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Election results present no surprise for students
Posted on November 4, 2010 | News | Comments Off on Election results present no surprise for students
By Laura Gasvoda and Jeff Craig
Tuesday’s election results came as no surprise to most ACU students. Many said they expected Governor Rick Perry to win the Texas gubernatorial race and anticipated the GOP’s return to power in the U.S. House of Representatives.
Members of ACU’s College Democrats gathered at the Taylor County Democratic Party headquarters to watch election results. ACU’s Young Republicans watched election results from a classroom in the Hardin Administration Building, and other students watched from home.
Nathan Lloyd, freshman biology major from Georgetown, said he wasn’t surprised by Tuesday’s results.
“I like Rick Perry,” Lloyd said. “I like living in Texas. And Texas is a Republican state; I’m not surprised Perry won. I even think Rick Perry may have had a chance at being President if it weren’t for the George Bush legacy. I think he’ll just stay governor for a really long time instead.”
ACU Young Republicans president Aaron Escobedo, senior history major from Lamesa, said the results of this year’s midterm elections should serve as a referendum on President Obama and his party.
“This is what we were expecting the whole time,” Escobedo said. “People are tired of it. They’ve realized after two years they want real change.”
Escobedo said the GOP saw major gains this year because the party returned to its core values, including fiscal conservatism.
Stewart McGregor, freshman Christian ministry and political science major from Arlington, is a member of Young Republicans and supports the Tea Party Movement. McGregor, who watched the election results with the Young Republicans while wearing a tea bag around his neck, said he believed the tea party served the GOP well as a grassroots movement in the 2010 election.
“I believe it played a strong role for fiscal conservatism,” McGregor said. “It helped wake up America; it’s going to be a force in the next election.”
On the other hand, supporters of Bill White were disappointed with election results.
Farron Salley, junior Ad/PR major from Fort Worth, said she thought White would close the gap more than he did. Salley said she was surprised with how Abilene residents voted, since White was in Abilene more recently than Perry and had more campaign signs visible throughout the city.
“I think Bill White was Texas’ best bet for a rise in the Democratic party in Texas,” Salley said. “He didn’t carry the state like I thought he would.”
ACU College Democrats president Rebecca Dial, sophomore political science major from Lexington, S.C., said she knew the GOP would retake the House, but also said she expected a closer gubernatorial race between Perry and White.
“There is a lot of anti-Perry sentiment and Bill White is the best candidate we’ve had in a while,” Dial said.
Nikki Favors, a non-traditional student in the Human and Professional Development program from Hamlin, said while she did expect Perry to win the governorship, she did not anticipate the results of the national elections.
“I feel a little like Kevin Costner’s character in the movie Swing Vote as far as national politics are concerned,” Favors said. “I have to say I was a little clueless.”
International students have their own perspectives on Tuesday’s elections. Daniba Dan-Princewill, junior nutrition major originally from Nigeria whose family now lives in Katy, said her sister, who was born in the U.S., is the only family member who could vote in this year’s election.
“Even though I cannot vote, my family and I still have a voice through her,” Dan-Princewill said.
Dan-Princewill said her family is Republican and is glad to see Perry win and the GOP regain the House majority.
Posted by Staff on Nov 4th, 2010 and filed under News. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0. Both comments and pings are currently closed. - This post has been viewed 15249 times.
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Montolivo fracture has healed
30.10 || webmaster
Riccardo Montolivo’s fractured tibia has now healed, so he can resume training with the Milan squad.
The midfielder broke his leg during an Italy friendly against the Republic of Ireland in May, ruling him out of the World Cup.
Torres: 'I wanted to quit Chelsea'
Fernando Torres insists Jose Mourinho did not force him out of Chelsea, but it was his decision to join Milan in the summer.
The two-year loan will ensure Torres sees out the rest of his Chelsea contract at the Serie A club.
Inzaghi: 'A balanced league'
Pippo Inzaghi told Milan to forget their current Serie A status after a 1-1 draw at Cagliari. “It’s a balanced League.”
The Rossoneri are in third place after Udinese and Sampdoria both lost this evening.
Serie A: Cagliari 1:1 AC Milan - match report
Scorers: Ibarbo 24 (C), Bonaventura 35 (M)
Giacomo Bonaventura’s lob cancelled out a Victor Ibarbo opener as Milan drew 1-1 at Cagliari.
The Sardinians were full of confidence after a 4-0 win away to Empoli and for the first time opened up another section of the Stadio Sant’Elia stands following restructuring work that had gone on for over a year. Sebastian Eriksson was the only absentee as Daniele Conti and Luca Ceppitelli returned, while Milan missed Riccardo Montolivo and brought Fernando Torres back into the starting XI after he was dropped for the 1-1 draw with Fiorentina.
Serie A: AC Milan 1:1 Fiorentina - match report
Scorers: De Jong 26 (M), Ilicic 64 (F)
The Viola had won the last three editions of this Serie A fixture, but missed David Pizarro, Mario Gomez and Giuseppe Rossi. The hosts dropped Fernando Torres and Diego Lopez, while Nigel de Jong returned from suspension.
Ignazio Abate and Sulley Muntari had early efforts charged down, while Norberto Neto flew for a stunning one-handed save on Stephan El Shaarawy. It wouldn’t have counted as the Milan man was offside, but the goalkeeper wasn’t to know that.
AC Milan back Verona on racism
Milan have backed Verona’s claim there was no racist abuse aimed at Sulley Muntari during Sunday’s game.
Hellas Verona saw the Curva Nord closed for one match as punishment for racist chanting at Sulley Muntari, but the club released a statement vehemently denying any such thing.
Verona deny racist chanting
Hellas Verona released a statement calling accusations of racism against Milan “the low point of our history.”
The Disciplinary Commission decided to close the Curva Sud for one game due to racist chanting aimed at Sulley Muntari, but the club wants to lodge an appeal.
Van Basten doubts over Inzaghi
Former Milan legend Marco van Basten has expressed his concerns about Pippo Inzaghi’s lack of managerial experience.
The former striker is in the San Siro hotseat this season having replaced former teammate Clarence Seedorf.
Serie A: Verona 1:3 AC Milan - goals/highlights
Serie A: Verona 1:3 AC Milan - match report
Scorers: Marques og 21 (M), Honda 27, 57 (M), Nico Lopez 87 (V)
Keisuke Honda scored twice and thanked a comical own goal, as Milan ended their Bentegodi curse by beating Verona 3-1.
Both teams were locked together on 11 points going into the Stadio Bentegodi, which was a notoriously tough venue for the Rossoneri, losing here last season and a 5-3 defeat in 1973 costing them the Scudetto. Nigel de Jong was suspended and Riccardo Montolivo injured, but Diego Lopez, Giacomo Bonaventura, Marco van Ginkel and Jeremy Menez were fit for the bench. Hellas missed Lazaros Christodoulopoulos, Jacopo Sala and Mounir Obbadi.
Inzaghi: 'Milan better than expected'
Pippo Inzaghi admits he “didn’t expect to be 3-0 up” away to Verona and hailed Keisuke Honda.
Milan are top scorers in Serie A this season and Honda’s brace took his tally to six, on a par with Carlos Tevez of Juventus.
Gandini: Berlusconi brings enthusiasm
Umberto Gandini has reflected on the cost of not making the Champions League, and the enthusiasm Silvio Berlusconi brings to Milan.
The President has set a new tradition this season to visit the playing staff at Milanello every Friday for a couple of hours.
AC Milan considering Soriano
Tuttosport suggest Sampdoria’s Roberto Soriano is the latest name to be added to Milan’s list of transfer targets.
The German-born Italy Under-21-capped player has attracted attention in recent months for his development under Sinisa Mihajlovic.
Verona injuries ahead of AC Milan
The Hellas Verona injury crisis is intensifying ahead of this weekend’s game with Milan, as Jacopo Sala and Gustavo Campanharo pulled up.
Both players interrupted this afternoon’s training session, as Sala had a muscular problem and Campanharo felt pain in his right knee.
Ancelotti guides Khedira to AC Milan?
The Corriere dello Sport indicate that Carlo Ancelotti is pushing to convince Sami Khedira to lower his wage demands and consider Milan.
The midfielder looks set to leave Real Madrid in January or next summer, having failed so far to agree to extend his contract at the Bernabeu, which expires next summer.
Essien: Inzaghi like Ancelotti
Michael Essien has praised Milan Coach Filippo Inzaghi, comparing him to former Rossonero and current Real Madrid boss Carlo Ancelotti.
Ancelotti spent eight years on the San Siro bench, lifting two Champions League titles as well as winning Serie A in 2004.
‘Honda didn’t change, AC Milan did’
The brother of Keisuke Honda has put the Japanese midfielder’s recent good form down to an improved Milan under Pippo Inzaghi.
The 28-year-old failed to make much of an impact during his first six months with the Rossoneri, having joined the Milanese giants in January, but he has started the new season well, scoring four goals in six appearances to date.
Albertazzi: Verona tough to beat
Michelangelo Albertazzi has enthused at life at Milan under Pippo Inzaghi, and also offers the inside track on weekend opponents Verona.
The Rossoneri travel out to the Bentegodi this Sunday for the resumption of League football to face off against the team Albertazzi spent the last two seasons with.
AC Milan have Menez doubt
Milan could be without Jeremy Menez for their weekend trip to face Hellas Verona, but Diego Lopez is back training with the group.
Frenchman Menez is suffering from a groin injury picked up last week and, according to Sky Sport 24, will undergo a fitness test at Milanello today.
Alex: Inzaghi has great desire
Milan defender Alex has been impressed with Coach Pippo Inzaghi since joining the club, and admits: “I’ve never trained so much.”
The 32-year-old, who joined the Rossoneri on a free transfer this summer from Paris Saint-Germain, has reflected on his motivation for the move and how he has found the early adaptation.
Marco Simone appointed at Laussane
Former Milan forward Marco Simone has been confirmed today as the new coach of Swiss side FC Lausanne-Sport.
The 45-year old has been at the club since November 2013 in the role of technical director, and has signed a contract to manage the Swiss Super League side for the remainder of the season, taking over from Francesco Gabriele.
Menez: AC Milan gave me confidence
Jeremy Menez has spoken about his move to Milan, revealing the Ibiza meeting with Filippo Inzaghi and Adriano Galliani sealed the deal.
The 27-year-old returned to Italy with the Rossoneri this summer at the expiry of his Paris Saint-Germain contract.
Berlusconi: AC Milan are recovering
Milan President Silvio Berlusconi has spoken about his plans for the club’s return to the top, dreaming of the 2016 Champions League Final.
The Rossoneri’s shared San Siro will host that event in 18 months’ time and the club’s owner and long-standing President has suggested his side will be improved and on the rise by then.
AC Milan deny Essien has Ebola
Milan have been forced to “categorically deny” rumours in the African media that Michael Essien contracted Ebola.
The reports have been swirling round several websites this weekend and the club released a statement assuring these claims were “totally without foundation.”
Nakata hails Roma and Honda
Hidetoshi Nakata hopes Roma win the Scudetto and has advice for Milan midfielder Keisuke Honda.
The first Japanese player to truly make his mark in Serie A, ex-Perugia and Roma man Nakata spoke to Calciomercato.com.
AC Milan consider Cagliari's Murru
Milan are being linked with a January offer for Cagliari’s Italy Under-21 international Nicola Murru.
Still only 19, the left-back is a versatile figure who can also play in central defence or on the right when needed.
Balotelli sale 'made everyone happy'
Selling Mario Balotelli to Liverpool for £16m made “everyone happy,” said Milan sporting director Umberto Gandini.
This does echo other comments made by Adriano Galliani and Coach Pippo Inzaghi, who said the team gained in unity following his departure.
'Coppa is Milan's Champions League'
“The Coppa Italia is our Champions League” this season, said Pippo Inzaghi, as he outlined his vision for Milan.
This is the first time in over a decade that the Rossoneri have failed to qualify for Europe, as 13 times in the last 15 years they were in the Champions League.
Inzaghi: 'AC Milan my dream job'
Pippo Inzaghi reveals how he felt to be offered his dream Milan job and admits mistakes made this summer.
SuperPippo sat down with La Gazzetta dello Sport for a lengthy interview and looked back over the day he was asked to take over by President Silvio Berlusconi.
Albertini: 'Milan and Inter don't plan'
Demetrio Albertini feels Inter and Milan “change too much every year” compared to Juventus and Roma.
The two San Siro based clubs have struggled in recent years, while Juve and Roma continue to dominate Serie A.
AC Milan want Simeone Jr.
Milan are thought to be targeting the son of Atletico Madrid Coach Diego Simeone, Giovanni.
The centre-forward is currently part of the River Plate youth academy and has a buy-out clause in his contract worth €15m.
De Sciglio and Zaza knocks
Simone Zaza and Mattia De Sciglio have small injury concerns ahead of Italy’s Euro qualifier in Malta.
The Azzurri beat Azerbaijan 2-1 last night and will fly to Malta for their next match on Monday evening.
Amelia: 'Balotelli makes you angry'
Ex-Milan goalkeeper Marco Amelia reveals how Mario Balotelli “makes teammates angry” in the locker room and in a game.
Balotelli has now moved to Liverpool and Amelia is a free agent, but the goalkeeper was asked what it was like to be SuperMario’s teammate.
Atalanta defend Bonaventura fee
Source: Football Italia
Atalanta President Antonio Percassi has rejected claims that he sold Giacomo Bonaventura too cheaply to Milan.
The versatile attacking midfielder joined the Diavolo on transfer deadline day for a fee believed to be in the region of €5m to €7m.
“I’ve been accused of selling him on the cheap,” the club chief told Bergamo TV. “That’s almost offensive to me seeing as I have made my fair share of business deals in the past.
“The truth is that player values have fallen because co-ownership deals no longer exist. These deals in the past made it easier to cover up mistakes.
“At the end of the day, we have to make sure our accounts are in order and we were given an opportunity to sell Bonaventura and Andrea Consigli (to Sassuolo).
“I think we behaved well in both circumstances.”
Percassi also rubbished rumours that Juventus had made him an offer for veteran striker German Denis.
“Nothing ever arrived from Juve for Denis, but had that happened then I would have informed them that we would not have even discussed his departure.”
