. (He) really picked up our system quickly. In the zone system you better learn your tracks and be ready to go.”
Quinn stopped short of naming Smith as Coleman’s replacement.
“He’s certainly has shown that he’s capable of that, but if that (Coleman leaving) takes place, there will definitely be other guys that we put into the mix to compete with (Smith),” Quinn said. “I don’t like going into it saying that you’re automatically here and you’re automatically here unless your name is (Matt) Ryan or (Julio) Jones. They are not competing with anyone else for their spot.
“At other spaces, you better believe that we are going to try to create as much competition as we can in lots of spots, running back being one of them.”
The Falcons are expecting a full recovery from sports-hernia surgery for Freeman.
“What I can say is that I’m looking forward to Devonta coming back,” Quinn said. “We really missed his energy, his style and slashing ability. He’s doing well.”
The Falcons had kind words for Coleman.“One of the things that I really admire about Tev is his ability to have the explosive play,” Quinn said. “To have the speed to get on the edge. He’s another one out of the backfield that can make plays catching. He’s done an excellent job through his time here.”
Coleman won’t be the only Falcon headed to free agency.
Left guard Andy Levitre, defensive end Derrick Shelby, long snapper Joe Condo, defensive tackle Terrell McClain, guard Zane Beadles and guard Ben Garland are all headed for free agency.
In addition to Coleman and defensive tackle Grady Jarrett, the Falcons are waiting to see if they can work out deals with quarterback Matt Schaub, special-teams player Justin Bethel, defensive end Bruce Irvin, tight end Logan Paulsen, linebacker Kemal Ishmael, safety Jordan Richards, wide receivers Justin Hardy and Marvin Hall.
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Largest drug haul in Saudi
Saudi security forces have made the kingdom's largest drug bust, foiling an attempt to smuggle in more than five tonnes of hashish.
"The Drug Combating Department in the Riyadh region, in cooperation with the customs at the dry port in Riyadh, foiled an attempt to smuggle 5200kg of hashish into the kingdom," the newspaper Arab News quoted the department's director as saying on Tuesday.
Eight suspects, seven from an east Asian country and one Arab, were arrested on Monday as they attempted to receive the cargo at a warehouse, said Major General Uthman al-Assaf.
Another three suspected of taking part in the operation were arrested later, he added.
"The drug consignment contained 5291kg of hashish, which is the largest quantity of drugs ever seized in the history of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia," the official said.
Saudi Arabia applies a strict form of sharia, or Islamic law, and convicted drug traffickers can face beheading.
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US helicopter shot down in Najaf
The US military confirms the downing of one of its marine helicopters in Najaf as US troops clash with Mahdi Army militia in and around the city.
Fighting has been raging since the early hours of Thursday
A US Army spokesman said
several members of the helicopter crew were wounded but had been evacuated. The helicopter had been transporting a wounded soldier when it came under small arms fire, the spokesman added.
At least 16 Iraqis were killed and more than 102 wounded i
n the clashes between Muqtada al-Sadr's militia and US troops, an Aljazeera correspondent based in Najaf reported.
US forces said one soldier was killed and five others wounded when their convoy came under attack on the outskirts of Najaf cemetary.
Hospital staff hit
Aljazeera earlier reported that several explosive rounds, thought to be from mortar fire, hit in and around Najaf General Hospital on Thursday.
One of the dead and four of the wounded were hospital staff, said doctor Ali Hanun in Baghdad. It was not immediately clear who fired the rockets at the hospital.
Rockets that struck a Baghdad
hospital injured several medics
Earlier, the health ministry reported that two people were killed and eight others wounded in the fighting.
The encounter took place at Thawrat-al-Ishrin square where US helicopter gunships and armoured vehicles were in action, reported our correspondent Uday al-Katib.
Clashes continue
Light and medium weapons as well as mortar shells were used in the clashes which started near major police stations early on Thursday. The clashes were continuing well into the morning, the correspondent said.
The fighting, which killed a man and a woman, broke out near the 1920 Revolution Square at 12.30am (2030 GMT).
Heavy clashes took place at Thawrat-al-Ishrin square where US helicopter gunships, armoured vehicles mortar rounds, and heavy explosives were in action, reported our correspondent.
People ran for cover as fighting
erupted on the streets of Najaf
Loud explosions
Clashes broke out for a second time at 3am on Thursday morning, he said, adding that fighting was raging with mortar rounds landing in some areas and loud explosions heard in parts of Najaf town.
The sound of artillery as well as medium and light machine gun fire was heard along with rocket-propelled grenades, he said.
A large number of US occupation troops accompanied by Iraqi police had advanced into the town, the correspondent said.
The roads in the town are deserted and traffic has come to a standstill, al-Katib reported.
Aljazeera team shot at
"We have no access to more detailed reports on the fighting as the Aljazeera team was shot at when we tried to take a closer look at the scene and we were forced to draw back," the correspondent said.
"...the Aljazeera team was shot at when we tried to take a closer look at the scene and we were forced to draw back"
Uday al-Katib,
correspondent, Aljazeera
Najaf governor Adnan al-Zurfi requested back-up from US marines after the main police station was attacked for a second time in two hours, the US occupation military said.
Agencies quoting a US military statement said: "A significant number of aggressors ... began attacking the station with heavy machine guns, rocket-propelled grenades, mortars and small arms ... after an initial attack on the police station around 1am was unsuccessful."
On Wednesday, the Mahdi Army also released five of six Iraqi police officers taken captive in recent days, the military said.
The fighting has come just three days after clashes outside al-Sadr's home between the Mahdi Army and US occupation troops left one civilian dead and nine people wounded, including six of the al-Mahdi Army.
Al-Sadr's office accused US troops of trying to arrest the Shia Muslim leader, but the US military said a marine patrol was attacked by a Mahdi Army fighter as it drove by.
Although the June truce allowed Iraqi police to restore its presence in Najaf, the area around the city's holiest shrine, the mausoleum of Imam Ali, remains an al-Sadr stronghold.
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Timeline: Gaza pullout
The Israeli government's disengagement plan involves the evacuation of all 21 Jewish settlements in the Gaza Strip and another four in the West Bank.
Palestinians will take over the settlements in October
On 14 August, the period of voluntary evacuation expired and entrance to settlements was forbidden. The army ordered remaining settlers to leave their homes.
These are the events that remain in the evacuation:
16 August: The grace period of "assisted evacuation" expires at midnight. After that deadline, settlers have no say in the way they are evacuated.
17 August: In the morning, a police officer knocks on the doors of homes of the remaining settlers and orders them to board a bus that will take them to Israel proper. The army will take charge of packing their belongings but will limit each household to two containers.
Reluctant settlers will be forcibly evacuated by teams of unarmed police and soldiers, backed by armed security. The Israeli authorities have not said in what order they will evacuate the settlements.
September: In the first week, the Israeli army is expected to dismantle the four northern West Bank settlements of Ganim, Homesh, Kadim and Sanur.
In the second week of the month, the Israeli army is expected to start demolishing all the empty homes and buildings in the Gaza Strip.
The army is also to begin completing its own withdrawal from the territory, recalling all soldiers and dismantling military bases.
October: Palestinian security forces, who already assisted the evacuation operation, are expected to officially take over security responsibility for the former settlements at an unspecified date.
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Rene Descartes (1596-1650) was a French philosopher and mathematician. Considered the "father of modern philosophy" Descartes developed many ideas that lead to the creation of many modern fields of study. As a mathematician he developed concepts that linked algebra and geometry which eventually led to the evolution of calculus.
He was the first to write of the concept of emotions and his famous quotation "I think therefore I am" elucidated his focus on the importance of cognition on the human experience. In psychology Descartes is most known for his concept of dualism. Descartes' theory of dualism suggests that there are two realms to existence. The first is the physical realm which is the environment and the things around us. This is the "realm of matter and energy". This realm can be researched and is scientific because it operates in a prescribed "mechanical" way. The other realm is mental and is "transcendent" to the physical environment and cannot be measured.
Dualism allowed for the separation of sciences and the non-physical realm, which was important long ago because it allowed scientists to conduct their research without fear of being considered heretics by religious groups. Dualism creates a problem for psychologists and the study of the mind: psychologists can ignore the mind entirely and view behavior as purely mechanical or include the mind in study but it not be considered "scientific".
As for mathematics, Descartes devised “deductive reasoning” which may be applied in various sciences. He is also known for the “method of normals”, a procedure in calculus for identifying normal and tangent lines to curves; and “Cartesian geometry”, the use of a coordinate system in studying geometry.
As a scientist, some of his contributions include “Balloonist theory”, a neuroscience concept which asserts that muscle contraction may be caused by air or fluid inflation; and “conservation of momentum,” a Newtonian mechanics concept which explains that the momentum of an object is the product of its mass and velocity.
As for his early life, his mother died when he was a year old so he was left in the care of his maternal grandmother and then later on by his great uncle. Descartes enjoyed a modest rank of nobility as his father, Joachim Descartes, was a member of the “Parlement of Brittany”. Following his father’s wishes, he graduated with a degree and license in canon and civil law. However, his ambition was actually to become a professional military officer so he studied military engineering in which he was able to work on mathematics and physics concepts such as conic section, free fall, and fluid statistics.
Descartes had a daughter, Francine, as a fruit of his relationship with a servant girl, Helena Jans van der Strom, in Amsterdam. However, she died at the young age of 5 due to scarlet fever. Unlike his contemporary moralists, Descartes acknowledged the importance of emotions and openly wept upon his daughter’s death.
Descartes’ works had become famous in Europe by 1649 and Sweden’s Queen Christina invited him to organize a scientific academy and to tutor her about love. Their classes were supposedly scheduled at five in the morning and it was speculated that the cold weather led to Descartes’ contraction of pneumonia. He passed away on February 11, 1650.
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Verizon Tops Rivals in Latest Wireless Carrier Survey
Rich Smith, AOL.com
Aug 19th 2014 2:10PM
Verizon Wireless has been named the top provider of mobile network service in America, according to a survey by market research firm RootMetrics. Ranking No. 1 (or tied for No. 1) in 48 states for overall performance, 44 states for reliability, 45 states for speed -- and particularly good with mobile Internet, where it tops the rankings in 46 states for data, Verizon Wireless is now officially the best mobile provider in the country.
But what about wireless's 20th Century cousin? Turns out, the news is less than happy for consumers still attached to fixed, "wireline" service.
Honey, the Internet Pipes Are Clogged Again
There's a theory floating around out there on the Internet that too many people are downloading too many movies on Netflix (NFLX) and Amazon.com (AMZN) Prime, and that all of this downloading is clogging up the Internet's "series of tubes" and creating congestion.
If that were true, then the logical -- the economic -- solution to the problem would be for ISPs to charge more for Internet access, or set limits on Internet usage and charge more for customers exceeding those limits. Such actions would curb demand for Internet access, reduce downloading activity, and unclog the pipes.
That's the theory. Now here are the facts.
Sorry, Sir. I Can't Find Anything Wrong With Your Pipes
Last week, the U.S. Government Accountability Office released the preliminary results of a survey it conducted among ISPs, industry experts and consumers regarding Internet usage and congestion. What it found was that, indeed, "some wireless ISPs" have congestion issues. And to solve the problem, they do indeed impose data usage caps and higher prices for exceeding those caps.
However, GAO also asked the major wireline ISPs -- companies like Comcast (CMCSA), AT&T (T) U-verse, and yes, Verizon (VZ) FiOS as well -- what they're seeing, Internet traffic-wise. Surprisingly, "wireline ISPs said that congestion is not currently a problem."
And yet, according to GAO, these wireline ISPs are nonetheless beginning to charge their customers based on the volume of Internet data they use, a policy known as "usage-based pricing," or UBP. So far, only about 25 percent of Internet users say they've run into UBP demands by their ISPs -- but that number seems set to increase. GAO's survey shows that seven of the top 13 wireline ISPs now impose UBP on their customers "to some extent."
The reason: UBP can generate more revenues for ISPs."
Paying the Price, for One Reason or Another
Could this mean that, even in the absence of congestion, ISPs are starting to impose UBP and charge for Internet traffic just because they can?
ISPs and other industry experts argue that they need more revenue "to help fund network capacity upgrades as data use grows." And maybe that's true. After all, ISPs forecast that wireless data traffic will grow 20 percent annually between now and 2018.
Then again, a quick look at the financial statements these companies have on file with the Securities & Exchange Commission shows that they aren't exactly hurting for revenues -- or profits -- to begin with.
AT&T, for example, did nearly $129 billion in business last year, and earned $18.2 billion in net profit on those revenues -- a 14.1 percent net profit margin.
Verizon's 2013 revenues totaled more than $120 billion, and the company earned $11.5 billion in business on these revenues -- a 9.5 percent profit margin.
Even Comcast, lacking the phone companies' massive wireless business as a source of sales, sold $64.6 billion worth of goods and services in 2013. Its $6.8 billion in net profit yielded a profit margin better than Verizon's, if not quite so rich as AT&T's -- 10.5 percent.
So as businesses, all three of these companies appear to have plenty of revenue already, with which "to help fund network capacity upgrades," were they so inclined. What's more, their profits are increasing at a phenomenal rate. Data from S&P Capital IQ show that net profit margins at each of Comcast, AT&T, and Verizon expanded in each of the last two years.
As for what these companies actually do with the profits they earn, let's look at another example. Data from S&P Capital IQ show that Comcast's cable division in particular (Comcast also owns NBCUniversal) boasted earnings of $21.4 billion -- 41 percent of revenues -- before accounting for the costs of interest on the firm's $44 billion debt load, for taxes, depreciation and amortization costs. So most of those "EBITDA" profits were actually earmarked for paying down these costs.
And how much of Comcast's revenue was earmarked for capital spending "to help fund network capacity upgrades"? That was a much smaller figure: $5.4 billion.
Don't be surprised if in your next cable bill, they ask you to chip in to make up the difference.
Motley Fool contributor Rich Smith has no position in any stocks mentioned. The Motley Fool both recommends and owns shares of Amazon.com and Netflix. Try any Motley Fool stock picking newsletter service free for 30 days.
6 Ways You Hate Your Cable Provider - and Get Revenge
A handful of companies dominate the cable industry, and two of the biggest, Comcast (CMCSA) and Time Warner Cable (TWC), are planning to merge. Not only is the already shallow pool of cable providers shrinking, but in many areas there are few good substitutes, says Steve Beck, managing partner at cg42, the business consulting group that released a study on dissatisfaction with cable service. Among the study's findings: 73 percent of customers believe their cable provider takes advantage of consumers' lack of choice.
What to do: Bruce Leichtman, a researcher who specializes in the broadband and entertainment industries, says about 9 percent of Americans have access to satellite TV (such as Dish (DISH) and DirecTV (DTV)). About 40 percent have access to so-called overbuilders: noncable providers such as Verizon (V) that launch their own networks in markets where cable networks already exist. Online services such as Netflix (NFLX) and Hulu offer movies and TV shows to subscribers, no cable box required.
A promotional offer can get you phone, TV and Internet service combined for well under $100 a month. But after the promotional period ends, your bill will increase significantly, even though your cable provider continues to advertise the very same cheap deals. As it turns out, those low introductory rates are reserved for new customers only. Existing customers aren't eligible.
What to do: Don't accept the price hike without a fight. You can haggle your way back to promotional-level pricing with a call to your cable company. Tell the phone agent that you'll switch providers if the price isn't lowered, and don't shy away from mentioning a friend who got a better deal on a similar contract. A Kiplinger writer saved $35 a month on cable services alone by negotiating tips.
Consumerist named Comcast the worst company in America for 2014. Time Warner Cable is the lowest-rated provider of subscription TV services among the eight major providers evaluated in the 2014 American Customer Satisfaction Index. Joining Time Warner at the bottom of the rankings are Comcast, Charter Communications (CHTR) and Cox Communications. AT&T (T), DirecTV, Verizon and Dish -- none of which is a typical cable provider -- rank as the top four providers of subscription TV services. Review Web sites such as Yelp (YELP) are riddled with one-star (out of five stars) reviews of cable providers.
What to do: Use your online voice to get the attention of your cable company. Tweeting at your provider is an effective way to shine light on bad customer service and get your problems resolved. Live chats and good old phone calls aren't bad solutions, either. Identify a goal -- "I want a refund" or "I need a repairman now" -- and express it clearly. With a bit of firm politeness (and appreciativeness when the customer service agent comes through), you can get results beyond a simple apology. Tom Karinshak, the executive in charge of customer service at Comcast, says the company has made significant strides, though he admits it still has a ways to go. He says the need to call customer service has declined by 25 percent since 2010 as Comcast has rolled out more choices for customers -- including online account-management and appointment-scheduling tools, smartphone apps and interactive troubleshooting guides.
The explosion of cable networks has taken some of the fun out of channel surfing. Even a basic cable package can feature dozens of channels, while premium packages can run into the hundreds. Yet why should you be forced to pay for Nickelodeon and Sprout when you're childless and really only interested in watching "Cops" reruns on Spike TV? A la carte cable sounds appealing, but be careful what you wish for, says Leichtman. Bundling channels keeps costs down, he says.
What to do: For consumers who want to cut the cable cord and only pay for specific types of programming, set-top boxes and adapters that link your TV directly to online streaming services are an option. Amazon.com (AMZN) recently released Fire TV, a tiny box that connects to your HDTV. The Microsoft's (MSFT) Xbox One and Wii U, Sony's (SNE) PlayStation 4 and Roku also have Web-to-TV streaming capabilities, and each can connect to a variety of programming sources, including Netflix, Hulu, Amazon Instant Video and some sports streaming sites. You have to pay the upfront cost of the box or adapter (usually $30 to $130, but upward of $400 for an up-to-date gaming system) and the subscription fee for the streaming services -- usually less than $10 a month each.
The best prices per service for phone, TV and Internet often come in bundles. If you are in the market for all three, then a "triple play" bundle deal from your cable provider could be the answer. But there's a catch: The rock-bottom prices on bundles often require a two-year agreement, with the cheapest rates only applying to the first 12 months. That means the price can go up for months 13 to 24. Cox, for example, offers a triple-play bundle with a two-year agreement for $90 a month for the first year, but the price jumps to $120 a month the second year. There can be an early termination fee if you opt out before the two years are up.
What to do: Create your own "bundle." There's a good chance you're happy with your cable company's Internet service, considering cable broadband speeds increased 450 percent in 2013 alone, according to the National Cable & Telecommunications Association. If so, keep it and look elsewhere for phone and television services. Unlimited domestic phone service from Web-based Skype, Vonage or Viber ranges from 1.9 cents a minute (Viber Out) to $25 a month (Vonage). Apps allow you to use your computer, tablet or smartphone to make free calls. Streaming services for less than $10 a month each offer access to movies and TV shows. A do-it-yourself bundle that uses Netflix ($8.99 a month) and Hulu Plus ($7.99) for programming, plus Skype for calling (unlimited calls to the U.S. and Canada for $2.99 a month) and Comcast for high-speed Internet service (about $70 when not on promotion) totals about $90 a month. Compare that to $120 (not on promotion) for a comparable triple-play bundle from Comcast.
The base fee you pay for your cable service is just the start. You'll fork over more for extra equipment (digital video recorders, digital adapters, upgraded wireless routers), premium programming (sports packages, movie channels) and premium services (faster Internet connections).
What to do: Do you really need a DVR for every TV in the house, a subscription to the Australian Rules Football network and download speeds better suited for NASA Mission Control than your living room? Probably not. You could save a small fortune simply by paying attention to what you really need and use. Cutting out DVRs and digital adapters on little-used TVs could slash your annual cable bill by $100 or more. Instead, invest in an HD antenna for the spare bedroom. A $40 Mohu Leaf indoor antenna, for example, will grant you access to local channels in high definition without the rental cost of a cable box. Satellite is another cheap option. From Dish, you can get a no-frills plan with about 55 channels for $20 a month during a promotion.
Wealth-Building Secrets of the Millionaire Next Door
28 Ways to Waste Your Money
The Worst Things to Buy at Trader Joe's
cellphone service
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The Asian Pacific American Coalition condemns bus company Suburban Express for these blatantly anti-Asian “promotions” released via massmail today.
Equating the benefits of “allowing fuzzy slippers” and “refundable tickets” with the ability to board a bus with “passengers that look like you” (which apparently just means “not-Asian”) is frankly dehumanizing and disgusting to our Asian classmates and friends.
We first want to correct some assumptions Suburban Express has made:
1.) Not all students that look Asian are Asian-international. To assume that Asian American students are international is perpetuation of the “forever foreigner” stereotype that Asian Americans can never be truly American, despite being American born and raised, or becoming a naturalized citizen. That’s racist.
2.) Not all students that look Asian are Chinese. To assume so is also racist.
We state these facts only as a clarification for incorrect assumptions people often make, and not as validation for any of Suburban Express’s other statements.
When Suburban Express says that riding with them allows a rider to sit with “students that look like you,” based on the demographics of the university, we can only assume that the “you” references the largest university demographic, white students (43.44%, according to https://oiir.illinois.edu/about/demographics, with African American students at 5.2% and Latinx students at 9.3%). Spaces like this, where white students are given the option to avoid people that “don’t look like them” speaks to a much, much larger problem of racism and white supremacy in this nation.
Furthermore, the Asian Pacific American Coalition also does not accept their racist non-Apology.
The ACTUAL mission of the University is as follows: “The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign is charged by our state to enhance the lives of citizens in Illinois, across the nation and around the world through our leadership in learning, discovery, engagement and economic development.” Unlike their supposed mission - which, frankly, is not a statement that Suburban Express has any business asserting - education does not only come in the form of learning in the classroom, but also exposure to other languages, cultures, lifestyles, modes of thinking, and experiences. Having the ability to network with and learn from students from other countries is a privilege. To limit our social understanding to those in Illinois limits our students’ education.
If you were planning on riding Suburban Express and were as disgusted by these emails as we were, may we kindly direct you to these alternative means of transportation:
Peoria Charter Coach - https://peoriacharter.com/
Greyhound Bus- https://www.greyhound.com/
Metra - https://metrarail.com/
Established in 1993, the Asian Pacific American Coalition was founded on the principles of giving Asian American students a voice in the face of adversary. Since then, we have accomplished much and expanded our vision to include Asian international organizations
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Spaso-Kamenny Monastery
by Kaushik Tuesday, July 05, 2016
The Spaso-Kamenny Monastery is located in a small island in the middle of Kubensky Lake, in Ust-Kubinsky District of Vologda Oblast, about 500 kilometers north of Moscow. It is distinguished as the first stone monastery of the Russian North.
Kamenny Island is very small measuring just 120 meters by 70 meters, and the lake in which it is situated is known for its inclement weather and frequent storms. When the monastery was built, the monks reinforced the island by setting up a stony rampart around the island's perimeter in order to prevent erosion. That’s how the monastery got its name: Spaso-Kamenny is literally “Savior on Stone”, so called in honor of the main temple of Transfiguration of Our Savior.
Photo credit: Yury Saygon/Wikimedia
Legend has it that in 1269 Duke Gleb Vasilkovich, Prince of Belozersk, was caught in a severe storm and was cast ashore on this island where he found a small community of hermits living there. When he learned that the hermits couldn’t afford to have a church, he ordered the construction of a wooden cathedral. But it wasn’t until two hundred years later that a four-pillared stone cathedral was erected on the island. Although the monastery did survive, it couldn’t grow because of limited territory that the tiny and remote island could afford. By the 16th century, the monastery had declined to obscurity. It was remembered in Moscow primarily as a place of exile, where the famous Old Believer, Ivan Neronov, was deported.
In 1774 one of the exiles set the monastery on fire, and the monks were transferred for 26 years to Vologda. When they finally returned to the island in 1801, the cathedral was restored with five domes instead of one. The only post-medieval buildings on the island were an inn and two lighthouses, built for the needs of the monastery in the 1870s.
In 1925, the Soviet government closed down the monastery, and the island once again became a penal colony for minor delinquents. In 1937, the colony was shut down and the island has been deserted ever since.
Since the last few years, a team of volunteers are trying restore the cathedral, but progress has been slow because of lack of funds.
Photo credit: unknown
Photo credit: cultinfo.ru
An early 20th century photograph of Spaso-Kamenny Monastery. Photo credit: www.booksite.ru
Sources: Wikipedia / cultinfo.ru
Spaso-Kamenny Monastery Reviewed by Kaushik on Tuesday, July 05, 2016 Rating: 5
Tags : Landmarks Religious Places Russia
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Andy Bell warms up to Noel Gallagher:
Ride's Andy Bell has said that he believes Noel Gallagher is underrated as a guitarist, arguing that the former Oasis songwriter laid the foundations for a style that many musicians use today.
Bell joined Oasis in 1999 as a replacement for original bassist Paul 'Guigsy' McGuigan and is now back with his own band Ride following a reunion earlier this year.
Speaking to Music Radar, Bell was asked about his time with the band and also how his life was affected by hearing them when he was still making music with Ride in the '90s.
"I just want to say that I think Noel's really underrated as a lead guitar player," Bell said, "His playing is like a John Squire-y thing, but there's a lot more muscle behind it. He kind of trademarked his own style, which has become something that everyone uses now – that massively overdriven sound with quite a lot of delay on it."
Someone must have mentioned the possibility of playing with Oasis next year. Who knows?
Noel Gallagher has always been a great guitarist--underrated and under-appreciated in a genre where guitar players generally reach Godlike status. Noel suffers because he wrote the songs, sang a few of them, and couldn't possibly wear all those hats, right?
The gear that he's used over the years is fascinating reading. It's as if a kid was given the keys to the candy story and ran wild.
Tagged: Artists, Bands, Musicians, News, Opinion, Reunions
Newer PostJoy Division Unknown Pleasures
Older PostLush Return
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01 June - 30 June 2020
Argus Mediterranean Solid Fuels
solidfuels@argusmedia.com
Andy Hill
Managing Director, Cynosure Partners
Andy has worked in the UK Organics and Alternative Fuels sectors for over 11 years, with the last nine years at SUEZ recycling and recovery UK. Andy’s particular focus is on the commercial development of alternative fuels for the wood, RDF and SRF markets, requiring development of fuel production facilities and associated supply chains including logistics, ports and shippi...
Andy has worked in the UK Organics and Alternative Fuels sectors for over 11 years, with the last nine years at SUEZ recycling and recovery UK. Andy’s particular focus is on the commercial development of alternative fuels for the wood, RDF and SRF markets, requiring development of fuel production facilities and associated supply chains including logistics, ports and shipping. This has culminated in the establishment of over half a million tonnes of alternative fuels supply to a number of UK and export markets including to the CHP and cement sectors. As a result, SUEZ recycling and recovery UK is now the largest exporter of alternative fuels and has recently been successful in entering non-EU markets for the cement industry. In addition, Andy is also the Chairman of the Wood Recyclers Association in the UK.
Rafaelle Miscoria
Head of Coal, Simec Commodities
Raffaele Miscoria has been head of SIMEC’s coal desk since its start-up in 2016. Before SIMEC, Raffaele had roles at Swiss-Italian coal trading company Coeclerici Compagnie, Australian bank Macquarie — where he had responsibility for the Atlantic physical coal trading book — and trading firm Bulk Trading. Raffaele has a degree in international economics from Bocconi Univer...
Raffaele Miscoria has been head of SIMEC’s coal desk since its start-up in 2016. Before SIMEC, Raffaele had roles at Swiss-Italian coal trading company Coeclerici Compagnie, Australian bank Macquarie — where he had responsibility for the Atlantic physical coal trading book — and trading firm Bulk Trading. Raffaele has a degree in international economics from Bocconi University in Milan.
Frank Brannvoll
Independent Special Advisor in Energy Markets, Cimeurope (via Brannvoll Bvba)
Frank O. Brannvoll has been Manager of Energy, Economic Studies and Statistics at European cement association Cembureau since June 2016. Frank is responsible for price forecasting across the entire energy complex, covering oil, coal, gas, power, CO2, and particularly petroleum coke markets. He previously worked for Electrabel – now Engie – establishing and managing the tra...
Frank O. Brannvoll has been Manager of Energy, Economic Studies and Statistics at European cement association Cembureau since June 2016. Frank is responsible for price forecasting across the entire energy complex, covering oil, coal, gas, power, CO2, and particularly petroleum coke markets. He previously worked for Electrabel – now Engie – establishing and managing the trading desks within energy. Frank was also a Board Member of the Romanian, Bulgarian and Greek trading companies within GDF Suez and a member of the group of hedging committees responsible for physical purchasing and hedging decisions. Frank has also worked for StoraEnso, where he established and headed the firm’s commodity and energy risk management worldwide, covering power, oil, coal, gas, and carbon, and participated in establishing markets for pulp and paper products, as well as the recycled paper market. Prior to joining StoraEnso, Frank worked as Treasurer within industrial group FLS Industries, covering exposures for the sale of cement plants and spare parts for kilns within the cement industry. Since 1980, before he joined industrial companies Frank worked within the foreign exchange market in Nordea and Citibank.
Mehmet Topeli
Coal Sourcing and CCP Marketing Manager, Isken
Mehmet has 22 years’ experience in the energy sector and has worked at the Isken facility — a subsidiary of STEAG-Germany that consumes approximately 3.5mn t/yr of coal — since 2001. He has also handled STEAG projects in the Philippines and Indonesia. Mehmet studied process engineering and received an MBA from Middle East Technical University in Ankara.
Firat Ergene
Reporter, Argus
Fırat joined Argus in 2017 as a market reporter in the Coal Daily International report. He follows developments in the Turkish coal market.
Oscar Baxo Pazos
Head of Petcoke Department, Repsol
Oscar has been in his current role since February, heading up a petcoke team responsible for trading 4mn t/yr in 35 countries. Before joining Repsol, he spent two years as Sourcing Co-ordinator at Repsol’s Cartagena refinery, where he handled scheduling and budgeting, and monitored the production of 1.4mn t/yr of Petcoke. Oscar has represented Repsol at various industry su...
Oscar has been in his current role since February, heading up a petcoke team responsible for trading 4mn t/yr in 35 countries. Before joining Repsol, he spent two years as Sourcing Co-ordinator at Repsol’s Cartagena refinery, where he handled scheduling and budgeting, and monitored the production of 1.4mn t/yr of Petcoke. Oscar has represented Repsol at various industry summits.
Amr Nadar
Advisor to the CEO, Strategic Planning and Performance, Yanbu Cement Company
Amr is based in Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, where he is responsible for strategic planning and performance management activities of Yanbu cement in addition to advising on Industrial Optimization and Development projects. Amr was the regional champion for Pyro processing and Fuels for Lafarge Holcim in Middle East, North Africa and Subsahara regions as well as consul...
Amr is based in Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, where he is responsible for strategic planning and performance management activities of Yanbu cement in addition to advising on Industrial Optimization and Development projects. Amr was the regional champion for Pyro processing and Fuels for Lafarge Holcim in Middle East, North Africa and Subsahara regions as well as consultant for fuel shift projects consultant in the MENA region. He is also a certified change Management, Strategy and business planning professional. Being a chemical engineer and cement industry professional with around 20 years’ experience; his role with solid fuels was always focused on co-processing & co-grinding of solid fuels while considering cost reduction and energy management of the industrial operation in around 25 countries around the globe.
Emre Okuyan
Strategic Planning and Business Development Director, Borusan EnBW
Emre is responsible for preparing the company’s strategic plan. He also deals with portfolio management through deal origination and project co-ordination until investment decisions are made. Emre handles the firm’s sales and trading activities and manages its innovation and digitalisation.
Jake Horslen
Deputy Editor, Argus
Jake has been reporting on energy markets for more than five years, with a particular focus on Europe and northeast Asia. Before joining Argus in 2017 to cover the global coal market, Jake covered European gas and LNG markets for four years.
Bruno Roch
Coal Trader, Trafigura
Bruno Roch has worked at Trafigura since 2012 and is responsible for US thermal coal exports, Colombian and Russian exports, and European and Mediterranean consumers. He previously worked at Goldman Sachs International for seven years, trading physical and financial coal, power, gas and dry freight, and from 1998 to 2004 traded electricity, gas, renewables and coal for Ame...
Bruno Roch has worked at Trafigura since 2012 and is responsible for US thermal coal exports, Colombian and Russian exports, and European and Mediterranean consumers. He previously worked at Goldman Sachs International for seven years, trading physical and financial coal, power, gas and dry freight, and from 1998 to 2004 traded electricity, gas, renewables and coal for American Electric Power, British Energy and Nuclear Electric.
Zakariyae Tajani
Manager, Procurement, ONEE
Zakariyae Tajani is fuel procurement manager at Morocco’s National Office of Electricity and Drinking Water (ONEE). He began his career in 2005 as mechanical engineer in charge of maintenance at Jerada power plant, and in 2010 took over responsibility for the plant’s fuel procurement, overseeing fuel oil and coal buying and logistics. He has a mechanical engineering degree...
Zakariyae Tajani is fuel procurement manager at Morocco’s National Office of Electricity and Drinking Water (ONEE). He began his career in 2005 as mechanical engineer in charge of maintenance at Jerada power plant, and in 2010 took over responsibility for the plant’s fuel procurement, overseeing fuel oil and coal buying and logistics. He has a mechanical engineering degree from ENSAM-Meknes University in Morocco, a Master’s from ENSAM in France and an MBA from Paris-based ENPC.
David Pineda
Coal Trader, Uniper
David Pineda is mining engineer and has worked in the coal industry for more than 15 years. He is a senior trader at Uniper Global Commodities, and has previously worked for companies including Hidrocantabrico, EDP, Constellation Energy, Essent Trading and Drummond
Mert Eyigun
Deputy General Director, Shipping, HC Trading
Mert Eyigun has been the Head of Shipping and a member of the management committee at Heidelberg Cement Trading (HC Trading) since January 2019. With his team, he is responsible for the chartering and execution of around 1,500 shipments a year of coal, petroleum coke and cement clinker cargoes for internal and external customers of HC Trading. Mert is a graduate of Dokuz E...
Mert Eyigun has been the Head of Shipping and a member of the management committee at Heidelberg Cement Trading (HC Trading) since January 2019. With his team, he is responsible for the chartering and execution of around 1,500 shipments a year of coal, petroleum coke and cement clinker cargoes for internal and external customers of HC Trading. Mert is a graduate of Dokuz Eylul University, Maritime Faculty and has worked in various areas of shipping and commodity trading since 2006. He was previously at multinational ship management, brokering and agency companies. He spent one year in Singapore, where he was the Trading Manager for Solid Fuels and Cement Clinker in southeast Asia. He has extensive experience in dry bulk chartering, shipping and commercial law, commercial shipping operations and the global cement industry.
Ozan Erinckan
Vice President, Supply Chain, Oyak Cimento
Ozan Erinckan has been Vice-President of Supply Chain at Oyak Cement, Concrete and Paper since May 2018. He is responsible for all procurement and logistics activities at the group.
Mehmet Ali Gunay
Head of Trading and Origination, Dogan Enerji
Mehmet Ali has been Deputy General Manager of Dogan Enerji since 2018, heading up the trading and origination team. He started his career at Enka Power as a Field Engineer, specialising in the commissioning and start-up activities of power plant projects both locally and globally. Before joining Dogan Enerji, Mehmet spent a short period of time at Entek Enerji as Strategy...
Mehmet Ali has been Deputy General Manager of Dogan Enerji since 2018, heading up the trading and origination team. He started his career at Enka Power as a Field Engineer, specialising in the commissioning and start-up activities of power plant projects both locally and globally. Before joining Dogan Enerji, Mehmet spent a short period of time at Entek Enerji as Strategy and Business Development Director. He previously worked for Engie Global Energy Management as a Senior Trader in an effort to set up a trading desk in Istanbul. Mehmet had roles at Aksa Energy as Trading and Origination Manager and at Eon/Enerjisa as Commercial Planning Specialist. He was a member of the Board of Directors of Energy Traders Association Turkey in 2015-16. Mehmet has a BSc in mechanical engineering, an MBA and a disruptive strategy certificate from Harvard Business School.
Naveen Das
Deputy Editor - Energy Argus Petroleum Coke, Argus
Naveen Das is a deputy editor, covering the thermal coal and petroleum coke markets since early 2016, informing analysis in these markets as well as price assessments. Prior to this, Naveen was a trade analyst covering oil derivative products for INEOS. Naveen holds an MEng in Chemical Engineering from the University of Cambridge, as well as an MSc in Management from Imper...
Naveen Das is a deputy editor, covering the thermal coal and petroleum coke markets since early 2016, informing analysis in these markets as well as price assessments. Prior to this, Naveen was a trade analyst covering oil derivative products for INEOS. Naveen holds an MEng in Chemical Engineering from the University of Cambridge, as well as an MSc in Management from Imperial College London.
George Erumeda Varghese
Chief Executive and Energy Consultant, Trinity Energy Solutions
George is the Promoter and Chief Executive of Trinity Energy. He has over 18 years of experience in the cement industry. He was previously the Director for Energy and Strategic Sourcing at LafargeHolcim Group for operations in the Middle East, Africa, India and central Europe. For the past seven years George was based in Egypt, facing the challenges of the fuel crisis for ...
George is the Promoter and Chief Executive of Trinity Energy. He has over 18 years of experience in the cement industry. He was previously the Director for Energy and Strategic Sourcing at LafargeHolcim Group for operations in the Middle East, Africa, India and central Europe. For the past seven years George was based in Egypt, facing the challenges of the fuel crisis for the cement industry. He played a leadership role in the fuel-mix evolution for LafargeHolcim operations in Egypt and the Middle East and Africa (MEA) region. George was previously with the Commonwealth Development Corporation (CDC) and Pearson Education in various capacities in Africa and the Middle East. George has served as chairperson for various industrial associations and government advisory committees on energy optimisation strategies in several countries in the region. George has a degree in chemistry, is a Fellow Member of the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (FCCA) in the UK, and has MBA in international business management.
Arda Aba
Purchasing Manager, Energy - Service - Investment - Import
Arda has been with the Çimsa group for four years and in his current position since February. He began his career in 2010 as a purchasing engineer. He has an MSc in mechanical engineering from İstanbul Technical University.
Ugur Aydin Unuvar
Project Finance Manager, Burgan Bank
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The West Memphis Murders
Crowd: Justice not served in 1993 killings Supporters of the three men convicted of killing three boys in West Memphis in 1993 gathered Tuesday on the state Capitol steps and called for officials to reop... by Scott Carroll - May 6, 2015
Mom of 1 slain boy: Forgiveness first Pam Hobbs committed to forgiving the three men convicted of killing her son and two of his friends before later coming to believe that they were innocent, she t... by Evie Blad - October 24, 2013
One of three freed in West Memphis murders speaks on case MALVERN — One of three men convicted of the grisly murders of three boys in West Memphis but then freed after 18 years in prison in a rare legal maneuver on Wed... by Gavin Lesnick - October 23, 2013
UALR to host screening of 'West of Memphis' LITTLE ROCK — The University of Arkansas at Little Rock is to host a screening of the film "West of Memphis" about the prosecution of three men for the deaths o... by The Associated Press - October 23, 2013
1 convicted in 3 killings to see film at UALR Jason Baldwin, one of three men convicted of killing three boys in a famous West Memphis murder case, will join Pam Hobbs, the mother of Stevie Branch, one of t... by ARKANSAS DEMOCRAT-GAZETTE - October 23, 2013
Judge: Parents can’t see ’93 evidence A circuit judge has ruled against allowing the parents of two West Memphis 8-year-olds killed in 1993 to look at evidence in the case. by Kenneth Heard - April 4, 2013
West of Memphis While it has been 20 years since three 8-year-old boys (Steven Branch, Michael Moore and Christopher Byers) were murdered in West Memphis, the case appears to b... by DAN LYBARGER SPECIAL TO THE DEMOCRAT-GAZETTE - March 8, 2013
Mother denied evidence access in son’s killing A circuit court judge has denied a mother’s request to see physical evidence in the 1993 murders of her son and two other West Memphis 8-yearolds. by Kenneth Heard - October 31, 2012
Arkansas judge weighs in on West Memphis evidence case A judge has ruled that the physical evidence the mother of one of three Cub Scouts killed in northeast Arkansas requested to see isn’t available to her under th... by The Associated Press - October 30, 2012
Ruling on items in boys’ deaths expected soon A Crittenden County Circuit Court judge will decide early next week whether to allow the mother of one of three 8-year-old West Memphis boys killed in 1993 to s... by Kenneth Heard - October 25, 2012
Judge to hear from lawyers in W. Memphis evidence case A judge says he plans to rule next week on whether to dismiss a lawsuit filed by the mother of one of three Cub Scouts killed in northeast Arkansas in 1993. by The Associated Press - October 24, 2012
One year since 3 convicted in West Memphis murders freed For nearly two decades, prison was the only home Jason Baldwin, Damien Echols and Jessie Misskelley Jr. knew. by The Associated Press - August 17, 2012
Ellington: Money a factor in West Memphis deal Prosecutor and congressional hopeful Scott Ellington says costs to the state and potential juror misconduct factored into his decision to agree to the deal that... by Andrew DeMillo, The Associated Press - April 18, 2012
Director helping Echols in seeking pardon Director Peter Jackson said Friday that he was working with Damien Echols in hopes of getting the man a complete pardon. by The Associated Press - October 28, 2011
Lawyer to teach course on West Memphis case A lawyer who represented one of the defendants in the West Memphis murders of three Boy Scouts plans to teach a two-week course on the case at the University of... by The Associated Press - October 24, 2011
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Resources > Blog
#ArmorU Report Findings: Growth in Cloud Security
Diana Massaro | Head of Marketing
By 2021 cybercrime is estimated to cost the world $6 trillion annually. As cyberattacks are the third highest risk to companies globally, it’s irresponsible for executives to sit idly by assuming they’re not on a threat actor’s radar. Although this is still the attitude of many C-Suite members, more and more decision makers and IT professionals are beginning to understand the severity […]
Diana Massaro
Diana Massaro, who wields a healthy affinity for data and metrics-based strategy, leads Armor’s dynamic marketing team. With more than 24 years’ experience of delivering positivity, vision and management leadership to the private sector, her skills scale across a variety of disciplines, including large enterprise software and high-volume transaction models. Her previous roles have included: CEO & VP Marketing at Prodagio Software, VP of Marketing at Idera Software, VP of Marketing and Product Management at Datacert.
Jul 32018
Measuring Dwell Time & Security Operations
Troy Dearing | Head of the Threat Resistance Unit
Dwell time is one of the most powerful metrics to measure an organization’s cybersecurity effectiveness against today’s threat landscape. Security teams use it to assess the entire operational process of the security program, from architecture to engineering, through operations and incident response. In turn, key decision makers and stakeholders can look at this metric to […]
Troy Dearing
Head of the Threat Resistance Unit
Troy Dearing is the Head of the Threat Resistance Unit and oversees all cyber threat intelligence & threat hunting initiatives. He initially joined Armor’s TRU as a Senior Ethical Hacker leveraging 22 years of expertise in IT and cyber security.
Before joining Armor, Troy was a Computer Network Operator for the NSA, where he was tasked with performing Computer Network Exploitation operations. He retired from the Marine Corps after 20 years of service with distinction serving as a network intelligence subject matter expert, instrumental in the creation of a service level course on network exploitation and analysis. Early in his career he was selected for an internship at the NSA’s Red Team which established his foundation in cyber security expertise. He graduated magna cum laude from the University of Maryland University College attaining his Bachelor of Science in Cybersecurity. Troy is a Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP).
Jun 72018
Re-Evaluating Dwell Time and Incident Response
At Armor, we interpret the term ‘dwell time’ to mean the duration a threat is present on a protected system until it has been remediated. However, several security service providers (This generically covers managed security services providers (MSSP), managed detection and response (MDR), and security as a service (SECaaS)) have viewed dwell time in a […]
Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery: Prepare for When, Not If
Wayne Reynolds | Head of Security
As technologies become more sophisticated, so do cybercrimes and the threat actors behind them. In 2017 alone, these types of threats made more headlines than ever before – so much so that ABC’s hit drama Grey’s Anatomy highlighted the issue in its most recent Fall finale. It’s estimated that the cost of cybercrimes against enterprises […]
Wayne Reynolds
Head of Security
Head of Security, Wayne Reynolds, manages the cyber and physical security operations at Armor. This unique, dual responsibility extends beyond the typical approach many cloud providers take in securing their own operations while leaving customers to fend for themselves. Key to establishing the strategic and operational vision at Armor, Wayne oversees the execution of Security Incident Management, Security Infrastructure, Vulnerability Threat Management, Threat Intelligence, Corporate Security, and Physical Security within both Armor’s corporate and customer environments. He leads Armor's Friendly Network Forces, a one-of-a-kind internal penetration testing organization designed to validate the company’s own security measures and evaluate risk from new or unforeseen threats. Prior to Armor, Wayne served in the U.S. Marine Corps for nearly 20 years where he led the Tactical Information Technology and Avionics Departments. In his civilian career, he has led organizations for a wide range of businesses including Conde Nast Publication, Copart Auto Auctions, Aerojet-Rocketdyne, Citi Group, and GameStop.
Incident Response 17
Kim Ross
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Sep 21 Soo Shin | Ryan Thompson | Awake, yet Asleep
Soo Shin | Ryan Thompson
Awake, yet Asleep
Artist lecture: Thursday, September 21, 6 pm
Soo Shin was born in Seoul, Korea in 1981. She holds MFA degree at the School of Art Institute of Chicago (Spring of 2011) after finishing her BFA and MFA at the EWHA Womans University in Seoul. She currently lives and works in Chicago. Her practice ranges over drawing, painting, and sculpture. She has been showing her work in a variety of locations such as Seoul, Chicago, Detroit, New York, and Berlin. She is a recipient of the fellowship at the MacDowell Colony (NH), Vermont Studio Center (VT), and the Artist residency program at the Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art(MA). She is bound to participate the residency program at the John Michael Kohler Arts Center (Summer 2018).
Ryan Thompson lives and works in Chicago, IL where he is an artist and Associate Professor of Art & Design at Trinity Christian College. His ongoing Department of Natural History projects engage a range of complex and peculiar relationships between humans and the natural world. Recent projects have been featured in Cabinet Magazine, The New Yorker, LA Times, Esquire (Russia), Making the Geologic Now (Punctum Books, 2013), Format P Magazine, Reframing Photography (Routledge), and Hyperallergic. He has exhibited at places such as: Lothringer 13 Halle (Munich), EYEBEAM (New York), Gallery Analix Forever (Geneva), Roman Susan (Chicago), Links Hall (Chicago), Root Division (San Francisco), Mila Kunstgalerie (Berlin), Evanston Art Center (Evanston, IL), and Lease Agreement (Baltimore, MD).
art.trnty.edu is communally and collaboratively run by the faculty and students of the Trinity Christian College Art and Design Program.
More from the Department
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Oct 27 Gabriel Moreno | Past Perfect Machinations
May 10 Alivia Melchers (DeHaan)
Mar 14 Allison Wade | you and you and you
Feb 4 Laura Wennstrom | House Hunting
Apr 25 Ryan Thompson
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active Australia c1859–80 -
All Details About Exhibition history
Robert Stewart was a professional photographer based in Sydney and Melbourne. Born in Scotland, he was working in partnership with Charles Pickering in Sydney from 1859 to 1861 and established his own studio in 1862. He transferred his business to Melbourne in 1871, and continued to work there until 1880. Robert’s brother Richard established the successful firm of Stewart & Co in Melbourne in 1871, which had 50 employees, four studios and six operators by 1887 and continued until 1900.
A carte de visite is a stiff card of about 10 x 6.4 cm, with an attached paper photograph, invented in 1854 by André-Adolphe-Eugène Disderi. They were introduced into Australia in 1859 by William Blackwood with albums arriving in 1860, aiding the collection and distribution of multiple cartes. Cartes were usually portraits and were made by the millions worldwide. Multi-lens, or ‘multiplying’ cameras were introduced in the 1860s, which were capable of producing from 2 to 32 images in quick succession, dramatically increasing the number of cartes de visite that could be made from a single photographic plate. They were easily reproduced by making paper contact prints from the glass plates, which were then cut and pasted to card.
9.6 x 6.0 cm image; 10.2 x 6.3 cm mount card
The photograph and Australia:
Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney 21 Mar 2015–08 Jun 2015
Queensland Art Gallery, South Brisbane 04 Jul 2015–11 Oct 2015
Hold still: the photographic performance, Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney, 12 May 2018–29 Jul 2018
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Another BRIC in the wall
26 Jul 2013|Richard Herr
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Is Russia about to become another brick in the wall between Fiji and its Western friends? The official visit by Fiji’s Prime Minister, Commodore Voreqe Bainimarama, to Russia in late June has further developed a relationship that has been growing significantly closer over the last two years.
In the course of the visit, he and Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev signed five agreements, covering topics from financial security cooperation and the abolition of visa requirements through MOUs on health and University cooperation to military-technical cooperation. For a brief hyperbolic moment, Fiji media reports prior to the visit even suggested that Russia was about to open an embassy in Suva to substantially deepened the political relationship.
Fiji’s pursuit of non-traditional friends has intensified while the grip of international sanctions has shown no sign of relaxation, despite the progress made by the Bainimarama Government toward elections by September 2014. Fiji targeted Russia as part of diplomatic initiative centred on the BRICS countries—Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa—from early 2011. In February 2012, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov visited Fiji. This was followed up a few months later by a delegation of Russian officials including military officers.
The nature of the mutual interest at that time was subject to the speculation that Russian interests lay in western Asia not the Pacific. This conjecture rested on Moscow’s pursuit of support for its position in the Caucasus region regarding the disputed territories of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Australia’s then Parliamentary Secretary for Pacific Island Affairs, Richard Marles, openly accused Russia of cheque-book diplomacy in seeking to buy international recognition for the two break-away enclaves .
Russia does have some Pacific objectives of its own, as Russian President Vladimir Putin made clear in open the May 2012 Vladivostok APEC Summit. In its own pivot to the Pacific, RADM Sergei Avakyants, Commander of Russia’s Pacific Fleet, announced that, for the first time since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia would send new warships to the Far East in 2014.
Whatever Russia’s motives for encouraging the relationship, Fiji’s Foreign Minister Ratu Inoke Kubuabola, promoted the Moscow visit as furthering Fiji’s BRICS initiative. This begs the question of what a BRICS strategy might be. Is it more than a slogan?
The BRICS initiative is, of course, consistent with Bainimarama Government’s pursuit of greater South-South cooperation and support. Undoubtedly the prospect of the BRICS Development Bank is especially attractive in light of difficulties associated with other banks, where perceived Australian interference has worked against access to loans. The more immediate objective is political—to reinforce the Government’s increasing independence from its traditional friends as evidenced by its ‘Look North’ policy.
At one level, the ‘Look North’ policy isn’t materially different from any other state beating a path to Beijing’s door in the Asia-Pacific Century. Yet, in Fiji’s case, it’s routinely contrasted with the less sympathetic treatment Suva receives from Canberra, Wellington and Washington, with the implication that China’s an alternative to these traditional friends.
Fiji has joined the Non-Aligned Movement, sought greater South-South cooperation and elevated those regional arrangements that exclude Australia and New Zealand. The BRICS aspect of this agenda has been bolstered bilaterally with the opening of resident diplomatic missions in Brazil and South Africa In the past two years. Fiji has had diplomatic ties with China since 1975. The Bainimarama Government is open in its desire to establish new relations with states that understand and will support its domestic reform agenda. Russian Prime Minister Medvedev gave Fiji his backing, openly asserting that Fiji had the ‘right to be left alone’ by ‘other countries’, implying Australia and New Zealand .
The potential military linkage is raising eyebrows externally especially in the wake of reports that Russia will help to equip nearly 600 Fiji troops on UN peacekeeping deployment to the Golan Heights. Western sanctions have restricted Fiji’s access to military equipment resupply and modernisation since the December 2006 military coup brought Commodore Bainimarama to power.
The Republic of Fiji Military Forces have made small arms purchases from Indonesia and talked with China about more significant assistance. The prospective loss of NATO interoperability with the RFMF has been a source of concern amongst some Western states during this time but not enough to address Fiji’s resupply and modernisation issues. Russian support for the Golan Heights deployment may just be the thin edge of the wedge—a trial prior to a more general re-equipment of the RFMF that will move it and Fiji further away from the country’s traditional Western alignment.
Even if the Russian materiel for the Golan Heights proves more limited, it would still pose some significant challenges for Fiji’s diplomacy and even for the RFMF, which has enjoyed a well-deserved reputation for professionalism in its UN peacekeeping roles. Nevertheless, it has also maintained the confidence of the Israelis when deployed along their borders.
The Fiji mission is fraught enough due to the difficulties that have seen peacekeepers from other countries withdrawn from the Golan Heights, as well as the Hezbollah activity through this area. Russia’s military support for Syria including the recent supply of anti-aircraft missiles to prevent Israeli attacks on Syrian weapons facilities made Tel Aviv suspicious of Moscow’s influence on Fiji peacekeepers. That might be behind the clarification by Colonel Mosese Tikoitoga, the RFMF Land Force Commander, that the Golan Heights deployment already had the equipment they needed.
Just how far Fiji will push the military relationship with Russia and what Israel’s reaction will be are yet untested. Nevertheless, the Bainimarama Government will continue to pursue its BRICS strategy, creating further impediments to a return to a normal relationship with its traditional friends until the impasse over sanctions is resolved.
Even then, Fiji seems committed to new directions that will be more resolutely independent and Asia-focussed than pre-2006 and certainly with less of the ‘traditional’ in its relationships.
Richard Herr is the Adjunct Professor of Pacific Governance and Diplomacy at the University of Fiji where he is also the Honorary Director of the Centre for International and Regional Affairs. Image courtesy of the Government of the Russian Federation.
Australia and Fiji’s New Order
Decoding China’s rising influence in the South Pacific
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Austrian Administrative High Court refers preliminary questions to CJEU on the definition of visa under the Dublin Regulation and Schengen Borders Code
On the 14 December 2016 the Austrian Administrative High Court referred the following questions to the Court of Justice in C-646/16 Jafari on the interpretation to be given to the term “visa” under the Dublin Regulation III and Schengen Borders Code:
1. Are Articles 2 lit m, Article 12 and Article 13 of Regulation (EU) No. 604/2013, hereinafter: Dublin III-Regulation, to be interpreted in conjunction with other legal acts related to the Dublin III-Regulation or are said provisions to be interpreted independently and autonomously?
2. If the provisions of the Dublin III-Regulation are to be interpreted independently and autonomously from other legal acts:
2.a. Is the de facto tolerated entry into a MS’ territory for the sole purpose of transiting a MS and applying for international protection in another MS to be regarded as “visa” as defined by Article 2 lit m and Article 12 Dublin III-Regulation in cases – like the present – which occurred at a time when the national authorities of the involved MS are confronted with an extraordinary high number of persons demanding transit through their territory?
If the answer to question 2.a.) is affirmative:
2.b.In view of the de facto tolerated entry for the sole purpose of transit: Is this “visa” invalid once the person left the transit MS?
2.c.In view of the de facto tolerated entry for the sole purpose of transit: Is this “visa” still valid in case the person is still residing in the transit MS or will the “visa” become invalid once the applicant finally dismissed her/his plan to travel on to another MS?
2.d. Is the dismissal of the applicant’s original plan to travel on to another specific MS to be regarded as a fraudulent act after the issuance of a “visa” according to Article 12(5) Dublin III-Regulation, meaning that the “visa” issuing MS shall not be responsible?
If the answer to question 2.a.) is negative:
2.e. Is the passage “irregularly crossed the border into a Member State by land, sea or air having come from a third country” of Article 13(1) Dublin III-Regulation to be interpreted as meaning that there is no irregular crossing of the external border under the specific circumstances of the present cases?
3. If the provisions of the Dublin III-Regulation are to be interpreted in conjunction with other legal acts:
3.a. When assessing whether an “irregular crossing” according to Article 13(1) Dublin III-Regulation took place, is it relevant to take into account whether the conditions of entry laid down in Regulation (EU) No. 562/2006, hereinafter: Schengen Borders Code, particularly its Article 5, are met?
3.b. Which provisions of EU law are particularly relevant for assessing whether a person’s movement is to be qualified as “irregular crossing” of a border according to Article 13(1) Dublin III-Regulation?
3.c. Is the de facto tolerated and not individually assessed entry on a MS’ territory for the sole purpose of transiting this MS and applying for international protection in another MS to be regarded as authorised entry as defined by Article 5(4) lit c Schengen Borders Code in cases – like the present – which occurred at a time when the national authorities of the involved MS are confronted with an extraordinary high number of persons demanding transit through their territory?
If the answers to questions 3.a.) and 3.c.) are in the affirmative:
3.d. Is the authorisation of entry according to Article 5(4) lit c Schengen Borders Code to be regarded as a permit equaling to the issuance of a visa according to Article 5(4) lit b Schengen Borders Code and thus also a “visa” according to Article 2 lit m Dublin III-Regulation, leading to the applicability of Article 12 Dublin III-Regulation when determining the responsible MS?
If the answers to questions 3.a.), 3.c.) and 3.d.) are in the affirmative:
3.e. In view of the de facto tolerated entry for the sole purpose of transit: Is this “visa” invalid once the person left the transit MS?
3.f. In view of the de facto tolerated entry for the sole purpose of transit: Is this “visa” still valid in case the person is still residing in the transit MS or will the “visa” be invalid once the applicant finally dismissed her/his plan to travel to another MS?
3.g. Is the dismissal of the applicants original plan to travel on to a specific MS to be regarded as a fraudulent act after the issuance of a “visa” according to Article 12(5) Dublin III-Regulation, meaning that the “visa” issuing MS shall not be responsible?
If the answers to questions 3.a.) and 3.c.) are affirmative, but the answer to question 3.d.)is negative:
3.h. Is the passage “irregularly crossed the border into a Member State by land, sea or air having come from a third country” of Article 13(1) Dublin III-Regulation to be interpreted meaning that there is no irregular crossing of the border when under specific circumstances – like the present – a person’s movement is to be qualified as authorised entry as defined by Article 5(4) lit c Schengen Borders Code?
EDAL and the ELENA Network would like to thank Leonhard Call and Gloria Kinsperger, ELENA Co-ordinators for Austria, for translating these questions.
This item was reproduced with the permission of ECRE from the weekly ELENA legal update supported by the Fundamental Rights and Citizenship Funding Programme and distributed by email. The purpose of these updates is to inform asylum lawyers and legal organizations supporting asylum seekers and refugees of recent developments in the field of asylum law. Please note that the information provided is taken from publicly available information on the internet. Every reasonable effort is made to make the content accurate and up to date at the time each item is published but no responsibility for its accuracy and correctness, or for any consequences of relying on it, is assumed by ECRE, the IRC or its partners.
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Carla Blank
Coming soon: Storming the Oldboys’ Citadel, Two Pioneer Women Architects of Nineteenth Century North America
Published by Baraka Books on September 22, 2014
Available Nov. 20, 2014
Storming the Oldboys’ Citadel, Two Pioneer Women Architects of Nineteenth Century North America, by Carla Blank and Tania Martin, focuses on the lives and works of two of the very first women of European ancestry to practice architecture in North America during the nineteenth century. The book is due to appear on November 20, 2014.
