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ERROR: type should be string, got "https://profreg.medscape.com/px/getpracticeprofile.do?method=getProfessionalProfile&urlCache=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbWVkaWNpbmUubWVkc2NhcGUuY29tL2FydGljbGUvMTA4MDk0OC1vdmVydmlldw==\nDrugs & Diseases > Dentistry\nOral Fibromas and Fibromatoses\nAuthor: David A Lederman, DMD; Chief Editor: Jeff Burgess, DDS, MSD more...\nSections Oral Fibromas and Fibromatoses\nFibroma\nGiant Cell Fibroma\nPeripheral Cemento-ossifying Fibroma\nPeripheral Odontogenic Fibroma\nFibromatosis\nMyofibroma and Myofibromatosis\nFibrous growths of the oral soft tissues are fairly common and include a diverse group of reactive and neoplastic conditions. Some of these conditions are discussed elsewhere in Medscape Drugs & Diseases. For example, the term epulis fissuratum refers to epithelial and fibrous hyperplasia specifically related to, and the result of, trauma from the border of a removable denture. It may be viewed as the mucosal counterpart of acanthoma fissuratum.\nSee the image below depicting fibrous tumorlike growth of the oral soft tissues.\nFibroma of the left labial commissure in a 59-year-old man.\nThe fibroma, also referred to as irritation fibroma, is by far the most common of the oral fibrous tumorlike growths. While the terminology implies a benign neoplasm, most if not all fibromas represent reactive focal fibrous hyperplasia due to trauma or local irritation. Although the term focal fibrous hyperplasia more accurately describes the clinical appearance and pathogenesis of this entity, it is not commonly used.\nA fibroma may occur at any oral site, but it is seen most often on the buccal mucosa along the plane of occlusion of the maxillary and mandibular teeth as depicted below. [1] It is a round-to-ovoid, asymptomatic, smooth-surfaced, and firm sessile or pedunculated mass. The diameter may vary from 1 mm to 2 cm. The surface is usually similar in color to the surrounding mucosa but may be hyperkeratotic or ulcerated, owing to repeated trauma.\nFibroma of the left buccal mucosa in a 44-year-old man.\nFibromas are most often observed in adults, but they may occur in individuals of any age and either sex.\nThe clinical differential diagnosis of a fibroma depends on its clinical presentation and location and includes giant cell fibroma, neurofibroma, peripheral giant cell granuloma, schwannoma, granular cell tumor, mucocele, and benign and malignant salivary gland tumors (eg, see Salivary Gland Neoplasms).\nHistologically, a fibroma is an unencapsulated, solid, nodular mass of dense and sometimes hyalinized fibrous connective tissue that is often arranged in haphazard fascicles. A mild chronic inflammatory infiltrate may be present. The surface epithelium may be hyperkeratotic, hyperplastic or atrophic, and ulcerated. Conservative excisional biopsy is curative, and its findings are diagnostic. Recurrence is possible, however, if the offending irritant persists. [2, 3]\nUnusual subtypes\nElastofibroma\nThe elastofibroma is a rare dermatologic pseudotumor most often seen in the subscapular region. Patients tend to be older than 50 years, and some studies show a female predominance. Although involvement of the oral cavity is rare, few cases of oral elastofibromas have been documented in the literature, presenting as asymptomatic submucosal and nodular masses involving the floor of the mouth and hard palate. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice. Histologically, the elastofibroma consists of collagen fibers and coarse elastic fibers that can be demonstrated with elastin stain. [4, 5, 6]\nSclerotic fibroma\nThe sclerotic fibroma was first described as a component of Cowden syndrome. It is an uncommon benign fibrous neoplasm that occurs most commonly in the skin and may be solitary or multifocal. Both sporadic sclerotic fibromas and those associated with the syndrome have also been described in the oral cavity, mainly in the buccal and labial mucosa. The tumor is a well-delineated but unencapsulated mass of densely collagenized, hypocellular fibrous tissue with a storiform pattern and prominent clefts between collagen bundles. The tumor cells are CD34 and vimentin positive. [7, 8]\nGiant cell fibroma is the oral counterpart of fibrous papule of the nose. It appears as an asymptomatic sessile or pedunculated nodule that is smaller than 1 cm in diameter. Often, it has a bosselated or somewhat papillary surface. Most cases are diagnosed in persons aged 10-30 years. No sex predilection has been reported. The most common sites are the mandibular gingiva, followed by the maxillary gingiva, the tongue, and the palate.\nThe clinical differential diagnosis includes squamous papilloma, irritation fibroma, pyogenic granuloma, and peripheral giant cell granuloma.\nMicroscopically, a giant cell fibroma is an unencapsulated mass of fibrous connective tissue that contains numerous characteristic large, plump, spindle-shaped and stellate fibroblasts, some of which are multinucleated. These cells are easily observed in the peripheral areas of the lesion, while the more central areas contain typical fusiform fibroblasts. The surface epithelium is often corrugated and atrophic. In contrast to an irritation fibroma, a giant cell fibroma has thin, elongated rete ridges.