Atalanta have had a less than stellar start of the season to put it mildly, with them sitting on the 17th place in the standings. Milan, on the other hand, are 5th, which is much too low for a team of their stature. The latest Betfair odds put Milan as likely contenders for the Champions League spots while Atalanta could be primed for relegation. It's safe to say though that the standings are less relevant at the start of the season and it remains to be seen how good each team is as the season plays out.
As for Bonaventura, most pundits have been impressed by his performances so far with the Rossoneri and it will be interesting to see how Pippo Inzaghi will set up the midfield once Riccardo Montolivo is also back.
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Kings Of Leon >
Kings Of Leon Cancel Festival Set Due To Storms
By WENN in Music / Festivals on 22 June 2015
Follow Kings Of Leon
Kings Of Leon Nathan Followill
Kings Of Leon Had To Cancel Their Headlining Set At The Firefly Music Festival On Saturday Night (20jun15) As The Audience Was Evacuated Due To Storms.
Picture: Kings Of Leon - BBC Radio 1's Big Weekend at Glasgow Green - Day 3 - Glasgow, United Kingdom - Sunday 25th May 2014
The Use Somebody hitmakers' performance was pushed forward by 45 minutes in a bid to avoid the bad weather, but moments before the rockers were due to take to the stage in Dover, Delaware, fans were ordered to leave the grounds due to a lightning storm and heavy rain.
Drummer Nathan Followill wrote on Twitter.com, "So sorry Firefly. Mother Nature apparently was not given VIP passes and decided to be a b**tard. I was ready to melt multiple faces."
His brother and bandmate Jared also wrote, "We have the worst luck. Flew up to Delaware. Did press. Meet and greets. The only thing I was looking forward to was playing the show... Thanks to @LiveAtFirefly for being such a cool festival. So bummed we got rained out. Hopefully we can be back soon."
Rapper Kid Cudi had his performance cut short after only 20 minutes due to the storm, while Steve Aoki's DJ set was also cancelled.
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Talihina Sky: The Story Of Kings Of Leon Trailer
Talihina Sky follows brothers Caleb, Nathan and Jared Followill and their cousin, Matthew Followill, from...
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Minolta MF
Rokkor
Alphatracks is dedicated to Sony’s high-end cameras and lenses, as well as the wonderful SLRs made by Minolta.
If you are a Sony/Minolta shooter...or if you just love photography in general, you are bound to find something useful here. Enjoy!
« Cowboy Studio Flash Triggers for the Sony Alpha
Shooting after Dark at Bit of Hope Ranch’s “Hooftober” »
Sony Alpha A7 and A7R: Full-Frame Game Changers
By Tom Bonner | Published: October 16, 2013
The Alpha A7 is one of two full-frame mirrorless cameras Sony will be introducing this December. The 24mp, 35mm sensor size camera will be available witht a new full-frame 28-70mm E-mount .
If there was any doubt that Sony is the most innovative camera maker, the newly announced Alpha A7 and Alpha A7R prove that the Sony camera engineers are at the top of their game.
To no one’s great surprise, Sony has announced two full-frame, E-Mount cameras.
Until now, all of Sony’s E-mount cameras relied on APS-C size sensors. The new Alpha A7 will feature a 24.3 megapixel, Exmor® CMOS full-frame sensor and sell for $1700 (body only.) You can order the A7 with the brand-new 28-70mm F3.5 – F5.6 full-frame lens for about $2000.
If that isn’t enough firepower for you, you can opt for the Alpha A7R. The A7R features a 36.4 effective megapixel full-frame Exmor® CMOS sensor. The A7R, which boasts a higher pixel count than any of Sony’s Alpha A-Mount dSLR or SLT cameras, will carry a list price of $2,300 (body only.)
These new cameras are intriguing in many ways.
In the first place, although the new cameras carry the same E-mount which was first introduced with the original Sony NEX mirrorless offerings, Sony has dropped the NEX designation for these cameras.
Secondly, with 36mp, the A7R carries more pixels than Sony’s flagship Alpha A99. With a built-in electronic view finder, HD video, fast auto focus, built-in WiFi and magnesium weather sealed body, there is little that the A99 can offer that can’t be done with the A7R. About the only advantage the A99 can boast is native compatibility with Sony and Minolta A-mount lenses. Sony is offering a new full-frame adapters, which will allow users to mount and use A-mount lenses on the A7 and A7R.
Is this the death-knell for the A-mount cameras? Or will Sony continue to develop A-mount SLTs?
Yes, that is a full-frame 35mm sensor inside the E-mount on the A7R. The A7R (shown) carries a mammoth 36mp sensor, the largest sensor in any Sony camera to date.
Thirdly, the new cameras require new E-mount lenses which can cover a full-frame sensor. You can use your existing E-mount lenses with the A7 and A7R, but you need to use a crop setting or live with heavy corner vignetting. Just as there are full-frame and crop-frame A-mount lenses, going forward there will be two types of E-mount optics. You can use the full-frame lenses with any E-mount camera, but the original APS-C coverage lenses will crop the image on the full-frame cameras, resulting in a lower pixel count with the older lenses. At the same time, for those who want the smallest camera setup possible, full-frame lenses are usually bigger and heavier than dedicated APS-C coverage lenses.
It appears for the foreseeable future, we will see both full-frame and crop sensor lenses in the E-Mount lineup. Currently Sony is offering five new full-frame E-mount lenses in its catalog. I would expect that third party manufacturers will quickly convert some of their full-frame optics into the E-mount to anticipate the desire for new full-frame lenses for the A7 series.
Both cameras will feature the aforementioned weather sealed body and both will offer WiFi and NFC connectively. The cameras will be compatible with Sony’s PlayMemoriesTM app store.
The A7 series features a generous tilting 3.0 inch LCD and built in electronic view-finder. Both models offer WiFi and NFC and feature magnesium weather sealed bodies.
Sony hasn’t forgotten video enthusiasts, and has equipped the A7 series with 1920X1080p AVCHD progressive video at 60fps. Both cameras carry a “live” HDMI connector that can pass video to an external monitor or auxiliary recording device.
The A7 and A7R are expected to be in stores by December, just in time for Christmas.
The A7 series cameras are true game changers, as the A-mount cameras appear to be stepping aside for new professional level E-mount Alphas.
In the words of Bob Dylan; “The times, they are a changing…”
Preorder the A7 at SonyStyle
Preorder the A7 at Amazon.com
Preorder the A7 at B&H Photo
Preorder the A7 with kit lens at SonyStyle
Preorder the A7 with kit lens at Amazon.com
Preorder the A7 with kit lens at B&H Photo
Preorder the A7R at SonyStyle
Preorder the A7R at Amazon.com
Preorder the A7R at B&H Photo
This entry was posted in E-Mount Mirrorless Camera. Bookmark the permalink. Post a comment or leave a trackback: Trackback URL.
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Our cabins and suites
Ginat Egoz Choresh HaEtz HaSagol Agam Bat-Harim Shani Shachar Eley-Nof HaBeer Etz Hatut Eshed Ofek Kineret HaBustan Orchard & Garden What's Included Check In/Out + Cancel. Policy Guestbook
Performances, Fares, and Activities Basic services About the village and hikes Restaurants & Dining Options Health treatments Attractions Info for religious guests Info for families with kids
Manifesto Eco-logic Why plant foods? About the family About This Website Links
Anva Ohn-Bar PhD M.S. OTR
PhD in Natural Health Scienses
Treats and teaches Biofeedback and Neurofeedback
Occupational Therapist and Educational and Rehabilitation Counselor
Licensed Graphologist
Licensed EMDR Level 2
Specializes in Biological Treatment & Nutritional Counseling for Developmental, Behavioral & Cognitive Disorders. A change in nutrition & life style will also prevent disease and reinforce the Immune System.
Biofeedback – a therapeutic technique that works on the "seam' between medicine and psychology, the body and the mind, and turns you into an active partner in the learning process, symptom control and disease healing.
Through Biofeedback, one learns to control reactions, to decrease anxiety, muscle tension, prolonged pain, headaches including migraine, high blood pressure, "irritable bowel", sleep problems and other psychophysiological problems.
Concentration and learning ability improves when one learns to relax and to deal with conditions of stress and tension. Treatment is applied by means of a sophisticated electronic device that provides physiological information which we are usually unaware of. Physiological indicators such as pulse (heart rate), perspiration (electrical transmitters of the skin), temperature, muscle tension and brain waves – are relayed to the patient through unique computer programs – and thus we learn to control these indicators and to regulate our emotional and physical reactions. There are special computer programs for children with concentration, attention and hyperactive problems (ADHD).
EMDR – a special method developed in treating trauma victims, decreasing stresses and anxieties and to achieve changes in self-perception and cognition.
TED talk about EMDR
A video about EMDR
The combination of Biofeedback and EMDR, enables speedy control and significant symptom relief.
The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSSS- the leader in determining effective treatments for PTSD) identifies EMDR as a Level A treatment for PTSD, based on a multitude of well-controlled randomized trials and systematic meta-analytic reviews. There has been a dramatic improvement in research quality since 1989 when EMDR was first introduced. ISTSS' critical review of the evidence is based exclusively on a review of RCTs of EMDR for PTSD published in peer-reviewed journals since publication of the guidelines. EMDR has been compared to other front line treatments, including medications that target PTSD and Exposure Therapy, and it has performed comparably in all such trials. Compared to other treatments targeting PTSD, the status of the evidence supporting EMDR is substantial and of high quality. It received AHCPR (Agency for Health Care Policy and Research) Level A rating for treatment of adults with a diagnosis of PTSD. EMDR for children warrants an AHCPR Level B rating. EMDR appears to be well tolerated by most patients, possibly to a degree not characteristic of alternative psychological treatments. It has a much lower level of treatment attrition (drop outs) than Exposure Therapy because it is a more comfortable process. Children also seem to benefit from an adapted procedure, and EMDR receives a level B rating with children. Existing data support the use of EMDR in children and adolescents, but compared to adults, there have been fewer RCTs evaluating this. Hence the lower rating. Single episode traumas appear to respond the most favorably to EMDR treatment, though EMDR is effective for multiple traumas as well. Elevated depression scores do seem to respond favorably to EMDR, even when they are not targeted specifically for intervention. The treatment of panic disorder has benefited from EMDR. EMDR may have some advantages over conventional exposure to trauma memories, which may be due to the dosed intermittent exposure combined with post-exposure “mindful awareness.”
"In a January 2011 study in the Journal of Anxiety Disorders, for example, some patients with PTSD went through a session of EMDR while others completed all the components of a typical EMDR session but kept their eyes closed rather than moving them. The patients whose session included eye movements reported a more significant reduction in distress than did patients in the control group. Their level of physiological arousal, another common symptom of PTSD, also decreased during the eye movements, as measured by the amount of sweat on their skin. One of the ways EMDR's eye movements are thought to reduce PTSD symptoms is by stripping troubling memories of their vividness and the distress they cause. A study in the May 2012 Behaviour Research and Therapy examined the effectiveness of using beep tones instead of eye movements during EMDR. The researchers found that eye movements outperformed tones in reducing the vividness and emotional intensity of memories. Those studies relied on self-reports of symptom severity, however, so researchers at Utrecht University in the Netherlands sought more objective confirmation of a change in vividness by also measuring participants' reaction times to fragments of a previously viewed picture. The work, published online in July 2012 in Cognition and Emotion, compared two groups of participants who had committed one detailed picture to memory. When asked to recall the picture and focus on it mentally, one group was instructed to perform eye movements. That group had slower reaction times to the familiar picture fragments in a subsequent memory test, and subjects reported that the vividness of the recalled pictures had decreased. These studies and others from the past several years have helped validate EMDR—so much so that the American Psychiatric Association, the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, and the Departments of Defense and of Veterans Affairs have deemed it an effective therapy."
EFT and BSP - Emotional Freedom Technique & Brain Spotting - for treating trauma, anxiety disorders & negative thinking.
You are invited to come and try – at a special introductory price – an hour-long experience which will show you its possibilities and will contribute to your general well being.
Book appointments in advance for treatments at the clinic: 04-6989803
Contact us Name:
select desired room Ginat Egoz Choresh HaEtz HaSagol Agam Bat-Harim Shani Shachar Eley-Nof HaBeer Etz Hatut Eshed Ofek Kineret HaBustan *** several rooms
For when?
How many nights? How many guests?
I don't want to become immortal through my work. I want to become Immortal through not dying.
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May 21, 2019 June 5, 2019 by Cristy
Foot Locker, the biggest athletic-shoe retailer in the United States, is on the course of convincing its audience that it is not just a sneaker store, but much more of a destination for “Youth Culture Empowerment”.
Consumer behavior is a dynamic factor that calls for a response from brands worldwide, and Foot Locker is no exception. Based in New York, Foot Locker is a footwear retailer that keeps improving its product design and quality to achieve shifting consumer needs since it was first formed in 1974.
Since January this year, this company has invested in for startups namely Pensole – a sneaker design academy, Rockets of Awesomeness –an online children’s clothing subscription service, Goat – kicks resale business, and Super Heroic – a kids’ apparel and shoe brand. Foot Locker also made a move last year by taking a minority stake in Carbon38 – a women’s luxury activewear brand.
Richard Johnson, Foot Locker CEO and President, said “We’ve changed a lot” in an interview. He also added that the rate at which they are changing is not slowing down anytime soon as the consumer moves fast, a factor that calls for their agility. He clarified that all these things they are identifying to invest are potential capabilities they are looking forward to add to the ecosystem that builds the youth culture and none is a distraction.
For instance, at Foot Locker’s Times Square Flagship, Rockets of Awesomeness and Super Heroic have been incorporated in Kids Foot Locker. A Pensole creator’s footwear design has also been re-branded into an Adidas shoe and is available for sale only at footlocker. Johnson said that Foot Locker is on its young development stages and is destined for greatness.
Foot Locker opened “power stores”, the first in their home market regions of Detroit and Philadelphia, this year after launching them in the cities of London and Liverpool in the UK. These stores sell exclusive products and touches molded to suit the native tastes of the areas. They are now planning to have on the retail buzzword of the day: experience. According to the company, this is aimed at being “the hub for native sneaker culture, music, sports and art,” and they have adequate space to host local traffic-driving community events such as X-box gaming sessions and pop-up nail salons.