Mother Joseph of the Sacred Heart, born Esther Pariseau in 1823 in Saint-Elzéar, Québec, is credited with works built in the present states of Washington, Idaho, Oregon, and in the province of British Columbia. Known as the “sister with a hammer,” Mother Joseph is honored for her work by the State of Washington as one of two people to represent it in the National Statuary Hall Collection in Washington, DC.
Louise Blanchard Bethune, born in 1856 in upstate New York, designed and built may important works in the city of Buffalo, New York, whose architecture is renowned.
In addition to providing fascinating portraits of these two outstanding women, Storming the Oldboys’ Citadel follows the evolving histories of two Revival-style multi-use public buidlings considered to be these women’s signature legacies. They are Providence Academay in Vancouver, Washington, for Mother Joseph and Hotel Lafayette in Buffalo, New York for Louise Bethune. Listed on the United States’ National Register of Historic Places, they both have continued to function in their respective communities, with extensive additions and other changes made to each architect’s original structure.
The book addresses the importance and difficulties of conserving heritage buildings and transforming them for new uses. It also raises issues of lost or hidden aspects of North American history, including that of the large French or Canadien and Métis population in the Pacific Northwest.
Tania Martin & Carla Blank
Carla Blank is the author of Live On Stage! and Rediscovering America: The Making of Multicultural America, 1900–2000, and is a coeditor of PowWow: Charting the Fault Lines of the American Experience—Short Fiction from Then to Now. She has written topical essays related to arts and culture for El Pais, Green Magazine, Hungry Mind Review, and the San Francisco Chronicle, and online at CounterPunch and Konch magazines. She lives in Oakland, California.
Tania Martin has published essays in many scholarly journals related to her investigations into the history of architecture, the built environment, and North American religious institutional structures. She is a professor at the Université Laval School of Architecture where she has held the Canada Research Chair in Built Religious Heritage since 2005; she served a four-year term as an appointed member of the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada; and is also affiliated with several professional associations, including the Vernacular Architecture Forum. She lives in Quebec City.
Filed under: News and Tagged: Carla Blank, Feminism, First Women Architects, Hotel Lafayette, Mother Joseph, Providence Academy, Tania Martin, Women Architects
How Two 19th Century Women Stormed the Oldboys (Architectural) Citadel – Forthcoming 2014
In 2014, Baraka Books will publish Storming the Oldboys Citadel, Pioneer Women Architects of the Nineteenth Century North America by Carla Blank and Tania Martin.
This book will focus on the lives and works of two of the very first women of European American ancestry to practice architecture in North America during the nineteenth century. Mother Joseph du Sacré-Coeur, a Sister of Providence (born Esther Pariseau in 1823, in St. Elzéar, Québec; died Vancouver, Washington, 1902) is credited with works built in the present states of Washington, Idaho, Montana, northern Oregon, and in British Columbia. Louise Blanchard Bethune (born Jennie Louise Blanchard in 1856, in upstate New York; died New York City 1913) designed and built works in the Buffalo, New York area.
Tania Martin and Carla Blank in front of the Lafayette Hotel – Photo, Tennessee Reed
Carla Blank and Tania Martin recently travelled to Buffalo, New York, and Seattle and Vancouver, Washington, to research the book. The Wall Street Journal has run this article about the Lafayette hotel in the September 11 issue of the paper.
“How Buffalo’s Lafayette Hotel Went from Fleabag to Fabulous
I became interested in the Lafayette Hotel in Buffalo, N.Y.,when my partner, novelist Ishmael Reed, returned from a trip to his hometown. He reported that he happened to walk into the lobby of the hotel while attending a Buffalo book fair, and noticed a plaque, which cited Louise Blanchard Bethune (1856-1913) as the building’s architect and for being the first American woman to open her own architecture office (1881) and the first woman to become a fellow of the American Institute of Architects (1889). He was astonished that a woman in the 19th Century could find a place in a profession so adamantly dominated by men.
Buffalo’s proud past…”
Carla Blank is the author of the textbook, Live On Stage! (Dale Seymour, an imprint of Pearson Education, 1997, 2000), the historical reference, Rediscovering America, the Making of Multicultural America, 1900-2000 (Three Rivers Press, 2003) and co-editor with Ishmael Reed of the anthology PowWow, Charting the Fault Lines of the American Experience, Short Fiction from Then to Now (Da Capo Books, 2009). She was contributing editor on three other anthology projects edited by Ishmael Reed: From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900-2002 (Thunder’s Mouth Press, 2003); MultiAmerica, Essays on Cultural Wars and Cultural Peace (Viking, 1997) and Califia, The California Poetry (Y’Bird Books, 1979); in addition to publishing topical essays related to arts and culture in the San Francisco Chronicle, El Pais, Hungry Mind Review, Green Magazine and online at CounterPunch and Konch magazines. She lives in Oakland, California.
Tania Martin has published essays in many scholarly journals related to her investigations into the history of architecture, the built environment and North American religious institutional structures. She is a Professor at the Université Laval School of Architecture where she has held the Canada Research Chair in Built Religious Heritage since 2005; served a four year term as an appointed member of the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada; and is also affiliated with several professional associations, including the Vernacular Architecture Forum. She lives in Quebec City.
Architect and builder Mother Joseph, born Esther Pariseau in Saint-Elzéar, Québec in 1823
Louise Blanchard Bethune, born in Upstate New York in 1856
Filed under: News and Tagged: 19th Century Architects, Buffalo, Carla Blank, Ishmael Reed, Lafayette Hotel, Mother Joseph, Tania Martin, Vancouver Washington, Women Architects
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Caring for the Sick Person
Last Updated on Sat, 04 Aug 2012 | Medical Ethics
While "taking care of the patient" in competence had been pushing "caring for" the patient to the periphery of medical concerns, "caring for" the patient received a major impetus at Harvard during the 1920s. This section will consider what altruistic terms and virtues "caring for" replaced, why they had lost their meaning, an account of the onset of the term caring for, and its meaning in healthcare prior to 1982.
The moral term caring for was turned to at a time when the altruistic virtues that had shaped the care of the sick for centuries had lost much of their luster, particularly terms like hospitality, philanthropy, charity, love, and sympathy.
For example, hospitality, which meant the friendly and cordial taking in of strangers or travelers, had enormous influence as an altruistic virtue for healthcare; it was a model in rabbinic Judaism, early Christianity, and Islam (Exod. 23:9). Christianity had transformed hospitality from a private into a public virtue of mercy and beneficence that was often directed to the sick stranger (Bonet-Maury). Hospitality prompted establishment of travelers' inns, which evolved into hospices where healthcare was sometimes provided, and eventually to hospitals, especially in the Byzantine East but also eventually in the Latin West (Miller). But by the 1920s, this religious term had lost its force; even Christians no longer spoke of hospitality as a major public virtue motivating healthcare.
Philanthropy had, for centuries, been a dominant altruistic motive for "caring for" the sick in most religious traditions, but it has virtually disappeared from the moral sphere of healthcare. The ideal of philanthropy (from the Greek philanthropos, meaning humane or benevolent) encouraged a love of humankind that expressed itself in concrete deeds of service to others. Philanthropy, associated with the Christian ideal of charity, made it possible for the sick person to assume a preferential position in society (Sigerist) and motivated the establishment of hospitals starting in the fourth century in the East, until modern times in the West. The ideal of philanthropy also appeared strongly in the first code of medical ethics, adopted by the American
Medical Association in 1847. But by the 1920s, professional philanthropy, from which modern professionals had derived much of their authority and prestige, had lost much of its respect, and the significance of the word philanthropy had been reduced to its meaning of private (and to some extent, public) support of the arts, education, and research (May,
Sympathy and compassion have exerted a strong public influence on caring for the sick in times past, in particular by motivating the sensitivities of individual medical practitioners. Codes and oaths have exhorted health practitioners throughout the ages to care for the sick out of motives of compassion and sympathy. John Gregory (1724—1773) spoke of the sensibility of heart that makes us feel for the sick and arouses in us the desire to relieve their distresses. Use of the word sympathy to motivate personalized medical care appeared commonly right up to the 1920s and beyond. But the word sympathy lost its effectiveness as it often came to be regarded as the condescending manifestation of pity; the word compassion was looked on with some disfavor as it came to suggest too much identification with the suffering person.
In addition, there is an overarching reason why the previous caring virtues were discounted, leaving room for the new, secular term of care. In criticizing ecclesiastical institutions in the eighteenth century, Enlightenment thinkers denounced charity for the sick and philanthropic hospitals because these activities were tainted by the essentially self-centered gifts and legacies of pious people who sought to atone for their sins by acts of charity in support of the hospitals. Eighteenth-century rationalists emphasized that the poorly organized philanthropic hospitals of Christian Europe did little to help the sick get well; and some Enlightenment thinkers blamed the very concept of Christian charity for these abuses. Furthermore, Christian charity was regarded as too closely linked to dead traditions and blind superstitions to have a close relationship with science (Locke). The attempt by some philosophers in the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries to base an altruistic care of the sick on a secular notion of sympathy was, in part, a result of these developments.
By the 1920s, the secular term care had begun to replace the earlier altruistic terminology. By this time, the history of the idea of care had progressed to the point that the term was coming to be known for its moral implications. In addition, care had special appeal as a virtue for healthcare because the same word had—for centuries and in a variety of languages— been the descriptive term for "taking care of" sick people. It should be no surprise, then, that for a number of decades prior to 1982—when the idea of care began capturing widespread contemporary attention—there appeared a small body of literature in the clinical ethics of physicians and nurses as well as in religious medical ethics that focused attention on the moral meaning and practice of care, as well as on an ethic of care.
Where Hymen Female With Photos
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Current 2018 Main Ed. (1/14/2019); Titles 1 to 4 2012 Ed. and Supplement V (1/12/2018) 2012 Ed. and Supplement IV (1/6/2017) 2012 Ed. and Supplement III (1/3/2016) 2012 Ed. and Supplement II (1/5/2015) 2012 Ed. and Supplement I (1/16/2014) 2012 Main Ed. (1/15/2013) 2006 Ed. and Supplement V (1/3/2012) 2006 Ed. and Supplement IV (1/7/2011) 2006 Ed. and Supplement III (2/1/2010) 2006 Ed. and Supplement II (1/5/2009) 2006 Ed. and Supplement I (1/8/2008) 2006 Main Ed. (1/3/2007) 2000 Ed. and Supplement V (1/2/2006) 2000 Ed. and Supplement IV (1/3/2005) 2000 Ed. and Supplement III (1/19/2004) 2000 Ed. and Supplement II (1/6/2003) 2000 Ed. and Supplement I (1/22/2002) 2000 Main Ed. (1/2/2001) 1994 Ed. and Supplement V (1/23/2000) 1994 Ed. and Supplement IV (1/5/1999) 1994 Ed. and Supplement III (1/26/1998) 1994 Ed. and Supplement II (1/6/1997) 1994 Ed. and Supplement I (1/16/1996) 1994 Main Ed. (1/4/1995)
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10 USC Subtitle A: General Military Law
From Title 10—ARMED FORCES
Subtitle A—General Military Law
PART I—ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL MILITARY POWERS
Chap.
General Powers and Functions
Office of the Secretary of Defense
Boards, Councils, and Committees
Defense Agencies and Department of Defense Field Activities
Defense Budget Matters
Reserve Components
Arming of American Vessels
Military Support for Civilian Law Enforcement Agencies
Cyber Matters
Humanitarian and Other Assistance
Department of Defense Intelligence Matters
National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency
Miscellaneous Studies and Reports
Nuclear Posture
PART II—PERSONNEL
Enlistments
Officer Strength and Distribution in Grade
Original Appointments of Regular Officers in Grades Above Warrant Officer Grades
Appointment, Promotion, and Involuntary Separation and Retirement for Members on the Warrant Officer Active-Duty List
Appointments as Reserve Officers
Temporary Appointments in Officer Grades
Promotion, Separation, and Involuntary Retirement of Officers on the Active-Duty List
General Service Requirements
Joint Officer Management
Special Appointments, Assignments, Details, and Duties
Rank and Command
Military Correctional Facilities
Miscellaneous Prohibitions and Penalties
Miscellaneous Command Responsibilities
Reserve Components: Standards and Procedures for Retention and Promotion
Miscellaneous Rights and Benefits
Commissary and Exchange Benefits
Medical and Dental Care
Department of Defense Medicare-Eligible Retiree Health Care Fund
Decorations and Awards
Benefits and Services for Members Being Separated or Recently Separated
Separation of Regular Officers for Substandard Performance of Duty or for Certain Other Reasons
Retirement or Separation for Physical Disability
Retirement for Age
Retirement of Warrant Officers for Length of Service
Retired Pay for Non-Regular Service
Retired Grade
Computation of Retired Pay
Annuities Based on Retired or Retainer Pay
Department of Defense Military Retirement Fund
Deceased Personnel
Posthumous Commissions and Warrants
Correction of Military Records
Miscellaneous Investigation Requirements and Other Duties
Civilian Employees
Civilian Defense Intelligence Employees
[85.
Repealed.]
Defense Acquisition Workforce
Military Family Programs and Military Child Care
PART III—TRAINING AND EDUCATION
Training Generally
Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps
Senior Reserve Officers' Training Corps
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
Armed Forces Health Professions Financial Assistance Programs
Educational Assistance for Members of the Selected Reserve
106A.
Educational Assistance for Persons Enlisting for Active Duty
Professional Military Education
Department of Defense Schools
Educational Loan Repayment Programs
Educational Assistance for Members Held as Captives and Their Dependents
Support of Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Education
Information Security Scholarship Program 2
PART IV—SERVICE, SUPPLY, AND PROCUREMENT
Planning and Coordination
Facilities for Reserve Components
Miscellaneous Administrative Provisions
Provisions Relating to Specific Programs
Procurement Generally
Cooperative Agreements with NATO Allies and Other Countries
Procurement of Commercial Items
Miscellaneous Procurement Provisions
Procurement Technical Assistance Cooperative Agreement Program
Production by Military Agencies
Major Defense Acquisition Programs
[144A.
144B.
Weapon Systems Development and Related Matters
Cataloging and Standardization
Contracting for Performance of Civilian Commercial or Industrial Type Functions
Commissaries and Exchanges and Other Morale, Welfare, and Recreation Activities
National Defense Technology and Industrial Base, Defense Reinvestment, and Defense Conversion
Defense Acquisition System
[150.
Issue of Supplies, Services, and Facilities
Exchange of Material and Disposal of Obsolete, Surplus, or Unclaimed Property
Acceptance of Gifts and Services
Real Property; Related Personal Property; and Lease of Non-Excess Property
Environmental Restoration
Property Records and Report of Theft or Loss of Certain Property
Military Claims
Accountability and Responsibility
Military Construction and Military Family Housing
Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program
PART V—ACQUISITION
subpart a—general
General Matters
Budgeting and Appropriations Matters
Operational Contract Support
subpart b—acquisition planning
Planning and Solicitation Generally
Planning and Solicitation Relating to Particular Items or Services
subpart c—contracting methods and contract types
Awarding of Contracts
Specific Types of Contracts
Task and Delivery Order Contracts (Multiple Award Contracts)
Acquisition of Commercial Items
Multiyear Contracts
Simplified Acquisition Procedures
Emergency and Rapid Acquisitions
Contracting With or Through Other Agencies
subpart d—general contracting requirements
Truthful Cost or Pricing Data
Allowable Costs
Proprietary Contractor Data and Technical Data
Contractor Audits and Accounting
Claims and Disputes
Foreign Acquisitions
Small Business Programs
Socioeconomic Programs
subpart e—special categories of contracting: major defense acquisition programs and major systems
Other Matters Relating to Major Systems
subpart f—special categories of contracting: research, development, test, and evaluation
Research and Development Generally
Department of Defense Laboratories
Research and Development Centers and Facilities
Operational Test and Evaluation; Developmental Test and Evaluation
subpart g—other special categories of contracting
Acquisition of Services
Acquisition of Information Technology
subpart h—contract management
Prohibitions and Penalties
Contractor Workforce
Other Administrative and Miscellaneous Provisions
subpart i—defense industrial base
Defense Industrial Base Generally
Loan Guarantee Programs
Amendment of Analysis
Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §836(e)(12), (h), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1870, 1874, provided that, effective Jan. 1, 2020, subject to a savings provision, this analysis is amended by amending item for chapter 140 to read "Procurement of Commercial Products and Commercial Services" and by substituting "2377" for "2375". See 2018 Amendment note below.
2018—Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §§801(b), 836(e)(12), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1831, 1870, substituted "Procurement of Commercial Products and Commercial Services" for "Procurement of Commercial Items" and "2377" for "2375" in item for chapter 140 and added item for part V.
2017—Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title X, §1081(d)(4), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1600, amended directory language of Pub. L. 114–328, §805(a)(2). See 2016 Amendment note below.
Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title X, §1002(a)(2), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1537, added item for chapter 9A.
2016—Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title VIII, §846(2), title XII, §1241(o)(1), Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2292, 2512, redesignated item for chapter 13 "The Militia" as 12 and substituted "246" for "311", redesignated item for chapter 15 "Insurrection" as 13 and substituted "251" for "331", redesignated item for chapter 17 "Arming of American Vessels" as 14 and substituted "261" for "351", redesignated item for chapter 18 "Military Support for Civilian Law Enforcement Agencies" as 15 and substituted "271" for "371", added item for chapter 16, and struck out item for chapter 144A "Major Automated Information System Programs".
Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title VIII, §805(a)(2), Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2255, as amended by Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title X, §1081(d)(4), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1600, added item for chapter 144B.
2015—Pub. L. 114–92, div. A, title X, §1081(a)(1), Nov. 25, 2015, 129 Stat. 1000, substituted "Cyber Matters" for "Cyber matters" in item for chapter 19.
2014—Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title XVI, §1632(d), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3640, added item for chapter 19.
2013—Pub. L. 113–66, div. A, title X, §1091(a)(1), Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 875, substituted "Nuclear Posture" for "Nuclear posture" in item for chapter 24.
Pub. L. 112–239, div. A, title X, §1031(b)(2), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 1918, added item for chapter 24.
2011—Pub. L. 111–383, div. A, title VIII, §861(b), title X, §1075(b)(1), Jan. 7, 2011, 124 Stat. 4292, 4368, substituted "1030" for "1031" in item for chapter 53 and added item for chapter 149.
2009—Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title X, §1073(a)(1), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2472, substituted "1580" for "1581" in item for chapter 81 and "2551" for "2541" in item for chapter 152.
2008—Pub. L. 110–181, div. A, title X, §1068(a)(4)(B), Jan. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 326, substituted "Insurrection" for "Enforcement of the Laws to Restore Public Order" in item for chapter 15.
2006—Pub. L. 109–366, §3(a)(2), Oct. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 2630, added item for chapter 47A.
Pub. L. 109–364, div. A, title VIII, §816(a)(2), title X, §1076(a)(4)(A), div. B, title XXVIII, §2851(c)(1), Oct. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 2326, 2405, 2495, substituted "Enforcement of the Laws to Restore Public Order" for "Insurrection" in item for chapter 15 and added items for chapters 144A and 173.
2004—Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title V, §532(e), title X, §1084(d)(1), Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 1900, 2061, substituted "480" for "481" in item for chapter 23, added item for chapter 107, and redesignated former item for chapter 107 as item for chapter 106A.
2003—Pub. L. 108–136, div. A, title IX, §921(d)(8), title X, §1045(a)(1), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1569, 1612, substituted "Geospatial-Intelligence" for "Imagery and Mapping" in item for chapter 22 and "2700" for "2701" in item for chapter 160.
2001—Pub. L. 107–107, div. A, title IX, §911(b), title X, §1048(a)(1), Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1196, 1222, struck out period after "1111" in item for chapter 56 and added item for chapter 135.
2000—Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title VII, §713(a)(2), title IX, §922(a)(2)], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A-184, 1654A-236, added items for chapters 56 and 112.
1999—Pub. L. 106–65, div. A, title V, §586(c)(1), title VII, §721(c)(2), Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 638, 694, added item for chapter 50 and substituted "Deceased Personnel" for "Death Benefits" and "1471" for "1475" in item for chapter 75.
1997—Pub. L. 105–85, div. A, title III, §§355(c)(2), 371(a)(2), (c)(5), title V, §591(a)(2), title X, §§1073(a)(1), (2), 1074(d)(2), Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 1694, 1705, 1762, 1900, 1910, substituted "481" for "471" in item for chapter 23, added items for chapters 80 and 136, and substituted "2460" for "2461" in item for chapter 146, "Commissaries and Exchanges and Other Morale, Welfare, and Recreation Activities" for "Utilities and Services" in item for chapter 147, "2500" for "2491" in item for chapter 148, and "2541" for "2540" in item for chapter 152.
1996—Pub. L. 104–201, div. A, title XI, §1123(a)(1), (2), title XVI, §1633(c)(3), Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2687, 2688, 2751, substituted "National Imagery and Mapping Agency" for "Miscellaneous Studies and Reports" and "441" for "451" in item for chapter 22, added item for chapter 23, substituted "Civilian Defense Intelligence Employees" for "Defense Intelligence Agency and Central Imagery Office Civilian Personnel" in item for chapter 83, and struck out item for chapter 167 "Defense Mapping Agency".
Pub. L. 104–106, div. A, title V, §§568(a)(2), 569(b)(2), title X, §1061(a)(2), (b)(2), Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 335, 351, 442, added items for chapters 76 and 88 and struck out items for chapters 89 "Volunteers Investing in Peace and Security" and 171 "Security and Control of Supplies".
1994—Pub. L. 103–359, title V, §501(b)(2), Oct. 14, 1994, 108 Stat. 3429, substituted "Defense Intelligence Agency and Central Imagery Office Civilian Personnel" for "Defense Intelligence Agency Civilian Personnel" in item for chapter 83.
Pub. L. 103–355, title VIII, §8101(b), Oct. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 3389, added item for chapter 140.
Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title V, §554(a)(2), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2773, added item for chapter 22.
1993—Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title VIII, §828(b)(1), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1713, struck out item for chapter 135 "Encouragement of Aviation".
1992—Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title XIII, §1322(a)(2), div. D, title XLII, §4271(b)(1), Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2553, 2695, added items for chapters 89 and 148 and struck out former items for chapters 148 "Defense Industrial Base", 149 "Manufacturing Technology", and 150 "Development of Dual-Use Critical Technologies".
1991—Pub. L. 102–190, div. A, title X, §1061(a)(26)(C)(ii), Dec. 5, 1991, 105 Stat. 1474, effective Oct. 1, 1993, struck out item for chapter 85 "Procurement Management Personnel".
Pub. L. 102–190, div. A, title VIII, §821(f), title X, §§1002(a)(2), 1061(a)(27)(A), title XI, §1112(b)(2), Dec. 5, 1991, 105 Stat. 1432, 1455, 1474, 1501, substituted "Defense Budget Matters" for "Regular Components" and inserted "221" in item for chapter 9, substituted "Original Appointments of Regular Officers in Grades Above Warrant Officer Grades" for "Appointments in Regular Components" in item for chapter 33, added item for chapter 33A, substituted "Manufacturing" for "Maufacturing" in item for chapter 149, added items for chapters 150 and 152, struck out item for former chapter 150 "Issue to Armed Forces" and struck out item for former chapter 151 "Issue of Serviceable Material Other Than to Armed Forces".
Pub. L. 102–25, title VII, §701(e)(1), (2), Apr. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 114, added item for chapter 85 and in item for chapter 108 inserted "2161".
1990—Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title II, §247(a)(2)(B), title V, §502(a)(2), title VIII, §823(b)(1), title IX, §911(b)(3), title XII, §1202(b), title XVIII, §1801(a)(2), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1523, 1557, 1602, 1626, 1656, 1757, added item for chapter 58, struck out item for chapter 85 "Procurement Management Personnel", added item for chapter 87, substituted "Department of Defense Schools" for "Granting of Advanced Degrees at Department of Defense Schools" in item for chapter 108, substituted "Support of Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Education" for "National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowships" in item for chapter 111, added item for chapter 149 and redesignated former item for chapter 149 as item for chapter 150, and added item for chapter 172.
1989—Pub. L. 101–189, div. A, title VIII, §843(d)(2), title IX, §931(e)(2), title XVI, §1622(d)(2), Nov. 29, 1989, 103 Stat. 1517, 1535, 1605, substituted "Training and Education" for "Training" in item for part III, added item for chapter 111, and substituted "Cooperative Agreements" for "Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreements" in item for chapter 138.
1988—Pub. L. 100–456, div. A, title III, §§342(a)(2), 344(b)(2), title VIII, §821(b)(2), title XI, §1104(b), Sept. 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 1961, 1962, 2016, 2046, substituted "Support for" for "Cooperation With" and "Agencies" for "Officials" in item for chapter 18, substituted "Defense Industrial Base" for "Buy American Requirements" in item for chapter 148, substituted "Property Records and Report of Theft or Loss of Certain Property" for "Property Records" in item for chapter 161, and added item for chapter 171.
Pub. L. 100–370, §§1(c)(3), (e)(2), 2(a)(2), 3(a)(2), July 19, 1988, 102 Stat. 841, 845, 854, 855, added items for chapters 54, 134, 146, and 148.
1987—Pub. L. 100–180, div. A, title III, §332(c), title VII, §711(b), Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1080, 1111, substituted "Humanitarian and Other Assistance" for "Humanitarian and Civic Assistance Provided in Conjunction With Military Operations" in item for chapter 20 and "Financial Assistance Programs" for "Scholarship Program" in item for chapter 105.
Pub. L. 100–26, §§7(c)(1), 9(b)(4), Apr. 21, 1987, 101 Stat. 280, 287, added item for chapter 21, substituted "Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreements with NATO Allies and Other Countries" for "North Atlantic Treaty Organization Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreements" in item for chapter 138, substituted "Major Defense Acquisition Programs" for "Oversight of Cost Growth in Major Programs" and "2430" for "2431" in item for chapter 144, and substituted "2721" for "2701" in item for chapter 161.
1986—Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title III, §333(a)(2), title XIII, §1343(a)(22), Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3859, 3994, added item for chapter 20 and substituted "2341" for "2321" in item for chapter 138.
Pub. L. 99–499, title II, §211(a)(2), Oct. 17, 1986, 100 Stat. 1725, added item for chapter 160.
Pub. L. 99–433, title IV, §401(b), title VI, §605, Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 1030, 1075a, added items for chapters 2, 6, 38, and 144, inserted "and Functions" in item for chapter 3, substituted "Office of the Secretary of Defense" for "Department of Defense" in item for chapter 4, substituted "151" for "141" as the section number in the item for chapter 5, reenacted item for chapter 7 without change, and inserted "and Department of Defense Field Activities" in item for chapter 8.
Pub. L. 99–399, title VIII, §806(d)(2), Aug. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 888, added item for chapter 110.
1985—Pub. L. 99–145, title VI, §671(a)(2), title IX, §924(a)(2), Nov. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 663, 698, added items for chapters 85 and 109.
1984—Pub. L. 98–525, title VII, §705(a)(2), title XII, §1241(a)(2), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2567, 2606, substituted "Members of the Selected Reserve" for "Enlisted Members of the Selected Reserve of the Ready Reserve" in item for chapter 106 and added item for chapter 142.
1983—Pub. L. 98–94, title IX, §925(a)(2), title XII, §1268(15), Sept. 24, 1983, 97 Stat. 648, 707, added item for chapter 74, and substituted "or" for "and" in item for chapter 60.
1982—Pub. L. 97–295, §1(50)(D), Oct. 12, 1982, 96 Stat. 1300, added item for chapter 167.
Pub. L. 97–269, title V, §501(b), Sept. 27, 1982, 96 Stat. 1145, added item for chapter 8.
Pub. L. 97–214, §2(b), July 12, 1982, 96 Stat. 169, added item for chapter 169.
1981—Pub. L. 97–89, title VII, §701(a)(2), Dec. 4, 1981, 95 Stat. 1160, added item for chapter 83.
Pub. L. 97–86, title IX, §905(a)(2), Dec. 1, 1981, 95 Stat. 1116, added item for chapter 18.
1980—Pub. L. 96–513, title V, §§501(1), 511(29), (54)(B), (99), Dec. 12, 1980, 94 Stat. 2907, 2922, 2925, 2929, added item for chapter 32, substituted "531" for "541" as section number in item for chapter 33, substituted "34" for "35" as chapter number of chapter relating to appointments as reserve officers, added items for chapters 35 and 36, substituted "Reserve Components: Standards and Procedures for Retention and Promotion" for "Retention of Reserves" in item for chapter 51, added item for chapter 60, substituted "1251" for "1255" as section number in item for chapter 63, substituted "Retirement of Warrant Officers" for "Retirement" in item for chapter 65, substituted "1370" for "1371" as section number in item for chapter 69, amended item for chapter 73 to read: "Annuities Based on Retired or Retainer Pay", and capitalized "Assistance", "Persons", "Enlisting", "Active", and "Duty" in item for chapter 107.
Pub. L. 96–450, title IV, §406(b), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1981, added item for chapter 108.
Pub. L. 96–342, title IX, §901(b), Sept. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 1114, added item for chapter 107.
Pub. L. 96–323, §2(b), Aug. 4, 1980, 94 Stat. 1019, added item for chapter 138.
1977—Pub. L. 95–79, title IV, §402(b), July 30, 1977, 91 Stat. 330, added item for chapter 106.
1972—Pub. L. 92–426, §2(b), Sept. 21, 1972, 86 Stat. 719, added items for chapters 104 and 105.
Pub. L. 92–425, §2, Sept. 21, 1972, 86 Stat. 711, amended item for chapter 73 by inserting "; Survivor Benefit Plan" after "Pay" which could not be executed as directed in view of amendment by Pub. L. 87–381. See 1961 Amendment note below.
1968—Pub. L. 90–377, §2, July 5, 1968, 82 Stat. 288, added item for chapter 48.
1967—Pub. L. 90–83, §3(2), Sept. 11, 1967, 81 Stat. 220, struck out item for chapter 80 "Exemplary Rehabilitation Certificates".
1966—Pub. L. 89–690, §2, Oct. 15, 1966, 80 Stat. 1017, added item for chapter 80.
1964—Pub. L. 88–647, title I, §101(2), title II, §201(2), Oct. 13, 1964, 78 Stat. 1064, 1069, added items for chapters 102 and 103.
1962—Pub. L. 87–651, title II, §203, Sept. 7, 1962, 76 Stat. 519, added item for chapter 4.
Pub. L. 87–649, §3(2), Sept. 7, 1962, 76 Stat. 493, added item for chapter 40.
1961—Pub. L. 87–381, §1(2), Oct. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 810, substituted "Retired Serviceman's Family Protection Plan" for "Annuities Based on Retired or Retainer Pay" in item for chapter 73.
1958—Pub. L. 85–861, §§1(21), (26), (33), 33(a)(4)(B), Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1443, 1450, 1455, 1564, substituted "General Service Requirements" for "Service Requirements for Reserves" in item for chapter 37, "971" for "[No present sections]" in item for chapter 49, "Medical and Dental Care" for "Voting by Members of Armed Forces" in item for chapter 55, and struck out "Care of the Dead" and substituted "1475" for "1481" in item for chapter 75.
1 So in original. Chapters 9A and 13 both begin with a section 251. Section 251 in chapter 9A was renumbered by Pub. L. 115–232 without corresponding amendment of subtitle analysis.
2 Chapter heading amended by Pub. L. 115–91 without corresponding amendment of subtitle analysis.
2017—Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title X, §1002(a)(2), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1537, added item for chapter 9A.
2016—Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title XII, §1241(o)(1), Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2512, redesignated item for chapter 13 "The Militia" as 12 and substituted "246" for "311", redesignated item for chapter 15 "Insurrection" as 13 and substituted "251" for "331", redesignated item for chapter 17 "Arming of American Vessels" as 14 and substituted "261" for "351", redesignated item for chapter 18 "Military Support for Civilian Law Enforcement Agencies" as 15 and substituted "271" for "371", and added item for chapter 16.
2006—Pub. L. 109–364, div. A, title X, §1076(a)(4)(A), Oct. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 2405, substituted "Enforcement of the Laws to Restore Public Order" for "Insurrection" in item for chapter 15.
2004—Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title X, §1084(d)(1), Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 2061, substituted "480" for "481" in item for chapter 23.
2003—Pub. L. 108–136, div. A, title IX, §921(d)(8), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1569, substituted "Geospatial-Intelligence" for "Imagery and Mapping" in item for chapter 22.
1997—Pub. L. 105–85, div. A, title X, §1073(a)(1), Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 1900, substituted "481" for "471" in item for chapter 23.
1996—Pub. L. 104–201, div. A, title XI, §1123(a)(2), Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2688, substituted "National Imagery and Mapping Agency" for "Miscellaneous Studies and Reports" and "441" for "451" in item for chapter 22 and added item for chapter 23.
1994—Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title V, §554(a)(2), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2773, added item for chapter 22.
1991—Pub. L. 102–190, div. A, title X, §1002(a)(2), Dec. 5, 1991, 105 Stat. 1455, substituted "Defense Budget Matters" for "Regular Components" and inserted "221" in item for chapter 9.
1988—Pub. L. 100–456, div. A, title XI, §1104(b), Sept. 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 2046, substituted "Support for" for "Cooperation With" and "Agencies" for "Officials" in item for chapter 18.
1987—Pub. L. 100–180, div. A, title III, §332(c), Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1080, substituted "Humanitarian and Other Assistance" for "Humanitarian and Civic Assistance Provided in Conjunction With Military Operations" in item for chapter 20.
Pub. L. 100–26, §9(b)(4), Apr. 21, 1987, 101 Stat. 287, added item for chapter 21.
1986—Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title III, §333(a)(2), Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3859, added item for chapter 20.
Pub. L. 99–433, title VI, §605(a), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 1075a, added items for chapters 2 and 6, inserted "and Functions" in item for chapter 3, substituted "Office of the Secretary of Defense" for "Department of Defense" in item for chapter 4, substituted "151" for "141" as section number in item for chapter 5, reenacted item for chapter 7 without change, and inserted "and Department of Defense Field activities" in item for chapter 8.
1982—Pub. L. 97–269, title V, §501(b), Sept. 27, 1982, 96 Stat. 1145, added item for chapter 8.
1981—Pub. L. 97–86, title IX, §905(a)(2), Dec. 1, 1981, 95 Stat. 1116, added item for chapter 18.
1 So in original. Chapters 9A and 13 both begin with a section 251. Section 251 in chapter 9A was renumbered by Pub. L. 115–232 without corresponding amendment of part analysis.
CHAPTER 1—DEFINITIONS
§101. Definitions
(a) In General.—The following definitions apply in this title:
(1) The term "United States", in a geographic sense, means the States and the District of Columbia.
[(2) Repealed. Pub. L. 109–163, div. A, title X, §1057(a)(1), Jan. 6, 2006, 119 Stat. 3440.]
(3) The term "possessions" includes the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Guano Islands, so long as they remain possessions, but does not include any Commonwealth.
(4) The term "armed forces" means the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard.
(5) The term "uniformed services" means—
(A) the armed forces;
(B) the commissioned corps of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; and
(C) the commissioned corps of the Public Health Service.
(6) The term "department", when used with respect to a military department, means the executive part of the department and all field headquarters, forces, reserve components, installations, activities, and functions under the control or supervision of the Secretary of the department. When used with respect to the Department of Defense, such term means the executive part of the department, including the executive parts of the military departments, and all field headquarters, forces, reserve components, installations, activities, and functions under the control or supervision of the Secretary of Defense, including those of the military departments.
(7) The term "executive part of the department" means the executive part of the Department of Defense, Department of the Army, Department of the Navy, or Department of the Air Force, as the case may be, at the seat of government.
(8) The term "military departments" means the Department of the Army, the Department of the Navy, and the Department of the Air Force.
(9) The term "Secretary concerned" means—
(A) the Secretary of the Army, with respect to matters concerning the Army;
(B) the Secretary of the Navy, with respect to matters concerning the Navy, the Marine Corps, and the Coast Guard when it is operating as a service in the Department of the Navy;
(C) the Secretary of the Air Force, with respect to matters concerning the Air Force; and
(D) the Secretary of Homeland Security, with respect to matters concerning the Coast Guard when it is not operating as a service in the Department of the Navy.
(10) The term "service acquisition executive" means the civilian official within a military department who is designated as the service acquisition executive for purposes of regulations and procedures providing for a service acquisition executive for that military department.
(11) The term "Defense Agency" means an organizational entity of the Department of Defense—
(A) that is established by the Secretary of Defense under section 191 of this title (or under the second sentence of section 125(d) of this title (as in effect before October 1, 1986)) to perform a supply or service activity common to more than one military department (other than such an entity that is designated by the Secretary as a Department of Defense Field Activity); or
(B) that is designated by the Secretary of Defense as a Defense Agency.
(12) The term "Department of Defense Field Activity" means an organizational entity of the Department of Defense—
(A) that is established by the Secretary of Defense under section 191 of this title (or under the second sentence of section 125(d) of this title (as in effect before October 1, 1986)) to perform a supply or service activity common to more than one military department; and
(B) that is designated by the Secretary of Defense as a Department of Defense Field Activity.
(13) The term "contingency operation" means a military operation that—
(A) is designated by the Secretary of Defense as an operation in which members of the armed forces are or may become involved in military actions, operations, or hostilities against an enemy of the United States or against an opposing military force; or
(B) results in the call or order to, or retention on, active duty of members of the uniformed services under section 688, 12301(a), 12302, 12304, 12304a, 12305, or 12406 of this title, chapter 13 of this title, section 712 1 of title 14, or any other provision of law during a war or during a national emergency declared by the President or Congress.
(14) The term "supplies" includes material, equipment, and stores of all kinds.
(15) The term "pay" includes basic pay, special pay, retainer pay, incentive pay, retired pay, and equivalent pay, but does not include allowances.
(16) The term "congressional defense committees" means—
(A) the Committee on Armed Services and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; and
(B) the Committee on Armed Services and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives.
(17) The term "base closure law" means the following:
(A) Section 2687 of this title.
(B) The Defense Base Closure and Realignment Act of 1990 (part A of title XXIX of Public Law 101–510; 10 U.S.C. 2687 note).
(C) Title II of the Defense Authorization Amendments and Base Closure and Realignment Act (Public Law 100–526; 10 U.S.C. 2687 note).
(18) The term "acquisition workforce" means the persons serving in acquisition positions within the Department of Defense, as designated pursuant to section 1721(a) of this title.
(b) Personnel Generally.—The following definitions relating to military personnel apply in this title:
(1) The term "officer" means a commissioned or warrant officer.
(2) The term "commissioned officer" includes a commissioned warrant officer.
(3) The term "warrant officer" means a person who holds a commission or warrant in a warrant officer grade.
(4) The term "general officer" means an officer of the Army, Air Force, or Marine Corps serving in or having the grade of general, lieutenant general, major general, or brigadier general.
(5) The term "flag officer" means an officer of the Navy or Coast Guard serving in or having the grade of admiral, vice admiral, rear admiral, or rear admiral (lower half).
(6) The term "enlisted member" means a person in an enlisted grade.
(7) The term "grade" means a step or degree, in a graduated scale of office or military rank, that is established and designated as a grade by law or regulation.
(8) The term "rank" means the order of precedence among members of the armed forces.
(9) The term "rating" means the name (such as "boatswain's mate") prescribed for members of an armed force in an occupational field. The term "rate" means the name (such as "chief boatswain's mate") prescribed for members in the same rating or other category who are in the same grade (such as chief petty officer or seaman apprentice).
(10) The term "original", with respect to the appointment of a member of the armed forces in a regular or reserve component, refers to that member's most recent appointment in that component that is neither a promotion nor a demotion.
(11) The term "authorized strength" means the largest number of members authorized to be in an armed force, a component, a branch, a grade, or any other category of the armed forces.
(12) The term "regular", with respect to an enlistment, appointment, grade, or office, means enlistment, appointment, grade, or office in a regular component of an armed force.
(13) The term "active-duty list" means a single list for the Army, Navy, Air Force, or Marine Corps (required to be maintained under section 620 of this title) which contains the names of all officers of that armed force, other than officers described in section 641 of this title, who are serving on active duty.
(14) The term "medical officer" means an officer of the Medical Corps of the Army, an officer of the Medical Corps of the Navy, or an officer in the Air Force designated as a medical officer.
(15) The term "dental officer" means an officer of the Dental Corps of the Army, an officer of the Dental Corps of the Navy, or an officer of the Air Force designated as a dental officer.
(16) The term "Active Guard and Reserve" means a member of a reserve component who is on active duty pursuant to section 12301(d) of this title or, if a member of the Army National Guard or Air National Guard, is on full-time National Guard duty pursuant to section 502(f) of title 32, and who is performing Active Guard and Reserve duty.
(c) Reserve Components.—The following definitions relating to the reserve components apply in this title:
(1) The term "National Guard" means the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard.
(2) The term "Army National Guard" means that part of the organized militia of the several States and Territories, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia, active and inactive, that—
(A) is a land force;
(B) is trained, and has its officers appointed, under the sixteenth clause of section 8, article I, of the Constitution;
(C) is organized, armed, and equipped wholly or partly at Federal expense; and
(D) is federally recognized.
(3) The term "Army National Guard of the United States" means the reserve component of the Army all of whose members are members of the Army National Guard.
(4) The term "Air National Guard" means that part of the organized militia of the several States and Territories, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia, active and inactive, that—
(A) is an air force;
(5) The term "Air National Guard of the United States" means the reserve component of the Air Force all of whose members are members of the Air National Guard.
(6) The term "reserve", with respect to an enlistment, appointment, grade, or office, means enlistment, appointment, grade, or office held as a Reserve of one of the armed forces.
(7) The term "reserve active-status list" means a single list for the Army, Navy, Air Force, or Marine Corps (required to be maintained under section 14002 of this title) that contains the names of all officers of that armed force except warrant officers (including commissioned warrant officers) who are in an active status in a reserve component of the Army, Navy, Air Force, or Marine Corps and are not on an active-duty list.
(d) Duty Status.—The following definitions relating to duty status apply in this title:
(1) The term "active duty" means full-time duty in the active military service of the United States. Such term includes full-time training duty, annual training duty, and attendance, while in the active military service, at a school designated as a service school by law or by the Secretary of the military department concerned. Such term does not include full-time National Guard duty.
(2) The term "active duty for a period of more than 30 days" means active duty under a call or order that does not specify a period of 30 days or less.
(3) The term "active service" means service on active duty or full-time National Guard duty.
(4) The term "active status" means the status of a member of a reserve component who is not in the inactive Army National Guard or inactive Air National Guard, on an inactive status list, or in the Retired Reserve.
(5) The term "full-time National Guard duty" means training or other duty, other than inactive duty, performed by a member of the Army National Guard of the United States or the Air National Guard of the United States in the member's status as a member of the National Guard of a State or territory, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or the District of Columbia under section 316, 502, 503, 504, or 505 of title 32 for which the member is entitled to pay from the United States or for which the member has waived pay from the United States.
(6)(A) The term "active Guard and Reserve duty" means active duty performed by a member of a reserve component of the Army, Navy, Air Force, or Marine Corps, or full-time National Guard duty performed by a member of the National Guard pursuant to an order to full-time National Guard duty, for a period of 180 consecutive days or more for the purpose of organizing, administering, recruiting, instructing, or training the reserve components.
(B) Such term does not include the following:
(i) Duty performed as a member of the Reserve Forces Policy Board provided for under section 10301 of this title.
(ii) Duty performed as a property and fiscal officer under section 708 of title 32.
(iii) Duty performed for the purpose of interdiction and counter-drug activities for which funds have been provided under section 112 of title 32.
(iv) Duty performed as a general or flag officer.
(v) Service as a State director of the Selective Service System under section 10(b)(2) of the Military Selective Service Act (50 U.S.C. 3809(b)(2)).
(7) The term "inactive-duty training" means—
(A) duty prescribed for Reserves by the Secretary concerned under section 206 of title 37 or any other provision of law; and
(B) special additional duties authorized for Reserves by an authority designated by the Secretary concerned and performed by them on a voluntary basis in connection with the prescribed training or maintenance activities of the units to which they are assigned.
Such term includes those duties when performed by Reserves in their status as members of the National Guard.
(e) Facilities and Operations.—The following definitions relating to facilities and operations apply in this title:
(1) Range.—The term "range", when used in a geographic sense, means a designated land or water area that is set aside, managed, and used for range activities of the Department of Defense. Such term includes the following:
(A) Firing lines and positions, maneuver areas, firing lanes, test pads, detonation pads, impact areas, electronic scoring sites, buffer zones with restricted access, and exclusionary areas.
(B) Airspace areas designated for military use in accordance with regulations and procedures prescribed by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration.
(2) Range activities.—The term "range activities" means—
(A) research, development, testing, and evaluation of military munitions, other ordnance, and weapons systems; and
(B) the training of members of the armed forces in the use and handling of military munitions, other ordnance, and weapons systems.
(3) Operational range.—The term "operational range" means a range that is under the jurisdiction, custody, or control of the Secretary of a military department and—
(A) that is used for range activities, or
(B) although not currently being used for range activities, that is still considered by the Secretary to be a range and has not been put to a new use that is incompatible with range activities.
(4) Military munitions.—(A) The term "military munitions" means all ammunition products and components produced for or used by the armed forces for national defense and security, including ammunition products or components under the control of the Department of Defense, the Coast Guard, the Department of Energy, and the National Guard.
(B) Such term includes the following:
(i) Confined gaseous, liquid, and solid propellants.
(ii) Explosives, pyrotechnics, chemical and riot control agents, smokes, and incendiaries, including bulk explosives and chemical warfare agents.
(iii) Chemical munitions, rockets, guided and ballistic missiles, bombs, warheads, mortar rounds, artillery ammunition, small arms ammunition, grenades, mines, torpedoes, depth charges, cluster munitions and dispensers, and demolition charges.
(iv) Devices and components of any item specified in clauses (i) through (iii).
(C) Such term does not include the following:
(i) Wholly inert items.
(ii) Improvised explosive devices.
(iii) Nuclear weapons, nuclear devices, and nuclear components, other than nonnuclear components of nuclear devices that are managed under the nuclear weapons program of the Department of Energy after all required sanitization operations under the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2011 et seq.) have been completed.
(5) Unexploded ordnance.—The term "unexploded ordnance" means military munitions that—
(A) have been primed, fused, armed, or otherwise prepared for action;
(B) have been fired, dropped, launched, projected, or placed in such a manner as to constitute a hazard to operations, installations, personnel, or material; and
(C) remain unexploded, whether by malfunction, design, or any other cause.
(6) Energy resilience.—The term "energy resilience" means the ability to avoid, prepare for, minimize, adapt to, and recover from anticipated and unanticipated energy disruptions in order to ensure energy availability and reliability sufficient to provide for mission assurance and readiness, including mission essential operations related to readiness, and to execute or rapidly reestablish mission essential requirements.
(7) Energy security.—The term "energy security" means having assured access to reliable supplies of energy and the ability to protect and deliver sufficient energy to meet mission essential requirements.
(8) Military installation resilience.—The term "military installation resilience" means the capability of a military installation to avoid, prepare for, minimize the effect of, adapt to, and recover from extreme weather events, or from anticipated or unanticipated changes in environmental conditions, that do, or have the potential to, adversely affect the military installation or essential transportation, logistical, or other necessary resources outside of the military installation that are necessary in order to maintain, improve, or rapidly reestablish installation mission assurance and mission-essential functions.
(f) Rules of Construction.—In this title—
(1) "shall" is used in an imperative sense;
(2) "may" is used in a permissive sense;
(3) "no person may * * *" means that no person is required, authorized, or permitted to do the act prescribed;
(4) "includes" means "includes but is not limited to"; and
(5) "spouse" means husband or wife, as the case may be.
(g) Reference to Title 1 Definitions.—For other definitions applicable to this title, see sections 1 through 5 of title 1.
(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 3; Pub. L. 85–861, §§1(1), 33(a)(1), Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1437, 1564; Pub. L. 86–70, §6(a), June 25, 1959, 73 Stat. 142; Pub. L. 86–624, §4(a), July 12, 1960, 74 Stat. 411; Pub. L. 87–649, §6(f)(1), Sept. 7, 1962, 76 Stat. 494; Pub. L. 90–235, §7(a)(1), Jan. 2, 1968, 81 Stat. 762; Pub. L. 90–623, §2(1), Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1314; Pub. L. 92–492, §1, Oct. 13, 1972, 86 Stat. 810; Pub. L. 96–513, title I, §§101, 115(a), title V, §501(2), Dec. 12, 1980, 94 Stat. 2839, 2877, 2907; Pub. L. 97–22, §2(a), July 10, 1981, 95 Stat. 124; Pub. L. 97–86, title IV, §405(b)(1), Dec. 1, 1981, 95 Stat. 1105; Pub. L. 98–525, title IV, §414(a)(1), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2518; Pub. L. 99–145, title V, §514(b)(1), Nov. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 628; Pub. L. 99–348, title III, §303, July 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 703; Pub. L. 99–433, title III, §302, Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 1022; Pub. L. 100–26, §7(i), (k)(1), Apr. 21, 1987, 101 Stat. 282, 283; Pub. L. 100–180, div. A, title XII, §§1231(1), (20), 1233(a)(2), Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1160, 1161; Pub. L. 100–456, div. A, title XII, §1234(a)(1), Sept. 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 2059; Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title XII, §1204, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1658; Pub. L. 102–190, div. A, title VI, §631(a), Dec. 5, 1991, 105 Stat. 1380; Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title X, §1051(a), Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2494; Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title V, §514, title XVI, §§1621, 1671(c)(1), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2753, 2960, 3014; Pub. L. 104–106, div. A, title XV, §1501(c)(1), Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 498; Pub. L. 104–201, div. A, title V, §522, Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2517; Pub. L. 107–296, title XVII, §1704(b)(1), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2314; Pub. L. 108–136, div. A, title X, §§1042(a), 1043(a), 1045(a)(2), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1608, 1610, 1612; Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title X, §1084(a), Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 2060; Pub. L. 109–163, div. A, title X, §§1056(c)(1), 1057(a)(1), (2), Jan. 6, 2006, 119 Stat. 3439, 3440; Pub. L. 109–364, div. A, title V, §524, Oct. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 2193; Pub. L. 111–383, div. A, title VIII, §876, Jan. 7, 2011, 124 Stat. 4305; Pub. L. 112–81, div. A, title V, §515(b), Dec. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 1395; Pub. L. 112–239, div. A, title VI, §681(a), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 1795; Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title X, §1081(b)(1)(A)(i), Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2417; Pub. L. 115–91, div. B, title XXVIII, §2831(d), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1858; Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title III, §312(f), title XII, §1204(a)(3), div. B, title XXVIII, §2805(e), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1711, 2017, 2263.)
Historical and Revision Notes
1956 Act
Revised section
Source (U.S. Code)
Source (Statutes at Large)
50:351 (clause (b)).
32:4c (1st 33 words).
[No source].
50:901(e).
5:181–1(c) (for definition purposes); 5:411a(a) (for definition purposes); 5:626(c) (for definition purposes).
5:171(b) (last 23 words of clause (1), for definition purposes).
Sept. 16, 1942, ch. 561, §401 (clause (b)); added Apr. 1, 1944, ch. 150, §401 (clause (b)); restated Apr. 19, 1946, ch. 142, §401 (clause (b)), 60 Stat. 102.
July 9, 1952, ch. 608, §101(d) (less 2d sentence), (e), (g), §702 (for definition purposes), 66 Stat. 481, 482, 501.
10:600(a); 34:135(a).
32:2 (for definition purposes); 32:4b (for definition purposes).
50:1112(a) (for definition purposes).
July 26, 1947, ch. 343, §§205(c) (for definition purposes), 206(a) (for definition purposes), 207(c) (for definition purposes), 61 Stat. 501, 502.
10:1835 (less last 16 words, for definition purposes); 32:2 (for definition purposes); 32:4b (for definition purposes).
50:1112(b) (for definition purposes).
5:181–3(b) (less last sentence); 10:1a(b) (less last sentence); 10:1801(b) (less last sentence); 37:231(c) (1st sentence, for definition purposes); 50:901(g).
July 26, 1947, ch. 343, §201(b) (last 31 words of clause (1), for definition purposes); restated Aug. 10, 1949, ch. 412, §4 (last 31 words of clause (1) of 201(b), for definition purposes), 63 Stat. 579.
June 3, 1916, ch. 134, §62 (1st 36 words of last proviso), 39 Stat. 198.
June 3, 1916, ch. 134, §117 (for definition purposes), 39 Stat. 212.
101(15) [No source].
10:600(b); 34:135(b).
5:181–3(b) (last sentence); 10:1a(b) (last sentence); 10:1801(b) (last sentence); 50:551(9).
10:1036e(d) (for definition purposes); 34: 440m(d) (for definition purposes).
June 3, 1916, ch. 134, §71 (for definition purposes); added June 15, 1933, ch. 87, §9 (for definition purposes), 48 Stat. 157; Oct. 12, 1949, ch. 681, §530 (for definition purposes), 63 Stat. 837; July 9, 1952, ch. 608, §803 (9th par., for definition purposes), 66 Stat. 505.
Sept. 19, 1951, ch. 407, §§2(b), 305 (less last 16 words, for definition purposes), 65 Stat. 326, 330.
50:901(d) (less 2d sentence).
June 28, 1950, ch. 383, §2(b), 64 Stat. 263; July 9, 1952, ch. 608, §807(a), 66 Stat. 508.
Oct. 12, 1949, ch. 681, §102(c) (1st sentence, for definition purposes), 63 Stat. 804.
May 5, 1950, ch. 169, §1 (Art. 1 (clause (9))), 64 Stat. 108.
May 29, 1954, ch. 249, §2(a), (b), 68 Stat. 157.
June 29, 1948, ch. 708, §306(d) (for definition purposes), 62 Stat. 1089.
The definitions in clauses (3), (15), (18)–(21), (23)–(30), and (31)–(33) reflect the adoption of terminology which, though undefined in the source statutes restated in this title, represents the closest practicable approximation of the ways in which the terms defined have been most commonly used. A choice has been made where established uses conflict.
In clause (2), the definition of "Territory" in 32:4c is executed throughout this revised title by specific reference, where applicable, to the Territories, Puerto Rico and the Canal Zone.
In clause (4), the definition of "armed forces" is based on the source statute instead of 50:551(2), which does not include an express reference to the Marine Corps. The words "including all components thereof" are omitted as surplusage.
In clause (5), the term "Department" is defined to give it the broad sense of "Establishment", to conform to the source statute and the usage preferred by the Department of Defense, instead of the more limited sense defined by 5:421g(a) and 423a(a), and 10:1a(d) and 1801(d).
In clause (6), the term "executive part of the department" is created for convenience in referring to what is described in the source statutes for this title as "department" in the limited sense of the executive part at the seat of government. This is required by the adoption of the word "department" in clause (5) to cover the broader concept of "establishment".
In clause (8), the term "Secretary concerned" is created and defined for legislative convenience.
In clause (9), a definition of "National Guard" is inserted for clarity.
In clause (10)(A), the words "a land force" are substituted for 32:2 (as applicable to Army National Guard). The National Defense Act of 1916, §117 (last 66 words), 39 Stat. 212, is not contained in 32:2. It is also omitted from the revised section as repealed by the Act of February 28, 1925, ch. 374, §3, 43 Stat. 1081.
In clauses (10) and (11), the word "Army" is inserted to distinguish the organizations defined from their Air Force counterparts.
In clauses (10) and (12), the words "unless the context or subject matter otherwise requires" and "as provided in this title", in 32:4b, are omitted as surplusage.
In clauses (10)(B) and (12)(B), the words "has its officers appointed" are substituted for the word "officered", in 32:4b.
In clauses (11) and (13), only that much of the description of the composition of the Army National Guard of the United States and the Air National Guard of the United States is used as is necessary to distinguish these reserve components, respectively, from the other reserve components.
In clause (12)(A), the words "an air force" are substituted for the words "for which Federal responsibility has been vested in the Secretary of the Air Force or the Department of the Air Force pursuant to law", in 10:1835, and for 32:2 (as applicable to Air National Guard), to make the definition of "Air National Guard" parallel with the definition of "Army National Guard", and to make explicit the intent of Congress, in creating the Air National Guard, that the organized militia henceforth should consist of three mutually exhaustive classes comprising the Army, Air, and Naval militia.
In clause (14), the definition of "officer" is based on the source statutes instead of 50:551(5), which excludes warrant officers. The reference to appointment in 10:1a(b) (2d sentence and 10:1801(b) (2d sentence), and the words "commissioned warrant officer", "flight officer", and "either permanent or temporary", in 37:231(c) (1st sentence), are omitted as surplusage. 5:181–3(b) (1st sentence), 10:1a(b) (1st sentence), and 10:1801(b) (1st sentence) are omitted as covered by the definitions in clauses (14) and (16) of the revised section and by section 3062(c) and section 8062(d) of this title.
In clause (16), the words "unless otherwise qualified", "permanent or temporary", and "in the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, or Coast Guard, including any component thereof" are omitted as surplusage. The word "person" is substituted for the word "officer".
In clause (22), the definition of "active duty" is based on the definition of "active Federal service" in the source statute, since it is believed to be closer to general usage than the definition in 50:901(b), which excludes active duty for training from the general concept of active duty.
101(25) 50:1181(6). Sept. 3, 1954, ch. 1257, §102(6), 68 Stat. 1150.
The words ", other than a commissioned warrant officer," are inserted to reflect 50:1181(1).
[Clause (35).] The word "original" is defined to make clear that when used in relation to an appointment it refers to the member's first appointment in his current series of appointments and excludes any appointment made before a lapse in service.
References in Text
Section 125(d) of this title, referred to in subsec. (a)(12)(A), was repealed by Pub. L. 99–433, title III, §301(b)(1), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 1022.
The Defense Base Closure and Realignment Act of 1990, referred to in subsec. (a)(17)(B), is part A of title XXIX of div. B of Pub. L. 101–510, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1808, as amended, which is set out as a note under section 2687 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.
The Defense Authorization Amendments and Base Closure and Realignment Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(17)(C), is Pub. L. 100–526, Oct. 24, 1988, 102 Stat. 2623, as amended. Title II of the Act is set out as a note under section 2687 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1988 Amendment note set out under section 2687 of this title and Tables.
The Atomic Energy Act of 1954, referred to in subsec. (e)(4)(C)(iii), is act Aug. 1, 1946, ch. 724, as added by act Aug. 30, 1954, ch. 1073, §1, 68 Stat. 919, which is classified principally to chapter 23 (§2011 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2011 of Title 42 and Tables.
Pub. L. 107–296, §1704(b)(1), which directed amendment of section 101(9) of this title by substituting of "of Homeland Security" for "of Transportation" wherever appearing, could not be executed because there is no section 101(9).
2018—Subsec. (a)(13)(B). Pub. L. 115–232, §1204(a)(3), substituted "chapter 13" for "chapter 15".
Subsec. (e)(6). Pub. L. 115–232, §312(f), struck out "task critical assets and other" before "mission essential operations".
Subsec. (e)(8). Pub. L. 115–232, §2805(e), added par. (8).
2017—Subsec. (e)(6), (7). Pub. L. 115–91 added pars. (6) and (7).
2016—Subsec. (d)(6)(B)(v). Pub. L. 114–328 substituted "(50 U.S.C. 3809(b)(2))" for "(50 U.S.C. App. 460(b)(2))".
2013—Subsec. (a)(13)(B). Pub. L. 112–239 inserted "section 712 of title 14," after "chapter 15 of this title,".