\nConservative excisional biopsy is curative, and its findings are diagnostic. Recurrence is rare. [3, 9, 10]\nA peripheral cemento-ossifying fibroma is also known as a peripheral ossifying fibroma, a calcifying fibrous epulis, or a peripheral fibroma with calcification. It is a reactive gingival lesion that is believed to arise from cells of the periodontal ligament or periosteum. Most often, it is located in the gingival papilla between adjacent teeth. A peripheral cemento-ossifying fibroma manifests as a sessile or pedunculated mass, which is often ulcerated and generally has a diameter of less than 2 cm as shown below. Peripheral cemento-ossifying fibromas may occur in persons of any age but are most often seen in persons aged 10-20 years. Females are affected more often than males by a ratio of approximately 3:2.\nPeripheral cemento-ossifying fibroma in a 57-year-old man. Courtesy of Dr W. Reid.\nThe maxillary gingiva is involved more often than the mandibular gingiva; usually, the anterior region is affected. Mobility and/or migration of adjacent teeth is occasionally observed as depicted in the image below. [11]\nPeripheral cemento-ossifying fibroma of the maxillary gingiva in a 17-year-old girl.\nMicroscopically, fibrous proliferation is accompanied by increased cellularity with plump, immature fibroblasts and variable amounts of calcified material. This material may be osteoid, cementoid, or dystrophic. In some cases, this characteristic pattern is only part of the pattern of a larger lesion that may resemble an irritation fibroma or pyogenic granuloma. Surface ulceration is common. [12]\nThe clinical differential diagnosis of a peripheral cemento-ossifying fibroma includes inflammatory gingival hyperplasia, peripheral giant cell granuloma, pyogenic granuloma, fibroma, and peripheral odontogenic fibroma.\nTreatment consists of excision down to the periosteum and the elimination of any local irritants. Care must be taken to maintain or reestablish acceptable gingival architecture and periodontal integrity. A recurrence rate of 16% is reported. Even in cases complicated by recurrence, reexcision is generally successful, with the retention of the associated teeth. [3, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]\nA peripheral odontogenic fibroma is a rather uncommon neoplasm that is believed to arise from odontogenic epithelial rests in the periodontal ligament or the attached gingiva itself. The entity, formerly confused with peripheral cemento-ossifying fibroma, is considered to be the extraosseous counterpart of the central odontogenic fibroma of the World Health Organization type. [19] A peripheral odontogenic fibroma manifests as a firm, slowly growing, sessile, and nodular growth of the gingiva, most often on the mandibular buccal or labial aspect, which may cause displacement of teeth, as depicted below, and in rare instances may be associated with external root resorption. [20] It occurs in persons of a wide age range, with a slight predilection for females. [21]\nPeripheral odontogenic fibroma of the mandibular gingiva in a 9-year-old girl. Courtesy of Dr W. Reid.\nThe clinical differential diagnosis of a peripheral odontogenic fibroma includes inflammatory gingival hyperplasia, peripheral cemento-ossifying fibroma, and peripheral giant cell granuloma.\nMicroscopically, the tumor consists of an unencapsulated mass of interwoven cellular fibrous connective tissue that contains scattered nests or strands of odontogenic epithelium. Myxoid foci, osteoid, cementoid, or dystrophic calcifications are sometimes seen. The surface generally is not ulcerated.\nTreatment consists of conservative excision performed with care to maintain or reestablish the gingival architecture and periodontal integrity. The recurrence rate is generally considered to be low. However, a recurrence rate of up to 50% has been documented in the literature. [21, 22, 23, 24]\nThe fibromatoses represent a group of infiltrating fibrous proliferations with a biologic behavior and microscopic appearance intermediate between those of benign fibrous lesions and fibrosarcomas. In the head and neck region, they are sometimes referred to as juvenile or aggressive juvenile fibromatoses, as well as extraabdominal desmoids. Patients of any age may be affected, but three quarters of all cases are diagnosed when the patient is younger than 10 years. No significant sex predilection is apparent.\nThe most frequent site of occurrence is the soft tissues adjacent to the mandible. However, the lesion can occur anywhere and involvement of the temporomandibular joint has been reported. Intraoral presentations are rare, but they most often involve the tongue or buccal mucosa. Lesions appear as firm, painless, poorly demarcated masses with a variable growth rate. They are locally aggressive and often cause resorption of the underlying bone when present. A desmoplastic fibroma occurring within the medullary cavity of bone is considered to be the intraosseous counterpart of the soft tissue fibromatosis. [25, 26, 27]\nThe differential diagnosis of a soft tissue fibromatosis is myofibroma and rhabdomyosarcoma.