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Canada Day I Spy Game
Your Blog » Canada Day I Spy Game
Previous: The 25 Best Puzzle Games On IPhone And IPad
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In puzzle games, puzzles cannot be judged in isolation. Each puzzle ought to be judged taking into account its role in the sequence of puzzles in the game. For example, a instruction puzzle will only be great if it happens in the proper location in the game. See difficulty and Progression beneath for much more on this aspect. Should you loved this short article and you would love to receive much more information with regards to visit the next post (blakedeason661.soup.io) please visit the next post the web page. Telephone quantity players dial on a landline to get an audio clue. Investigation suggests men and women who devote more time playing these games are also much more most likely to execute better in understanding, memory and information processing tests. Notion 17: Reveal a clue if a player sits on a piece of furnishings, such as a sofa or a bed.There is not simply one particular approach that is going to perform all the time. Before you dive into a puzzle, it's usually a very good thought to envision the larger picture of the puzzle. As an alternative of jumping into the puzzle, develop a program and try to identify a very good method on how to strategy the puzzle in a way that will lead to a fast answer. With out a plan, chances for achievement are quite slim.Doing Sudoku puzzles improves memory and carrying out crosswords improves verbal fluency and word games are wonderful for finding out vocabulary, University of Cambridge researchers have discovered. Notion 95: Write a message or draw a map on a surface with thermochromic paint. Give an icepack or rely on a player's body heat to reveal the hidden message.Currently, escape area games are springing up like mushrooms overnight and there are a lot more and a lot more of them in each and every city. If you are just getting began, make your life straightforward and resolve as a lot of Monday puzzles as you can. Sooner or later, you are going to be prepared for far more of a challenge, and that's when you move on to the Tuesday puzzles.Like other lotto games, if no player guessed the six numbers necessary for the jackpot, the windfall would roll-more than to the next week. In a 6x cage with three squares in the identical row or column, the candidates have to be 1, two, visit The Next post three. Thought 40: Give players a set of symbols that can be combined to create a word or a number. At present, escape space games are springing up like mushrooms overnight and there are much more and much more of them in each and every city. If you happen to be just receiving started, make your life effortless and resolve as a lot of Monday puzzles as you can. At some point, you are going to be ready for more of a challenge, and that's when you move on to the Tuesday puzzles.Occasionally the answer to the puzzle may well be in front of you. If you enter a dark area then you may just require to turn on the lights. Overthinking it may possibly ruin your enjoyment. Liquids are seldom used in escape room puzzles. Notion 92: Scatter white powder (salt, sugar, baking soda, flour) on a surface and make it crucial that players find out what it is.You can ask a lot of puzzle game developers where they got their inspiration and we're sure a excellent number will say it came to them although walking their dog or cooking a meal. Like any game genre, players tend to turn out to be more immersed into a game if it feels familiar to them - even puzzle games.five) Keep away from large groups operating on the exact same puzzle - There need to by no means be more than 3-4 people operating on the same puzzle, as lengthy as there are still unsolved puzzles left to do. Any far more than three-4, there are right away diminishing returns and there will almost surely be 1 individual who's just observing and does not really know what is going on.Donate your puzzle. Appear for a charity that will accept a utilized puzzle. Meticulously break down your completed puzzle and return the pieces to the box. Tape a note to the front of the box letting the recipient know that all the pieces are there, or if any are missing.Crossword puzzles are a traditional part of a lot of day-to-day newspapers. Seeking at the grid, go over the clues for any three-, 4- & five-letter words. There are reasonably handful of acceptable words of this length in the English language and so the very same words have a tendency to take place in many puzzles. This is also exactly where a lot of crosswordese crops up. It's useful to commit to memory many of the repetitive words, specifically the crosswordese, that appear in crossword puzzles.WEINTRAUB: Which brings us to another important point: Crossword editors adjust clues. They adjust a lot of them. At times they edit them to streamline the difficulty level across the complete puzzle, as Brad describes above. Or clues get changed because the editorial group came up with one thing much better. For instance, in one particular of my earlier puzzles, the clue I submitted for MEN'S Wear was pretty standard: Some runway sights. The clue that ended up in the published puzzle was It is tailored to guys. The fun wordplay tends to make that a far better clue.
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Back to Cadet Corps Database 101-200 page
#102 Cadet Corps
Name - 1st Hussars Cadet Corps
Location Sarnia, ON
Formed November 18, 1903 Disbanded Active
B Coy Feb 12, 1924 unknown
unknown (1903-13)
CI B. L. Cook (1914) Biography
CI F. S. Phillips (1915) Biography
CI Runnings (1916) Biography
Capt. A. S. Hardy Hill (1919-20) Biography
CI Mr. E. P. Winhold (1922-24) Biography (photo)
Capt. Charles Keeber (1926) Biography
CI Cyril Teskey (1927) Biography
CI Ken Fraser (1928) Biography
LCol S. G. Stokes, MC (1930) Biography
Capt. A.R. Mendizabal, DCM (1930-39) Biography (photo)
Capt. F. E. O’Donohue (1945-47) Biography
Maj Michael E. Harris (1951) Biography
Maj W.D.B. Ritchie (1951-55) Biography
Maj A. Baines (1969) Biography
Capt R.A. Griffin 1974) Biography
Capt R.B. McCarthy (1974-77) Biography
Capt James D. Irvine CD (1977 - 19 Nov 1980) Biography
Capt J.R. Kinchsular CD (19 Nov 1980 - 3 Feb 1986) Biography
Maj K. Pfisterer (3 Feb 1986 - 1988) Biography
Capt C.R. Osmond (1989) Biography
Capt K.B. Garrett (1990-92) Biography
Capt C.D. Russell (1992-96) Biography
Capt Graham Griffiths (1996-99) Biography (photo)
Capt John Tinsley (1999-2002) Biography (photo)
Capt Don Piggott (2002-2004) Biography
Capt Michael Mackenzie (2004-08) Biography
Capt Brian Brown, CD (2008-12) Biography
Lt N Brett Russell, CD (2012-13) Biography
Capt Harold Schuilenburg, CD (2014-17) Biography
Capt Randy Cunningham (2017 - present) Biography
C/ Capt. Campbell (1915)
C/Capt. Ross Gray (1916)
C/Capt. Stuart Henderson (1917)
C/Capt. James C. Patterson (1918-19)
C/Capt. A. S. Hardy Hill (1920)
C/Capt. Stanley Teskey (1921)
C/Capt. Ted Newton (1922)
C/Capt. Ross Hayes (1923)
C/Capt. Charles Grace (1924)
C/Capt. Gleed Workman (1925) (photo)
C/Capt. R. Nichol (1926)
C/Capt. Clifford Frayne (1927)
C/Capt. Dwight Simmons (1928)
C/Capt. Norm Patterson (1929)
C/Maj Kenneth Bell (1930-31)
C/Maj T. F. Doohan (1933)
C/Maj W. Reid (1934)
C/Maj W. Hutchinson (1935)
C/Maj Jack Clunie (1936)
C/Maj. N. Darrah (1937) (photo)
C/Maj. L. Allen (1938) (photo)
C/Maj James Doohan (1938-40)
C/Maj J. Forbes (1941)
C/Maj R. Kirby (1942)
C/Maj George Cruickshanks (1944)
C/LCol. Blake Willock (1945)
Cdt Bert Baldwin (1947-48)
1949 – Edward Clarke
C/Maj Allison Campbell (1950)
C/Maj J. Beaton (1951)
C/LCol Bob Cook (1952-53)
C/LCol Charles Beaton (1953)
C/LCol Harry Waite (1954)
Cdt John Cook (1959)
? Greg Sheppard (1972-73) (photo)
C/Capt Mike Hayes (1973-76) (photo)
C/MWO Tim Shand (1977-78)
C/MWO Dave Irvine (1979)
C/MWO Liz Shand (1980)
C/CWO Bruce Walker (1980-82)
C/CWO Phillip Eyre (1982)
C/CWO Scott Baldwin (1983)
C/WO Peter Elmenhoff (Sept - Dec 1983)
C/MWO Darren Traichevich (Jan - June 1984)
C/Capt Doug Henderson, C/MWO Steven Huffman (Jan - June 1985)
C/CWO Paul Loewenberg (Sept 1985-Oct 1986)
C/CWO Steven Filbeck (Nov 1986 - Jun 1987)
C/CWO Nick Thiel (Sept 1987 - Nov 1989)
C/CWO Shannon Leroux (1990)
C/MWO Cheryl Christian (1991)
C/MWO Andrea Leggett (1992)
C/CWO Mike McCall (1993)
C/CWO Tim Brown (1994-96)
C/CWO Chris Inchley (Fall 1996) (photo)
C/CWO Matt Williams (1997)
C/CWO M. Wyville (1998)
C/CWO T. Campbell (1999)
C/CWO C. Braybrook (2000)
C/CWO J. Wyville (2001)
C/CWO D. Kelly (2002)
C/CWO D. Williams (2003)
C/CWO E. Wright (2004)
C/CWO R. Giffels (2005)
C/CWO B. Krick (2006)
C/CWO J. Brown (2007) (photo)
C/CWO Laura Jones (2008)
C/CWO Andrew Thomson (2009
C/MWO Adam Thomson (2010)
C/MWO Jerry Jacklin (2011-June 2012)
C/CWO Luke Saint (June 2012-June 2014)
C/CWO Cora Shortt (June 2014 - June 2017)
C/CWO Ashlee Osmond (June 2017- Dec 2017)
C/CWO Laura Gould January (Dec 2017 - present)
Sarnia Collegiate Institute (1903-22)
present day Sarnia Collegiate Institute
Major Stirritt Armoury (1972-)
The Sarnia Collegiate Institute Cadet Corps was formed 18 Nov 1903, and given No 102 in 1904. In 1924, the corps was designated a battalion. Effective 25 Oct 1948 the Corps affiliated with 31st Artillery Regt. Effective 1 Jun 56 reaffiliation was with 7th Fd Regt RCA. The Corps became affiliated with 1st Hussars effective 1 Apr 1965. In the fall of 1971 three cadet corps (2563 Sarnia Central Collegiate Institute, 2602 Sarnia Northern Collegiate Institute and Vocational, 2690 St Clair Secondary School) were amalgamated with 102 Sarnia, keeping as affiliated unit the 1st Hussars. In the 1975 annual inspection report, the Corps was placed on probation due to low attendance. A letter 1085-11-4 (DCOS Ops) dated 8 Mar 76 extended probation until the next annual inspection. It was removed after the 1976 annual inspection. A change of sponsor effective 10 Mar 1977 from Lambton County Board of Education to Royal Canadian Legion, Branch 62, Sarnia. Effective 20 Feb 1991, the corps name was changed to 102 1st Hussars Cadet Corps.
see also #2563, 2602, and 2690 Cadet Corps
flocked shoulder flash, ca.WWII
2nd pattern shoulder flash ca.1950s
3rd pattern shoulder flash ca.1980s
1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945
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Home » Go see – Los Angeles: Doug Aitken at Regen Projects through October 17, 2009
« Go See – Paris: Takashi Murakami at Emmanuel Perrotin, through October 17, 2009
$27 million worth of Miro, Rembrandt, Matisse and Pollock stolen in Monterey, California »
Go see – Los Angeles: Doug Aitken at Regen Projects through October 17, 2009
Still from Doug Aitken’s ‘migration’ via Regen Projects
Doug Aitken’s film, ‘migration,’ makes its West Coast debut at Regen Projects in Los Angeles, along with an exhibition of new text-based light boxes. ‘migration,’ which was first shown at 303 Gallery in New York and then at the 2008 Carnegie International, shows a number of different wild animals in motel rooms across the US, acting as wild animals will do, but in settings unnatural, with only subtle variations. The film is shown at both of Regen Projects’ locations, projected outside of the Santa Monica Boulevard location from sunrise to sunset, and on a billboard inside the North Almont Drive location.
Doug Aitken [Artist’s Page]
Doug Aitken [Regen Projects]
Doug Aitken’s ‘Migration’ at Regen Projects [LA Times]
Doug Aitken at Regen Projects Preview [SlamXHype]
Doug Aitken at Regen Projects [Sundance]
Doug Aitken’s Migration [KCET]
Doug Aitken: Migration [Daily Serving]
DOUG AITKEN – LOS ANGELES [Look Into My Owl]
Installation view of Doug Aitken’s ‘migration’ via Regen Projects
Doug Aitken’s ‘Free’ via Regen Projects
Doug Aitken’s ‘migration’ via Regen Projects
‘Migration’ is the first part of a film trilogy entitled ‘empire,’ and recalls the idea of the frontier, of the displacement and adaptation that occurs. Speaking to the LA Times, Regen said, “We’ve exhausted the frontier in terms of geography. It’s not even something that’s technological anymore. With technology, it’s like, OK, we can do it and it will be done, and if it’s not done now it will be done eventually. Whether it’s programming or code or anything — it doesn’t really matter and it’s not very interesting to me. I’m interested in people, in how people occupy space and how they negotiate what they do and why.” Aitken’s animals act as stand-ins for people, in an inversion of the American expansion of the western frontier. The motel rooms are anonymous and near replicates of each other, but no reaction is the same.
Aitken’s light boxes use a juxtaposition of words, shapes, and photographs to explore ruptures, similar to those presented in ‘migration,’ that open up variables of interpretation. A view of a parking lot with the words ‘the handle comes up, the hammer comes down’ running through the image is cut into four light boxes shaped to spell the word, ‘FATE.’ A star shape shows the Los Angeles skyline at night.
Doug Aitken’s ‘migration’ runs September 12 through October 17, 2009 at Regen Projects and Regen Projects II in Los Angeles.
Doug Aitken’s ‘Heatwave’ via Regen Projects
Installation view of Doug Aitken’s light boxes at Regen Projects
Doug Aitken’s ‘the handle comes up, the hammer comes down’ via Regen Projects
Doug Aitken’s ‘Now’ via Regen Projects
Doug Aitken’s ‘new horizon’ via Regen Projects
This entry was posted on Tuesday, September 29th, 2009 at 11:23 pm and is filed under Go See. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.
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Home » London – Mark Grotjahn: “Pink Cosco” at Gagosian Gallery through September 17th, 2016
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London – Mark Grotjahn: “Pink Cosco” at Gagosian Gallery through September 17th, 2016
Mark Grotjahn, Pink Cosco (Installation View), All artworks © Mark Grotjahn. Courtesy the artist and Gagosian Gallery. Installation photography: Mike Bruce
Continuing his inquiries into the modes of perspective, constraint and repetition at play in the modes of contemporary art practice, Los Angeles-based painter Mark Grotjahn brings a new series of works to Gagosian Gallery in London, under the title Pink Cosco. Reprising several of his previous forms, particularly his painted “mask” sculptures, executed in bronze and covered in varied layers and styles of paint, Grotjahn again insists upon the beauty and precision to be discovered in variations on a theme.