2011—Subsec. (a)(13)(B). Pub. L. 112–81 inserted "12304a," after "12304,".
Subsec. (a)(18). Pub. L. 111–383 added par. (18).
2006—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 109–163, §1057(a)(1), struck out par. (2) which read as follows: "The term 'Territory' (except as provided in section 101(1) of title 32 for laws relating to the militia, the National Guard, the Army National Guard of the United States, and the Air National Guard of the United States) means any Territory organized after August 10, 1956, so long as it remains a Territory."
Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 109–163, §1057(a)(2), struck out "Territory or" before "Commonwealth".
Subsec. (b)(16). Pub. L. 109–364, §524(1), added par. (16).
Subsec. (d)(6)(A). Pub. L. 109–364, §524(2), struck out "or full-time National Guard duty" after "means active duty" and substituted "pursuant to an order to full-time National Guard duty," for ", pursuant to an order to active duty or full-time National Guard duty".
Subsec. (e)(4)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 109–163, §1056(c)(1), struck out comma after "bulk explosives".
2004—Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 108–375 substituted "Secretary of a military department" for "Secretary of Defense" in introductory provisions.
2003—Subsec. (a)(9)(D). Pub. L. 108–136, §1045(a)(2), substituted "Homeland Security" for "Transportation".
Subsec. (a)(16), (17). Pub. L. 108–136, §1043(a), added pars. (16) and (17).
Subsecs. (e) to (g). Pub. L. 108–136, §1042(a), added subsec. (e) and redesignated former subsecs. (e) and (f) as (f) and (g), respectively.
1996—Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 104–201 substituted "a member of a reserve component" for "a reserve commissioned officer, other than a commissioned warrant officer,".
Subsec. (d)(6)(B)(i). Pub. L. 104–160 substituted "section 10301" for "section 175".
1994—Subsec. (a)(13)(B). Pub. L. 103–337, §1671(c)(1), substituted "688, 12301(a), 12302, 12304, 12305, or 12406" for "672(a), 673, 673b, 673c, 688, 3500, or 8500".
Subsec. (c)(7). Pub. L. 103–337, §1621, added par. (7).
Subsec. (d)(6), (7). Pub. L. 103–337, §514, added par. (6) and redesignated former par. (6) as (7).
1992—Pub. L. 102–484 amended section generally, substituting subsecs. (a) to (f) for former pars. (1) to (47) which defined terms for purposes of this title.
1991—Par. (47). Pub. L. 102–190 added par. (47).
1988—Pars. (3), (10), (12). Pub. L. 100–456 struck out "the Canal Zone," after "the Virgin Islands," in par. (3) and after "Puerto Rico," in pars. (10) and (12).
1987—Par. (1). Pub. L. 100–26, §7(k)(1)(A), inserted "The term" after par. designation.
Par. (2). Pub. L. 100–26, §7(1)(k)(B), inserted "the term" after "Air National Guard of the United States,".
Pub. L. 100–180, §1233(a)(2), amended directory language of Pub. L. 100–26, §7(k)(1)(C), by adding par. (2) to those pars. excepted from direction that initial letter of first word after open quotation marks in each par. be made lowercase rather than uppercase.
Pars. (3) to (7). Pub. L. 100–26, §7(k)(1)(A), (C), inserted "The term" after par. designation and struck out uppercase letter of first word after open quotation marks and substituted lowercase letter.
Pars. (8) to (13). Pub. L. 100–26, §7(k)(1)(A), inserted "The term" after par. designation.
Par. (14). Pub. L. 100–180, §1231(1), inserted "a" after "means".
Pub. L. 100–26, §7(k)(1)(A), (C), inserted "The term" after par. designation and struck out uppercase letter of first word after open quotation marks and substituted lowercase letter.
Pars. (15) to (19). Pub. L. 100–26, §7(k)(1)(A), (C), inserted "The term" after par. designation and struck out uppercase letter of first word after open quotation marks and substituted lowercase letter.
Par. (20). Pub. L. 100–180, §1231(20), substituted "The term 'rate" for " 'Rate" in second sentence.
Pars. (44), (45). Pub. L. 100–26, §7(i)(1), (k)(1)(A), inserted "The term" after par. designation and substituted "October 1, 1986" for "the date of the enactment of the Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986".
1986—Par. (43). Pub. L. 99–348 added par. (43).
Pars. (44), (45). Pub. L. 99–433 added pars. (44) and (45).
1985—Par. (41). Pub. L. 99–145 substituted "rear admiral (lower half)" for "commodore".
1984—Par. (22). Pub. L. 98–525, §414(a)(1)(A), inserted "It does not include full-time National Guard duty."
Par. (24). Pub. L. 98–525, §414(a)(1)(B), inserted "or full-time National Guard duty".
Par. (42). Pub. L. 98–525, §414(a)(1)(C), added par. (42).
1981—Par. (41). Pub. L. 97–86 substituted "commodore" for "commodore admiral".
Pub. L. 97–22 inserted "or Coast Guard" after "Navy".
1980—Par. (22). Pub. L. 96–513, §501(2), struck out "duty on the active list," after "It includes".
Par. (36). Pub. L. 96–513, §115(a), struck out par. (36) which provided that "dependent", with respect to a female member of an armed force, did not include her husband, unless he was in fact dependent on her for his chief support, or her child, unless his father was dead or he was in fact dependent on her for his chief support.
Pars. (37) to (41). Pub. L. 96–513, §101, added pars. (37) to (41).
1972—Par. (2). Pub. L. 92–492 inserted "Except as provided in section 101(1) of title 32 for laws relating to the militia, the National Guard, the Army National Guard of the United States," before "Territory".
1968—Par. (8)(D). Pub. L. 90–623 substituted "Secretary of Transportation" for "Secretary of the Treasury".
Par. 36. Pub. L. 90–235 added par. (36).
1962—Par. (31)(A). Pub. L. 87–649 substituted "section 206 of title 37" for "section 301 of title 37".
1960—Par. (2). Pub. L. 80–624 struck out reference to Hawaii.
1959—Par. (2). Pub. L. 80–70 struck out reference to Alaska.
1958—Par. (25). Pub. L. 85–861, §1(1), added par. (25).
Par. (35). Pub. L. 85–861, §33(a)(1), added par. (35).
References to Sections of Title 14 as Redesignated by Pub. L. 115–282
Section 712 of title 14 redesignated section 3713 of title 14 by Pub. L. 115–282, title I, §118(b), Dec. 4, 2018, 132 Stat. 4233, and references to section 712 of title 14 deemed to refer to such redesignated section, see section 123(b)(1) of Pub. L. 115–282, set out as a note preceding section 101 of Title 14, Coast Guard.
Effective Date of 2013 Amendment
Pub. L. 112–239, div. A, title VI, §681(d), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 1795, provided that:
"(1) Inclusion of prior orders.—The amendments made by this section [amending this section, section 12731 of this title, and section 3301 of Title 38, Veterans' Benefits] shall apply to any call or order to active duty authorized under section 712 [now 3713] of title 14, United States Code, on or after December 31, 2011, by the Secretary of the executive department in which the Coast Guard is operating.
"(2) Credit for prior service.—The amendments made by this section shall be deemed to have been enacted on December 31, 2011, for purposes of applying the amendments to the following provisions of law:
"(A) Section 5538 of title 5, United States Code, relating to nonreduction in pay.
"(B) Section 701 of title 10, United States Code, relating to the accumulation and retention of leave.
"(C) Section 12731 of title 10, United States Code, relating to age and service requirements for receipt of retired pay for non-regular service."
Pub. L. 107–296, title XVII, §1704(g), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2316, provided that: "The amendments made by this section (other than subsection (f)) [see Tables for classification] shall take effect on the date of transfer of the Coast Guard to the Department [of Homeland Security]."
Pub. L. 104–106, div. A, title XV, §1501(c), Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 498, provided that the amendment made by that section is effective as of Dec. 1, 1994, and as if included as an amendment made by the Reserve Officer Personnel Management Act, title XVI of Pub. L. 103–337, as originally enacted.
Amendment by section 1671(c)(1) of Pub. L. 103–337 effective Dec. 1, 1994, except as otherwise provided, and amendment by section 1621 of Pub. L. 103–337 effective Oct. 1, 1996, see section 1691 of Pub. L. 103–337, set out as an Effective Date note under section 10001 of this title.
Pub. L. 100–180, div. A, title XII, §1233(c)[(1)], Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1161, provided that: "The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section, section 2432 of this title, and section 406b of Title 37, Pay and Allowances of the Uniformed Services] shall apply as if included in the enactment of the Defense Technical Corrections Act of 1987 (Public Law 100–26)."
Pub. L. 97–86, title IV, §405(f), Dec. 1, 1981, 95 Stat. 1106, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section, sections 525, 601, 611, 612, 619, 625, 634, 635, 637, 638, 645, 741, 5138, 5149, 5155, 5442, 5444, 5457, 5501, and 6389 of this title, section 201 of Title 37, Pay and Allowances of the Uniformed Services, and a provision set out as a note under section 611 of this title] shall take effect as of September 15, 1981."
Pub. L. 96–513, title VII, §701, Dec. 12, 1980, 94 Stat. 2955, provided that:
"(a) Except as provided in subsection (b), this Act and the amendments made by this Act [see Tables for classification] shall take effect on September 15, 1981.
"(b)(1) The authority to prescribe regulations under the amendments made by titles I through IV and under the provisions of title VI shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 12, 1980].
"(2) The amendment made by section 415 [enacting section 302(h) of Title 37, Pay and Allowances of the Uniformed Services] shall take effect as of July 1, 1980.
"(3) The amendments made by part B of title V shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 12, 1980].
"(4) Part D of title VI shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 12, 1980]."
Amendment by Pub. L. 90–623 intended to restate without substantive change the law in effect on Oct. 22, 1968, see section 6 of Pub. L. 90–623, set out as a note under section 5334 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
Amendment by Pub. L. 87–649 effective Nov. 1, 1962, see section 15 of Pub. L. 87–649, set out as an Inconsistent Provisions note preceding section 101 of Title 37, Pay and Allowances of the Uniformed Services.
Pub. L. 85–861, §33(g), Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1568, provided that: "This section [see Tables for classification] is effective as of August 10, 1956, for all purposes."
Short Title of 2018 Amendment
Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VI, §621(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1798, provided that: "This section [enacting section 1065 of this title and provisions set out as a note under section 1065 of this title] may be cited as the 'Purple Heart and Disabled Veterans Equal Access Act of 2018'."
Pub. L. 114–328, div. E, §5001, Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2894, provided that: "This division [div. E (§§5001–5542) of Pub. L. 114–328, see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Military Justice Act of 2016'."
Pub. L. 111–23, §1(a), May 22, 2009, 123 Stat. 1704, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 139c, 139d, 2334, and 2433a of this title, amending sections 139a, 181, 2306b, 2366a, 2366b, 2430, 2433, 2434, 2445c, 2501, and 2505 of this title and section 5315 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 139a, 139c, 181, 2302, 2366a, 2366b, 2430, and 2433a of this title, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 2304 of this title] may be cited as the 'Weapon Systems Acquisition Reform Act of 2009'."
Pub. L. 110–317, §1(a), Aug. 29, 2008, 122 Stat. 3526, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 1145, 1146, and 1174 of this title, sections 2108 and 8521 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, section 685 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, section 303a of Title 37, Pay and Allowances of the Uniformed Services, and sections 3011, 3012, 3702, and 4211 of Title 38, Veterans' Benefits, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 2108 of Title 5 and section 685 of Title 26] may be cited as the 'Hubbard Act'."
Pub. L. 110–181, div. A, title VIII, §800, Jan. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 202, provided that: "This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Acquisition Improvement and Accountability Act of 2007'."
Pub. L. 110–181, div. A, title XVIII, §1801, Jan. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 496, provided that: "This title [enacting section 10508 of this title, amending sections 113, 164, 526, 10501 to 10503, 10541, 14508, 14511, and 14512 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 113 and 164 of this title and section 104 of Title 32, National Guard] may be cited as the 'National Guard Empowerment Act of 2007'."
Pub. L. 109–148, div. A, title VIII, §8126(a), Dec. 30, 2005, 119 Stat. 2728, which provided that this Act, probably meaning section 8126 of div. A of Pub. L. 109–148, which amended section 2554 of this title and section 5309 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and enacted provisions set out as notes under section 2554 of this title and section 301 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, could be cited as the "Support Our Scouts Act of 2005", was repealed by Pub. L. 109–364, div. A, title X, §1071(f)(3), Oct. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 2402.
Pub. L. 106–38, §1, July 22, 1999, 113 Stat. 205, provided that: "This Act [enacting provisions set out as notes under section 2431 of this title and section 5901 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse] may be cited as the 'National Missile Defense Act of 1999'."
Pub. L. 102–25, §1, Apr. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 75, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Persian Gulf Conflict Supplemental Authorization and Personnel Benefits Act of 1991'."
Pub. L. 100–26, §1, Apr. 21, 1987, 101 Stat. 273, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Defense Technical Corrections Act of 1987'."
Pub. L. 97–22, §1(a), July 10, 1981, 95 Stat. 124, provided that: "this Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Defense Officer Personnel Management Act Technical Corrections Act'."
Pub. L. 96–513, §1(a), Dec. 12, 1980, 94 Stat. 2835, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Defense Officer Personnel Management Act'."
Savings Provision
Pub. L. 96–513, title VII, §703, Dec. 12, 1980, 94 Stat. 2956, provided that: "Except as otherwise provided in this Act, the provisions of this Act and the amendments made by this Act [see Tables for classification] do not affect rights and duties that matured, penalties that were incurred, and proceedings that were begun before the effective date of this Act [see Effective Date of 1980 Amendment note above]."
Transfer of Functions
For transfer of authorities, functions, personnel, and assets of the Coast Guard, including the authorities and functions of the Secretary of Transportation relating thereto, to the Department of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 468(b), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.
Laws in Suspended Status Prior to 1980 Amendment by Pub. L. 96–513
Pub. L. 96–513, title VII, §702, Dec. 12, 1980, 94 Stat. 2955, provided that: "If a provision of law that is in a suspended status on the day before the effective date of this Act [see Effective Date of 1980 Amendment note above] is amended by this Act [see Tables for classification], the suspended status of that provision is not affected by that amendment."
Authority vested by this title in "military departments", "the Secretary concerned", or "the Secretary of Defense" to be exercised, with respect to commissioned officer corps of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, by Secretary of Commerce or Secretary's designee, see section 3071 of Title 33, Navigation and Navigable Waters.
Authority vested by this title in "military departments", "the Secretary concerned", or "the Secretary of Defense" to be exercised, with respect to commissioned officers of Public Health Service, by Secretary of Health and Human Services or his designee, see section 213a of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.
Coordination of Certain Sections of an Act With Other Provisions of That Act
Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title X, §1081(g), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1987, provided that: "For purposes of applying amendments made by provisions of this Act other than this section [see Tables for classification], the amendments made by this section shall be treated as having been enacted immediately before any such amendments by other provisions of this Act."
Similar provisions were contained in the following prior acts:
Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title X, §1081(j), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1601.
Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title X, §1081(d), Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2420.
Pub. L. 114–92, div. A, title X, §1081(e), Nov. 25, 2015, 129 Stat. 1002.
Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title X, §1071(k), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3512.
Pub. L. 113–66, div. A, title X, §1091(f), Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 877.
Pub. L. 112–239, div. A, title X, §1076(m), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 1956.
Pub. L. 109–364, div. A, title X, §1071(i), Oct. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 2403.
Pub. L. 107–107, div. A, title X, §1048(j), Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1230.
Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title X, §1087(h)], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A-294.
Pub. L. 106–65, div. A, title X, §1066(e), Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 773.
Pub. L. 105–261, div. A, title X, §1069(e), Oct. 17, 1998, 112 Stat. 2137.
Pub. L. 105–85, div. A, title X, §1073(i), Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 1907.
Pub. L. 104–201, div. A, title X, §1074(e), Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2661.
Pub. L. 104–106, div. A, title XV, §1506, Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 515.
Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title X, §1070(h), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2859.
Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title XI, §1182(h), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1774.
Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title X, §1055, Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2503.
Congressional Defense Committees Defined
The following provisions provided that the term "congressional defense committees" for purposes of the Acts in which they were contained has the meaning given that term in subsec. (a)(16) of this section:
Pub. L. 115–232, §3, Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1658.
Pub. L. 115–91, §3, Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1305.
Pub. L. 114–328, §3, Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2025.
Pub. L. 114–92, §3, Nov. 25, 2015, 129 Stat. 745.
Pub. L. 113–66, §3, Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 689.
Pub. L. 112–239, §3, Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 1652.
Pub. L. 111–84, §3, Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2208.
Pub. L. 110–417, §3, Oct. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 4372.
Pub. L. 110–181, §3, Jan. 28, 2007, 122 Stat. 23.
Pub. L. 109–148, div. A, title VIII, §8028, Dec. 30, 2005, 119 Stat. 2704, provided that for purposes of Pub. L. 109–148 the term "congressional defense committees" means the Armed Services Committee of the House of Representatives, the Armed Services Committee of the Senate, the Subcommittee on Defense of the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate, and the Subcommittee on Defense of the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives and, for any matter pertaining to basic allowance for housing, facilities sustainment, restoration and modernization, environmental restoration and the Defense Health Program, "congressional defense committees" also means the Subcommittee on Military Quality of Life and Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies [subcommittee jurisdiction now in Subcommittee on Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies and Subcommittee on Defense] of the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives.
The following provisions defined the term "congressional defense committees" for purposes of the Acts in which they were contained to mean the Armed Services Committee of the House of Representatives, the Armed Services Committee of the Senate, the Subcommittee on Defense of the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate, and the Subcommittee on Defense of the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives:
Pub. L. 111–118, div. A, title VIII, §8028, Dec. 19, 2009, 123 Stat. 3434.
Pub. L. 110–329, div. C, title VIII, §8028, Sept. 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 3627 (definition applies to div. C only).
Pub. L. 110–116, div. A, title VIII, §8027, Nov. 13, 2007, 121 Stat. 1320.
Pub. L. 109–289, div. A, title VIII, §8025, Sept. 29, 2006, 120 Stat. 1279.
Pub. L. 108–287, title VIII, §8030, Aug. 5, 2004, 118 Stat. 977.
Pub. L. 108–87, title VIII, §8031, Sept. 30, 2003, 117 Stat. 1079.
Pub. L. 107–248, title VIII, §8031, Oct. 23, 2002, 116 Stat. 1543.
Pub. L. 107–117, div. A, title VIII, §8034, Jan. 10, 2002, 115 Stat. 2255.
Pub. L. 106–79, title VIII, §8036, Oct. 25, 1999, 113 Stat. 1239.
The following provisions defined the term "congressional defense committees" for purposes of the Acts in which they were contained to mean the Committee on Armed Services and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate and the Committee on Armed Services and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives:
Pub. L. 108–136, §3, Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1406.
Pub. L. 107–314, §3, Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2471.
Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [§3], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A-19.
Pub. L. 106–65, §3, Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 529.
Pub. L. 103–337, §3, Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2678.
Pub. L. 102–25, §3(4), Apr. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 77.
Pub. L. 101–510, §3, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1498.
The following provisions defined the term "congressional defense committees" for purposes of the Acts in which they were contained to mean the National Security Committee of the House of Representatives, the Armed Services Committee of the Senate, the Subcommittee on Defense of the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate, and the Subcommittee on National Security of the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives:
Pub. L. 105–56, title VIII, §8038, Oct. 8, 1997, 111 Stat. 1229.
Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title I, §101(b) [title VIII, §8040], Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–71, 3009-97.
Pub. L. 104–61, title VIII, §8049, Dec. 1, 1995, 109 Stat. 661.
The following provisions defined the term "congressional defense committees" for purposes of the Acts in which they were contained to mean the Committee on Armed Services and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate and the Committee on National Security and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives:
Pub. L. 105–85, §3, Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 1645.
Pub. L. 104–201, §3, Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2439.
Pub. L. 104–106, §3, Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 204.
The following provisions defined the term "congressional defense committees" for purposes of the Acts in which they were contained to mean the Committees on Armed Services, the Committees on Appropriations, and the subcommittees on Defense of the Committee on Appropriations, of the Senate and the House of Representatives:
Pub. L. 103–335, title VIII, §8056, Sept. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 2631.
Pub. L. 103–139, title VIII, §8067, Nov. 11, 1993, 107 Stat. 1455.
Definitions for Purposes of Pub. L. 102–25
Pub. L. 102–25, §3, Apr. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 77, as amended by Pub. L. 102–190, div. A, title XII, §1203(a), Dec. 5, 1991, 105 Stat. 1508, provided that: "For the purposes of this Act [see Short Title of 1991 Amendment note above]:
"(1) The term 'Operation Desert Storm' means operations of United States Armed Forces conducted as a consequence of the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq (including operations known as Operation Desert Shield, Operation Desert Storm, and Operation Provide Comfort).
"(2) The term 'incremental costs associated with Operation Desert Storm' means costs referred to in [former] section 251(b)(2)(D)(ii) of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 ([former] 2 U.S.C. 901(b)(2)(D)(ii)).
"(3) The term 'Persian Gulf conflict' means the period beginning on August 2, 1990, and ending thereafter on the date prescribed by Presidential proclamation or by law.
"(4) The term 'congressional defense committees' has the meaning given that term in section 3 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1991 (Public Law 101–510; 104 Stat. 1498)."
1 See References to Sections of Title 14 as Redesignated by Pub. L. 115–282 note below.
CHAPTER 2—DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
Executive department.
Department of Defense: seal.
Secretary of Defense.
Transmission of annual defense authorization request.
Annual authorization of appropriations.
Renumbered.]
Personnel strengths: requirement for annual authorization.
Annual defense manpower requirements report.
[115b.
Annual operations and maintenance report.
Readiness reporting system.
Quadrennial quality of life review.
Special access programs: congressional oversight.
Programs managed under alternative compensatory control measures: congressional oversight.
2018—Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title III, §331(g)(2), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1724, struck out ": establishment; reporting to congressional committees" after "system" in item 117.
2016—Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title IX, §941(b)(2), title X, §1062(b), title XI, §1102(b), Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2367, 2408, 2444, added item 119a and struck out items 115b "Biennial strategic workforce plan" and 118 "Defense strategy review".
2015—Pub. L. 114–92, div. A, title X, §1081(b)(3), Nov. 25, 2015, 129 Stat. 1001, amended directory language of Pub. L. 113–291, §1072(a)(2). See 2014 Amendment note below.
2014—Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title X, §1072(b)(2), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3517, struck out item 118b "Quadrennial roles and missions review".
Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title X, §1072(a)(2), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3516, as amended by Pub. L. 114–92, div. A, title X, §1081(b)(3), Nov. 25, 2015, 129 Stat. 1001, substituted "Defense Strategy Review" for "Quadrennial defense review" in item 118.
2011—Pub. L. 112–81, div. A, title IX, §935(a)(2), Dec. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 1545, substituted "Biennial strategic workforce plan" for "Annual strategic workforce plan" in item 115b.
2009—Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title XI, §§1108(a)(2), 1109(b)(2)(B)(ii), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2491, 2493, amended item 115a generally, substituting "Annual defense manpower requirements report" for "Annual manpower requirements report", and added item 115b.
2008—Pub. L. 110–417, [div. A], title X, §1061(a)(1), Oct. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 4612, added item 118b.
2002—Pub. L. 107–314, div. A, title V, §581(a)(2), title X, §1061(b), Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2561, 2649, added items 113a and 118a.
1999—Pub. L. 106–65, div. A, title IX, §901(a)(2), Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 717, added item 118.
1998—Pub. L. 105–261, div. A, title III, §373(a)(2), Oct. 17, 1998, 112 Stat. 1992, added item 117.
1994—Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title XVI, §1671(b)(1), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 3013, struck out item 115b "Annual report on National Guard and reserve component equipment".
1992—Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title X, §1002(d)(1), Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2480, struck out item 114a "Multiyear Defense Program: submission to Congress; consistency in budgeting".
1990—Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title XIV, §1402(a)(3)(B), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1674, which directed amendment of item 114a by substituting "Multiyear" for "Five-year", was executed by substituting "Multiyear" for "Five-Year" as the probable intent of Congress.
Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title XIII, §1331(1), title XIV, §1483(c)(1), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1673, 1715, substituted "Personnel strengths: requirement for annual authorization" for "Annual authorization of personnel strengths; annual manpower requirements report" in item 115, added items 115a and 115b, and struck out items 117 "Annual report on North Atlantic Treaty Organization readiness" and 118 "Sale or transfer of defense articles: reports to Congress".
1989—Pub. L. 101–189, div. A, title XVI, §1602(a)(2), Nov. 29, 1989, 103 Stat. 1597, added item 114a.
1987—Pub. L. 100–180, div. A, title XI, §1132(a)(2), Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1152, added item 119.
1986—Pub. L. 99–433, title I, §101(a)(1), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 994, added chapter heading and analysis of sections for chapter 2, consisting of items 111 to 118.
§111. Executive department
(a) The Department of Defense is an executive department of the United States.
(b) The Department is composed of the following:
(1) The Office of the Secretary of Defense.
(2) The Joint Chiefs of Staff.
(3) The Joint Staff.
(4) The Defense Agencies.
(5) Department of Defense Field Activities.
(6) The Department of the Army.
(7) The Department of the Navy.
(8) The Department of the Air Force.
(9) The unified and specified combatant commands.
(10) Such other offices, agencies, activities, and commands as may be established or designated by law or by the President.
(11) All offices, agencies, activities, and commands under the control or supervision of any element named in paragraphs (1) through (10).
(c) If the President establishes or designates an office, agency, activity, or command in the Department of Defense of a kind other than those described in paragraphs (1) through (9) of subsection (b), the President shall notify Congress not later than 60 days thereafter.
(Added Pub. L. 87–651, title II, §202, Sept. 7, 1962, 76 Stat. 517, §131; renumbered §111 and amended Pub. L. 99–433, title I, §101(a)(2), (b), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 994, 995.)
131 5:171(a) (less last 10 words), (b). July 26, 1947, ch. 343, §201(a) (less last 10 words), (b); restated Aug. 10, 1949, ch. 412, §4 (1st (less last 10 words) and 2d pars.), 63 Stat. 579.
The words "There is established", in 5 U.S.C. 171(a), are omitted as executed. 5 U.S.C. 171(b) (1st 26 words) is omitted as covered by the definitions of "department" and "military departments" in section 101(5) and (7), respectively, of this title. 5 U.S.C. 171(b) (27th through 49th words) is omitted as executed. 5 U.S.C. 171(b) (last 18 words) is omitted as surplusage.
1986—Pub. L. 99–433 renumbered section 131 of this title as this section, designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), and added subsecs. (b) and (c).
Pub. L. 104–106, div. A, title IX, §908, Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 406, provided that:
"(a) Redesignation.—The agency in the Department of Defense known as the Advanced Research Projects Agency shall after the date of the enactment of this Act [Feb. 10, 1996] be designated as the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.
"(b) References.—Any reference in any law, regulation, document, record, or other paper of the United States or in any provision of this Act to the Advanced Research Projects Agency shall be considered to be a reference to the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency."
Pub. L. 99–433, §1(a), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 992, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986'."
For transfer of functions, personnel, assets, and liabilities of the Department of Defense, including the functions of the Secretary of Defense relating thereto, to the Secretary of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 121(g)(2), 183(2), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.
Missions and functions of elements of Department of Defense as specified in classified annex to Pub. L. 104–201, and related personnel, assets, and balances of appropriations and authorizations of appropriations, transferred to National Imagery and Mapping Agency, see sections 1111 and 1113 of Pub. L. 104–201, set out as notes under section 441 of this title.
Exemption to Report Termination Requirements
Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title VIII, §811(d)(2), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1460, provided that: "Section 1080(a) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2016 (Public Law 114–92; 129 Stat. 1000; 10 U.S.C. 111 note), as amended by section 1061(j) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 (Public Law 114–328; 130 Stat. 2405; 10 U.S.C. 111 note), does not apply to the report required to be submitted to Congress under section 2313a of title 10, United States Code."
Organizational Strategy for the Department of Defense
Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title IX, §918, Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1925, provided that:
"(a) Cross-functional Team on Electronic Warfare.—
"(1) In general.—Among the cross-functional teams established by the Secretary of Defense pursuant to subsection (c) of section 911 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 (Public Law 114–328; 130 Stat. 2345; 10 U.S.C. 111 note) [set out below] in support of the organizational strategy for the Department of Defense required by subsection (a) of that section, the Secretary shall establish a cross-functional team on electronic warfare.
"(2) Establishment and activities.—The cross-functional team established pursuant to paragraph (1) shall be established in accordance with subsection (c) of section 911 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017, and shall be governed in its activities in accordance with the provisions of such subsection (c).
"(3) Deadline for establishment.—The cross-functional team required by paragraph (1) shall be established by not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 13, 2018].
"(b) Additional Cross-functional Teams Matters.—
"(1) Criteria for distinguishing among cross-functional teams.—Not later than 60 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 13, 2018], the Secretary shall issue criteria that distinguish cross-functional teams under section 911 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 from other types of cross-functional working groups, committees, integrated product teams, and task forces of the Department.
"(2) Primary responsibility for implementation of teams.—The Deputy Secretary of Defense shall establish or designate an office within the Department that shall have primary responsibility for implementing section 911 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017."
Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title IX, §911, Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2345, provided that:
"(a) Organizational Strategy Required.—
"(1) In general.—Not later than September 1, 2017, the Secretary of Defense shall formulate and issue to the Department of Defense an organizational strategy for the Department that—
"(A) identifies the critical objectives and other organizational outputs for the Department that span multiple functional boundaries and would benefit from the use of cross-functional teams under this section to ensure collaboration and integration across organizations within the Department;
"(B) improves the manner in which the Department integrates the expertise and capacities of the functional components of the Department for effective and efficient achievement of such objectives and outputs;
"(C) improves the management of relationships and processes involving the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Staff, the combatant commands, the military departments, and the Defense Agencies with regard to such objectives and outputs;
"(D) improves the ability of the Department to work effectively in interagency processes with regard to such objectives and outputs in order to better serve the President; and
"(E) achieves an organizational structure that enhances performance with regard to such objectives and outputs.
"(2) Elements.—The strategy shall provide for the following:
"(A) The appropriate use of cross-functional teams to manage critical objectives and outputs of the Department described in paragraph (1)(A).
"(B) The furtherance and advancement of a collaborative, team-oriented, results-driven, and innovative culture within the Department that fosters an open debate of ideas and alternative courses of action, and supports cross-functional teaming and integration.
"(b) Actions in Support of Strategy.—
"(1) Study.—The Department of Defense shall conduct a study of the following in order to determine how best to implement effective cross-functional teams in the Department to achieve the strategic objectives of the Secretary of Defense:
"(A) Lessons learned, as reflected in academic literature, business and management school case studies, and the work of leading management consultant firms, on the successful and failed application of cross-functional teams in the private sector and government, and on the cultural factors necessary to support effective cross-functional teams.
"(B) The historical and current use by the Department of cross-functional working groups, integrated process teams, councils, and committees, and the reasons why such entities have or have not achieved high levels of teamwork or effectiveness.
"(2) Conduct of study.—The study required by paragraph (1) shall be conducted by an independent organization with widely acknowledged expertise in modern organizational management and teaming selected by the Secretary for purposes of the study.
"(3) Schedule.—The Secretary shall award any necessary contract for the study required by paragraph (1) pursuant to paragraph (2) by not later than March 15, 2017, and shall provide the results of the study to the congressional defense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives] by not later than July 15, 2017.
"(c) Cross-functional Teams.—In support of the strategy required by subsection (a):
"(1) In general.—The Secretary of Defense shall establish cross-functional teams to address critical objectives and outputs for such teams as are determined to be appropriate in accordance with the organizational strategy issued under subsection (a), with initial teams established by not later than September 30, 2017.
"(2) Purposes.—The purposes of cross-functional teams established pursuant to this subsection shall be, as determined appropriate by the Secretary—
"(A) to provide for effective collaboration and integration across organizational and functional boundaries in the Department of Defense;
"(B) to develop, at the direction of the Secretary, recommendations for comprehensive and fully integrated policies, strategies, plans, and resourcing decisions;
"(C) to make decisions on cross-functional issues, to the extent authorized by the Secretary and within parameters established by the Secretary; and
"(D) to provide oversight for and, as directed by the Secretary, supervise the implementation of approved policies, strategies, plans, and resourcing decisions approved by the Secretary.
"(3) Guidance on teams.—Not later than September 30, 2017, the Secretary shall issue guidance—
"(A) addressing the role, authorities, reporting relationships, resourcing, manning, training, and operations of cross-functional teams established pursuant to this subsection;
"(B) delineating decision-making authority of such teams;
"(C) providing that the leaders of functional components of the Department that provide personnel to such teams respect and respond to team needs and activities; and
"(D) emphasizing that personnel selected for assignment to such teams shall faithfully represent the views and expertise of their functional components while contributing to the best of their ability to the success of the team concerned.
"(4) Participants.—In establishing a cross-functional team pursuant to this subsection, the Secretary shall consider personnel from the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Staff, the military departments, and the Defense Agencies in all functional areas that the Secretary considers appropriate.
"(5) Team personnel.—For each cross-functional team established by the Secretary pursuant to this subsection, the Secretary shall—
"(A) assign as leader of such team a senior qualified and experienced individual, who shall report directly to the Secretary regarding the activities of such team;
"(B) delegate to the team leader designated pursuant to subparagraph (A) authority to select members of such team from among civilian employees of the Department and members of the Armed Forces in any grade who are recommended for membership on such team by the head of a functional component of the Department within the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Staff, and the military departments, by the commander of a combatant command, or by the director of a Defense Agency;
"(C) provide the team leader with necessary full time support from team members, and the means to co-locate team members;
"(D) ensure that team members and all leaders in functional organizations that are in the supervisory chain for personnel serving on such team receive training in elements of successful cross-functional teams, including teamwork, collaboration, conflict resolution, and appropriately representing the views and expertise of their functional components; and
"(E) ensure that the congressional defense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives] are provided information on the progress and results of such team upon request.
"(6) Team strategies and decision-making authority.—
"(A) In general.—The Secretary shall ensure that the objectives of each cross-functional team established pursuant to this subsection are clearly established in writing, through a memorandum, statement, charter, or similar document.
"(B) Metrics.—To improve team performance and accountability, the Secretary shall task each team, as appropriate, to establish a strategy to achieve the objectives specified by the Secretary, metrics for evaluation of the achievement of such objectives by such team, and the alignment of individual and team goals for the achievement of such objectives by such team.
"(C) Delegation of authority.—The Secretary may delegate to a team any decision-making authority that, and shall delegate such authority as, the Secretary considers appropriate to permit such team to achieve the objectives established by the Secretary.
"(7) Review of teams.—Not later than 18 months after the date on which the first cross-functional team is established pursuant to this subsection, the Secretary shall complete an analysis, with support from external experts in organizational and management sciences, of the successes and failures of teams established pursuant to this subsection, and determine how to apply the lessons learned from that analysis.
"(8) Report on establishment.—Not later than 18 months after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 23, 2016], the Secretary shall submit to Congress a report on the establishment of cross-functional teams under this subsection, including descriptions from the leaders of teams established prior to the date on which this report is submitted of the manner in which the teams were designed and how they functioned.
"(d) Directive on Collaborative Culture and Behavior.—The guidance issued by the Secretary of Defense pursuant to subsection (c)(3) shall also—
"(1) articulate the shared purposes, values, and principles for the operation of the Office of the Secretary of Defense that are required to promote a team-oriented, collaborative, results-driven culture within the Office to support the primary objectives of the Department of Defense;
"(2) ensure that collaboration across functional and organizational boundaries is an important factor in the performance review of leaders of cross-functional teams established pursuant to subsection (c), members of teams, and other appropriate leaders of the Department; and
"(3) identify key practices that senior leaders of the Department should follow with regard to leadership, organizational practice, collaboration, and the functioning of cross-functional teams, and the types of personnel behavior that senior leaders should encourage and discourage.
"(e) Streamlining of Organizational Structure and Processes of OSD.—Not later than 18 months after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 23, 2016], the Secretary of Defense shall take such actions as the Secretary considers appropriate to streamline the organizational structure and processes of the Office of the Secretary of Defense in order to increase spans of control, achieve a reduction in layers of management, eliminate unnecessary duplication between the Office and the Joint Staff, and reduce the time required to complete standard processes and activities.
"(f) Training for Individuals Nominated for Appointment for OSD Positions Confirmed by the Senate.—
"(1) In general.—Within three months of the appointment of an individual to a position in the Office of the Secretary of Defense appointable by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, the individual shall complete a course of instruction in leadership, modern organizational practice, collaboration, and the operation of teams described in subsection (c).
"(2) Waiver.—The President may waive the requirement in paragraph (1) with respect to an individual if the Secretary determines in writing that the individual possesses, through training and experience, the skill and knowledge otherwise to be provided through a course of instruction as described in that paragraph.
"(g) Comptroller General of the United States Assessments.—
"(1) Biannual report on assessments.—Not later than six months after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 23, 2016], and every six months thereafter through December 31, 2019, the Comptroller General of the United States shall submit to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and the House of Representatives a report setting forth a comprehensive assessment of the actions taken under this section during the six-month period ending on the date of such report and cumulatively since the date of the enactment of this Act.
"(2) Assessment team.—The Comptroller General may establish within the Government Accountability Office a team of analysts to assist the Comptroller General in the performance assessments required by this subsection."
Temporary Continuation of Certain Department of Defense Reporting Requirements
Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title X, §1061, Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2400, as amended by Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title X, §§1051(u)–(w), 1081(d)(11), (12), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1566, 1567, 1600; Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title III, §314(b)(2), title VIII, §813(i)(1), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1712, 1851, provided that:
"(a) Exceptions to Reports Termination Provision.—Section 1080 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2016 (Public Law 114–92; 129 Stat. 1000; 10 U.S.C. 111 note) does not apply to any report required to be submitted to Congress by the Department of Defense, or by any officer, official, component, or element of the Department, pursuant to a provision of law specified in this section, notwithstanding the enactment of the reporting requirement by an annual national defense authorization Act or the inclusion of the report in the list of reports prepared by the Secretary of Defense pursuant to subsection (c) of such section 1080.
"(b) Final Termination Date for Submittal of Exempted Reports.—
"(1) In general.—Except as provided in paragraph (2), each report required pursuant to a provision of law specified in this section that is still required to be submitted to Congress as of December 31, 2021, shall no longer be required to be submitted to Congress after that date.
"(2) Reports exempted from termination.—The termination dates specified in paragraph (1) and section 1080 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2016 do not apply to the following:
"(A) The submission of the reports on the National Military Strategy and Risk Assessment under section 153(b)(3) of title 10, United States Code.
"(B) The submission of the future-years defense program (including associated annexes) under section 221 of title 10, United States Code.
"(C) The submission of the future-years mission budget for the military programs of the Department of Defense under section 221 of such title.
"(D) The submission of audits of contracting compliance by the Inspector General of the Department of Defense under section 1601(b) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 (Public Law 113–66; 10 U.S.C. 2533a note).
"(c) Reports Required by Title 10, United States Code.—Subject to subsection (b), subsection (a) applies to reporting requirements contained in the following sections of title 10, United States Code:
"(1) Section 113(i).
"(2) Section 117(e).
"(3) [Section] 118a(d).
"(4) Section 119(a) and (b).
"(5) Section 127b(f).
"(6) Section 139(h).
"(7) [Former] Section 139b(d).
"(8) Sections [sic] 153(c).
"(9) Section 171a(e) and (g)(2).
"(10) Section 179(f).
"(11) Section 196(d)(1), (d)(4), and (e)(3).
"(12) Section 223a(a).
"(13) Section 225(c)[.]
"(14) Section 229.
"[(16) Repealed. Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §813(i)(1)(A), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1852.]
"(18) Section 341(f) of title 10, United States Code, as amended by section 1246 of this Act.
"(19) Section 401(d).
"(21) Section 481a(c).
"(22) Section 482(a).
"(23) Section 488(c).
"(24) Section 494(b).
"(25) Section 526(j).
"(26) Section 946(c) (Article 146 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice).
"(28) Section 1116(d).
"(29) Section 1566(c)(3).
"(30) Section 1557(e).
"(31) Section 1781a(e).
"(32) Section 1781c(h) [now 1781c(g)].
"(33) Section 2011(e) [now 322(e)].
"(34) Section 2166(i) [now 343(i)].
"(35) Section 2218(h).
"(38) Section 2229a.
"(39) Section 2249c(c) [now 345(c)].
"(40) Section 2275.
"(43) Section 2399(g).
"(44) Section 2445b.
"(48) Section 2561(c).
"(49) Section 2684a(g).
"(52) Sections [sic] 2884(b) and (c).
"(53) Section 2911(a) and (b)(3) [now 2911(c) and (d)(3)].
"(55) Section 2926(e)(4).
"(56) Section 4361(d)(4)(B) [now 7461(d)(4)(B)].
"(57) Section 4721(e) [now 7271(e)].
"(59) Section 7310(c) [now 8680(c)].
"(61) Section 10216(c).
"(62) Section 10541.
"(64) Section 10504(b).
"(66) Section 115a.
"(67) Section 2193b(g).
"(d) Reports Required by National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2015.—Subject to subsection (b), subsection (a) applies to reporting requirements contained in the following sections of the Carl Levin and Howard P. 'Buck' McKeon National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2015 (Public Law 113–291):
"(1) Section 546(d) [now 546(e)] (10 U.S.C. 1561 note).
"(2) Section 1003[A] (10 U.S.C. 221 note).
"[(3) Repealed. Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §813(i)(1)(B), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1852.]
"(4) Section 1055 (128 Stat. 3498).
"(5) Section 1204(b) (10 U.S.C. 2249e note) [now 10 U.S.C. 362 note].
"(6) Section 1205(e) (128 Stat. 3537).
"(7) Section 1206(e) (10 U.S.C. 2282 note).
"(10) Section 1235 (128 Stat. 3558).
"(12) Section 1253(b) (22 U.S.C. 2151 note).
"(13) Section 1275(b) (128 Stat. 3591).
"(14) Section 1343 (128 Stat. 3605; 50 U.S.C. 3743).
"(16) Section 1662(c)(2) and (d)(2) (128 Stat. 3657; [former] 10 U.S.C. 2431 note).
"(17) Section 2821(a)(3) (10 U.S.C. 2687 note).
"(18) Section 1209(d) (128 Stat. 3542).
"(e) Reports Required by National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014.—Subject to subsection (b), subsection (a) applies to reporting requirements contained in the following sections of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 (Public Law 113–66):
"(1) Section 704(e) (10 U.S.C. 1074 note).
"(2) Sections [sic] 713(f), (g), and (h) (10 U.S.C. 1071 note).
"(3) Section 904(d)(2) (10 U.S.C. 111 note).
"(4) [Former] Section 1205(f)(3) ([Former] 32 U.S.C. 107 note).
"(f) Reports Required by National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013.—Subject to subsection (b), subsection (a) applies to reporting requirements contained in the following sections of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013 (Public Law 112–239):
"[(1) Repealed. Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §813(i)(1)(C), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1852.]
"(2) Section 904(h)(1) and (2) (10 U.S.C. 133 note) [now 10 U.S.C. 133a note].
"(5) Section 1052(b)(4) (126 Stat. 1936; 49 U.S.C. 40101 note) [now 49 U.S.C. 44802 note].
"(g) Reports Required by National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2011.—Subject to subsection (b), subsection (a) applies to reporting requirements contained in the following sections of the Ike Skelton National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2011 (Public Law 111–383):
"(1) Section 123 (10 U.S.C. 167 note).
"(2) Section 1216(c) (124 Stat. 4392).
"[(3) Repealed. Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §813(i)(1)(D), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1852.]
"(4) Section 1631(d) (10 U.S.C. 1561 note).
"(h) Reports Required by National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010.—Subject to subsection (b), subsection (a) applies to reporting requirements contained in the following sections of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010 (Public Law 111–84):
"(1) Section 711(d) (10 U.S.C. 1071 note).
"(2) Section 1003(b) (10 U.S.C. 2222 note).
"[(3) Repealed. Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §813(i)(1)(E), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1852.]
"(4) Section 1245 (123 Stat. 2542) [10 U.S.C. 113 note].
"(5) Section 1806 (10 U.S.C. 948a note).
"(i) Reports Required by Other Laws.—Subject to subsection (b), subsection (a) applies to reporting requirements contained in the following provisions of law:
"(1) Sections [sic] 1412(i) and (j) of the National Defense Authorization Act, 1986 [probably should be "Department of Defense Authorization Act, 1986"] (50 U.S.C. 1521), as amended by section 1421 of the Ike Skelton National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2011 (Public Law 111–383).
"(2) Section 1703 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1994 (50 U.S.C. 1523).
"(3) Section 717(c) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1996 (Public Law 104–106; 10 U.S.C. 1073 note).
"(4) Section 234 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1998 (50 U.S.C. 2367).
"(5) Section 1309(c) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1998 (Public Law 105–85; 10 U.S.C. 113 note).
"(6) Section 1237(b)(2) of the [Strom Thurmond] National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1999 (Public Law 105–261; 50 U.S.C. 1701 note).
"(7) Section 1202 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 (Public Law 106–65; 10 U.S.C. 113 note).
"(8) Section 232(h)(2) [probably should be "232(h)(3)"] of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2002 (Public Law 107–107; [former] 10 U.S.C. 2431 note).
"(9) Section 366(a)(5) and (c)(2) of the Bob Stump National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2003 (Public Law 107–314; 10 U.S.C. 113 note).
"(10) Section 1208(f) of the Ronald W. Reagan National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2005 (Public Law 108–375; 118 Stat. 2086).
"(11) Section 1208(d) of the National Defense Authorization Act for [Fiscal Year] 2006 (Public Law 109–163; 119 Stat. 3459).
"(12) Section 1405(d) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2006 (Public Law 109–163; 10 U.S.C. 801 note).
"(13) Section 122(f)(1) of the John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007 (Public Law 109–364; 120 Stat. 2104).
"(14) Section 721 of the John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007 (Public Law 109–364; 120 Stat. 2294) [10 U.S.C. 1074 note].
"[(15) Repealed. Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §813(i)(1)(F), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1852.]
"(16) Section 1517(f) of the John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007 (Public Law 109–364; 120 Stat. 2443).
"(18) Section 1034(d) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 (Public Law 110–181; 122 Stat. 309) [10 U.S.C. 272 note].
"(19) Section 1107(d) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 (Public Law 110–181; 122 Stat. 358) [10 U.S.C. 2358 note].
"(20) Section 1233(f) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 (Public Law 110–181; 122 Stat. 393).
"(21) Section 1234(e) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 (Public Law 110–181; 122 Stat. 394).
"(22) Section 219(c) of the Duncan Hunter National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2009 (Public Law 110–417; 10 U.S.C. 2358 note).
"(23) Section 533(i) of the Duncan Hunter National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2009 (Public Law 110–417; 10 U.S.C. prec. 701 note).
"(25) Section 1201(b)(1) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 (Public Law 112–81; 125 Stat. 1619).
"(26) Section 1236 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 (Public Law 112–81; 125 Stat. 1641).
"(27) Section 103A(b)(3) [probably should be "103a(b)(3)"] of the Sikes Act (16 U.S.C. 670c–1(b)(3)).
"(28) Section 1511(h) of the Armed Forces Retirement Home Act of 1991 (24 U.S.C. 411(h)).
"(29) Section 901(f) [now 901(g)] of the Office of National Drug Control Policy Reauthorization Act of 2006 (Public Law 109–469; 32 U.S.C. 112 note), as added by section 1008 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013 (Public Law 112–239).
"(30) Section 14 of the Strategic and Critical Materials Stock Piling Act (50 U.S.C. 98h–5).
"(31) Section 105A(b) of the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act (52 U.S.C. 20308(b)), as added by section 586 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010 (Public Law 111–84).
"(32) Section 112(f) of title 32, United States Code.
"(33) Section 310b(i)(2) [probably should be "301b(i)(2)"] of title 37, United States Code.
"(34) Section 509(k) of title 32, United States Code.
"(35) Section 1022(c) of the National Defense Authorization Act for [Fiscal Year] 2004 (Public Law 108–136; 10 U.S.C. 371 note [probably should be "10 U.S.C. 271 note"]).
"(j) [Amended section 1080(a) of Pub. L. 114–92, set out below.]
"(k) Report to Congress.—Not later than February 1, 2017, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the congressional defense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives] a report that includes each of the following:
"(1) A list of all reports that are required to be submitted to Congress as of the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 23, 2016] that will no longer be required to be submitted to Congress as of November 25, 2017.
"(2) For each such report, a citation to the provision of law under which the report is or was required to be submitted."
[Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title X, §1051(u)–(w), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1566, 1567, provided that the amendments made by section 1051(u)–(w) to section 1061 of Pub. L. 114–328, set out above, are effective as of Dec. 23, 2016, and as if included in section 1061 as enacted.]
Reduction in Amounts Available for Department of Defense Headquarters, Administrative, and Support Activities
Pub. L. 114–92, div. A, title III, §346(a), (b), Nov. 25, 2015, 129 Stat. 796, as amended by Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title IX, §§922, 923, Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1525, provided that:
"(a) Plan for Achievement of Cost Savings.—
"(1) In general.—Commencing not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 25, 2015], the Secretary of Defense shall implement a plan to ensure that the Department of Defense achieves not less than $10,000,000,000 in cost savings from the headquarters, administrative, and support activities of the Department during the period beginning with fiscal year 2015 and ending with fiscal year 2019. The Secretary shall ensure that at least one half of the required cost savings are programmed for fiscal years before fiscal year 2018.
"(2) Treatment of savings pursuant to headquarters reduction.—Documented savings achieved pursuant to the headquarters reduction requirement in subsection (b), other than savings achieved in fiscal year 2020, shall count toward the cost savings required by paragraph (1).
"(3) Treatment of savings pursuant to management activities.—Documented savings in the human resources management, health care management, financial flow management, information technology infrastructure and management, supply chain and logistics, acquisition and procurement, and real property management activities of the Department during the period referred to in paragraph (1) may be counted toward the cost savings required by paragraph (1).
"(4) Treatment of savings pursuant to force structure revisions.—Savings or reductions to military force structure or military operating units of the Armed Forces may not count toward the cost savings required by paragraph (1).
"(5) Reports.—The Secretary shall include with the budget for the Department of Defense for each of fiscal years 2017, 2018, and 2019, as submitted to Congress pursuant to section 1105 of title 31, United States Code, a report describing and assessing the progress of the Department in implementing the plan required by paragraph (1) and in achieving the cost savings required by that paragraph.
"(6) Comptroller general assessments.—Not later than 90 days after the submittal of each report required by paragraph (5), the Comptroller General of the United States shall submit to the congressional defense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives] a report setting forth the assessment of the Comptroller General of the report and of the extent to which the Department of Defense is in compliance with the requirements of this section.
"(b) Headquarters Reductions.—
"(1) In general.—Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 25, 2015], the Secretary of Defense shall modify the headquarters reduction plan required by section 904 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 (Public Law 113–66; 127 Stat. 816; 10 U.S.C. 111 note) to ensure that it achieves savings in the total funding available for major Department of Defense headquarters activities by fiscal year 2020 that are not less than 25 percent of the baseline amount. The modified plan shall establish a specific savings objective for each major headquarters activity in each fiscal year through fiscal year 2020. The budget for the Department of Defense for each fiscal year after fiscal year 2016 shall reflect the savings required by the modified plan.
"(2) Baseline amount.—For the purposes of this subsection, the baseline amount is the amount authorized to be appropriated by this Act [see Tables for classification] for fiscal year 2016 for major Department of Defense headquarters activities, adjusted by a credit for reductions in such headquarters activities that are documented, as of the date that is 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, as having been accomplished in earlier fiscal years in accordance with the December 2013 directive of the Secretary of Defense on headquarters reductions. The modified plan issued pursuant to paragraph (1) shall include an overall baseline amount for all of the major Department of Defense headquarters activities that credits reductions accomplished in earlier fiscal years in accordance with the December 2013 directive, and a specific baseline amount for each such headquarters activity that credits such reductions.
"(3) Major department of defense headquarters activities defined.—In this subsection, the term 'major Department of Defense headquarters activities' means the following:
"(A) Each of the following organizations:
"(i) The Office of the Secretary of Defense and the Joint Staff.
"(ii) The Office of the Secretary of the Army and the Army Staff.
"(iii) The Office of the Secretary of the Navy, the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, and Headquarters, Marine Corps.
"(iv) The Office of the Secretary of the Air Force and the Air Staff.
"(v) The Office of the Chief, National Guard Bureau, and the National Guard Joint Staff.
"(B)(i) Except as provided in clause (ii), headquarters elements of each of the following:
"(I) The combatant commands, the sub-unified commands, and subordinate commands that directly report to such commands.
"(II) The major commands of the military departments and the subordinate commands that directly report to such commands.
"(III) The component commands of the military departments.
"(IV) The Defense Agencies, the Department of Defense field activities, and the Office of the Inspector General of the Department of Defense.
"(V) Department of Defense components that report directly to the organizations specified in subparagraph (A).
"(ii) Subordinate commands and direct-reporting components otherwise described in clause (i) that do not have significant functions other than operational, operational intelligence, or tactical functions, or training for operational, operational intelligence, or tactical functions, are not headquarters elements for purposes of this subsection.
"(4) Implementation.—Not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 25, 2015], the Secretary shall revise applicable guidance on the Department of Defense major headquarters activities as needed to—
"(A) incorporate into such guidance the definition of the term 'major Department of Defense headquarters activities' as provided in paragraph (3);
"(B) ensure that the term 'headquarters element', as used in paragraph (3)(B), is consistently applied within such guidance to include—
"(i) senior leadership and staff functions of applicable commands and components; and
"(ii) direct support to senior leadership and staff functions of applicable commands and components and to higher headquarters;
"(C) ensure that the budget and accounting systems of the Department of Defense are modified to track funding for the major Department of Defense headquarters activities as separate funding lines; and
"(D) identify and address any deviation from the specific savings objective established for a headquarters activity in the modified plan issued by the Secretary pursuant to the requirement in paragraph (1).
"(5) Manner of carrying out reductions.—
"(A) In general.—The Secretary of Defense shall implement the headquarters reduction plan referred to in paragraph (1), as modified pursuant to that paragraph, so that reductions in major Department of Defense headquarters activities pursuant to the plan are carried out only after consideration of—
"(i) the current manpower levels of major Department of Defense headquarters activities;
"(ii) the historic manpower levels of major Department of Defense headquarters activities;
"(iii) the mission requirements of major Department of Defense headquarters activities; and
"(iv) the anticipated staffing needs of major Department of Defense headquarters activities necessary to meet national defense objectives.
"(B) Conforming modification of plan for achievement of cost savings.—The Secretary of Defense shall modify the plan for achievement of cost savings required by subsection (a) to take into account the requirement specified in subparagraph (A).
"(6) Certifications on cost savings achieved.—Not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of this paragraph [Dec. 12, 2017], and not later than 60 days after the end of each of fiscal years 2018 through 2020, the Director of Cost Assessment and Program Evaluation shall certify to the Secretary of Defense, and to the congressional defense committees, the following:
"(A) The validity of the cost savings achieved for each major Department of Defense headquarters activity during the previous fiscal year, including the cost of personnel detailed by another Department entity to the headquarters activity.
"(B) Whether the cost savings achieved for each major Department of Defense headquarters activity during that fiscal year met the savings objective for the headquarters activity for that fiscal year, as established pursuant to paragraph (1)."
Termination of Requirement for Submittal to Congress of Reports Required of Department of Defense by Statute
Pub. L. 114–92, div. A, title X, §1080, Nov. 25, 2015, 129 Stat. 1000, as amended by Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title X, §1061(j), Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2405, provided that:
"(a) Termination.—Effective November 25, 2017, each report described in subsection (b) that is still required to be submitted to Congress as of such date shall no longer be required to be submitted to Congress.
"(b) Covered Reports.—A report described in this subsection is a report that is required to be submitted to Congress by the Department of Defense, or by any officer, official, component, or element of the Department, by any annual national defense authorization Act as of April 1, 2015.
"(c) Report to Congress.—Not later than February 1, 2016, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the congressional defense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives] a report that includes each of the following:
"(1) A list of all reports described in subsection (b).
"(2) For each such report, a citation to the provision of law under which the report is required to be submitted.
"(3) Draft legislation that would repeal each such report."
Streamlining of Department of Defense Management Headquarters
Pub. L. 113–66, div. A, title IX, §904, Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 816, as amended by Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title IX, §905(e), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3472, provided that:
"(a) Plan Required.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 26, 2013], the Secretary of Defense shall develop a plan for streamlining Department of Defense management headquarters by changing or reducing the size of staffs, eliminating tiers of management, cutting functions that provide little or no added value, and consolidating overlapping and duplicative programs and offices.
"(b) Elements of Plan.—The plan required by subsection (a) shall include the following for each covered organization:
"(1) A description of the planned changes or reductions in staffing and services provided by military personnel, civilian personnel, and contractor personnel.
"(2) A description of the planned changes or reductions in management, functions, and programs and offices.
"(3) The estimated cumulative savings to be achieved over a 10-fiscal-year period beginning with fiscal year 2015, and estimated savings to be achieved for each of fiscal years 2015 through 2024.
"(c) Covered Organization.—In this section, the term 'covered organization' includes each of the following:
"(1) The Office of the Secretary of Defense.
"(2) The Joint Staff.
"(3) The Defense Agencies.
"(4) The Department of Defense field activities.
"(5) The headquarters of the combatant commands.
"(6) Headquarters, Department of the Army, including the Office of the Secretary of the Army, the Office of the Chief of Staff of the Army, and the Army Staff.
"(7) The major command headquarters of the Army.
"(8) The Office of the Secretary of the Navy, the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, and Headquarters, United States Marine Corps.
"(9) The major command headquarters of the Navy and the Marine Corps.
"(10) Headquarters, Department of the Air Force, including the Office of the Secretary of the Air Force, the Office of the Air Force Chief of Staff, and the Air Staff.
"(11) The major command headquarters of the Air Force.
"(12) The National Guard Bureau.
"(d) Reports.—
"(1) Initial report.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall submit to the congressional defense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives] the plan required by subsection (a).
"(2) Status report.—The Secretary shall include with the Department of Defense materials submitted to Congress with the budget of the President for each of fiscal years 2017 through 2024 (as submitted to Congress pursuant to section 1105 of title 31, United States Code) a report describing the implementation of the plan required by subsection (a) during the preceding fiscal year and any modifications to the plan required due to changing circumstances. Each such report shall include the following:
"(A) A summary of savings achieved for each covered organization in the fiscal year covered by such report.
"(B) A description of the savings through changes, consolidations, or reductions in staffing and services provided by military personnel, civilian personnel, and contractor personnel in the fiscal year covered by such report.
"(C) A description of the savings through changes, consolidations, or reductions in management, functions, and programs and offices, or other associated cost drivers, including a discussion of how the changes, consolidations, or reductions were prioritized, in the fiscal year covered by such report.
"(D) In any case in which savings under the plan fall short of the objective of the plan for the fiscal year covered by such report, an explanation of the reasons for the shortfall.