\nMicroscopically, fibromatosis is characterized by a poorly delineated, infiltrating cellular proliferation of mature spindle cells arranged in streaming and interlacing fascicles. Collagen production is usually prominent. Infiltration of the adjacent structures is common at the periphery, but cellular atypia is not present.\nTreatment consists of wide excision, owing to its locally aggressive nature. The reported recurrence rate is 30%, and the risk of recurrence is greatest in the first year after treatment. Long-term follow up is recommended. It is not known to metastasize. [28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34]\nGingival fibromatosis deserves separate consideration. It may be hereditary, idiopathic, or drug induced. The hereditary and idiopathic forms manifest as isolated or diffuse firm, noninflammatory enlargements of the keratinized gingiva. Although the process is typically nonpainful, the enlarged gingiva may eventually cover large portions of the clinical crowns of teeth and erode the underlying bone. Recurrence is common following surgical excision. The hereditary form may also manifest as a component of a larger complex syndrome (eg, gingival fibromatosis with hypertrichosis syndrome, Zimmermann-Laband syndrome, Cross syndrome). Both the idiopathic and hereditary forms are rare, limited to the gingiva, and most often affect children. Drug-induced gingival overgrowth has been associated with systemic use of phenytoin, cyclosporin, and calcium channel blockers. [35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40]\nMyofibroblasts are spindle-shaped cells with features of both fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. Myofibroblasts have been identified in lesions other than myofibromas, but when they are the predominant cell type in a tumor, the terms myofibroma (if solitary) or myofibromatosis (if multicentric) are applied. The tumors are benign, and, although myofibromatosis is similar to fibromatosis in many ways, its behavior tends to be less aggressive. Tumors of myofibroblasts may occur in either sex, with a slight male predilection. Solitary tumors typically develop in patients at a mean age of 22 years; however, both solitary and multicentric myofibromatosis can occur in patients of a wide age range. [41, 42]\nSolitary myofibromas have a head and neck predilection, with the mandible being the most common site of occurrence. The most common oral soft tissue sites are the tongue, lips, and buccal mucosa. Tumors also have been described in the dermis, soft tissues, viscera, and bone. Intraosseous jaw lesions most often manifest as well-defined unilocular or multilocular radiolucencies. Oral soft tissue lesions typically manifest as firm, slow growing, submucosal nodules or exophytic masses with a diameter of 0.3-5 cm. Although patients are frequently asymptomatic, the lesions may be tender or even painful.\nThe clinical differential diagnosis for oral myofibroma includes irritation fibroma, fibromatosis, peripheral giant cell fibroma, neurofibroma, leiomyoma, and benign and malignant neoplasms of the minor salivary glands (eg, see Salivary Gland Neoplasms).\nTreatment for oral myofibromas is conservative excision. The recurrence rate is low, and spontaneous regression has been reported. [43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51]\nde Santana Santos T, Martins-Filho PR, Piva MR, de Souza Andrade ES. Focal fibrous hyperplasia: A review of 193 cases. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2014 Sep. 18 (Suppl 1):S86-9. [Medline].\nBarker DS, Lucas RB. Localised fibrous overgrowths of the oral mucosa. Br J Oral Surg. 1967 Nov. 5(2):86-92. [Medline].\nEsmeili T, Lozada-Nur F, Epstein J. 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External tooth resorption associated with a peripheral odontogenic fibroma: review and case report. Aust Dent J. 2017 Dec. 62 (4):516-522. [Medline].\nRitwik P, Brannon RB. Peripheral odontogenic fibroma: a clinicopathologic study of 151 cases and review of the literature with special emphasis on recurrence. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010 Sep. 110 (3):357-63. [Medline].\nLivada R, Fine N, Anderson KM, Shiloah J. An unusual case of gingival enlargement: peripheral odontogenic fibroma. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2013 Oct. 34 (9):e87-90. [Medline].\nReddy SV, Medikonda SK, Konda A, Natta S. A rare benign odontogenic neoplasm: peripheral odontogenic fibroma. BMJ Case Rep. 2014 Jun 11. 2014:[Medline].\nSilva CA, Passador-Santos F, Moraes Pde C, Soares AB, de Araújo VC. Peripheral odontogenic fibroma: an uncommonly overviewed lesion. J Craniofac Surg. 2013 May. 24 (3):e216-9. [Medline].\nBasha MS, Dutt SC, Murthy SN, Syed G. Juvenile fibromatosis of the temporomandibular joint: A rare case report. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2014 Mar. 11 (2):284-7. [Medline].\nMir-Mari J, Aguirre-Urizar JM, Berini-Aytés L, Gay-Escoda C. Giant desmoplastic fibroma in the anterior zone of the maxilla. J Craniofac Surg. 2011 Nov. 22(6):2350-3. [Medline].