Mark Grotjahn, Pink Cosco (Installation View) All artworks © Mark Grotjahn. Courtesy the artist and Gagosian Gallery. Installation photography: Mike Bruce
While Grotjahn’s work has often dwelled on repeated forms, this is the first show by the artist dedicated only to his masks. While creating the Butterfly series of paintings, the artist began to construct the original masks from cardboard boxes found around his studio, using them as an escape from the precision his other paintings required. He molded, painted, and cut the cardboard, adding toilet paper rolls for noses in each piece, offering a comical relief from the demanding work of his other projects. The pieces in the Masks series pose a similar uniformity to the Butterfly paintings, with their shared yellow and pink palettes and long, tubular noses, each transfered into a more permanent mode through their casting in bronze.
Mark Grotjahn, Untitled (Yellow Cosco II Mask M40.l), (2016) © Mark Grotjahn. Photo by Douglas M. Parker Studio
As the exhibition press materials describe, Grotjahn works along conceptions and exchanges in time, particularly between past and future. His works pull from Op art, abstraction, and pop in equal measure, yet their final form points more to an unspecified future form rather than an easily-read amalgamation of these influences. The Masks, for example, represent the artist’s “methodical efforts to occupy, represent, and envelop space.” Each item in this series is signed and marked with the date on which it was produced, brandishing the details of their individual generation for public consumption beyond a mere record-keeping.
The title of this exhibition comes from the name of a Cosco brand stepladder, reportedly used by the artist to reach far corners and paint the furthest reaches of his surfaces. The ladder’s cardboard box, in turn, offered one of the first surfaces on which Grotjahn could paint and create his new masks. The masks, all arranged on wooden pedestals, look down their long cardboard noses with disdain, possessing the same formulaic restrictions of materials and colors originally seen in the Butterfly series.
Mark Grotjahn, Untitled (Pink Cosco III Mask M40.d) (2015) © Mark Grotjahn. Photo by Douglas M. Parker Studio
In this exhibition, Grotjahn’s work speaks to both the subtle and overt variations that comes with any act repetition, reclaiming the unrelated releases of energy from his Butterflies as a series of works in their own right. The bold, centrally located artist’s signature and date emphasize the importance of time in this series, and relate themselves to work done elsewhere in the artist’s canon. While explicitly referencing art history and their own creation, these forms insist upon the present moment, and the multiplicities of time that they imply. Suggesting transformation through repetition, and offering another glimpse into the Grotjahn’s productive explorations of time, methodical repetition, and precision, Pink Cosco runs through September 17th.
—A. Corrigan
Exhibition Page [Gagosian Gallery London]
“Mark Grotjahn’s Momentous ‘Masks’ at Gagosian Gallery London [Blouinartinfo]
This entry was posted on Wednesday, September 7th, 2016 at 2:39 pm and is filed under Art News, Featured Post, Show. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.
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Board index Non-Fiction Artwork, Music and Photos Art Gallery
View original artwork, poems, etc. that have been created by this forum's members.
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Galvatron
Decepticon Leader
Location: Kill! Smash! Destroy! Rend! Mangle! Distort!
Re: Something big
Post by Galvatron » 2018-10-04 09:40am
How do you guys feel about this?
Imperial528
Post by Imperial528 » 2018-10-04 02:33pm
It more or less matches my thoughts. Throughout the OT and the PT, Star Destroyers are presented as being proper capital ships. Larger warships are rarely seen and the only example of a Super Star Destroyer is presented as a specialized fleet leader ship. This relationship holds more or less in the EU and New EU as well.
Given the roles a Star Destroyer performs (sector patrol ship, main line warship, planetary invasion platform, etc.) I don't think they at all fit in the modern paradigm of ship classifications, but they work nonetheless.
fractalsponge1
Contact fractalsponge1
Post by fractalsponge1 » 2018-10-04 08:47pm
Is there anything new in it? I feel like I'm really tired of this argument.
A ship can do whatever role it can do. That's different from what it was designed for. Like if a destroyer was designed as an escort for bigger ships and a wolf-pack boat, but spends its entire time playing battleship in the boondocks against armed freighters and gunships, it's still the same damn ship, designed for the same damn thing, but just used differently.
Like you know, when destroyers fight motor boats they are battleships, but they are also still destroyers and can be called destroyers. It's what happens when things scale across orders of magnitude.
http://fractalsponge.net
evillejedi
Padawan Learner
Contact evillejedi
Post by evillejedi » 2018-10-04 11:52pm
PhoenixKnig wrote: ↑
2018-10-03 07:32pm
Maybe could be a possibility of a modular task force Cruiser hull? I see some similarities in design profile.
partially, that was a piece of the original inspiration, plus a few other oddball Dark Empire background ships. I think my original version was more in the 4-5 KM range, but kept the very narrow profile as to reduce exposed area to planetary defenses.
The concept was a fleet cruiser version of the torpedo sphere, essentially vomiting out hundreds of corvette sized baradium warheads at theater and planetary shields and having a minimal hull and superstructure.
There is also a theory around the class of vessels such as the Vengeance SSD (Veric's from Jedi Knight) and some of the far background ships in Dark Empire employing a different, potentially older cruiser design philosophy of having a very elongated hull in a sword blade design with critical components far in the aft. Eliminating almost everything else of the vessel other than reactor, guns, necessary propulsion and enough superstructure to hold it together. (I can't find the in-universe reference right now) A big gun cruiser with punch, but no endurance, with the essential role of hyper in to the edge of the theater, alpha strike and hopefully no one consequential can shoot back. As long as you can approach the enemy head on and at range, the elongated forward hull gives ample room for armament, heat radiation and redundant shielding and bulkheads without producing a large target. Contrast this with the standard Daggerator class ship that fulfills multiple roles including babysitting systems, carrier functions and providing combat support functions that all take volume and expand the frontal profile of the vessel.
PhoenixKnig
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Post by PhoenixKnig » 2018-10-05 12:37am
evillejedi wrote: ↑
Are you referring to aggressor class destroyer?
Bullets always have the right of away
In this case no, I wasn't referring to that directly, though it is an obvious conclusion of the philosophy to just have a massive axial weapon. I was thinking of vessels that follow the Vengeance SSD profile that still maintain batteries of star cruiser scale weapons.
Scottish Ninja
Location: Not Scotland, that's for sure
Post by Scottish Ninja » 2018-10-07 11:22am
fractalsponge1 wrote: ↑
I think a destroyer can credibly be a virtual capital ship - if you look at the modern day, an Arleigh Burke is a destroyer, one which is more powerful than 90+% of other warships out there. Only a handful of navies have ships that can match it; many whole navies would struggle to fight one.
I think his definition of a destroyer is definitely the wrong way around, though; I believe what fundamentally defines a destroyer is that it's meant to screen capital ships against asymmetric threats - in 20th century history, first torpedo boats (hence the name Torpedo Boat Destroyer), then submarines, and then aircraft. In the period of the world wars destroyers did also absorb the role of the torpedo boat and played a role in attacking larger warships, but even before the missile age heavy antiship weapons were disappearing from destroyers - note that the Forrest Shermans had fewer torpedo tubes than their WW2 predecessors, and had those replaced by lightweight ASW torpedoes. Modern western destroyers carry a very limited amount of dedicated antiship missiles and even the Russian Sovremennyys carry only eight of their heavyweight Moskits, versus the much larger number of SAMs that predominate.
Now here's the rub: I don't think an ISD is very much of a destroyer by this definition, either! While we see them escorting what is certainly a capital ship, in official materials I don't believe we see much in the way of asymmetric threats beyond fighters, and I don't really see ISDs being effective anti-fighter screening ships. I think they're more properly cruisers (as they're referred to exclusively in ANH), for which I'll offer the following definition: a ship which is able to sail independently and project power (particularly for threatening tin-pot little countries and protecting trade), with a subsidiary fleet antiship role. The ISD fits this definition magnificently, with its firepower, demonstrated independence, and integral air wing and ground assault complement. It should be noted that cruisers are key ships for maintaining an empire, which is why Britain was so keen on imposing limits on their size in the interwar period, in order to be able to afford more of them. (Note that by this definition an Arleigh Burke is a cruiser as well! I don't think it's mutually exclusive with being a destroyer. Curiously enough, Japan has been giving their Burke derivatives their traditional first-class cruiser names.)
Of course the ISD is still officially called a destroyer. Can we think of a real-world ship class labeled a destroyer, but which fits that role badly and fits the role of a cruiser quite well? Yes, it's the Zumwalt-class, 15000 tons of being useless at fleet air defense or ASW and built around guns designed for the sole purpose of bombarding targets ashore - and being useless in that role, being reworked to fight surface ships. Almost a perfect match for the role and description of an ISD except that the ISD isn't just a hot mess.
I should note that in the context of Star Wars I lean towards ship classifications based on role, rather than size, with a number of caveats. Size seems more useful in the context of primarily symmetric warfare, as in the Age of Sail; the number of guns a ship carried was a useful proxy for its size and what it was able to effectively fight. That system decayed as ships trended towards carrying a smaller number of guns (making even battleships technically classed as sloops, with fewer than 18 guns) and the automobile torpedo introduced new opportunities for asymmetric naval warfare, and was replaced with classifications based on roles. However, it's still unclear to me the degree to which space warfare in Star Wars is symmetric or asymmetric; it seems like asymmetric tactics keep getting presented as "really extremely effective, but everyone is absolutely terrible at them". I do have some thoughts on how to square that circle, but I think it needs to wait for another fuckin' essay.
"If the flight succeeds, you swipe an absurd amount of prestige for a single mission. Heroes of the Zenobian Onion will literally rain upon you." - PeZook
"If the capsule explodes, heroes of the Zenobian Onion will still rain upon us. Literally!" - Shroom
Cosmonaut Ivan Ivanovich Ivanov (deceased, rain), Cosmonaut Petr Petrovich Petrov, Unnamed MASA Engineer, and Unnamed Zenobian Engineerski in Let's play: BARIS
Captain, MFS Robber Baron, PRFYNAFBTFC - "Absolute Corruption Powers Absolutely"
Location: Behind the Zion Curtain
Contact Knife
Post by Knife » 2018-10-07 06:06pm
I don't agree with him at all. Why any sci fi franchise should be shoehorned into WWII naval designations is asinine. And when talking about huge vessels with massive power output, no sense in NOT having multiple roles like battlehip/carrier. In fact, I always though a Battlestar was pretty common sense. If you have a frame with that much space, might as well toss a shit ton of weapons on it as well.
And though not the first, I'd also point out that the current US fleet's Destroyers are nothing like WWII destroyers and would be pocket battleships in any other era. Destroyers were never really that smaller than Frigates, unless you go back to Torpedo Boat Destroyers. And it would be ridiculous in a 3D environment like space to have ships with only one firing arc.
The space dock dude is totally lost in the over used and tired WWII framework for sci fi fleets.
They say, "the tree of liberty must be watered with the blood of tyrants and patriots." I suppose it never occurred to them that they are the tyrants, not the patriots. Those weapons are not being used to fight some kind of tyranny; they are bringing them to an event where people are getting together to talk. -Mike Wong
But as far as board culture in general, I do think that young male overaggression is a contributing factor to the general atmosphere of hostility. It's not SOS and the Mess throwing hand grenades all over the forum- Red
Post by PhoenixKnig » 2018-10-09 10:08pm
EJ I pm you
4K VicStar out now
Post by Abacus » 2018-10-19 10:48am
It's quite a nice one. I like the details on the VicStar.
"Does the walker choose the path, or the path the walker?"
Speaking of awesome stuff, that Tyrant missile cruiser is looking siiiick AF! It's awesome.
Abacus wrote: ↑
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Location: In a 1960s police telephone box somewhere in Australia
Post by mr friendly guy » 2018-10-19 12:18pm
I have a question about the video. The author thinks ideally a carrier should be purely to carry strike fighters and relies on other ships to protect it. I have very little knowledge of naval warfare so try not to kill me for this but here goes... while the US certain deploys carriers like this with battle groups, don't Russian carriers have the ability to operate somewhat independent of battle groups due to the fact they don't have the cash to create that many ships to accompany the carrier? If that's true, then doesn't that sort of run counter to his narrative that sci fi ships should sort of match the functions of modern naval ships if SOME modern naval ships are designed with different duties to those he thinks they should do.
Never apologise for being a geek, because they won't apologise to you for being an arsehole. John Barrowman - 22 June 2014 Perth Supernova.
Countries I have been to - 14.
Australia, Canada, China, Colombia, Denmark, Ecuador, Finland, Germany, Malaysia, Netherlands, Norway, Singapore, Sweden, USA.
Always on the lookout for more nice places to visit.
As far as classifying starships goes I got the sense that he follows a role-leads-to-design convention for what he ultimately ascribed to narrative desire. E.g. he believes that strictly noncombatant or reluctant combatant carrier designs are more narrative interesting even if they are not necessarily built that way for doctrinal or technological reasons the way surface carriers are.
Which is valid enough in his own works but I did get the feeling that he projects this desire onto other works where the reasons he uses to justify this convention do not hold water.
For clarification of my earlier post, I was agreeing with his specific point that Star Destroyer=/=DD in space, rather than the entire video.
ACupOfDarjeeling
Post by ACupOfDarjeeling » 2018-10-21 08:46am
I know this is a rather abrupt change in the conversation, from the debate of classifications of ships and the like, but I'm rather curious as to what Fractal's take on the Vengeance-class would be. Or any of your takes on the Vengeance, actually, seeing as it's a ship we never really knew much about before the Legends Decision happened.