"(E) A description of any modifications to the plan made during the fiscal year covered by such report, and an explanation of the reasons for such modifications, including the risks of, and capabilities gained or lost by implementing, such modifications.
"(F) A description of how the plan supports or affects current Department of Defense strategic guidance, policy, and mission requirements, including the quadrennial defense review, the Unified Command Plan, and the strategic choices and management review.
"(G) A description of the associated costs specifically addressed by the savings."
[For termination, effective Dec. 31, 2021, of annual reporting provisions in section 904(d)(2) of Pub. L. 113–66, set out above, see section 1061 of Pub. L. 114–328, set out as a note above.]
Military Activities in Cyberspace
Pub. L. 112–81, div. A, title IX, §954, Dec. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 1551, provided that: "Congress affirms that the Department of Defense has the capability, and upon direction by the President may conduct offensive operations in cyberspace to defend our Nation, Allies and interests, subject to—
"(1) the policy principles and legal regimes that the Department follows for kinetic capabilities, including the law of armed conflict; and
"(2) the War Powers Resolution (50 U.S.C. 1541 et seq.)."
Interagency Policy Coordination
Pub. L. 110–181, div. A, title IX, §952, Jan. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 291, provided that:
"(a) Plan Required.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Jan. 28, 2008], the Secretary of Defense shall develop and submit to Congress a plan to improve and reform the Department of Defense's participation in and contribution to the interagency coordination process on national security issues.
"(b) Elements.—The elements of the plan shall include the following:
"(1) Assigning either the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy or another official to be the lead policy official for improving and reforming the interagency coordination process on national security issues for the Department of Defense, with an explanation of any decision to name an official other than the Under Secretary and the relative advantages and disadvantages of such decision.
"(2) Giving the official assigned under paragraph (1) the following responsibilities:
"(A) To be the lead person at the Department of Defense for the development of policy affecting the national security interagency process.
"(B) To serve, or designate a person to serve, as the representative of the Department of Defense in Federal Government forums established to address interagency policy, planning, or reforms.
"(C) To advocate, on behalf of the Secretary, for greater interagency coordination and contributions in the execution of the National Security Strategy and particularly specific operational objectives undertaken pursuant to that strategy.
"(D) To make recommendations to the Secretary of Defense on changes to existing Department of Defense regulations or laws to improve the interagency process.
"(E) To serve as the coordinator for all planning and training assistance that is—
"(i) designed to improve the interagency process or the capabilities of other agencies to work with the Department of Defense; and
"(ii) provided by the Department of Defense at the request of other agencies.
"(F) To serve as the lead official in Department of Defense for the development of deployable joint interagency task forces.
"(c) Factors To Be Considered.—In drafting the plan, the Secretary of Defense shall also consider the following factors:
"(1) How the official assigned under subsection (b)(1) shall provide input to the Secretary of Defense on an ongoing basis on how to incorporate the need to coordinate with other agencies into the establishment and reform of combatant commands.
"(2) How such official shall develop and make recommendations to the Secretary of Defense on a regular or an ongoing basis on changes to military and civilian personnel to improve interagency coordination.
"(3) How such official shall work with the combatant command that has the mission for joint warfighting experimentation and other interested agencies to develop exercises to test and validate interagency planning and capabilities.
"(4) How such official shall lead, coordinate, or participate in after-action reviews of operations, tests, and exercises to capture lessons learned regarding the functioning of the interagency process and how those lessons learned will be disseminated.
"(5) The role of such official in ensuring that future defense planning guidance takes into account the capabilities and needs of other agencies.
"(d) Recommendation on Changes in Law.—The Secretary of Defense may submit with the plan or with any future budget submissions recommendations for any changes to law that are required to enhance the ability of the official assigned under subsection (b)(1) in the Department of Defense to coordinate defense interagency efforts or to improve the ability of the Department of Defense to work with other agencies.
"(e) Annual Report.—If an official is named by the Secretary of Defense under subsection (b)(1), the official shall annually submit to Congress a report, beginning in the fiscal year following the naming of the official, on those actions taken by the Department of Defense to enhance national security interagency coordination, the views of the Department of Defense on efforts and challenges in improving the ability of agencies to work together, and suggestions on changes needed to laws or regulations that would enhance the coordination of efforts of agencies.
"(f) Definition.—In this section, the term 'interagency coordination', within the context of Department of Defense involvement, means the coordination that occurs between elements of the Department of Defense and engaged Federal Government agencies for the purpose of achieving an objective.
"(g) Construction.—Nothing in this provision shall be construed as preventing the Secretary of Defense from naming an official with the responsibilities listed in subsection (b) before the submission of the report required under this section."
Commission on Review of Overseas Military Facility Structure of the United States
Pub. L. 108–132, §128, Nov. 22, 2003, 117 Stat. 1382, as amended by Pub. L. 108–271, §8(b), July 7, 2004, 118 Stat. 814; Pub. L. 108–324, div. A, §127, Oct. 13, 2004, 118 Stat. 1229, established the Commission on the Review of the Overseas Military Facility Structure of the United States to conduct a thorough study of matters relating to the military facility structure of the United States overseas, directed the Commission to submit a report to the President and Congress not later than Aug. 15, 2005, and provided that the Commission would terminate 45 days after such date.
Commission To Assess United States National Security Space Management and Organization
Pub. L. 106–65, div. A, title XVI, subtitle C, Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 813, as amended by Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title X, §1091], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A-300, established Commission To Assess United States National Security Space Management and Organization for purpose of assessing (1) manner in which military space assets may be exploited to provide support for United States military operations, (2) current interagency coordination process regarding operation of national security space assets, (3) relationship between intelligence and nonintelligence aspects of national security space, and potential costs and benefits of partial or complete merger of programs, projects, (4) manner in which military space issues are addressed by professional military education institutions, (5) potential costs and benefits of establishing changes to existing organizational structure of Department of Defense for national security space management and organization, and (6) advisability of certain actions relating to assignment of specified officers in United States Space Command; and further provided for report to Congress and Secretary of Defense on its findings and conclusions not later than six months after first meeting, submission to Congress by Secretary of Defense of assessment of Commission's report not later than 90 days after submission of Commission's report, and for termination of Commission 60 days after submission of its report to Congress.
Commission on National Military Museum
Pub. L. 106–65, div. B, title XXIX, Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 881, as amended by Pub. L. 107–107, div. A, title X, §1048(g)(9), Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1228, established the Commission on the National Military Museum to conduct a study regarding construction of a national military museum in the National Capital Area, directed that appointments to the Commission be made not later than 90 days after Oct. 5, 1999, directed the Commission to convene its first meeting not later than 60 days after all appointments, directed the Commission to submit a report to Congress not later than 12 months after its first meeting, and provided for the termination of the Commission 60 days after submission of its report.
Prohibition on Restriction of Armed Forces Under Kyoto Protocol to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Pub. L. 105–261, div. A, title XII, §1232, Oct. 17, 1998, 112 Stat. 2155, provided that:
"(a) In General.—Notwithstanding any other provision of law, no provision of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, or any regulation issued pursuant to such protocol, shall restrict the training or operations of the United States Armed Forces or limit the military equipment procured by the United States Armed Forces.
"(b) Waiver.—A provision of law may not be construed as modifying or superseding the provisions of subsection (a) unless that provision of law—
"(1) specifically refers to this section; and
"(2) specifically states that such provision of law modifies or supersedes the provisions of this section.
"(c) Matters Not Affected.—Nothing in this section shall be construed to preclude the Department of Defense from implementing any measure to achieve efficiencies or for any other reason independent of the Kyoto Protocol."
Applicability of Certain Pay Authorities to Members of Specified Independent Study Organizations
Pub. L. 105–85, div. A, title X, §1081, Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 1916, provided that:
"(a) Applicability of Certain Pay Authorities.—(1) An individual who is a member of a commission or panel specified in subsection (b) and is an annuitant otherwise covered by section 8344 or 8468 of title 5, United States Code, by reason of membership on the commission or panel is not subject to the provisions of that section with respect to such membership.
"(2) An individual who is a member of a commission or panel specified in subsection (b) and is a member or former member of a uniformed service is not subject to the provisions of subsections (b) and (c) of section 5532 of such title with respect to membership on the commission or panel.
"(b) Specified Entities.—Subsection (a) applies—
"(1) effective as of September 23, 1996, to members of the National Defense Panel established by section 924 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997 (Public Law 104–201; 110 Stat. 2626) [formerly set out below]; and
"(2) effective as of October 9, 1996, to members of the Commission on Servicemembers and Veterans Transition Assistance established by section 701 of the Veterans' Benefits Improvements Act of 1996 (Public Law 104–275; 110 Stat. 3346; 38 U.S.C. 545 note)."
Mission of White House Communications Agency
Pub. L. 104–201, div. A, title IX, §912, Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2623, as amended by Pub. L. 109–163, div. A, title IX, §906, Jan. 6, 2006, 119 Stat. 3402, provided that:
"(a) Telecommunications Support and Audiovisual Support Services.—The Secretary of Defense shall ensure that the activities of the White House Communications Agency in providing support services on a nonreimbursable basis for the President from funds appropriated for the Department of Defense for any fiscal year are limited to the provision of telecommunications support and audiovisual support services to the President and Vice President and to related elements (as defined in regulations of that agency and specified by the President with respect to particular individuals within those related elements).
"(b) Other Support.—Support services other than telecommunications and audiovisual support services described in subsection (a) may be provided by the Department of Defense for the President through the White House Communications Agency on a reimbursable basis.
"(c) White House Communications Agency.—For purposes of this section, the term 'White House Communications Agency' means the element of the Department of Defense within the Defense Communications Agency that is known on the date of the enactment of this Act [Sept. 23, 1996] as the White House Communications Agency and includes any successor agency."
Military Force Structure Review
Pub. L. 104–201, div. A, title IX, subtitle B, Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2623, directed Secretary of Defense, in consultation with Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, to complete in 1997 a review of defense program of United States, which was to include comprehensive examination of defense strategy, force structure, force modernization plans, infrastructure, budget plan, and other elements of defense program and policies with view toward determining and expressing defense strategy of United States and establishing revised defense program through year 2005, further established National Defense Panel to complete review and report to Secretary not later than Dec. 1, 1997, further directed Secretary to submit final report to Congress not later than Dec. 15, 1997, and provided for termination of Panel 30 days after submission of report to Secretary.
Commission on Roles and Missions of Armed Forces
Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title IX, subtitle E, Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1738, as amended by Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title IX, §923(a)(1), (2), (b)–(d), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2830, 2831, established the Commission on Roles and Missions of the Armed Forces to review the efficacy and appropriateness of post-Cold War era allocations of roles, missions, and functions among the Armed Forces and to evaluate and report on alternatives and make recommendations for changes, directed that appointments to the Commission be made within 45 days after Nov. 30, 1993, and that the Commission convene its first meeting within 30 days of all appointments, and thereafter submit a report not later than one year after the date of its first meeting, directed the Secretary of Defense to submit comments on the report not later than 90 days following receipt, and provided for the termination of the Commission on the last day of the sixteenth month after its first meeting or no earlier than 30 days after submission of comments by the Secretary of Defense.
Termination of Department of Defense Reporting Requirements Determined by Secretary of Defense To Be Unnecessary or Incompatible With Efficient Management of Department of Defense
Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title XI, §1151, Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1758, provided that:
"(a) Termination of Report Requirements.—Unless otherwise provided by a law enacted after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 30, 1993], each provision of law requiring the submittal to Congress (or any committee of Congress) of any report specified in the list submitted under subsection (b) shall, with respect to that requirement, cease to be effective on October 30, 1995.
"(b) Preparation of List.—(1) The Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress a list of each provision of law that, as of the date specified in subsection (c), imposes upon the Secretary of Defense (or any other officer of the Department of Defense) a reporting requirement described in paragraph (2). The list of provisions of law shall include a statement or description of the report required under each such provision of law.
"(2) Paragraph (1) applies to a requirement imposed by law to submit to Congress (or specified committees of Congress) a report on a recurring basis, or upon the occurrence of specified events, if the Secretary determines that the continued requirement to submit that report is unnecessary or incompatible with the efficient management of the Department of Defense.
"(3) The Secretary shall submit with the list an explanation, for each report specified in the list, of the reasons why the Secretary considers the continued requirement to submit the report to be unnecessary or incompatible with the efficient management of the Department of Defense.
"(c) Submission of List.—The list under subsection (a) shall be submitted not later than April 30, 1994.
"(d) Scope of Section.—For purposes of this section, the term 'report' includes a certification, notification, or other characterization of a communication.
"(e) Interpretation of Section.—This section does not require the Secretary of Defense to review each report required of the Department of Defense by law."
Report Provisions Previously Terminated by Goldwater-Nichols Act
Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title XIII, §1321, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1670, provided that section 1322 of Pub. L. 101–510, with respect to Goldwater-Nichols terminations, repeals certain provisions of law containing terminated report requirements and section 1323 of Pub. L. 101–510, with respect to such terminations, restores effectiveness of selected other provisions of law containing such requirements and described Goldwater-Nichols terminations for purposes of such repeals or restorations.
Restoration of Certain Reporting Requirements of Title 10 Terminated by Goldwater-Nichols Act
Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title XIII, §1323, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1672, restored effectiveness of following report and notification provisions previously terminated by section 602(c) of the Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–433, formerly set out below: (1) the quarterly report required by section 127(c) of this title relating to emergency and extraordinary expenses, (2) the notifications required by section 2672a(b) of this title relating to urgent acquisitions of interests in land, (3) the notifications required by section 7308(c) of this title relating to the transfer or gift of obsolete, condemned, or captured vessels, and (4) the notifications required by section 7309(b) of this title relating to construction or repair of vessels in foreign shipyards.
Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986; Congressional Declaration of Policy
Pub. L. 99–433, §3, Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 993, provided that: "In enacting this Act [see Short Title of 1986 Amendment note above], it is the intent of Congress, consistent with the congressional declaration of policy in section 2 of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 401) [now 50 U.S.C. 3002]—
"(1) to reorganize the Department of Defense and strengthen civilian authority in the Department;
"(2) to improve the military advice provided to the President, the National Security Council, and the Secretary of Defense;
"(3) to place clear responsibility on the commanders of the unified and specified combatant commands for the accomplishment of missions assigned to those commands;
"(4) to ensure that the authority of the commanders of the unified and specified combatant commands is fully commensurate with the responsibility of those commanders for the accomplishment of missions assigned to their commands;
"(5) to increase attention to the formulation of strategy and to contingency planning;
"(6) to provide for more efficient use of defense resources;
"(7) to improve joint officer management policies; and
"(8) otherwise to enhance the effectiveness of military operations and improve the management and administration of the Department of Defense."
Reduction of Reporting Requirements
Pub. L. 99–433, title VI, §602, Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 1066, as amended by Pub. L. 100–180, div. A, title XIII, §1314(a)(4), Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1175; Pub. L. 101–189, div. A, title II, §243, Nov. 29, 1989, 103 Stat. 1402; Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title XIII, §1324, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1673; Pub. L. 102–83, §5(c)(2), Aug. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 406, directed Secretary of Defense to compile a list of all provisions of law in effect on or after Oct. 1, 1986, and before Feb. 1, 1987, which require President or any official or employee of Department of Defense to submit a report, notification, or study to Congress or any committee of Congress and to submit this list not later than six months after Oct. 1, 1986, with any recommendation or draft of legislation to implement any changes in law recommended by the Secretary.
Legislation To Make Required Conforming Changes in Law
Pub. L. 99–433, title VI, §604, Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 1075a, directed Secretary of Defense, not later than six months after Oct. 1, 1986, to submit to Committees on Armed Services of Senate and House of Representatives a draft of legislation to make any technical and conforming changes to title 10, United States Code, and other provisions of law that are required or should be made by reason of the amendments made by Pub. L. 99–433.
Readiness Status of Military Forces of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization; Assessment, Findings, and Report to Congressional Committees
Pub. L. 96–107, title VIII, §808, Nov. 9, 1979, 93 Stat. 814, which directed Secretary of Defense to report annually to Congress on readiness of military forces of NATO, was repealed and restated as section 133a (renumbered §117 and repealed) of this title by Pub. L. 97–295, §§1(2)(A), 6(b), Oct. 12, 1982, 96 Stat. 1287, 1314.
Defense Manpower Commission
Pub. L. 93–155, title VII, §§701–708, Nov. 16, 1973, 87 Stat. 609–611, established the Commission; provided for its composition, duties, powers, compensation, staff, appropriations, and use of General Services Administration; and directed that interim reports to President and Congress be submitted and that Commission terminate 60 days after its final report which was to be submitted not more than 24 months after appointment of Commission.
Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard of United States; Study and Investigation of Relative Status; Advantages and Disadvantages of Alternatives; Modernization and Manpower Needs; Report to President and Congress
Pub. L. 93–155, title VIII, §810, Nov. 16, 1973, 87 Stat. 618, directed the Secretary of Defense to study the relative status of the Air Force Reserve and the Air National Guard of the United States; to measure the effects on costs and combat capability as well as other advantages and disadvantages of (1) merging the Reserve into the Guard, (2) merging the Guard into the Reserve, and (3) retaining the status quo; and to consider the modernization needs and manpower problems of both; and also directed that a report of such study be submitted to the President and to the Congress no later than Jan. 31, 1975.
REORGANIZATION PLAN NO. 6 OF 1953
Eff. June 30, 1953, 18 F.R. 3743, 67 Stat. 638, as amended Aug. 6, 1958, Pub. L. 85–559, §10(b), 72 Stat. 521; Sept. 7, 1962, Pub. L. 87–651, title III, §307C, 76 Stat. 526
Prepared by the President and transmitted to the Senate and the House of Representatives in Congress assembled, April 30, 1953, pursuant to the provisions of the Reorganization Act of 1949, approved June 20, 1949, as amended [see 5 U.S.C. 901 et seq.].
Section 1. Transfers of Functions
(a) All functions of the Munitions Board, the Research and Development Board, the Defense Supply Management Agency, and the Director of Installations are hereby transferred to the Secretary of Defense.
(b) The selection of the Director of the Joint Staff by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and his tenure, shall be subject to the approval of the Secretary of Defense.
(c) The selection of the members of the Joint Staff by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and their tenure, shall be subject to the approval of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
(d) The functions of the Joint Chiefs of Staff with respect to managing the Joint Staff and the Director thereof are hereby transferred to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
Sec. 2. Abolition of Agencies and Functions
(a) There are hereby abolished the Munitions Board, the Research and Development Board, and the Defense Supply Management Agency.
(b) The offices of Chairman of the Munitions Board, Chairman of the Research and Development Board, Director of the Defense Supply Management Agency, Deputy Director of the Defense Supply Management Agency, and Director of Installations are hereby abolished.
(c) The Secretary of Defense shall provide for winding up any outstanding affairs of the said abolished agency, boards, and offices, not otherwise provided for in this reorganization plan.
(d) The function of guidance to the Munitions Board in connection with strategic and logistic plans as required by section 213(c) of the National Security Act of 1947, as amended [section 171h(c) of former Title 5], is hereby abolished.
Sec. 3. Assistant Secretaries of Defense
[Repealed. Pub. L. 85–599, §10(b), Aug. 6, 1958, 72 Stat. 521, eff. six months after Aug. 6, 1958. Section authorized appointment of six additional Assistant Secretaries and prescribed their duties and compensation.]
Sec. 4. General Counsel
[Repealed. Pub. L. 87–651, title III, §307C, Sept. 7, 1962, 76 Stat. 526. Section authorized appointment of a General Counsel for the Department of Defense. See section 140 of this title.]
Sec. 5. Performance of Functions
[Repealed. Pub. L. 87–651, title III, §307C, Sept. 7, 1962, 76 Stat. 526. Section authorized the Secretary of Defense from time to time to make such provisions as he deemed appropriate authorizing the performance by any other officer, or by any agency or employee, of the Department of any function of the Secretary. See section 113 of this title.]
Sec. 6. Miscellaneous Provisions
(a) The Secretary of Defense may from time to time effect such transfers within the Department of Defense of any of the records, property, and personnel affected by this reorganization plan, and such transfers of unexpended balances (available or to be made available for use in connection with any affected function or agency) of appropriations, allocations, and other funds of such Department, as he deems necessary to carry out the provisions of this reorganization plan.
(b) Nothing herein shall affect the compensation of the Chairman of the Military Liaison Committee (63 Stat. 762).
Executive Order No. 12049
Ex. Ord. No. 12049, Mar. 27, 1978, 43 F.R. 13363, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 12107, Dec. 28, 1978, 44 F.R. 1055; Ex. Ord. No. 12608, Sept. 9, 1987, 52 F.R. 34617, which provided for establishment of Defense Economic Adjustment Program and continued the Economic Adjustment Committee, was superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 12788, Jan. 15, 1992, 57 F.R. 2213, set out as a note under section 2391 of this title.
§112. Department of Defense: seal
The Secretary of Defense shall have a seal for the Department of Defense. The design of the seal is subject to approval by the President. Judicial notice shall be taken of the seal.
(Added Pub. L. 87–651, title II, §202, Sept. 7, 1962, 76 Stat. 517, §132; renumbered §112 and amended Pub. L. 99–433, title I, §§101(a)(2), 110(d)(1), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 994, 1002.)
132 5:171a(e). July 26, 1947, ch. 343, §202(e); added Aug. 10, 1949, ch. 412, §5 (10th par.), 63 Stat. 580.
1986—Pub. L. 99–433 renumbered section 132 of this title as this section and substituted "Department of Defense: seal" for "Seal" in section catchline.
§113. Secretary of Defense
(a) There is a Secretary of Defense, who is the head of the Department of Defense, appointed from civilian life by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. A person may not be appointed as Secretary of Defense within seven years after relief from active duty as a commissioned officer of a regular component of an armed force.
(b) The Secretary is the principal assistant to the President in all matters relating to the Department of Defense. Subject to the direction of the President and to this title and section 2 of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 3002) he has authority, direction, and control over the Department of Defense.
(c) The Secretary shall report annually in writing to the President and the Congress on the expenditures, work, and accomplishments of the Department of Defense during the period covered by the report, together with—
(1) a report from each military department on the expenditures, work, and accomplishments of that department;
(2) itemized statements showing the savings of public funds, and the eliminations of unnecessary duplications, made under sections 125 and 191 of this title; and
(3) such recommendations as he considers appropriate.
(d) Unless specifically prohibited by law, the Secretary may, without being relieved of his responsibility, perform any of his functions or duties, or exercise any of his powers through, or with the aid of, such persons in, or organizations of, the Department of Defense as he may designate.
(e)(1) The Secretary shall include in his annual report to Congress under subsection (c)—
(A) a description of the major military missions and of the military force structure of the United States for the next fiscal year;
(B) an explanation of the relationship of those military missions to that force structure; and
(C) the justification for those military missions and that force structure.
(2) In preparing the matter referred to in paragraph (1), the Secretary shall take into consideration the content of the annual national security strategy report of the President under section 108 of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 3043) for the fiscal year concerned.
(f) When a vacancy occurs in an office within the Department of Defense and the office is to be filled by a person appointed from civilian life by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, the Secretary of Defense shall inform the President of the qualifications needed by a person serving in that office to carry out effectively the duties and responsibilities of that office.
(g)(1)(A) Except as provided in subparagraph (E), in January every four years, and intermittently otherwise as may be appropriate, the Secretary of Defense shall provide to the Secretaries of the military departments, the Chiefs of Staff of the armed forces, the commanders of the unified and specified combatant commands, and the heads of all Defense Agencies and Field Activities of the Department of Defense and other elements of the Department specified in paragraphs (1) through (10) of section 111(b) of this title, and to the congressional defense committees, a defense strategy. Each strategy shall be known as the "national defense strategy", and shall support the most recent national security strategy report of the President under section 108 of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 3043).
(B) Each national defense strategy shall including the following:
(i) The priority missions of the Department of Defense, and the assumed force planning scenarios and constructs.
(ii) The assumed strategic environment, including the most critical and enduring threats to the national security of the United States and its allies posed by state or non-state actors, and the strategies that the Department will employ to counter such threats and provide for the national defense.
(iii) A strategic framework prescribed by the Secretary that guides how the Department will prioritize among the threats described in clause (ii) and the missions specified pursuant to clause (i), how the Department will allocate and mitigate the resulting risks, and how the Department will make resource investments.
(iv) The roles and missions of the armed forces to carry out the missions described in clause (i), and the assumed roles and capabilities provided by other United States Government agencies and by allies and international partners.
(v) The force size and shape, force posture, defense capabilities, force readiness, infrastructure, organization, personnel, technological innovation, and other elements of the defense program necessary to support such strategy.
(vi) The major investments in defense capabilities, force structure, force readiness, force posture, and technological innovation that the Department will make over the following five-year period in accordance with the strategic framework described in clause (iii).
(C) The Secretary shall seek the military advice and assistance of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in preparing each national defense strategy required by this subsection.
(D) Each national defense strategy under this subsection shall be presented to the congressional defense committees in classified form with an unclassified summary.
(E) In a year following an election for President, which election results in the appointment by the President of a new Secretary of Defense, the Secretary shall present the national defense strategy required by this subsection as soon as possible after appointment by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.
(F) In February of each year in which the Secretary does not submit a new defense strategy as required by paragraph (A), the Secretary shall submit to the congressional defense committees an assessment of the current national defense strategy, including an assessment of the implementation of the strategy by the Department and an assessment whether the strategy requires revision as a result of changes in assumptions, policy, or other factors.
(2)(A) In implementing the requirement in paragraph (1), the Secretary, with the advice of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, shall each year provide to the officials and officers referred in paragraph (1)(A) written guidance (to be known as "Defense Planning Guidance") establishing goals, priorities, and objectives, including fiscal constraints, to direct the preparation and review of the program and budget recommendations of all elements of the Department, including—
(i) the priority military missions of the Department, including the assumed force planning scenarios and constructs;
(ii) the force size and shape, force posture, defense capabilities, force readiness, infrastructure, organization, personnel, technological innovation, and other elements of the defense program necessary to support the strategy required by paragraph (1);
(iii) the resource levels projected to be available for the period of time for which such recommendations and proposals are to be effective; and
(iv) a discussion of any changes in the strategy required by paragraph (1) and assumptions underpinning the strategy, as required by paragraph (1).
(B) The guidance required by this paragraph shall be produced in February each year in order to support the planning and budget process. A comprehensive briefing on the guidance shall be provided to the congressional defense committees at the same time as the submission of the budget of the President (as submitted to Congress pursuant to section 1105(a) of title 31) for the fiscal year beginning in the year in which such guidance is produced.
(3)(A) In implementing the requirement in paragraph (1) and in conjunction with the reporting requirement in section 2687a of this title, the Secretary, with the approval of the President and the advice of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, shall, on the basis provided in subparagraph (E), provide to the officials and officers referred to in paragraph (1)(A) written guidance (to be known as "Contingency Planning Guidance" or "Guidance for Employment of the Force") on the preparation and review of contingency and campaign plans, including plans for providing support to civil authorities in an incident of national significance or a catastrophic incident, for homeland defense, and for military support to civil authorities.
(B) The guidance required by this paragraph shall include the following:
(i) A description of the manner in which limited existing forces and resources shall be prioritized and apportioned to achieve the objectives described in the strategy required by paragraph (1).
(ii) A description of the relative priority of contingency and campaign plans, specific force levels, and supporting resource levels projected to be available for the period of time for which such plans are to be effective.
(C) The guidance required by this paragraph shall include the following:
(i) Prioritized global, regional, and functional policy objectives that the armed forces should plan to achieve, including plans for deliberate and contingency scenarios.
(ii) Policy and strategic assumptions that should guide military planning, including the role of foreign partners.
(iii) Guidance on global posture and global force management.
(iv) Security cooperation priorities.
(v) Specific guidance on United States and Department nuclear policy.
(D) The guidance required by this paragraph shall be the primary source document to be used by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in—
(i) executing the global military integration responsibilities described in section 153 of this title; and
(ii) developing implementation guidance for the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the commanders of the combatant commands.
(E) The guidance required by this paragraph shall be produced every two years, or more frequently as needed.
(4)(A) In implementing the requirement in paragraph (1), the Secretary, with the advice of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, shall each year produce, and submit to the congressional defense committees, a report (to be known as the "Global Defense Posture Report") that shall include the following:
(i) A description of major changes to United States forces, capabilities, and equipment assigned and allocated outside the United States, focused on significant alterations, additions, or reductions to such global defense posture that are required to execute the strategy and plans of the Department.
(ii) A description of the supporting network of infrastructure, facilities, pre-positioned stocks, and war reserve materiel required for execution of major contingency plans of the Department.
(iii) A list of all enduring locations, including main operating bases, forward operating sites, and cooperative security locations.
(iv) A description of the status of treaty, access, cost-sharing, and status-protection agreements with foreign nations.
(v) A summary of the priority posture initiatives for each region by the commanders of the combatant commands.
(vi) For each military department, a summary of the implications for overseas posture of any force structure changes.
(vii) A description of the costs incurred outside the United States during the preceding fiscal year in connection with operating, maintaining, and supporting United States forces outside the United States for each military department, broken out by country, and whether for operation and maintenance, infrastructure, or transportation.
(viii) A description of the amount of direct support for the stationing of United States forces provided by each host nation during the preceding fiscal year.
(B) The report required by this paragraph shall be submitted to the congressional defense committees as required by subparagraph (A) by not later than April 30 each year.
(C) In this paragraph, the term "United States", when used in a geographic sense, includes the territories and possessions of the United States.
(h) The Secretary of Defense shall keep the Secretaries of the military departments informed with respect to military operations and activities of the Department of Defense that directly affect their respective responsibilities.
(i)(1) The Secretary of Defense shall transmit to Congress each year a report that contains a comprehensive net assessment of the defense capabilities and programs of the armed forces of the United States and its allies as compared with those of their potential adversaries.
(2) Each such report shall—
(A) include a comparison of the defense capabilities and programs of the armed forces of the United States and its allies with the armed forces of potential adversaries of the United States and allies of the United States;
(B) include an examination of the trends experienced in those capabilities and programs during the five years immediately preceding the year in which the report is transmitted and an examination of the expected trends in those capabilities and programs during the period covered by the future-years defense program submitted to Congress during that year pursuant to section 221 of this title;
(C) include a description of the means by which the Department of Defense will maintain the capability to reconstitute or expand the defense capabilities and programs of the armed forces of the United States on short notice to meet a resurgent or increased threat to the national security of the United States;
(D) reflect, in the overall assessment and in the strategic and regional assessments, the defense capabilities and programs of the armed forces of the United States specified in the budget submitted to Congress under section 1105 of title 31 in the year in which the report is submitted and in the five-year defense program submitted in such year; and
(E) identify the deficiencies in the defense capabilities of the armed forces of the United States in such budget and such five-year defense program.
(3) The Secretary shall transmit to Congress the report required for each year under paragraph (1) at the same time that the President submits the budget to Congress under section 1105 of title 31 in that year. Such report shall be transmitted in both classified and unclassified form.
(j)(1) Not later than April 8 of each year, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to congressional defense committees 1 a report on the cost of stationing United States forces outside of the United States. Each such report shall include a detailed statement of the following:
(A) The costs incurred outside the United States in connection with operating, maintaining, and supporting United States forces outside the United States, including all direct and indirect expenditures of United States funds in connection with such stationing.
(B) The amount of direct and indirect support for the stationing of United States forces provided by each host nation.
(2) In this subsection, the term "United States", when used in a geographic sense, includes the territories and possessions of the United States.
(k) The Secretary of Defense, with the advice and assistance of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, shall provide annually to the Secretaries of the military departments and to the commanders of the combatant commands written guidelines to direct the effective detection and monitoring of all potential aerial and maritime threats to the national security of the United States. Those guidelines shall include guidance on the specific force levels and specific supporting resources to be made available for the period of time for which the guidelines are to be in effect.
[(l) Repealed. Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title X, §1051(a)(1)(B), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1560.]
(m) Information To Accompany Funding Request for Contingency Operation.—Whenever the President submits to Congress a request for appropriations for costs associated with a contingency operation that involves, or likely will involve, the deployment of more than 500 members of the armed forces, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress a report on the objectives of the operation. The report shall include a discussion of the following:
(1) What clear and distinct objectives guide the activities of United States forces in the operation.
(2) What the President has identified on the basis of those objectives as the date, or the set of conditions, that defines the endpoint of the operation.
(Added Pub. L. 87–651, title II, §202, Sept. 7, 1962, 76 Stat. 517, §133; amended Pub. L. 96–513, title V, §511(3), Dec. 12, 1980, 94 Stat. 2920; Pub. L. 97–252, title XI, §1105, Sept. 8, 1982, 96 Stat. 739; Pub. L. 97–295, §1(1), Oct. 12, 1982, 96 Stat. 1287; renumbered §113 and amended Pub. L. 99–433, title I, §§101(a)(2), 102, 110(b)(2), (d)(2), title III, §301(b)(2), title VI, §603(b), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 994, 996, 1002, 1022, 1075; Pub. L. 100–26, §7(d)(1), Apr. 21, 1987, 101 Stat. 280; Pub. L. 100–180, div. A, title XII, §1214, Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1157; Pub. L. 100–370, §1(o)(1), July 19, 1988, 102 Stat. 850; Pub. L. 100–456, div. A, title VII, §731, title XI, §1101, Sept. 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 2003, 2042; Pub. L. 101–189, div. A, title XVI, §1622(c)(1), Nov. 29, 1989, 103 Stat. 1604; Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title XIII, §1322(a)(1), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1671; Pub. L. 102–190, div. A, title III, §341, Dec. 5, 1991, 105 Stat. 1343; Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title X, §1070(a)(1), title XVI, §1671(c)(2), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2855, 3014; Pub. L. 104–106, div. A, title XV, §§1501(a)(8)(B), 1502(a)(3), 1503(a)(1), Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 495, 502, 510; Pub. L. 104–201, div. A, title XII, §1255(c), Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2698; Pub. L. 105–85, div. A, title IX, §903, Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 1854; Pub. L. 105–261, div. A, title IX, §915(a), title XII, §1212(b), Oct. 17, 1998, 112 Stat. 2101, 2152; Pub. L. 106–65, div. A, title X, §1067(1), Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 774; Pub. L. 110–181, div. A, title IX, §903(a), title XVIII, §1815(e), Jan. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 273, 500; Pub. L. 111–383, div. A, title V, §514(b), Jan. 7, 2011, 124 Stat. 4213; Pub. L. 112–81, div. A, title IX, §933(a), title X, §1064(1), Dec. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 1543, 1586; Pub. L. 112–239, div. A, title X, §1076(f)(1), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 1951; Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title X, §1071(c)(1), (2), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3508; Pub. L. 114–92, div. A, title X, §1060(a), Nov. 25, 2015, 129 Stat. 987; Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title IX, §941(a), Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2365; Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title X, §§1051(a)(1), 1081(a)(1), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1560, 1594; Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title X, §1041, Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1954.)
133(a)
133(d)
5:171(a) (last 10 words).
5:171a(a).
5:171a(b).
5:171a(d).
5:171a–1.
5:171a(f).
5:171n(a) (as applicable to 5:171a(f)).
July 26, 1947, ch. 343, §§201(a) (last 10 words), 202(a),(b); restated Aug. 10, 1949, ch. 412, §§4 (last 10 words of 1st par.), 5 (1st and 2d pars.), 63 Stat. 579, 580.
[Uncodified: 1953 Reorg. Plan No. 6, §5, eff. June 30, 1953, 67 Stat. 639].
5:171n(a).
July 26, 1947, ch. 343, §202(d); added Apr. 2, 1949, ch. 47, §1; restated Aug. 10, 1949, ch. 412, §5 (9th par.); restated Aug. 6, 1958, Pub. L. 85–599, §3(b), 72 Stat. 516.
July 26, 1947, ch. 343, §202(f); added Aug. 10, 1949, ch. 412, §5 (11th par.), 63 Stat. 581.
July 26, 1947, ch. 343, §308(a) (as applicable to §202(f)), 61 Stat. 509.
July 9, 1952, ch. 608, §257(e), 66 Stat. 497; Sept. 3, 1954, ch. 1257, §702(c), 68 Stat. 1189.
1953 Reorg. Plan No. 6, §5, eff. June 30, 1953, 67 Stat. 639.
In subsection (a), the last sentence is substituted for 5 U.S.C. 171a(a) (proviso).
In subsection (b), the words "this title and section 401 of title 50" are substituted for 5 U.S.C. 171a(b) (13th through 30th words of last sentence), since those words merely described the coverage of this title and section 401 of title 50.
In subsection (c), the words "during the period covered by the report" are inserted for clarity. The following substitutions are made: "under section 125 of this title" for "pursuant to the provisions of this Act" since 125 of this title relates to the duty of the Secretary of Defense to take action to save public funds and to eliminate duplication in the Department of Defense; and the last 22 words of clause (3) for 5 U.S.C. 171a–1 (last 13 words).
In subsection (d), section 5 of 1953 Reorganization Plan No. 6 is omitted as covered by 5 U.S.C. 171a(f).
133(e) 10:133 (note). Oct. 7, 1975, Pub. L. 94–106, §812, 89 Stat. 540.
The words "prepare and" are omitted as surplus.
Subsection (k) is based on Pub. L. 100–202, §101(b) [title VIII, §8042], 101 Stat. 1329–69.
Section 8042 of the FY88 Defense Appropriations Act (Public Law 100–202) established a requirement for the Secretary of Defense to submit an annual report on the cost of stationing United States forces overseas. Under that section, the annual report is to be sent to the Committees on Appropriations of the two Houses. In codifying that section as section 113(k) of title 10, the committee added the two Armed Services Committees as committees to be sent the annual report. This minor change from the source law does not change the nature of the report to be submitted.
The committee notes that the source section does not specify the period of time to be covered by the report. In the absence of statutory language specifying the period to be covered by the report, it would seem reasonable to conclude that the report should cover the previous fiscal year. The committee notes, however, that the report of the Senate Appropriations Committee on its FY88 defense appropriations bill (S. Rpt. 100–235) states that this new annual report "should cover the budget years and the 2 previous fiscal years" (page 54). The committee believes that such a requirement may be unnecessarily burdensome and in any case, if such a requirement is intended, should be stated in the statute. In the absence of clear intent, the provision is proposed to be codified without specifying the period of time to be covered by the annual report.
In codifying this provision, the committee also changed the term "United States troops" in the source law to "United States forces" for consistency in usage in title 10 and as being preferable usage. No change in meaning is intended. The committee also changed "overseas" to "outside the United States" and defined "United States" for this purpose to include the territories and possessions of the United States. The committee was concerned that the term "overseas" read literally could include Hawaii or Guam, an interpretation clearly not intended in enacting section 8042. The committee notes that the Senate report referred to above states "For the purposes of this report [meaning the new DOD annual report], U.S. forces stationed overseas are considered to be those outside of the United States and its territories.". The committee extrapolates from this statement that provisions in the report requirement relating to expenditures "overseas" and costs incurred "overseas" are also to be construed as relating to matters outside the United States and its territories and has prepared the codified provision accordingly.
2018—Subsec. (g)(2) to (4). Pub. L. 115–232 added pars. (2) to (4) and struck out former pars. (2) to (4) which related to annual provision of written policy guidance for preparation and review of program recommendations and budget proposals, provision every two years of written policy guidance for preparation and review of contingency plans including those providing support to civil authorities in an incident of national significance or a catastrophic incident, and provision to congressional defense committees of a detailed classified briefing summarizing such guidance not later than Feb. 15 in any calendar year in which guidance is required.
2017—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–91, §1051(a)(1)(A), redesignated par. (1) as subsec. (c) and subpars. (A) to (C) of former par. (1) as pars. (1) to (3), respectively, and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: "At the same time that the Secretary submits the annual report under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall transmit to the President and Congress a separate report from the Reserve Forces Policy Board on any reserve component matter that the Reserve Forces Policy Board considers appropriate to include in the report."
Subsec. (j)(1). Pub. L. 115–91, §1081(a)(1), substituted "congressional defense committees" for "the Committee on Armed Services and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate and the Committee on Armed Services and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives" in introductory provisions.
Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 115–91, §1051(a)(1)(B), struck out subsec. (l) which listed items to be included in the Secretary's annual report to Congress under subsec. (c).
2016—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 114–328 amended subsec. (g) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (g) required Secretary of Defense to provide annually to Department of Defense heads written policy guidance for preparation and review of program recommendations and budget proposals, to provide to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff written policy guidance for contingency plans for homeland defense and for military support to civil authorities, and to include in budget materials submitted to Congress summaries of the guidance developed and summaries of any plans developed in accordance with that guidance.
2015—Subsec. (g)(3). Pub. L. 114–92 added par. (3).
2014—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 113–291, §1071(c)(1), substituted "(50 U.S.C. 3002)" for "(50 U.S.C. 401)".
Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 113–291, §1071(c)(2), substituted "(50 U.S.C. 3043)" for "(50 U.S.C. 404a)".
2013—Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 112–239 struck out "on" after "Board on".
2011—Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 111–383 substituted "on any reserve component matter" for "the reserve programs of the Department of Defense and on any other matters".
Subsec. (j)(1)(A) to (C). Pub. L. 112–81, §1064(1)(A), added subpar. (B), redesignated former subpar. (B) as (A), and struck out former subpars. (A) and (C) which read as follows:
"(A) Costs incurred in the United States and costs incurred outside the United States in connection with the stationing of United States forces outside the United States.
"(C) The effect of such expenditures outside the United States on the balance of payments of the United States."
Subsec. (j)(2), (3). Pub. L. 112–81, §1064(1)(B), (C), redesignated par. (3) as (2) and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: "Each report under this subsection shall be prepared in consultation with the Secretary of Commerce."
Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 112–81, §933(a), amended subsec. (l) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (l) related to contents of the Secretary's annual report to Congress under subsec. (c).
2008—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–181, §903(a), substituted "seven" for "10".
Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 110–181, §1815(e), substituted "contingency plans, including plans for providing support to civil authorities in an incident of national significance or a catastrophic incident, for homeland defense, and for military support to civil authorities" for "contingency plans".
1999—Subsec. (j)(1). Pub. L. 106–65 substituted "and the Committee on Armed Services" for "and the Committee on National Security" in introductory provisions.
1998—Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 105–261, §915(a), added subsec. (l).
Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 105–261, §1212(b), added subsec. (m).
1997—Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 105–85 struck out "annually" after "Staff, shall provide" and inserted "be provided every two years or more frequently as needed and shall" after "Such guidance shall".
1996—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104–201, §1255(c)(2)–(5), inserted "(1)" after "(c)", redesignated former pars. (1), (2), and (4) as subpars. (A), (B), and (C), respectively, inserted "and" at end of subpar. (B), and added par. (2).
Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 104–201, §1255(c)(1), struck out par. (3) which read as follows: "a report from the Reserve Forces Policy Board on the reserve programs of the Department of Defense, including a review of the effectiveness of chapters 51, 337, 361, 363, 549, 573, 837, 861 and 863 of this title, as far as they apply to reserve officers; and".
Pub. L. 104–106, §1501(a)(8)(B), made technical correction to directory language of Pub. L. 103–337, §1671(c)(2). See 1994 Amendment note below.
Subsec. (i)(2)(B). Pub. L. 104–106, §1503(a)(1), substituted "the period covered by the future-years defense program submitted to Congress during that year pursuant to section 221" for "the five years covered by the five-year defense program submitted to Congress during that year pursuant to section 114(g)".
Subsec. (j)(1). Pub. L. 104–106, §1502(a)(3), substituted "Committee on Armed Services and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate and the Committee on National Security and the Committee on Appropriations of the" for "Committees on Armed Services and Committees on Appropriations of the Senate and".
1994—Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 103–337, §1671(c)(2), as amended by Pub. L. 104–106, §1501(a)(8)(B), which directed the substitution of "1219 and 1401 through 1411 of this title" for "51, 337, 361, 363, 549, 573, 837, 861 and 863 of this title, as far as they apply to reserve officers", effective Oct. 1, 1996, could not be executed because of the intervening amendment by Pub. L. 104–201, §1255(c)(1). See 1996 Amendment note above.
Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 103–337, §1070(a)(1), substituted "section 108" for "section 104".
1991—Subsec. (i)(2)(C) to (E). Pub. L. 102–190 added subpar. (C) and redesignated former subpars. (C) and (D) as (D) and (E), respectively.
1990—Subsecs. (i) to (l). Pub. L. 101–510 redesignated subsecs. (j) to (l) as (i) to (k), respectively, and struck out former subsec. (i) which read as follows: "The Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress a written report, not later than February 15 of each fiscal year, recommending the amount of funds to be appropriated to the Department of Defense for the next fiscal year for functions relating to the formulation and carrying out of Department of Defense policies on the control of technology transfer and activities related to the control of technology transfer. The Secretary shall include in that report the proposed allocation of the funds requested for such purpose and the number of personnel proposed to be assigned to carry out such activities during such fiscal year."
1989—Subsec. (j)(2)(B). Pub. L. 101–189 substituted "five-year defense program" for "Five-Year Defense Program".
1988—Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 100–456, §731, designated existing provisions as par. (1), struck out provision requiring that each report be transmitted in both a classified and an unclassified form, and added pars. (2) and (3).
Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 100–370 added subsec. (k).
Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 100–456, §1101, added subsec. (l).
1987—Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 100–26 inserted "(50 U.S.C. 404a)" after "National Security Act of 1947".
Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 100–180 added subsec. (j).
1986—Pub. L. 99–433, §110(d)(2), struck out ": appointment; powers and duties; delegation by" at end of section catchline.
Subsecs. (a) to (e). Pub. L. 99–443, §101(a)(2), redesignated subsecs. (a) to (e) of section 133 of this title as subsecs. (a) to (e) of this section.
Pub. L. 99–433, §301(b)(2), substituted "sections 125 and 191" for "section 125" in subsec. (c)(2).
Pub. L. 99–433, §603(b), amended subsec. (e) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (e) read as follows: "After consulting with the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and House of Representatives before February 1 of each year a written report on—
"(1) the foreign policy and military force structure for the next fiscal year;
"(2) the relationship of that policy and structure to each other; and
"(3) the justification for the policy and structure."
Subsecs. (f) to (h). Pub. L. 99–433, §102, added subsecs. (f) to (h).
Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 99–433, §§101(a)(2), 110(b)(2), successively redesignated subsec. (h) of section 138 of this title as subsec. (h) of section 114 of this title and then as subsec. (i) of this section.
1982—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 97–295 added subsec. (e).
Subsec. (i) [formerly §138(h)]. Pub. L. 97–252, §1105, added subsec. (h). See 1986 Amendment note above.
1980—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 96–513 substituted "section 2 of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 401)" for "section 401 of title 50".
Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title X, §1051(z), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1568, provided that: "Except as provided in subsections (u), (v), and (w) [amending section 1061 of Pub. L. 114–328, set out as a note under section 111 of this title] the amendments made by this section [see Tables for classification] shall take effect on the later of—
"(1) the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 12, 2017]; or
"(2) November 25, 2017."
Pub. L. 104–106, div. A, title XV, §1501(f)(3), Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 501, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [see Tables for classification] shall take effect as if included in the Reserve Officer Personnel Management Act [Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title XVI] as enacted on October 5, 1994."
Amendment by section 1671(c)(2) of Pub. L. 103–337 effective Oct. 1, 1996, see section 1691(b)(1) of Pub. L. 103–337, set out as an Effective Date note under section 10001 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 96–513 effective Dec. 12, 1980, see section 701(b)(3) of Pub. L. 96–513, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.
Termination of Reporting Requirements
Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title X, §1051(x), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1567, provided that: "Effective on December 31, 2021, the reports required under the following provisions of title 10, United States Code, shall no longer be required to be submitted to Congress:
"(1) Section 113(c)(1).
"(3) Section 116.
"(4) Section 2432."
For termination, effective Dec. 31, 2021, of provisions in subsec. (i) of this section requiring submittal of annual report to Congress, see section 1061 of Pub. L. 114–328, set out as a note under section 111 of this title.
Delegation of Functions
Functions of President under various sections delegated to Secretary of Defense, see Ex. Ord. No. 10621, July 1, 1955, 20 F.R. 4759, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 11294, Aug. 4, 1966, 31 F.R. 10601; see Ex. Ord. No. 10661, Feb. 27, 1956, 21 F.R. 1315; see Ex. Ord. No. 11390, Jan. 22, 1968, 33 F.R. 841; all set out as notes under section 301 of Title 3, The President.
Emergency Preparedness Functions
For assignment of certain emergency preparedness functions to Secretary of Defense, see Parts 1, 2, and 5 of Ex. Ord. No. 12656, Nov. 18, 1988, 53 F.R. 47491, set out as a note under section 5195 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.
Order of Succession
For order of succession during any period when the Secretary has died, resigned, or is otherwise unable to perform the functions and duties of the office of Secretary, see Ex. Ord. No. 13533, Mar. 1, 2010, 75 F.R. 10163, listed in a table under section 3345 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
Improved Crime Reporting
Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title V, §546, Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1765, provided that:
"(a) Tracking Process.—The Secretary of Defense, in consultation with the secretaries of the military departments, shall establish a consolidated tracking process for the Department of Defense to ensure increased oversight of the timely submission of crime reporting data to the Federal Bureau of Investigation under section 922(g) of title 18, United States Code, and Department of Defense Instruction 5505.11, 'Fingerprint Card and Final Disposition Report Submission Requirements'. The tracking process shall, to the maximum extent possible, standardize and automate reporting and increase the ability of the Department to track such submissions.
"(b) Letter Required.—Not later than July 1, 2019, the Secretary of Defense shall submit a letter to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and House of Representatives that details the tracking process under subsection (a)."
Critical Technologies List
Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title X, §1049, Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1961, provided that:
"(a) List Required.—The Secretary of Defense shall establish and maintain a list of acquisition programs, technologies, manufacturing capabilities, and research areas that are critical for maintaining the national security technological advantage of the United States over foreign countries of special concern. The list shall be accompanied by a justification for inclusion of items on the list, including specific performance and technical figures of merit.
"(b) Use of List.—The Secretary may use the list required under subsection (a) to—
"(1) guide the recommendations of the Secretary in any interagency determinations conducted pursuant to Federal law relating to technology protection, including relating to export licensing, deemed exports, technology transfer, and foreign direct investment;
"(2) inform the Secretary while engaging in interagency processes on promotion and protection activities involving acquisition programs and technologies that are necessary to achieve and maintain the national security technology advantage of the United States and that are supportive of military requirements and strategies;
"(3) inform the Department's activities to integrate acquisition, intelligence, counterintelligence and security, and law enforcement to inform requirements, acquisition, programmatic, and strategic courses of action for technology protection;
"(4) inform development of research investment strategies and activities and develop innovation centers and an emerging technology industrial base through the employment of financial assistance from the United States Government through appropriate statutory authorities and programs;
"(5) identify opportunities for alliances and partnerships in key research and development areas to achieve and maintain a national security technology advantage; and
"(6) carry out such other purposes as identified by the Secretary.
"(c) Publication.—The Secretary shall—
"(1) publish the list required under subsection (a) by not later than December 31, 2018; and
"(2) update such list at least annually."
Guidance on the Electronic Warfare Mission Area and Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations
"(a) Processes and Procedures for Integration.—The Secretary of Defense shall—
"(1) establish processes and procedures to develop, integrate, and enhance the electronic warfare mission area and the conduct of joint electromagnetic spectrum operations in all domains across the Department of Defense; and
"(2) ensure that such processes and procedures provide for integrated defense-wide strategy, planning, and budgeting with respect to the conduct of such operations by the Department, including activities conducted to counter and deter such operations by malign actors.
"(b) Designated Senior Official.—
"(1) In general.—The Secretary shall designate a senior official of the Department of Defense (hereinafter referred to as the 'designated senior official'), who shall implement and oversee the processes and procedures established under subsection (a). The designated senior official shall be designated by the Secretary from among individuals serving in the Department as civilian employees or members of the Armed Forces who are, equivalent in grade or rank, at or below the level of Under Secretary of Defense. The designated senior official shall oversee the cross-functional team established pursuant to subsection (c) and serve as an ex-officio member of the Electronic Warfare Executive Committee established in March 2015.
"(2) Responsibilities.—The designated senior official shall have, with respect to the implementation and oversight of the processes and procedures established under subsection (a), the following responsibilities:
"(A) Overseeing the implementation of the strategy developed by the Electronic Warfare Executive Committee for the conduct and execution of the electronic warfare mission area and joint electromagnetic spectrum operations by the Department, coordinated across all relevant elements of the Department, including both near-term and long-term guidance for the conduct of such operations.
"(B) Providing recommendations to the Electronic Warfare Executive Committee on resource allocation to support the capability development and investment in the electronic warfare and joint electromagnetic spectrum operation mission areas.
"(C) Proposing electronic warfare governance, management, organizational, and operational reforms to Secretary of Defense, after review and comment by the Electronic Warfare Executive Committee.
"(3) Annual certification on budgeting for certain capabilities.—Each budget for fiscal years 2020 through 2024 submitted by the President to Congress pursuant to section 1105(a) of title 31, United States Code, shall include the same information that was required to be submitted annually under section 1053(b) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010 (Public Law 111-84; 123 Stat. 2459) for each of fiscal years 2011 through 2015 and an assessment by the senior designated official as to whether sufficient funds are requested in such budget for anticipated activities in such fiscal year for each of the following:
"(A) The development of an electromagnetic battle management capability for joint electromagnetic spectrum operations.
"(B) The establishment and operation of associated joint electromagnetic spectrum operations cells.
"(c) Cross-functional Team for Electronic Warfare.—
"(1) Establishment required.—The Secretary shall, in accordance with section 911(c) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 (Public Law 114-328; 130 Stat. 2345; 10 U.S.C. 111 note), establish a cross-functional team for electronic warfare in order to identify gaps in electronic warfare and joint electromagnetic spectrum operations, capabilities, and capacities within the Department across personnel, procedural, and equipment areas.
"(2) Specific duties.—The cross-functional team established pursuant to paragraph (1) shall provide recommendations to the senior designated official to address gaps identified as described in that paragraph.
"(d) Plans and Requirements for Electronic Warfare.—
"(1) In general.—The Secretary shall require the designated senior official to task the cross-functional team established pursuant to subsection (c) to develop requirements and specific plans for addressing personnel, capability, and capacity gaps in the electronic warfare mission area, and plans for future warfare in that domain (including maintaining a roadmap for the current future-years defense program under section 221 of title 10, United States Code).
"(2) Update of strategy.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 13, 2018], and biennially thereafter, the Electronic Warfare Executive Committee, in coordination with the cross-functional team shall—
"(A) update the strategy of the Department of Defense entitled 'The DOD Electronic Warfare Strategy' and dated June 2017, to include the roadmap developed by the cross-functional team pursuant to in paragraph (1); and
"(B) submit the updated strategy to the congressional defense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives].
"(3) Elements.—The requirements and plans and associated roadmap developed by the cross-functional team pursuant to paragraph (1) shall include the following:
"(A) An accounting of the efforts undertaken in support of the strategy referred to in paragraph (2)(A) and to implement applicable elements of Department of Defense Directive 3222.04, dated May 10, 2017, or any subsequent updates to such directive.
"(B) A description of any updates or changes to the strategy since its issuance, and a description of any anticipated updates or changes to the strategy as a result of the designation of the designated senior official.
"(C) An assessment of vulnerabilities identified in the May 2015 Electronic Warfare assessment by the Defense Science Board.
"(D) An assessment of the capability of joint forces to conduct joint electromagnetic spectrum operations against near-peer adversaries and any capability or capacity gaps in such capability that need to be addressed, including an assessment of the ability of joint forces to conduct coordinated military operations to exploit, attack, protect, and manage the electromagnetic environment in the signals intelligence, electronic warfare, and spectrum management mission areas, including the capability to conduct integrated cyber and electronic warfare on the battlefield, for all level 3 and level 4 contingency plans (as such plans are described in Joint Publication 5-0 of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, entitled 'Joint Planning' and dated June 16, 2017).
"(E) A review of the roles and functions of offices within the Joint Staff, the Office of the Secretary of Defense, and the combatant commands with primary responsibility for joint electromagnetic spectrum policy and operations.
"(F) A description of any assumptions about the roles and contributions of the Department, in coordination with other departments and agencies of the United States Government, with respect to the strategy.
"(G) A description of actions, performance metrics, and projected timelines for achieving key capabilities for electronic warfare and joint electromagnetic spectrum operations to correspond to the thematic goals identified in the strategy and as addressed by the roadmap.
"(H) An analysis of any personnel, resourcing, capability, authority, or other gaps to be addressed in order to ensure effective implementation of the strategy across all relevant elements of the Department, including an update on each of the following:
"(i) The development of an electromagnetic battle management capability for joint electromagnetic spectrum operations.
"(ii) The establishment and operation of joint electromagnetic spectrum operations cells at combatant command locations.
"(iii) The integration and synchronization of cyber and electromagnetic activities.
"(I) An investment framework and projected timeline for addressing any gaps described by subparagraph (H).
"(J) In consultation with the Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency—
"(i) comprehensive assessments of the electronic warfare capabilities of the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China, which shall include—
"(I) electronic warfare doctrine;
"(II) order of battle on land, sea, air, space, and cyberspace; and
"(III) expected direction of technology and research over the next 10 years; and
"(ii) a review of vulnerabilities with respect to electronic systems, such as the Global Positioning System, and Department-wide abilities to conduct countermeasures in response to electronic warfare attacks.
"(K) A review of the sufficiency of experimentation, testing, and training infrastructure, ranges, instrumentation, and threat simulators required to support the development of electromagnetic spectrum capabilities.
"(L) A plan, and the estimated cost and schedule of implementing the plan, to conduct joint campaign modeling and wargaming for joint electromagnetic spectrum operations.
"(M) Any other matters as the Secretary considers appropriate.
"(4) Periodic status reports.—Not later than 90 days after the requirements and plans required by paragraph (1) are submitted in accordance with paragraph (2), and every 180 days thereafter during the three-year period beginning on the date such plans and requirements are first submitted in accordance with paragraph (2), the designated senior official shall submit to the congressional defense committees a report describing the status of the efforts of the Department in accomplishing the tasks specified in subparagraphs (A) through (I) and (K) through (M) of paragraph (3).
"(5) Comprehensive assessments and review.—Not later than 270 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the congressional defense committees the comprehensive assessments and review required under paragraph (3)(J).
"(e) Training and Education.—Consistent with the elements under subsection (d)(3) of the plans and requirements required by subsection (d)(1), the cross-functional team established pursuant to subsection (c) shall provide the senior designated official recommendations for programs to provide training and education to such members of the Armed Forces and civilian employees of the Department as the Secretary considers appropriate in order to ensure that such members and employees understand the roles and vulnerabilities associated with electronic warfare and dependence on the electromagnetic spectrum."
United States Policy With Respect to Freedom of Navigation and Overflight
"(a) Declaration of Policy.—It is the policy of the United States to fly, sail, and operate throughout the oceans, seas, and airspace of the world wherever international law allows.
"(b) Implementation of Policy.—In furtherance of the policy set forth in subsection (a), the Secretary of Defense should—
"(1) plan and execute a robust series of routine and regular air and naval presence missions throughout the world and throughout the year, including for critical transportation corridors and key routes for global commerce;
"(2) in addition to the missions executed pursuant to paragraph (1), execute routine and regular air and maritime freedom of navigation operations throughout the year, in accordance with international law, including, but not limited to, maneuvers beyond innocent passage; and
"(3) to the maximum extent practicable, execute the missions pursuant to paragraphs (1) and (2) with regional partner countries and allies of the United States."