\nManchanda AS, Narang RS, Arora PC, Singh B, Walia S. Aggressive desmoplastic fibromatosis - a clinicians dilemma case report and review of literature. J Clin Diagn Res. 2013 Nov. 7 (11):2639-41. [Medline].\nAngiero F, Benedicenti S, Stefani M. Fibromatosis of the head and neck: morphological, immunohistochemical and clinical features. Anticancer Res. 2008 May-Jun. 28(3B):1725-32. [Medline].\nFowler CB, Hartman KS, Brannon RB. Fibromatosis of the oral and paraoral region. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1994 Apr. 77(4):373-86. [Medline].\nNeville BW, Damm DD, Allen CM, Chi AC. Fibromatosis. Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CL, Bouquot JE, eds. Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology. 4th ed. 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[Medline].\nNarayen V, Ahmed SA, Suri C, Tanveer S. Myofibroma of the gingiva: a rare case report and literature review. Case Rep Dent. 2015. 2015:243894. [Medline].\nAzevedo Rde S, Pires FR, Della Coletta R, de Almeida OP, Kowalski LP, Lopes MA. Oral myofibromas: report of two cases and review of clinical and histopathologic differential diagnosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2008 Jun. 105 (6):e35-40. [Medline].\nLopes RN, Alves Fde A, Rocha AC, Suassuna TM, Kowalski LP, de Castro JF, et al. Head and neck solitary infantile myofibroma: Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features of a case series. Acta Histochem. 2015 May-Jun. 117 (4-5):431-6. [Medline].\nDavid A Lederman, DMD Director, Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, QDX Pathology; Director, Atlantic Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology; Consultant, Oral Pathology, Department of Dentistry, Newark Beth Israel Medical Center; Consultant, Oral Pathology, Department of Dentistry, Jersey Shore University Medical Center\nDavid A Lederman, DMD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Oral Medicine, American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, American Dental Association\nMaria L Fornatora, DMD Associate Professor and Director of Oral Pathology, Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Medicine, and Surgery, Temple University Kornberg School of Dentistry\nMaria L Fornatora, DMD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, American Dental Education Association\nChizobam N Idahosa, DDS, MS Clinical Assistant Professor of Oral Medicine, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Medicine, and Surgery, Temple University, Kornberg School of Dentistry\nChizobam N Idahosa, DDS, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Oral Medicine, American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, American Dental Association, Pennsylvania Dental Association, Philadelphia County Dental Society\nRichard P Vinson, MD Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Dermatology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L Foster School of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Mountain View Dermatology, PA\nRichard P Vinson, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, Texas Medical Association, Association of Military Dermatologists, Texas Dermatological Society\nDrore Eisen, MD, DDS Consulting Staff, Dermatology of Southwest Ohio\nDrore Eisen, MD, DDS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American Academy of Oral Medicine, American Dental Association\nJeff Burgess, DDS, MSD (Retired) Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Oral Medicine, University of Washington School of Dental Medicine; (Retired) Attending in Pain Center, University of Washington Medical Center; (Retired) Private Practice in Hawaii and Washington; Director, Oral Care Research Associates\nMark G Lebwohl, MD Chairman, Department of Dermatology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine\nMark G Lebwohl, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology\nDisclosure: Received none from Amgen for consultant & investigator; Received none from Novartis for consultant & investigator; Received none from Pfizer for consultant & investigator; Received none from Celgene Corporation for consultant & investigator; Received none from Clinuvel for consultant & investigator; Received none from Eli Lilly & Co. for consultant & investigator; Received none from Janssen Ortho Biotech for consultant & investigator; Received none from LEO Pharmaceuticals for consultant & inves.\nencoded search term (Oral Fibromas and Fibromatoses) and Oral Fibromas and Fibromatoses\nDICOM in Dentistry\nA 52-Year-Old Man With a Large Jaw Opening\nOral Cutaneous Fistulas\nFast Five Quiz: What Do You Know About Dental Health?\nFast Five Quiz: Test Yourself on Temporomandibular Disorder\nDental Management in the Medically Compromised Patient\nComplementary and Alternative Medicine Use by Dental Patients\nCall for More HPV-Related Primary Prevention\n2016 in Review: Key Guidelines in Anesthesiology You Need to Know\nNews 'Pioneering' Single Gene Injection for Haemophilia A Patients\nNews Short Lingual Frenulum a Risk Factor for Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Kids\nNews Frequent Tooth Brushing Linked With Lower Risk of Afib, Heart Failure\nNews Study: Fluoride Crucial to Prevent Cavities"