I can't speak for fractal, but Here's something I've had on the back burner for a while, that is very unfinished that might give you an idea of how weaponry might be arranged. The gun batteries shown here are the same size and shape as the Assertors primary batteries, all the guns have a clear forward alpha arc and the reactor space should be enough to power this number of weapons, though it would not handle anywhere near the secondaries, ion canons and the axial laser and other weapons. Other than on the hull trench there really isn't clearance or room for more large gunnery, so point defense systems or missile batteries might be the option in the forward hull. the wings could support another battery, but in this case they are on the underside, there isn't enough thickness to stack them top and bottom.
https://imgur.com/a/MykU8Ua
I will say that I find the Vengeance to be a very attractive ship, but I find it hard to believe that it is a very efficient ship. In many respects it seems to be doubling down on speed and firepower and maybe hangar capacity (do we have a decent reference of that at all?) rather than durability or sustained power output like Executor, but without the sheer size of Executor to make up for it. Though the size may have changed... I vaguely remembering it being in the 10-12km range, with almost zero depth so barely any reactor volume. So particularly bad for the surface area/power ratio. Wouldn't be surprised if it had true destroyer acceleration though. O-class battlecruiser concept - wouldn't want one in a slugging match, but probably terrifying for destroyers.
I originally thought it was 12km as well, however more recent books put it at 19km, which looking back at the size of the Arc Hammer next to it in cutscenes is a possibility, but 12.9KM is the number I always had for it. I would also add that it would be terrifying to anything that wasn't prepared, essentially a first strike or bust. Given that there are multiple ships similar in Dark Empire with varying profiles I would hazard that it is a hull form that has different classes based off the same principle.
@Fractal
I was going through the battlecruisers again and happened to wonder: which is the more powerful -- that Procurator-class (or Procurator II as you likened it in a comment on your website) or the Allegiance-class? They both seem to be in a similar role, but judging by weapon emplacements, it seems as if the Procurator-class outguns the Allegiance by a fair margin.
Post by Galvatron » 2018-10-22 03:38pm
I will say that I find the Vengeance to be a very attractive ship,
Will you model it? I always wanted to see a properly textured Vengeance.
Elheru Aran
Post by Elheru Aran » 2018-10-22 03:42pm
Galvatron wrote: ↑
As opposed to the low poly flying sheet of glass the Jedi Knight FMV's rendered it as?
It's a strange world. Let's keep it that way.
I'm rather sad to say that the only images I could find of the Vengeance in its entirety are both non-official. The first comes from the Thrawn's Revenge mod for Empire at War. The other comes from an Eckhartsladder video on the ship- which was actually thing that reminded me the Vengeance actually existed at all, really.
I'll keep looking, see if I can any other attempts at a full-body shot.
Post by fractalsponge1 » 2018-11-01 12:12am
Allegiance getting a redux version with visible PD guns
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Contact Crossroads Inc.
Post by Crossroads Inc. » 2018-11-01 01:27am
tasty tasty PD guns! Always a plus!
Praying is another way of doing nothing helpful
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VersaTimer/Switch With Self-Latching Relay - June 2011
Publisher's Letter: Let's forget aobut a carbon tax and concentrate on the environment instead
Feature: The FutureWave Energy Saver by Ross Tester
Feature: Rescuing Electronic Gear After The Flood by Robert Googe
Project: 20A 12/24V DC Motor Speed Controller Mk.2 by John Clarke
Project: USB Stereo Recording & Playback Interface by Jim Rowe
Project: VersaTimer/Switch With Self-Latching Relay by John Clarke
Review: Marantz CD6003 CD Player by Leo Simpson
A Handy USB Breakout Box For Project Development by Jim Rowe
Vintage Radio: Radio manufacturing in 1925: the Wells Gardner story by Kevin Poulter
Items relevant to "20A 12/24V DC Motor Speed Controller Mk.2":
20A 12/24V DC Motor Speed Controller Mk2 PCB [11106111] (AUD $12.50)
20A 12/24V DC Motor Speed Controller Mk2 PCB pattern (PDF download) [11106111] (AUD $3.00)
Items relevant to "USB Stereo Recording & Playback Interface":
USB Stereo Record/Playback PCB [07106111] (AUD $20.00)
USB Stereo Recording & Playback Interface (PDF download) [07106111] (PCB Pattern, AUD $3.00)
USB Stereo Recording & Playback Interface front panel artwork (PDF download) (AUD $3.00)
Items relevant to "VersaTimer/Switch With Self-Latching Relay":
VersaTimer/Switch PCB [19106111] (AUD $10.00)
PIC16F88-I/P programmed for the VersaTimer/Switch [1910611A.HEX] (Programmed Microcontroller, AUD $10.00)
Firmware (ASM and HEX) files for the Versatimer/Switch [1910611A] (Software, Free)
Versatimer/Switch PCB pattern (PDF download) [19106111] (AUD $3.00)
Versatimer/Switch front panel design (PDF download) (Panel Artwork, AUD $3.00)
Items relevant to "A Handy USB Breakout Box For Project Development":
USB Breakout Box PCB [04106111] (AUD $10.00)
USB Breakout Box PCB pattern (PDF download) [04106111] (AUD $3.00)
1 mF 100nF 10k Vdd 2 RA0 RA7 RB4 RA1 RB5 RB3 RA3 0nF AN5 Q5 BC547 AN6 AN2 Q1 BC327 B 16 C A C B E 7 8 220nF C Q2 BC327 K C X Y C B E E 10k 15 9 TIMER X PULSE VR3 10k 12 + VR2 10k COM NO Y TP3 13 SINGLE COIL LATCHING RELAY +11.4V 1 1k RB1 LK4 POWER UP + + 0–5H 2 10nF 0–50s BOTH OPEN = 0–5m X Y By JOHN CLARKE VersaTimer/Switch RB2 RA4 Vss 5 3 Q6 BC547 B 11 6 1k TO RELAY COIL(S) A RB0 A Q4 BC337 TP2 470k l LED2 l Q3 BC337 2x470W 10 LED1 K C E IC1 PIC16F88-I/P 1 1k MCLR RA6 1k 10k 4 A 18 RESET S2 14 17 +5V 1 1k LK3 OPERATION DOUBLE COIL LATCHING RELAY MOMENTARY 2 10nF NC COM NO NC COM NO (NOTE: Q1, Q2, Q5 AND Q6 NOT REQUIRED FOR DOUBLE COIL RELAY) TOGGLE BOTH OPEN = FOLLOW LEDS Use it as a micropower switch, programmable timer and/or 12V battery protector K A D4: 1N4148 A K MCP1703T BC327, BC337, BC547 IN Do you have a D1-D3 switching application ZD1 that calls for a relay but B GND A current K needs very low drain? You won’t get satisfaction if you OUT E A K use a conventional relay – it pulls too much current. You need this circuit board which uses a 12V latching relay. As a bonus, it functions as a programmable timer and battery protector. T HIS PROJECT WAS first conceived to update the DC Relay Switch from our November 2006 issue. That project would operate a high-current relay in response to any DC or pulse signal and it also employed an optocoupler to provide full isolation between the control signal and the circuit being switched. Now while that project was OK there has been an increasing need for a relay switching circuit which consumes the 62 Silicon Chip very minimum of power, whether or not the relay is energised. The problem is that all conventional relays draw some current continuously when they are energised and that can be a major drawback in battery-operated circuits. The current through the relay coil depends on the particular relay. For 12V relays, the coil current can be as low as 12mA for a 500mA reed relay, 30mA for a 3A relay and more than 100mA for a 30A relay. This coil cur- C rent must be continuously applied to keep the relay contacts closed. The solution: use a latching relay. This type of relay only draws a brief pulse of current when its relay contacts are changed from the closed or open condition. At all other times, it draws no current at all. So how does a latching relay work? Well, instead of just using a moving armature (to operate the contacts) together with a coil wound on a steel siliconchip.com.au core (an electromagnet), a latching relay has a couple of bar magnets and these hold the relay contacts in one position (eg, closed) or the other (eg, open). The electromagnet effectively toggles the relay contacts from one position to the other just as you do when you operate a light switch in your home. However, in the light switch example, the switch is held in the open or closed position by spring action. By contrast, the latching relay uses magnets to do the same job. But while latching relays are good (ie, they don’t draw current continuously), they are much more difficult to drive than conventional relays. The circuitry required to drive them is more complicated as we shall see. Multiple functions As indicated, this “VersaTimer/ Switch” circuit drives a latching relay. It also provides a useful timer function which can provide latched or momentary operation and can switch power on for a predetermined period or switch it off after a predetermined period. Or it can switch on and off alternately, according to your settings. To top it off, it also provides a battery protection feature, preventing the battery from being too heavily discharged. This is important in circuits which run from lead-acid and particularly sealed lead-acid (SLA or gel) batteries. All these features are provided by a small PIC microcontroller. Now before you fall about laughing or reel back in dismay, stay with us while we give you the reasons for using a micro rather than a bunch of transistors and maybe a logic IC or two. Well that says it all really because a bunch of transistors and logic ICs would end up being a lot more complicated and provide less functions than our circuit. Nor would a discrete version have the low power consumption of this circuit. Latching relays use either one or two coils to drive the relay into each state. For a single coil type, you need a pulse of current to switch from one state to the other and then a pulse in the opposite direction to change state again. A double-coil latching relay requires a pulse of current in one coil to provide the set (on) position for the contacts and then another pulse of the same polarity to be applied to the second coil to produce the (off) reset condition for the contacts. There is more discussion on latching and non-latching relays in a siliconchip.com.au The circuit is housed in a standard IP65 case (115 x 90 x 55mm). Two versions can be built – one to switch the mains (as shown here) and one to switch voltages up to 30V DC <at> 2A. separate panel at the end of this article. The VersaTimer/Switch has been designed to suit both types of latching relay, ie, single or double-coil. The double-coil relay has DPDT 2A contacts and the single coil relay has SPST 60A (or 80A) contacts. The drive circuitry is also suited to other latching relays that may not necessarily fit onto the PCB for the VersaTimer/Switch. Because latching relays have differing pulse length requirements when switching relay states, the pulse duration can be adjusted to suit the relay specifications. Isolated triggering For most uses, a trigger signal is required for the VersaTimer/Switch. This trigger signal can be 0V for one relay position and 5V for the alternative relay position. For example, the trigger can be obtained from a circuit that drives a LED or from any other suitable voltage signal. In addition, the input trigger signal Main Features • Very low current drain • Electrically isolated control input • Low battery protection • 60A (or 80A) 250VAC SPST relay or 2A 30VDC DPDT relay • Relay options include input follow, alternate or momentary • Adjustable input switching sense • High, low or high and low switching with momentary action • Adjustable relay drive pulse duration • Timer periods from seconds to 5 hours Main Uses (1) Standalone timer (2) Low battery power switch or battery isolator (3) Low power relay control from DC or pulse signal June 2011 63 Specifications Supply voltage ....................................................................................................................12V nominal Relay type ...........................................................................................................................12V latching Relay drive pulse ....................................................................................................1-500ms adjustable Pulse current at 12V ........................15mA (<at>25ms) for SY-4060, 85mA (<at>60ms) for JMX-94F-A-Z Low battery threshold ............................................................................................. <11.5V (adjustable) Low battery upper threshold (switch back on) .............................................................................>12V Battery voltage monitoring ............................................................................................ 6ms every 10s Timer function ...........................0-50s (200ms minimum, ~200ms steps), 0-5m (8.4s minimum and 36 x 8.4s steps) or 0-5h (2.38m minimum and 127 x 2.38m steps) Isolation ..................................................2500VAC between coil and contacts for 60A and 80A relays Trigger input isolation .................................................................. up to 50V maximum recommended Quiescent current ..............................................................17µA maximum, 13.3µA measured at 12V; add 10.6µA when RB2 is low and add 0.6µA during any timing period Low battery quiescent current .......................................................................................................17µA Maximum trigger voltage ......................................................... 35V with 10kΩ 0.25W resistor for R1 Minimum input voltage ......................3.25V for R1 = 10kΩ (alternative R1 for lower voltages: 1.5kΩ for 1.5V, 3kΩ for 2V, 6.2kΩ for 3V) Minimum input trigger current at In+ and In- .............................................................................225µA Maximum input trigger current ................................................................................................... 