Report on Military and Coercive Activities of the People's Republic of China in South China Sea
Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title XII, §1262, Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 2061, provided that:
"(a) In General.—Except as provided in subsection (d), immediately after the commencement of any significant reclamation, assertion of an excessive territorial claim, or militarization activity by the People's Republic of China in the South China Sea, including any significant military deployment or operation or infrastructure construction, the Secretary of Defense, in coordination with the Secretary of State, shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees, and release to the public, a report on the military and coercive activities of China in the South China Sea in connection with such activity.
"(b) Elements of Report to Public.—Each report on the commencement of a significant reclamation, an assertion of an excessive territorial claim, or a militarization activity under subsection (a) shall include a short narrative on, and one or more corresponding images of, such commencement of a significant reclamation, assertion of an excessive territorial claim, or militarization activity.
"(c) Form.—
"(1) Submission to congress.—Any report under subsection (a) that is submitted to the appropriate congressional committees shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex.
"(2) Release to public.—If a report under subsection (a) is released to the public, such report shall be so released in unclassified form.
"(d) Waiver.—
"(1) Release of report to public.—The Secretary of Defense may waive the requirement in subsection (a) for the release to the public of a report on the commencement of any significant reclamation, an assertion of an excessive territorial claim, or a militarization activity by the People's Republic of China in the South China Sea if the Secretary determines that the release to the public of a report on such activity under that subsection in the form required by subsection (c)(2) would have an adverse effect on the national security interests of the United States.
"(2) Notice to congress.—If the Secretary issues a waiver under paragraph (1) with respect to a report on an activity, not later than 48 hours after the Secretary issues such waiver, the Secretary shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees written notice of, and justification for, such waiver.
"(e) Appropriate Congressional Committees Defined.—In this section, the term 'appropriate congressional committees' means—
"(1) the congressional defense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of Senate and House of Representatives]; and
"(2) the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives."
Strategic Plan To Improve Capabilities of Department of Defense Training Ranges and Installations
Pub. L. 115–232, div. B, title XXVIII, §2862, Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 2283, provided that:
"(a) Plan Required.—The Secretary of Defense shall develop and implement a comprehensive strategic plan to identify and address deficits in the capabilities of Department of Defense training ranges to support current and anticipated readiness requirements to execute the National Defense Strategy (NDS).
"(b) Evaluation.—As part of the preparation of the strategic plan, the Secretary shall conduct an evaluation of the following:
"(1) The adequacy of current training range resources to include the ability to train against near-peer or peer threats in a realistic 5th Generation environment.
"(2) The adequacy of current training enablers to meet current and anticipated demands of the Armed Forces.
"(c) Elements.—The strategic plan shall include the following:
"(1) An integrated priority list of location-specific proposals and/or infrastructure project priorities, with associated Department of Defense Form 1391 documentation, required to both address any limitations or constraints on current Department resources, including any climatically induced impacts or shortfalls, and achieve full spectrum training (integrating virtual and constructive entities into live training) against a more technologically advanced peer adversary.
"(2) Goals and milestones for tracking actions under the plan and measuring progress in carrying out such actions.
"(3) Projected funding requirements for implementing actions under the plan.
"(d) Development and Implementation.—The Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment, as the principal staff assistant to the Secretary on installation management, shall have lead responsibility for developing and overseeing implementation of the strategic plan and for coordination of the discharge of the plan by components of the Department.
"(e) Report on Implementation.—Not later than April 1, 2020, the Secretary shall, through the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment, submit to Congress a report on the progress made in implementing this section, including the following:
"(1) A description of the strategic plan.
"(2) A description of the results of the evaluation conducted under subsection (b).
"(3) Such recommendations as the Secretary considers appropriate with respect to improvements of the capabilities of training ranges and enablers.
"(f) Progress Reports.—Not later than April 1, 2019, and annually thereafter for 3 years, the Secretary shall, through the Under Secretary, submit to Congress a report setting forth the following:
"(1) A description of the progress made during the preceding fiscal year in implementing the strategic plan.
"(2) A description of any additional actions taken, or to be taken, to address limitations and constraints on training ranges and enablers.
"(3) Assessments of individual training ranges addressing the evaluation conducted under subsection (b).
"(g) Additional Report Element.—Each report under subsections (e) and (f) shall also include a list of significant modifications to training range inventory, such as range closures or expansions, during the preceding fiscal year, including any limitations or impacts due to climatic conditions."
Improvement of Update Process for Populating Mission Data Files Used in Advanced Combat Aircraft
Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title II, §224, Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1334, provided that:
"(a) Improvements To Update Process.—
"(1) In general.—The Secretary of Defense shall take such actions as may be necessary to improve the process used to update the mission data files used in advanced combat aircraft of the United States so that such updates can occur more quickly.
"(2) Requirements.—In improving the process under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall ensure the following:
"(A) That under such process, updates to the mission data files are developed, operationally tested, and loaded onto systems of advanced combat aircraft while in theaters of operation in a time-sensitive manner to allow for the distinguishing of threats, including distinguishing friends from foes, loading and delivery of weapon suites, and coordination with allied and coalition armed forces.
"(B) When updates are made to the mission data files, all areas of responsibility (AoRs) are included.
"(C) The process includes best practices relating to such mission data files that have been identified by industry and allies of the United States.
"(D) The process improves the exchange of information between weapons systems of the United States and weapon systems of allies and partners of the United States, with respect to such mission data files.
"(b) Consultation and Pilot Programs.—In carrying out subsection (a), the Secretary shall consult the innovation organizations resident in the Department of Defense and may consider carrying out a pilot program under another provision of this Act [see Tables for classification].
"(c) Report.—Not later than March 31, 2018, the Secretary shall submit to the congressional defense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives] a report on the actions taken by the Secretary under subsection (a)(1) and how the process described in such subsection has been improved."
Department of Defense Engagement With Covered Non-Federal Entities
Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title X, §1088, Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1604, provided that:
"(a) Review of Current Guidance.—Not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 12, 2017], the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of State shall jointly conduct a review of the guidance of the Department of Defense applicable to Department of Defense engagements with covered non-Federal entities.
"(b) Additional Guidance.—If the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of State determine pursuant to the review under subsection (a) that additional guidance is required in connection with Department of Defense engagements with covered non-Federal entities, the Secretary of Defense, with the concurrence of the Secretary of State, shall, by not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, issue such additional guidance as the Secretaries consider appropriate in light of the review. Any such additional guidance shall be consistent with—
"(1) applicable law, as in effect on the date of the enactment of this Act;
"(2) Department of Defense guidance with respect to solicitation and preferential treatment, as in effect on the date of the enactment of this Act, including such guidance specified in the Department of Defense Joint Ethics Regulations; and
"(3) the principle that the Department of State and the United States Agency for International Development are the principal United States agencies with primary responsibility for providing and coordinating humanitarian and economic assistance.
"(c) Briefing.—Not later than 150 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of State shall jointly provide to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and the House of Representatives, the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives a briefing on the findings of the review required under subsection (a).
"(d) Covered Non-Federal Entity Defined.—In this section, the term 'covered non-Federal entity' means an organization that—
"(1) is based in the United States;
"(2) has an independent board of directors and is subject to independent financial audits;
"(3) is substantially privately-funded;
"(4) is described in section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [26 U.S.C. 501(c)(3)] and is exempt from taxation under section 501(a) of such Code [26 U.S.C. 501(a)];
"(5) provides international assistance; and
"(6) has a stated mission of supporting United States military missions abroad."
Notice to Congress of Terms of Department of Defense Settlement Agreements
"(a) Request of Settlement Agreements.—At the request of the Chairman, in coordination with the Ranking Member, of the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate or the House of Representatives or the Chairman, in coordination with the Ranking Member, of the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate or the House of Representatives, the Secretary of Defense shall make available (in an appropriate manner with respect to classified or other protected information) to the Chairman and Ranking Member of the requesting committee a settlement agreement (including a consent decree) in any civil action in a court of competent jurisdiction involving the Department of Defense, a military department, or a Defense Agency.
"(b) Provision of Settlement Agreements.—The Secretary shall take all necessary steps to ensure the settlement agreement is provided to the Chairman and Ranking Member of the requesting committee, including by making any necessary requests to a court with competent jurisdiction over the settlement."
Strategy To Counter Threats by the Russian Federation
Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title XII, §1239, Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1666, provided that:
"(a) Strategy Required.—The Secretary of Defense, in coordination with the Secretary of State and in consultation with each of the Secretaries of the military departments, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the commanders of each of the regional and functional combatant commands, shall develop and implement a comprehensive strategy to counter threats by the Russian Federation.
"(b) Report Required.—
"(1) In general.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 12, 2017], the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on the strategy required by subsection (a).
"(2) Elements.—The report required by this subsection shall include the following elements:
"(A) An evaluation of strategic objectives and motivations of the Russian Federation.
"(B) A detailed description of Russian threats to the national security of the United States, including threats that may pose challenges below the threshold of armed conflict.
"(C) A discussion of how the strategy complements the National Defense Strategy and the National Military Strategy.
"(D) A discussion of the ends, ways, and means inherent to the strategy.
"(E) A discussion of the strategy's objectives with respect to deterrence, escalation control, and conflict resolution.
"(F) A description of the military activities across geographic regions and military functions and domains that are inherent to the strategy.
"(G) A description of the posture, forward presence, and readiness requirements inherent to the strategy.
"(H) A description of the roles of the United States Armed Forces in implementing the strategy, including—
"(i) the role of United States nuclear capabilities;
"(ii) the role of United States space capabilities;
"(iii) the role of United States cyber capabilities;
"(iv) the role of United States conventional ground forces;
"(v) the role of United States naval forces;
"(vi) the role of United States air forces; and
"(vii) the role of United States special operations forces.
"(I) An assessment of the force requirements needed to implement and sustain the strategy.
"(J) A description of the logistical requirements needed to implement and sustain the strategy.
"(K) An assessment of the technological research and development requirements needed to implement and sustain the strategy.
"(L) An assessment of the training and exercise requirements needed to implement and sustain the strategy.
"(M) An assessment of the budgetary resource requirements needed to implement and sustain the strategy through December 31, 2030.
"(N) An analysis of the adequacy of current authorities and command structures for countering unconventional warfare.
"(O) Recommendations for improving the counter-unconventional warfare capabilities, authorities, and command structures of the Department of Defense.
"(P) A discussion of how the strategy provides a framework for future planning and investments in regional defense initiatives, including the European Deterrence Initiative.
"(Q) A plan to increase conventional precision strike weapon stockpiles in the United States European Command's areas of responsibility, which shall include necessary increases in the quantities of such stockpiles that the Secretary of Defense determines will enhance deterrence and warfighting capability of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization forces.
"(R) A plan to counter the military capabilities of the Russian Federation, which, in addition to elements the Secretary of Defense determines to be appropriate, shall include recommendations for—
"(i) improving the capability of United States Armed Forces to operate in a Global Positioning System (GPS)-denied or GPS-degraded environment;
"(ii) improving the capability of United States Armed Forces to counter Russian unmanned aircraft systems, electronic warfare, and long-range precision strike capabilities; and
"(iii) countering unconventional capabilities and hybrid threats from the Russian Federation.
"(3) Form.—The report required by this subsection shall be submitted in unclassified form but may contain a classified annex."
Cultural Heritage Protection Coordinator
Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title XII, §1279C, Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1702, provided that: "Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 12, 2017], the Secretary of Defense shall designate an employee of the Department of Defense to serve concurrently as the Coordinator for Cultural Heritage Protection, who shall be responsible for—
"(1) coordinating the existing obligations of the Department of Defense for the protection of cultural heritage, including the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, and other obligations for the protection of cultural heritage; and
"(2) coordinating with the Cultural Heritage Coordinating Committee convened by the Secretary of State for the national security interests of the United States, as appropriate."
Exception to Limitation Against Appointment of Persons as Secretary of Defense Within Seven Years of Relief From Active Duty as Regular Commissioned Officers of the Armed Forces
Pub. L. 115–2, §1, Jan. 20, 2017, 131 Stat. 6, provided that:
"(a) In General.—Notwithstanding the second sentence of section 113(a) of title 10, United States Code, the first person appointed, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, as Secretary of Defense after the date of the enactment of this Act [Jan. 20, 2017] may be a person who is, on the date of appointment, within seven years after relief, but not within three years after relief, from active duty as a commissioned officer of a regular component of the Armed Forces.
"(b) Limited Exception.—This section applies only to the first person appointed as Secretary of Defense as described in subsection (a) after the date of the enactment of this Act, and to no other person."
Pilot Program on Modernization and Fielding of Electromagnetic Spectrum Warfare Systems and Electronic Warfare Capabilities
Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title II, §234, Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2064, provided that:
"(a) Pilot Program.—
"(1) In general.—The Secretary of Defense may carry out a pilot program on the modernization and fielding of electromagnetic spectrum warfare systems and electronic warfare systems.
"(2) Selection.—If the Secretary carries out the pilot program under paragraph (1), the Electronic Warfare Executive Committee shall select from the list described in section 240(b)(4) [130 Stat. 2070] a total of 10 electromagnetic spectrum warfare systems and electronic warfare systems across at least two military departments for modernization and fielding under the pilot program.
"(b) Termination.—The pilot program authorized by subsection (a) shall terminate on September 30, 2023.
"(c) Funding.—For the purposes of this pilot program, funds authorized to be appropriated for electromagnetic spectrum warfare and electronic warfare may be used for the development and fielding of electromagnetic spectrum warfare systems and electronic warfare capabilities.
"(d) Definitions.—In this section:
"(1) The term 'electromagnetic spectrum warfare' means electronic warfare that encompasses military communications and sensing operations that occur in the electromagnetic operational domain.
"(2) The term 'electronic warfare' means military action involving the use of electromagnetic and directed energy to control the electromagnetic spectrum or to attack the enemy."
Improved Department of Defense Prevention of and Response to Hazing in the Armed Forces
Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title V, §549, Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2129, provided that:
"(a) Anti-Hazing Database.—The Secretary of Defense shall provide for the establishment and use of a comprehensive and consistent data-collection system for the collection of reports, including anonymous reports, of incidents of hazing involving a member of the Armed Forces. The Secretary shall issue department-wide guidance regarding the availability and use of the database, including information on protected classes, such as race and religion, who are often the victims of hazing.
"(b) Improved Training.—Each Secretary of a military department, in consultation with the Chief of Staff of each Armed Force under the jurisdiction of such Secretary, shall seek to improve training to assist members of the Armed Forces [to] better recognize, prevent, and respond to hazing at all command levels.
"(c) Annual Reports on Hazing.—
"(1) Report required.—Not later than January 31 of each year through January 31, 2021, each Secretary of a military department, in consultation with the Chief of Staff of each Armed Force under the jurisdiction of such Secretary, shall submit to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and the House of Representatives a report containing a description of efforts during the previous year—
"(A) to prevent and to respond to incidents of hazing involving members of the Armed Forces;
"(B) to track and encourage reporting, including reporting anonymously, incidents of hazing in the Armed Force; and
"(C) to ensure the consistent implementation of anti-hazing policies.
"(2) Additional elements.—Each report required by this subsection also shall address the same elements originally addressed in the anti-hazing reports required by section 534 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013 (Public Law 112–239; 126 Stat. 1726 [1727])."
Use of Transportation Worker Identification Credential To Gain Access at Department of Defense Installations
Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title X, §1050, Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2396, provided that:
"(a) Access to Installations for Credentialed Transportation Workers.—During the period that the Secretary is developing and fielding physical access standards, capabilities, processes, and electronic access control systems, the Secretary shall, to the maximum extent practicable, ensure that the Transportation Worker Identification Credential (TWIC) shall be accepted as a valid credential for unescorted access to Department of Defense installations by transportation workers.
"(b) Credentialed Transportation Workers With Secret Clearance.—TWIC-carrying transportation workers who also have a current Secret Level Clearance issued by the Department of Defense shall be considered exempt from further vetting when seeking unescorted access at Department of Defense facilities. Access security personnel shall verify such person's security clearance in a timely manner and provide them with unescorted access to complete their freight service."
Notification on the Provision of Defense Sensitive Support
Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title X, §1055, Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2399, as amended by Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title X, §1042, Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1956, provided that:
"(a) Limitation.—The Secretary of Defense may provide defense sensitive support to a non-Department of Defense Federal department or agency only after the Secretary has determined that such support—
"(1) is consistent with the mission and functions of the Department of Defense;
"(2) does—
"(A) not significantly interfere with the mission or functions of the Department; or
"(B) interfere with the mission and functions of the Department of Defense but such support is in the national security interest of the United States; and
"(3) has been requested by the head of a non-Department of Defense Federal department or agency who has certified to the Secretary that the department or agency has reasonably attempted to use capabilities and resources internal to the department or agency.
"(b) Notice Required.—
"(1) In general.—Except as provided in paragraph (3), before providing defense sensitive support to a non-Department of Defense Federal department or agency, the Secretary of Defense shall notify the congressional defense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives], and, when the part of the Department of Defense providing the sensitive support is a member of the intelligence community, the congressional intelligence committees of the Secretary's intent to provide such support.
"(2) Contents.—Notice provided under paragraph (1) shall include the following:
"(A) A description of the support to be provided.
"(B) A description of how the support is consistent with the mission and functions of the Department.
"(C) A description of how the support—
"(i) does not significantly interfere with the mission or functions of the Department; or
"(ii) significantly interferes with the mission or functions of the Department but is in the national security interest of the United States.
"(3) Time sensitive support.—In the event that the provision of defense sensitive support is time-sensitive, the Secretary—
"(A) may provide notification under paragraph (1) after providing the support; and
"(B) shall provide such notice as soon as practicable after providing such support, but not later than 48 hours after providing the support.
"(4) Reverse defense sensitive support request.—The Secretary shall notify the congressional defense committees (and the congressional intelligence committees with respect to matters relating to members of the intelligence community) of requests made by the Secretary to a non-Department of Defense Federal department or agency for support that requires special protection from disclosure in the same manner and containing the same information as the Secretary notifies such committees of defense sensitive support requests under paragraphs (1) and (3).
"(c) Defense Sensitive Support Defined.—In this section, the term 'defense sensitive support' means support provided by the Department of Defense to a non-Department of Defense Federal department or agency that requires special protection from disclosure."
Women's Military Service Memorials and Museums
Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title III, §342, Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1361, provided that:
"(a) In General.—The Secretary of Defense may provide not more than $5,000,000 in financial support for the acquisition, installation, and maintenance of exhibits, facilities, historical displays, and programs at military service memorials and museums that highlight the role of women in the military. The Secretary may enter into a contract, partnership, or grant with a non-profit organization for the purpose of performing such acquisition, installation, and maintenance.
"(b) Purposes.—The contracts, partnerships, or grants shall be limited to serving the purposes of—
"(1) preserving the history of the 3,000,000 women who have served in the United States Armed Forces;
"(2) managing an archive of artifacts, historic memorabilia, and documents related to servicewomen;
"(3) maintaining a women veterans' oral history program; and
"(4) conducting other educational programs related to women in service."
Pub. L. 114–328, div. B, title XXVIII, §2833, Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2740, provided that:
"(a) Authorization.—The Secretary of Defense may provide not more than $5,000,000 in financial support for the acquisition, installation, and maintenance of exhibits, facilities, historical displays, and programs at military service memorials and museums that highlight the role of women in the military. The Secretary may enter into a contract with a nonprofit organization for the purpose of performing such acquisition, installation, and maintenance.
"(b) Offset.—Of the funds authorized to be appropriated by section 301 [130 Stat. 2072] for operation and maintenance, Army, and available for the National Museum of the United States Army, not more than $5,000,000 shall be provided, at the discretion of the Secretary of Defense, to carry out activities under subsection (a)."
Strategic Framework for Department of Defense Security Cooperation
Pub. L. 114–92, div. A, title XII, §1202, Nov. 25, 2015, 129 Stat. 1036, provided that:
"(a) Strategic Framework.—
"(1) In general.—The Secretary of Defense, in consultation with the Secretary of State, shall develop and issue to the Department of Defense a strategic framework for Department of Defense security cooperation to guide prioritization of resources and activities.
"(2) Elements.—The strategic framework required by paragraph (1) shall include the following:
"(A) Discussion of the strategic goals of Department of Defense security cooperation programs, overall and by combatant command, and the extent to which these programs—
"(i) support broader strategic priorities of the Department of Defense; and
"(ii) complement and are coordinated with Department of State security assistance programs to achieve United States Government goals globally, regionally, and, if appropriate, within specific programs.
"(B) Identification of the primary objectives, priorities, and desired end-states of Department of Defense security cooperation programs.
"(C) Identification of challenges to achieving the primary objectives, priorities, and desired end-states identified under subparagraph (B), including—
"(i) constraints on Department of Defense resources, authorities, and personnel;
"(ii) partner nation variables and conditions, such as political will, absorptive capacity, corruption, and instability risk, that impact the likelihood of a security cooperation program achieving its primary objectives, priorities, and desired end-states;
"(iii) constraints or limitations due to bureaucratic impediments, interagency processes, or congressional requirements;
"(iv) validation of requirements; and
"(v) assessment, monitoring, and evaluation.
"(D) A methodology for assessing the effectiveness of Department of Defense security cooperation programs in making progress toward achieving the primary objectives, priorities, and desired end-states identified under subparagraph (B), including an identification of key benchmarks for such progress.
"(E) Any other matters the Secretary of Defense determines appropriate.
"(3) Frequency.—The Secretary of Defense shall, at a minimum, update the strategic framework required by paragraph (1) on a biennial basis and shall update or supplement the strategic framework as appropriate to address emerging priorities.
"(b) Report.—
"(1) In general.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 25, 2015], and on a biennial basis thereafter, the Secretary of Defense, in consultation with the Secretary of State, shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on the strategic framework required by subsection (a).
"(2) Form.—The report required by paragraph (1) shall be submitted in an unclassified form, but may include a classified annex.
"(3) Definition.—In this subsection, the term 'appropriate congressional committees' means—
"(A) the congressional defense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives]; and
"(B) the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives.
"(c) Sunset.—This section shall cease to be effective on the date that is 6 years after the date of the enactment of this Act."
Role of Secretary of Defense in Development of Gender-Neutral Occupational Standards
Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title V, §524(a), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3361, as amended by Pub. L. 114–92, div. A, title V, §525, Nov. 25, 2015, 129 Stat. 813, provided that: "The Secretary of Defense shall ensure that the gender-neutral occupational standards being developed by the Secretaries of the military departments pursuant to section 543 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1994 (Public Law 103–160; 10 U.S.C. 113 note), as amended by section 523 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 (Public Law 113–66; 127 Stat. 756)—
"(1) accurately predict performance of actual, regular, and recurring duties of a military occupation;
"(2) are applied equitably to measure individual capabilities; and
"(3) measure the combat readiness of combat units, including special operations forces."
Female Personal Protection Gear
Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title V, §524(b), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3362, provided that: "The Secretary of Defense shall direct each Secretary of a military department to take immediate steps to ensure that combat equipment distributed to female members of the Armed Forces—
"(1) is properly designed and fitted; and
"(2) meets required standards for wear and survivability."
Office of Net Assessment
"(a) Independent Office Required.—The Secretary of Defense shall establish and maintain an independent organization within the Department of Defense to develop and coordinate net assessments of the standing, trends, and future prospects of the military capabilities and potential of the United States in comparison with the military capabilities and potential of other countries or groups of countries, so as to identify emerging or future threats or opportunities for the United States.
"(b) Direct Report to the Secretary of Defense.—The head of the office established and maintained pursuant to subsection (a) shall report directly to the Secretary of Defense without intervening authority and may communicate views on matters within the responsibility of the office directly to the Secretary without obtaining the approval or concurrence of any other official within the Department of Defense."
Clarification of Policies on Management of Special Use Airspace of Department of Defense
"(a) Issuance of Guidance.—Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 19, 2014], the Secretary of Defense shall issue guidance to clarify the policies of the Department of Defense with respect to—
"(1) the appropriate management of special use airspace managed by the Department; and
"(2) governing access by non-Department users to such special use airspace.
"(b) Briefing.—Not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall provide to the congressional defense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives] a briefing on the status of implementing the guidance issued under subsection (a)."
Provision of Military Service Records to the Secretary of Veterans Affairs in an Electronic Format
Pub. L. 113–66, div. A, title V, §525, Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 757, provided that:
"(a) Provision in Electronic Format.—In accordance with subsection (b), the Secretary of Defense, in consultation with the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, shall make the covered records of each member of the Armed Forces available to the Secretary of Veterans Affairs in an electronic format.
"(b) Deadline for Provision of Records.—With respect to a member of the Armed Forces who is discharged or released from the Armed Forces on or after January 1, 2014, the Secretary of Defense shall ensure that the covered records of the member are made available to the Secretary of Veterans Affairs not later than 90 days after the date of the member's discharge or release.
"(c) Sharing of Protected Health Information.—For purposes of the regulations promulgated under section 264(c) of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (Public Law 104–191; 42 U.S.C. 1320d–2 note), making medical records available to the Secretary of Veterans Affairs under subsection (a) shall be treated as a permitted disclosure.
"(d) Records Currently Available to Secretary of Veterans Affairs.—The Secretary of Veterans Affairs, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, shall ensure that the covered records of members of the Armed Forces that are available to the Secretary of Veterans Affairs as of the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 26, 2013] are made electronically accessible and available as soon as practicable after that date to the Veterans Benefits Administration.
"(e) Covered Records Defined.—In this section, the term 'covered records' means, with respect to a member of the Armed Forces—
"(1) service treatment records;
"(2) accompanying personal records;
"(3) relevant unit records; and
"(4) medical records created by reason of treatment or services received pursuant to chapter 55 of title 10, United States Code."
Strategy for Future Military Information Operations Capabilities
Pub. L. 113–66, div. A, title X, §1096, Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 880, provided that:
"(a) Strategy Required.—The Secretary of Defense shall develop and implement a strategy for developing and sustaining through fiscal year 2020 information operations capabilities for future contingencies. The Secretary shall submit such strategy to the congressional defense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives] by not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 26, 2013].
"(b) Contents of Strategy.—The strategy required by subsection (a) shall include each of the following:
"(1) A plan for the sustainment of existing capabilities that have been developed during the ten-year period prior to the date of the enactment of this Act, including such capabilities developed using funds authorized to be appropriated for overseas contingency operations determined to be of enduring value for continued sustainment.
"(2) A discussion of how the capabilities referred to in paragraph (1) are integrated into policy, doctrine, and operations.
"(3) An assessment of the force structure that is required to sustain operational planning and potential contingency operations, including the integration across the active and reserve components.
"(4) Estimates of the steady-state resources needed to support the force structure referred to in paragraph (3), as well as estimates for resources that might be needed based on selected operational plans, contingency plans, and named operations.
"(5) An assessment of the impact of how new and emerging technologies can be incorporated into policy, doctrine, and operations.
"(6) A description of ongoing research into new capabilities that may be needed to fill any identified gaps and programs that might be required to develop such capabilities.
"(7) Potential policy implications or legal challenges that may prevent the integration of new and emerging technologies into the projected force structure.
"(8) Potential policy implications or challenges to the better leveraging of capabilities from interagency partners."
Prohibition of Retaliation Against Members of the Armed Forces for Reporting a Criminal Offense
Pub. L. 113–66, div. A, title XVII, §1709(a), (b), Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 962, as amended by Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title X, §1071(g)(5), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3511, provided that:
"(a) Regulations on Prohibition of Retaliation.—
"(1) Regulations required.—The Secretary of Defense shall prescribe regulations, or require the Secretaries of the military departments to prescribe regulations, that prohibit retaliation against an alleged victim or other member of the Armed Forces who reports a criminal offense. The regulations shall prescribe that a violation of the regulations is an offense punishable under section 892 of title 10, United States Code (article 92 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice).
"(2) Deadline.—The regulations required by this subsection shall be prescribed not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 26, 2013].
"(b) Retaliation and Personnel Action Described.—
"(1) Retaliation.—For purposes of the regulations required by subsection (a), the Secretary of Defense shall define retaliation to include, at a minimum—
"(A) taking or threatening to take an adverse personnel action, or withholding or threatening to withhold a favorable personnel action, with respect to a member of the Armed Forces because the member reported a criminal offense; and
"(B) ostracism and such acts of maltreatment, as designated by the Secretary of Defense, committed by peers of a member of the Armed Forces or by other persons because the member reported a criminal offense.
"(2) Personnel actions.—For purposes of paragraph (1)(A), the Secretary of Defense shall define the personnel actions to be covered by the regulations."
Review and Policy Regarding Department of Defense Investigative Practices in Response to Allegations of Uniform Code of Military Justice Violations
Pub. L. 113–66, div. A, title XVII, §1732, Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 975, provided that:
"(a) Review.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 26, 2013], the Secretary of Defense shall conduct a review of the practices of the military criminal investigative organizations (Army Criminal Investigation Command, Naval Criminal Investigative Service, and Air Force Office of Special Investigation) in response to an allegation that a member of the Armed Forces has committed an offense under the Uniform Code of Military Justice, including the extent to which the military criminal investigative organizations make a recommendation regarding whether an allegation appears founded or unfounded.
"(b) Policy.—After conducting the review required by subsection (a), the Secretary of Defense shall develop a uniform policy for the Armed Forces, to the extent practicable, regarding the use of case determinations to record the results of the investigation of an alleged violation of the Uniform Code of Military Justice. In developing the policy, the Secretary shall consider the feasibility of adopting case determination methods, such as the uniform crime report, used by nonmilitary law enforcement agencies."
Designation of Department of Defense Senior Official for Enterprise Resource Planning System Data Conversion
Pub. L. 112–239, div. A, title IX, §903, Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 1866, provided that: "Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Jan. 2, 2013], the Secretary of Defense shall—
"(1) designate a senior official of the Department of Defense as the official with principal responsibility for coordination and management oversight of data conversion for all enterprise resource planning systems of the Department; and
"(2) set forth the responsibilities of that senior official with respect to such data conversion."
Electronic Warfare Strategy of the Department of Defense
Pub. L. 112–239, div. A, title X, §1061(a), (b), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 1939, provided that:
"(a) Guidance Required.—Not later than January 1, 2013, the Secretary of Defense shall review and update Department of Defense guidance related to electronic warfare to ensure that oversight roles and responsibilities within the Department related to electronic warfare policy and programs are clearly defined. Such guidance shall clarify, as appropriate, the roles and responsibilities related to the integration of electronic warfare matters and cyberspace operations.
"(b) Plan Required.—Not later than October 1, 2013, the Commander of the United States Strategic Command shall update and issue guidance regarding the responsibilities of the Command with regard to joint electronic warfare capabilities. Such guidance shall—
"(1) define the role and objectives of the Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Control Center or any other center established in the Command to provide governance and oversight of electronic warfare matters; and
"(2) include an implementation plan outlining tasks, metrics, and timelines to establish such a center."
United States Participation in Headquarters Eurocorps
Pub. L. 112–239, div. A, title XII, §1275, Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 2027, provided that:
"(a) Participation Authorized.—The Secretary of Defense may, with the concurrence of the Secretary of State, authorize the participation of members of the Armed Forces as members of the staff of Headquarters Eurocorps for the purpose of supporting the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) activities of the NATO Rapid Deployable Corps Eurocorps.
"(b) Memorandum of Understanding.—
"(1) Requirement.—The participation of members of the Armed Forces as members of the staff of Headquarters Eurocorps shall be in accordance with the terms of one or more memoranda of understanding entered into by the Secretary of Defense, with the concurrence of the Secretary of State, and Headquarters Eurocorps.
"(2) Cost-sharing arrangements.—If Department of Defense facilities, equipment, or funds are used to support Headquarters Eurocorps, the memoranda of understanding under paragraph (1) shall provide details of any cost-sharing arrangement or other funding arrangement.
"(c) Limitation on Number of Members Participating as Staff.—Not more than two members of the Armed Forces may participate as members of the staff of Headquarters Eurocorps, until the Secretary of Defense submits to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and the House of Representatives a report setting forth the following:
"(1) A certification by the Secretary of Defense that the participation of more than two members of the Armed Forces in Headquarters Eurocorps is in the national interests of the United States.
"(2) A description of the benefits of the participation of the additional members proposed by the Secretary.
"(3) A description of the plans for the participation of the additional members proposed by the Secretary, including the grades and posts to be filled.
"(4) A description of the costs associated with the participation of the additional members proposed by the Secretary.
"(d) Notice on Participation of Number of Members Above Certain Ceiling.—Not more than 10 members of the Armed Forces may participate as members of the staff of Headquarters Eurocorps unless the Secretary of Defense submits to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and the House of Representatives a notice that the number of members so participating will exceed 10 members.
"(e) Availability of Appropriated Funds.—
"(1) Availability.—Funds appropriated to the Department of Defense for operation and maintenance are available as follows:
"(A) To pay the United States' share of the operating expenses of Headquarters Eurocorps.
"(B) To pay the costs of the participation of members of the Armed Forces participating as members of the staff of Headquarters Eurocorps, including the costs of expenses of such participants.
"(2) Limitation.—No funds may be used under this section to fund the pay or salaries of members of the Armed Forces who participate as members of the staff of the Headquarters, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Rapid Deployable Corps under this section.
"(f) Headquarters Eurocorps Defined.—In this section, the term 'Headquarters Eurocorps' refers to the multinational military headquarters, established on October 1, 1993, which is one of the High Readiness Forces (Land) associated with the Allied Rapid Reaction Corps of NATO."
Strategy to Counter Improvised Explosive Devices
Pub. L. 112–87, title V, §503, Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1896, provided that:
"(a) Strategy.—
"(1) Establishment.—The Director of National Intelligence and the Secretary of Defense shall establish a coordinated strategy utilizing all available personnel and assets for intelligence collection and analysis to identify and counter network activity and operations in Pakistan and Afghanistan relating to the development and use of improvised explosive devices.
"(2) Contents.—The strategy established under paragraph (1) shall identify—
"(A) the networks that design improvised explosive devices, provide training on improvised explosive device assembly and employment, and smuggle improvised explosive device components into Afghanistan;
"(B) the persons and organizations not directly affiliated with insurgents in Afghanistan who knowingly enable the movement of commercial products and material used in improvised explosive device construction from factories and vendors in Pakistan into Afghanistan;
"(C) the financiers, financial networks, institutions, and funding streams that provide resources to the insurgency in Afghanistan; and
"(D) the links to military, intelligence services, and government officials who are complicit in allowing the insurgent networks in Afghanistan to operate.
"(b) Report and Implementation.—Not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Jan. 3, 2012], the Director of National Intelligence and the Secretary of Defense shall—
"(1) submit to the congressional intelligence committees [Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate and Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence of the House of Representatives] and the Committees on Armed Services of the House of Representatives and the Senate a report containing the strategy established under subsection (a); and
"(2) implement such strategy."
Designation of Department of Defense Senior Official With Principal Responsibility for Airship Programs
Pub. L. 112–81, div. A, title IX, §903, Dec. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 1532, provided that: "Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 31, 2011], the Secretary of Defense shall—
"(1) designate a senior official of the Department of Defense as the official with principal responsibility for the airship programs of the Department; and
"(2) set forth the responsibilities of that senior official with respect to such programs."
Authority To Support Operations and Activities of the Office of Security Cooperation in Iraq
Pub. L. 112–81, div. A, title XII, §1215, Dec. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 1631, as amended by Pub. L. 112–239, div. A, title XII, §1211(a)–(c), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 1982; Pub. L. 113–66, div. A, title XII, §1214(a)–(c), Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 906; Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title XII, §1237, Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3562; Pub. L. 114–92, div. A, title XII, §1221, Nov. 25, 2015, 129 Stat. 1047; Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title XII, §1223, Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2486; Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title XII, §1224(a), (b)(1), (c), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1654; Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title XII, §1235(a), (b)(1), (c), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 2041, 2042, provided that:
"(a) Authority.—The Secretary of Defense may support United States Government transition activities in Iraq by providing funds for the following:
"(1) Operations and activities of the Office of Security Cooperation in Iraq.
"(2) Operations and activities of security assistance teams in Iraq.
"(b) Types of Support.—The operations and activities for which the Secretary may provide funds under the authority in subsection (a) may include life support, transportation and personal security, and construction and renovation of facilities.
"(c) Limitation on Amount.—The total amount of funds provided under the authority in subsection (a) in fiscal year 2019 may not exceed $45,300,000.
"(d) Source of Funds.—Funds for purposes of subsection (a) for fiscal year 2019 shall be derived from amounts available for that fiscal year for operation and maintenance for the Air Force.
"(e) Coverage of Costs of OSCI in Connection With Sales of Defense Articles or Defense Services to Iraq.—The President shall ensure that any letter of offer for the sale to Iraq of any defense articles or defense services issued after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 31, 2011] includes, consistent with the provisions of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.), charges sufficient to recover the costs of operations and activities of security assistance teams in Iraq in connection with such sale.
"(f) Additional Authority for Activities of OSCI.—
"(1) In general.—During fiscal year 2019, the Secretary of Defense, with the concurrence of the Secretary of State, may authorize the Office of Security Cooperation in Iraq to conduct activities to support the following:
"(A) Defense institution building to mitigate capability gaps and promote effective and sustainable defense institutions.
"(B) Professionalization, strategic planning and reform, financial management, manpower management, and logistics management of military and other security forces with a national security mission.
"(2) Required elements.—The activities of the Office of Security Cooperation in Iraq conducted under paragraph (1) shall include elements that promote the following:
"(A) Observance of and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.
"(B) Military professionalism.
"(C) Respect for legitimate civilian authority within Iraq.
"(g) Reports.—
"(1) In general.—Not later than September 30, 2015, and every 180 days thereafter until the authority in this section expires, the Secretary of Defense shall, in consultation with the Secretary of State, submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a report on the activities of the Office of Security Cooperation in Iraq.
"(2) Elements.—Each report under this subsection shall include the following:
"(A) A current description of capability gaps in the security forces of Iraq, including capability gaps relating to intelligence matters, protection of Iraq airspace, and logistics and maintenance, and a current description of the extent, if any, to which the Government of Iraq has requested assistance in addressing such capability gaps.
"(B) A current description of the activities of the Office of Security Cooperation in Iraq and the extent, if any, to which the programs conducted by the Office in conjunction with other United States programs (such as the Foreign Military Financing program, the Foreign Military Sales program, and the assistance provided pursuant to section 1236 of the Carl Levin and Howard P. 'Buck' McKeon National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2015 (Public Law 113–291 [128 Stat. 3558])) will address the capability gaps described pursuant to subparagraph (A).
"(C) A current description of how the activities of the Office of Security Cooperation in Iraq are coordinated with, and complement and enhance, the assistance provided pursuant to section 1236 of the Carl Levin and Howard P. 'Buck' McKeon National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2015.
"(D) A current description of end use monitoring programs, and any other programs or procedures, used to improve accountability for equipment provided to the Government of Iraq.
"(E) A current description of the measures of effectiveness used to evaluate the activities of the Office of the Security Cooperation in Iraq, and an analysis of any determinations to expand, alter, or terminate specific activities of the Office based on such evaluations.
"(F) A current evaluation of the effectiveness of the training described in subsection (f)(2) in promoting respect for human rights, military professionalism, and respect for legitimate civilian authority in Iraq.
"(3) Appropriate committees of congress defined.—In this subsection, the term 'appropriate committees of Congress' means—
"(A) the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Foreign Relations, and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; and
"(B) the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives."
[Section 1235(b)(1)(B) and (c) of Pub. L. 115–232 made identical amendment to subsec. (d) of section 1215 of Pub. L. 112–81, set out above.]
Counter-Improvised Explosive Device Initiatives Database
Pub. L. 111–383, div. A, title I, §124, Jan. 7, 2011, 124 Stat. 4159, provided that:
"(a) Comprehensive Database.—
"(1) In general.—The Secretary of Defense, acting through the Director of the Joint Improvised Explosive Device Defeat Organization, shall develop and maintain a comprehensive database containing appropriate information for coordinating, tracking, and archiving each counter-improvised explosive device initiative within the Department of Defense. The database shall, at a minimum, ensure the visibility of each counter-improvised explosive device initiative.
"(2) Use of information.—Using information contained in the database developed under paragraph (1), the Secretary, acting through the Director of the Joint Improvised Explosive Device Defeat Organization, shall—
"(A) identify and eliminate redundant counter-improvised explosive device initiatives;
"(B) facilitate the transition of counter-improvised explosive device initiatives from funding under the Joint Improvised Explosive Device Defeat Fund to funding provided by the military departments; and
"(C) notify the appropriate personnel and organizations prior to a counter-improvised explosive device initiative being funded through the Joint Improvised Explosive Device Defeat Fund.
"(3) Coordination.—In carrying out paragraph (1), the Secretary shall ensure that the Secretary of each military department coordinates and collaborates on development of the database to ensure its interoperability, completeness, consistency, and effectiveness.
"(b) Metrics.—The Secretary of Defense, acting through the Director of the Joint Improvised Explosive Device Defeat Organization, shall—
"(1) develop appropriate means to measure the effectiveness of counter-improvised explosive device initiatives; and
"(2) prioritize the funding of such initiatives according to such means.
"(c) Counter-improvised Explosive Device Initiative Defined.—In this section, the term 'counter-improvised explosive device initiative' means any project, program, or research activity funded by any component of the Department of Defense that is intended to assist or support efforts to counter, combat, or defeat the use of improvised explosive devices."
Programs to Commemorate Anniversaries of the Korean War
Pub. L. 111–383, div. A, title V, §574, Jan. 7, 2011, 124 Stat. 4223, authorized the Secretary of Defense to conduct a program to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the Korean War, authorized the establishment of a Department of Defense Korean War Commemoration Fund, and directed the Inspector General of the Department of Defense to submit to Congress a report containing an accounting of various funds no later than 60 days after the end of the commemorative program.
Pub. L. 105–85, div. A, title X, §1083, Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 1918, as amended by Pub. L. 105–129, §1(b)(1), Dec. 1, 1997, 111 Stat. 2551; Pub. L. 105–261, div. A, title X, §1067(a), (c), Oct. 17, 1998, 112 Stat. 2134; Pub. L. 106–65, div. A, title X, §1052(a), (b)(1), (c), Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 764; Pub. L. 107–107, div. A, title X, §1048(g)(6), (i)(1), Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1228, 1229; Pub. L. 107–314, div. A, title X, §1069, Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2660, authorized the Secretary of Defense to conduct a program to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Korean War during fiscal years 2000 through 2004, provided that up to $10,000,000 of funds appropriated for the Army for such fiscal years be made available for the program, and directed the Secretary to submit to Congress a report containing an accounting not later than 60 days after completion of all activities and ceremonies.
Report on Organizational Structure and Policy Guidance of the Department of Defense Regarding Information Operations
Pub. L. 111–383, div. A, title IX, §943, Jan. 7, 2011, 124 Stat. 4341, provided that:
"(a) Report Required.—Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Jan. 7, 2011], the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate and the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives a report on the organizational structure and policy guidance of the Department of Defense with respect to information operations.
"(b) Review.—In preparing the report required by subsection (a), the Secretary shall review the following:
"(1) The extent to which the current definition of 'information operations' in Department of Defense Directive 3600.1 is appropriate.
"(2) The location of the office within the Department of the lead official responsible for information operations of the Department, including assessments of the most effective location and the need to designate a principal staff assistant to the Secretary of Defense for information operations.
"(3) Departmental responsibility for the development, coordination, and oversight of Department policy on information operations and for the integration of such operations.
"(4) Departmental responsibility for the planning, execution, and oversight of Department information operations.
"(5) Departmental responsibility for coordination within the Department, and between the Department and other departments and agencies of the Federal Government, regarding Department information operations, and for the resolution of conflicts in the discharge of such operations, including an assessment of current coordination bodies and decisionmaking processes.
"(6) The roles and responsibilities of the military departments, combat support agencies, the United States Special Operations Command, and the other combatant commands in the development and implementation of information operations.
"(7) The roles and responsibilities of the defense intelligence agencies for support of information operations.
"(8) The role in information operations of the following Department officials:
"(A) The Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs.
"(B) The Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Low-Intensity Conflict.
"(C) The senior official responsible for information processing and networking capabilities.
"(9) The role of related capabilities in the discharge of information operations, including public affairs capabilities, civil-military operations capabilities, defense support of public diplomacy, and intelligence.
"(10) The management structure of computer network operations in the Department for the discharge of information operations, and the policy in support of that component.
"(11) The appropriate use, management, and oversight of contractors in the development and implementation of information operations, including an assessment of current guidance and policy directives pertaining to the uses of contractors for these purposes.
"(c) Form.—The report required by subsection (a) shall be submitted in unclassified form, with a classified annex, if necessary.
"(d) Department of Defense Directive.—Upon the submittal of the report required by subsection (a), the Secretary shall prescribe a revised directive for the Department of Defense on information operations. The directive shall take into account the results of the review conducted for purposes of the report.
"(e) Information Operations Defined.—In this section, the term 'information operations' means the information operations specified in Department of Defense Directive 3600.1, as follows:
"(1) Electronic warfare.
"(2) Computer network operations.
"(3) Psychological operations.
"(4) Military deception.
"(5) Operations security."
Biennial Report on Nuclear Triad
Pub. L. 111–383, div. A, title X, §1054, Jan. 7, 2011, 124 Stat. 4358, which provided that, not later than March 1 of each even-numbered year, beginning March 1, 2012, the Secretary of Defense was to submit to the Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives a report on the nuclear triad, was repealed by Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title X, §1051(p)(4), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1565.
Treatment of Successor Contingency Operation to Operation Iraqi Freedom
Pub. L. 111–383, div. A, title X, §1077, Jan. 7, 2011, 124 Stat. 4379, provided that: "Any law applicable to Operation Iraqi Freedom shall apply in the same manner and to the same extent to the successor contingency operation known as Operation New Dawn, except as specifically provided in this Act [see Tables for classification], any amendment made by this Act, or any other law enacted after the date of the enactment of this Act [Jan. 7, 2011]."
Policy and Requirements To Ensure the Safety of Facilities, Infrastructure, and Equipment for Military Operations
Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title VIII, §807, Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2404, provided that:
"(a) Policy.—It shall be the policy of the Department of Defense that facilities, infrastructure, and equipment that are intended for use by military or civilian personnel of the Department in current or future military operations should be inspected for safety and habitability prior to such use, and that such facilities should be brought into compliance with generally accepted standards for the safety and health of personnel to the maximum extent practicable and consistent with the requirements of military operations and the best interests of the Department of Defense, to minimize the safety and health risk posed to such personnel.
"(b) Requirements.—Not later than 60 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 28, 2009], the Secretary of Defense shall—
"(1) ensure that each contract or task or delivery order entered into for the construction, installation, repair, maintenance, or operation of facilities for use by military or civilian personnel of the Department complies with the policy established in subsection (a);
"(2) ensure that contracts entered into prior to the date that is 60 days after the date of the enactment of this Act comply with such policy to the maximum extent practicable;
"(3) define the term 'generally accepted standards' with respect to fire protection, structural integrity, electrical systems, plumbing, water treatment, waste disposal, and telecommunications networks for the purposes of this section; and
"(4) provide such exceptions and limitations as may be needed to ensure that this section can be implemented in a manner that is consistent with the requirements of military operations and the best interests of the Department of Defense."
Defense Integrated Military Human Resources System Development and Transition
Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title IX, §932, Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2433, as amended by Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title IX, §901(n)(1), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3469; Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title X, §1081(b)(1)(D), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1597, provided that:
"(a) In General.—The Secretary of Defense shall establish a Defense Integrated Military Human Resources System development and transition Council to provide advice to the Secretary of Defense and the Secretaries of the military departments on the modernization of the integrated pay and personnel system for each military department and the collection of data generated by each such system into the enterprise information warehouse.
"(b) Council.—The Council shall include the following members:
"(1) The Deputy Chief Management Officer of the Department of Defense.
"(2) The Director of the Business Transformation Agency.
"(3) The Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics, or a designated representative.
"(4) The Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness, or a designated representative.
"(5) One representative from each of the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps who is a lieutenant general or vice admiral, or a civilian equivalent.
"(6) One representative of the National Guard Bureau who is a lieutenant general or vice admiral, or a civilian equivalent.
"(7) The Assistant Secretary of Defense for Networks and Information Integration, or a designated representative.
"(8) The Director of Operational Test and Evaluation, or a designated representative.
"(9) Such other individuals as may be designated by the Deputy Secretary of Defense, acting in the Deputy Secretary's capacity as the Chief Management Officer.
"(c) Meetings.—The Council shall meet not less than twice a year, or more often as specified by the Deputy Secretary of Defense.
"(d) Duties.—The Council shall have the following responsibilities:
"(1) Resolution of significant policy, programmatic, or budgetary issues impeding modernization or deployment of integrated personnel and pay systems for each military department, including issues relating to—
"(A) common interfaces, architectures, and systems engineering;
"(B) ensuring that developmental systems are consistent with current and future enterprise accounting and pay and personnel standards and practices; and
"(C) ensuring that developmental systems are consistent with current and future Department of Defense business enterprise architecture.
"(2) Coordination of implementation of the integrated personnel and pay system within defense organizations to ensure interoperability between all appropriate elements of the system.
"(3) Establishment of metrics to assess the following:
"(A) Business process re-engineering needed for successful deployment of the integrated pay and personnel system.
"(B) Interoperability between legacy, operational, and developmental pay and personnel systems.
"(C) Interface and systems architecture control and standardization.
"(D) Retirement of legacy systems.
"(E) Use of the enterprise information warehouse.
"(F) Any other relevant matters.
"(4) Such other responsibilities as the Secretary determines are appropriate.
"(e) Termination.—This section shall not be in effect after September 30, 2013.
"(f) Report.—Not later than March 1, 2010, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the congressional defense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives] a report on actions taken pursuant to this section."
[Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title IX, §901(n)(1), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3469, which had deemed references to the Deputy Chief Management Officer of the Department of Defense to be references to the Under Secretary of Defense for Business Management and Information, was repealed by Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title X, §1081(b)(1)(D), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1597, effective Dec. 23, 2016.]
Annual Report on Military Power of Iran
Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title XII, §1245, Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2542, as amended by Pub. L. 113–66, div. A, title XII, §1232(a), Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 920; Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title XII, §1277, Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3592; Pub. L. 114–92, div. A, title XII, §1231(a)–(d), Nov. 25, 2015, 129 Stat. 1057, 1058; Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title XII, §1225(a), Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2487; Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title XII, §1225(a), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1655; Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title XII, §1236, Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 2042, provided that:
"(a) Annual Report.—Not later than January 30 of each year, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress a report, in both classified and unclassified form, on the current and future military strategy of Iran.
"(b) Matters to Be Included.—The report required under subsection (a) shall include a description of the security posture of Iran, including at least the following:
"(1) A description and assessment of Iranian grand strategy, security strategy, and military strategy, including—
"(A) the goals of Iran's grand strategy, security strategy, and military strategy.
"(B) trends in Iran's strategy that would be designed to establish Iran as the leading power in the Middle East and to enhance the influence of Iran in other regions of the world;
"(C) Iranian strategy regarding other countries in the region, including other specified countries; and
"(D) Iranian strategy regarding offensive cyber capabilities and defensive cyber capabilities.
"(2) An assessment of the capabilities of Iran's conventional forces, including—
"(A) the size and capabilities of Iran's conventional forces;
"(B) an analysis of the effectiveness of Iran's conventional forces when facing United States forces in the region and other specified countries;
"(C) a description of Iranian military doctrine; and
"(D) an estimate of the funding provided for each branch of Iran's conventional forces.
"(3) An assessment of Iran's unconventional forces and related activities, including—
"(A) the size and capability of Iranian special operations units, including the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps–Quds Force;
"(B) the types and amount of support, including funding, lethal and non-lethal supplies, and training, provided to groups designated by the United States as foreign terrorist organizations and regional militant groups, including Hezbollah, Hamas, the Houthis, and the Special Groups in Iraq, in particular those forces as having been assessed as to be willing to carry out terrorist operations on behalf of Iran or in response to a military attack by another country on Iran;
"(C) an analysis of the effectiveness of Iran's unconventional forces when facing United States forces in the region and other specified countries in the region;
"(D) an estimate of the amount of funds spent by Iran to develop and support special operations forces and terrorist groups;
"(E) a description of the structure of Iran's global network of terrorist and criminal groups and an analysis of the capability of such network of groups and how such network of groups operates to support and reinforce Iran's grand strategy;
"(F) Iran's cyber capabilities, including—
"(i) Iran's ability to use proxies and other actors to mask its cyber operations;
"(ii) Iran's ability to target United States governmental and nongovernmental entities and activities; and
"(iii) cooperation with or assistance from state and non-state actors in support or enhancement of Iran's cyber capabilities;
"(G) Iranian ability to manipulate the information environment both domestically and against the interests of the United States and its allies.
"(4) An assessment of Iranian capabilities related to nuclear and missile forces, including—
"(A) a summary of nuclear weapons capabilities and developments in the preceding year;
"(B) a summary of the capabilities of Iran's ballistic missile forces, including developments in the preceding year, the size of Iran's ballistic missile forces and Iran's cruise missile forces, and the locations of missile launch sites;
"(C) a detailed analysis of the effectiveness of Iran's ballistic missile forces and Iran's cruise missile forces when facing United States forces in the region and other specified countries; and
"(D) an estimate of the amount of funding expended by Iran since 2004 on programs to develop a capability to build nuclear weapons or to enhance Iran's ballistic missile forces.
"(5) An assessment of transfers to and from Iran of military equipment, technology, and training from or to non-Iranian sources or destinations, including transfers that pertain to nuclear development, ballistic missiles, and chemical, biological, and advanced conventional weapons, weapon systems, and delivery vehicles.
"(6) An assessment of the use of civilian transportation assets and infrastructure, including commercial aircraft, airports, commercial vessels, and seaports, used to transport illicit military cargo to or from Iran, including military personnel, military goods, weapons, military-related electric parts, and related components.
"(7) An assessment of military-to-military cooperation between Iran and foreign counties [sic], including Cuba, North Korea, Pakistan, the Russian Federation, Sudan, Syria, Venezuela, and any other country designated by the Secretary of Defense with additional reference to cooperation and collaboration on the trafficking or development of nuclear, biological, chemical, and advanced conventional weapons, weapon systems, and delivery vehicles.
"(8) An assessment of the extent to which the commercial aviation sector of Iran knowingly provides financial, material, or technological support to the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, the Ministry of Defense and Armed Forces Logistics of Iran, the Bashar al-Assad regime, Hezbollah, Hamas, Kata'ib Hezbollah, or any other foreign terrorist organization.
"(c) Definitions.—In this section:
"(1) Iran's conventional forces.—The term 'Iran's conventional forces'—
"(A) means military forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran designed to conduct operations on sea, air, or land, other than Iran's unconventional forces and Iran's ballistic missile forces and Iran's cruise missile forces; and
"(B) includes Iran's Army, Iran's Air Force, Iran's Navy, and elements of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps, other than the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps–Quds Force.
"(2) Iran's unconventional forces.—The term 'Iran's unconventional forces'—
"(A) means forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran that carry out missions typically associated with special operations forces; and
"(B) includes—
"(i) the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps–Quds Force; and
"(ii) any organization that—
"(I) has been designated a terrorist organization by the United States;
"(II) receives assistance from Iran; and
"(III)(aa) is assessed as being willing in some or all cases of carrying out attacks on behalf of Iran; or
"(bb) is assessed as likely to carry out attacks in response to a military attack by another country on Iran.
"(3) Iran's ballistic missile forces.—The term 'Iran's ballistic missile forces' means those elements of the military forces of Iran that employ ballistic missiles.
"(4) Iran's cruise missile forces.—The term 'Iran's cruise missile forces' means those elements of the military forces of Iran that employ cruise missiles capable of flights less than 500 kilometers.
"(5) Specified countries.—The term 'specified countries' means the countries in the same geographic region as Iran, including Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Bahrain, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, Armenia, and Azerbaijan.
"(d) Termination.—The requirement to submit the report required under subsection (a) shall terminate on December 31, 2025."
[Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title XII, §1225(b), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1655, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending section 1245 of Pub. L. 111–84, set out above] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 12, 2017], and shall apply with respect to reports required to be submitted under section 1245 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010 [Pub. L. 111–84] after that date."]
[Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title XII, §1225(b), Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2487, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending section 1245 of Pub. L. 111–84, set out above] shall take effect on January 1, 2018, and shall apply with respect to reports required to be submitted under section 1245 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010 [Pub. L. 111–84] on or after that date."]
[Pub. L. 114–92, div. A, title XII, §1231(e), Nov. 25, 2015, 129 Stat. 1058, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending section 1245 of Pub. L. 111–84, set out above] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 25, 2015], and shall apply with respect to reports required to be submitted under section 1245 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010 [Pub. L. 111–84], as so amended, after that date."]
[Pub. L. 113–66, div. A, title XII, §1232(b), Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 920, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending section 1245 of Pub. L. 111–84, set out above] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 26, 2013] and shall apply with respect to reports required to be submitted under section 1245 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010 [Pub. L. 111–84], as so amended, on or after that date."]
[For termination, effective Dec. 31, 2021, of annual reporting provisions in section 1245 of Pub. L. 111–84, set out above, see section 1061 of Pub. L. 114–328, set out as a note under section 111 of this title.]
Requirement for Common Ground Stations and Payloads for Manned and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Pub. L. 110–417, [div. A], title I, §144, Oct. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 4382, provided that:
"(a) Policy and Acquisition Strategy Required.—The Secretary of Defense, in consultation with the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, shall establish a policy and an acquisition strategy for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance payloads and ground stations for manned and unmanned aerial vehicle systems. The policy and acquisition strategy shall be applicable throughout the Department of Defense and shall achieve integrated research, development, test, and evaluation, and procurement commonality.
"(b) Objectives.—The policy and acquisition strategy required by subsection (a) shall have the following objectives:
"(1) Procurement of common payloads by vehicle class, including—
"(A) signals intelligence;
"(B) electro optical;
"(C) synthetic aperture radar;
"(D) ground moving target indicator;
"(E) conventional explosive detection;
"(F) foliage penetrating radar;
"(G) laser designator;
"(H) chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, [or] explosive detection; and
"(I) national airspace operations avionics or sensors, or both.
"(2) Commonality of ground system architecture by vehicle class.
"(3) Common management of vehicle and payloads procurement.
"(4) Ground station interoperability standardization.
"(5) Maximum use of commercial standard hardware and interfaces.
"(6) Open architecture software.
"(7) Acquisition of technical data rights in accordance with section 2320 of title 10, United States Code.
"(8) Acquisition of vehicles, payloads, and ground stations through competitive procurement.
"(9) Common standards for exchange of data and metadata.
"(c) Affected Systems.—For the purposes of this section, the Secretary shall establish manned and unmanned aerial vehicle classes for all intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance programs of record based on factors such as vehicle weight, payload capacity, and mission.
"(d) Report.—Not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 14, 2008], the Secretary shall submit to the congressional defense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives], the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence of the House of Representatives, and the Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate a report containing—
"(1) the policy required by subsection (a); and
"(2) the acquisition strategy required by subsection (a)."
Report on Command and Control Structure for Military Forces Operating in Afghanistan
Pub. L. 110–417, [div. A], title XII, §1216, Oct. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 4633, as amended by Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title XII, §1229, Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2528, provided that:
"(a) Report Required.—Not later than 60 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 14, 2008], or December 1, 2008, whichever occurs later, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on the command and control structure for military forces operating in Afghanistan.
"(b) Matters to Be Included.—The report required under subsection (a) shall include the following:
"(1) A detailed description of efforts by the Secretary of Defense, in coordination with senior leaders of NATO ISAF forces, including the commander of NATO ISAF forces, to modify the chain of command structure for military forces operating in Afghanistan to better coordinate and de-conflict military operations and achieve unity of command whenever possible in Afghanistan, and the results of such efforts, including—
"(A) any United States or NATO ISAF plan for improving the command and control structure for military forces operating in Afghanistan; and
"(B) any efforts to establish a headquarters in Afghanistan that is led by a commander—
"(i) with command authority over NATO ISAF forces and separate United States forces operating under Operation Enduring Freedom and charged with closely coordinating the efforts of such forces; and
"(ii) responsible for coordinating other United States and international security efforts in Afghanistan.
"(2) A description of how rules of engagement are determined and managed for United States forces operating under NATO ISAF or Operation Enduring Freedom, and a description of any key differences between rules of engagement for NATO ISAF forces and separate United States forces operating under Operation Enduring Freedom.
"(3) An assessment of how any modifications to the command and control structure for military forces operating in Afghanistan would impact coordination of military and civilian efforts in Afghanistan.
"(c) Update of Report.—The Secretary of Defense shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees an update of the report required under subsection (a) as warranted by any modifications to the command and control structure for military forces operating in Afghanistan as described in the report.
"(d) Form.—The report required under subsection (a) and any update of the report required under subsection (c) shall be submitted in an unclassified form, but may include a classified annex, if necessary. Any update of the report required under subsection (c) may be included in the report required under section 1230 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 (Public Law 110–181; 122 Stat. 385).
"(1) the Committee on Armed Services and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives; and
"(2) the Committee on Armed Services and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate."
Program To Commemorate 50th Anniversary of the Vietnam War
Pub. L. 110–181, div. A, title V, §598, Jan. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 141, provided that:
"(a) Commemorative Program Authorized.—The Secretary of Defense may conduct a program to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Vietnam War. In conducting the commemorative program, the Secretary shall coordinate, support, and facilitate other programs and activities of the Federal Government, State and local governments, and other persons and organizations in commemoration of the Vietnam War.
"(b) Schedule.—The Secretary of Defense shall determine the schedule of major events and priority of efforts for the commemorative program in order to ensure achievement of the objectives specified in subsection (c).
"(c) Commemorative Activities and Objectives.—The commemorative program may include activities and ceremonies to achieve the following objectives:
"(1) To thank and honor veterans of the Vietnam War, including personnel who were held as prisoners of war or listed as missing in action, for their service and sacrifice on behalf of the United States and to thank and honor the families of these veterans.
"(2) To highlight the service of the Armed Forces during the Vietnam War and the contributions of Federal agencies and governmental and non-governmental organizations that served with, or in support of, the Armed Forces.
"(3) To pay tribute to the contributions made on the home front by the people of the United States during the Vietnam War.
"(4) To highlight the advances in technology, science, and medicine related to military research conducted during the Vietnam War.
"(5) To recognize the contributions and sacrifices made by the allies of the United States during the Vietnam War.
"(d) Names and Symbols.—The Secretary of Defense shall have the sole and exclusive right to use the name 'The United States of America Vietnam War Commemoration', and such seal, emblems, and badges incorporating such name as the Secretary may lawfully adopt. Nothing in this section may be construed to supersede rights that are established or vested before the date of the enactment of this Act [Jan. 28, 2008].
"(e) Commemorative Fund.—
"(1) Establishment and administration.—If the Secretary establishes the commemorative program under subsection (a), the Secretary the Treasury shall establish in the Treasury of the United States an account to be known as the 'Department of Defense Vietnam War Commemoration Fund' (in this section referred to as the 'Fund'). The Fund shall be administered by the Secretary of Defense.
"(2) Use of fund.—The Secretary shall use the assets of the Fund only for the purpose of conducting the commemorative program and shall prescribe such regulations regarding the use of the Fund as the Secretary considers to be necessary.
"(3) Deposits.—There shall be deposited into the Fund—
"(A) amounts appropriated to the Fund;
"(B) proceeds derived from the Secretary's use of the exclusive rights described in subsection (d);
"(C) donations made in support of the commemorative program by private and corporate donors; and
"(D) funds transferred to the Fund by the Secretary from funds appropriated for fiscal year 2008 and subsequent years for the Department of Defense.
"(4) Availability.—Subject to subsection (g)(2), amounts deposited under paragraph (3) shall constitute the assets of the Fund and remain available until expended.
"(5) Budget request.—The Secretary of Defense may establish a separate budget line for the commemorative program. In the budget justification materials submitted by the Secretary in support of the budget of the President for any fiscal year for which the Secretary establishes the separate budget line, the Secretary shall—
"(A) identify and explain any amounts expended for the commemorative program in the fiscal year preceding the budget request;
"(B) identify and explain the amounts being requested to support the commemorative program for the fiscal year of the budget request; and
"(C) present a summary of the fiscal status of the Fund.
"(f) Acceptance of Voluntary Services.—
"(1) Authority to accept services.—Notwithstanding section 1342 of title 31, United States Code, the Secretary of Defense may accept from any person voluntary services to be provided in furtherance of the commemorative program. The Secretary of Defense shall prohibit the solicitation of any voluntary services if the nature or circumstances of such solicitation would compromise the integrity or the appearance of integrity of any program of the Department of Defense or of any individual involved in the program.
"(2) Reimbursement of incidental expenses.—The Secretary may provide for reimbursement of incidental expenses incurred by a person providing voluntary services under this subsection. The Secretary shall determine which expenses are eligible for reimbursement under this paragraph.
"(g) Final Report.—
"(1) Report required.—Not later than 60 days after the end of the commemorative program, if established by the Secretary of Defense under subsection (a), the Secretary shall submit to Congress a report containing an accounting of—
"(A) all of the funds deposited into and expended from the Fund;
"(B) any other funds expended under this section; and
"(C) any unobligated funds remaining in the Fund.
"(2) Treatment of unobligated funds.—Unobligated amounts remaining in the Fund as of the end of the commemorative period specified in subsection (b) shall be held in the Fund until transferred by law.
"(h) Limitation on Expenditures.—Total expenditures from the Fund, using amounts appropriated to the Department of Defense, may not exceed $5,000,000 for fiscal year 2008 or for any subsequent fiscal year to carry out the commemorative program.
"(i) Funding.—Of the amount authorized to be appropriated pursuant to section 301(5) [122 Stat. 53] for Defense-wide activities, $1,000,000 shall be available for deposit in the Fund for fiscal year 2008 if the Fund is established under subsection (e)."
Proc. No. 8829, May 25, 2012, 77 F.R. 32875, provided:
As we observe the 50th anniversary of the Vietnam War, we reflect with solemn reverence upon the valor of a generation that served with honor. We pay tribute to the more than 3 million servicemen and women who left their families to serve bravely, a world away from everything they knew and everyone they loved. From Ia Drang to Khe Sanh, from Hue to Saigon and countless villages in between, they pushed through jungles and rice paddies, heat and monsoon, fighting heroically to protect the ideals we hold dear as Americans. Through more than a decade of combat, over air, land, and sea, these proud Americans upheld the highest traditions of our Armed Forces.
As a grateful Nation, we honor more than 58,000 patriots—their names etched in black granite—who sacrificed all they had and all they would ever know. We draw inspiration from the heroes who suffered unspeakably as prisoners of war, yet who returned home with their heads held high. We pledge to keep faith with those who were wounded and still carry the scars of war, seen and unseen. With more than 1,600 of our service members still among the missing, we pledge as a Nation to do everything in our power to bring these patriots home. In the reflection of The Wall, we see the military family members and veterans who carry a pain that may never fade. May they find peace in knowing their loved ones endure, not only in medals and memories, but in the hearts of all Americans, who are forever grateful for their service, valor, and sacrifice.
In recognition of a chapter in our Nation's history that must never be forgotten, let us renew our sacred commitment to those who answered our country's call in Vietnam and those who awaited their safe return. Beginning on Memorial Day 2012, the Federal Government will partner with local governments, private organizations, and communities across America to participate in the Commemoration of the 50th Anniversary of the Vietnam War—a 13-year program to honor and give thanks to a generation of proud Americans who saw our country through one of the most challenging missions we have ever faced. While no words will ever be fully worthy of their service, nor any honor truly befitting their sacrifice, let us remember that it is never too late to pay tribute to the men and women who answered the call of duty with courage and valor. Let us renew our commitment to the fullest possible accounting for those who have not returned. Throughout this Commemoration, let us strive to live up to their example by showing our Vietnam veterans, their families, and all who have served the fullest respect and support of a grateful Nation.
NOW, THEREFORE, I, BARACK OBAMA, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim May 28, 2012, through November 11, 2025, as the Commemoration of the 50th Anniversary of the Vietnam War. I call upon Federal, State, and local officials to honor our Vietnam veterans, our fallen, our wounded, those unaccounted for, our former prisoners of war, their families, and all who served with appropriate programs, ceremonies, and activities.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-fifth day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand twelve, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and thirty-sixth.
Barack Obama.
Access to Military Installations
Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VI, §626, Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1802, provided that:
"(a) Procedures for Access of Surviving Spouses Required.—The Secretary of Defense, acting jointly with the Secretary of Homeland Security, shall establish procedures by which an eligible surviving spouse may obtain unescorted access, as appropriate, to military installations in order to receive benefits to which the eligible surviving spouse may be entitled by law or policy.
"(b) Procedures for Access of Next of Kin Authorized.—
"(1) In general.—The Secretary of Defense, acting jointly with the Secretary of Homeland Security, may establish procedures by which the next of kin of a covered member of the Armed Forces, in addition to an eligible surviving spouse, may obtain access to military installations for such purposes and under such conditions as the Secretaries jointly consider appropriate.
"(2) Next of kin.—If the Secretaries establish procedures pursuant to paragraph (1), the Secretaries shall jointly specify the individuals who shall constitute next of kin for purposes of such procedures.
"(c) Considerations.—Any procedures established under this section shall—
"(1) be applied consistently across the Department of Defense and the Department of Homeland Security, including all components of the Departments;
"(2) minimize any administrative burden on a surviving spouse or dependent child, including through the elimination of any requirement for a surviving spouse to apply as a personal agent for continued access to military installations in accompaniment of a dependent child;
"(3) take into account measures required to ensure the security of military installations, including purpose and eligibility for access and renewal periodicity; and
"(4) take into account such other factors as the Secretary of Defense or the Secretary of Homeland Security considers appropriate.
"(d) Deadline.—The procedures required by subsection (a) shall be established by the date that is not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 13, 2018].
"(e) Definitions.—In this section:
"(1) The term 'eligible surviving spouse' means an individual who is a surviving spouse of a covered member of the Armed Forces, without regard to whether the individual remarries after the death of the covered member of the Armed Forces.
"(2) The term 'covered member of the Armed Forces' means a member of the Armed Forces who dies while serving—
"(A) on active duty; or
"(B) on such reserve duty as the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Homeland Security may jointly specify for purposes of this section."
Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title III, §346, Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2085, as amended by Pub. L. 115–91, div. B, title XXVIII, §2819, Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1853, provided that:
"(a) In General.—Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 23, 2016], the Secretary of Defense shall establish policies under which covered drivers may be authorized to access military installations.
"(b) Elements.—The policies established under subsection (a)—
"(1) shall include the terms and conditions under which a covered driver may be authorized to access a military installation;
"(2) may require a transportation company or transportation network company and a covered driver to enter into a written agreement with the Department of Defense as a precondition for obtaining authorization to access a military installation;
"(3) shall be consistent across military installations, to the extent practicable;
"(4) shall be designed to promote the expeditious entry of covered drivers onto military installations for purposes of providing commercial transportation services;
"(5) shall place appropriate restrictions on entry into sensitive areas of military installations;
"(6) shall be designed, to the extent practicable, to give covered drivers access to barracks areas, housing areas, temporary lodging facilities, hospitals, and community support facilities;
"(7) shall require transportation companies and transportation network companies—
"(A) to track, in real-time, the location of the entry and exit of covered drivers onto and off of military installations; and
"(B) to provide, on demand, the information described in subparagraph (A) to appropriate personnel and agencies of the Department; and
"(8) shall take into account force protection requirements and ensure the protection and safety of members of the Armed Forces, civilian employees of the Department of Defense, and the families of such members and employees.
"(c) Confidentiality of Information.—The Secretary shall ensure that any information provided to the Department by a transportation company or transportation network company under subsection (b)(7)—
"(1) is treated as confidential and proprietary information of the company that is exempt from public disclosure pursuant to section 552 of title 5, United States Code (commonly known as the 'Freedom of Information Act'); and
"(2) except as provided in subsection (b)(7), is not disclosed to any person or entity without the express written consent of the company unless disclosure of such information is required by a court order.
"(1) Transportation company.—The term 'transportation company' means a corporation, partnership, sole proprietorship, or other entity outside of the Department of Defense that provides a commercial transportation service to a rider.
"(2) Transportation network company.—The term 'transportation network company'—
"(A) means a corporation, partnership, sole proprietorship, or other entity, that uses a digital network to connect riders to covered drivers in order for the driver to transport the rider using a vehicle owned, leased, or otherwise authorized for use by the driver to a point chosen by the rider; and
"(B) does not include a shared-expense carpool or vanpool arrangement that is not intended to generate profit for the driver.
"(3) Covered driver.—The term 'covered driver'—
"(A) means an individual—
"(i) who is an employee of a transportation company or transportation network company or who is affiliated with a transportation company or transportation network company; and
"(ii) who provides a commercial transportation service to a rider; and
"(B) includes a vehicle operated by such individual for the purpose of providing such service."
[Pub. L. 115–91, div. B, title XXVIII, §2819(4)(C), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1853, which directed the insertion of "or transportation network company" after "transportation company" in section 346(d)(3)(A)(i) of Pub. L. 114–328, set out above, was not executed in light of the amendment made by section 2819(2) of Pub. L. 115–91, which directed the same insertion wherever appearing in subsec. (d).]
Pub. L. 112–239, div. B, title XXVIII, §2812, Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 2150, provided that:
"(a) Procedural Requirements for Identification Verification.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Jan. 2, 2013], the Secretary of Defense shall publish procedural requirements regarding access to military installations in the United States by individuals, including individuals performing work under a contract awarded by the Department of Defense. The procedural requirements may vary between military installations, or parts of installations, depending on the nature of the installation, the nature of the access granted, and the level of security required.
"(b) Issues Addressed.—The procedures required by subsection (a) shall address, at a minimum, the following:
"(1) The forms of identification to be required to permit entry.
"(2) The measures to be used to verify the authenticity of such identification and identify individuals who seek unauthorized access to a military installation through the use of fraudulent identification or other means.
"(3) The measures to be used to notify Department of Defense security personnel of any attempt to gain unauthorized access to a military installation."
Pub. L. 110–181, div. A, title X, §1069, Jan. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 326, as amended by Pub. L. 110–417, [div. A], title X, §1059, Oct. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 4611; Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title X, §1073(c)(11), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2475, provided that:
"(a) Development of Standards.—
"(1) Access standards for visitors.—The Secretary of Defense shall develop access standards applicable to all military installations in the United States. The standards shall require screening standards appropriate to the type of installation involved, the security level, category of individuals authorized to visit the installation, and level of access to be granted, including—
"(A) protocols to determine the fitness of the individual to enter an installation; and
"(B) standards and methods for verifying the identity of the individual.
"(2) Additional criteria.—The standards required under paragraph (1) may—
"(A) provide for expedited access to a military installation for Department of Defense personnel and employees and family members of personnel who reside on the installation;
"(B) provide for closer scrutiny of categories of individuals determined by the Secretary of Defense to pose a higher potential security risk; and
"(C) in the case of an installation that the Secretary determines contains particularly sensitive facilities, provide additional screening requirements, as well as physical and other security measures for the installation.
"(b) Use of Technology.—The Secretary of Defense is encouraged to procure and field existing identification screening technology and to develop additional technology only to the extent necessary to assist commanders of military installations in implementing the standards developed under this section at points of entry for such installations.
"(c) Deadlines.—
"(1) Development and implementation.—The Secretary of Defense shall develop the standards required under this section by not later than February 1, 2009, and implement such standards by not later than October 1, 2010.
"(2) Submission to congress.—Not later than August 1, 2009, the Secretary shall submit to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and House of Representatives the standards developed pursuant to paragraph (1)."
[Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title X, §1073(c), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2474, provided that the amendment made by section 1073(c)(11) to section 1059 of Pub. L. 110–417, included in the credit set out above, is effective as of Oct. 14, 2008, and as if included in Pub. L. 110–417 as enacted.]
Protection of Certain Individuals
Pub. L. 110–181, div. A, title X, §1074, Jan. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 330, as amended by Pub. L. 113–66, div. A, title X, §1084(b)(2)(A), Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 872; Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title X, §1046, Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3494, which provided for protection of Department of Defense leadership and certain additional individuals within the military, Department of Defense, and certain foreign government representatives, was repealed by Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title IX, §952(c)(3), Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2375. See section 714 of this title.
Authority To Provide Automatic Identification System Data on Maritime Shipping to Foreign Countries and International Organizations
Pub. L. 110–181, div. A, title XII, §1208, Jan. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 367, provided that:
"(a) Authority To Provide Data.—The Secretary of Defense, with the concurrence of the Secretary of State, may authorize the Secretary of a military department or a commander of a combatant command to exchange or furnish automatic identification system data broadcast by merchant or private ships and collected by the United States to a foreign country or international organization pursuant to an agreement for the exchange or production of such data. Such data may be transferred pursuant to this section without cost to the recipient country or international organization.
"(b) Definitions.—In this section:
"(1) Automatic identification system.—The term 'automatic identification system' means a system that is used to satisfy the requirements of the Automatic Identification System under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, signed at London on November 1, 1974 (TIAS 9700) [see 33 U.S.C. 1602 and notes thereunder].
"(2) Geographic combatant commander.—The term 'commander of a combatant command' means a commander of a combatant command (as such term is defined in section 161(c) of title 10, United States Code) with a geographic area of responsibility."
Report on Support From Iran for Attacks Against Coalition Forces in Iraq
Pub. L. 110–181, div. A, title XII, §1225, Jan. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 375, which required the Secretary of Defense, in coordination with the Director of National Intelligence, to submit to the Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives reports describing and assessing any support provided to anti-coalition forces in Iraq by Iran or its agents, the strategy and ambitions in Iraq of Iran, and any strategy or efforts by the United States to counter the activities of agents of Iran in Iraq, was repealed by Pub. L. 111–383, div. A, title XII, §1233(f)(2), Jan. 7, 2011, 124 Stat. 4397.
Requirement for Secretary of Defense To Prepare Plan for Response to Natural Disasters and Terrorist Events
Pub. L. 110–181, div. A, title XVIII, §1814, Jan. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 498, provided that:
"(a) Requirement for Plan.—
"(1) In general.—Not later than June 1, 2008, the Secretary of Defense, in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the commander of the United States Northern Command, and the Chief of the National Guard Bureau, shall prepare and submit to Congress a plan for coordinating the use of the National Guard and members of the Armed Forces on active duty when responding to natural disasters, acts of terrorism, and other man-made disasters as identified in the national planning scenarios described in subsection (e).
"(2) Update.—Not later than June 1, 2010, the Secretary, in consultation with the persons consulted under paragraph (1), shall submit to Congress an update of the plan required under paragraph (1).
"(b) Information To Be Provided to Secretary.—To assist the Secretary of Defense in preparing the plan, the National Guard Bureau, pursuant to its purpose as channel of communications as set forth in section 10501(b) of title 10, United States Code, shall provide to the Secretary information gathered from Governors, adjutants general of States, and other State civil authorities responsible for homeland preparation and response to natural and man-made disasters.
"(c) Two Versions.—The plan shall set forth two versions of response, one using only members of the National Guard, and one using both members of the National Guard and members of the regular components of the Armed Forces.
"(d) Matters Covered.—The plan shall cover, at a minimum, the following:
"(1) Protocols for the Department of Defense, the National Guard Bureau, and the Governors of the several States to carry out operations in coordination with each other and to ensure that Governors and local communities are properly informed and remain in control in their respective States and communities.
"(2) An identification of operational procedures, command structures, and lines of communication to ensure a coordinated, efficient response to contingencies.
"(3) An identification of the training and equipment needed for both National Guard personnel and members of the Armed Forces on active duty to provide military assistance to civil authorities and for other domestic operations to respond to hazards identified in the national planning scenarios.
"(e) National Planning Scenarios.—The plan shall provide for response to the following hazards:
"(1) Nuclear detonation, biological attack, biological disease outbreak/pandemic flu, the plague, chemical attack-blister agent, chemical attack-toxic industrial chemicals, chemical attack-nerve agent, chemical attack-chlorine tank explosion, major hurricane, major earthquake, radiological attack-radiological dispersal device, explosives attack-bombing using improvised explosive device, biological attack-food contamination, biological attack-foreign animal disease and cyber attack.
"(2) Any other hazards identified in a national planning scenario developed by the Homeland Security Council."
Determination of Department of Defense Civil Support Requirements
Pub. L. 110–181, div. A, title XVIII, §1815(a)–(d), Jan. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 499, provided that:
"(a) Determination of Requirements.—The Secretary of Defense, in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security, shall determine the military-unique capabilities needed to be provided by the Department of Defense to support civil authorities in an incident of national significance or a catastrophic incident.
"(b) Plan for Funding Capabilities.—
"(1) Plan.—The Secretary of Defense shall develop and implement a plan, in coordination with the Secretaries of the military departments and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, for providing the funds and resources necessary to develop and maintain the following:
"(A) The military-unique capabilities determined under subsection (a).
"(B) Any additional capabilities determined by the Secretary to be necessary to support the use of the active components and the reserve components of the Armed Forces for homeland defense missions, domestic emergency responses, and providing military support to civil authorities.
"(2) Term of plan.—The plan required under paragraph (1) shall cover at least five years.
"(c) Budget.—The Secretary of Defense shall include in the materials accompanying the budget submitted for each fiscal year a request for funds necessary to carry out the plan required under subsection (b) during the fiscal year covered by the budget. The defense budget materials shall delineate and explain the budget treatment of the plan for each component of each military department, each combatant command, and each affected Defense Agency.
"(1) The term 'military-unique capabilities' means those capabilities that, in the view of the Secretary of Defense—
"(A) cannot be provided by other Federal, State, or local civilian agencies; and
"(B) are essential to provide support to civil authorities in an incident of national significance or a catastrophic incident.
"(2) The term 'defense budget materials', with respect to a fiscal year, means the materials submitted to Congress by the Secretary of Defense in support of the budget for that fiscal year."
Military Severely Injured Center
Pub. L. 109–364, div. A, title V, §564, Oct. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 2222, provided that:
"(a) Center Required.—In support of the comprehensive policy on the provision of assistance to severely wounded or injured servicemembers required by section 563 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2006 (Public Law 109–163; 119 Stat. 3269; 10 U.S.C. 113 note), the Secretary of Defense shall establish within the Department of Defense a center to augment and support the programs and activities of the military departments for the provision of such assistance, including the programs of the military departments referred to in subsection (c).
"(b) Designation.—The center established under subsection (a) shall be known as the 'Military Severely Injured Center' (in this section referred to as the 'Center').
"(c) Programs of the Military Departments.—The programs of the military departments referred to in this subsection are the following:
"(1) The Army Wounded Warrior Support Program.
"(2) The Navy Safe Harbor Program.
"(3) The Palace HART Program of the Air Force.
"(4) The Marine for Life Injured Support Program of the Marine Corps.
"(d) Activities of Center.—
"(1) In general.—The Center shall carry out such programs and activities to augment and support the programs and activities of the military departments for the provision of assistance to severely wounded or injured servicemembers and their families as the Secretary of Defense, in consultation with the Secretaries of the military departments and the heads of other appropriate departments and agencies of the Federal Government (including the Secretary of Labor and the Secretary of Veterans Affairs), determines appropriate.
"(2) Database.—The activities of the Center under this subsection shall include the establishment and maintenance of a central database. The database shall be transparent and shall be accessible for use by all of the programs of the military departments referred to in subsection (c).
"(e) Resources.—The Secretary of Defense shall allocate to the Center such personnel and other resources as the Secretary of Defense, in consultation with the Secretaries of the military departments, considers appropriate in order to permit the Center to carry out effectively the programs and activities assigned to the Center under subsection (d)."
Pub. L. 109–163, div. A, title V, §563, Jan. 6, 2006, 119 Stat. 3269, provided that:
"(a) Comprehensive Policy.—
"(1) Policy required.—Not later than June 1, 2006, the Secretary of Defense shall prescribe a comprehensive policy for the Department of Defense on the provision of assistance to members of the Armed Forces who incur severe wounds or injuries in the line of duty (in this section referred to as 'severely wounded or injured servicemembers').
"(2) Consultation.—The Secretary shall develop the policy required by paragraph (1) in consultation with the Secretaries of the military departments, the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, and the Secretary of Labor.
"(3) Incorporation of past experience and practice.—The policy required by paragraph (1) shall be based on—
"(A) the experience and best practices of the military departments, including the Army Wounded Warrior Program, the Marine Corps Marine for Life Injured Support Program, the Air Force Palace HART program, and the Navy Wounded Marines and Sailors Initiative;
"(B) the recommendations of nongovernment organizations with demonstrated expertise in responding to the needs of severely wounded or injured servicemembers; and
"(C) such other matters as the Secretary of Defense considers appropriate.
"(4) Procedures and standards.—The policy shall include guidelines to be followed by the military departments in the provision of assistance to severely wounded or injured servicemembers. The procedures and standards shall be uniform across the military departments except to the extent necessary to reflect the traditional practices or customs of a particular military department. The procedures and standards shall establish a minimum level of support and shall specify the duration of programs.
"(b) Elements of Policy.—The comprehensive policy developed under subsection (a) shall address the following matters:
"(1) Coordination with the Severely Injured Joint Support Operations Center of the Department of Defense.
"(2) Promotion of a seamless transition to civilian life for severely wounded or injured servicemembers who are or are likely to be separated on account of their wound or injury.
"(3) Identification and resolution of special problems or issues related to the transition to civilian life of severely wounded or injured servicemembers who are members of the reserve components.
"(4) The qualifications, assignment, training, duties, supervision, and accountability for the performance of responsibilities for the personnel providing assistance to severely wounded or injured servicemembers.
"(5) Centralized, short-term and long-term case-management procedures for assistance to severely wounded or injured servicemembers by each military department, including rapid access for severely wounded or injured servicemembers to case managers and counselors.
"(6) The provision, through a computer accessible Internet website and other means and at no cost to severely wounded or injured servicemembers, of personalized, integrated information on the benefits and financial assistance available to such members from the Federal Government.
"(7) The provision of information to severely wounded or injured servicemembers on mechanisms for registering complaints about, or requests for, additional assistance.
"(8) Participation of family members.
"(9) Liaison with the Department of Veterans Affairs and the Department of Labor in order to ensure prompt and accurate resolution of issues relating to benefits administered by those agencies for severely wounded or injured servicemembers.
"(10) Data collection regarding the incidence and quality of assistance provided to severely wounded or injured servicemembers, including surveys of such servicemembers and military and civilian personnel whose assigned duties include assistance to severely wounded or injured servicemembers.
"(c) Adoption by Military Departments.—Not later than September 1, 2006, the Secretary of each military department shall prescribe regulations, or modify current regulations, on the policies and procedures of such military department on the provision of assistance to severely wounded or injured servicemembers in order to conform such policies and procedures to the policy prescribed under subsection (a)."
Quarterly Reports on Department of Defense Response to Threat Posed by Improvised Explosive Devices
Pub. L. 109–364, div. A, title XIV, §1402, Oct. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 2433, which required the Secretary of Defense to submit quarterly reports on incidents involving the detonation or discovery of an improvised explosive device that involved United States or allied forces in Iraq and Afghanistan and on certain efforts of the Department of Defense to counter the threat of improvised explosive devices, was repealed by Pub. L. 112–81, div. A, title X, §1062(d)(5), Dec. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 1585.
Database of Emergency Response Capabilities
Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title X, §1084(b), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1990, provided that:
"(1) Deadline for establishment.—The Secretary of Defense shall establish the database required by section 1406 of the John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007 [section 1406 of Pub. L. 109–364, set out below], as amended by subsection (a), by not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 13, 2018].
"(2) Use of existing database or system for certain capabilities.—The Secretary may meet the requirement with respect to the capabilities described in subsection (a)(1) of section 1406 of the John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007, as so amended, in connection with the database required by that section through the use or modification of current databases and tracking systems of the Department of Defense, including the Defense Readiness Reporting System, if the Secretary determines that such action will—
"(A) expedite compliance with the requirement; and
"(B) achieve such compliance at a cost not greater than the cost of establishing anew the database otherwise covered by the requirement."
Pub. L. 109–364, div. A, title XIV, §1406, Oct. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 2436, as amended by Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title X, §1084(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1990, provided that:
"(a) Database Required.—The Secretary of Defense shall maintain a database of emergency response capabilities that includes the following:
"(1) The types of emergency response capabilities that each State's National Guard, as reported by the States, may be able to provide in response to a domestic natural or manmade disaster, both to their home States and under State-to-State mutual assistance agreements.
"(2) The types of emergency response capabilities that the Department of Defense may be able to provide in support of the National Response Plan's Emergency Support Functions, and identification of the units that provide these capabilities.
"(3) The types of emergency response cyber capabilities that the National Guard of each State and territory may be able to provide in response to domestic or natural man-made disasters, as reported by the States and territories, including—
"(A) capabilities that can be provided within the State or territory;
"(B) capabilities that can be provided under State-to-State mutual assistance agreements; and
"(C) capabilities for defense support to civil authorities.
"(4) The types of emergency response cyber capabilities of other reserve components of the Armed Forces identified by the Secretary that are available for defense support to civil authorities in response to domestic or natural man-made disasters.
"(b) Information Required To Keep Database Current.—In maintaining the database required by subsection (a), the Secretary shall identify and revise the information required to be reported and included in the database at least once every two years for purposes of keeping the database current."
Report Regarding Effect on Military Readiness of Undocumented Immigrants Trespassing Upon Operational Ranges
Pub. L. 109–163, div. A, title III, §354, Jan. 6, 2006, 119 Stat. 3204, provided that:
"(a) Report Containing Assessment and Response Plan.—Not later than April 15, 2006, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress a report containing—
"(1) an assessment of the impact on military readiness caused by undocumented immigrants whose entry into the United States involves trespassing upon operational ranges of the Department of Defense; and
"(2) a plan for the implementation of measures to prevent such trespass.
"(b) Preparation and Elements of Assessment.—The assessment required by subsection (a)(1) shall be prepared by the Secretary of Defense. The assessment shall include the following:
"(1) A listing of the operational ranges adversely affected by the trespass of undocumented immigrants upon operational ranges.
"(2) A description of the types of range activities affected by such trespass.
"(3) A determination of the amount of time lost for range activities, and the increased costs incurred, as a result of such trespass.
"(4) An evaluation of the nature and extent of such trespass and means of travel.
"(5) An evaluation of the factors that contribute to the use by undocumented immigrants of operational ranges as a means to enter the United States.
"(6) A description of measures currently in place to prevent such trespass, including the use of barriers to vehicles and persons, military patrols, border patrols, and sensors.
"(c) Preparation and Elements of Plan.—The plan required by subsection (a)(2) shall be prepared jointly by the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Homeland Security. The plan shall include the following:
"(1) The types of measures to be implemented to improve prevention of trespass of undocumented immigrants upon operational ranges, including the specific physical methods, such as barriers and increased patrols or monitoring, to be implemented and any legal or other policy changes recommended by the Secretaries.
"(2) The costs of, and timeline for, implementation of the plan.
"(d) Implementation Reports.—Not later than September 15, 2006, March 15, 2007, September 15, 2007, and March 15, 2008, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress a report detailing the progress made by the Department of Defense, during the period covered by the report, in implementing measures recommended in the plan required by subsection (a)(2) to prevent undocumented immigrants from trespassing upon operational ranges. Each report shall include the number and types of mitigation measures implemented and the success of such measures in preventing such trespass.
"(e) Definitions.—In this section, the terms 'operational range' and 'range activities' have the meaning given those terms in section 101(e) of title 10, United States Code."
Reports by Officers and Senior Enlisted Members of Conviction of Criminal Law
"(a) Requirement for Reports.—
"(1) In general.—The Secretary of Defense shall prescribe in regulations a requirement that each covered member of the Armed Forces shall submit to an authority in the military department concerned designated pursuant to such regulations a timely report of any conviction of such member by any law enforcement authority of the United States for a violation of a criminal law of the United States, whether or not the member is on active duty at the time of the conduct that provides the basis for the conviction. The regulations shall apply uniformly throughout the military departments.
"(2) Covered members.—In this section, the term 'covered member of the Armed Forces' means a member of the Army, Navy, Air Force, or Marine Corps who is on the active-duty list or the reserve active-status list and who is—
"(A) an officer; or
"(B) an enlisted member in a pay grade above pay grade E–6.
"(b) Law Enforcement Authority of the United States.—For purposes of this section, a law enforcement authority of the United States includes—
"(1) a military or other Federal law enforcement authority;
"(2) a State or local law enforcement authority; and
"(3) such other law enforcement authorities within the United States as the Secretary shall specify in the regulations prescribed pursuant to subsection (a).
"(c) Criminal Law of the United States.—
"(1) In general.—Except as provided in paragraph (2), for purposes of this section, a criminal law of the United States includes—
"(A) any military or other Federal criminal law;
"(B) any State, county, municipal, or local criminal law or ordinance; and
"(C) such other criminal laws and ordinances of jurisdictions within the United States as the Secretary shall specify in the regulations prescribed pursuant to subsection (a).
"(2) Exception.—For purposes of this section, a criminal law of the United States shall not include a law or ordinance specifying a minor traffic offense (as determined by the Secretary for purposes of such regulations).
"(d) Timeliness of Reports.—The regulations prescribed pursuant to subsection (a) shall establish requirements for the timeliness of reports under this section.
"(e) Forwarding of Information.—The regulations prescribed pursuant to subsection (a) shall provide that, in the event a military department receives information that a covered member of the Armed Forces under the jurisdiction of another military department has become subject to a conviction for which a report is required by this section, the Secretary of the military department receiving such information shall, in accordance with such procedures as the Secretary of Defense shall establish in such regulations, forward such information to the authority in the military department having jurisdiction over such member designated pursuant to such regulations.
"(f) Convictions.—In this section, the term 'conviction' includes any plea of guilty or nolo contendere.
"(g) Deadline for Regulations.—The regulations required by subsection (a), including the requirement in subsection (e), shall go into effect not later than the end of the 180-day period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act [Jan. 6, 2006].
"(h) Applicability of Requirement.—The requirement under the regulations required by subsection (a) that a covered member of the Armed Forces submit notice of a conviction shall apply only to a conviction that becomes final after the date of the enactment of this Act [Jan. 6, 2006]."
Preservation of Records Pertaining to Radioactive Fallout From Nuclear Weapons Testing
Pub. L. 109–163, div. A, title X, §1055, Jan. 6, 2006, 119 Stat. 3438, provided that:
"(a) Prohibition of Destruction of Certain Records.—The Secretary of Defense may not destroy any official record in the custody or control of the Department of Defense that contains information relating to radioactive fallout from nuclear weapons testing.
"(b) Preservation and Publication of Information.—The Secretary of Defense shall identify, preserve, and make available any unclassified information contained in official records referred to in subsection (a)."
Safe Delivery of Mail in Military Mail System
"(a) Plan for Safe Delivery of Military Mail.—
"(1) Plan required.—The Secretary of Defense shall develop and implement a plan to ensure that the mail within the military mail system is safe for delivery. The plan shall provide for the screening of all mail within the military mail system in order to detect the presence of biological, chemical, or radiological weapons, agents, or pathogens or explosive devices before mail within the military mail system is delivered to its intended recipients.
"(2) Funding.—The budget justification materials submitted to Congress with the budget of the President for fiscal year 2007 and each fiscal year thereafter shall include a description of the amounts required in such fiscal year to carry out the plan.
"(b) Report on Safety of Mail for Delivery.—
"(1) Report required.—Not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Jan. 6, 2006], the Secretary shall submit to Congress a report on the safety of mail within the military mail system for delivery.
"(2) Elements.—The report shall include the following:
"(A) An assessment of any existing deficiencies in the military mail system in ensuring that mail within the military mail system is safe for delivery.
"(B) The plan required by subsection (a).
"(C) An estimate of the time and resources required to implement the plan.
"(D) A description of the delegation within the Department of Defense of responsibility for ensuring that mail within the military mail system is safe for delivery, including responsibility for the development, implementation, and oversight of improvements to the military mail system to ensure that mail within the military mail system is safe for delivery.
"(3) Form.—The report shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex.
"(c) Mail Within the Military Mail System Defined.—
"(1) In general.—In this section, the term 'mail within the military mail system' means—
"(A) any mail that is posted through the Military Post Offices (including Army Post Offices (APOs) and Fleet Post Offices (FPOs)), Department of Defense mail centers, military Air Mail Terminals, and military Fleet Mail Centers; and
"(B) any mail or package posted in the United States that is addressed to an unspecified member of the Armed Forces.
"(2) Inclusions and exception.—The term includes any official mail posted by the Department of Defense. The term does not include any mail posted as otherwise described in paragraph (1) that has been screened for safety for delivery by the United States Postal Service before such posting."
War-Related Reporting Requirements
Pub. L. 109–163, div. A, title XII, §1221, Jan. 6, 2006, 119 Stat. 3462, as amended by Pub. L. 109–364, div. A, title XV, §1518, Oct. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 2443; Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title XII, §1233, Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2531; Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title XII, §1266, Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1691, provided that:
"(a) Report Required for Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation Enduring Freedom, and Operation Noble Eagle.—The Secretary of Defense shall submit to the congressional defense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives], in accordance with this section, a report on procurement and equipment maintenance costs for each of Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation Enduring Freedom, and Operation Noble Eagle and on facility infrastructure costs associated with each of Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. The report shall include the following:
"(1) Procurement.—A specification of costs of procurement funding requested since fiscal year 2003, together with end-item quantities requested and the purpose of the request (such as replacement for battle losses, improved capability, increase in force size, restructuring of forces), shown by service.
"(2) Equipment maintenance.—A cost comparison of the requirements for equipment maintenance expenditures during peacetime and for such requirements during wartime, as shown by the requirements in each of Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation Enduring Freedom, and Operation Noble Eagle. The cost comparison shall include—
"(A) a description of the effect of war operations on the backlog of maintenance requirements over the period of fiscal years 2003 to the time of the report; and
"(B) an examination of the extent to which war operations have precluded maintenance from being performed because equipment was unavailable.
"(3) Operation iraqi freedom and operation enduring freedom infrastructure.—A specification of the number of United States military personnel that can be supported by the facility infrastructure in Iraq and Afghanistan and in the neighboring countries from where Operation Iraq Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom are supported.
"(b) Submission Requirements.—The report under subsection (a) shall be submitted not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Jan. 6, 2006]. The Secretary of Defense shall submit an updated report on procurement, equipment maintenance, and military construction costs, as specified in subsection (a), concurrently with any request made to Congress after the date of the enactment of this Act for war-related funding.
"(c) Quarterly Submittal to Congress and GAO of Certain Reports on Costs.—Not later than 45 days after the end of each fiscal year quarter, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the congressional defense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives] and the Comptroller General of the United States the Department of Defense Supplemental and Cost of War Execution report for such fiscal year quarter."
Annual Report on Department of Defense Costs To Carry Out United Nations Resolutions
Pub. L. 109–163, div. A, title XII, §1224, Jan. 6, 2006, 119 Stat. 3463, which provided that, no later than April 30 of each year, the Secretary of Defense was to submit a report to certain congressional committees on Department of Defense costs during the preceding fiscal year to carry out United Nations resolutions, was repealed by Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title X, §1051(k)(3), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1564.
Requirement for Establishment of Certain Criteria Applicable to Global Posture Review
"(a) Criteria.—As part of the Integrated Global Presence and Basing Strategy (IGPBS) developed by the Department of Defense that is referred to as the 'Global Posture Review', the Secretary of Defense, in consultation with the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, shall develop criteria for assessing, with respect to each type of facility specified in subsection (c) that is to be located in a foreign country, the following factors:
"(1) The effect of any new basing arrangements on the strategic mobility requirements of the Department of Defense.
"(2) The ability of units deployed to overseas locations in areas in which United States Armed Forces have not traditionally been deployed to meet mobility response times required by operational planners.
"(3) The cost of deploying units to areas referred to in paragraph (2) on a rotational basis (rather than on a permanent basing basis).
"(4) The strategic benefit of rotational deployments through countries with which the United States is developing a close or new security relationship.
"(5) Whether the relative speed and complexity of conducting negotiations with a particular country is a discriminator in the decision to deploy forces within the country.
"(6) The appropriate and available funding mechanisms for the establishment, operation, and sustainment of specific Main Operating Bases, Forward Operating Bases, or Cooperative Security Locations.
"(7) The effect on military quality of life of the unaccompanied deployment of units to new facilities in overseas locations.
"(8) Other criteria as Secretary of Defense determines appropriate.
"(b) Analysis of Alternatives to Basing or Operating Locations.—The Secretary of Defense, in consultation with the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, shall develop a mechanism for analyzing alternatives to any particular overseas basing or operating location. Such a mechanism shall incorporate the factors specified in each of paragraphs (1) through (5) of subsection (a).
"(c) Minimal Infrastructure Requirements for Overseas Installations.—The Secretary of Defense shall develop a description of minimal infrastructure requirements for each of the following types of facilities:
"(1) Facilities categorized as Main Operating Bases.
"(2) Facilities categorized as Forward Operating Bases.
"(3) Facilities categorized as Cooperative Security Locations.
"(d) Notification Required.—Not later than 30 days after an agreement is entered into between the United States and a foreign country to support the deployment of elements of the United States Armed Forces in that country, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the congressional defense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives] a written notification of such agreement. The notification under this subsection shall include the terms of the agreement, any costs to the United States resulting from the agreement, and a timeline to carry out the terms of the agreement.
"(e) Annual Budget Element.—The Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress, as an element of the annual budget request of the Secretary, information regarding the funding sources for the establishment, operation, and sustainment of individual Main Operating Bases, Forward Operating Bases, or Cooperative Security Locations.
"(f) Report.—Not later than March 30, 2006, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress a report on the matters specified in subsections (a) through (c)."
Processing of Forensic Evidence Collection Kits and Acquisition of Sufficient Stocks of Such Kits
"(a) Elimination of Backlog, Etc.—The Secretary of Defense shall take such steps as may be necessary to ensure that—
"(1) the United States Army Criminal Investigation Laboratory has the personnel and resources to effectively process forensic evidence used by the Department of Defense within 60 days of receipt by the laboratory of such evidence;
"(2) consistent policies are established among the Armed Forces to reduce the time period between the collection of forensic evidence and the receipt and processing of such evidence by United States Army Criminal Investigation Laboratory; and
"(3) there is an adequate supply of forensic evidence collection kits—
"(A) for all United States military installations, including the military service academies; and
"(B) for units of the Armed Forces deployed in theaters of operation.
"(b) Training.—The Secretary shall take such measures as the Secretary considers appropriate to ensure that personnel are appropriately trained—
"(1) in the use of forensic evidence collection kits; and
"(2) in the prescribed procedures to ensure protection of the chain of custody of such kits once used."
Policy for Timely Notification of Next of Kin of Members Seriously Ill or Injured in Combat Zones
Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title VII, §724, Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 1990, provided that:
"(a) Policy Required.—The Secretary of Defense shall prescribe the policy of the Department of Defense for providing, in the case of the serious illness or injury of a member of the Armed Forces in a combat zone, timely notification to the next of kin of the member regarding the illness or injury, including information on the condition of the member and the location at which the member is receiving treatment. In prescribing the policy, the Secretary shall ensure respect for the expressed desires of individual members of the Armed Forces regarding the notification of next of kin and shall include standards of timeliness for both the initial notification of next of kin under the policy and subsequent updates regarding the condition and location of the member.
"(b) Submission of Policy.—Not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 28, 2004], the Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress a copy of the policy."
Secretary of Defense Criteria for and Guidance on Identification and Internal Transmission of Critical Information
Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title IX, §932, Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 2031, provided that:
"(a) Criteria for Critical Information.—(1) The Secretary of Defense shall establish criteria for determining categories of critical information that should be made known expeditiously to senior civilian and military officials in the Department of Defense. Those categories should be limited to matters of extraordinary significance and strategic impact to which rapid access by those officials is essential to the successful accomplishment of the national security strategy or a major military mission. The Secretary may from time to time modify the list to suit the current strategic situation.
"(2) The Secretary shall provide the criteria established under paragraph (1) to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Secretaries of the military departments, the commanders of the unified and specified commands, the commanders of deployed forces, and such other elements of the Department of Defense as the Secretary considers necessary.
"(b) Matters To Be Included.—The criteria established under subsection (a) shall include, at a minimum, requirement for identification of the following:
"(1) Any incident that may result in a contingency operation, based on the incident's nature, gravity, or potential for significant adverse consequences to United States citizens, military personnel, interests, or assets, including an incident that could result in significant adverse publicity having a major strategic impact.
"(2) Any event, development, or situation that could be reasonably assumed to escalate into an incident described in paragraph (1).
"(3) Any deficiency or error in policy, standards, or training that could be reasonably assumed to have the effects described in paragraph (1).
"(c) Requirements for Transmission of Critical Information.—The criteria under subsection (a) shall include such requirements for transmission of such critical information to such senior civilian and military officials of the Department of Defense as the Secretary of Defense considers appropriate.
"(d) Time for Issuance of Criteria.—The Secretary of Defense shall establish the criteria required by subsection (a) not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 28, 2004]."
Program To Commemorate 60th Anniversary of World War II
Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title X, §1032, Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 2045, authorized the Secretary of Defense to conduct a program during fiscal year 2005 to commemorate the 60th anniversary of World War II.
Preservation of Search and Rescue Capabilities of the Federal Government
Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title X, §1085, Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 2065, as amended by Pub. L. 110–181, div. A, title III, §360(c), Jan. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 78; Pub. L. 111–383, div. A, title X, §1075(i)(2), Jan. 7, 2011, 124 Stat. 4378, provided that: "The Secretary of Defense may not reduce or eliminate search and rescue capabilities at any military installation in the United States unless the Secretary, after reviewing the search and rescue capabilities report prepared by the Secretary of the Air Force under section 360(a) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 (Public Law 110–181; 122 Stat. 77), first certifies to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and the House of Representatives that equivalent search and rescue capabilities will be provided, without interruption and consistent with the policies and objectives set forth in the United States National Search and Rescue Plan entered into force on January 1, 1999, by—
"(1) the Department of Interior, the Department of Commerce, the Department of Homeland Security, the Department of Transportation, the Federal Communications Commission, or the National Aeronautics and Space Administration; or
"(2) the Department of Defense, either directly or through a Department of Defense contract with an emergency medical service provider or other private entity to provide such capabilities."
Sunken Military Craft
Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title XIV, Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 2094, provided that:
"SEC. 1401. PRESERVATION OF TITLE TO SUNKEN MILITARY CRAFT AND ASSOCIATED CONTENTS.
"Right, title, and interest of the United States in and to any United States sunken military craft—
"(1) shall not be extinguished except by an express divestiture of title by the United States; and
"(2) shall not be extinguished by the passage of time, regardless of when the sunken military craft sank.
"SEC. 1402. PROHIBITIONS.
"(a) Unauthorized Activities Directed at Sunken Military Craft.—No person shall engage in or attempt to engage in any activity directed at a sunken military craft that disturbs, removes, or injures any sunken military craft, except—
"(1) as authorized by a permit under this title;
"(2) as authorized by regulations issued under this title; or
"(3) as otherwise authorized by law.
"(b) Possession of Sunken Military Craft.—No person may possess, disturb, remove, or injure any sunken military craft in violation of—
"(1) this section; or
"(2) any prohibition, rule, regulation, ordinance, or permit that applies under any other applicable law.
"(c) Limitations on Application.—
"(1) Actions by united states.—This section shall not apply to actions taken by, or at the direction of, the United States.
"(2) Foreign persons.—This section shall not apply to any action by a person who is not a citizen, national, or resident alien of the United States, except in accordance with—
"(A) generally recognized principles of international law;
"(B) an agreement between the United States and the foreign country of which the person is a citizen; or
"(C) in the case of an individual who is a crew member or other individual on a foreign vessel or foreign aircraft, an agreement between the United States and the flag State of the foreign vessel or aircraft that applies to the individual.
"(3) Loan of sunken military craft.—This section does not prohibit the loan of United States sunken military craft in accordance with regulations issued by the Secretary concerned.
"SEC. 1403. PERMITS.
"(a) In General.—The Secretary concerned may issue a permit authorizing a person to engage in an activity otherwise prohibited by section 1402 with respect to a United States sunken military craft, for archaeological, historical, or educational purposes, in accordance with regulations issued by such Secretary that implement this section.
"(b) Consistency With Other Laws.—The Secretary concerned shall require that any activity carried out under a permit issued by such Secretary under this section must be consistent with all requirements and restrictions that apply under any other provision of Federal law.
"(c) Consultation.—In carrying out this section (including the issuance after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 28, 2004] of regulations implementing this section), the Secretary concerned shall consult with the head of each Federal agency having authority under Federal law with respect to activities directed at sunken military craft or the locations of such craft.
"(d) Application to Foreign Craft.—At the request of any foreign State, the Secretary of the Navy, in consultation with the Secretary of State, may carry out this section (including regulations promulgated pursuant to this section) with respect to any foreign sunken military craft of that foreign State located in United States waters.
"SEC. 1404. PENALTIES.
"(a) In General.—Any person who violates this title, or any regulation or permit issued under this title, shall be liable to the United States for a civil penalty under this section.
"(b) Assessment and Amount.—The Secretary concerned may assess a civil penalty under this section, after notice and an opportunity for a hearing, of not more than $100,000 for each violation.
"(c) Continuing Violations.—Each day of a continued violation of this title or a regulation or permit issued under this title shall constitute a separate violation for purposes of this section.
"(d) In Rem Liability.—A vessel used to violate this title shall be liable in rem for a penalty under this section for such violation.
"(e) Other Relief.—If the Secretary concerned determines that there is an imminent risk of disturbance of, removal of, or injury to any sunken military craft, or that there has been actual disturbance of, removal of, or injury to a sunken military craft, the Attorney General, upon request of the Secretary concerned, may seek such relief as may be necessary to abate such risk or actual disturbance, removal, or injury and to return or restore the sunken military craft. The district courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction in such a case to order such relief as the public interest and the equities of the case may require.
"(f) Limitations.—An action to enforce a violation of section 1402 or any regulation or permit issued under this title may not be brought more than 8 years after the date on which—
"(1) all facts material to the right of action are known or should have been known by the Secretary concerned; and
"(2) the defendant is subject to the jurisdiction of the appropriate district court of the United States or administrative forum.
"SEC. 1405. LIABILITY FOR DAMAGES.
"(a) In General.—Any person who engages in an activity in violation of section 1402 or any regulation or permit issued under this title that disturbs, removes, or injures any United States sunken military craft shall pay the United States enforcement costs and damages resulting from such disturbance, removal, or injury.
"(b) Included Damages.—Damages referred to in subsection (a) may include—
"(1) the reasonable costs incurred in storage, restoration, care, maintenance, conservation, and curation of any sunken military craft that is disturbed, removed, or injured in violation of section 1402 or any regulation or permit issued under this title; and
"(2) the cost of retrieving, from the site where the sunken military craft was disturbed, removed, or injured, any information of an archaeological, historical, or cultural nature.
"SEC. 1406. RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER LAWS.
"(a) In General.—Except to the extent that an activity is undertaken as a subterfuge for activities prohibited by this title, nothing in this title is intended to affect—
"(1) any activity that is not directed at a sunken military craft; or
"(2) the traditional high seas freedoms of navigation, including—
"(A) the laying of submarine cables and pipelines;
"(B) operation of vessels;
"(C) fishing; or
"(D) other internationally lawful uses of the sea related to such freedoms.
"(b) International Law.—This title and any regulations implementing this title shall be applied in accordance with generally recognized principles of international law and in accordance with the treaties, conventions, and other agreements to which the United States is a party.
"(c) Law of Finds.—The law of finds shall not apply to—
"(1) any United States sunken military craft, wherever located; or
"(2) any foreign sunken military craft located in United States waters.
"(d) Law of Salvage.—No salvage rights or awards shall be granted with respect to—
"(1) any United States sunken military craft without the express permission of the United States; or
"(2) any foreign sunken military craft located in United States waters without the express permission of the relevant foreign state.
"(e) Law of Capture or Prize.—Nothing in this title is intended to alter the international law of capture or prize with respect to sunken military craft.
"(f) Limitation of Liability.—Nothing in sections 4281 through 4287 and 4289 of the Revised Statutes ([former] 46 U.S.C. App. 181 et seq.) [see chapter 305 of Title 46, Shipping] or section 3 of the Act of February 13, 1893 (chapter 105; 27 Stat. 445; [former] 46 U.S.C. App. 192) [now 46 U.S.C. 30706], shall limit the liability of any person under this section.
"(g) Authorities of the Commandant of the Coast Guard.—Nothing in this title is intended to preclude or limit the application of any other law enforcement authorities of the Commandant of the Coast Guard.
"(h) Prior Delegations, Authorizations, and Related Regulations.—Nothing in this title shall invalidate any prior delegation, authorization, or related regulation that is consistent with this title.
"(i) Criminal Law.—Nothing in this title is intended to prevent the United States from pursuing criminal sanctions for plundering of wrecks, larceny of Government property, or violation of any applicable criminal law.
"SEC. 1407. ENCOURAGEMENT OF AGREEMENTS WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES.
"The Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, is encouraged to negotiate and conclude bilateral and multilateral agreements with foreign countries with regard to sunken military craft consistent with this title.
"SEC. 1408. DEFINITIONS.
"In this title:
"(1) Associated contents.—The term 'associated contents' means—
"(A) the equipment, cargo, and contents of a sunken military craft that are within its debris field; and
"(B) the remains and personal effects of the crew and passengers of a sunken military craft that are within its debris field.
"(2) Secretary concerned.—The term 'Secretary concerned' means—
"(A) subject to subparagraph (B), the Secretary of a military department; and
"(B) in the case of a Coast Guard vessel, the Secretary of the Department in which the Coast Guard is operating.
"(3) Sunken military craft.—The term 'sunken military craft' means all or any portion of—
"(A) any sunken warship, naval auxiliary, or other vessel that was owned or operated by a government on military noncommercial service when it sank;
"(B) any sunken military aircraft or military spacecraft that was owned or operated by a government when it sank; and
"(C) the associated contents of a craft referred to in subparagraph (A) or (B),
if title thereto has not been abandoned or transferred by the government concerned.
"(4) United states contiguous zone.—The term 'United States contiguous zone' means the contiguous zone of the United States under Presidential Proclamation 7219, dated September 2, 1999 [43 U.S.C. 1331 note].
"(5) United states internal waters.—The term 'United States internal waters' means all waters of the United States on the landward side of the baseline from which the breadth of the United States territorial sea is measured.
"(6) United states territorial sea.—The term 'United States territorial sea' means the waters of the United States territorial sea under Presidential Proclamation 5928, dated December 27, 1988 [43 U.S.C. 1331 note].
"(7) United states waters.—The term 'United States waters' means United States internal waters, the United States territorial sea, and the United States contiguous zone."
Reports on Weapons and Ammunition Obtained by Iraq
Pub. L. 108–177, title III, §358, Dec. 13, 2003, 117 Stat. 2621, directed the Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency, not later than one year after Dec. 13, 2003, to submit preliminary and final reports to committees of Congress on information obtained by the Department of Defense and the intelligence community on the conventional weapons and ammunition obtained by Iraq in violation of applicable resolutions of the United Nations Security Council adopted since the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq in 1990.
Pub. L. 108–136, div. A, title XII, §1204, Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1649, directed the Secretary of Defense, not later than one year after Nov. 24, 2003, to submit to committees of Congress a report on the acquisition by Iraq of weapons of mass destruction and associated delivery systems and the acquisition by Iraq of advanced conventional weapons.
Studies of Fleet Platform Architectures for the Navy
Pub. L. 108–136, div. A, title II, §216, Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1418, directed the Secretary of Defense to provide for the performance of two independent studies of alternative future fleet platform architectures for the Navy and to forward the results of each study to congressional defense committees not later than Jan. 15, 2005.
Report Regarding Impact of Civilian Community Encroachment and Certain Legal Requirements on Military Installations and Ranges and Plan To Address Encroachment
Pub. L. 108–136, div. A, title III, §320, Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1435, provided that:
"(a) Study Required.—The Secretary of Defense shall conduct a study on the impact, if any, of the following types of encroachment issues affecting military installations and operational ranges:
"(1) Civilian community encroachment on those military installations and ranges whose operational training activities, research, development, test, and evaluation activities, or other operational, test and evaluation, maintenance, storage, disposal, or other support functions require, or in the future reasonably may require, safety or operational buffer areas. The requirement for such a buffer area may be due to a variety of factors, including air operations, ordnance operations and storage, or other activities that generate or might generate noise, electro-magnetic interference, ordnance arcs, or environmental impacts that require or may require safety or operational buffer areas.
"(2) Compliance by the Department of Defense with State Implementation Plans for Air Quality under section 110 of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7410).
"(3) Compliance by the Department of Defense with the Solid Waste Disposal Act (42 U.S.C. 6901 et seq.) and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (42 U.S.C. 9601 et seq.).
"(b) Matters To Be Included With Respect to Civilian Community Encroachments.—With respect to paragraph (1) of subsection (a), the study shall include the following:
"(1) A list of all military installations described in subsection (a)(1) at which civilian community encroachment is occurring.
"(2) A description and analysis of the types and degree of such civilian community encroachment at each military installation included on the list.
"(3) An analysis, including views and estimates of the Secretary of Defense, of the current and potential future impact of such civilian community encroachment on operational training activities, research, development, test, and evaluation activities, and other significant operational, test and evaluation, maintenance, storage, disposal, or other support functions performed by military installations included on the list. The analysis shall include the following:
"(A) A review of training and test ranges at military installations, including laboratories and technical centers of the military departments, included on the list.
"(B) A description and explanation of the trends of such encroachment, as well as consideration of potential future readiness problems resulting from unabated encroachment.
"(4) An estimate of the costs associated with current and anticipated partnerships between the Department of Defense and non-Federal entities to create buffer zones to preclude further development around military installations included on the list, and the costs associated with the conveyance of surplus property around such military installations for purposes of creating buffer zones.
"(5) Options and recommendations for possible legislative or budgetary changes necessary to mitigate current and anticipated future civilian community encroachment problems.
"(c) Matters To Be Included With Respect to Compliance With Specified Laws.—With respect to paragraphs (2) and (3) of subsection (a), the study shall include the following:
"(1) A list of all military installations and other locations at which the Armed Forces are encountering problems related to compliance with the laws specified in such paragraphs.