60mA is optically isolated and can operate from a floating potential. Triggering can also be from a momentary pushbutton switch or toggle switch, depending on the application. When used as a replacement for a non-latching relay, the VersaTimer/ Switch responds to follow the input signal. So when the input signal is off, the relay is set to one state (for example, with its contacts open) and when the trigger signal is on (ie, trigger voltage is present) the relay is switched to its alternative state with its contacts closed. You can select which relay state occurs with which input signal. Low voltage monitoring This function is independent of the input triggering function. In addition, the typical current drawn by the VersaTimer/Switch is very low at around 13.3µA. Timer function The VersaTimer/Switch can be set to switch on or off with a trigger signal for a period from seconds through to five hours. It can be triggered from a high to low signal (eg, 5V to 0V), a low to high signal (eg, 0V to 5V) or from both voltage edges. Circuit description Refer now to Fig.1 for the complete circuit for the VersaTimer/Switch. It’s 64 Silicon Chip based on a PIC16F88-I/P microcontroller (IC1) which monitors the input trigger signal and drives the latching relay via transistors Q1-Q6. It also monitors the inputs that define all the circuit functions, including low battery protection. The trigger input is via IC2, a 4N28 optocoupler. This comprises an infrared LED and phototransistor in a 6-pin DIP package. When the infrared LED is not driven (off), the phototransistor is off. When the LED is on, the phototransistor is switched on. It can be driven by either AC or DC signals, since the internal LED is shunted with diode D4. The optocoupler provides isolation for the trigger input. This isolation allows the input LED to be driven from a signal that is not referenced to the supply ground of the VersaTimer/ Switch. We recommend a maximum of 50V between the LED drive signal and the supply ground for the VersaTimer/Switch. The input trigger current is typically 400µA when 5V is connected between the input “+” and “–“ terminals. This current is set by the 10kΩ limiting resistor (R1) and the 1V drop across the infrared LED. Minimum input trigger current is 225µA and so the input voltage can be as low as 3.25V, with a 10kΩ resistor. For lower input voltages, R1 can be changed to 1.5kΩ for 1.5V, 3kΩ for 2V and 6.2kΩ for 3V. The phototransistor inside IC2 is tied to the high (+5V) RB1 output of IC1 via a 470kΩ resistor. A 220nF capacitor keeps RB2 low when a lowvoltage 50Hz AC signal is applied to the trigger input. The 100Ω resistor is included at the emitter of the optocoupler transistor to limit the current when discharging the 220nF capacitor. S1 is included as a test switch to check the operation of the relay switching. Power saving strategies There are a number of aspects of this design which are included to save power. If the battery voltage is low, the 470kΩ pull-up resistor at RB2 is tied low via the RB1 output. This reduces the current flow should the phototransistor within IC2 be conducting due to infrared LED current. This feature reduces the supply current by 10.6µA when IC2 is conducting. While IC2 provides isolation of the input trigger signal, optocoupler IC3 is included simply to save power. IC3 is turned on when the RA0 output of IC1 goes high, to drive the internal infrared LED. This turns on IC3’s phototransistor to connect the voltage divider comprising the 22kΩ resistor and VR1 across the input supply, so that it can be monitored by the AN2 input. If this divider were permanently connected, then the current would be 363µA. By turning on the optocoupler for just 6ms every 10 seconds, we use 6.4mA to briefly drive the optocoupler LED but the average current to monitor the battery voltage drops to just 4µA. Power is also saved by running IC1 at 31.25kHz using an internal oscillator and divider. At this frequency, the microcontroller itself draws a mere 35µA. That’s pretty good but IC1 is also placed in sleep mode for most of the time, so that its current drain reduces to just 11µA (maximum). It’s awakened every 40ms for a short duration In addition, REG1 is a low quiescent power regulator that draws a mere 2µA. Further power savings are achieved by ensuring that IC1 applies voltage to trimpots VR2 and VR3 only at power up and when switch S2 (Reset) is pressed. These trimpots are used for setting the timer functions and are monitored by the AN6 and AN5 inputs of IC1. IC1 only needs to check these settings at power up as they do not change during operation. When the reset switch is pressed, siliconchip.com.au siliconchip.com.au June 2011 65 R1 10k l D4 A K 470W 2 1 K 10W A K 2 1 l IC2 4N28 4 5 TPG TP1 100W LOW (BOTH OPEN = HIGH & LOW) LK2 EDGE HIGH TRIGGERING LK1 COIL POLARITY ZD1 16V 1W S1 TEST 10nF 2 1 2 1 IN +5V 1 mF VERSATIMER/SWITCH 4 5 IC3 4N28 22k A D1 1N4004 OUT 1k 8 7 1 2 18 17 1 mF 100nF 470k A 220nF 10nF GND 14 4 RB2 RB1 AN2 Vss 5 RA4 RB0 AN6 AN5 RB3 RA6 RB5 RB4 RA7 MCLR IC1 PIC16F88-I/P RA3 RA1 RA0 Vdd 10k 3 6 13 12 9 15 11 10 16 A TP2 TP3 K 10k A VR3 10k 2 1 2 1 B MOMENTARY OPERATION E C C E A A ZD1 A Q3 BC337 K K D4: 1N4148 TOGGLE BOTH OPEN = FOLLOW LK3 0–50s BOTH OPEN = 0–5m 0–5H B Q1 BC327 B LK4 POWER UP VR2 10k E C 1k PULSE Q5 BC547 2x470W +5V TIMER 10nF 10nF D1-D3 1k 1k S2 RESET 10k D2 A K l K D3 Y Y X +11.4V + E C C E B B Q2 BC327 1k GND OUT IN MCP1703T K E B C BC327, BC337, BC547 A LEDS (NOTE: Q1, Q2, Q5 AND Q6 NOT REQUIRED FOR DOUBLE COIL RELAY) DOUBLE COIL LATCHING RELAY + + NC COM NO NC COM NO COM NO B Q6 BC547 100 mF 16V 10k E C 10k SINGLE COIL LATCHING RELAY Y X A Q4 BC337 K l LED2 A 2.2k TO RELAY COIL(S) X LED1 K +11.4V Fig.1: a PIC16F88-I/P microcontroller (IC1) is used to control the latching relay via switching transistors Q1-Q6 (or Q3 & Q4 only if a double-coil relay is used). IC1 also monitors the trigger input via optocoupler IC2 (ie, at its RB2 port), while other ports monitor the trimpot and link settings to set the edge triggering and relay modes, the timer and the power-up defaults. Optocoupler IC3 is included as a power saving measure – it turns on only when IC1’s RA0 port goes high and applies voltage to VR1 so that the PIC microcontroller can monitor the input supply rail. 2011 VR1 20k SC Ó 0V – INPUT + V+ 0V +12V REG1 MCP1703T-5002E/CB 0V 10k 1k S1 S2 TP2 IC2 VR3 VR2 100Ω Q5 470Ω 220nF 4N28 TP GND D3 4004 10k 2.2k LED2 LED1 10k TP3 4148 D4 4004 2 10k 1k IC1 PIC16F88-I/P – LK3 2 1 LK4 2 10nF RELAY 11160191 IC3 4N28 1 + 10nF IN 100 µF 1 100nF LK1 Q2 K 1k 10k TP1 470k V+ 1 LK2 2 1k 10nF 0V D2 10nF 470Ω +12V 10k K VR1 22k CON1 Q1 H CTI WS YALER G NI H CTAL D1 4004 (UNDER PCB) 1 µF CER 1k 16V 10Ω REG1 1 µF CER ZD1 470Ω Q4 Q3 WIRED FOR SINGLE COIL LATCHING RELAY 4148 D4 TP GND S2 100Ω VR2 TP2 VR3 D3 4004 H CTI WS YALER G NI H CTAL NO NC 11160191 CON3 COM NC NC NO COM 1k + + CON4 S1 RELAY NO COM MAXIMUM RELAY CONTACT RATING = 30VDC <at> 2A TP3 220nF 2.2k LED2 LED1 D2 4004 100 µF – – 470Ω 10k LK3 2 1 LK4 2 10nF 2 IC1 PIC16F88-I/P 0V 100nF LK1 IC2 – 1 4N28 + 1 µF CER 1 µF CER IC3 1 10nF IN 1 LK2 2 1k V+ K 10k TP1 470k 0V K 10nF 470Ω 4N28 10nF CON1 (UNDER PCB) VR1 22k 1k D1 4004 10Ω 16V +12V REG1 470Ω Q3 Q4 WIRED FOR DOUBLE COIL LATCHING RELAY Fig.3: this version uses the Jaycar SY-4060 double-coil latching relay which has contacts rated at 30VDC <at> 2A. DO NOT use this version to switch the mains or other high voltages. the RB3 pin, which is normally an input, is set as an output and it goes high to 5V for the time required to read the trimpot settings. When high, the circuit current is increased by 1mA. Yet another power saving tactic involves preventing inputs RA3, RA4 & RB0 from floating if their respective link selections LK2, LK3 & LK4 do not have a link inserted. Any input that 66 Silicon Chip Fig.4: regulator REG1 is a surfacemount device and is mounted on the underside of the PCB as shown here. You will need a fine-tipped soldering iron to install it – see text for details. Q6 Fig.2: this is the version to build if you want to switch the mains (230VAC). It uses a 12V 60A or 80A single-coil latching relay with the contacts on the side (see photo). Refer to Fig.5 for the mains wiring details. ZD1 REG1 ON UNDERSIDE OF BOARD floats between 0V and 5V will cause that input to draw power. This is prevented by periodically driving these ports low for 500µs every 40ms. The 10nF capacitors keep the ports low between each drive period. Relay driving options If you are using a single-coil latching relay, it is driven using transistors Q1-Q6. For a double-coil relay, only transistors Q3 & Q4 are used and the other four transistors are omitted. In this case, the “+” sides of the relay coils are connected to the +11.4V supply and either Q3 or Q4 is switched on to drive the set or reset coil. Diodes D2 and D3 quench the backEMF voltage spike when the driven relay coil is switched off. D2 clamps the voltage when Q3 switches off and D3 clamps the voltage when Q4 switches off. We need all six transistors to drive the single-coil latching relay because we need to change the connection polarity to the coil to provide the set and reset pulses. For one polarity, RB4 switches on transistor Q3 and this connects one side (X) of the coil to 0V while the other (Y) side of the coil is connected to +11.4V via transistor Q2 which is switched on by Q6 when RA6 goes high. For the opposite polarity drive, Q4 is switched on by RB5 and Q1 is switched on via Q5 when RA7 goes high. Diode D2 quenches the stored charge within the relay coil when Q3 is switched off and to ensure this diode fully shunts the current, transistor Q2 is kept conducting for sufficient time after Q3 is switched off. Similarly, when Q4 is switched off, transistor Q1 is kept conducting to allow D3 to fully clamp the voltage as the coil field collapses. Link options Link LK1 selects the set or reset polarity for the relay coil drive circuitry. This is necessary for the battery protection function, so that the relay disconnects the load if the voltage siliconchip.com.au DPDT relay version uses less transistors and resistors compared to the SPST relay version. Figs.2 & 3 shows the parts layout on the PCB for the two versions. Start the assembly by installing regulator REG1 on the underside of the board as shown in Fig.4. This surface-mount part can be easily installed by first using a pair of self-closing tweezers to hold it in place while one of its legs is soldered. That done, check that the component is positioned correctly over the mounting pads before soldering the remaining two pins. Once REG1 is in position, flip the board over and install the single wire link. This goes in just below VR1 and you can either use 0.7mm diameter tinned copper wire or a 0Ω resistor. The resistors are next on the list. Table 1 shows the resistor colour codes but you should also check each one using a digital multimeter before soldering it into position. Follow with diodes D1-D4 and zener diode ZD1, taking care to ensure that they are all correctly orientated. Now for the transistors. Install Q1Q6 for the single-coil relay version but note that only Q3 & Q4 are installed if you are using the double-coil relay. Take care to install the correct transistor type in each position and make sure that they are correctly orientated. IC2 and IC3 can now be installed, along with an 18-pin socket for IC1. These parts must also be correctly orientated – see Figs.2 & 3. Leave This assembled PCB is for the version shown in Fig.3. Take care with parts orientation. drops below the threshold voltage set by trimpot VR1. The adjustment procedure is described later in this article. Links LK2-LK4 can be tied to the RA0 output (which can be high) or tied low to 0V. Alternatively, the associated inputs – RA3, RA4 & RB0 – can be left open circuit (ie, without a link). IC1 checks whether or not a link is installed by first setting its RA0 output high. If a link has been installed between the “A” terminal and an input, that will then cause that input to go high. Conversely, if a link has been installed between an input and 0V, that input will go low. An input without a link connection can be driven both high and low. Reading the input levels after driving the RA3, RA4 and RB0 pins high and low as outputs allows IC1 to determine which links are installed. LEDs 1 & 2 indicate the relay switching. LED1 lights whenever transistor Q3 is switched on and LED2 lights whenever Q4 is switched on. The length of time each LED lights is set by the relay pulse length. Construction The VersaTimer/Switch is built on a PCB coded 19106111 and measuring 103 x 78mm. This fits neatly inside an IP65 polycarbonate case measuring 115 x 90 x 55mm, with the PCB secured to the integral stand-offs using M3 x 6mm screws. Begin be checking that the PCB has the necessary corner cut-outs so that it fits into the box. It can be filed to shape if necessary using the PCB outline shape as a guide. That done, check the PCB for any breaks in the tracks or shorts between tracks and pads. Check also that the hole sizes are correct by test fitting the larger parts (ie, the screw terminal blocks and relay). The corner mounting holes should be 3mm in diameter. Note that two different versions can be built, each using a different relay. Both use 12VDC latching relays but these have different contact configurations and ratings. One relay is a double-coil type with 2A DPDT contacts (Jaycar SY-4060), while the other is a single-coil type with 60A or 80A 250VAC SPST contacts. Follow the correct overlay diagram for your particular relay. The assembly is almost exactly the same for each version. However, the Table 2: Capacitor Codes Value 1µF 220nF 100nF 10nF µF Value 1µF 0.22µF 0.1µF 0.01µF IEC Code EIA Code 1u0 105 220n 224 100n 104 10n 103 Table 1: Resistor Colour Codes o o o o o o o o o siliconchip.com.au No. 1 1 2/6 1 3/5 3 1 1 Value 470kΩ 22kΩ 10kΩ 2.2kΩ 1kΩ 470Ω 100Ω 10Ω 4-Band Code (1%) yellow violet yellow brown red red orange brown brown black orange brown red red red brown brown black red brown yellow violet brown brown brown black brown brown brown black black brown 5-Band Code (1%) yellow violet black orange brown red red black red brown brown black black red brown red red black brown brown brown black black brown brown yellow violet black black brown brown black black black brown brown black black gold brown June 2011 67 4148 4148 PCB M3 x 15mm TAPPED NYLON SPACER AGAINST SIDE OF PRESSPAHN COVER (HELD IN PLACE VIA M3 x 6mm NYLON SCREW) RELAY RELAY CONTACT TERMINALS HEATSHRINK SLEEVING COVERING SOLDER JOINTS & TERMINAL ENDS PRESSPAHN COVER OVER MAINS CONNECTIONS (SEE BELOW) CABLE TIE HOLDS END OF CABLE IN PLACE This view shows how the mains wiring is installed. Insulate the relay terminals with heatshrink and be sure to use Nylon screws to secure the Presspahn cover. Heavy cable will be required to cope with high currents. M3 x 6mm NYLON SCREW & NUT BOX USE M3 x 6mm NYLON SCREW FOR MOUNTING THIS CORNER OF PCB CORD GRIP GROMMET header strip. Install them in the positions shown but leave the jumper links off for the time being. Finally, complete the PCB assembly by installing PC stakes at TP1, TP2, TP3 & TP GND, followed by switches S1 & S2. These miniature switches go in at the bottom left of IC1. SHEATHED MAINS RATED CABLE Fig.5: here’s how to wire the version shown in Fig.2 to switch the mains. Make sure that the 2-wire mains cord is adequately rated for the job and that it is anchored to the case using a cordgrip grommet. You must also insulate the relay terminals with heatshrink and make a Presspahn cover (see below) to isolate the mains connections from the low-voltage circuitry. Mounting it in the case 15 PRESSPAHN COVER CUTTING & FOLDING DETAILS 27 27 FOLD UP FOLD UP FOLD UP FOLD UP 27 27 27 Fig.6: the Presspahn insulating cover is cut from a 108 x 42mm sheet and is folded to form a box, as shown here. You will need to drill holes in the righthand section to accept the Nylon securing screws and a cable tie. microcontroller IC1 out of its socket for the time being. It’s installed later, after the power supply checks have been completed. Follow with the capacitors and trimpots VR1-VR3. Make sure the electrolytic capacitor goes in the right way around and be careful not to get the trimpots mixed up. VR1 is a 20kΩ unit while the other two are 10kΩ types. The 6-way screw terminal blocks are made up by dovetailing either two 3-way or three 2-way blocks together. These can be installed now, with their openings towards the adjacent edge of 68 Silicon Chip the board. Note that the second 6-way screw terminal block is only required for the DPDT relay version (Fig.3). Installing the LEDs The two LEDs are mounted so that the top of each LED is about 8mm above the PCB. This can be achieved by sliding a 3mm cardboard spacer between their leads when soldering them into position. Take care with their orientation – the anode lead of each LED is the longer of the two. The 3-way headers for LK1-LK4 are simply snapped off a single in-line Before fitting the PCB, you will need to drill holes in the case to accept the external leads. For mains switching, you will need to fit a cable gland at one end of the case (for the input trigger