"(2) A description and analysis of the types and degree of compliance problems encountered.
"(3) An analysis, including views and estimates of the Secretary of Defense, of the current and potential future impact of such compliance problems on the following functions performed at military installations:
"(A) Operational training activities.
"(B) Research, development, test, and evaluation activities.
"(C) Other significant operational, test and evaluation, maintenance, storage, disposal, or other support functions.
"(4) A description and explanation of the trends of such compliance problems, as well as consideration of potential future readiness problems resulting from such compliance problems.
"(d) Plan to Respond to Encroachment Issues.—On the basis of the study conducted under subsection (a), including the specific matters required to be addressed by subsections (b) and (c), the Secretary of Defense shall prepare a plan to respond to the encroachment issues described in subsection (a) affecting military installations and operational ranges.
"(e) Reporting Requirements.—The Secretary of Defense shall submit to the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate and the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives the following reports regarding the study conducted under subsection (a), including the specific matters required to be addressed by subsections (b) and (c):
"(1) Not later than January 31, 2004, an interim report describing the progress made in conducting the study and containing the information collected under the study as of that date.
"(2) Not later than January 31, 2006, a report containing the results of the study and the encroachment response plan required by subsection (d).
"(3) Not later than January 31, 2007, and each January 31 thereafter through January 31, 2010, a report describing the progress made in implementing the encroachment response plan."
High-Performing Organization Business Process Reengineering Pilot Program
"(a) Pilot Program.—The Secretary of Defense shall establish a pilot program under which the Secretary concerned shall create, or continue the implementation of, high-performing organizations through the conduct of a Business Process Reengineering initiative at selected military installations and facilities under the jurisdiction of the Secretary concerned.
"(b) Effect of Participation in Pilot Program.—(1) During the period of an organization's participation in the pilot program, including the periods referred to in paragraphs (2) and (3) of subsection (f), the Secretary concerned may not require the organization to undergo any Office of Management and Budget Circular A–76 competition or other public-private competition involving any function of the organization covered by the Business Process Reengineering initiative. The organization may elect to undergo such a competition as part of the initiative.
"(2) Civilian employee or military personnel positions of the participating organization that are part of the Business Process Reengineering initiative shall be counted toward any numerical goals, target, or quota that the Secretary concerned is required or requested to meet during the term of the pilot program regarding the number of positions to be covered by public-private competitions.
"(c) Eligible Organizations.—Subject to subsection (d), the Secretary concerned may select two types of organizations to participate in the pilot program:
"(1) Organizations that underwent a Business Process Reengineering initiative within the preceding five years, achieved major performance enhancements under the initiative, and will be able to sustain previous or achieve new performance goals through the continuation of its existing or completed Business Process Reengineering plan.
"(2) Organizations that have not undergone or have not successfully completed a Business Process Reengineering initiative, but which propose to achieve, and reasonably could reach, enhanced performance goals through implementation of a Business Process Reengineering initiative.
"(d) Additional Eligibility Requirements.—(1) To be eligible for selection to participate in the pilot program under subsection (c)(1), an organization described in such subsection shall demonstrate, to the satisfaction of the Secretary concerned, the completion of a total organizational assessment that resulted in enhanced performance measures at least comparable to those performance measures that might be achieved through competitive sourcing.
"(2) To be eligible for selection to participate in the pilot program under subsection (c)(2), an organization described in such subsection shall identify, to the satisfaction of the Secretary concerned—
"(A) functions, processes, and measures to be studied under the Business Process Reengineering initiative;
"(B) adequate resources to carry out the Business Process Reengineering initiative; and
"(C) labor-management agreements in place to ensure effective implementation of the Business Process Reengineering initiative.
"(e) Limitation on Number of Participants.—Total participants in the pilot program is limited to eight military installations and facilities, with some participants to be drawn from organizations described in subsection (c)(1) and some participants to be drawn from organizations described in subsection (c)(2).
"(f) Implementation and Duration.—(1) The implementation and management of a Business Process Reengineering initiative under the pilot program shall be the responsibility of the commander of the military installation or facility at which the Business Process Reengineering initiative is carried out.
"(2) An organization selected to participate in the pilot program shall be given a reasonable initial period, to be determined by the Secretary concerned, in which the organization must implement the Business Process Reengineering initiative. At the end of this period, the Secretary concerned shall determine whether the organization has achieved initial progress toward designation as a high-performing organization. In the absence of such progress, the Secretary concerned shall terminate the organization's participation in the pilot program.
"(3) If an organization successfully completes implementation of the Business Process Reengineering initiative under paragraph (2), the Secretary concerned shall designate the organization as a high-performing organization and grant the organization an additional five-year period in which to achieve projected or planned efficiencies and savings under the pilot program.
"(g) Reviews and Reports.—The Secretary concerned shall conduct annual performance reviews of the participating organizations or functions under the jurisdiction of the Secretary concerned. Reviews and reports shall evaluate organizational performance measures or functional performance measures and determine whether organizations are performing satisfactorily for purposes of continuing participation in the pilot program.
"(h) Performance Measures.—Performance measures utilized in the pilot program should include the following, which shall be measured against organizational baselines determined before participation in the pilot program:
"(1) Costs, savings, and overall financial performance of the organization.
"(2) Organic knowledge, skills or expertise.
"(3) Efficiency and effectiveness of key functions or processes.
"(4) Efficiency and effectiveness of the overall organization.
"(5) General customer satisfaction.
"(i) Definitions.—In this section[:]
"(1) The term 'Business Process Reengineering' refers to an organization's complete and thorough analysis and reengineering of mission and support functions and processes to achieve improvements in performance, including a fundamental reshaping of the way work is done to better support an organization's mission and reduce costs.
"(2) The term 'high-performing organization' means an organization whose performance exceeds that of comparable providers, whether public or private.
"(3) The term 'Secretary concerned' means the Secretary of a military department and the Secretary of Defense, with respect to matters concerning the Defense Agencies."
Assessment by Secretary of Defense
Pub. L. 108–136, div. A, title V, §517(b), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1461, directed the Secretary of Defense to submit to committees of Congress, not later than one year after Nov. 24, 2003, a description of the effects on reserve component recruitment and retention that have resulted from calls and orders to active duty and the tempo of such service, an assessment of the process for calling and ordering reserve members to active duty, preparing such members for active duty, processing such members into the force, and deploying such members, and a description of changes in the Armed Forces envisioned by the Secretary of Defense.
Policy on Public Identification of Casualties
Pub. L. 108–136, div. A, title V, §546, Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1479, provided that:
"(a) Requirement for Policy.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 24, 2003], the Secretary of Defense shall prescribe the policy of the Department of Defense on public release of the name or other personally identifying information of any member of the Army, Navy, Air Force, or Marine Corps who while on active duty or performing inactive-duty training is killed or injured, whose duty status becomes unknown, or who is otherwise considered to be a casualty.
"(b) Guidance on Timing of Release.—The policy under subsection (a) shall include guidance for ensuring that any public release of information on a member under the policy occurs only after the lapse of an appropriate period following notification of the next-of-kin regarding the casualty status of such member."
Plan for Prompt Global Strike Capability
Pub. L. 110–181, div. A, title II, §243, Jan. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 51, provided that:
"(a) Research, Development, and Testing Plan.—The Secretary of Defense shall submit to the congressional defense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives] a research, development, and testing plan for prompt global strike program objectives for fiscal years 2008 through 2013.
"(b) Plan for Obligation and Expenditure of Funds.—
"(1) In general.—The Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics shall submit to the congressional defense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives] a plan for obligation and expenditure of funds available for prompt global strike for fiscal year 2008. The plan shall include correlations between each technology application being developed in fiscal year 2008 and the prompt global strike alternative or alternatives toward which the technology application applies.
"(2) Limitation.—The Under Secretary shall not implement the plan required by paragraph (1) until at least 10 days after the plan is submitted as required by that paragraph."
Pub. L. 108–136, div. A, title X, §1032, Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1605, as amended by Pub. L. 110–181, div. A, title X, §1043, Jan. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 311, provided that:
"(a) Integrated Plan for Prompt Global Strike Capability.—The Secretary of Defense shall establish an integrated plan for developing, deploying, and sustaining a prompt global strike capability in the Armed Forces. The Secretary shall update the plan annually.
"(b) Annual Reports.—(1) Not later than April 1 of each of 2004, 2005, and 2006, and each of 2007, 2008, and 2009, the Secretary shall submit to the congressional defense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of Senate and House of Representatives] a report on the plan established under subsection (a).
"(2) Each report under paragraph (1) shall include the following:
"(A) A description and assessment of the targets against which long-range strike assets might be directed and the conditions under which those assets might be used.
"(B) The role of, and plans for ensuring, sustainment and modernization of current long-range strike assets, including bombers, intercontinental ballistic missiles, and submarine-launched ballistic missiles.
"(C) A description of the capabilities desired for advanced long-range strike assets and plans to achieve those capabilities.
"(D) A description of the capabilities desired for advanced conventional munitions and the plans to achieve those capabilities.
"(E) An assessment of advanced nuclear concepts that could contribute to the prompt global strike mission.
"(F) An assessment of the command, control, and communications capabilities necessary to support prompt global strike capabilities.
"(G) An assessment of intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance capabilities necessary to support prompt global strike capabilities.
"(H) A description of how prompt global strike capabilities are to be integrated with theater strike capabilities.
"(I) An estimated schedule for achieving the desired prompt global strike capabilities.
"(J) The estimated cost of achieving the desired prompt global strike capabilities.
"(K) A description of ongoing and future studies necessary for updating the plan appropriately."
Reports on Military Operations and Reconstruction Activities in Iraq and Afghanistan
Pub. L. 109–13, div. A, title I, §1024(c), May 11, 2005, 119 Stat. 253, provided that:
"(1) Each semiannual report to Congress required under a provision of law referred to in paragraph (2) shall include, in addition to the matters specified in the applicable provision of law, the following:
"(A) A statement of the cumulative total of all amounts obligated, and of all amounts expended, as of the date of such report for Operation Enduring Freedom.
"(B) A statement of the cumulative total of all amounts obligated, and of all amounts expended, as of the date of such report for Operation Iraqi Freedom.
"(C) An estimate of the reasonably foreseeable costs for ongoing military operations to be incurred during the 12-month period beginning on the date of such report.
"(2) The provisions of law referred to in this paragraph are as follows:
"(A) Section 1120 of the Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense and for the Reconstruction of Iraq and Afghanistan, 2004 (Public Law 108–106; 117 Stat. 1219; 10 U.S.C. 113 note).
"(B) Section 9010 of the Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2005 (Public Law 108–287; 118 Stat. 1008; 10 U.S.C. 113 note)."
Pub. L. 108–287, title IX, §9010, Aug. 5, 2004, 118 Stat. 1008, as amended by Pub. L. 108–324, div. B, §306, Oct. 13, 2004, 118 Stat. 1243, provided that:
"(a) Not later than April 30 and October 31 of each year, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress a report on the military operations of the Armed Forces and the reconstruction activities of the Department of Defense in Iraq and Afghanistan.
"(b) Each report shall include the following information:
"(1) For each of Iraq and Afghanistan for the half-fiscal year ending during the month preceding the due date of the report, the amount expended for military operations of the Armed Forces and the amount expended for reconstruction activities, together with the cumulative total amounts expended for such operations and activities.
"(2) An assessment of the progress made toward preventing attacks on United States personnel.
"(3) An assessment of the effects of the operations and activities in Iraq and Afghanistan on the readiness of the Armed Forces.
"(4) An assessment of the effects of the operations and activities in Iraq and Afghanistan on the recruitment and retention of personnel for the Armed Forces.
"(5) For the half-fiscal year ending during the month preceding the due date of the report, the costs incurred for repair of Department of Defense equipment used in the operations and activities in Iraq and Afghanistan.
"(6) The foreign countries, international organizations, and nongovernmental organizations that are contributing support for the ongoing military operations and reconstruction activities, together with a discussion of the amount and types of support contributed by each during the half-fiscal year ending during the month preceding the due date of the report.
"(7) The extent to which, and the schedule on which, the Selected Reserve of the Ready Reserve of the Armed Forces is being involuntarily ordered to active duty under section 12302 of title 10, United States Code.
"(8) For each unit of the National Guard of the United States and the other reserve components of the Armed Forces on active duty pursuant to an order to active duty under section 12302 of title 10, United States Code, the following information:
"(A) The unit.
"(B) The projected date of return of the unit to its home station.
"(C) The extent (by percentage) to which the forces deployed within the United States and outside the United States in support of a contingency operation are composed of reserve component forces."
Pub. L. 108–106, title I, §1120, Nov. 6, 2003, 117 Stat. 1219, provided that:
Uniform Financial Management System for Department of Defense Test and Evaluation Facilities
Pub. L. 107–314, div. A, title II, §233, Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2490, provided that:
"(a) Requirement for System.—The Secretary of Defense shall implement a single financial management and accounting system for all test and evaluation facilities of the Department of Defense. The Secretary shall implement such system as soon as practicable, and shall establish the objective that such system be implemented not later than September 30, 2006.
"(b) System Features.—The system required by subsection (a) shall be designed to achieve, at a minimum, the following functional objectives:
"(1) Enable managers within the Department of Defense to compare the costs of carrying out test and evaluation activities in the various facilities of the military departments.
"(2) Enable the Secretary of Defense—
"(A) to make prudent investment decisions; and
"(B) to reduce the extent to which unnecessary costs of owning and operating test and evaluation facilities of the Department of Defense are incurred.
"(3) Enable the Department of Defense to track the total cost of test and evaluation activities.
"(4) Comply with the financial management architecture established by the Secretary."
Training Range Sustainment Plan, Global Status of Resources and Training System, and Training Range Inventory
Pub. L. 107–314, div. A, title III, §366, Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2522, as amended by Pub. L. 109–364, div. A, title III, §348, Oct. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 2159; Pub. L. 110–181, div. A, title X, §1063(c)(2), Jan. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 322; Pub. L. 111–383, div. A, title X, §1075(g)(2), Jan. 7, 2011, 124 Stat. 4376; Pub. L. 112–239, div. A, title III, §311, Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 1691, provided that:
"(a) Plan Required.—(1) The Secretary of Defense shall develop a comprehensive plan for using existing authorities available to the Secretary of Defense and the Secretaries of the military departments to address training constraints caused by limitations on the use of military lands, marine areas, and airspace that are available in the United States and overseas for training of the Armed Forces.
"(2) As part of the preparation of the plan, the Secretary of Defense shall conduct the following:
"(A) An assessment of current and future training range requirements of the Armed Forces.
"(B) An evaluation of the adequacy of current Department of Defense resources (including virtual and constructive training assets as well as military lands, marine areas, and airspace available in the United States and overseas) to meet those current and future training range requirements.
"(3) The plan shall include the following:
"(A) Proposals to enhance training range capabilities and address any shortfalls in current Department of Defense resources identified pursuant to the assessment and evaluation conducted under paragraph (2).
"(B) Goals and milestones for tracking planned actions and measuring progress.
"(C) Projected funding requirements for implementing planned actions.
"(D) Designation of an office in the Office of the Secretary of Defense and in each of the military departments that will have lead responsibility for overseeing implementation of the plan.
"(4) At the same time as the President submits to Congress the budget for fiscal year 2004, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress a report describing the progress made in implementing this subsection, including—
"(A) the plan developed under paragraph (1);
"(B) the results of the assessment and evaluation conducted under paragraph (2); and
"(C) any recommendations that the Secretary may have for legislative or regulatory changes to address training constraints identified pursuant to this section.
"(5) At the same time as the President submits to Congress the budget for each fiscal year through fiscal year 2018, the Secretary shall submit to Congress a report describing the progress made in implementing the plan and any additional actions taken, or to be taken, to address training constraints caused by limitations on the use of military lands, marine areas, and airspace.
"(b) Readiness Reporting Improvement.—Not later than June 30, 2003, the Secretary of Defense, using existing measures within the authority of the Secretary, shall submit to Congress a report on the plans of the Department of Defense to improve the Global Status of Resources and Training System to reflect the readiness impact that training constraints caused by limitations on the use of military lands, marine areas, and airspace have on specific units of the Armed Forces.
"(c) Training Range Inventory.—(1) The Secretary of Defense shall develop and maintain a training range inventory for each of the Armed Forces—
"(A) to identify all available operational training ranges;
"(B) to identify all training capacities and capabilities available at each training range; and
"(C) to identify training constraints caused by limitations on the use of military lands, marine areas, and airspace at each training range.
"(2) The Secretary of Defense shall submit an initial inventory to Congress at the same time as the President submits the budget for fiscal year 2004 and shall submit an updated inventory to Congress at the same time as the President submits the budget for each fiscal year through fiscal year 2018.
"(d) GAO Evaluation.—The Secretary of Defense shall transmit copies of each report required by subsections (a) and (b) to the Comptroller General. Within 90 days of receiving a report, the Comptroller General shall submit to Congress an evaluation of the report.
"(e) Armed Forces Defined.—In this section, the term 'Armed Forces' means the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps."
Development and Implementation of Financial Management Enterprise Architecture
Pub. L. 107–314, div. A, title X, §1004, Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2629, which required Secretary of Defense to develop a financial management enterprise architecture for all budgetary, accounting, finance, enterprise resource planning, and mixed information systems of the Department of Defense by May 1, 2003, was repealed by Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title III, §332(f), Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 1856.
Reliability of Department of Defense Financial Statements
Pub. L. 107–107, div. A, title X, §1008, Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1204, as amended by Pub. L. 112–81, div. A, title X, §1052, Dec. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 1582; Pub. L. 113–188, title IV, §401(b), Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2019; Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title X, §§1002(h), 1051(i)(2), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1542, 1563, provided that:
"[(a), (b) Repealed. Pub. L. 113–188, title IV, §401(b)(1), Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2019.]
"(c) Information to Auditors.—Not later than the date that is 180 days prior to the date set by the Office of Management and Budget for the submission of financial statements of each year [sic], the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller) and the Assistant Secretary of each military department with responsibility for financial management and comptroller functions shall each provide to the auditors of the financial statement of that official's department for the fiscal year ending during the preceding month that official's preliminary management representation, in writing, regarding the expected reliability of the financial statement. The representation shall be consistent with guidance issued by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget and shall include the basis for the reliability assessment stated in the representation.
"[(d) to (f) Repealed. Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title X, §1002(h), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1542.]"
Annual Report on the Conduct of Military Operations Conducted as Part of Operation Enduring Freedom
Pub. L. 107–314, div. A, title X, §1043, Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2646, provided that:
"(a) Reports Required.—(1) The Secretary of Defense shall submit to the congressional committees specified in subsection (d) an annual report on the conduct of military operations conducted as part of Operation Enduring Freedom. The first report, which shall include a definition of the military operations carried out as part of Operation Enduring Freedom, shall be submitted not later than June 15, 2003. Subsequent reports shall be submitted not later than June 15 each year, and the final report shall be submitted not later than 180 days after the date (as determined by the Secretary of Defense) of the cessation of hostilities undertaken as part of Operation Enduring Freedom.
"(2) Each report under this section shall be prepared in consultation with the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the commander of the United States Central Command, the Director of Central Intelligence, and such other officials as the Secretary considers appropriate.
"(3) Each such report shall be submitted in both a classified form and an unclassified form, as necessary.
"(b) Special Matters To Be Included.—Each report under this section shall include the following:
"(1) A discussion of the command, control, coordination, and support relationship between United States special operations forces and Central Intelligence Agency elements participating in Operation Enduring Freedom and any lessons learned from the joint conduct of operations by those forces and elements.
"(2) Recommendations to improve operational readiness and effectiveness of these forces and elements.
"(c) Other Matters To Be Included.—Each report under this section shall include a discussion, with a particular emphasis on accomplishments and shortcomings, of the following matters with respect to Operation Enduring Freedom:
"(1) The political and military objectives of the United States.
"(2) The military strategy of the United States to achieve those political and military objectives.
"(3) The concept of operations, including any new operational concepts, for the operation.
"(4) The benefits and disadvantages of operating with local opposition forces.
"(5) The benefits and disadvantages of operating in a coalition with the military forces of allied and friendly nations.
"(6) The cooperation of nations in the region for overflight, basing, command and control, and logistic and other support.
"(7) The conduct of relief operations both during and after the period of hostilities.
"(8) The conduct of close air support (CAS), particularly with respect to the timeliness, efficiency, and effectiveness of such support.
"(9) The use of unmanned aerial vehicles for intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, and combat support to operational forces.
"(10) The use and performance of United States and coalition military equipment, weapon systems, and munitions.
"(11) The effectiveness of reserve component forces, including their use and performance in the theater of operations.
"(12) The importance and effectiveness of the International Security Assistance Force.
"(13) The importance and effectiveness of United States civil affairs forces.
"(14) The anticipated duration of the United States military presence in Afghanistan.
"(15) The most critical lessons learned that could lead to long-term doctrinal, organizational, and technological changes.
"(d) Congressional Committees.—The committees referred to in subsection (a)(1) are the following:
"(1) The Committee on Armed Services and the Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate.
"(2) The Committee on Armed Services and the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence of the House of Representatives."
[Reference to the Director of Central Intelligence or the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency in the Director's capacity as the head of the intelligence community deemed to be a reference to the Director of National Intelligence. Reference to the Director of Central Intelligence or the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency in the Director's capacity as the head of the Central Intelligence Agency deemed to be a reference to the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. See section 1081(a), (b) of Pub. L. 108–458, set out as a note under section 3001 of Title 50, War and National Defense.]
Comprehensive Plan for Improving the Preparedness of Military Installations for Terrorist Incidents
Pub. L. 107–314, div. A, title XIV, §1402, Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2675, provided that:
"(a) Comprehensive Plan.—The Secretary of Defense shall develop a comprehensive plan for improving the preparedness of military installations for preventing and responding to terrorist attacks, including attacks involving the use or threat of use of weapons of mass destruction.
"(b) Preparedness Strategy.—The plan under subsection (a) shall include a preparedness strategy that includes each of the following:
"(1) Identification of long-term goals and objectives for improving the preparedness of military installations for preventing and responding to terrorist attacks.
"(2) Identification of budget and other resource requirements necessary to achieve those goals and objectives.
"(3) Identification of factors beyond the control of the Secretary that could impede the achievement of those goals and objectives.
"(4) A discussion of the extent to which local, regional, or national military response capabilities are to be developed, integrated, and used.
"(5) A discussion of how the Secretary will coordinate the capabilities referred to in paragraph (4) with local, regional, or national civilian and other military capabilities.
"(c) Performance Plan.—The plan under subsection (a) shall include a performance plan that includes each of the following:
"(1) A reasonable schedule, with milestones, for achieving the goals and objectives of the strategy under subsection (b).
"(2) Performance criteria for measuring progress in achieving those goals and objectives.
"(3) A description of the process, together with a discussion of the resources, necessary to achieve those goals and objectives.
"(4) A description of the process for evaluating results in achieving those goals and objectives.
"(d) Submittal to Congress.—The Secretary shall submit the comprehensive plan developed under subsection (a) to the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate and the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 2, 2002].
"(e) Comptroller General Review and Report.—Not later than 60 days after the date on which the Secretary submits the comprehensive plan under subsection (a), the Comptroller General shall review the plan and submit to the committees referred to in subsection (d) the Comptroller General's assessment of the plan.
"(f) Annual Report.—(1) In each of 2004, 2005, and 2006, the Secretary of Defense shall include a report on the comprehensive plan developed under subsection (a) with the materials that the Secretary submits to Congress in support of the budget submitted by the President that year pursuant to section 1105(a) of title 31, United States Code.
"(2) Each such report shall include—
"(A) a discussion of any revision that the Secretary has made in the comprehensive plan developed under subsection (a) since the last report under this subsection or, in the case of the first such report, since the plan was submitted under subsection (d); and
"(B) an assessment of the progress made in achieving the goals and objectives of the strategy set forth in the plan.
"(3) If the Secretary includes in the report for 2004 or 2005 under this subsection a declaration that the goals and objectives of the preparedness strategy set forth in the comprehensive plan have been achieved, no further report is required under this subsection."
Policy Concerning Rights of Individuals Whose Names Have Been Entered Into Department of Defense Official Criminal Investigative Reports
Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title V, §552], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A-125, provided that:
"(a) Policy Requirement.—The Secretary of Defense shall establish a policy creating a uniform process within the Department of Defense that—
"(1) affords any individual who, in connection with the investigation of a reported crime, is designated (by name or by any other identifying information) as a suspect in the case in any official investigative report, or in a central index for potential retrieval and analysis by law enforcement organizations, an opportunity to obtain a review of that designation; and
"(2) requires the expungement of the name and other identifying information of any such individual from such report or index in any case in which it is determined the entry of such identifying information on that individual was made contrary to Department of Defense requirements.
"(b) Effective Date.—The policy required by subsection (a) shall be established not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 30, 2000]."
Test of Ability of Reserve Component Intelligence Units and Personnel To Meet Current and Emerging Defense Intelligence Needs
Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title V, §576], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A-138, directed the Secretary of Defense to conduct a three-year test program to determine the most effective peacetime structure and operational employment of reserve component intelligence assets and to establish a means to coordinate and transition the peacetime intelligence support network into use for meeting wartime needs, and to submit to Congress interim and final reports on such program not later than Dec. 1, 2004.
Study on Civilian Personnel Services
Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title XI, §1105], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A-311, directed the Secretary of Defense to conduct a study to assess the manner in which personnel services were provided for civilian personnel in the Department of Defense and to submit a report on such study to committees of Congress not later than Jan. 1, 2002.
Pilot Program for Reengineering Equal Employment Opportunity Complaint Process
Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title XI, §1111], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A-312, directed the Secretary of Defense to carry out a three-year pilot program to improve processes for the resolution of equal employment opportunity complaints by civilian employees of the Department of Defense, and directed the Comptroller General to submit to Congress a report on such program not later than 90 days following the end of the first and last full or partial fiscal years during which such program had been implemented.
Work Safety Demonstration Program
Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title XI, §1112], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A-313, as amended by Pub. L. 107–314, div. A, title III, §363, Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2520, directed the Secretary of Defense to carry out a defense employees work safety demonstration program under which work safety models used by employers in the private sector would be adopted and any improvement to work safety records would be assessed, directed that such program would terminate on Sept. 30, 2003, and required the Secretary to submit interim and final reports on such program to committees of Congress not later than Dec. 1, 2003.
GAO Study on Benefits and Costs of United States Military Engagement in Europe
Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title XII, §1223], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A-328, directed the Comptroller General to conduct a study assessing the benefits and costs to the United States and United States national security interests of the engagement of United States forces in Europe and of United States military strategies used to shape the international security environment in Europe and to submit to committees of Congress a report on the results of such study not later than Dec. 1, 2001.
Establishment of Logistics Standards for Sustained Military Operations
Pub. L. 106–65, div. A, title III, §366, Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 578, as amended by Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title X, §1051(h), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1563, provided that:
"(a) Establishment of Standards.—The Secretary of each military department shall establish, for deployable units of each of the Armed Forces under the jurisdiction of the Secretary, standards regarding—
"(1) the level of spare parts that the units must have on hand; and
"(2) similar logistics and sustainment needs of the units.
"(b) Basis for Standards.—The standards to be established for a unit under subsection (a) shall be based upon the following:
"(1) The unit's wartime mission, as reflected in the war-fighting plans of the relevant combatant commanders.
"(2) An assessment of the likely requirement for sustained operations under each such war-fighting plan.
"(3) An assessment of the likely requirement for that unit to conduct sustained operations in an austere environment, while drawing exclusively on its own internal logistics capabilities.
"(c) Sufficiency Capabilities.—The standards to be established by the Secretary of a military department under subsection (a) shall reflect those spare parts and similar logistics capabilities that the Secretary considers sufficient for the units of each of the Armed Forces under the Secretary's jurisdiction to successfully execute their missions under the conditions described in subsection (b).
"(d) Relation to Readiness Reporting System.—The standards established under subsection (a) shall be taken into account in designing the comprehensive readiness reporting system for the Department of Defense required by section 117 of title 10, United States Code, and shall be an element in determining a unit's readiness status.
"(e) Relation to Annual Funding Needs.—The Secretary of Defense shall consider the standards established under subsection (a) in establishing the annual funding requirements for the Department of Defense."
Use of Smart Card Technology in the Department of Defense
Pub. L. 106–65, div. A, title III, §373(a)–(g), Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 580, 581, provided that:
"(a) Department of Navy as Lead Agency.—The Department of the Navy shall serve as the lead agency for the development and implementation of a Smart Card program for the Department of Defense.
"(b) Cooperation of Other Military Departments.—The Department of the Army and the Department of the Air Force shall each establish a project office and cooperate with the Department of the Navy to develop implementation plans for exploiting the capability of Smart Card technology as a means for enhancing readiness and improving business processes throughout the military departments.
"(c) Senior Coordinating Group.—(1) Not later than November 30, 1999, the Secretary of Defense shall establish a senior coordinating group to develop and implement—
"(A) Department-wide interoperability standards for use of Smart Card technology; and
"(B) a plan to exploit Smart Card technology as a means for enhancing readiness and improving business processes.
"(2) The senior coordinating group shall be chaired by a representative of the Secretary of the Navy and shall include senior representatives from each of the Armed Forces and such other persons as the Secretary of Defense considers appropriate.
"(3) Not later than March 31, 2000, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate and the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives a report containing a detailed discussion of the progress made by the senior coordinating group in carrying out its duties.
"(d) Role of Department of Defense Chief Information Office.—The senior coordinating group established under subsection (c) shall report to and receive guidance from the Department of Defense Chief Information Office.
"(e) Increased Use Targeted to Certain Naval Regions.—Not later than November 30, 1999, the Secretary of the Navy shall establish a business plan to implement the use of Smart Cards in one major Naval region of the continental United States that is in the area of operations of the United States Atlantic Command and one major Naval region of the continental United States that is in the area of operations of the United States Pacific Command. The regions selected shall include a major fleet concentration area. The implementation of the use of Smart Cards in each region shall cover the Navy and Marine Corps bases and all non-deployed units in the region. The Secretary of the Navy shall submit the business plan to the congressional defense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives].
"(f) Funding for Increased Use of Smart Cards.—Of the funds authorized to be appropriated for the Navy by section 102(a)(4) [113 Stat. 530] or 301(2) [113 Stat. 557], the Secretary of the Navy—
"(1) shall allocate such amounts as may be necessary, but not to exceed $30,000,000, to ensure that significant progress is made toward complete implementation of the use of Smart Card technology in the Department of the Navy; and
"(2) may allocate additional amounts for the conversion of paper-based records to electronic media for records systems that have been modified to use Smart Card technology.
"(g) Definitions.—In this section:
"(1) The term 'Smart Card' means a credit card-size device, normally for carrying and use by personnel, that contains one or more integrated circuits and may also employ one or more of the following technologies:
"(A) Magnetic stripe.
"(B) Bar codes, linear or two-dimensional.
"(C) Non-contact and radio frequency transmitters.
"(D) Biometric information.
"(E) Encryption and authentication.
"(F) Photo identification.
"(2) The term 'Smart Card technology' means a Smart Card together with all of the associated information technology hardware and software that comprise the system for support and operation."
Secretary of Defense Review of Army Technician Costing Process
Pub. L. 106–65, div. A, title V, §526, Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 600, required Secretary of Defense to review process used by the Army to develop estimates of annual authorizations and appropriations required for civilian personnel of Department of the Army generally and for National Guard and Army Reserve technicians in particular and to report on results of review to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and House of Representatives not later than Mar. 31, 2000.
Survey of Members Leaving Military Service on Attitudes Toward Military Service
Pub. L. 106–65, div. A, title V, §581, Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 633, directed the Secretary of Defense to develop and implement a survey on attitudes toward military service to be completed by all members of the Armed Forces who had been voluntarily discharged or separated or transferred from a regular to a reserve component between Jan. 1, 2000, and June 30, 2000, and to submit a report to Congress on the results of such survey not later than Oct. 1, 2000.
Annual Report on United States Military Activities in Colombia
Pub. L. 106–65, div. A, title X, §1025, Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 748, which required the Secretary of Defense to submit an annual report regarding the deployments and assignments of the United States Armed Forces in Colombia, was repealed by Pub. L. 112–81, div. A, title X, §1062(j)(2), Dec. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 1585.
Report on NATO Defense Capabilities Initiative
Pub. L. 106–65, div. A, title X, §1039, Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 756, as amended by Pub. L. 108–136, div. A, title X, §1031(h)(3), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1605, provided findings of Congress relating to the Defense Capabilities Initiative.
Commemoration of the Victory of Freedom in the Cold War
Pub. L. 106–65, div. A, title X, §1053, Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 764, as amended by Pub. L. 107–107, div. A, title X, §1048(g)(7), Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1228, established a commission to review and make recommendations regarding the celebration of victory in the Cold War, directed the President to transmit to Congress a report on the content of a Presidential proclamation and a plan for appropriate ceremonies and activities, and authorized funds.
Annual Report on Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China
Pub. L. 106–65, div. A, title XII, §1202, Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 781, as amended by Pub. L. 107–107, div. A, title XII, §1221, Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1252; Pub. L. 110–181, div. A, title XII, §1263, Jan. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 407; Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title XII, §1246(a)–(c), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2544, 2545; Pub. L. 112–81, div. A, title X, §1066(e)(1), title XII, §1238(a), Dec. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 1589, 1642; Pub. L. 112–239, div. A, title XII, §1271, Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 2022; Pub. L. 113–66, div. A, title XII, §1242, Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 920; Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title XII, §1252(a), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3571; Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title XII, §1271(a), (b), Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2538; Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title XII, §1261, Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1688; Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title XII, §1260, Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 2059, provided that:
"(a) Annual Report.—Not later than January 31 of each year through January 31, 2021, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the specified congressional committees a report, in both classified and unclassified form, on military and security developments involving the People's Republic of China. The report shall address the current and probable future course of military-technological development of the People's Liberation Army and the tenets and probable development of Chinese security strategy and military strategy, and of military organizations and operational concepts, through the next 20 years. The report shall also address United States-China engagement and cooperation on security matters during the period covered by the report, including through United States-China military-to-military contacts, and the United States strategy for such engagement and cooperation in the future.
"(b) Matters To Be Included.—Each report under this section shall include analyses and forecasts of the following:
"(1) The goals and factors shaping Chinese security strategy and military strategy.
"(2) Trends in Chinese security and military behavior that would be designed to achieve, or that are inconsistent with, the goals described in paragraph (1).
"(3) The security situation in the Taiwan Strait.
"(4) Chinese strategy regarding Taiwan.
"(5) The size, location, and capabilities of Chinese strategic, land, sea, and air forces, including detailed analysis of those forces facing Taiwan.
"(6) China's overseas military basing and logistics infrastructure.
"(7) Developments in Chinese military doctrine and training.
"(8) Efforts, including by espionage and technology transfers through investment, industrial espionage, cybertheft, academia, and other means, by the People's Republic of China to develop, acquire, or gain access to information, communication, space and other advanced technologies that would enhance military capabilities or otherwise undermine the Department of Defense's capability to conduct information assurance. Such analyses shall include an assessment of the damage inflicted on the Department of Defense by reason thereof.
"(9) An assessment of any challenges during the preceding year to the deterrent forces of the Republic of China on Taiwan, consistent with the commitments made by the United States in the Taiwan Relations Act (Public Law 96–8) [22 U.S.C. 3301 et seq.].
"(10) Developments in China's asymmetric capabilities, including its strategy and efforts to develop and deploy cyberwarfare and electronic warfare capabilities, details on the number of malicious cyber incidents originating from China against Department of Defense infrastructure, and associated activities originating or suspected of originating from China.
"(11) The strategy and capabilities of Chinese space and counterspace programs, including trends, global and regional activities, the involvement of military and civilian organizations, including state-owned enterprises, academic institutions, and commercial entities, and efforts to develop, acquire, or gain access to advanced technologies that would enhance Chinese military capabilities.
"(12) Developments in China's nuclear program, including the size and state of China's stockpile, its nuclear strategy and associated doctrines, its civil and military production capacities, and projections of its future arsenals.
"(13) A description of China's anti-access and area denial capabilities.
"(14) A description of China's command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance modernization program and its applications for China's precision guided weapons.
"(15) A description of the roles and activities of the People's Liberation Army Navy and those of China's paramilitary and maritime law enforcement vessels, including their capabilities, organizational affiliations, roles within China's overall maritime strategy, activities affecting United States allies and partners, and responses to United States naval activities.
"(16) In consultation with the Secretary of Energy and the Secretary of State, developments regarding United States-China engagement and cooperation on security matters.
"(17) The current state of United States military-to-military contacts with the People's Liberation Army, which shall include the following:
"(A) A comprehensive and coordinated strategy for such military-to-military contacts and updates to the strategy.
"(B) A summary of all such military-to-military contacts during the period covered by the report, including a summary of topics discussed and questions asked by the Chinese participants in those contacts.
"(C) A description of such military-to-military contacts scheduled for the 12-month period following the period covered by the report and the plan for future contacts.
"(D) The Secretary's assessment of the benefits the Chinese expect to gain from such military-to-military contacts.
"(E) The Secretary's assessment of the benefits the Department of Defense expects to gain from such military-to-military contacts, and any concerns regarding such contacts.
"(F) The Secretary's assessment of how such military-to-military contacts fit into the larger security relationship between the United States and the People's Republic of China.
"(G) The Secretary's certification whether or not any military-to-military exchange or contact was conducted during the period covered by the report in violation of section 1201(a) [10 U.S.C. 311 note].
"(18) An assessment of relations between China and the Russian Federation with respect to security and military matters.
"(19) Other military and security developments involving the People's Republic of China that the Secretary of Defense considers relevant to United States national security.
"(20) A description of Chinese military-to-military relationships with other countries, including the size and activity of military attache offices around the world and military education programs conducted in China for other countries or in other countries for the Chinese.
"(21) A description of any significant sale or transfer of military hardware, expertise, and technology to or from the People's Republic of China, including a forecast of possible future sales and transfers, a description of the implications of those sales and transfers for the security of the United States and its partners and allies in Asia, and a description of any significant assistance to and from any selling state with military-related research and development programs in China.
"(22) The status of the 5th generation fighter program of the People's Republic of China, including an assessment of each individual aircraft type, estimated initial and full operational capability dates, and the ability of such aircraft to provide air superiority.
"(23) A summary of the order of battle of the People's Liberation Army, including anti-ship ballistic missiles, theater ballistic missiles, and land attack cruise missile inventory.
"(24) A description of the People's Republic of China's military and nonmilitary activities in the South China Sea.
"(25) Any Chinese laws, regulations, or policies that could jeopardize the economic security of the United States.
"(26) The relationship between Chinese overseas investment, including initiatives such as the Belt and Road Initiative, and Chinese security and military strategy objectives.
"(27) Efforts by the Government of the People's Republic of China to influence the media, cultural institutions, business, and academic and policy communities of the United States to be more favorable to its security and military strategy and objectives.
"(28) Efforts by the Government of the People's Republic of China to use nonmilitary tools in other countries, including diplomacy and political coercion, information operations, and economic pressure, including predatory lending practices, to support its security and military objectives.
"(c) Specified Congressional Committees.—For purposes of this section, the term 'specified congressional committees' means the following:
"(1) The Committee on Armed Services and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate.
"(2) The Committee on Armed Services and the Committee on International Relations [now Committee on Foreign Affairs] of the House of Representatives.
"(d) Report on Significant Sales and Transfers to China.—(1) The report to be submitted under this section not later than March 1, 2002, shall include in a separate section a report describing any significant sale or transfer of military hardware, expertise, and technology to the People's Republic of China. The report shall set forth the history of such sales and transfers since 1995, forecast possible future sales and transfers, and address the implications of those sales and transfers for the security of the United States and its friends and allies in Asia.
"(2) The report shall include analysis and forecasts of the following matters related to military cooperation between selling states and the People's Republic of China:
"(A) The extent in each selling state of government knowledge, cooperation, or condoning of sales or transfers of military hardware, expertise, or technology to the People's Republic of China.
"(B) An itemization of significant sales and transfers of military hardware, expertise, or technology from each selling state to the People's Republic of China that have taken place since 1995, with a particular focus on command, control, communications, and intelligence systems.
"(C) Significant assistance by any selling state to key research and development programs of China, including programs for development of weapons of mass destruction and delivery vehicles for such weapons, programs for development of advanced conventional weapons, and programs for development of unconventional weapons.
"(D) The extent to which arms sales by any selling state to the People's Republic of China are a source of funds for military research and development or procurement programs in the selling state.
"(3) The report under paragraph (1) shall include, with respect to each area of analysis and forecasts specified in paragraph (2)—
"(A) an assessment of the military effects of such sales or transfers to entities in the People's Republic of China;
"(B) an assessment of the ability of the People's Liberation Army to assimilate such sales or transfers, mass produce new equipment, or develop doctrine for use; and
"(C) the potential threat of developments related to such effects on the security interests of the United States and its friends and allies in Asia."
[Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title XII, §1271(c), Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2538, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending section 1202 of Pub. L. 106–65, set out above] take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 23, 2016] and apply with respect to reports required to be submitted under subsection (a) of section 1202 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 [Pub. L. 106–65] on or after that date."]
[Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title XII, §1252(b), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3571, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending section 1202 of Pub. L. 106–65, set out above] takes effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 19, 2014] and applies with respect to reports required to be submitted under subsection (a) of section 1202 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 [Pub. L. 106–65] on or after that date."]
[Pub. L. 112–81, div. A, title XII, §1238(b), Dec. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 1642, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending section 1202 of Pub. L. 106–65, set out above] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 31, 2011], and shall apply with respect to reports required to be submitted under subsection (a) of section 1202 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 [Pub. L. 106–65], as so amended, on or after that date."]
[Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title XII, §1246(e), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2545, provided that:
["(1) In general.—The amendments made by this section [amending section 1202 of Pub. L. 106–65, set out above, and provisions set out as a note under section 311 of this title] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 28, 2009], and shall apply with respect to reports required to be submitted under subsection (a) of section 1202 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 [Pub. L. 106–65, set out above], as so amended, on or after that date.
["(2) Strategy and updates for military-to-military contacts with people's liberation army.—The requirement to include the strategy described in paragraph (11)(A) of section 1202(b) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000, as so amended, in the report required to be submitted under section 1202(a) of such Act, as so amended, shall apply with respect to the first report required to be submitted under section 1202(a) of such Act on or after the date of the enactment of this Act. The requirement to include updates to such strategy shall apply with respect to each subsequent report required to be submitted under section 1202(a) of such Act on or after the date of the enactment of this Act."]
Nuclear Mission Management Plan
Pub. L. 106–65, div. C, title XXXI, §3163(d), Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 945, provided that:
"(1) The Secretary of Defense shall develop and implement a plan to ensure the continued reliability of the capability of the Department of Defense to carry out its nuclear deterrent mission.
"(2) The plan shall do the following:
"(A) Articulate the current policy of the United States on the role of nuclear weapons and nuclear deterrence in the conduct of defense and foreign relations matters.
"(B) Establish stockpile viability and capability requirements with respect to that mission, including the number and variety of warheads required.
"(C) Establish requirements relating to the contractor industrial base, support infrastructure, and surveillance, testing, assessment, and certification of nuclear weapons necessary to support that mission.
"(3) The plan shall take into account the following:
"(A) Requirements for the critical skills, readiness, training, exercise, and testing of personnel necessary to meet that mission.
"(B) The relevant programs and plans of the military departments and the Defense Agencies with respect to readiness, sustainment (including research and development), and modernization of the strategic deterrent forces."
Report on Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Benefits Assistance for Members of Armed Forces
Pub. L. 105–262, title VIII, §8119, Oct. 17, 1998, 112 Stat. 2331, as amended by Pub. L. 110–234, title IV, §4002(b)(1)(B), (D), (E), (2)(K), May 22, 2008, 122 Stat. 1096, 1097; Pub. L. 110–246, §4(a), title IV, §4002(b)(1)(B), (D), (E), (2)(K), June 18, 2008, 122 Stat. 1664, 1857, 1858, directed the Secretary of Defense to submit to committees of Congress, at the same time that materials relating to Department of Defense funding for fiscal year 2001 were to be submitted, a report on supplemental nutrition assistance program benefits assistance for members of the Armed Forces.
Defense Reform Initiative Enterprise Pilot Program for Military Manpower and Personnel Information
Pub. L. 106–65, div. A, title IX, §924, Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 726, provided that:
"(a) Executive Agent.—The Secretary of Defense may designate the Secretary of the Navy as the Department of Defense executive agent for carrying out the pilot program described in subsection (c).
"(b) Implementing Office.—If the Secretary of Defense makes the designation referred to in subsection (a), the Secretary of the Navy, in carrying out that pilot program, shall act through the head of the Systems Executive Office for Manpower and Personnel of the Department of the Navy, who shall act in coordination with the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness and the Chief Information Officer of the Department of Defense.
"(c) Pilot Program.—The pilot program referred to in subsection (a) is the defense reform initiative enterprise pilot program for military manpower and personnel information established pursuant to section 8147 of the Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 1999 (Public Law 105–262; 112 Stat. 2341; 10 U.S.C. 113 note)."
Pub. L. 105–262, title VIII, §8147, Oct. 17, 1998, 112 Stat. 2341, provided that: "The Secretary of Defense shall establish, through a revised Defense Integrated Military Human Resources System (DIMHRS), a defense reform initiative enterprise pilot program for military manpower and personnel information: Provided, That this pilot program should include all functions and systems currently included in DIMHRS and shall be expanded to include all appropriate systems within the enterprise of personnel, manpower, training, and compensation: Provided further, That in establishing a revised DIMHRS enterprise program for manpower and personnel information superiority the functions of this program shall include, but not be limited to: (1) an analysis and determination of the number and kinds of information systems necessary to support manpower and personnel within the Department of Defense; and (2) the establishment of programs to develop and implement information systems in support of manpower and personnel to include an enterprise level strategic approach, performance and results based management, business process improvement and other non-material solutions, the use of commercial or government off-the-shelf technology, the use of modular contracting as defined by Public Law 104–106 [see 41 U.S.C. 2308], and the integration and consolidation of existing manpower and personnel information systems: Provided further, That the Secretary of Defense shall re-instate fulfillment standards designated as ADS–97–03–GD, dated January, 1997: Provided further, That the requirements of this section should be implemented not later than 6 months after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 17, 1998]."
Oversight of Development and Implementation of Automated Identification Technology
Pub. L. 105–261, div. A, title III, §344, Oct. 17, 1998, 112 Stat. 1977, as amended by Pub. L. 106–65, div. A, title III, §373(h), title X, §1067(3), Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 581, 774, directed the Secretary of the Navy to allocate up to $25,000,000 of fiscal year 1999 funds for the purpose of making progress toward the issuance and use of Smart Cards throughout the Navy and the Marine Corps and to equip with Smart Card technology at least one carrier battle group, one carrier air wing, and one amphibious readiness group in each of the United States Atlantic and Pacific Commands not later than June 30, 1999, and directed the Secretary of Defense, not later than Mar. 31, 1999, to submit to congressional defense committees a plan for the use of Smart Card technology by each military department.
Pilot Program for Acceptance and Use of Landing Fees Charged for Use of Domestic Military Airfields by Civil Aircraft
Pub. L. 105–261, div. A, title III, §377, Oct. 17, 1998, 112 Stat. 1993, as amended by Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title III, §387], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A-88, provided that:
"(a) Pilot Program Authorized.—The Secretary of each military department may carry out a pilot program to demonstrate the use of landing fees as a source of funding for the operation and maintenance of airfields of that department.
"(b) Landing Fee Defined.—In this section, the term 'landing fee' means any fee that is established under or in accordance with regulations of the military department concerned (whether prescribed in a fee schedule or imposed under a joint-use agreement) to recover costs incurred for use by civil aircraft of an airfield of the military department in the United States or in a territory or possession of the United States.
"(c) Use of Proceeds.—Amounts received in payment of landing fees for use of a military airfield in a fiscal year of the pilot program shall be credited to the appropriation that is available for that fiscal year for the operation and maintenance of the military airfield, shall be merged with amounts in the appropriation to which credited, and shall be available for that military airfield for the same period and purposes as the appropriation is available.
"(d) Report.—Not later than March 31, 2003, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress a report on the pilot programs carried out under this section by the Secretaries of the military departments. The report shall specify the amounts of fees received and retained by each military department under its pilot program as of December 31, 2002."
"(e) Duration of Pilot Program.—The pilot program under this section may not be carried out after September 30, 2010."
Report on Terminology for Annual Report Requirement
Pub. L. 105–261, div. A, title IX, §915(b), Oct. 17, 1998, 112 Stat. 2102, directed the Secretary of Defense, not later than 90 days after Oct. 17, 1998, to submit to committees of Congress a report setting forth the definitions of the terms "support" and "mission" to use for purposes of the report requirement under subsec. (l) of this section.
Program To Investigate Fraud, Waste, and Abuse Within Department of Defense
Pub. L. 105–85, div. A, title III, §392, Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 1717, as amended by Pub. L. 105–261, div. A, title III, §374, Oct. 17, 1998, 112 Stat. 1992, provided that: "The Secretary of Defense shall maintain a specific coordinated program for the investigation of evidence of fraud, waste, and abuse within the Department of Defense, particularly fraud, waste, and abuse regarding finance and accounting matters and any fraud, waste, and abuse occurring in connection with overpayments made to vendors by the Department of Defense, including overpayments identified under section 354 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1996 (Public Law 104–106; 10 U.S.C. 2461 note)."
Commission on Military Training and Gender-Related Issues
Pub. L. 105–85, div. A, title V, subtitle F, Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 1750, as amended by Pub. L. 105–261, div. A, title V, §524, Oct. 17, 1998, 112 Stat. 2014; Pub. L. 106–65, div. A, title X, §1066(c)(2), Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 773, established a Commission on Military Training and Gender-Related Issues to review requirements and restrictions regarding cross-gender relationships of members of the Armed Forces, to review the basic training programs of the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps, and to make recommendations on improvements to those programs, requirements, and restrictions, and further provided for composition, powers, and duties of Commission, administrative matters, funding, an interim report to Congress not later than Oct. 15, 1998, and a final report to Congress not later than Mar. 15, 1999, and for termination of Commission 60 days after submission of final report.
Coordination of Department of Defense Criminal Investigations and Audits
Pub. L. 105–85, div. A, title IX, §907, Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 1856, provided that:
"(a) Military Department Criminal Investigative Organizations.—(1) The heads of the military department criminal investigative organizations shall take such action as may be practicable to conserve the limited resources available to the military department criminal investigative organizations by sharing personnel, expertise, infrastructure, training, equipment, software, and other resources.
"(2) The heads of the military department criminal investigative organizations shall meet on a regular basis to determine the manner in which and the extent to which the military department criminal investigative organizations will be able to share resources.
"(b) Defense Auditing Organizations.—(1) The heads of the defense auditing organizations shall take such action as may be practicable to conserve the limited resources available to the defense auditing organizations by sharing personnel, expertise, infrastructure, training, equipment, software, and other resources.
"(2) The heads of the defense auditing organizations shall meet on a regular basis to determine the manner in which and the extent to which the defense auditing organizations will be able to share resources.
"(c) Implementation Plan.—Not later than December 31, 1997, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress a plan designed to maximize the resources available to the military department criminal investigative organizations and the defense auditing organizations, as required by this section.
"(d) Definitions.—For purposes of this section:
"(1) The term 'military department criminal investigative organizations' means—
"(A) the Army Criminal Investigation Command;
"(B) the Naval Criminal Investigative Service; and
"(C) the Air Force Office of Special Investigations.
"(2) The term 'defense auditing organizations' means—
"(A) the Office of the Inspector General of the Department of Defense;
"(B) the Defense Contract Audit Agency;
"(C) the Army Audit Agency;
"(D) the Naval Audit Service; and
"(E) the Air Force Audit Agency."
Provision of Adequate Troop Protection Equipment for Armed Forces Personnel Engaged in Peace Operations; Report on Antiterrorism Activities and Protection of Personnel
"(a) Protection of Personnel.—The Secretary of Defense shall take appropriate actions to ensure that units of the Armed Forces engaged in a peace operation are provided adequate troop protection equipment for that operation.
"(b) Specific Actions.—In taking actions under subsection (a), the Secretary shall—
"(1) identify the additional troop protection equipment, if any, required to equip a division (or the equivalent of a division) with adequate troop protection equipment for peace operations; and
"(2) establish procedures to facilitate the exchange or transfer of troop protection equipment among units of the Armed Forces.
"(c) Designation of Responsible Official.—The Secretary of Defense shall designate an official within the Department of Defense to be responsible for—
"(1) ensuring the appropriate allocation of troop protection equipment among the units of the Armed Forces engaged in peace operations; and
"(2) monitoring the availability, status or condition, and location of such equipment.
"(d) Troop Protection Equipment Defined.—In this section, the term 'troop protection equipment' means the equipment required by units of the Armed Forces to defend against any hostile threat that is likely during a peace operation, including an attack by a hostile crowd, small arms fire, mines, and a terrorist bombing attack.
"(e) Report on Antiterrorism Activities of the Department of Defense and Protection of Personnel.—Not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 18, 1997], the Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress a report, in classified and unclassified form, on antiterrorism activities of the Department of Defense and the actions taken by the Secretary under subsections (a), (b), and (c). The report shall include the following:
"(1) A description of the programs designed to carry out antiterrorism activities of the Department of Defense, any deficiencies in those programs, and any actions taken by the Secretary to improve implementation of such programs.
"(2) An assessment of the current policies and practices of the Department of Defense with respect to the protection of members of the Armed Forces overseas against terrorist attack, including any modifications to such policies or practices that are proposed or implemented as a result of the assessment.
"(3) An assessment of the procedures of the Department of Defense for determining accountability, if any, in the command structure of the Armed Forces in instances in which a terrorist attack results in the loss of life at an overseas military installation or facility.
"(4) A detailed description of the roles of the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Secretaries of the military departments, and the combatant commanders in providing guidance and support with respect to the protection of members of the Armed Forces deployed overseas against terrorist attack (both before and after the November 1995 bombing in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) and how these roles have changed since the June 25, 1996, terrorist bombing at Khobar Towers in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
"(5) A description of the actions taken by the Secretary of Defense under subsections (a), (b), and (c) to provide adequate troop protection equipment for units of the Armed Forces engaged in a peace operation."
Study of Investigative Practices of Military Criminal Investigative Organizations Relating to Sex Crimes
Pub. L. 105–85, div. A, title X, §1072, Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 1898, required the Secretary of Defense to provide for a study to be conducted by the National Academy of Public Administration of the policies, procedures, and practices of the military criminal investigative organizations for the conduct of investigations of complaints of sex crimes and other criminal sexual misconduct arising in the Armed Forces, required the Academy to submit a report to the Secretary not later than one year after Nov. 18, 1997, and directed the Secretary to submit the report and comments on the report to Congress not later than 30 days afterwards.
Annual Report on Moratorium on Use by Armed Forces of Antipersonnel Landmines
Pub. L. 105–85, div. A, title XIII, §1309, Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 1956, provided that:
"(a) Findings.—Congress makes the following findings:
"(1) The United States has stated its support for a ban on antipersonnel landmines that is global in scope and verifiable.
"(2) On May 16, 1996, the President announced that the United States, as a matter of policy, would eliminate its stockpile of non-self-destructing antipersonnel landmines, except those used for training purposes and in Korea, and that the United States would reserve the right to use self-destructing antipersonnel landmines in the event of conflict.
"(3) On May 16, 1996, the President also announced that the United States would lead an effort to negotiate an international treaty permanently banning the use of all antipersonnel landmines.
"(4) The United States is currently participating at the United Nations Conference on Disarmament in negotiations aimed at achieving a global ban on the use of antipersonnel landmines.
"(5) On August 18, 1997, the administration agreed to participate in international negotiations sponsored by Canada (the so-called 'Ottawa process') designed to achieve a treaty that would outlaw the production, use, and sale of antipersonnel landmines.
"(6) On September 17, 1997, the President announced that the United States would not sign the antipersonnel landmine treaty concluded in Oslo, Norway, by participants in the Ottawa process because the treaty would not provide a geographic exception to allow the United States to stockpile and use antipersonnel landmines in Korea or an exemption that would preserve the ability of the United States to use mixed antitank mine systems which could be used to deter an armored assault against United States forces.
"(7) The President also announced a change in United States policy whereby the United States—
"(A) would no longer deploy antipersonnel landmines, including self-destructing antipersonnel landmines, by 2003, except in Korea;
"(B) would seek to field alternatives by that date, or by 2006 in the case of Korea;
"(C) would undertake a new initiative in the United Nations Conference on Disarmament to establish a global ban on the transfer of antipersonnel landmines; and
"(D) would increase its current humanitarian demining activities around the world.
"(8) The President's decision would allow the continued use by United States forces of self-destructing antipersonnel landmines that are used as part of a mixed antitank mine system.
"(9) Under existing law (as provided in section 580 of Public Law 104–107; 110 Stat. 751), on February 12, 1999, the United States will implement a one-year moratorium on the use of antipersonnel landmines by United States forces except along internationally recognized national borders or in demilitarized zones within a perimeter marked area that is monitored by military personnel and protected by adequate means to ensure the exclusion of civilians.
"(b) Sense of Congress.—It is the sense of Congress that—
"(1) the United States should not implement a moratorium on the use of antipersonnel landmines by United States Armed Forces in a manner that would endanger United States personnel or undermine the military effectiveness of United States Armed Forces in executing their missions; and
"(2) the United States should pursue the development of alternatives to self-destructing antipersonnel landmines.
"(c) Annual Report.—Not later than December 31 each year, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the congressional defense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of Senate and House of Representatives] a report concerning antipersonnel landmines. Each such report shall include the Secretary's description of the following:
"(1) The military utility of the continued deployment and use by the United States of antipersonnel landmines.
"(2) The effect of a moratorium on the production, stockpiling, and use of antipersonnel landmines on the ability of United States forces to deter and defend against attack on land by hostile forces, including on the Korean peninsula.
"(3) Progress in developing and fielding systems that are effective substitutes for antipersonnel landmines, including an identification and description of the types of systems that are being developed and fielded, the costs associated with those systems, and the estimated timetable for developing and fielding those systems.
"(4) The effect of a moratorium on the use of antipersonnel landmines on the military effectiveness of current antitank mine systems.
"(5) The number and type of pure antipersonnel landmines that remain in the United States inventory and that are subject to elimination under the President's September 17, 1997, declaration on United States antipersonnel landmine policy.
"(6) The number and type of mixed antitank mine systems that are in the United States inventory, the locations where they are deployed, and their effect on the deterrence and warfighting ability of United States Armed Forces.
"(7) The effect of the elimination of pure antipersonnel landmines on the warfighting effectiveness of the United States Armed Forces.
"(8) The costs already incurred and anticipated of eliminating antipersonnel landmines from the United States inventory in accordance with the policy enunciated by the President on September 17, 1997.
"(9) The benefits that would result to United States military and civilian personnel from an international treaty banning the production, use, transfer, and stockpiling of antipersonnel landmines."
[For termination, effective Dec. 31, 2021, of annual reporting provisions in section 1309(c) of Pub. L. 105–85, set out above, see section 1061 of Pub. L. 114–328, set out as a note under section 111 of this title.]
Hate Crimes in the Military
Pub. L. 104–201, div. A, title V, §571(a), (b), Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2532, provided that:
"(a) Human Relations Training.—(1) The Secretary of Defense shall ensure that the Secretary of each military department conducts ongoing programs for human relations training for all members of the Armed Forces under the jurisdiction of the Secretary. Matters to be covered by such training include race relations, equal opportunity, opposition to gender discrimination, and sensitivity to 'hate group' activity. Such training shall be provided during basic training (or other initial military training) and on a regular basis thereafter.
"(2) The Secretary of Defense shall also ensure that unit commanders are aware of their responsibilities in ensuring that impermissible activity based upon discriminatory motives does not occur in units under their command.
"(b) Information To Be Provided to Prospective Recruits.—The Secretary of Defense shall ensure that each individual preparing to enter an officer accession program or to execute an original enlistment agreement is provided information concerning the meaning of the oath of office or oath of enlistment for service in the Armed Forces in terms of the equal protection and civil liberties guarantees of the Constitution, and each such individual shall be informed that if supporting those guarantees is not possible personally for that individual, then that individual should decline to enter the Armed Forces."
Annual Report on Operation Provide Comfort and Operation Enhanced Southern Watch
Pub. L. 104–201, div. A, title X, §1041, Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2640, required the Secretary of Defense to submit to Congress a report on Operation Provide Comfort and Operation Enhanced Southern Watch not later than Mar. 1 of each year and provided for the termination of the requirement with respect to each operation upon the termination of United States involvement in that operation.
Annual Report on Emerging Operational Concepts
Pub. L. 104–201, div. A, title X, §1042, Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2642, as amended by Pub. L. 106–65, div. A, title X, §1067(5), Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 774, directed Secretary of Defense to submit to Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and the House of Representatives a report on emerging operational concepts not later than March 1 of each year through 2000, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 106–65, div. A, title II, §241(b), Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 550.
George C. Marshall European Center for Strategic Security Studies
Pub. L. 104–201, div. A, title X, §1065, Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2653, as amended by Pub. L. 108–136, div. A, title X, §1031(f)(2), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1604; Pub. L. 109–163, div. A, title IX, §903(c)(2), Jan. 6, 2006, 119 Stat. 3399, which related to participation by a European or Eurasian nation in Marshall Center programs and exemptions for members of Marshall Center Board of Visitors from certain requirements, was repealed by Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title XII, §1241(e)(5)(B), Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2507. See section 342(h)(1), (2) of this title.
Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title XIII, §1306, Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2892, as amended by Pub. L. 108–136, div. A, title XII, §1223, Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1652; Pub. L. 109–163, div. A, title IX, §903(c)(1), Jan. 6, 2006, 119 Stat. 3399, which related to waiver of reimbursement of costs of educational activities of the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies for military officers and civilian officials from states located in Europe or the territory of the former Soviet Union, was repealed by Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title XII, §1241(e)(5)(C), Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2507. See section 342(h)(3) of this title.
Participation of Members, Dependents, and Other Persons in Crime Prevention Efforts at Installations
Pub. L. 104–201, div. A, title X, §1070, Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2656, provided that:
"(a) Crime Prevention Plan.—The Secretary of Defense shall prepare and implement an incentive-based plan to encourage members of the Armed Forces, dependents of members, civilian employees of the Department of Defense, and employees of defense contractors performing work at military installations to report to an appropriate military law enforcement agency any crime or criminal activity that the person reasonably believes occurred on a military installation or involves a member of the Armed Forces.
"(b) Incentives to Report Criminal Activity.—The Secretary of Defense shall include in the plan developed under subsection (a) incentives for members and other persons described in such subsection to provide information to appropriate military law enforcement agencies regarding any crime or criminal activity occurring on a military installation or involving a member of the Armed Forces.
"(c) Report Regarding Implementation.—Not later than February 1, 1997, the Secretary shall submit to Congress a report describing the plan being developed under subsection (a)."
Availability of Locator Information for Enforcement of Child Support Obligations of Members of the Armed Forces
Pub. L. 104–193, title III, §363(a), Aug. 22, 1996, 110 Stat. 2247, as amended by Pub. L. 107–296, title XVII, §1704(e)(1)(A), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2315, provided that:
"(1) Maintenance of address information.—The Secretary of Defense shall establish a centralized personnel locator service that includes the address of each member of the Armed Forces under the jurisdiction of the Secretary. Upon request of the Secretary of Homeland Security, addresses for members of the Coast Guard shall be included in the centralized personnel locator service.
"(2) Type of address.—
"(A) Residential address.—Except as provided in subparagraph (B), the address for a member of the Armed Forces shown in the locator service shall be the residential address of that member.
"(B) Duty address.—The address for a member of the Armed Forces shown in the locator service shall be the duty address of that member in the case of a member—
"(i) who is permanently assigned overseas, to a vessel, or to a routinely deployable unit; or
"(ii) with respect to whom the Secretary concerned makes a determination that the member's residential address should not be disclosed due to national security or safety concerns.
"(3) Updating of locator information.—Within 30 days after a member listed in the locator service establishes a new residential address (or a new duty address, in the case of a member covered by paragraph (2)(B)), the Secretary concerned shall update the locator service to indicate the new address of the member.
"(4) Availability of information.—The Secretary of Defense shall make information regarding the address of a member of the Armed Forces listed in the locator service available, on request, to the Federal Parent Locator Service established under section 453 of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 653]."
Review of C4I by National Research Council
Pub. L. 104–106, div. A, title II, §262, Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 236, directed the Secretary of Defense, not later than 90 days after Feb. 10, 1996, to request the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences to conduct a two-year review of current and planned service and defense-wide programs for command, control, communications, computers, and intelligence, and required the Secretary to provide that the Council submit interim reports and a final report on the review to the Department of Defense and committees of Congress.
Strategy and Report on Automated Information Systems of Department of Defense
Pub. L. 104–106, div. A, title III, §366, Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 275, directed the Secretary of Defense to develop a strategy for the development or modernization of automated information systems for the Department of Defense and to submit to Congress a report on the development of such strategy not later than Apr. 15, 1996.
Report Concerning Appropriate Forum for Judicial Review of Department of Defense Personnel Actions
Pub. L. 104–106, div. A, title V, §551, Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 318, directed the Secretary of Defense to establish an advisory committee to consider issues relating to the appropriate forum for judicial review of Department of Defense administrative personnel actions, required the committee to submit a report to the Secretary of Defense not later than Dec. 15, 1996, required the Secretary to transmit the committee's report to Congress not later than Jan. 1, 1997, and provided for the termination of the committee 30 days after the date of the submission of its report to Congress.
Requirements for Automated Information Systems of Department of Defense
Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title III, §381, Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2738, provided that:
"(a) Determination Required.—(1) Not later than March 15 in each of 1995, 1996, and 1997, the Secretary of Defense shall—
"(A) determine whether each automated information system described in paragraph (2) meets the requirements set forth in subsection (b); and
"(B) take appropriate action to end the modernization or development by the Department of Defense of any such system that the Secretary determines does not meet such requirements.
"(2) An automated information system referred to in paragraph (1) is an automated information system—
"(A) that is undergoing modernization or development by the Department of Defense;
"(B) that exceeds $50,000,000 in value; and
"(C) that is not a migration system, as determined by the Enterprise Integration Executive Board of the Department of Defense.
"(b) Requirements.—The use of an automated information system by the Department of Defense shall—
"(1) contribute to the achievement of Department of Defense strategies for the use of automated information systems;
"(2) as determined by the Secretary, provide an acceptable benefit from the investment in the system or make a substantial contribution to the performance of the defense mission for which the system is used;
"(3) comply with Department of Defense directives applicable to life cycle management of automated information systems; and
"(4) be based on guidance developed under subsection (c).
"(c) Guidance for Use.—The Secretary of Defense shall develop guidance for the use of automated information systems by the Department of Defense. In developing the guidance, the Secretary shall consider the following:
"(1) Directives of the Office of Management and Budget applicable to returns of investment for such systems.
"(2) A sound, functional economic analysis.
"(3) Established objectives for the Department of Defense information infrastructure.
"(4) Migratory assessment criteria, including criteria under guidance provided by the Defense Information Systems Agency.
"(d) Waiver.—(1) The Secretary of Defense may waive the requirements of subsection (a) for an automated information system if the Secretary determines that the purpose for which the system is being modernized or developed is of compelling military importance.
"(2) If the Secretary exercises the waiver authority provided in paragraph (1), the Secretary shall include the following in the next report required by subsection (f):
"(A) The reasons for the failure of the automated information system to meet all of the requirements of subsection (b).
"(B) A determination of whether the system is expected to meet such requirements in the future, and if so, the date by which the system is expected to meet the requirements.
"(e) Performance Measures and Management Controls.—(1) The Secretary of Defense shall establish performance measures and management controls for the supervision and management of the activities described in paragraph (2). The performance measures and management controls shall be adequate to ensure, to the maximum extent practicable, that the Department of Defense receives the maximum benefit possible from the development, modernization, operation, and maintenance of automated information systems.
"(2) The activities referred to in paragraph (1) are the following:
"(A) Accelerated implementation of migration systems.
"(B) Establishment of data standards.
"(C) Process improvement.
"(f) Reports.—Not later than March 15 in each of 1995, 1996, and 1997, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress a report on the establishment and implementation of the performance measures and management controls referred to in subsection (e)(1). Each such report shall also specify—
"(1) the automated information systems that, as determined under subsection (a), meet the requirements of subsection (b);
"(2) the automated information systems that, as determined under subsection (a), do not meet the requirements of subsection (b) and the action taken by the Secretary to end the use of such systems; and
"(3) the automated information systems that, as determined by the Enterprise Integration Executive Board, are migration systems.
"(g) Review by Comptroller General.—Not later than April 30, 1995, the Comptroller General of the United States shall submit to Congress a report that contains an evaluation of the following:
"(1) The progress made by the Department of Defense in achieving the goals of the corporate information management program of the Department.
"(2) The progress made by the Secretary of Defense in establishing the performance measures and management controls referred to in subsection (e)(1).
"(3) The progress made by the Department of Defense in using automated information systems that meet the requirements of subsection (b).
"(4) The report required by subsection (f) to be submitted in 1995.
"(h) Definitions.—In this section:
"(1) The term 'automated information system' means an automated information system of the Department of Defense described in the exhibits designated as 'IT-43' in the budget submitted to Congress by the President for fiscal year 1995 pursuant to section 1105 of title 31, United States Code.
"(2) The term 'migration system' has the meaning given such term in the document entitled 'Department of Defense Strategy for Acceleration of Migration Systems and Data Standards' attached to the memorandum of the Department of Defense dated October 13, 1993 (relating to accelerated implementation of migration systems, data standards, and process improvement)."
Pub. L. 104–201, div. A, title VIII, §830, Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2614, as amended by Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title I, §101(f) [title VIII, §808(c)], Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–314, 3009-394, provided that Secretary of Defense was to include in report submitted in 1997 under section 381(f) of Pub. L. 103–337 [set out above] a discussion of progress made in implementing div. E of Pub. L. 104–106 [§§5001–5703, see Tables for classification] and strategy for development or modernization of automated information systems for Department of Defense, and plans of Department of Defense for establishing an integrated framework for management of information resources within the Department, and provided further specifications of the elements to be included in the discussion.
Annual Report on Personnel Readiness Factors by Race and Gender
Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title V, §533, Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2760, which provided that the Secretary of Defense was to submit to Congress an annual report on trends in recruiting, retention, and personnel readiness, was repealed by Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title X, §1051(g), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1563.
Victims' Advocates Programs in Department of Defense
Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title V, §534, Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2761, provided that:
"(a) Establishment.—(1) The Secretary of Defense, acting through the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness, shall revise policies and regulations of the Department of Defense with respect to the programs of the Department of Defense specified in paragraph (2) in order to establish within each of the military departments a victims' advocates program.
"(2) Programs referred to in paragraph (1) are the following:
"(A) Victim and witness assistance programs.
"(B) Family advocacy programs.
"(C) Equal opportunity programs.
"(3) In the case of the Department of the Navy, separate victims' advocates programs shall be established for the Navy and the Marine Corps.
"(b) Purpose.—A victims' advocates program established pursuant to subsection (a) shall provide assistance described in subsection (d) to members of the Armed Forces and their dependents who are victims of any of the following:
"(1) Crime.
"(2) Intrafamilial sexual, physical, or emotional abuse.
"(3) Discrimination or harassment based on race, gender, ethnic background, national origin, or religion.
"(c) Interdisciplinary Councils.—(1) The Secretary of Defense shall establish a Department of Defense council to coordinate and oversee the implementation of programs under subsection (a). The membership of the council shall be selected from members of the Armed Forces and officers and employees of the Department of Defense having expertise or experience in a variety of disciplines and professions in order to ensure representation of the full range of services and expertise that will be needed in implementing those programs.
"(2) The Secretary of each military department shall establish similar interdisciplinary councils within that military department as appropriate to ensure the fullest coordination and effectiveness of the victims' advocates program of that military department. To the extent practicable, such a council shall be established at each significant military installation.
"(d) Assistance.—(1) Under a victims' advocates program established under subsection (a), individuals working in the program shall principally serve the interests of a victim by initiating action to provide (A) information on available benefits and services, (B) assistance in obtaining those benefits and services, and (C) other appropriate assistance.
"(2) Services under such a program in the case of an individual who is a victim of family violence (including intrafamilial sexual, physical, and emotional abuse) shall be provided principally through the family advocacy programs of the military departments.
"(e) Staffing.—The Secretary of Defense shall provide for the assignment of personnel (military or civilian) on a full-time basis to victims' advocates programs established pursuant to subsection (a). The Secretary shall ensure that sufficient numbers of such full-time personnel are assigned to those programs to enable those programs to be carried out effectively.
"(f) Implementation Deadline.—Subsection (a) shall be carried out not later than six months after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 1994].
"(g) Implementation Report.—Not later than 30 days after the date on which Department of Defense policies and regulations are revised pursuant to subsection (a), the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and House of Representatives a report on the implementation (and plans for implementation) of this section."
Assistance to Family Members of Korean Conflict and Cold War POW/MIAs Who Remain Unaccounted For
Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title X, §1031, Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2838, provided that:
"(a) Single Point of Contact.—The Secretary of Defense shall designate an official of the Department of Defense to serve as a single point of contact within the department—
"(1) for the immediate family members (or their designees) of any unaccounted-for Korean conflict POW/MIA; and
"(2) for the immediate family members (or their designees) of any unaccounted-for Cold War POW/MIA.
"(b) Functions.—The official designated under subsection (a) shall serve as a liaison between the family members of unaccounted-for Korean conflict POW/MIAs and unaccounted-for Cold War POW/MIAs and the Department of Defense and other Federal departments and agencies that may hold information that may relate to such POW/MIAs. The functions of that official shall include assisting family members—
"(1) with the procedures the family members may follow in their search for information about the unaccounted-for Korean conflict POW/MIA or unaccounted-for Cold War POW/MIA, as the case may be;
"(2) in learning where they may locate information about the unaccounted-for POW/MIA; and
"(3) in learning how and where to identify classified records that contain pertinent information and that will be declassified.
"(c) Assistance in Obtaining Declassification.—The official designated under subsection (a) shall seek to obtain the rapid declassification of any relevant classified records that are identified.
"(d) Repository.—The official designated under subsection (a) shall provide all documents relating to unaccounted-for Korean conflict POW/MIAs and unaccounted-for Cold War POW/MIAs that are located as a result of the official's efforts to the National Archives and Records Administration, which shall locate them in a centralized repository.
"(e) Definitions.—For purposes of this section:
"(1) The term 'unaccounted-for Korean conflict POW/MIA' means a member of the Armed Forces or civilian employee of the United States who, as a result of service during the Korean conflict, was at any time classified as a prisoner of war or missing-in-action and whose person or remains have not been returned to United States control and who remains unaccounted for.
"(2) The term 'unaccounted-for Cold War POW/MIA' means a member of the Armed Forces or civilian employee of the United States who, as a result of service during the period from September 2, 1945, to August 21, 1991, was at any time classified as a prisoner of war or missing-in-action and whose person or remains have not been returned to United States control and who remains unaccounted for.
"(3) The term 'Korean conflict' has the meaning given such term in section 101(9) of title 38, United States Code."
Plan Requiring Disbursing Officials of Department of Defense To Match Disbursements to Particular Obligations
Pub. L. 113–76, div. C, title VIII, §8067, Jan. 17, 2014, 128 Stat. 121, provided that: "Section 8106 of the Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 1997 (titles I through VIII of the matter under subsection 101(b) of Public Law 104–208; 110 Stat. 3009–111; 10 U.S.C. 113 note) shall continue in effect to apply to disbursements that are made by the Department of Defense in fiscal year 2014."
Similar provisions were contained in the following prior appropriation acts:
Pub. L. 113–6, div. C, title VIII, §8067, Mar. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 313.
Pub. L. 112–74, div. A, title VIII, §8068, Dec. 23, 2011, 125 Stat. 822.
Pub. L. 112–10, div. A, title VIII, §8070, Apr. 15, 2011, 125 Stat. 73.
Pub. L. 110–329, div. C, title VIII, §8073, Sept. 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 3637.
Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title I, §101(b) [title VIII, §8106], Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–71, 3009-111, as amended by Pub. L. 105–56, title VIII, §8113, Oct. 8, 1997, 111 Stat. 1245; Pub. L. 105–277, div. C, title I, §143, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–609; Pub. L. 106–79, title VIII, §8135, Oct. 25, 1999, 113 Stat. 1268, provided that:
"(a) The Secretary of Defense shall require each disburseme
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Creating a Hostile Home for Harmful Bacteria
Can Biofilms be Controlled?
Dacheng Ren
Associate Professor, Biomedical and Chemical Engineering
Ph.D., Chemical Engineering, 2003
Your contributions will support the continued research of Dr. Dacheng Ren at Syracuse University, as he studies Biofilm Engineering. Funding will support the necessary $400K/year required for continued research, personnel, and equipment. In choosing to support his research, you will expand the impact of his research and enhance engineering knowledge to address biofilm-associated grand challenges for medical and engineering applications.
Targeting biofilms to fight infection
In the US alone, biofilms are blamed for billions of dollars in losses and more than 90,000 deaths annually. Despite the well-recognized significance of biofilms, biofilm control is still an unmet challenge and many fundamental questions are yet to be answered. Dr. Dacheng Ren, Associate Professor of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering at Syracuse University, develops biotechnology that targets drug resistance and infections caused by biofilms. With the efficacy of antibiotics and disinfectants being intrinsically limited, new approaches, especially those with synergistic effects, are desired. Therefore, Dr. Ren’s research is likely to have a profound impact on the health and wellness of those impacted by drug resistant infections.
Furthermore, biofilms are 1000 times more tolerant to antibiotics and disinfectants compared to their planktonic counterparts. Therefore, deleterious biofilms can cause not only serious problems such as chronic infections in humans, but also problems in persistent fouling and equipment failure within industry. In Dr. Ren’s lab, his multidisciplinary research group hopes to enhance engineering knowledge and address biofilm-associated grand challenges for medical and engineering applications. Their expertise and pioneering work have led to the development of new approaches to sensitize biofilm cells and other drug tolerant bacterial cells to antibiotics, as described in many peer reviewed publications and issued patents.
Current research includes:
Anti-biofilm materials/surfaces: Reflect on the ways in which humans choose to live in a certain neighborhood or city; perhaps safety, comfort, or like-minded community members are important. Bacteria operate similarly when choosing an environment to settle in. Using surface engineering, Dr. Ren and his team study the ways in which bacteria attach to surfaces and form biofilms. In so doing, he helps illuminate the role of environmental factors in bacterial biofilm formation and puts efforts to move basic research to applied work. Such applied work will allow Dr. Ren to create surfaces that are inhabitable for harmful bacteria while allowing the good bacteria to “stick” around, and therefore, prevent disease, infection, and other commercial problems.
Creating Synergies with Antibiotics: Imagine the weeds that pop up in vegetable gardens. Now picture taking roundup and spraying the whole thing. Short to say, a lot of good will be killed with the bad, leaving you with a measly harvest. When we use antibiotics to treat infection, it is like using roundup. By killing the good bacteria and allowing bad bacteria to build resistance, we continue a cycle of creating an environment for infection that is harder to fight. Dr. Ren’s early studies were some of the first to approach the biofilm problem from a new direction. By creating synergies that allow his team to use other factors to kill harmful bacteria, they can create conditions that work better against infection.
Dr. Dacheng Ren received his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from University of Connecticut in 2003. After finishing postdoctoral training at Cornell University, he joined Syracuse University in 2006. Currently, he is an associate professor in the Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and the Director of Chemical Engineering Graduate Program.
Dr. Ren received an Early Career Translational Research Award in Biomedical Engineering from the Wallace H. Coulter Foundation in 2009 and a NSF CAREER award in 2011. He was named the College Technology Educator of the Year by the Technology Alliance of Central New York in 2010. Dr. Ren is also a recipient of the Faculty Excellence Award from the School of Engineering and Computer Science at Syracuse University. Dr. Ren currently has 44 journal publications with nearly 2000 citations (h-index 23), seven issued/pending patents and research supports from NSF, EPA, Wallace H. Coulter Foundation, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, and industrial sponsors. Dr. Ren has broad research interests in biotechnology and biofilm control.
Researchers tackle dangerous, but poorly understood biofilms
Stiffness of cross-linked poly(dimethylsiloxane) affects bacterial adhesion and antibiotic susceptibility of attached cells
Patterned biofilm formation reveals a mechanism for structural heterogeneity in bacterial biofilms
Reverting antibiotic tolerance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 persister...
Controlling Pseudomonas aeruginosa persister cells by weak electrochemical currents and synergistic effects with tobramycin
Microtopographic patterns affect Escherichia coli biofilm formation on polydimethylsiloxane surfaces
Syracuse University LCS Faculty Excellence Award, 2014
NSF CAREER Award, 2011-2016
College Technology Educator of the Year by the Technology Alliance of Central New York (TACNY), 2010
Early Career Translational Research Awards in Biomedical Engineering, Wallace H. Coulter Foundation, 2009
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GOP candidates: Clinton weak on Iraq, will raise taxes
By DAVID ESPOAP Special Correspondent
BOCA RATON, Fla. (AP) -- Republican presidential contenders depicted Sen. Hillary Rodham Clinton as weak on Iraq and certain to raise taxes Thursday night, setting aside their own campaign debate squabbles long enough to agree that she is unworthy of the White House.
"She is so out of step with the American people," said former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney, joined by Sen. John McCain and Rudy Giuliani in criticizing the former first lady.
The chorus of criticism came as Republicans strived to present their credentials as advocates of tax cuts, particularly to head off the threat of recession. They generally agreed that the newly minted, bipartisan economic stimulus package was a good start but did not go far enough.
"I will vote for it," said McCain, the only contender on stage with a Senate seat. He quickly added he wants the tax cuts President Bush won from Congress in 2001 and 2003 to be made permanent.
Former Arkansas Gov. Mike Huckabee and Texas Rep. Ron Paul shared the debate stage, five days before the Florida primary that is the latest pivot point in the battle for the Republican presidential nomination.
The 90-minute debate featured a series of remarkably blunt questions to the five candidates on stage.
Giuliani was asked why his poll numbers are deteriorating in Florida, a state where he has devoted two weeks to campaigning. With a smile, he said he was like the New York Giants, the professional football team that made its way through a turbulent season and will play in the Super Bowl.
McCain was asked about his own mother's statement that he lacked support from certain elements of the Republican Party. He said � despite primary day polls that showed otherwise � that he won the Republican vote in the New Hampshire and South Carolina primaries, then pivoted to add that he won the support of independents as well.
"They know I'll put my country ahead of my party every time," he added, attempting to portray himself as more electable than his rivals in the general election.
It wasn't the only moment where the focus turned away from the battle for the Republican presidential nomination, and toward the general election campaign with the Democrats.
Romney had a quick reply when asked how he would run against the team of Clinton and her husband, the former president.
"I frankly can't wait because the idea of Bill Clinton back in the White House with nothing to do is something I can't imagine," he said.
After saying Clinton wanted to retreat from Iraq, raise taxes and win government-run health care, Romney added, "She is exactly what's wrong in Washington. I said before, 'Washington is broken. She is Washington to the core.'"
McCain said the war was worth the cost in American lives because "we got rid of Saddam Hussein. He said we will be able to eventually draw down in Iraq, but not now. He said the U.S. should not "wave the white flag" as Sen. Clinton would do.
Giuliani said of the former first lady, "she used to be in favor of the war. Now she's against it.
The barrage of criticism was the equivalent of the flip side of Monday's Democratic debate, when McCain's name came up several times as though he would be the Republican nominee, the man to be beaten in the fall.
The economy dominated most of the debate, not surprising given the threat of recession and polls that show it is a top concern of voters.
The men vying to succeed Bush were careful not to criticize the agreement he made with House Democratic leaders, but several made plain they wanted something that would cut taxes further.
"It's something I support and I look forward to taking it further," said Romney, who backs permanent tax cuts along with the rebates that are at the heart of the bipartisan agreement.
Giuliani responded along similar lines in the debate's opening moments. "I think this package for what it does is OK and I would support it, but I think it does not go far enough," he said. "We should be very aggressive."
Huckabee offered qualified support for the stimulus package, saying he was concerned the tax rebates would be financed by borrowing from foreign lenders such as China, and that consumers would then turn around and spend the money on Chinese products.
"I have to wonder whose economy is going to be stimulated the most by the package," said the former Arkansas governor.
The fifth candidate, Paul, said, "the government does have a responsibility, but it's supposed to lower taxes, get rid of regulations and devise a monetary policy that makes some sense."
In recent days, several GOP presidential hopefuls had outlined stimulus packages of their own, most of which relied to a far greater degree on permanent tax cuts than the agreement between Bush and Democratic leaders announced earlier Thursday in Washington.
About two-thirds of the tax relief in the bipartisan plan would be delivered in rebate checks to 117 million families beginning in May. Individual taxpayers would get up to $600 in rebates, working couples $1,200 and those with children an additional $300 per child under the agreement.
After a fierce month of primaries and caucuses, the roster of contenders has begun to thin, and Florida is likely to winnow the field further. Former Sen. Fred Thompson and Rep. Duncan Hunter both dropped out in the past week. Huckabee is out of money and campaigning only sporadically in Florida, while Giuliani has made the state virtual must-win territory.
Perhaps as a result, the five contenders shied away from attacking one another, and at times, seemed eager to curry favor with one another's supporters.
McCain made the most obvious play along those lines, leaping to Giuliani's defense after the former mayor was asked about a critical editorial appearing in Friday editions of The New York Times.
"I happen to know he's an American hero," McCain said of Giuliani, referring to his leadership in New York City after the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001.
The primary offers the winner 57 Republican National Convention delegates. It is the first big state to vote in the nominating campaign, the first winner-take-all contest in terms of delegates and the final election before a virtual national primary on Feb. 5.
NBC's Brian Williams, moderator of the 90-minute event, pointed out that in recent years, no Republican has won the party's presidential nomination without first winning the Florida primary.
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Listings News Contact Menu
Beyond presents:
Tide Lines
Fat Sams, Dundee Fri, Nov 1, 2019 7:30 PM
Entry Requirements: 14+ Under 18s with an adult
Tide Lines’ sound has been described as a combination of Celtic soul, folk philosophy and big guitars with the voice of a Gaelic angel in singer and chief songwriter Robert Robertson. The band – Robert Robertson on guitar and vocals, Ross Wilson on keyboards, Ali Turner on guitar, and Gus Munro on drums – who all hail from rural Scotland apart from Glaswegian Gus, first emerged in the summer of 2016 with the release of their debut single, ‘Far Side Of The World’. The following year they self-released their debut album ‘Dreams We Never Lost’, which has become something of a runaway success north of Hadrian’s Wall and has led to the band selling out shows across the Highlands and Islands, from Glasgow to John O’Groats and all points inbetween. The enthusiasm the band encountered when they took their show further south for a number of shows last year confirmed that the word of mouth on Tide Lines is unstoppable. Catch them now while you can still see the whites of their eyes.
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Flashback: WH 'Insisted' Muslim Brotherhood Attend Cairo Apology Speech
Scott Katz
In his now-infamous apology speech in Cairo on June 4th, 2009, the President said the following as part of his prepared remarks to the Muslim world.
I have come here to seek a new beginning between the United States and Muslims around the world; one based upon mutual interest and mutual respect; and one based upon the truth that America and Islam are not exclusive, and need not be in competition. Instead, they overlap, and share common principles – principles of justice and progress; tolerance and the dignity of all human beings.
Included live and in person in the crowd that day, as “insisted” by the Obama Administration, were at least 10 members of the Muslim Brotherhood, known worldwide for their principles of justice, progress, tolerance, and the dignity of all human beings.
The President continued; “As a student of history, I also know civilization’s debt to Islam. It was Islam – at places like Al-Azhar University – that carried the light of learning through so many centuries… and throughout history, Islam has demonstrated through words and deeds the possibilities of religious tolerance and racial equality.”
The President must have missed a few history classes, as the Brotherhood was no stranger to anyone paying attention to international terrorist organizations for the past 50 years. Religious tolerance and racial equality were not part of their platform.
Founded in 1928, the Muslim Brotherhood had links to the Nazis during the Second World War, involving agitation against the British, espionage and sabotage, as well as support for terrorist activities.
The Brotherhood disseminated Hitler’s Mein Kampf and The Protocols of the Elders of Zion throughout the Arab world, helping to deepen and extend hostile views about Jews and Western societies in general, and they have continued their campaign of terrorism ever since.
In February of 2011, then-FBI Director Robert Mueller told the House Select Committee on Intelligence of the litany of terrorism both here and abroad supported by the Muslim Brotherhood. Director of National Intelligence James Clapper ad other witnesses spelled out a variety of threats, highlighting the Brotherhood’s ties in the United States.
The President continued, “Part of this conviction is rooted in my own experience. I am a Christian, but my father came from a Kenyan family that includes generations of Muslims.”
Perhaps this explains the President’s naïve worldview, where our foreign policy means taking every Arab country out for an ice cream cone rather than sending enough Marines to protect duty-bound Americans and our interests abroad.
National SecurityIslamVariety
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Navigation Acts
Navigation Acts, in English history, a series of laws designed to restrict England’s carrying trade to English ships, effective chiefly in the 17th and 18th centuries. The measures, originally framed to encourage the development of English shipping so that adequate auxiliary vessels would be available in wartime, became a form of trade protectionism during an era of mercantilism.
The first navigation act, passed in 1381, remained virtually a dead letter because of a shortage of ships. In the 16th century various Tudor measures had to be repealed because they provoked retaliation from other countries. The system came into its own at the beginning of the colonial era, in the 17th century. The great Navigation Act passed by the Commonwealth government in 1651 was aimed at the Dutch, then England’s greatest commercial rivals. It distinguished between goods imported from European countries, which could be brought in either English ships or ships of the country of origin, and goods brought from Asia, Africa, or America, which could travel to England, Ireland, or any English colony only in ships from England or the particular colony. Various fish imports and exports were entirely reserved to English shipping, as was the English coastal trade. The law was reenacted in 1660, and the practice was introduced of “enumerating” certain colonial products, which could be shipped directly only to England, Ireland, or another English colony. These included sugar (until 1739), indigo, and tobacco; rice and molasses were added during the 18th century. Nonenumerated goods could go in English ships from English colonies directly to foreign ports. From 1664 English colonies could receive European goods only via England. Scotland was treated as a foreign country until the Act of Union (1707) gave it equal privileges with England; Ireland was excluded from the benefits of the laws between 1670 and 1779.
Although English tonnage and trade increased steadily from the late 17th century, critics of the navigation system argue that this would have occurred in any case and that the policy forced up freight prices, thus ultimately making English manufactured goods less competitive. Indeed, from the 1720s to the 1760s—under the leadership of Robert Walpole and then Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st duke of Newcastle—Parliament practiced an unwritten policy of “salutary neglect,” under which trade regulations for the colonies were laxly enforced as long as the colonies remained loyal to Britain and contributed to the profitability of the British economy. The tightening of the laws in 1764 contributed to the unrest leading to the rebellion of England’s American colonies; their achievement of independence made the first serious breach in the navigation system, and from then on exceptions were increasingly made. Enumeration was abandoned in 1822, and the navigation laws were finally repealed in 1849 and 1854.
This article was most recently revised and updated by Jeff Wallenfeldt, Manager, Geography and History.
United Kingdom: War and government
The Navigation Acts (1660 and 1663) were directed against the Dutch, still the most powerful commercial force in Europe. The Cromwellian Navigation Act (1651) had resulted in the first Anglo-Dutch War (1652–54), and Charles’s policy had the same effect. In military terms the Dutch Wars (1665–67;…
International trade, economic transactions that are made between countries. Among the items commonly traded are consumer goods, such as television sets and clothing; capital goods, such as machinery; and raw materials and food. Other transactions involve services, such as travel services and…
William Huskisson, British statesman and a leading advocate of free trade. In 1793 Huskisson was employed by Henry Dundas (later Lord Melville) as a clerk. His abilities were so marked that in 1795 he was appointed undersecretary for war. He was a member of Parliament from 1796 to 1802 and again…
American colonies
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Opinion | Mimi Lemay
An open letter to Gov. Charlie Baker on transgender rights
By Mimi LemayFebruary 26, 2016, 9:57 p.m.
Massachusetts Gov. Charlie Baker delivered his State of the State address on Jan. 21. (Michael Dwyer/AP)
Dear Governor Baker,
I recently had the opportunity to meet you. I shook your hand and looked you in the eyes as I told you about my son Jacob, who is transgender. I used our brief encounter to tell you why I felt the Transgender Anti-Discrimination Act is so important to his future.
You seemed a little hesitant. Maybe it was the late hour, or the fact that you are, no doubt, bombarded on this issue from all sides. It’s one that has raised passionate protagonists, none more so than the parents of transgender children, and detractors, mainly self-titled “family values” lobby groups such as the Massachusetts Family Institute. Despite your brief hesitance, you listened politely and told me that you are “considering” this legislation.
As a parent, I think you understood my desire for Jacob to grow up in a community that respects his human dignity. It is difficult for me to accept that my son lacks the explicit nondiscrimination protections that virtually every other Massachusetts resident enjoys. As the law stands, Jacob can be subject to verbal abuse, denied service, and otherwise mistreated at restaurants, stores, and doctors’ offices, among other public accommodations. Before I had a transgender child, I never imagined not feeling safe while enjoying a dinner out with friends.
As you are undoubtedly aware, the Transgender Anti-Discrimination Act enjoys bipartisan support in the Massachusetts legislature. More than a dozen mayors from across our state support the bill. The Massachusetts Chiefs of Police Association and Massachusetts Major City Chiefs say we need this bill to bolster public safety. Leading businesses like Harvard Pilgrim, Google and Eastern Bank also support the bill, as do our five major sports teams.
All that’s needed now is your leadership on this issue, Governor.
When we spoke, I ended our conversation a little assumptively. I said, “I know you are a good man, and I believe you will do the right thing.” I still do. However, the next day you reiterated your position on the bill, speaking as though discrimination against transgender people in Massachusetts is occasional and something the courts can handle on a case-by-case basis. You also restated your “hands off” approach to this bill, saying you would need to see all the “details” worked out before supporting its anti-discrimination protections. As you put it: “The devil’s in the details with respect to this sort of thing.”
As a citizen of conscience and concerned mother, I am frustrated and disappointed by the implication of these words. They point toward an unfounded and, at times, deliberately malicious canard: that allowing transgender women to use the restrooms of their affirmed gender would somehow endanger cisgender women. I don’t think you believe that a transgender woman, merely by virtue of her identity, poses a threat to anyone in a bathroom. But it appears to me that by not taking a stance on this matter you are missing the opportunity to educate your constituency. Even if it is unintentional, your silence sends a deafening message (especially when coupled with rumors of a possible veto, initiated by statements you made in 2010) that granting civil rights to transgender people is not an obvious decision.
Governor, you are in a position to utilize this teachable moment. Not everyone understands what being transgender is; some, from a sense of personal discomfort or religious ideology, do not “approve” of being transgender. If transphobia was not widespread, we wouldn’t need anti-discrimination laws.
Here are some of the things you could be saying:
A transgender person is one whose gender identity has developed, usually from birth, at odds with their anatomical sex. Transitioning therefore, rather than a “lifestyle choice,” is for most a critical step toward living a physically and emotionally healthy life.
Forcing transgender people to use the wrong bathroom is a violation of their dignity and safety.
Anti-discrimination laws have already been passed in 18 other states and 200 municipalities, including Boston, with no adverse consequences to public safety. The details, it would appear, have already been worked out.
More than 64% of our transgender citizens have experienced harassment in Massachusetts public spaces. This figure should be as unacceptable to you as it is to me. It means my son is not safe here. Furthermore, the courts are no recourse for cases of discrimination like these. Attorney General Maura Healey summed it up unequivocally: “Never in our state’s history has a court extended protections under public accommodations law to a transgender person.”
Governor Baker, will you stand up for transgender citizens of Massachusetts like my son Jacob?
In a country that has seen over 22 murders of transgender people in hate crimes over the past year, we cannot afford to delay the message that transgender citizens are equal in the eyes of the law. In the past, as a state, we have led in equality and civil rights. Today we are faltering.
Governor, this is your leadership moment. You can choose to walk at the forefront of change, to follow it, or God forbid, to hold it back. You can speak truth: that granting civil rights does not compromise public safety, or you can be silent, consenting to the message that transgender people are not welcome here. I ask that you rise to this occasion, fulfill the promise upon which this state was founded, and “furnish the individuals who compose it with the power of enjoying in safety and tranquility their natural rights, and the blessings of life.” Jacob, and I, and thousands more, are waiting for you.
Mimi Lemay
Mimi Lemay, a Massachusetts resident, is the parent of a transgender son, Jacob.
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Ryan Hoke – The Exterior Company
Tops when it comes to its employees
Written by: Neil Cote
Produced by: Dave Gushee
Tens of thousands of companies apply to the very selective Inc. 5000 list. It’s hard enough to make it once, but making it twice is something fewer than one-third of all winners have accomplished.
In Lancaster, Pennsylvania, however, the son of a contractor, who essentially grew up with a hammer and nails in his hands, has done just that, his exterior restoration company being one of the fastest-growing, privately owned businesses two years in a row.
Ryan Hoke was just 23 when he first believed he could create and run a business to go against the stereotype of the standard roofer, founding The Exterior Company Inc. (TEC) in 2012. He’d back up that claim with substance, with TEC climbing to 168 on last year’s the Inc. list, as well as garnering fifth place among the nation’s fasting-growing construction companies. This year, TEC made the list again, and surpassed the company’s sales goal well before New Year’s Eve celebrations rolled around.
Hoke, however, will never take all the credit.
“Sure, in hindsight it was a risky move, starting a company when I had a newborn to support,” the affable Hoke tells Blueprint in early fall. “But when you bring aboard the right people and everyone’s committed to the same goal, it makes achieving such success a lot easier. Not easy, mind you, but easier.”
Raising the roof
Those with a great ethic need apply to TEC.
“There’s no way you won’t be successful,” Hoke assures. “We’ll invest the time and energy into you to ensure you are successful, and you’ll have fun doing so. You’ll work hard, but there will be plenty of fun along the way.”
There’s certain to be work on the agenda. TEC is the go-to roofer for many folks whose homes have just incurred unexpected damage from, among other causes, the hail and heavy winds that can pound the Northeast states from late fall to early spring.
In which case, there may be more than just extensive repairs; replacements and renovations must be consummated without delay—and other matters factor in.
“We act as the liaison between the homeowner and insurance company,” Hoke assures. “When we come into the picture, the homeowners are already stressed; an act of God has just damaged their home. We come in and do our best to provide the best service possible to ensure as painless of a process as possible.”
TEC also offers a guarantee that’s rare in the roofing industry. Owens Corning and GAF are the shingles of choice among many homeowners, and TEC has earned Platinum Preferred Contractor from the former and Master Elite status from the latter. That’s a couple of prestigious designations that just 1 percent of U.S. roofers have earned, meaning that even if TEC were to go out of business, its work would still be guaranteed by the heavyweight manufacturers.
Not that TEC will be closing shop, Hoke reminds. On the contrary; the company is licensed and insured in Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Maryland, Connecticut, North Carolina and Virginia, and anticipates opening up shop in Michigan and Florida in the future.
Those states are sure to test the capability of any roofer; Michigan noted for blizzards and Florida for hurricanes and tropical storms.
Help may be wanted
Its on-site crews savvy and certified, TEC provides a welcoming work environment for those who enjoy being outside and seeing the fruits of their labor. It’s hard work to be sure, but the laborers are generally compensated 10 to 15 percent more than the prevailing industry average.
“The better we take care of our team, the better they will take care of our customers,” reasons Hoke, himself a Haag-engineering certified roofing inspector with a private pilot’s license. “It’s your standard trickle-down effect, but it works.”
And it works just as well for the sales crew, with TEC’s economic model structured so the folks who bring in the work are paid a percentage of a project’s total cost rather than just off the profit. Those who excel may be in for a pleasant surprise, even if the consequences include a higher tax bracket.
“We get a lot of people coming here who were making 40 to 60 thousand and now earn six figures,” Hoke says. “Our top guy made $55,000 before us, now he’s up to $500,000. We’ve got a ton of other success stories. A blue-collar, farm boy work ethic goes a long ways here.”
The “long ways” may take the top producers to all-expense-paid vacations to such places as Colorado, Las Vegas and Miami, with spouses sharing in the good times because, as Hoke reminds, they’re a vital part of TEC’s support system, even if they’re not on payroll.
In any case, their other halves may be on the road for extended periods. But at least when in Lancaster, they’ll have ample opportunity to soak in a most progressive company culture, one that integrates the personal and the working lives.
An office dog ambles about TEC’s office, enjoying belly rubs and treats from the staff and visitors. Most any time of day, a couple of employees may be volleying at the ping-pong table. Snacks and beverages are well- stocked, and come the holiday season, TEC has been known to give away laptops, iPads and custom Nikes and feature an “adult” piñata whose stuffings include scratch tickets, cash and assorted nips at the annual holiday party.
The most priceless asset, office morale is something a company can’t buy. At TEC it’s nurtured in a way that Hoke expresses in a most forward-thinking manner.
“We’re here to change the status quo,” he says. “Too many times have we heard about people who are overworked and underappreciated. Too many times have we heard about the customer who feels like nothing more than a file in a cabinet. Whether it’s making a homeowner’s experience replacing their roof as painless as possible, or creating a working environment conducive to success, we strive to always be better than those before us.”
regions: Northeast
categories: Commercial, Roofing
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Bucks, Montgomery County schools, groups holding events for Martin Luther King Day
Chris English @courierc
Students at several school districts in Bucks or Eastern Montgomery counties will be participating in voluntary service projects to honor the late civil rights leader. Churches and other groups also are holding events.
Update: The 6th annual Teen Summit scheduled for Sunday at William Tennent High School has been postponed due to weather. A new date has not been announced.
It's a holiday and there are no classes, but plenty will be going on at several area school districts during Martin Luther King Day on Monday.
Students at many area schools in Bucks or Eastern Montgomery counties will be participating in voluntary service projects to honor the late civil rights leader. 2019 marks what would have been King's 90th birthday.
State Attorney General Josh Shapiro is scheduled to speak to students at Quakertown Community High School on Monday morning before they head off for voluntary service at the high school and off-site locations.
Students and adult chaperones will be volunteering at Allentown's Sixth Street Shelter, Share of Food Farm in Philadelphia, Family Service Association of Bucks County, Hope Against Heroin and other locations.
"It's going to be an exciting time where each of our student volunteers learn that by helping others, they are a welcome part of Dr. King's enormous legacy," Quakertown Community School District Superintendent William Harner said.
School district officials decided to close schools for MLK Day this year and encourage students to volunteer after a decision to hold classes on Martin Luther King Day last year to make up a snow day drew some criticism.
Shapiro got students from Quakertown and Cheltenham high schools together on April 11 of last year to pay tribute to King on the 50th anniversary of his assassination. The move also was aimed at fostering tolerance and emotional healing after an incident at an Oct. 6, 2017, Quakertown-Cheltenham football game where some students from Quakertown's Strayer Middle School shouted abusive epithets at Cheltenham cheerleaders.
Council Rock will hold its 13th Annual MLK Day Service Project on Monday at Council Rock High School South in Northampton.
After some remarks from school and local officials and announcements on winners of the annual MLK essay contest, about 300 student volunteers will assemble CR CARES packages of food and other items, friendship cards and blankets for local and international distribution to those in need.
The 16th annual CB Cares MLK Day of Service will begin at 8:30 a.m. Monday at the Second Baptist Church in Plumstead. The event, which draws thousands of participants and is described as the region's largest MLK Day of Service outside of Philadelphia, includes a special keynote speech by actor Sonja Burris and performances by Central Bucks students, the Second Baptist Youth Dance Ministry and Second Baptist Back Bench Boys. Walk-in volunteers are welcome.
Fifth-grade students from all 10 Pennsbury School District elementary schools will gather at Pennsbury High School East in Falls on Monday for the district's second annual United We Serve project.
The students will sort out donated items to be distributed to St. Mary Medical Center, the Falls Township Senior Center, Lower Bucks Homeless Shelter and other organizations. Other activities will include writing letters to veterans and no-sew pillow making.
Students in grades 7 to 12 from all over Bucks County will participate in the Sixth Annual Martin Luther King Jr. Bucks County Teen Peace and Social Justice Summit 4 to 7:30 p.m. Sunday at William Tennent High School in Warminster.
There will be inspirational speakers, youth empowerment activities and meaningful and courageous conversations on race, prejudice and intolerance, organizers said. The event is held in partnership with the Langhorne-based The Peace Center, they added.
In honor of Martin Luther King Jr., all three elementary schools in Bristol Township — Mill Creek, Brookwood and Keystone — will be holding Super Hero Day on Friday. Students and staff are encouraged to dress as super heroes and donate $2. Half the amount collected will benefit a local food pantry and the other half Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.
Students and staff at Bridle Path Elementary School in the North Penn School District, Montgomery County, will participate in an MLK Day of Service on Friday by decorating and delivering breakfast bags to those in need. The bags will include granola bars, fruit and other breakfast items.
The Free Library of Northampton Township is inviting area residents to participate in a Martin Luther King service initiative being held in partnership with the United Way. Residents are invited to stop by the library, 25 Upper Holland Road in Richboro, anytime from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. Monday to pick up a shoebox and free dove pin, make some crafts and enjoy some refreshments.
Those picking up shoeboxes are then asked to fill them with items appropriate for a preschool/kindergartner and return them to the library by Feb. 14. The items can include toothbrushes and toothpaste, socks, mittens, crayons, markers and small soft toys.
The goal is to supply the United Way with 100 shoe boxes that will be distributed to local children in need, organizers said.
Other local events include:
HomeFront’s Week of Hope: Friday through Jan. 25, various volunteer and educational opportunities and activities at different venue locations, Visit online for details and volunteering sign-up. For information: www.homefrontnj.org.
MLK, Jr. Day Trash Cleanup: 10 a.m.-noon Monday, Bristol Marsh Nature Preserve, 350 Basin Park, Bristol; Lower Bucks County Athletic Association/Bristol Township National Little League Field, 1900 Summit Ave., Croydon. Immediately after the cleanup, a pizza lunch will be served during a presentation about the Lower Bucks Environmental Stewardship Team, LBEST. For information: 215-345-7020.
Martin Luther King Jr. Day of Service: 11:30 a.m.-2 p.m. Monday, St. Andrew’s Episcopal Church, Parish House, 47 W. Afton Ave., Yardley. Free. Lunch will be served 11:30 a.m.-12:30 p.m. and outreach committee will collect diapers, wipes, baby shampoo, baby wash and baby lotion to benefit residents of Bucks County Housing Group’s Robert Morris Apartments and other permanent housing. Art supplies donations will be accepted for making Valentine's cards for homebound parish members. For information: Meredith Twardowski, 215-280-4898, baroqueandbeyond@yahoo.com.
From Liberty to Captivity, Documentary Film: 3 p.m. Monday, The Crossing, Washington Crossing United Methodist Church, 1895 Wrightstown Road. Free. Doors open at 2:30 p.m.; after the screening, a 20-minute discussion will be held with panel members from Worthwhile Wear/The Well, The Synergy Project and Bucks Coalition Against Trafficking. Available during the screening, activities for school children in grades kindergarten through fifth will be offered. Families are invited to attend the Martin Luther King Day of Service activity. For information: http://crossingumc.org/freedom.
2019 Martin Luther King Jr. Day of Service: 8:30 a.m. to 2 p.m. Monday, Second Baptist Church of Doylestown, 6055 Swamp Road. Free. Opening ceremonies at 8:30 a.m. where members of our community will share reflections on Dr. King’s legacy. At 9:30am we will transition to several service activities, which have been chosen based on the needs of our community, break for lunch (provided free) and complete our projects together. Pre-register and select a service project you'd like to join at http://2019mlkeventbuckscounty.eventbrite.com
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Changes From 'A Song Of Ice And Fire' Series To HBO's 'Game Of Thrones' Upsets Book Editor, Especially Surrounding Ser Loras
By Caitlin White
When TV show creators start veering from original source material, fans are bound to get upset. But this time, A Song of Ice and Fire series book editor Jane Johnson, not book readers, spoke out against changes from the books to the HBO show Game of Thrones. Johnson, who is the books' British editor, in particular took issue with the show's portrayal of Ser Loras Tyrell as a "gay cartoon." She adds that the books are much more "nuanced."
Book series and Game of Thrones spoilers ahead, so beware.
I know, there are a thousand (literally) named characters in the Song of Ice and Fire books, so let me remind you on who Ser Loras is. You know Margery Tyrell, the badass palace shaker who has wooed not one but three future kings to solidify herself in a place of power. She's now married to Tommen Lannister, the king, much to the chagrin of his mother Cersei. Speaking of Cersei, she is bethrothed to Margery's beloved brother Ser Loras, though that whole deal is up in the air post-Tywin death. (Also makes awkward holiday gatherings.) Pre-Cersei, Loras was briefly betrothed to Sansa Stark while she was in Kings Landing. And he was Renly Baratheon's (Margery's former husband) secret lover, before Renly was killed by the Stannis smoke monster.
It's that final point that is the key to his role in the Game of Thrones show. Showrunners David Benioff and Dan Weiss have somewhat used Ser Loras as a pawn in the battle between Cersei and Margery. Most recently (in the books and the show), Cersei had Loras imprisoned by the religious militia the Faith Militant for the crime of homosexuality. In reality, he's imprisoned because Cersei is trying to hurt Margery.
However, in the books, as Johnson remarks, he is much more nuanced. Loras, the heir to Highgarden is one of the most skilled knights in Westeros, notably even defeating Cersei's brother/lover Jamie Lannister. Ladies also fell all over him for his good looks, basically making him the most eligible bachelor in the land, as his sexuality was kept secret before he ran into the cunning Cersei.
All of this background is to say that Johnson's perspective makes sense.
Johnson has also said that this season is "going rogue." And to be fair, that's exactly how Benioff and Weiss intended it. Season 5 is the first outright departure from the books that the series has ever had; while things had been changed before, this season is essentially following its own roadmap. Part of the reason is because George R.R. Martin doesn't have much more material for them to work with.
The showrunners spoke up with Entertainment Weekly about this decision to morph their TV adaptation. Benioff said:
It’s always been about adapting the series as a whole and following the map George laid out for us and hitting the major milestones, but not necessarily each of the stops along the way. It’s an adaptation, it will have to adapt in order to survive. There are always going to be some people who want everything to remain exactly as in the books. For us, it was never a choice.
The showrunners have always wished to see their adaptation as a different entity than A Song of Ice and Fire, the books, as most adaptations are. However, this doesn't explain away the "gay cartoon," if you agree with Johnson, though it could be a result of his limited screen time. (And his famous confrontation with Jamie showed that he has a serious fighting spirit, though it may not have been enough.)
In the show's defense here, we can point again to the thousand named characters in the books. We already have a show that regularly follows Jon Snow, Arya Stark, Sansa Stark, Bran Stark and Hodor (though not Season 5), Littlefinger, Lord Varys, Cersei Lannister, Jamie Lannister, Tyrion Lannister, Daenerys Targaryen, Stannis Baratheon and Melisandre, Brienne of Tarth, Margaery Tyrell, Bronn, Theon Greyjoy and the Boltons, and that was off the top of my head. And I'm talking regularly. To get in other names and faces fully characterized on the regular would not only be a true feat, it would further muddy the waters of people competing in the, excuse me, game of thrones for power.
Not to mention this season covers not only the rise of the Faith Militant and the Sparrows (which by the way means we have two more regularly recurring characters: The High Sparrow and Lancel Lannister, remember him?), but it also covers the convergence of Tyrion and Dany, along with the revolt of the Sons of the Harpy.
Benioff and Weiss have a lot on their plates. This way, they included Loras as an piece of the story, having him arrested for homosexuality, that leads to not only a full on conflict between Cersei and Margery, but helps tell the story of the rise of the Faith Militant. It's not hard to see why his battle scenes are cut for time and storylines. He's already doing so much existing as a character.
Deviating from the books here may be the best interest in forward motion of the series, but we always need to be careful as storytellers not to reduce characters to caricatures.
Images: GameofThrones.wikia.com; Giphy (3)
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Home Gambling News Owner of Suspected Money-Laundering Sportsbook from Costa Rica Found Dead
Owner of Suspected Money-Laundering Sportsbook from Costa Rica Found Dead
- October 22, 2018 By Oliver Young -
The body of Sean “Tony” Creighton was found on Saturday, less than a month after his alleged kidnapping.
Sean Creighton , the owner of 5Dimes – an online platform providing online casino games, betting, and bingo out of Costa Rica –has been found dead, local news source Costa Rica Star reports. Creighton, also known as “Tony,” was reported as kidnapped late last month and his whereabouts and location were unknown to the authorities for weeks. But this Saturday his body was reportedly found and identified by the local authorities, according to the news source, although no official confirmation has been released.
Sport Exec Dead Despite Paid Ransom?
Reports indicate that the body of the 43-year-old sports exec was recovered by the OIJ (Judiciary Investigative Police) during the weekend, less than a month after Creighton’s disappearance was reported by his wife on September 25th. According to official information, Creighton disappeared after leaving his office on the previous night, September 24th and never came home.
While local media portals and newspapers revealed that his wife received a phone call from people who claimed to have kidnapped him only hours after he went missing, the OIJ claimed that no evidence was found that would explain his disappearance. Following the call, the wife reportedly gathered between $750,000 and $1 million in cryptocurrencies and sent it to the kidnappers in Cuba as ransom money for his release. She claimed that she was contacted three times by someone located in the country.
After the money was sent, Creighton’s wife didn’t receive any new calls while his whereabouts still remained a mystery. His car was subsequently found crashed in a property gate in a rural area without his body inside, which was found later by the OIJ.
News of the exec’s disappearance triggered plenty of speculation across internet forums with the sportsbook’s users questioning the future of the 5Dimes brand. After a while, the operator issued a public statement that reassured customers that the brand’s “fundamental” operating model will stay as is. However, the sportsbook hasn’t released any new statement regarding Saturday’s reports.
A Sportsbook Once Accused of Money-Laundering
Back in March 2016, 5Dimes was accused by US Homeland Security to have laundered around 2 million through Amazon gift cards. According to the accusation, the online platform of the operator was allegedly advising registered punters to fund their accounts through Amazon gift cards. The gift card funding scheme was reportedly devised to allow players from the US to participate in online gambling, despite regulatory restrictions.
And not only was 5Dimes accused of permitting payments through Amazon but it was also accused of paying out winnings via the same gift cards. The accusation was made after 15 Amazon accounts were seized by Homeland and traced back to the 5Dimes brand. The seized accounts had a combined value of $159,000 but the authorities believed a total of $2 million passed through them during several years.
Furthermore, the manager of 5 Dimes was also under a money-laundering investigation at the time by the Federal authorities regarding money transfers from Malta and Dubai companies. Western Union outlets in Costa Rica were likewise scrutinized by the feds, yet the online site kept going, even to this day.
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New sanctions on Iran announced by Trump administration
By Rebecca Shabad
Updated on: February 3, 2017 / 2:37 PM / CBS News
New Iran Sanctions
The Trump administration on Friday imposed sanctions against multiple entities and people involved in procuring materials and technology to support Iran’s ballistic missile program and the Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard. The move comes after Iran conducted a ballistic missile test Sunday.
“Iran’s continued support for terrorism and development of its ballistic missile program poses a threat to the region, to our partners worldwide, and to the United States. Today’s action is part of Treasury’s ongoing efforts to counter Iranian malign activity abroad that is outside the scope of the JCPOA,” said John E. Smith, director of the Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control. “We will continue to actively apply all available tools, including financial sanctions, to address this behavior.”
The Treasury Department said that the sanctions are consistent with the Iranian nuclear deal’s guidelines and as a result of the sanctions, “all property and interests in property of those designated today subject to U.S. jurisdiction are blocked, and U.S. persons are generally prohibited from engaging in transactions with them.”
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The sanctions target a longtime procurement agent for the ballistic missile program as well as eight people and entities in his Iranian-based and China-based network. They also target an Iranian procurement company and its network based in the Persian Gulf and five people and entities that are part of an Iranian-based procurement network.
Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets also designated a group supporting the revolutionary guard that works with Hezbollah based in Lebanon.
“The Islamic Republic of Iran is the world’s leading state sponsor of terrorism and engages in and supports violent activities that destabilize the Middle East. This behavior seems continuous despite the very favorable deal given to Iran by the Obama Administration. These sanctions target these behaviors,” White House National Security Adviser Michael Glynn said in a statement.
Several congressional sources have confirmed to CBS News’ Margaret Brennan that this round of sanctions on Iran was essentially “pre-baked” at Treasury during the Obama Administration, which had been reluctant to launch them. Since they were ready to go, the Trump administration was able to pull the trigger just two weeks into office. An Obama official – Adam Szubin – is still running the treasury financial sanctions division. A current senior administration official described the sanctioning of these 25 entities as “initial steps.”
Senior administration officials said the U.S. will “work positively with Iran if it keeps commitments” to the nuclear deal while also “aggressively counter its terrorism activities.” Officials would not comment on whether there has been diplomatic contact with Iran so far.
Just a few hours before the sanctions were released, the president tweeted about Iran.
Iran is playing with fire - they don't appreciate how "kind" President Obama was to them. Not me!
This comes just a two days after Flynn said that the administration was putting Iran “on notice” after it tested a ballistic missile.
“Iran continues to threaten U.S. friends and allies in the region,” Flynn said at the daily White House press briefing, adding that the U.S. is putting Iran on notice because “Iran is now feeling emboldened,” and the Obama administration failed “to respond adequately” to Iran’s actions.
His comments came after Iran’s ballistic missile test, and following the attack of a Saudi frigate by Iran-backed Houthi rebels. The ballistic missile launch flew 550 nautical miles and then exploded, CBS News’ David Martin reported. According to the Associated Press, a defense official said that the missile test had ended with a “failed” re-entry into the earth’s atmosphere.
CBS News’ Margaret Brennan contributed to this report.
First published on February 3, 2017 / 10:57 AM
Rebecca Shabad
Rebecca Shabad is a video reporter for CBS News Digital.
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