and supply leads) and a mains cordgrip grommet (to secure a mains lead) on one side of the case as shown in Fig.5. If you are not switching mains voltages (ie, you are using the arrangement shown in Fig.3), then you will need to install cable glands at both ends of the case, in line with the centres of the screw terminal blocks. Note that only the SPST 60A or 80A relay is suitable for switching mains voltages and this must be installed using the arrangement shown in Fig.2 and Fig.5. The 2A DPDT relay (Jaycar SY-4060) used in Fig.3 is not suitable for mains switching. In addition, the track spacing on the PCB is NOT suitable for mains voltages. Mains switching Fig.5 shows how to wire the unit to switch the mains. However, do NOT attempt to do this unless you are experienced at working with high-voltage siliconchip.com.au wiring and know exactly what you are doing. Make sure also that the mains cable is adequately rated for the load current. Our prototype shows a light-duty 7.5A cable in place but you must use a heavier cable for higher currents. A cord grip grommet is used to secure the sheathed mains-rated cable to the box (for cables up to 10A). The hole for this grommet must be carefully sized and shaped so that the cord is clamped securely when the grommet is inserted into this hole. That last step is critical – if the hole is too big, the cord will not be clamped securely. As shown, the mains leads are soldered directly to the relay terminals and these must then be insulated using 10mm-diameter heatshrink sleeving. Do not bend the relay terminals as they are liable to break. In addition, it’s necessary to isolate this mains section from the low-voltage circuitry using a Presspahn cover. Fig.6 shows how to make this cover. It’s cut out from a 108 x 42mm piece which is then folded as shown to make a box. Once it’s made, you will need to drill holes in the righthand 27 x 27mm section to match the four 3mm holes (including the mounting hole) in the corner of the PCB. That done, the Presspahn cover can be attached to the PCB using an M3 x 6mm Nylon screw and nut – see Fig.5. The mains lead is then secured to the PCB using a cable tie which loops down through two of the other holes. Before finally installing the board in the case, it will also be necessary to connect the supply and trigger wiring to the 6-way screw terminal block. The PCB assembly can then be dropped into the case and secured using M3 x 6mm screws. Note that you must use a Nylon screw for the corner hole that goes though the Pesspahn (ie, the two screws used to secure the Presspahn material must both by Nylon types). Using Nylon screws ensures that the mains remains isolated from the low-voltage section of the PCB, even if one of the mains wires breaks away from its relay terminal and contacts one of these screws. In addition, a Nylon screw and an M3 x 15mm tapped Nylon spacer is attached to the side of the box, directly above transistors Q4 & Q6. This holds the side of the Presspahn material in place and ensures that it remains siliconchip.com.au The Presspahn insulation folds over to box in the mains connections. Note that one relay terminal protrudes through the side of the cover and this must be insulated using heatshrink sleeving. in position when it’s folded over to form a box and the lid attached. It also stops the Presspahn from bending and damaging the transistors. Complete the assembly by fitting the front panel label. It can be downloaded in PDF format from the SILICON CHIP website. Setting up With IC1 out of circuit, apply power (eg, from a 12V battery) to the +12V and 0V inputs and check the voltage between pin 14 of IC1’s socket and TP GND. This should be very close to 5V, ie, between 4.98V and 5.02V. If this is correct, switch off and insert IC1 into its socket, taking care to orientate it correctly. Now measure the supply voltage applied to the circuit at the +12V input. Using a calculator, divide this voltage by three. Next, use your DMM to monitor the voltage between TP1 and TP GND and press switch S2. Adjust VR1 so that the DMM reads the supply voltage divided by three value, as calculated above (eg, if the supply voltage measures 12.3V, adjust VR1 to give 4.1V between TP1 and TP GND). This adjustment sets the low-battery switch-off value to 11.5V, with the circuit then remaining in standby until the battery voltage rises to 12V. The actual voltages measured by IC1 are 3.83V for the low battery switch-off and 4V for the relay return voltage. This setting can be changed if a different low-battery switch-off voltage is required. The required voltage at TP1 is calculated simply by first dividing the required low-battery switch-off voltage by 3.83V. This value then becomes the divisor for the input supply voltage and the resulting divided value becomes the voltage setting for TP1. For example, let’s say that the required low-battery switch-off voltage is 11V. In this case, 11V divided by 3.83 = 2.87. If the battery voltage is exactly 12V, we simply divide this by 2.87 to get 4.18V. This voltage is then set at TP1 using trimpot VR1. The switch-on (ie, resume) voltage after a low voltage has been detected is now the 4V return voltage multiplied by 2.87. This gives 11.48V. Relay pulse duration Trimpot VR2 sets the pulse duration for the relay. In practice, this can be set anywhere from 0-500ms, with 1V on VR2’s wiper giving 100ms (ie, divide the voltage reading by 10). To carry out this adjustment, connect a DMM between TP2 and TP GND and press S2. It’s then just a matter of adjusting VR2 to set the recommended pulse duration for the relay. For the Jaycar SY-4060, the pulse duration required is about 25ms, so VR2 is set to give 250mV on TP2. For the 60A and 80A relays, the pulse June 2011 69 4148 – TRIGGER IN – – 0V CONTACT SET 1 COM 11160191 + NO + + NC V+ COM 0V H CTI WS YALER G NI H CTAL +12V +12V NO 0V NC NO LINK LK1: LK1 sets the relay state when the battery is low. Generally, this is set so that the relay’s NO and COM contacts open when the low-battery cut-out point is reached, to remove battery power from the load. This is done by installing LK1 in position 2. If you use a different relay to the types specified, then LK1 may need 4148 WIRING AN EXTERNAL TRIGGER SWITCH DOUBLE COIL RELAY VERSION CONNECTIONS Setting the links 0V EXTERNAL SWITCH CONTACT SET 2 Fig.7: this diagram shows the external connections to the double-coil relay version. It’s suitable for switching low voltages only (up to 30VDC <at> 2A). needs to be equal to or greater than 60ms which means that VR2 should be set to give at least 600mV. V+ WIRE LINK NC COM MAXIMUM RELAY CONTACT RATING = 30V <at> 2A 4148 4004 4148 16V 4004 16V Fig.8: here’s how to wire an external trigger switch (both versions). to be placed in position 1 to achieve the same result, ie, so that the contacts are open on low battery. You can ensure that LK1 is correct by checking that the relay’s contacts open when the supply is reduced below 11.5V or if VR1 is adjusted fully anticlockwise. You will need to wait about 10s for the low-battery voltage to be detected and the relay switched. Be sure to readjust VR1 to its correct position after checking this operation, as described previously. LED1 lights briefly when the relay contacts close, while LED2 lights briefly when they open. This assumes that you are using one of the specified relays and that LK1 is in position 2. The operation of the LEDs is reversed if LK1 is placed in position 1. LINK LK2: LK2 sets the input trigger edge level. With LK2 in position 2, the relay is triggered when the input signal drops from a high level to 0V (ie, a falling edge trigger). In position 1, the relay triggers on a rising input signal, eg from 0V to 5V (or similar). If LK2 is left out, the relay triggers Table 3: Link Settings & Trimpot Adjustments Link Setting Position 1 Position 2 Open Notes LK1 Low Battery State NO contacts closed on low battery NO contacts open on low battery Not used Relay contact state with low battery LK2 Edge Triggering Triggers on high-going input & when S1 closes Triggers on low-going input & when S1 opens Triggers on both edges and when S1 closes or opens LK3 Operation Momentary with timer Toggle (or alternate) Follow input LK4 with LK3 set for Timer Mode 0-5h 0-50s 0-5m VR2 sets value LK4 with LK3 set for Toggle Mode Powers up with NO contacts closed Powers up with NO contacts open Not used Power up relay state Adjustments Use VR1 Sets low battery switching voltage TP1 monitors divided battery voltage with S2 pressed VR2 Relay pulse duration 0-500ms TP2 monitors VR2 setting with S2 pressed VR3 Timer value TP3 monitors VR3 setting with S2 pressed S1 Test operation S2 Resets timer and sets changed links and adjustments Press whenever links or adjustments are made S2 Press and hold at power up to change timer relay state Selects either NO contact closed with timer or NO contact open with timer 70 Silicon Chip siliconchip.com.au on both rising and falling edges. LINK LK3: LK3 sets the relay operation to either Momentary mode (position 1), Toggle mode (position 2) or Follow mode (no link). The Momentary mode operates with a timer. Once triggered, the relay switches on for the timer duration and then turns off again. By contrast, in Toggle mode, the relay changes state on each trigger signal. Once triggered, it remains in that state until the next trigger signal arrives. The Follow mode allows the unit to be used as a replacement for a standard relay. It duplicates the operation of a standard (non-latching) relay. LINK LK4: LK4 sets the timer range for the Momentary mode. LK4 in position 1 gives a range of 0-5 hours, position 2 gives 0-50 seconds and no link gives 0-5 minutes. The exact time-out value is set by trimpot VR3. For the 0-50s range (position 2), 1V at TP3 (with S2 pressed) gives 10s, 2V gives 20s and so on, up to 5V which gives 50s. Other voltages give corresponding timeout values, eg, 0.5V gives 5s and 2.5V gives 25s. Similarly, for the 0-5 hour range (position 1), 1V at TP3 is equivalent to 1 hour and for the 0-5 minute range (LK4 not installed), 1V at TP3 is equivalent to 1 minute. Switch S2 can be used to cancel (or reset) the time-out during timing. Any retriggering during timing will be ignored. By default, the unit is set so that during timing, the relay’s NO contact is closed. This means that the NO contacts are normally open at power up and after time-out. However, this can be changed so that the relay’s NO contact is closed at power up and open during timing. To do this, press and hold S2 for 5s during power up and the option will be set. Repeat this procedure to revert to the default mode. Link LK4 can also be used when the unit is set to Toggle mode (LK3 in position 2), to select the relay state at power-up. Installing LK4 in position 1 sets the NO contacts closed at power-up, while position 2 sets the NO contacts open at power-up. LK4 has no effect in the Follow mode. trigger the unit, so that you can test the unit without having to feed in an external trigger signal. LEDs1 & 2 indicate the relay operation. As stated, LED1 briefly lights when the relay contacts close, while LED2 briefly lights when they open. Test switch Triggering input Test switch S1 allows you to easily check the results of the above link settings. It simply allows you to manually The IN+ and IN– inputs are used to trigger the VersaTimer/Switch. The maximum trigger voltage is 35V and siliconchip.com.au Parts List 1 PCB, code 19106111, 103 x 78mm 1 115 x 90 x 55mm IP65 polycarbonate enclosure 1 12VDC latching relay (see below) 1 DIP18 IC socket 2 3-6.5mm diameter cable IP65 cable glands 2 3-way PC-mount screw terminal blocks, 5.08mm spacing 1 12-pin SIL pin header with 2.54mm spacings (broken into 4 x 3-way headers) 4 2.54mm pin spacing jumper plugs 2 momentary pushbutton 2-pin PC mount switches (S1,S2) 4 M3 x 6mm screws 4 PC stakes 1 20kΩ miniature horizontal trimpot (VR1) 2 10kΩ miniature horizontal trimpots (VR2,VR3) Semiconductors 1 PIC16F88-I/P microcontroller (IC1) programmed with 1910611A.hex 2 4N28 optocouplers (IC2,IC3) 1 MCP1703T-5002E/CB 250mA 5V low-dropout low-quiescent current regulator (REG1) 2 BC337 NPN transistors (Q3,Q4) 1 3mm green LED (LED1) 1 3mm red LED (LED2) 3 1N4004 1A diodes (D1-D3) 1 1N4148 signal diode (D4) 1 16V 1W zener diode (ZD1) Capacitors 1 100µF 16V PC electrolytic 2 1µF monolithic ceramic 1 220nF MKT polyester 1 100nF MKT polyester 4 10nF MKT polyester Resistors (0.25W 1%) 1 470kΩ 3 1kΩ 1 22kΩ 3 470Ω 2 10kΩ 1 100Ω 1 2.2kΩ 1 10Ω Additional parts for 30V 2A DPDT version 1 12VDC DPDT 2A <at> 30VDC latching relay (Jaycar SY-4060) 2 3-way PC-mount screw terminal blocks, 5.08mm spacing Additional parts for 250VAC 60A or 80A SPST version 1 12V SPST 80A <at> 250VAC latching relay [Oatley Electronics JMX-94F-A-Z (www.oatleyelectronics.com)] Or 1 12V SPST 60A <at> 250VAC latching relay [Virtual-village (www.virtual-village.com.au) or see www.virtualvillage.com.au/4-x-12v-coilpolarized-latching-relays60a-250v-ac-003602-027.html] 2 BC327 PNP transistors (Q1,Q2) 2 BC547 NPN transistors (Q5,Q6) 4 10kΩ 0.25W 1% resistors 2 1kΩ 0.25W 1% resistors Additional parts for for mains control switching 1 108 x 42mm Presspahn sheet 2 M3 x 6mm Nylon screws 1 M3 x 15mm Nylon screw 1 M3 tapped Nylon standoff 15mm long 1 M3 nut 1 cord grip grommet to suit the sheathed mains cable 1 100mm cable tie the minimum is 3.25V if the 10kΩ resistor used for R1. The trigger signal must be capable of delivering about 400µA with a 5V supply. Note that R1 should be changed to 6.2kΩ for a 3V trigger input, 3kΩ for a 2V trigger input and 1.5kΩ for a 1.5V trigger input. Note also that the triggering input is electrically isolated so that a voltage that is not referenced to the Versa Timer/Switch circuit can be used as June 2011 71 Latching relay A latching relay differs from a standard (non-latching) relay in that it will remain in either state (or latch) without further power. In some ways, this is analogous to a conventional household light switch – when the switch is flicked to one position, it remains there until the actuator (or switch lever) is switched back to its alternative position. However, instead of the switch lever, a latching relay uses a coil and an armature to activate the switching action. a trigger. The voltage differential between the trigger source and the Versa timer/Switch circuit should limited to a maximum of 50V. The triggering sensitivity is quite good. In fact, the unit can be triggered 72 Silicon Chip Fig.10(a) shows the internal construction of a latching relay. It includes two horseshoe-shaped bar magnets which are positioned between the C-shaped core (or pole pieces) of the relay coil. These two bar magnets are physically separated and attached to a pivot which allows the assembly to rotate clockwise and anticlockwise between the C-core. This pivoting assembly is called the “armature”. When the armature is in its anticlockwise position, the top bar magnet’s south pole is attracted to the top section of the currently non-magnetised C-core (or pole piece), while the bottom bar magnet’s north pole is attracted to the lower section. As a result, the armature is held in that position. Note that the bar magnets can be horseshoe shaped as shown in Fig.10(a) or they can be two straight bars with north on one face and south on the other. The latching relay depicted in Fig.10(a) is activated by applying a voltage to the coil, so that the current flows in a direction that causes the top of the C-core to become a south pole and the bottom to become a north pole. When that happens, the like south poles at the top and the like north poles at the bottom are repelled from each other. At the same time, the south pole at the top of the C-core attracts the north pole of the top magnet, while the north pole at the bottom of the C-core attracts the south pole of the bottom armature magnet. As a result, the armature rotates clockwise to the position shown in Fig.10(b). The armature now remains (or latches) in this position, even after coil current is removed. That’s because the north pole at the top of the armature is still attracted to the C-core (which becomes non-magnetised when the coil current ceases). Similarly, the south pole at the bottom of the armature is attracted to bottom pole piece of the now non-magnetised C-core. Flipping back Getting the relay to latch back into its previous position simply involves feeding a by connecting the input across an indicator LED in an external device (ie, it will trigger when the LED lights). Note, however, that R1 should be reduced to either 3kΩ or 1.5kΩ to ensure reliable triggering in this situation. FLEXIBLE CONNECTION POLE (INSIDE COIL) ARMATURE CONTACTS COIL COIL CONNECTIONS NC NO COM NON-LATCHING RELAY CONSTRUCTION A V+ RELAY NC COM NO 2 1 S1 B NON-LATCHING RELAY DRIVE V+ RELAY NC S1 C COM The most common relay is the standard non-latching type. This comprises a relay coil, an armature and switch contacts as shown in Fig.9(a). When no current flows through the coil, the relay contacts are held in their normal position by spring tension, with the NC (normally closed) contact resting against the COM (common) contact and the normally open (NO) contact left open. Conversely, when the relay is powered, the current through the coil causes the armature to be attracted to the coil’s pole piece and this moves the relay contacts to their opposite position. As a result, the COM contact closes against the NO contact and the NC contact opens. Fig.9(b) shows how a standard nonlatching relay can be driven using a switch. The switch (S1) simply connects power to the coil when it is closed. Another arrangement for the non-latch ing relay is when the common (COM) and normally open (NO) contacts are used together with a momentary contact switch to form a self-latching operation – see Fig.9(c). Pressing the pushbutton switch (S1) activates the relay and closes the NO and COM contacts. These contacts now form a parallel connection across S1 so that when S1 is opened, the relay coil remains energised. These closed contacts (or other con tacts) can also be used to power external circuitry. Note, however, that this selflatching relay circuit is not the same as a latching-type relay, since the relay continues to draw coil current. SPRING PIVOT NO Latching Relays: How They Work SELF-LATCHING RELAY CONNECTION Fig.9: internal details of a non-latch ing relay (A) plus non-latching (B) and self-latching (C) drive circuits. Finally, connect the inputs as shown in Fig.8 if you want to trigger the unit using an external pushbutton switch. Note that the switch current adds to the battery drain while it is pressed SC and is 1.1mA at 12V. siliconchip.com.au Latching relay variations Latching relays come in two different types: single coil and double coil. As stated, the single coil latching relay changes state depending on the polarity of the voltage applied to the coil. By contrast, a double-coil type relay uses one coil to set the contacts one way and another coil to reset them back the other way. The advantage of the double-coil relay is that fewer components are required to drive it. Fig.11(a) shows how a single-coil latching relay can be driven using a DP3P switch. In position 1, the top of the coil is at ground and the lower end of the coil is connected to the positive supply. This causes the relay to be in its reset state, with the NO contact open and the NC contact shorted to the COM contact. In position 2, no current flows to the coil while in position 3, the coil current is reversed and the relay switches to the siliconchip.com.au ACTUATOR ARM ACTUATOR ARM POLE PIECE S S RE ARM A TU POLE (INSIDE COIL) COIL PIVOT N S S POLE PIECE 2 1 OPEN COM OPEN COIL CONNECTIONS A POLE PIECE CONTACTS LATCHING RELAY CONSTRUCTION COIL CONNECTIONS CLOSED 2 COIL S N CONTACTS 1 S N PIVOT RE ARM ATU N POLE PIECE POLE (INSIDE COIL) N N CLOSED COM current pulse through the coil in the opposite direction. This forces the top pole piece to become a north pole and the bottom pole piece to become a south pole. As a result, the armature rotates anti-clockwise, back to the position shown in Fig.10(a) Note that the current direction through the coil must be correct in order to get the relay to change state. If it isn’t, the armature remains in its present position. Note also that the north and south markings for the pole pieces in Figs.10(a) & 10(b) are those that would cause the armature to rotate to the position shown. However, as stated, these poles become non-magnetised when coil current ceases. In practice, the coil current is only required for a brief period in order to move the armature to its alternative position. The current pulse can be as short as 5ms for small relays and about 60ms for larger relays. It’s both undesirable and unnecessary to have the coil energised permanently. Prolonged magnetisation of the pole pieces can cause them to become permanently magnetised (called “remanent magnetism”). When this happens, the latching action is less effective in one position (ie, where the remanent magnetism repels the attracted pole after power is removed). This also reduces the current rating of the contacts due to reduced contact pressure. As shown, the armature of the latching relay drives a lever and this in turn opens and closes the contacts. The accompanying photos also show a latching relay with the armature in its alternative positions. LATCHING RELAY IN ALTERNATE STATE B Fig.10: how a latching relay works. It uses magnets at either end of a moving armature which are attracted/repelled by the polepieces, depending on the direction of the current pulse applied to the coil. These inside photos show the two armature positions inside a single-coil latching relay. The armature remains in its last position until the next current pulse is applied to the coil (ie, it self-latches). set position. As a result, the COM contact closes against the NO contact and the NC contact is now open. Fig.11(b) shows the simpler switching arrangement that’s used for a double-coil latching relay. In this case, the relay can be controlled using a SP3P switch, with one coil driven with the switch in position 1 and the other coil driven in position 3. Finally, note that the traditional NO and NC nomenclature does not really apply for latching relays. However, the relay manufacturers still generally indicate NO and NC contacts and qualify these states as valid when a certain current polarity is SC applied to one of the coils. V+ V+ 3 S1a RELAY 2 1 3 R NC S S1b 2 S R RELAY 1 NO COM NC 2 3 COM NO S1 1 A SINGLE COIL LATCHING RELAY DRIVE B DOUBLE COIL LATCHING RELAY DRIVE Fig.11: a single-coil latching relay (A) can be driven using a DP3P switch. The switching for a double-coil latching relay is somewhat simpler since only a SP3P switch is required. No current flows through the coil(s) in position 2. June 2011 73
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Editing Mesh library cleanup
Revision as of 16:23, 26 March 2012 by Starseeker (talk | contribs) (Add link to 90nmg paper)
BRL-CAD has an extensive n-manifold (NMG) polygonal mesh library presently embedded within LIBRT. N-manifold is mostly a fancy way of saying it provides an arbitrary boundary representation structure. This library is used for a wide range of tasks but is commonly interacted with during geometry export to polygonal formats (e.g., g-stl). The library goes to extensive lengths to ensure that geometry is "correct" at every step along the way, that solidity is preserved, that topology is preserved, and more. All of that work means that the library can be slow and over time has become even more "unrobust" to real geometry. There are lots of O(n^2) and O(n^3) algorithms with dynamic memory allocations that make performance suboptimal. The source code is the documentation. It's one of the best at what it does, but far from good enough. This project entails basic source code cleanup, validation, and verification. As the library code is embedded into LIBRT, the first step is to extricate it to it's own directory. That will require some header reshuffling and maybe some work to formally split LIBNMG's API entirely from LIBRT. With that complete, the next step is documentation cleanup pulling all of the source code comments into the nmg.h public header (or sub-header thereof) to become familiarized with the API. Then begin testing the lowest-level functions to make sure they do exactly what they are supposed to do by creating API unit tests. Test-driven development is a must here. =References= * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_manifold * http://cubit.sandia.gov/help-version8.1/Chapter_1/Features/Non-Manifold_Topology.html * http://ftp.arl.army.mil/mike/papers/90nmg/ * src/librt/primitives/nmg * include/nmg.h * include/raytrace.h = Requirements= * Ability to read and refactor complex C * Ability to write API unit tests
Please note that all contributions to BRL-CAD may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here.
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What is the dot product of [1, 2, 3, 0] with [3, 2, 1, 1]?
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MADONNA VIDEO ENDS WITH IMAGE OF PRESIDENT BUSH WITH GRENADE IN HIS LAP
According to Drudge Report, "A final shock scene in the video of AOLTIMEWARNER recording artist Madonna's upcoming release -- is that of the singer throwing a grenade in the lap of President Bush! "It is not me being anti-Bush, it's me being ironic and tongue in cheek," Madonna explains to NBC's ACCESS HOLLYWOOD this weekend. "My kind of wish for peace and my desire to sort of turn a weapon of destruction, which is a grenade, into something that is completely innocuous." Madonna uses a Bush look-alike in the final scene of AMERICAN LIFE. Tthe "president" picks up the lit grenade that Madonna throws at him -- and lights his cigar with it! The image is "my wish to find an alternative to violence to war and destruction," the singer says. Last month the DRUDGE REPORT first revealed how Madonna was hoping to cause maximum controversy with the new video. AMERICAN LIFE will make its debut late next week." photo
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New Hampshire State Probe into Northern Pass Deepens
Amid Conflicting Statements, State Probes Deeper Into Northern Pass
Robert Blechl
Amid conflicting statements about federal approvals and studies questioning the need for big New England energy projects, the state’s counsel for the public is now asking the burning question – who will pay for Northern Pass?
March has been a rocky road for Eversource Energy, parent company of Northern Pass, after its partner, Hydro-Quebec, confirmed it will no longer pay for the estimated $1.6 billion development of the line in the U.S.
That reimbursement to Eversource by HQ is in a Transmission Service Agreement approved in late 2010 by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and renewed in 2014, with an expiration of February 2017 or another date the partners agree to in writing.
After HQ’s announcement, Eversource spokesman Martin Murray said the TSA remains “in full force.”
Since then, however, FERC spokesman Craig Cano has confirmed to The Caledonian-Record that HQ and Eversource will need a new approval if the financial arrangement has changed, as HQ said it has.
“If the partners develop a different cost recovery mechanism, then they would need to come back to FERC,” said Cano.
On March 20, Peter Roth, counsel for the public with the office of the N.H. Attorney General, wrote Eversource attorney Marvin Bellis about who specifically will now pay for the Northern Pass line.
“I am concerned that the means for payment and assurance of profitability sought by HQ may have effects on the quantification of the benefits of the project to the people of New Hampshire,” said Roth.
Roth noted a contradiction from Eversource stating that HQ “will not pay to bury the line.” On the same day, however, HQ issued a press release stating it “will not pay for the line in the U.S.”
As proposed, the 192-mile line would see 7 miles buried in Coos County and 52 miles in Grafton County, with the rest overhead.
HQ’s statement about not paying for the line in the U.S. comes after conservation groups in Canada and Quebec’s environmental review board criticized HQ for not burying the line through the Hereford Community Forest near the U.S. border but paying to bury segments of the line in the U.S.
Roth seeks clarification on statements made by Eversource that he said contradict statements by HQ.
He is also asking Eversource to “please explain how HQ will recover the costs of transmission service for use of the project if HQ and [Eversource] are not successful in the Massachusetts RFP” and if the applicants have any responsibility to pay development costs if the project ever comes to fruition.
Roth, too, is asking Eversource to confirm that the TSA filed in 2010 is indeed “the governing agreement between [Eversource] and HQ for paying associated costs with the project and that neither [Eversource] nor HQ are seeking to renegotiate the TSA.”
Energy Studies
Both ISO-New England and the University of N.H. have issued reports that appear to contradict Eversource’s argument for the need of a large energy projects like Northern Pass.
According to the ISO-NE report in May 2015, “The EE [energy efficiency] forecast shows that the energy savings resulting from state-sponsored EE programs can be expected to cause electric energy usage to remain flat in New England as a whole, with energy use in Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Vermont, declining by 2024 to levels below those that had been expected in the 2014 EE forecast. The EE forecast also projects that the EE savings will slow the growth in peak demand across the region.”
On March 7, UNH’s Carsey School of Public Policy issued a report stating, “New England does not need to increase energy use to continue to grow its economy. From 2005 to 2015, real state GDP in New England grew by 9.7 percent while energy use fell by 9.6 percent. Over the same time period real GDP for the entire U.S. grew by 15.2 percent, while energy use fell by 3.4 percent.”
The Carsey report states that during the current period of rapid transformation in energy markets there is significant stranded cost risk to electricity ratepayers for large infrastructure investments with uncertain return on investment.
The report concludes, “New England has adapted to higher electricity prices via improvements in energy efficiency and a transition to a less energy-intensive economy. The energy intensity of the New England economy is much lower than the national average.”
Murray said Massachusetts has a law specifically requiring its electric utilities to enter into contracts to purchase a large amount of hydro electric energy and off-shore wind energy and Northern Pass will respond to the Massachusetts RFP.
Referring to the ISO study, he said the success of the EE does not solve the supply-reliability-price challenge of replacing retiring base-load power plants that help meet demand today.
New Hampshire State Probe into Northern Pass Deepe...
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